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viii CUNTENTS The Campaign against Alcohol Performance-Enhancing Foods and Drugs Foods for Fighting Cancer Banning Butter Yellow Ideology and Reality CHAPTER 6 The Campaign against Tobacco Early Opposition Making the Cancer Connection Fritz Lickint: The Doctor "Most Hated by the Tobacco Industry" Nazi Medical Moralism Franz H. Muller: The Forgotten Father of Experimental Epidemiology Moving into Action Karl Astel's Institutefor Tobacco Hazards Research Gesundheit iiber Alles Reemtsma's Forbidden Fruit The Industry's Counterattack Tobacco's Collapse CHAPTER 7 The Monstrous and the Prosaic The Science Question under Fascism Complicating Quackery Biowarfare Research in Disguise Organic Monumenlalism Did Nazi Policy Prevent Some Cancers? Playing the Nazi Card Is Nazi Cancer Research Tainted? The Flip Side of Fascism NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX 141 154 160 165 170 173 176 178 183 186 191 198 206 217 228 238 242 248 249 252 258 264 267 270 271 277 279 351 365 367 ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1.1. Letter of September 28, 1933, from Wilhelm Hueper to Nazi culture minister Bernhard Rust, requesting an academic position in the new Reich. Fig. 1.2. "Cancer can be cured, if detected early!" Fig. 1.3. Early detection is as important as care for your car. Fig. 1.4. Breast self-examination instruction, circa 1936. Fig. 4.1. Mass X-ray screening for lung disease. Fig. 4.2. The Siemens company's electron microscope. Fig. 4.3. Martin Nordmann and Adolf Sorge showed that inhaled asbestos dust can cause lung tumors in mice. Fig. 5.1. Whole-grain bread, with the seal of approval of the NSDAP's Office of Public Health. Fig. 5.2. The lab animals of Germany saluting Hermann Goring, for his order barring vivisection. Fig. 5.3. "Mothers: Avoid alcohol and nicotine during pregnancy and while musing.... Drink soft cider instead!" Fig. 5.4. "Production of Soft Cider in the German Reich" from 1926 to 1937. Fig. 5.5. 'Two Men--Two World Views." Fig. 5.6. "Apothecaries help you with their healing plants!" Fig. 5.7. Children were encouraged to gather wild plants for "German teas." Fig. 6.1. The Nazi party barred smoking in many public spaces, including party offices and waiting rooms. Fig. 6.2. "You Have the Duty to Be Healthy!" Cover page from Hitler Youth manual. Fig. 6.3. "Is It Really Just by Chance That Men Suffer So Much More Often Than Women from Diseases of the Lungs?" Fig. 6.4. "Cancer's Distribution among Smokers and Nonsmokers." Fig. 6.5. A devil-headed snake labeled "Angina" and "Tobacco Addiction" tempts its victims with cigarettes and cigars. Fig. 6.6. "Every cigarette is a shot into your heart." Fig. 6.7. Auf der Wacht, an antitobacco and antialcohol publication, derides a cigarette ad depicting smokers as manly and antismokers as prudes. Fig. 6.8. "You Don't Smoke It--It Smokes You!" Fig. 6.9. "A Widespread Misconception! Tobacco Contains Much More Than Nicotine!" 14 28 30 31 88 110 112 123 129 146 147 151 158 159 174 175 184 185 188 188 190 191 193