Document ymEKeYVYRN4dR59yZy2B6eRK6

242 CHAPTER 17 1960 Guide Table 1 .... Principal Types of Electric Space Heating Systems A. Radiators, Convectors, Unit Heaters--Built-In and Port able 1. Metallic resistor, high or low temperature 2. Unit ventilator 3. Baseboard-type resistor 4. Resistor with fan, including unit beater 5. Resistor unit placed in room-type air conditioner 6. Resistor with focusing radiation reflector 7. Steam radiator with immersion electric element 8. Floor furnaces B. Panel-Type Installations 1. Ceiling panel a. Rigid composite panels containing electrically con ductive rubber b. Flexible composite sheets containing embedded metallic filaments or conductive rubber e. Electric conductors embedded in plaster on lath d. Electric conductors embedded in plaster or similar material between two layers of plaster board 2. Wall panel a. Rigid panels, as for ceilings b. Flexible sheets, as for ceilingB 3. Floor panel a. Electric conductors embedded in concrete slab C. Central Hot Water Systems 1. Water from electric beater pumped to radiators or con vectors in rooms 2. Same, with thermal storage for off-peak operation ' 3. Fuel-fired boiler converted to electricity 4. Heat pump systems--See Chapter 39 D. Central Warm Air Systems 1. I>uct heaters 2. Fuel-fired furnace converted to electricity 3. Heat pump systems--See Chapter 39 TYPES OF ELECTRIC SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS The inherent adaptability of electric energy for transmis sion, conversion, and regulation, and the relatively high unit cost in terms of thermal equivalent, as compared with fuels traditionally used for space heating, necessitates and justifies greater attention to efficient utilization. Types of electric heating equipment and complete heating systems in current use are liked in Table 1. The sequence shown is for convenient reference only, and does not indicate the relative extent of use, quality of performance, or installa tion cost and operating expense. Installations of all types listed are in successful operation, but performance and cost depend in large measure on proper application to the local conditions. EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION METHODS Convector with Metallic Resistors Heating units for wall mounting, recessed or surface type, are made with resistors of incandescent bare wire or lower temperature bare wire or sheathed elements. An inner liner or reflector is usually placed between resistors and casing to provide a secondary air passage promoting circulation and minimizing rear casing temperature. Depending on details of unit construction, the convection heat delivery constitutes between 40 and 70 percent of total output, with the remainder dissipated into the room as radiant heat. Ratings usually are from 1000 to 8000 watts (3400 to 27,300 Btu per hr) with some models down to 500 and up to 15,000 watts. Voltages are the standardised values of 120, 208, and 240. Similar models equipped with air circulation fans are available, giving convection heat delivery up to 90 percent. Other types, using similar components but without a fan, are arranged as floor furnaces to be installed between floor joists. A manna! switch and thermostat integral with the unit are usually provided. The location of electric convectors should be governed by the same principles that determine arrangement of steam or hot water convectors with respect to air movement. Small portable units are available with ratings up to 1650 watts for operation at 120 volts. Higher wattage units are myift for 208 or 240 volt application, and require suitable heavy duty receptacles. Unit Ventilators Unit ventilators with electric heating elements of the metal sheath type with extended surface are used to provide heat ing ventilating of school classrooms. Overheat switches are usually provided for each element in the heating section to de-energize the elements in case of interrupted fan opera tion. Ratings are available up to 30 kw in the larger sizes of units. Auditorium unit ventilators of the same type are rated up to 300 lew. The total capacity of the unit ventilator is made up by numerous smaller beating elements so tempera ture control can be accomplished by energizing or de-energiz ing the elements one at a time. The application of unit venti lators is described in Chapter 15, Unit Ventilators and Unit Heaters. Unit Heaters Electric unit heaters include a suitable built-in fan which circulates room air over heating dements; they are employed for the gamp, uses as other forms of unit heaters (steam, hot water, gas, oil), if conditions are favorable to electric heating. They are especially adaptable for supplemental heating, for small occupied rooms in otherwise unheated buildings and for unattended equipment enclosures in which temperature must be maintained above freezing. Location and arrangement of such unit heaters are discussed in Chapter 15. Large high-wattage unit-type beaters are available for ceiling or high wall mounting. These are similar to steam and hot water unit heaters in appearance and function. Re sistors may be placed in room air conditioners to permit operation as forced air heaters when desired. Baseboard-Type Unit Metal earing proportioned to resemble and replace con ventional baseboard along walls contains one or more re sistors placed horizontally. These should be rated from 80 to 250 watts (270 to 850 Btuh) per linear foot of baseboard unit. Resistors may be bare wire, sheathed element, cast gnd, finned, or ceramic extended surface. The vertical dimension is usually 4 to 9 in. and projection from face of wall from lVfc to ZVt in. Location follows the same principles applying to hot water type baseboard installation described in Chapter 14. The minimum surface temperature of the housing should be limited to 190 F. Baseboard-type units using glass panels 6 to 8 inches high and 30 to 42 indies long are available for operation at maxi mum surface temperature limited to 250 F. Electric Heating 243 Resistor Portable Heater with Focusing Reflector An of the foeusing-reflector-type heater is the parabolic or circular bowl having, in its center, an incandes cent wire coil resistor on a ceramic core, often screwed into a porcelain or other approved type receptacle. Usual ratings are 500 to 1650 watts for 120 volt use. Heat emitted is 75 to 85 percent radiant. Sectional focusing-trough-type reflectors are made with low temperature resistors or with quartz lamps to be sus pended from the ceiling or bracketed from the wall. Rated capacities are 200 to 1500 watts per linear foot of unit. In stallations of this kind are usually to handle the perimeter beat loss. In a modified form, similar units are employed for infra-red heating and drying in industrial processes. Steam Radiator with Immersion Element Radiators equipped with an immersion element screwed into a bottom opening, are usually sealed after charging with water and antifreeze compound. A safety valve or thermal relief plug is provided to protect against excessive pressure and temperature in case heat dissipation is unduly curtailed by obstructions to air convection. The steam-and-water inter mediate heat transfer does not affect overall thermal effi ciency, but gives the unit operating characteristics adapted for certain applications. Unite may be permanently connected by conduit, or used as portable heaters with cords. Ceiling-Panel Installations with Conductive Rubber Panels of laminated construction containing electrically conductive rubber, with rating of 22 watts (75 Btu) per sq ft, for 115 and 230 volt service, are built in standard sizes 3 x 4 ft, 4 x 4 ft, and 4 x 6 ft. They consist of a layer of special rubber about H* in. thick sealed between layers of phenolic resin-impregnated electrical insulating paper. The assembly is covered on each side with a sheet of aluminum foil. Overall thickness is He in.; weight is 0.4 lb per sq ft. Metal strips embedded along edges of the rubber sheet serve as potential leads. Electric terminal blocks are provided on each panel and standard raceway moldings are furnished for wiring con nections. An earlier type of construction using asbestos-board backing to form rigid panels V< in. thick has been discon tinued. Under normal operating conditions, the surface tempera ture of an automatically controlled ceiling panel is about 100 F. When panels are. turned on in a cold room or with continuous operation, the maTimnm temperature reached is 120 F. Since it is not permissible to cut heating panels, the entire pattern for ceiling must be planned in advance, with particu lar attention to coverage near exposed walls. Attachment to smooth surfaces may be made by a special adhesive applied on the ceiling along a Wi in. fastkiing margin provided around the four sides of each panel. A highly sensitive room thermostat with narrow operating differential should be used in each room. Ceiling-Panel Installations with Embedded Con ductors Resistors or cables for embedding in ceilings to form panelheating installations are electrically mmlatAH with coverings resistant to high temperature, water absorption, aging effects, and chemical action with plaster, cement, and soil. Cable unite identified by a color code are furnished in nominal standard lengths'from about 75 to about 1800 ft, and are rated from 200 to 5000 watte for standardized voltages of 120 or 240.' The outride diameter of the cables is usually about H in. Non-heating leads 7 ft long are attached to each unit to con nect at thermostat or connection box without running cable beyond the ceiling. Hie length of cable or leads must not be altered. The identification label showing rating may not be removed. Manufacturer's instructions should be followed regarding installation procedures. The lath used is of non-metaliic fire-resistant type. Hie' cable is secured to the lath with staples spaced not over 16 in. apart. Each cable is tested after fastening on lath, and after first plaster coat has been applied, for continuity of circuit and for insulation resistance of at least 100,000 ohms measured to ground. The minimum spacing between cable passes is V/% in. and is generally used near cold walls, with up to double that spacing near interior areas of the room. Non-heating leads outride the ceiling should be installed by approved wiring methods. Cables must be kept away from metallic materials and from areas of ceiling additionally heated by recessed or surface mounted lighting fixtures. All general power and light wires should be run above thermal insulation or at least 2 in. above the heated ceiling surface. For plastered ceilings, non-insulating plaster is applied in two or three coats with the first coat troweled in the same di rection in which the cable runs. Ceiling cables, properly engi neered, installed, and operated will not cause ceiling cracks. While new plaster is drying out, the system should not be energized and the range and rate of temperature change should be kept low by other heat sources or by ventilation until plaster is thoroughly cured. The use of venniculite or other insulating plaster is contrary to code provisions since it causes cables to overbeat. For laminated ceiling construction, cables are stapled to non-metallic lath as for plaster, and then a second layer of non-insulating ceiling board is applied with a layer at least Vs in. of plaster or similar compound to sandwich the cable firmly in place and improve heat transfer. A highly sensitive room thermostat with narrow operating differential is recommended for each room. Chapter 30 in cludes data on panel heating with electric panels. Electric Wall Panels Cable embedded in walls similar to nailing construction is occasionally found in Europe. Because of possibility of dam age due to nails driven for hanging pictures or from building alteration, most codes prohibit such panels in the United States. Interference with radiation caused by furniture and interior decorations reduce the desirability of wall panels. Radiant Convector Wall Panel Glass electric heating units, sometimes designated as ra diant panels, depend on the heating effect produced by pas sage of current through a thin coating of conductive material y fused to one face of a panel of V4-in. thick special glas. The conductive layer may be sprayed-on aluminum or printed metallic oxide patterned to form a grid several thousandths of an inch thick, or fused-on material to give a uniform coat ing less than 0.0001 in. thick over the entire active face of panel. Normal glass operating temperatures are 300 to 400 F, with maximum .permissible temperature around 650 F. Electric wiring connections are made by a variety of means to the panel, with leads provided for easy field connection. The panel is supported on insulators within a metal frame, with a reflector behind the glass arranged to provide space for air circulation. Protective guards are usually provided to re duce hazards to a minimum )