Document ym2ek2yaXa0Nvj39VGOVqD0r4

334 NOTES TO PAGES 198-99 primary cause (Hintze, "Kultur und Krebs/' pp. 61-76). A 1941 article on Stet tin's skyrocketing lung cancer rates conceded that "numerous authors" blamed tobacco but suggested that "contact with animal products" (e.g., among butchers and leather workers) might be a cause; see (Gerhard?) v. Glinski, "Uber die Zunahme des primaren Lungenkrebses/' Hippokrates 12 (1941): 829-34. A 1944 text on diseases of the lung listed tar, dust, automotive exhaust, "chronic catarrh," and congenital malformation as possible contribu tors to the increase--ignoring tobacco altogether--but concluded that the true causes were "unknown"; see Adolf Sylla, Lutigenkrankheiten (Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1944), p. 619. Tobacco was the most-discussed theory in a postwar Viennese surgical text on lung cancer, whose authors nonetheless con cluded that the cause of the disease's increased incidence "has not yet found a truly satisfactory explanation"; see Georg Salzer et al.. Das Bronchuscarcinom (Vienna: Springer, 1952), p. 6. Hans Stroink, however, recalls that during his residency at Munich's Pathology Institute in 1947, when shown a lung cancer, institute director Ludwig Burkhardt would ask "what did he smoke?" (per sonal communication. May 5,1998). 87. In Austria, the Nazi-minded citizens of Tyrol, Vorarlberg, and Styria or ganized a tobacco boycott in 1933-1934 as part of an effort to bring down the government (by depriving the state treasury of tax revenues). Styria's antiNazi Sicherheitskommissar ordered all tobacco salesmen to hand over lists of customers who had stopped purchasing cigars and cigarettes, the goal pre sumably being to identify and punish supporters of the Nazi cause. Uncooper ative tobacco shops were threatened with loss of their license, and the ab staining customers were threatened with a fine of a thousand schillings or imprisonment for up to three weeks; see "Behordlicher Kampf gegen Tabakabstinenz in Deutsch-Oesterreich," Arztliche Sachverstandigen-Zeitung (1934): 200. 88. Boehncke, Die Bedeutung, pp. 11-1Z The ministry's Erlass was dated March 21,1938. 89. Sauerbruch, Lickint, and Gabriel, Arzt, Alkohol und Tabak. This second Reichstagung Volksgesundheit und Genussgifte was sponsored by the Nazi party's Hauptamt fur Volksgesundheit; a summary of fire proceedings can be found in "Berlin: Stimulants Endanger Public Health," JAMA 112 (1939): 233940. On March 6, 1939, Reiter had issued a call to Germany's leading medical, pharmacological, and nutritional societies to investigate the public health im pact of nicotine; see his "Aufruf an die deutsche medizinische Wissenschaft!" in his Reichsgesundheitsamt, pp. 262-63. 90. See, for example, Hermann Stanger, Ethik, Weltanschauung und Tabak (1937), and Johannes Ude, Rauchsklaverei und Kultur (1937), both published in Vienna by the Reichsstelle gegen die Alkohol- und Tabakgefahren. The journal Reine Lufl was published from 1938 to 1941 by the Berlin-based Deutscher Bund zur Bekampfung der Tabakgefahren e.V. Following the annexation of Austria, Reine Luft absorbed Tabakfreie Kultur, the organ of the Austrian and Czechoslovakian antitobacco leagues. On October 4, 1940, the Reich interior minister asked all public health offices to display the journal in their waiting rooms; see "Runderlass des Reichsministers des Innem," Reichs-Gesundheitsblatt 15 (1940): 950. Other journals publishing antitobacco literature included NOTES TO PAGES 199-202 335 Die Volksgesundheit (People's health), Volksgesundheitswacht (Guarding the peo ple's health), Gesundes Volk (Healthy people), and Gesundes Leben (Healthy life). 91. Bretschneider's Der Weltbund has Georg Bonne's remarks on tobacco as a Feind des Weltfriedens (p. 16); the term Tabakterror was originally used by the Stockholm antitobacco activist J. L. Saxon (ibid., p. 11). 92. Klamer, Vom Rauchen, p. 28. 93. "Erkennung und Bekampfung," p. 183, reporting on the April 5-6,1941, meeting in Weimar of the Wissenschaftliche Tagung zur Erforschung der Ta bakgefahren, to which Hitler sent a telegram of greetings. Julius Streicher sev eral years previously had asserted that nicotine was "das grosste Gift fur unser Volk"; see Erich Bruns and Robert Ley, Partei, Volksgesundheit, Genussgifte. 2. Reichstagung Volksgesundheit und Genussgifte (Berlin: Wacht-Verlag, 1939), p. 9. 94. Boehncke, Die Bedeutung, pp. 11-13; "Erkennung und Bekampfung," pp. 183-85. 95. Kitzing, Erziehung, pp. 225-26; Charman, German Home Front, pp. 53-56. 96. Ferdinand Goebel, 30 Experimente mil Alkohol und Tabak (Berlin: Reichsgesundheitsverlag, 1940). 97. Klamer, Vom Rauchen, p. 45. The July 3,1934, "Gesetz fiber die Vereinheitlichung des Gesundheitswesens" assigned to physicians the task of com bating "abuse of alcohol, tobacco, sleeping pills, and opiates and similar poi sons"; the methods specified to combat such ills included genetic and racial hygiene, marital counseling, and public health education (Boehncke, Die Be deutung, pp. 10-15; also his Die gesetzlichen Grundlagen). 98. "Das Haus ohne Aschenbecher," Die Tabakfrage 24 (1942): 91. 99. Richard Kissling, Der Tabak im Lichte der neusten naturwissenschaftlichen Forschungen (Berlin: Paul Parey, 1893), p. 65. The first known efforts to de velop low-nicotine tobacco products were those by Karl A. Mfindner (18351891) of Brandenburg, a tobacco manufactfirer and colleague of Otto Unverdorben, the first to identify nicotine in pipe residues. Mfindner developed a low-nicotine Gesundheitszigarre using selective breeding techniques and new chemical extraction methods; his son Richard went on to develop filter-tipped cigars--the filters being made from wool and cork. Paul Koenig, director of the Reichsanstalt ffir Tabakforschung in Forchheim, characterized Mfindner as the "erster Bekampfer des Nikotins durch Entdeckung der Entnikotinisierung des Tabaks," offering this as evidence of the social responsibility of the German tobacco industry; see his Die Entdeckung des reinen Nikotins (Bremen: Arthur Geist, 1940), pp. 21-22 and plate 10. 100. Franz K. Reckert, Tabakwarenkunde: Der Tabak, sein Anbau und seine Verarbeitung (Berlin: Max Schwalbe, 1942), p. 31. 101. Germany was never a major grower of tobacco, though in 1938 it did produce about 35,500,000 kg--less than Greece (42,000,000 kg), Italy (42,000,000 kg), or Japan (65,400,000 kg). The United States at this time was the world's largest producer (624,400,000 kg), followed by British India (510,000,000 kg) and the Soviet Union (about 200,000,000 kg); see "Der WeltTabakanbau," Chronica Nicotiana 1 (Heft 2,1940): 131. 102. Moritz to Lammers, October 7,1941, R43 II/1226b, BAP.