Document ykjRZdab0OGQqbp4vq3pxv4JX

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1933 Oct DOC#: NSC057 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 22nd Annual Safety Congress N a t i p n a 1f S a f e t y C o u n cil Incorporated TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS i <1 Chicago, Illinois rs-1 October 2 to October 6, 1933 The Stevens Hotel t #&- j W <*** --M "w CONTENTS Cou'ic Officer and D irector*.. . . | " ,j | 1 11 , ifP A G E . r ' l* : tC oniadit.Purpo*e*:an d 8Policies. ................................ ...................... ...... 'Annual Meeting of M em bers............................... ........ ......... ... ........... ......... ....>; O i| Banquet and Dance.........................................' ...... ......... ............. .y;;'Tv:-lly| y Subject :)w: . Occident Record*___1......... .......... ................................................................... 23 : -Dermatitis ......................................................... ............. ............. ';T4.i3l Duet Problem in In d u stry .............................................. ....... ........................... 37 Falls of /P erso n s...................................... ............... ............. ................. .. : ,i`ir- Prevention............................................................................ .............. .. AS .< SI:/ m Handling M aterials.......................... ........ ............................ .............. ........... 59 Hoisting Chains.................................................................................................... 63 ' .Maintaining Interest in S a fe ty ............................................. .......................... 69 :Tactical Medical Program foij In d u stry ....................... .............................. 75 Jindustrial N ursing............................................................... ......... ................... . 83 m ess S-afety-Equipm ent.. . . ................... .......... ..................................................... 91 Swafcty. Organisation and P ro g ra m ................. ..................... ............ ... ......... 107 ia fe Use of Chemicals in In d u s try ................ 115 v S if t Use of Electricity in Industry . ............................. 123 c-The. Bye and Its Relation to S a fe ty ................................................ 131 IIL ill mm Mentid 'Training for S afety ... .V .. ...................................................................-HI rm ccit cut Prevention Equipm ent M anufacturers' Section.................... ............... 173 Aeronautical Section.................................................................................................. 179 WSSi A, S. S. E.--Engineering S ection....................................................... ................ 1&7 Automotive and Machine Shop Section.......... ....................... .............. ................ 191 Commit Section............................. ................ ......... ............... ......................... 201 ".Chemical S ection............. .................. ..........................................................................209:; Const naction Section.................................................................................................. 223 Delivery, Taxicab and Bus S e c tio n .;...................................................................... 235 ; Elect--ic Railway Section..................................... ................. ..................................... 249 Food Section................................................................................................................. 265 Mar Section............................... .............................................................................. 279 ? Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section........ .............. : ......... 299 M etalr Section.............................................................................................................. ;307 . f lf Mining .Section............................... .... / .................................................................... 325. ; Paper and Pulp Section.......................................................... ............... .................. 343 . Petroleum Section............................................................ 357 Power Presa Section....................................................................... -- ...................... 379 PnhUc.Utilities Section.................. ...................... ....................... .......... .............. 339 . Quarry S ection..................................................... ...................................................... 405 Refrigeration Section-- ................. 413 Robber,SectionV. ......................................... 423 Safety Section, ARA--Steara Railroad Section, N S C ....................................... . 439 TeotR* Section.................................i .................. ............ ..................... ................... 479 .: Woodworking and Lumber M anufacturing Section................................... 435 IndcK .............. ..............: ............................................................................................... 495 llj rnuf.i'-lj;r`.irL-A> ; . -m,i/i1cr'^ifi-vr.1- 'i-yH:i'-'.'i !t tf < / V f K , ,: ; ' d Y v i *' I t vLiVJ ' t , i Nationnaal SSsaifetyv C(oouuncil- 1 < Incorporated 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago Honorary Members Association of Iron and ;STEaEiJErnm-At. E ngineers 1Robert W. Campbell A r t h u r .W illiams O FFICERS (1933-1934) J ohn K. Long, President. Robert I. Gatlin, Vice-President, for Public Safety. J. E. C ullinf-y, Vice-President forEngineering. G, T. H ellmuth, Vice-President for Finance. Lew R.,;P almer, Vice-President for Safety Councils. . R. T. Solf.nsten. -Vice-President for Membership. , ! C .W . S m ith , Vice-President for Business Administration. G eorgei H. W arfel, Vice President for Industrial Safety. Ds. C. H. W atson, Vice President for Health, A. W. W hitney, Vice-President for Education. W. If. W orth, Treasurer, v W. H. Cameron, Managing Director and Secretary. E X E C U T IV E C O M M ITTEE (1933-1934) C..B.' A uki,. Past President. 1 ' J. I. P.axash, Past President. C. W. BERoyuiST, Past President. E arl F. Blan k, Metals Section. W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council. RoBtKT Wf C ampbell, Past President. RonERT I. Catlin, Aetna Life Insurance Company. J. E. CuLLtNEY, Bethlehem Steel Company. . .Clifford D avis. Memphis Safety Council. ' I.f.w is A. DeBlois. Past President. M arcus A. Dow, Past President. D. D. F ennell, Chicago Safety Council. D onald A. F in kbeiner, Toledo Safety Council. How \ rd B. F onda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.'S-A.) Inc. Oh io M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Company. : H arry G uilbert, The Pullman Company. T G. T. H ellmuth, Chicago, North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Company. H arold G. H offman, Street & Highway Traffic Section. . W. D. J ames, James Manufacturing Company . ; .. 4 ' i "" ; . . # . . M i# m \g Officers and Directors W alte* G. K ing, Past President .Franklin M. K reml,' Evanston Safety Council. C. 1 I sF ountaine, Great Northern Railway Company. John E 1 .ONG, T h e D elaw are & H u d so n R ailro a d C o rp o iatio n , , , M. J, M>'Cartky, Automotive & Machine Shop Section. H enry Mineur, Elizabeth Safety Council. A rthur T. M orey, Past President. R. W. ? utt, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. Lfw R Palmer, Equitable. Life Assurance Society. F. M, P .ttfr, Public Utilities Section. C, E. P lttibonf., Past President. A lbert S. R egui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. :/ L t. C ol. H enry A. R eninger, Past President. J ohn .R ussell, ) r., Newark Safety Council. C has. E R uth , Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. George I., Sanford, General Electric Company. H arry / ,, Schultz, United States .Steel Corporation. :C harles B. Scon', Past President. I fsrup. I 1 S tymour, American Airways, Inc. E. L. Simonus, New Haven Safety Council. . C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Company (Indiana). R T. So fn siEn, Elliott Service Company. A rthur M. Tone, Consulting Marine Engineer. C P. To.iM.AN, Past President. George I W ariel, Union Pacific Railroad Company. D r. C, H ...W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company. S. . JE. W hiting, ASSE-Enginecring Section. A. W. W iinxtY , National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Undervuiters. W. E W orth, International Harvester Company. A rthur [ Young, Past President. j ) j ,f?Ti'PTnT?<5 n o ^ `_ iq 3 4 j P. M. Arijiur, Mining Section. . . ; . J, I. Ban ash . Consulting Engineer. E, A. Barnitz, 'York Safety Council. E rnest W. B eck, United States Rubber Company. H. W. Blekman,' Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission, Ltd. ; AV. A. Bennett, Worcester Safety Council. p / R L. G. Bentley, Richmond. Safety Council. : ' C. W. B ergquist, Western Electric Company. D avid S. Beyer, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. R. W. B l ic k , Petroleum Section. E arl F. B lank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. .'.'..Warren, S.vB lanvelt, -Troy 'Safety. Council.':.."';;'" . . N athan P . Bloom, Louisville Safety Council, r : C. F. Bokkf.nhagen, Kenosha Safety Council. P , Cou P h u H .-B rockman, St. Louis Safety Council. i.VYrMm ^ - r 6 ' - Twenty-second Congress--National Safetyy Counai J R. A. Bryant, Safety Division, Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. Camejron, .National Safety Council >OVf:;-.;. IpIfffiMS &i .jv-'. 'yiR obert' I. Catlin, 'Aetna Life;Insurance Co'mp..a..n..y. . ' : F rank H. Coean, -Marine Section. "; l ' f -y A; ' ^A' ! fi$I*"f l W ill Cooper, Marshall Field & Company. ; W . E zell Craig, Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Commerce. : y J. E. C ulliney, Bethlehem Steel,!Company. P ; E dward D ana, Boston Elevated Railway. " F. A. D avidson, Consulting Engineer. - Clifford D avis, Memphis Safety Council. R iqhard H. Davis, Blackstone Valley Safety Council. Mmc r ' p : |- PI b^&-frv;\v-?.rv..:--.: v$ar(p Ir5?;-v'/,.f.`-. 1^1 lIiW'C'A $iAmim- :C L. \V. D awlev, Refrigeration Section. C harles D. D awson, Grand Rapids Safety Council. Lew is A. D eBlois, Consulting Engineer. J ay E. D fxker, Mason City Safety Council. J ames B. D ouglas, The Philadelphia Gas Works Company. D r. Louis I. D ublin, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. C harles H. E ames, Textile Section. H arry W. E kins, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Industries j D. D. F ennell, Chicago Safety Council, . R ay A. F in c h , Electric Railway Section. Section, I1PA.V Donald A. F inkbfjner, Toledo Safety Council. T homas F itzgerald, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council. H oward B. F onda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. ! R! B. F ortuin, Lehigh Valley Safety Council. H. G. Gilson, Paper & Pulp Section. ; D r. T homas W. Gosling, Oiild Education Section. ' > Otho M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Company. H arry G uilbert, The Pullman Company! I saiah H ale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company. D. T. H arrington, United!1States Bureau of Mines. G. T. H ellmuth, Chicago,, North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Company. C has, E. H ill, New York Central Lines. H arold G. H offman, Street & Highway Traffic Section. Claude J. H olding, Albany Safety Council. ' J ulius AV. H orre, Hudson County Safety Council. J Iarry D. I mmel, Pennsylvania Department of Lalx>r & Industry. '`fP't 4' W. D. J ames, James Manufacturing .Company. : A .'L . K aems, Power, Press Section! : K, ,T. K eller, Detroit Industrial Safety Council.. I ra V . K eener, Pennsylvania Salt (Manufacturing Company. Louis W. K erberg, Woodworking & Lumber Manufacturing | Section. F ranklin M. Kreml, Evanston Safety .Council. .C. L. L aF ountaine, Great Northern Railway Company. L eonard C. ;Lamb, Knoxville Safety Council. /F rank J.` L an a h a n , Fort Pitt Malleable Iron'Company. i s 1' liUi- M. G. Lickteic, Eastbay Safety Council. R alph W. Liddle, Employees' Publication Section. D r. R. M,, L ittle, New York Department of Education. i$ m : m Lb, ii iJV i s f aj/Vuir ^:ffrY*iii'iiiif'>'v /.t:v!,v,-s.G iM ta 11 Officers and Directors L , A. Lohm a n, Madison County Safety Council. Jo, jc K Long, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad CorjHiration. H. 'iV. Low, Rubber Section. W. R. Lloyiv Safety Division, Birmingham Chamber of Commerce,. H. T , M abtin, Fisk Rubber Company. F, W . M atson, Minnesota Safety Council. P akton M endelssohn, Detroit. ` . H ekry Minetjr, Elizabeth Safety Council. W. S. M oellering, Ft. Wayne Safety Council. R. R .:M osley, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations. M. j . M cC arthy, Automotive & Machine Shop Section. M iller M cClintock, Harvard University-. T . II. McK enney, Illinois Steel Company, South Works. B. W. N utt, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers' Section. J ohn A. O artex, Carnegie Steel Company. j George C. A. O pp, Detroit; Edison Company. Lew R. P almer, Equitable Life Assurance Society. J ohn C. P arker, Brooklyn Safety Council. F. M. P epper, Public Utilities Section,; C. El P ettibone, American Mutual Liability Insurance Company, j. B, P ower, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council. 1 Albert S. R egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. ,L t. Col, H enry A, R eninger, Lehigh Portland Cement C om pany. M a k n u s R ites, Paterson Safety. Council. J ohn R oach, Chemical Section. C harles H. R olqson, J*l, Baltimore Safety Council. T oss es R oth, Rochester Safety Council. . J o hn R ussell, J r., Newark Safety Council. C hap, H. R u th , Delivery, Taxicab & Bus Section. G. E. S anford, General Electric Company. H enky G. Schaffner, Erie Safety Council. T . A, Schendel, Food Section. Otto Sch en k , Wheeling Safety Council. H arey A. Schultz, United States Steel Corporation.- C harles B. Scott, Bureau of Safety, Inc. L estur D. Seymour, American Airways, Inc. Earl S. S hartzer, Utica Safety Council. Gen . J ohn H.j S herburne, Massachusetts Safety Council. Dr. L, A. S houdy, Bethlehem Steel Company. E. L. S imonds, Southern New England Telephone Company. George P. Singf.r; Reading-Berks County Safety Council. Lee E. S keel, Cleveland Safety Council. C. W i S m ith , Standard Oil Company (Indiana). W,, D , S m it h . Delaware Safety Council. j R. T , Solensten, Elliott Service Company. W . D, S peight, Peoria Safety Council. E. C. S prjnc, Lansdale, P a.' George; R. Stephens, The Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Co'mmerce Lucius S. Storrs, United Railways & Electric Company. si iHll?illw m i l TtVE V T Y - S H C O N D A N N U A L S A F E T Y C O N G R E S S '- ....... N A T I O N A L S A F E T Y C O U N C I L H /o i/ i 1i i i : EHist Problem in Industry F R ID A Y MORNING SESSION October 6, 1933 1 he sjh: lal `.ession devoted to a discussion of thr'dust problem in industry was called to order by J. K, Allan, assistant manager^ Industrial Engineering and Con struction Department, International Harvestep'Company, Qiicago, who presided He briefly outlined the purposes of the session`and then presented the first speaker. ' ' '% ill t',A " a%fnp>iG itp The Mechanical Control of Dust <~i By K. O. JONES Consultant, National Pounder Association, Chicago AM S Theispeater said in part: During the la3t few years, much has been written about the pathohgscal effects of dust. From this material there seems to be some lack of agreemmt among scientists as to the pathological effects of these types of dust, their dangerous dimensions, the length of time one must be exposed to their inhala tion, tlic density of concentration which is dangerous, and the extent to which they arc ..directly causative or contributory to disease. It is unfortunate that in the twilight zone (between ethics and non-cthics, there are certain members of the legal and medical profession who are willing to take advantage of these uncertainties and capitalize on them largely for their own benefit. When th; foundry industry was confronted with the accusation that it harbored a potential health hazard, its leaders immediately took steps to study the :problem, with the object;of eliciting all the facts and determining upon a course of procedure to climinati the causation. r This study hs been under way in some localities for sonic time, Init its procedure presents many difficult problems, The mccl anics.l control of dust is not our ,only problem, nor docs the accomplish- went of su -b control depend upon large expenditures of money. We know from experience that gradually human ingenuity will provide Ways and means to this part of.the problem. . T T f;T,;TTrTf Bui let m digress from the subject to consider the amount of dust we as indi viduals create. Take the smolder, for instance, who goes to his bench at the start of his day's work. He reaches for his air hose, and starts the day by removing, with its force everything he can from his equipment. In close proximity to his benrh, .. 37 ' ' , j tfillfi Ms$ fjl Ss; I* 1 mm, lim NR mg m sm lit * ||| lIL - \t ' 1 11 i& M '. mm take a compress! air t ...... , And we have the foundry laborer; fie has many menial task* to perform. When he sweeps or uses a .shovel he seems to be of the opinion that his efforts are judged' by the atmosphere he creates. If he does sprinkle the floor it is usually done very Shake-out men and crane men seemingly give little attention to the.results...of their thoughtlessness. Grab buckets ;arc usually lifted to the limit of th^ir lift and then dumped. Many companies have furnished ;equipment, such a* positive,!pressure j helmets and respirators, to employees who wtRrk in, extremely dusty atmospheres. But i t ;is surprising to note the apparent lack -of interest on the part of the employee for whose protection] this juipment ,is . furnished. I From these remarks some may say "Why shift the responsibility?" 'N ot a, bit. We have merely cited these few facts as an indication that possibly we can improve the supervision. If we make every man responsible for the cleanliness in the vicinity;; in which he works, and every foieman responsible for his department, and then fin turn- make the superintendent answer for the cleanliness of hi# shop, we will;,root have to worry about the increase in labor ;cost.; -,After dust ,gets-into the atmosphere, it is, of course, very difficult and expensive to remove. Keeping the '.{foundry; floor off the ceiling is a man-size job. ; ,,, Ventilation is si:problem everywhere..; A; diligent survey of our existing equipment, may develop the fact that by small ..expenditures ewe can improve conditions. Inspect your dust-arresting equipment. Sec that the 'rapping'device is in order, that; the screens are in good condition, we suggest that they are rapped an d 'th e hoppers emptied regularly. Repair any leaks in pipes. See that the valves close properly.; Chutes should lie kept in good repair and when cmptvmg arrestors, respirators should be worn by the men whose duty it is to perform this work. If refuse from the , arrestors is not removed at once, keep it in containers or wet clown until it is re' moved. Above all, watch your air velocities and make sure you are removing at .th e source as much of,the dust as the'equipment: was originally designed to do. :.Yon pay for the current the motor consumes to .operate.yourgsuction equipment, therefore get ithe proper return for that expenditure. %mmu Do not store or allow sand to accumulate around -your,blasting^quipment.^MaSte, ;; sure; you arc receiving the pro|>cr air changes in your sandblast rooms.. Inspect your, masks to the amount of air purging through. The wearer is prone many b.mcs to just crack or partially open the salve, and when this is done he-, is not getting the full protection for which" the helmet was designed. We suggest that the;helmet ;bc! removed from the sandblast room and stored at the end ,of the day. in a .dust-tight ; cabinet, instructing the wearer to clean before re-using, " In your cleaning rooms where, tumbling barrels are used,: we deal;again with air. velocities. Piping should lie diligently inspected and kept in good .repair.!,vMakebsure traps arc performing the service they were designed for. It might'be well to keep floors in .this department wet down. Remove the;day's , accumulation of refuse; ; the end of the day's run. When cyclones are used, make sure you arc mot exhausting at the level of windows which may be opened in .other parts of .-yoursplant We will have to look for further co-operation,from the foundry equipment manu facturers who serve our industry. Equipment will have to be sold to u s'n et t o : 'vjsw wmm m i. S*! mi# 1 iV8t,?ii| A >f| wSTwny.': :ecd#'5*o;i i , i t w ill i b c i the;,-^purchaser's! resp o n sib ility to see th a t i t 5 d aintained to perform the service for which it was originally 'Whon.' j udged} ne . very.; designed. i _ ' i _, ' And we refer again to the employer's responsibility. When he elect to work In a foundry, he should be willing to co-operate and wear the safety devices which arc ' | p r o v i d e d by his, employer, and it will be the purchaser's responsibility to see that, the of t h e i r :; ad th e n - pressure spheres,' npioyec , equipment is well eared for and properly maintained. ' ' '' > ; Our industry.is a: basic one and we hop that it will long continue to lie ca^attial. For this reason-we-want-to assure those who are sitting on the side lines that it I is our determination and hope that, with the help of those in the ;medical;;prof cc I who have given so generously of tlicir time in scientific study, we can socmcktermine the actual extent of the hazard. In the .meantime, while many diverse opinions arc being brought into agreement, i t ; is imperative that w egive more than passive assent to suggested measures-of precaution: or: improvement. ; T h e : accomplishment of worth while results depends.'-. ;',,;.pqn;,thc vdilig^aitiand''.active ';.cpKperation.;..of'everyone concerned and the utilization aw ,,:;1of-all known .means of prevention and control. Only through united effort can we hope to accomplish an effective; program which will give maximum o f. advantage to employers and employees alike, and to such an end we are confident the foundry , industry: will continue to dcdicate its earnest and. conscientious efforts. fii m pm ent, Inspect?; hat the - .' M ake; set!;' your-; iroesrtoi tin g the'; fmet;;bc' rst-tight; w ith .r ske sure';? t o ' k e e p " efuac? a t ; bausting - t m an-? i act : to How to Determine the Dust Content of the^Atmosphere in ...Dusty,,Industries ,,., By D R E. G. M E IT E R * Director, Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employer* Mutual LiabilityJ!naunmci Co,,' Milwaukee, W la. ,, ' The importance of atmospheric dust:as- an agent in the causation of respiratory disease has long been known., However, it is only within the last few years that thi h subject has achieved medical and legal;importance in dusty industries. Because of ,tlfe:s.!&ii,1m m m -. extension of compensation laws to,include occupational diseases, and through an ever- increasing number, of legal;suits against industrial concerns hy employees' claiminR isj i disability/due ito, dust inhalation, there is need for a severe attack on the problem'ro<&!* .eliminating or: otherwise combating the dust hazard. In order to intelligently control tine-dustinessv of the air, the;amotmt of dust present must be determined. iWith^awsc? given dust, two factors are usually,considered; (1) the number of dust:particles;m;;a'S | given quantity-of' air, which; is .usually expressed in millions of particlesper cubic?!; foot of air; (2) particle-size, usually expressed in a size frequency distribution curve, that .is the percentage less than stated size.is plotted, against the; size, of particles...'; , Instrument* Uaed for Determining Atmospheric Dusts -m iktm Many .instruments have been devised for,.determining .the dust concentration,:iu;airiii; and it niay be well to give a brief historical review, of this subject. The South -African investigators began using the sugar tube method for the sampling, of atmoa- , -phene-.dust .in 1911; the same method was used by the U. 5. Bureau of-.-Mines early as 1914. By this method a measured volume of the dust air is passed through mmmm i _ * i iJ V ^ i y < jubl, ri i Twenty-second Congress--National Safety Council a tube containins granulated sugar, which filters out the/suspended dust. A t the t V | /p(\l laboratory, the sugar is dissolved in water and the number of dust particles are deter- ij 1 mined by counting those in a small volume of the sugar solution-under a microscope. ' 1' ( This method of dust sampling had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was the ' 1 fa<H that the purest commercial sugar contained a certain quantity of dust, which introduced considerable errors, especially in those samples containing a low dmt concentration. To overcome the limitations of the sugar tube method various' other dvices were developed, one of which was the Palmer apparatus. This apparatus consisted essentially of a pear- haped glass bulb, the lower end of which terminated in a U-tube or trap. Suction was applied to the glass bulb by means of an electric exhaust fan and the volume of air measured by means of a Petot tube. Dust-free dis tilled water was put into the U-tube. The air drawn through the water in the trap broke it up into a spray within the larger portion of the sampling bulb, winch washed out and retained the dust. The dust so obtained was analyzed by the usual methods. The Palmer apparatus also had certain disadvantages, the chief of Which was tiiat its efficiency as a dust catcher was low. In the search for a more portable type of in strument, which at the same time would yield rapid results, the South African in vestigators introduced in 1916 a new instrument known as the Koine konimeter. The konimetcr samples dust by impinging a small volume of air against the surface of a vaseline-coated glass plate, the vaseline serving to catch the dust particles. The dmt retained on the glass plate was then counted under the microscope at a suitable magni fication. The chief disadvantages of the konimeter are that in atmospheres containing a high, concentration of dust, the spots are too dense to allow counting the individual . particles and the method can, therefore, not be used in such eases, also many samples had to be taken to secure a correct average determination in places where the dust concentration was variable. As a result of the different methods of dust dctermiiiationbdng used by .the. differ ent governmental bureaus and others, it was soon found that the various dust-sampling . methods did not yield absolute results, consequently some confusion arose in inter preting the various dust studies. In order to arrive at some basis of comparison the U, S. Bureau of Mines conducted a laboratory study of dust-sampling instruments The results of this study, were published in Public Health Bulletin No. 144 entitled '"Comparative Tests of Instruments for Determining Atmospheric Dusts." (1925) va.v During the course of this study two of the investigators, Dr. L. Greenburg and G. W. Smith, devised a new apparatus called the impimger. In the comparative study" the dust collecting efficiency of the impinger was found to be high, and in addition the method; offered several advantages over previous methods. After several modifica tionsto meet special requirements, this instrument was adopted by the Federal Public Health Service and Bureau of Mines as the standard technique for the sampling of dust in air. The instrument lias been used in the study of a number of dust trades, M and is the commonly accepted method in use today. Size of Duat Particle* Taken into the Lungs It has been observed from a study of silicotic lungs that most of the dust particles that lvavc penetrated into the air sacs are less than 10 microns in longest dimension (1 micron is l/1000th of a millimeter, or 1/2500th of an in ch ).; It is generally agreed, therefore, that we need not bother with particles larger than 10 microns in measuring the concentration of a dangerous dust. So that you may visualize the size of these small particles consider a 20 mesh ! m H v; >v: ft iiflftl f -. :I; *ji'i i lii;: 1*''''*-I;!; v;vV Ifi5.i j ? i v'' ?'P m m m light, an atmosphere- containing these tiny particles will appear clear to the naked m 9 !Vf- eye, and therefore *is'extremely deceptive. Only a -powerful microscope can make s t e i i l i r such particles directly visible. ' '' 1 It is necessary, therefore, to make a microscopical examination of the -atmosphere . to learn how badly polluted it may be. Larger particles such as arc visible to th e ; ; naked eye are essentially harmless in the causation of silicosis, as these arc. caught 1f |J-A IS , by the membranes provided by nature in the.nasal and other respiratory passages and ) arc eventually coughed up or eliminated before any damage is done. . '.W hen small dust particles arc dispersed in, air, they are. carried about like smoke and settle out very slowly. How .long such, articles will! remain suspended in quiet;) air can be roughly determined from Stoke's law. Assuming a round particle to be one micron;in diameter, it cam be calculated by means oi this law that such;a -particle will fall only, 20.3 feet in 24, hours. It can be seen, thCTefore,that any fine dust;dis,,^ persed into the air is not only a momentary hazard but remains in the air for an -: indefinite perii^. -This fact:is,often overlooked by workmen, as it is usually assumed), - that as soon as the dust cloud is no longer visible all dust has settled out. , a :;;-.The/tcrm"dusty wprkmg place" is only a relative'one. Most air, both inside,and* outsnle of factories, contains some dust., It is, therefore, necessary to adopt a standard ) content for: the dividing line between slightly dusty and dusty working places, ` The! Wisconsin dust code prescribes a "tentative figure-of 15 million countable dust par-;: i:ticks under 10 microns in longest dimension.with, free silica content of .35,per cent raj a cubic-foot of air as determined by Public Health Service technique. Variations in free silica content will make proportional inverse changes in this standard." In ac-- cordancewith this standard the permissible count for practically pure silica would bc : 5,250,000 particles. (, , , * Mf How Dust Samples are Collected '' ' As mentioned previously, the instrument used in collecting the dust samples is that known as the "Impinger," With this instrument the air to lie sampled is drawn through a glass tube and impinged at a high velocity cm a glass plate which is im-: mewed beneath a suitable liquid contained in the collecting flask. The impinger, therefore, coinhines the principle of collecting dust by impingement! with a water-washing or bubbling method and so` possesses the advantages of both principles. , The dust is thus trapped and remains in the collecting il^tt^:.Stctkr.is^ applied to ;the: impinger by means of a steam ejector operated by compressed air.?; Where -compressed air is not available, a smalt electrically-operated vacuum pump? may-1. used. .The rate of air,flow,is measured either by means of .a small -vacuum';? gage or an orifice-type flow meter. , The entire apparatus is calibrated before use against a standard gas meter, so that ? i known volume of air may be sampled. The rate of sampling as approximately otic | cubic foot of air per minute. . The dust-collecting device is placed in close proximity,? to the breathing level of the workmen: involved .while performing their -respectivei duties, so that .-air samples representing actual working conditions may...be obtained;# After a sufficient-volume of dust-laden air has been sampled, the collecting liquid;is | placed.in a suitable container and removed `.o the laboratory.for.Ahe'necessary, anMysis,:? . When the dust sample reaches the laboratory, the entire sample is filteredJnto a j -lean graduated flask through a 280-mesh screen so that only particles smaller than 50 microns arc permitted to pass; particles larger than 50.microns are not consideredh fillli liiteffilflii iflS jjj'l,, , ' | St H is ...... ...................................................... The large square^of the eyepiece micrometer, therefore,, >encloses the dust in an area of one square millimeter, and since the counting cell is one millimeter deep, all the dust suspended in one cubic millimeter of the sample is under the ruled field. All particles visually less than 10 microns in longest diameter in one quarter of the field arc counted at five points on the cell, namely, near the four corners and the center, Two cells of each dust sample are counted and the average of 10 counts is obtained. ' Control counts are subtracted from the average sample counts, giving finally, average 1 , net counts of the number of particles which arc then calculated in terms of particles per cubic foot of air sampled. ` 1 ' Having determined the concentration of dust particles less than 10 microns in diam eter in a given atmosphere, it is also nccessaiT- to/obtain information; regarding th e ' mineral composition of the dust l>efore any evaluation of the health hazard can he In general it may be said that . the harmfulncss o f: a . quartz containing : dust is usually in direct proportion: to its frec-silica (SiOj) content. It is,' thcreforcCncc*; :i sary to) distinguish, between "free silica", that Js;'the..silica^that :.tKirs:;aai^ttarti^?suMl v "combined silica", or the silica that is combined with pother elementsinthe';various silicate minerals. It should be borne in mind, therefore, th at;the total silica reportefl in the customary chemical analysis is no measure of the amount of free silica. ^l':1.The^qlaltz;,vContent^.of fine .dusts.-, is usually determined by a combination:>of . petrographicand chemical methods. Each dust presents individual problems 'and;;no, ^;::ijndtvidtMlf'.technique applies to all dusts regardless of their conipositioni'^ThcMe interested in this problem should consult Reprint:No. 1560 of the FubliciHealthiRc l ports, February 24, :1933, entitled "The Quantitative. Determinaticn '.of..Qwutef(j6ree| silica) in Dusts", by Adolph Knopf, Professor of Physical Geology, YalefUmyersity,'; - and Consultant, United States Public Health Service, Discussion of Dust Problems By DR. LEONARD GREENBURG . Yale Univermity, New Haven, Conn. The speaker said .in -part:5;.On the technical: side of this problem you>have)bccn 1::presented; with'.two excellent papers by ;iMr.,>J<m.jand;:pr.yMeitCT.i`iiyiicrciis|.Httlei). that I should add from this point of view. Perhaps the.most'-valuable.).contribution ;)': th a tJ c a n make is. to present to you my. ownpersonalview,of,.thejbroader ;administrative aspects of this problem gained as a result of many years of -close^contact.i) ln order to do'this, let us analyze the problem in its simplest terms. mmm  i if*v/.'vC.t. r B ion. the t> n "m l to IS of JR i \ 1P . 5 , *1 <1 }m orocter,:; si large;-; ss fur'';; ejpts is square m an ; jcjV.aH i AH ic field tor, Samed."' wrage irticlcjs d?am~ ig the am be - rasfc-is FiTvCfrvil~ acried. 0K of md.no. Those h Re-, (free irsitv.' been little jution nwiisotacC fTlU^ ^,;i '!` r'^w"'''! t. ft -'M ,M $"*' 9 : i M m tljllg,' M b ' l)v, ijm/i) k > v 'I? S ,,D^ ust'Problem in Industry'! 'i * `yv %,? M . A r, , i r / { ii.jiH .' l i e , i 4i r t t I-Iff , I' 'f We may begin by agreeing ,that pulmonary fibrosis results, from ; the; inhalatioii o( ci ertain dustsr in k,now, n^ concentrationito*vel,r an'*su(fficien*/t period of' tim*ev^ft-TiyslThflis**.><'r(ac?t. has been demonstrated repeatedly by means of industrial, laboratory and'pathological studies,', On this simple fact, I take it, there is complete agreement, ' Such legitimate cases of disabling pulmonary 'fibrosis arc held in many'states to be the responsibility of the employer. 1Further, a perusal of the compensation laws makes it evident that there exists a decidcd .trend in tbc direction of broadening | the compensation acts throughout the Union for we find from time to time that additional states are being added to the list of those holding silicosis to be a com pensable d ise a se .W e would rccrtainly sties blinding ourselves to the facts were w r not to admit the existence of this trend in social legislation. It should"be, pointed, out here that this is a very wholesome and desirable state of affairs. The insurance; principle lias justified its existence in'spreading the burden of ill fortune over aa? long period of freedom from catastrophe and surely in" the case of industrial accidents it has freed us from the deplorable state of affairs in existence" prior: to 1912. ( i n ; the case of the occupational diseases we may hope for equally satisfactory reamUs. Nevertheless, compensation insurance is not the complete solution of/Jtb^ je^otjJfcm at hand. The-only adequate means;of avoiding the burden of silicosis is by the preven- ; tion of this disease. All otlicr methods do not touch the crux of theJproblem andw they carry in their wake a vast amount of litigation, illness, and a .large financial- burden on industry. If what we have agreed upon to this point is true it is obvious that-industry must prevent rthe -dissemination of dust in the workroom air by such adequate engineering techniques as arc available; or in certain eases where this h is not possible industry must provide, and force the worker to use, such means of '1 personal protection as will adequately safeguard him against the inhalation of dust. . It is only,by these means that we can guarantee a future free of disabling pulmonarydisease due.to dust inhalation. ; ^ In spite of the very best efforts of industry to solve this problem there will un doubtedly be a certain number of - eases brought :to the courts:-and presented as ;; legitimate cases of silicosis. While some of these arc true eases of silicosis-others; a I have been informed, are -not, but are designed merely as a means ofobtaining - funds from industry. A consideration of such eases brings us logically to the second part of the present discussion. What is the ideal method of handling compensation cases with reference to occupational disease and more particularly silicosis? If we examine the development of the compensation acts, .we find,that,a technique,, designed primarily to adjudicate cases of industrial accidents has by degrees .been given jurisdiction over occupational diseases. In fact, in some states diseases are regarded as inj uries so that they may be brought within:th e .scope-of the. original compensation acts. But on close examination it becomes apparent that diseases arc , far more difficult to adjudicate than arc the ordinary injuries arising in industry.., They present many technical facets and often require a detailed knowledge of this , particular branch of medicine with which the average commissioner is .very often., unfamiliar. As a result we find in practice that the Court is presented with highly technical evidence by experts for the plaintiff and for the defendant which is very difficult if not impossible to satisfactorily evaluate." Often the commissioner in caught . between the conflicting views of such witnesses and is not provided with his own" experts to aid him in arriving at the real scientific background of the problem at 1p J r V J t g $ wpisdiseasc* feSSiSSfe? be' assisted by boards'oftechnical experts', composed of/engineer* appointed by the deaj>s of the vanou*: enginecring schools and of physicians appoint! by, the deans plctc kTiowli^c of factory conditiom andthefkdd/crf.venliUtkxvandt^^^^^ Isgshould be experts in the field of industrial hygiene, and occupational disease, U i, ' lili II oconmlypewnistahtiothne caoimd moifsssiouncehrshimghalyy bsepeacbialleizetod dbooarcdosm,"polretethejuirstiecqeu, itvoalebnottsh/ tshidaets'thine these highly technical cases. . It is the belief of the speaker that employers and em ployees alike would benefit greatly from the establishment and use,of such boards1!' In order to hasten the establishment of this system employer* are justified in ap pealing to their legislatures with this end in view; certainly such a legitimate demand should receive the hearty support of all concerned.5 Frequently one is asked, what should be done with those claims which arc based on little or no real evidence of injury to the worker hut which are merely reared by some very enterprising attorney? Such claims arc, I have been told, becoming- ;-:'f':,vc- ^ <?rnwK>11 of latc *nd constitute a real problem to industry. It is obvious tliat the compensation advisory boards suggested earlier will, as soon as they are formed serve the future as a healthy bulwark against this type of baseless claim and I venture to predict that few such cases would be favorably acted ujion by a board of real experts in this field. At the present time factory officials should employ the very best legal talent available and should reinforce such legal talent with technical .and medical experts thoroughly versed in the field of silicosis. Many cases have 'yjwSi.! been lost by a failure to bring to bear the requisite technical aid required to prove the non-existence of a hazard Here is an excellent example of a case in which .money may be saved in the end by increased expenditures. / ' We now arrive at the final steps in the control of this problem, the physical and X-ray examination of the worker. Every factory should have pre-employment a,,d routine post-examinations. It seems obvious that the burden of th t health of the worker should not be placed on the plant without the privilege of the pre-employment examination How can industry be legitimately expected to hire a worker in the blmd as to his or her physical condition and then a day later be expected to shoulder he burden of the worker's health? By repeated physical examinations it-' possiblei/ to discern the faint early deviations from normal health if anv take place' In this manner the employer would be forewarned very early if any workmen showed lung changes suggestive o early siUcosi.. The routine industrial health examination on b w d 1 * 1 throuK^out the njor portion of American industry would constitute * PUW!C,heahh Procedur= of major significance. By its means a v y large propor- oTf middle life which today co*n*stait`udtceds msuc*h**a Prrecavlcnmtieonnacoef. degenerative diseases ADJOURNMENT 8 ISItH 1 mm. 226 Twenty-second Congress--National^Safety Council \ , , * '1 i r r -f t I ' -*<*>> : :. 4.' Eliminate: protruding obstructions which'.workmen'may strike against.:v,Where, this is impossible, i>ost warning signs and paint the obstructions with bright colored paint. If you arc going to speed up the,temi>o of the job and secure more result per hour; for each man, the, field must be cleared for quick operations back and forth,' Some obstructions cannot be removed, and these should lie marked so that quick detours are possible without slowing up the; speed of the: operation. Danger signs should be posted in passageways w h e re there is insufficient overhead .clearance:?. Runways and passageways should be kept:free front loose materials and rubbish., 5. Adequate lighting, particularly where footings are uncertain or where,there are dangerous projections,:;is important. As soon as a man is hurl, on the job the news is instantly spread among all the workmen and they immediately slow up to prevent such an accident happening to them. The job cannot be kept in high gear if the meat are thinking in terms of moving slowly, and carefully. 6. Insist that all employees wear good heavy soled shoes. This is perhaps the easiest and simplest rule to support and the one that wilt l>c the most productive of results.:-;In our own company we put on a "shoe examination'' at paypff time with the warning that if they do not have heavy soles they do .not need to come back Monday morning. If men are not afraid of stepping on something and injuring their feet, they will snap into the need that is required to reduce unit costs. The cost of handling materials is one of the largest items on any piece of con struction work and these costs can lie lowered by safety rules such as the following: 1. Construct suitable toeboards around all floor openings and at the edges of the platfoims, scaffolds and staging. 2. Caution workmen against placing tools, rivets, twits or other materials at points from which they may be accidentally pushed or knicked off on somebody Wow. 3. Materials should never be dropped from overhead unless absolutely necessary. In such cases, make sure that any person below-is'warned. . 4. Materials may be passed or carried from -point to point and should never be thrown Never permit' workmen to stand or walk beneath swinging loads. Materials should he piled carcfullv so they cannot topple over. Where it is necessary to stand bulky material, such as planks or tortus on end, they should be placed so they cannot be blown over or upset. 8. Warn workmen against dislodging materials when taking supplies from piles or trucks. .<?/> 3..A ,Occupational Disease Hazard of Silicosis in Construction Operation and Its Prevention By D. HARRINGTON Chief, Health and Safety Branch, United States Bureau of Mine, W ashington, D. C. The speaker' said in p art". This paper is based, on approximately eight years of personal study of the effect of underground dusts on-health and safety, supplemented by alxiut twenty-five additional years of close attention to data and studies made by others. The. subject will be handled from an engineering viewpoint rather than from that of the pathologist, the doctor, or the lawyer; and while this is unusual it should h wlfa >nh,, nek CC$,, m e --. ;V,'f, cm , iCSH . Jne of he *y DV i B lf 1/ -Y1 ' t \ \}i 1 4i\ . J i O-i' i VVi^rum "ni! I t< < '< \ 7; ts" r "r`) H^1,i1'^Vv''1 ^ 1 / !t , 1 J ' -i ' v j t *> _ * 0 ' < v ho . t , . v f1, c I > '' ` NT'l O r^ f/O A fy ,J / J\> Ij" v ? /,,Vg l>c logical, as the real solution of a serious and widespread industrial health nniljlmu, -!'i; brought about bv breathing dust, is tliat of prevention of dust disease. 1 r There appears to tic warrant for the conclusion that any dust, or,, combination oij ' dusts--whether of a coal or metal mine or a tunnel--which is insoluble w soluble with k:;, difficulty in the fluids and tissues of the respiratory organs, is likely to be harmful 1 ultimately to the,health of underground workers, if it is present in the air in minute form and is breathed in large quantity over large portions of the working shift for any considerable number of months consecutively per year; sonic soluble dusts which a occur in underground workings arc also decidedly harmful. It appears that tine i quantity of dust in the air breathed more or less continuously, together, w ith;its;lack ;ij of solubility or difficult solubility, governs the hygienic harmfulncss of dust to w orkers' much more than do the specific physical or chemical qualities of the dusts likely to ,, be found in underground.workings; this docs not mean tliat air containing a large) quantity of finely;'divided:flint dust or similar hard, sharp, insoluble material is not likely to be more harmful than air containing a similar quantity of probably less in herently .harmful dusts, siich as very fine limestone, coal, or shale. Breathing.,: com paratively small amounts of finely divided free silica or-similar hard, sharp, insoluble, supposedly more dangerous type of: dust is, however, likely to be much less harmful to.? health than breathing much larger amounts of less inherently harmful dust, *uch m i that from coal, shale, hematite, ore, or limestone, or combinations of such dusts. Physical examination of underground.workers shows that men who work >in ,very * dusty places in coal mines have definite respiratory disease, whether tli^dust is from coal only o r;from a mixture of. coal w ith rock or shale or clay. :Men have -.worked f in coal mines and have |then gone to w ork in dusty ..-metal mines or tunnels and have ; become affected by miners' consumption, or have worked m metal mines or tsmnelsi and later, have succumbed to respiratory disease after having worked in dusty places in coal mines. While dusts insoluble or, difficultly soluble in the pores and tissues of a the respiratory organs are chiefly responsible for respiratory disease in miners, there are certain soluble dusts of lead, arsenic, and other rocks or ores which are definitely ; poisonous"or. which result in material harm to the health of workers. That the quantity of dust breathed is the important point in the harmfulness of dust is a certainty, yet to state what is that dangerous quantity ot what is a safe limit is difficult, in fact, is impossible-with, our present facilities and knowledge. In South Africa an arbitrary limit of.5 mg., or 300,(XX),(XX! particles per cubic mein- of aixy- w a s set. : Their recent reports, however, give the average air dustiness of the working places as around or just over 1 mg. per cubic, meter of air; there im probably not tme dry mine or tunnel in the United States where the average air dustiness of working; places is as low as 5 mg. per cubic meter of air (the" South African standard) or 10 i mg. per cubic meter of air (the standard set by Higgins and I^uiza in their study of miners' consumption in the Joplin, Mo. district in 1915), and a recent state regulation; restricts the number of dust particles to a maximum of 15,000,000 per cubic foot o f 1 air. or about 530,000,000 per cubic meter. In general, the average air dustiness of ; working places of our dry metal mines runs ;dx>vc 20 mg. per cubic-meter of air and j many run.above 50. . > t;--: .-.yiv';:- The outstanding remedy for the l>ad situation with respect to dust disease (in many'; ; localities a most distressing one) in underground workings is cdtKation--education of ? underground workers in the necessity of taking such precautions as are available; of. employers in recognizing the seriousness of the situation and in providing devices and ? methods to reduce, or prevent the incidence of disease and, if necessary, enforcing 228' i , , Twenty-second Congress-- National Safety Council ',' , / their, adoption on the workers; of the doctors in correctly diagnosing the disease, .giv ing publicity So IK prevalence, seriousne. preventive reme<iie<:, etc, and in death eer tificatcs religiously assigning dust disease as the cause where such is the case; and of the merchants, newspapers, and other influences in the community in trying to prevent the'disease rather than m hiding its existence. i As, specific remedial measures.for nietal mines and tunnels,, the writer' suggests the following: mechanical ventilation, with a ..definite person or persons in charge, should be adopted to force moving currents of air in every place where men work in order to remove dust, heat, and gases. The use of w ater should be: enforced in all drillings, m the sprinkling of ore and rock piles, in the wetting of timbers, man and haulage ways, and in every place where dust may lie found. Where possible, the blasting should all be done a iter a shift; where this cannot be done there should tie. an en forcement of strict regulations as to the wetting of the region of blasting: both before and after firing the shots, as to the removal o f all explosive fumes by adequate air currents, and as to the prevention of entrance into a blasted place until all dust, fumes, etc. have been removed. ' -There should by all means lie strict physical examination of underground workers before employment and at periods of,not more thsm six months during the employment, w ith prompt removal from dangerously dusty work should nnfavoiahlc physical symptoms be found In our coal mines education is also badly needed. . The dust: health problem of the contractor is likely to be somewhat different than that of .the,mine .operator--yet some of the factors are fundamentally similar. There is no question .that, far loo much stress lias been laid on silica dust and silicosis when the emphasis should lie placed on the very definite dangers to workers in breathing a large quantity of any and all kinds of finely divided dust which the worker accumu lates or is likely to accumulate day hv day in his system; the resultant-respiratory disease should Ik termed pneunionocoiiiosis or simply dust disease rather than silicosis or anthracosis, etc., since it is'highly, probable that no person has ever been incapaci tated by the breathing of any single dust but rather by a combination of dusts. While it apjKars that all dusts and combinations of.dusts which are breathed into the respiratory passages in large quantities and over considerable time periods arc likely to lie harmful to health, unquestionably some dusts are relatively more harmful than others; some have effect in one manner, some in another; some dusts affect the lungs, some the bronchial apparatus, some the eyes, some the septum of the nose, some the stomach and some the skm; some individuals have considerable resistance-to the harmful effect of breathing dust, others arc readily susceptible; to i t ; some nationali ties arc likely to succumb quickly to dust disease, and others are much' better able to resist its inroads on health. Having breathed one kind of dust docs not aid arty human being to resist any other kind of dusf; tuberculosis may accompany the other ills due to breathing of silica dust, but tuberculosis does not always accompany or result ; from breathing silica dust; .-tuberculosis may occur m connection -with the breathing of coal dust or other dusts, though it is not so likely to be found in connec tion,with coal and with some other..types of dusts; silica as a rock, whether as free silica or as a silicate, is practically insoluble in water, but when in the form of very finely divider! particles which float in air these very finely divided particles are readily soluble even in w a te r; no human being knows what percentage of silica in a dust is likely to give silicosis, whether 5 i>er cent, 25 per cent, 50 per cent or more, and silicosis (so-called) is alleged to have been caused b> bieathing dust with as little as 3 per cent silica; no person knows what quantity of dust in air (silica'.or other cimt) is likely to Ik dangerous though numerous arbitrary standards .-of air dustiness arc Construction Section 229 given to the public. these standards ranging from as low as 250,000 particles per cubic foot of air to 15.000,000 particles; present methods of determining. air dustiness. md : whether.by:weight or by count of particles, arc anything but accurate or dependable; t while the x-ray is unquestionably useful in determining the condition of the respiratory passages as to dust harm, it is improbable that any person can from the x-ray alone the determine whether the person x-rayed lias silicosis, anthracosis, or any other? specific Jtid type of dust disease; practically every human being breathes silica dust, as 50 or more per cent of the earth's crust with which we come in contact is siliceous and probably 15 or more per cent is free silica and all of us breathe dust from fields, roads, etc.; dusty air/:with .high'.temperatures-(say, over 80 degrees Fahrenheit) and high ; humidity, is more likely to be .harmful because of dust than air with less trying tem- jicraturcs; dust laden air contaminated with gases, such as high carbon dioxide o r high carbon monoxide, is more likely to give ill health from dust than would a ir free of high content of extraneous gases; dust disease may incapacitate its victim or may kill him in less than a year from the time he first works in the dusty place, but in of general it takes a much longer period; it is said that any person may work in a Tttt dusty atmosphere for several years without apparent ill health, yet several years rafter Id leaving the dusty work, may, succumb to dust disease; generally when a worker has become,afflicted with dust disease, it is impossible to cure him so as to completely remove the ill effects, and this is aptly expressed by a doctor in "The American Stone .n Trade", August, 1933, as follows: ,"No treatment for the cure of sdicosis is known. 'C We can't make stiff Tissues soft again. Prevent ion is the only resource." It is .aid n that sickness causes at least eight times as much loss of time to workers as to indus a trial accidents and unquestionably one of the most prolific causes of sickness of in dustrial workers is the, breathing of dust: dust disease unquestionably is the scouige r of the industrial worker of today. What can and should be done about it? First of all,- industry should recognize that any and all dusts breathed in large quantities for a long period arc likely to be dangerous to the persons:who 'breathe them; then available measures should be taken to prevent air dustiness, the m o st essential being: . .1..? 1. Use water in drilling, or sprinkling surfaces, or in connection with processes. 2. Use the -best' possible.ventilation to sweep away any fine dust which -may get into the air where people work, 3. Install the best available equipment to prevent dust formation. 4. Have every person jn the organization undergo a real physical examination Ik-fore entering the organization and at stated intervals (not less than annually), with removal from dusty air as soon as symptoms develop in the respiratory tract. 5. All those really interested in the preservation of the health of workers ?should ..familiarize themselves with available data as to''dust',dangers; a limited bibliography. 6. While,there; is now an enormous amount of litigation as to dust disease chiefly of the misnomer ``silicosis'','knowledge of a i definite, 'dependable, accurate character about dust disease is woefully lacking and there is piobably no more fruitful field for concerted, unbiased, disinterested 'investigation than that in connection' with1the health harmtulness from dust. Industrial organizations, co-operating with the state and the Federal:government as well as other parties, should institute studies as to dust disease to have available authentic disinterested data for use not only in connection w ith ' the numerous'court actions nowpending, and likely to increase, hut also as a solid bark ground fo r state regulations and state laws which now arc being framed without de pendable data chiefly because no really dependable data are in existence.