Document ykM23YR8G3m5Bw42pqzn7Mqz4

REQUEST FOR VERIFICATION na*f U T t N C N O U I I F O R M V 1,\ DEVELOPMENT OCPAN T M IH T ud o s a n o Vl ' Mateerrlals & Processes Development -o A p p a r a t iue (vtatk K iP iC A iA T RATH*, anca, etc- to am VERITIES) Nonfjtnroable Liquid Transformer Coolant PRODUCTION OAT I IA M P U NfHIWITW Q BOHt K lffU M tH T A K Y INFORMATION ATT A C H fO PAOtA o w a . HO. PHOTO NOB. A N SW E R A U Q U E ST IO N S (briefly h lost column, supplemented by offached Information wher necessary.) A Do rating and performance of apparotvs conform with the standards of A IR , NEMA, A S A and other associations as far as they apply? . Yes B Do construction and performance of apparatus conform with Underwriters' Laboratories Standards, National Electrical Code and other Cades as far as they epp ly? C l Do ratings and performance of apparatus meet specification*? C-2 Can the following agreed upon be met? (Attoch present estimates or actuals) AMc m cc TOTAL COST BELLING PRICE PROFIT D Have endurance ond field tests been m ade establishing suitability of apparatus for severe conditions? (Outline in attached) E Have non-stock (Westinghouse) materials or sites been used? See attached. Yes F-l Has Potent Deportment been consulted and design approved? P-2 Give reference to Patent, Patent Cases or disclosures involved. (List on attached). Not required. G -l is any other Engineering or W orks Dept, interested? G *2 (Signatures o f those consulted) J No H. Does new opparatus supersede existing apparatus? (List on attadsed) H-2 Will octivity on any stocked Hems including row material be decreased or discontinued by this? H-3 Have superseded materials (including raw material) been salvaged ? 1 Is new trade mark, instruction book, dimension leaflet, or teg necessary? Yes Yes No J-l Is marketing of this device dependent upon other developments? J-2 If so, give reference and state advisability for combination test ond verification. K Are there any limitations with regord to application, manufacture, guarantees, radio interference, etc., other than those well understood with this type of apparotut? L Hove electronic circuits, tubes ond components been thoroughly investigated ond tested? Not required M -l Before which Technical Society should the new technical information A,c* ASMEjIRE ASM ACE OTHER resulting from this development be presented as o formal paoer? M -2 Probable dote and ploce of presentation for moximum company advantage.J_ N Is the Sales literature available? Yet No If not, show schedule for completion-- te r m ita i........ ................................ prom otional------------------------------------ W here these Hems ore discussed in tfieets ottodied, refer to them by paragraph lettered o above. Authorization it requeited for building _ ___________ _____ _________ mit for stock nidria io ^1 P rt0f production verificc S IG N A T U R E S R E Q U IR E D P R IO N T O A C TIO N BY O P E R A T IN G D IV ISIO N V E R IF IC A T IO N C O M M IT T E E ENGINEERING MANUFACTURING salii DIVISION MGR m a n u f a c t u r in g Mg r DAT V ERIFICATION CO M M ITTEE APPROVALS ENGINEERING m g r . OATS ALES MGR. --------- B T T 1 -- W O . ' f N O I N f c C R l h d M G R . Bat* P i g i l i if M O ALL C O P I O TO CWA/RMAN. rM / r iC A T / O N C O U M / r T Z I OP O P t R A T I N Q D I V I S I O N POR H O U T I N O C O P IE S F O R D ACCOUNT IN DP ART M IN T MOR. BALES DEPARTMENT MOR. ENGINEERING DEPARTMEMT MOR. PILE -- CNO INCERI NO iC C T IO N M A N A M A MANUFACTURING OBPT MANAOER PATENT DEPARTMENT MANAOER OAT 77rm?  I Introduction Part I General Information Inerteen 54201KA is presently being used as the nonflammable transformer coolant. Thl6 material la a mixture of 70% chlorinated diphenyl (Aroclor 1254) and 30% trichlorobeneene with 0.207. phenoxypropene oxide added as a HC1 scavenger. A program has been conducted with the Monsanto Company to obtain a lower cost nonflammable coolant. This program has led to a material which has the necessary re quirements for general application as a substitute for Inerteen 54201KA. This material is Aroclor 1242, which would be used alone, except for the 0.2% scavenger. This material Is about equivalent in cost per pound as Inerteen 54201KA, but weighs less and has properties nearly as good or better than Inerteen 54201RA. Due to the absence of the trichloro benzene, it may also have leas effect on the other component materials in the transformer. This material has been tested in our laboratory in comparison with the presently used Inerteen. In addition to the laboratory work, a unit containing Aroclor 1242 has been operating for over three years at the local Sharon Steel plant. Aroclor 1242 has been used for some time as a capacitor material and it has demonstrated aging stability over long periods of time. Material Characteristics /' Comparisons between Aroclor 1242 and Inerteen 54201KA have been made in the following areas: (1) Physical properties (2) Power factor vs. temperature (3) Viscosity vs. temperature (4) Aging in contact with paper, pressboard and cotton tape. (5) Dielectric strength vs. temperature (6) Impulse strength and impulse ratio (7) Ability to function as a coolant (1) Physical Properties Table I shows a comparison between our specification 54201KA, Monsanto'8 data on Aroclor 1242, our laboratory tests on Aroclor 1242, and tests in a typical batch of Inerteen 54201KA. The specific gravity range of 1.381-1.392 as compared with 1.5181.528 for Inerteen 54201KA gives a weight reduction of one pound per gallon. This gives us less weight per unit volume, freight savings on shipments of coolant and on shipments of units, and lower transformer weight. (2) Power Factor vs. Temperature The power factor and the dielectric constant of Aroclor 1242 are slightly better. Curves of the power factor vs. temperature for the two materials are shown in Figure 1. (3) Viscosity vs. Temperature The viscosity of the Aroclor 1242 is greater at low temperatures, but is about the same as Inerteen 54201KA above 60*C, which includes the operating temperatures of the apparatus in which it will be used. A comparison of the viscosities at various temperatures is shown in Figure 2. (4) Aging in Contact with Paper, Pressboard and Cotton Tape Comparisons of tests after aging samples of paper, pressboard and cotton tape in the two liquids are shown in Table II. The Aroclor 1242 showed lower power factor, higher dielectric constant and slightly higher resistivity throughout. (5) Dielectric Strength vs. Temperature The dielectric strength of the two liquids at the various tempera tures are quite comparable. The comparison is shown in Figure 3. (6) Impulse Strength and Impulse Ratio Dielectric strength tests, both 60 cycle and impulse were run using .056" thick pressboard 1581-18 in the three liquids--WEMCO C oil 2772, Inerteen 54201KA and Aroclor 1242. Tests were made on 10" x 10" samples using 2" brass electrodes. The test values are shown in Table IV. The dielectric strength was slightly less in the Aroclor than in the Inerteen and the impulse ratio was slightly higher in the Aroclor. (7) Ability to Function as a Coolant The ability of the two liquids to function as coolants can be evaluated by comparing the heat transfer coefficients of the two materials. This was done by using the following equation: k 8 ^ e2 cp L3 A L L /< k for fluids (liquids and gases) in free convection C = constant . k = thermal conductivity L - length dimension g * constant of gravity (3= coefficient of expansion, l/C e = density, lb./in.? Cp * thermal capacity (specific heat), cal./gram C NPC00007745  t = temperature difference / cl c viscosity d exponent 1/4 to 1/3. Uae 1/3 for liquid. hc Aroclor k*7Aroclor |3*^Aroclor e*67Aroclor cp *^Aroc lor yU -^lnerteen hc lnerteen k'/lnerteen (3* ^Iner teen e,&7lnerteen cp *^lner teen y< -}JAroc lor = 1.0 if fluids have same heat transfer. > 1.0 if Aroclor is better than lnerteen. <1.0 If lnerteen is better than Aroclor. At 100#C lnerteen 54201KA Aroclor 1242 Thermal Conductivity cal./*C - cm. sec. Specific Heat cal./gram, *C Avg. Coefficient of Expansion Density, lb./in.^ 22.7 x 10'5 .261 .00066 .0545 24.7 x 10'5 .302 .00068 .0498 Viscosity 32.5 34.0 At 60C Viscosity 39.5 45.5 Other properties calculated as being the same at 60C as at 100cC. hc Aroclor hc lnerteen = 1*028 at 100*C = ratio of heat transfer coefficients = 1.02 at 60 *C This indicates that the Aroclor 1242 is 2-37, better in the area of 50 to 100#C. This should not be significant from the stand-point of design of the apparatus and the cooler surface. The two liquids should be interchangeable from the stand-point of efficiency as coolants. Cost Information Material lnerteen 54201KA Aroclor 1242 Weight 12.6 lb./gal. 11.5 Prlce/lb, $.133 $.1345 Savings = Prlce/gal. $1.6 76/gal. $1.547 $0.129/gal,. W i l l 'IIIII I V I ' i i W T ' i NPC00007746 770385 Freight In tank car, minimum rate * .68/hundred pounds. Presently shipped 8,000 galIons/tank car. Inerteen 54201KA Axoclor 1242 8000 gal. * 100,800 lbs. * $685 8000 gal. = 92,000 lbs. * $625 Savings = $ 60/tank car Total Therefore, the total savings is approximately $0.13/gallon. The present yearly activity is 480,000 gallons. 480,000 x .13 = $62,400 coat reduction It is also anticipated that a more favorable price might be nego tiated with Monsanto due to the fact that using Aroclor 1242 with no solvent will increase their total business. Underwriter's Approval Application has been made to Underwriter's Laboratories for approval of Aroclor 1242 for use in transformers. This should only be a formality as the material has previously been approved for capacitors. Part II Performance Samples of Aroclor 1242 and Inerteen 54201KA have been aged in contact with pressboard, kraft paper and cotton tape, and the resultant properties of the two materials were compared. In all cases the Aroclor 1242 was somewhat better. These test results are shown in Table II. Unit 7021007 on Order C-26537, YG 80249, ZBR2428 has been in operation at Sharon Steel since November 1, 1963, with Aroclor 1242 as the coolant. Samples were tested originally, after 9 months operation and after three years operation. The properties are continuing quite good as shown in Table III. Summary The use of Aroclor 1242 instead of Inerteen 54201KA would have the following advantages: (1) Less weight. (2) Lower power factor. (3) In shop processing, it will be possible to pull full vacuum as no_aolvent is present. t- (4) Less effect on other components of transformer. NPC00007747 770386 The only disadvantage is the high viscosity at low temperatures, however, since the dielectric strength appears to be comparable to Inerteen at all temperature, this should present no serious problem. The two liquids are compatible, therefore, the changeover should be no problem in the shop. Some increased difficulty in pumping may occur in cold weather, but this should not be serious. /sew H. A. Pearce, Jr., Matls. Engr. Reliability Section M. & P. Dev. Dept. NPC000077 48 770387 a i TABLE I Properties Inerteen 54201KA Specification Color, APHA, max. Free Chlorides, ppm, max. Dielectric Strength, .1" gap, KV, min. Fire Point to Bolling Point Neutralization No., mg KOH/grani, max. 150 0.10 30 None .014 Pour Point, max. Refractive Index, 25*C Phenoxypropene Content, X by weight Specific Gravity -30C 1.6153-1.6173 .18-,22 1.518-1.528 Viscosity, SSU, 37.8C Viscosity, SSU, 100*C 56 2 Condition Clear Water Content, ppm 35 Distillation Range Initial Boiling Point (1st Drop) 200*C Percent Distillation at 270C, max. 40 907. Distilled 285-300 C Electrical Resistivity, ohms/cm^ at 100-C, min. 10.0 x 10i0 Density, pounds per gallon, 25*C 12.6 Dielectric Constant Power Factor, 7. Incerfacial Tension, dynes/cm^ NPC00007749 -o05J M & P Test on Monsanto Data M & P Test on Inerteen 54201KA on Aroclor 1242 Aroclor 1242 0. 10 44 None .002 -39C 1.6157 1.52 56.6 About 35 Clear 100 35 None .010 19#C 1.627-1.629 .18-.22 1.381-1.392 82-92 34-35 Clear 50 44.5 .004 +5*C 1.38 89.4 About 35 Clear 223C 35.1 410 558 4.5 1.39 41.7 11.5 5.8 5.84 0.89 44. 7 TABLE II Agin_ In Contact with Paper, Preaaboard and Cotton Tape Oven Dried Paper, Preaaboard and Tape Inerteen Aroclor 1242 Samples Aged 1 Week at Room Temperature Power Factor Resistivity Dielectric Constant 1.67 3,600 .64 1.0 4,700 5.82 Samples Aged 1 Week at 90#C Power Factor Resistivity Dielectric Constant 5.49 950 4.69 4.17 1180 5.88 Samples Aged 1 Month at 90*C Power Factor Resistivity Dielectric Constant 5.73 700 4.67 2.69 900 5.97 Samples Aged 1 Week at Room Temperature Solvent Dried Paper, Pressboard and Tape Power Factor Resistivity Dielectric Constant 1.42 4,200 4.64 Samples Aged 1 Week at 90 *C Power Factor Resistivity Dielectric Constant 3.69 1,800 4.66 Samples Aged 1 Month at 90 *C Power Factor Resistivity Dielectric Constant 4.54 1,020 4.65 0.89 5,400 5.82 2.70 1, 750 5.86 2.43 1,400 5.93 NPC00007750 770389 TABLE III WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION TRANSFORMER DIVISION SHARON. PENNSYLVANIA TESTS OF TRANSFORMER INSULATING LIQUIDS CUSTOMER Sharon Steel__________________________ ____________ LOCATION Sharon, Perma. '________ ___________________________ DISTRICT Ser. #7021007___________________ O.O. 275 gais. Customer Order C-26537, YG 80249, ZBR2428 OIL INERTEEN B ,12A2 DATE T1rLSeIr TRANSFORMER SER. NO. SOURCE OF SAMPLE GENERAL CONDITION DIELECTRIC STRENGTH - KV POWER FACTOR - PERCENT 60 CYCLE 25 "C INTERFACIAL TENSION - DYNES PER CM. NEUTRALIZATION NO. - MG KOK PER GRAM COLOR - D-1500 SAYBOLT VISCOSITY - SECONDS - I00*F SPECIFIC GRAVITY - 60*F POUR POINT V MOISTURE, PPM 7021007 Bottom Clear 40.5 2.05 43.9 0.003 0.0 83.0 1.390 +2 18 Samples taken REMARKS: Original 11/1/63 7021007 Bottom Clear 40.5 2.05 43.9 0.003 .0.0 83.0 1.390 +2 18 8/4/64 7021007 Bottom Clear 33.5 2.55 43.0 0.005 0.0. _____ 85.2 1.395 -15 6 - 11/10/66 . I HEREBY CERTIFY THE ABOVE REPORT IS A TRUE RECORD TAKEN FROM LABORATORY TESTS IN ACCORDANCE WITH CURRENT A.S.T.M. TESTING METHODS. NPC00007751 770390 TABLE IV Dielectric Tests on .056" Thick Presaboard Impregnated with Liquid Coolants_____ Wemco C Oil 2772 Inerteen 54201KA Aroclor 1242 60 Cycle Breakdown Average Volts/Mil 724 1241 1147 Full Wave Crest Volte/MU at Failure 2S88 1912 1626 Impulse Ratio 3.57 1.53 1.59 NPC00007752 INERTEEN 5420 ICM Trichlorobenzene HCl Other Gasea *55.0 45.0 95.3 4.7 NJ 8.0 2.5 02 + Argon AO 2 H2 CO CH4 .5 .1 29.4 1.2 .5 .5 .5 .6 .4 ; .1 NPC00007753 C 2H6 C2H4 C2H2 --.3 '5.1 -- Trace .2 C'3a --- Tri Tetra Blend 87.4 12.6 Tri Tetra Blead +5% Oil 76.2 23.8 11.3 Tri Tetra Blend +10Z Oil 46.2 53.8 11.4 co 2.5 --- 2.4 -- 2.7 Trace .2 5.4 22.3 1.4 Trace ---- 1.7 4,0 .2 .3 -- 1 .7 1.8 , .1 1.8 3.8 .1 \ DRAFT m r "nr PCB's Objective Id e n tify and communicate to our customers, users and appropriate Federal and State agencies, that a minute mixing of PCB m aterials into mineral o i l used in in su la tin g and coo ling e le c tr ic a l devices such as transformers has occurred. This mixing effect has p o ssib ly occurred since the beginning o f the use o f PC B's such as INERTEEN and PYRANOL as in su la tin g f lu id s and su b stitu te s fo r o il where f ir e hazards dictated an inflammable flu id . To date, no problem o f t h is m ixing e ffe ct has been evidenced in the operating c h a ra c te ristic s o f the equipment. Recent in v e stig a tio n s ind icate that th is m ixing e ffe ct Is very broad and p o ssib ly e ffe cts, to some extent, most manufacturers and users of these e le ctrical devices. The probable reason fo r the mixture stems from the proxim ity o f the mineral o il and PCB o il systems used In the manufacturing o f the e le c tric a l apparatus in separate but p a ra lle l manufacturing and testing operations since the inception o f the use of PCB's In transformers in 1938* S im ila r mixing may have resulted from the In s ta lla t io n , inspection, and maintenance o f transform ers by the users. NPC00007754 770393 -2 There is no functional problem with respect to the transform er re su ltin g from t h is mixture. Since the early 1970's, appropriate labe ling and sp ecial handling o f 1NERTEEN f ille d transform ers has been carried out In a ll p lan ts u t iliz in g th is flu id . A ll locations comply with the f u ll intent of current Federal and State laws. Recommenda 1 1ons 1. Immediate n o tific a tio n o f the above facts to a l l customers and users. 2. Convince industry to request EPA to develop acceptable le v e ls o f PCB d ilu tio n s In o il s im ila r to p revio usly e sta b lish e d PCB le ve ls in other cormodlties such as food, milk, fish , etc. 3> Develop detailed responses to in q u irie s which may come from our customers and users or State regulatory agencies w ith respect to the proper handling and disp osal o f th is o i l should I t be accidentally released to the environment. Su itab le technical press and general press re le ase s developed fo r use when and i f queried or I f de sirab le to insu re total customer n o tific a tio n . 5. E sta b lish a Communications Center in P ittsb urgh to handle inquires which are not covered in the connunicat ions to. customers and the press. NPC00007755 General It is recommended that a mature, confident and b u sin e ss-lik e approach be taken w ith respect to a ll of our communications. It Is recognized cu rre n tly, that the subject o f PCB's and th e ir release to navigable waterways and regulation at both the Federal and State level is at a high and emotional p oint. Therefore, th is mixing problem could be misunderstood and exaggerated, causing s ig n ific a n t problems to our customers and the in d u stry In general. To the best o f our knowledge, there is- no current v io la t io n o f any Federal or State law. RAB,JR. 10/ 8/76 UPC00007756 770395 BACKGROUND As a re su lt o f recent in v e s t ig a t io n s it has come to our (In d u strie s) attention that many oTl f i l l e d (mineral o i l ) transform ers, and p o ssib ly other E le ctrica l devices which u t iliz e mineral o il as an in su la to r and coolant, may contain minute q u an titie s o f PCB`s. The probable reason for the mixture stems from the proxim ity of the mineral o il and PCB o il systems used In the manufacturing o f the e le ctrica l apparatus in separate but various parallel manufacturing and te stin g operations sin ce the inception of the use o f PCB's in transformers in 1938. There Is no operating or warranty problem with respect to the transformer re su ltin g from th is mixture. From an operating standpoint, the e le c tric a l c h a ra c te ristic s remain b a sic a lly unchanged when f il l e d with eith e r mineral o il or INERTEEN. Appropriate labeling and sp ecial handling of INERTEEN f i l l e d transform ers has been carried out In a ll plan ts u t iliz in g th is flu id and a ll locations comply with the f u ll intent o f current Federal and S ta (te laws. Recent.Federal and State regula tions may require precaution and special handling methods with mineral o il f i l l e d transform ers due to the small qu antities of P C B 's which have become mixed with the main o il supplys. UPC00007757 770396 There does not appear to be any fe a sib le or economic way to separate minute q u a n titie s of PCB's from o i l . Since p o lic ie s have already been formulated w ith in Uestinghouse to cease manufacture o f transformers containing PCB's by December 1976 future mixing of PCB's In mineral o i l wi l l be elim inated. However, it could be many years before a ll the mixing e ffe c t could or would be elim inated In u n its already manufactured. It is recommended that su ita b le communications be made with our customers and State and Federal and Regulatory agencies so that appropriate caution can be taken to minimize or prevent the Inadvertent releases of PCB's to the environment. RAB.JR. 10/6/76 UPC00007758 *s 770397 # PQ 4 2 5 5 152 0 CG 1 2 / ! 6 2 1 5 P ? -L UITTEM RE YOUR y IRE ON P C B /OIL MIXING, BEEN NO TIFIEDALL WESCO LOCATIONS .BUFFALO ELECTRIC FIFE ' .......... . DICKMAN MCGOWAN " "" TAFEL RENSENHOUSE IOWA ELEC, SUPPLY SM D4 S INDIA NHEAO JUDD ECKHART ARKANSAS VALLEY ELEC THE ' FOLLOWING ' DISTRIBUTORS HAVE .... A R BEAL CHGO OFC CODE CG CR w as CD c3rq os CD 3D o> 31 CD . NPC00007759 770398 a Son . WIN : Ost : Sutjecr: a Philadelphia Office 324-5281 December 14, 1976 * PCB'S PRESENCE IN OIL-FILLED TRANSFORMERS To * PITTSBURGH (W) BUILDING ROOM 2221 Mr. D. L. Litten * s. ln response.to your vire of December 9th on the ?CB letter Issued by Messrs* Oliver, Sherman and Litten, letters of notification have been sent to the following Distributors In the Eastern Zone: Mass. Gas & Electric Yale Electric Gettens Electric Supply Gilman Electrical Supply Equitable Electric Supply All Wesco District Managers in Northeastern District Andrea Electric Supply - New York and Nanuet, N.Y. Dougleston Electric Liberty Electric Supply Monarch-Irving Ohm Electrle Supply Onesco, Inc. A. B. Electric Supply Vesco-Brldgeport Wesco-Nevark Wesco-Nev Brunswick Wesco-Maspeth Weseo-Hicksvlile Wes co-Foughkeepsie Prince George's Electric Wesco-Vashlugton Wesco-Sprlngfleld, Va. Wesco-Richmond Vesco-Norfolk Vesco-Hanpton Standard Electric Supply Anthracite Electric Supply Bell Electric of Pennsylvania Crouder Jr. Compcny FORM3SOAX NPC00007760 770399 Hr. D. L. Litten Page 2 December 14, 1976 Dover Electric Supply Fenn Electric Supply Rational Electric Supply Fairlite Electric Supply Kay Electric Supply Doylestown Electric Hortheast Electric Coatesville Electric Supply Vesco-ftiil&deIphia Wesco-Norristown Weaco-Trenton Ve co-Wilinington Wesco-Camden Weseo-Salisbury Vesco-Hagerstawn Vesco-BaIt imore Weaco-Alleatown Wesco-Reading Weaco-Wlikes Barre W esco-VilHams port Wesco-Earrisburg Weseo-York Wesco-Lancaster % Should anything else be required, please let me know. JSBittl NPC00007761 770400 % # PQ 153 12/14 1851 QV 12-14-76 1745 . G il . i l . r p r N -> PGH CC/ .ATLANTA OFFICE - T FULLER D P KEISER 1 / 2 2 / 7 $ LETTER ON OIL PC3 M IXING, ALL DISTRIBUTORS IN MY DISTRICT WHOSELL THESE PRODUCTS HAVE COPY OF HEISER LETTER INCLUDES ALL WESCO LOCATIONS, NUNN LOCATION, PERRY SHANKLE, SERVICE ELECTRIC AND ELECTRIC FIXTURE SUPPLY. ^ A M KAPPLER - HOUSTON 6K i ''WS- * / NPC00007762 * 770401 GENERAL STATEMENT OF WESTINGHOUSE POSITION The problems of FCB's being mixed in oil of electrical apparatus is not confined just to Westinghouse. Evidence indicates it encompasses the entire industry, involving oil supplied by the oil Industry, various manu facturer's oil-filled transformers, and customer's oil-storage facilities. Evidence indicates the problem is not confined to any particular geographic region. No one knows how long it has existed. A logical guess would be for several years. aIt is customer decision as to what is done with his equipment when and if the presence of FCB is detected in his equipment. This decision is dependent on the status of legislation in his particular area. Our cus tomers have the responsibility to determine for themselves what laws and regulations apply,. There is no practical reason for us to engage in any conjecture as to how, where, or when the condition originated. NPC00007763 * 1. Q. - tfhac manufacturer's equipment is involved? A. - potentially, any oil Insulated equipment. Since FCB traces have been found in all parts of the oil cycle,' in supplier shipments, In completed units of oil-filled electrical apparatus, and in user oil-storage systems. 2. Q . - What is being done to specify or define the extent of this problem? A. - NEHA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) has com missioned a special task force to study the extent of the presence of PCB's in oil-filled environments. 3. Q. - Why aa X being notified by Westinghouse of this problem? A. - Some states have recently enacted specific legislation for the control of PCB's and are Interpreting general legislation for their control. Because of this legislative environment, Westinghouse began and is in the process of doing extensive testing to define the existence of this substance. Initial tests confirm the existence of PCB's in some pieces of oil-filled equipment of several manufac turers, Including Westinghouse, in oil shipments received from oil suppliers, and in user oil-storage facilities* Having made these determinations, we felt it our obligation to notify you of our findings 4, Q. - Whet actions should I take? A. -~ - Since there are no nationally established standards for allowablelevels of PCB's in oil for closed electrical systems and since various states have enacted legislation, we suggest you determine the status of legislation for your area and institute any special procedures which r.ay be required for conformance. 5. Q. - What procedure for testing oil should I follow? A. - Although we cannot specifically recommend a complete procedure because of varying legislative constraints, we can make the general recommendations that you check for FCB content in oil when'performing repair, during routine maintenance, or disposal of oil-filled equipment. We also recommend that oil storage and oil handling systems be checked for PCB content. WPC00007764 770403 / 6. Q. - What actions should I take If I find traces of PCB's In oil-filled equipment or systems? A. - We can sake no specific recommendations because of the various and often undefined legislation now in effect. 7. q. - Assuming I find PCB's in the oil, how did the PCB's*become"oiixed vith the oil? A. - It may be impossible to determine since FCB's have been detected in the mineral oil of various makes of transformers, in oil storage facilities, and in'oil supplied directly from oil sup pliers. The manner of mixing is unknown. 8. Q. - Bov can tests for PCB's in oil be made? A. - Any Industrial laboratory familiar with analyzing FCB's and familiar with chromatographic or similar techniques should be able to make the tests. 9. Q. - Can Westinghouse make these tests? A. - Westinghouse has a limited capacity at the Sharon facility. Limited outside testing can be performed on a scheduled/fee basis. Since scheduling is a problem, contact H. A. Pearce, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 469 Sharpsvllle Avenue, Sharon, Pennsylvania 16146. All requests should be made through your local Westinghouse sales representative. 10. Q. - What Is required for sampling? A. - A 4-oz. sample should be taken in a new glass or plastic con tainer. The container should be identified with your company name, location and address, and your name. The sample should also Identify the source for your Information. All samples should be properly pactced tor shipment. 11. Q. - Can ve remove the PCB's from the oil?. A.'* At this time, ve do not know of an economical way of removing the PCB's from the oil. 12. q. - Is there an operating problem in having FCB's in transformer oil? A. - No. The mixture of FCB's with mineral oil does not affect electrical performance. NPC00007765 770404 / / a13. Q. - I have transformer being repaired in one of your shops now. How can I be assured that it will not have FCB's In the oil when It la returned? A. ** - We have a sample of the oil analyzed when it is received , and you will be advised of the findings. When it is repaired and ready for shipment, another sample will be taken and you will beadvised. if a transformer did not contain PCB-'a when it;was received. It will not have PCB's in the oil when it leaves the plant. * *. NPC00007766 770405 Westinghouse, as well as others in the industry, has since the late 1930*5 manufactured transformis using Inerteen (a substance containing polychlorinated biphenyls-- PCB*s) as a coolant as well as transformers using mineral oils for this purpose- Inerteen filled transformers have long been favored for applications to minimize the risk of fire. In the latter part of 1970, when It was first suspected that PCB* s m ay be injurious to the environment, Westinghouse commenced to affix a special warning label to each Inerteen filled transformer sol As a result of recent investigations it has .come to our attention that many oil filled (mineral oil) transformers, and possi bly other electrical devices which utilize mineral oil as an insu lator and coolant, may contain minute concentrations of P C B 1s. Westinghouse has conducted tests of oil storage tariks at its ma n u f a c turing locations and concentrations of PGB*s ranging from ____ p p m to____ p pm have been detected only at the Sharon and South Boston faci lities. Also, tests are being conducted at certain of our repair locations. These tanks are filled with oil from oil suppliers as well as with oil removed from returned customer-owned units for repair. NPC00007767 770406 2 Effective immediately, oil-filled transformers are being filled from other sources or from tanks which have beer, cleaned There is no operating problem with respect to the transformer resulting from this mixture. From an operating standpoint, the electrical characteristics remain basically unchanged when filled with either mineral oil or Inerteen. A number of states have recently enacted legislation . which provides for special reporting, labesling'and/or disposition of FCBs. Some of this legislation Is applicable only with respect to products containing FCB concentrations of 100 parts per million*or more. Westlnghouse urges each user of an oil filled trans former manufactured or repaired by Westlnghouse to test the oil for presence of PCBs and examine applicable requirements affecting FCBs. S Customers should immediately institute any special procedures or safeguards which may be required. In any event, oil filled transformer.s should not be disposed of prior to ascertaining that applicable regulations have been followed. Finally, your own storage * tanks, as well as oil used for topping-dp purposes, should be carefully examined. Westlnghouse is continuing its thorough investigation of this matter and wi.l keep you informed of developments.i i NPC00007768 fun : WH . Drc Sd^c: 1176 3 Building 235-3366 November 9j 1976 GRKEMTREE J.E.D. Morris CC SAN FRANCISCO - C. R. Roehrig GREEI7TRSE - F. F. Cclecchia GREENTRIE - R, K. Cartnell GREENTREE - V. J. Kropf GREENTRES - G. J. Maiuri -^SUILEIIIG - J. P. Daley ^ B U I L D I N G - R. E. Wills B U I L D I N G - F{. J. Rosenzweig In the absence today of Boh Cartmell and in line with my conversation with you, I am returning Chuck Roehrig1s article on transformer oil reclamation which is intended for publication in PLANT ENGINEERING. Bob had rewritten some of the article and the attached copy is the one on which he had made changes and which has division approval. The problem is principally one of timing coupled with the fact that we and the Fewer Systems people are presently wrestling with the question of when and how we should announce to the trade and possibly to the public that we have a PCB contamination problem in some oil filled transformers The appear ance of Chuck Roehrig*s article prior to the time such an announcement is made and without any reference to the PCB aspect of the problem would make it at lease incomplete and, in view of what we now believe, partly inaccurate Roger Wills of the law department, feels, and I concur, that we need to in clude some appropriate references to the PCB problem and what might be done about it if we want a ''complete'' article. How this might be best done and when I must leave to your judgement. I will be glad to help in any way I can but I do not feel qualified to say what additions need to be made. Enclosure t/ Robert A. Deasy Manager Industry Products Pul j n v 2 SG4 X NPC00007769 770408 ATTACHMENT 4 illis news releese wss Railed November, cSi to the following four publications: Electrical Construction & Maintenance Electrical Contractor Industrial Maintenance A Plant Operation Plant Engineering Contact: J, P. Csley Telephone: (412) 255-Jli FOR USE: A t W ill PITTSBURGH, Nov. 24 -- Sl^ce the late 1930*s, the electrical industry has supplied transformers using ssi^rels which contain ?C3's (polychlorinated biphenyls) for use in installations where a high degree of fire rrslstance is required, such as schools, hospiialJ and high-rise buildings. In addition, major applications of ?C3's were carbonless paper, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids end plasticicers. .Moreover, capacitors containing ?C3fs are used in fluorescent lighting ballasts, air conditioning coop reasons, end television receivers. In late 1970 studies began to indicate that ?"5's bad a t-*ri*r:y to persist and accurulate in the environ*:*nt. 3Ir.:e tl.at time, T'r s t i > *s attached an additional Identifying la':el to each ?T3-filled transferrer sh:::sd. Testlnghouse said recent tests It has ccr.iicted indicate that : -oil-filled trc.a fam e n s may contain v\- ing ::near.*.r *ti:r.s :f rIa's. The company said the presence of ?C3's in rir.erai mil tr-.-s rut -.:'.'-:t the performance of the transformers. - sere - NPC00007770 770409 4. PCB13 In O i l - f i l l e d T ra n sfo rm ers -2 C u rren tly th ere are no n a tio n a lly e s ta b lis h e d 1standards fo r a llow ab le le v e ls o f PCS's in o i l fo r e la se d e l e c t r i c a l sy stem s. A number o f s t a t e s have cently enacted le g is la t io n p rovid in g -for s p e c ia l rep o rtin g , lib e lin g and/or d isp o sitio n o f ?C8f s . Because le g is la t io n v a r ie s in d iffe r e n t s t a t e s , I t is suggested th at custom ers in s t it u t e any sp e c ia l procedures *h lch ray be required fo r conformance. In a d d itio n , Then perform ing rep air ro u tin e r a ; .itera n ce or d is p o s a l, o i l - f i l l e d tran sform ers sh ould be checked fo r the p resen ce o f ?C8. ! i NPC00007771 'T 770410 Introduction In the early days of its use, little work was done on the toxicology of the PCBs. and ihi.-, was only in relation to the risks of occupational exposure. As will he shown [any more studi n i-re made as soon us it appeared that the cxtomtly stable PCB's became a threat to the envtro.'i'nrnf. and its wildlife, ami accidents occuin-d o: acute poisoning in man and animuN. Th<w> studies have been made with material with different contents of chlorine, from different manufacture, and--as we can now say in retrospect--with different ami unknown contents of toxic im purities. For this reason tin- toxicological infor mation of PCJVs is difficult to summarize, but since the character or sonic important impurities has recently been elucidated, it, is well to discuss these first in order to be able to consider their contribution to the overall toxicity of the dif ferent preparations studied. These studies were .started because of the analogy between the effects of the PGBs (l-f>) and some toxic effects associated with toxic factors in crude chlnrophenols and in "toxic fat" . Effects of the latter are liver damage (7), chlomcne (7,S) and edema formation (9). toxicity of three commercial PCB samples (con taining 60% chlorine on the average); Phonoclor DP6 (sample I), Clophen A60 (sample II) and Aroclor 1260 (sample III). These three mixtures snowed a marked resemblance in their gas chroma tograms and mass .spectra (10). In this compara tive feeding test in ono-day-old chicks (11), it was found that 100% mortality, subcutaneous and abdominal edema, and ccntrolobular liver necrosis occured in only two groups (fed the samples I .and II). Hydropericardium (Fig. 1), a common effect oi these two mixtures, was only occa sionally seen in the cliicks fed the .sample III. The Chemical, Toxicological, and Pathological Identification and Evaluation of Toxic Impurities in Technical PCB Preparations The first indication of the presence of toxic impurities was obtained in a comparison of the Institute of Veterinary Pnthnlnsry ar.d Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology siul Tnxicol.'py. State Uni versity of Utrecht, The Nether:, '-is. F i o u r e 1. H y d r o p e r i c o r d i u m in a c h i c k f e d 40(1 r-- ij[ s a m p le I. April 1972 105 i...l K p g IM' , i( , ... . I P . 1 1 r' ' h NPC00007772 770411 Tabic 1. Mortality, ami Pathologic Observations o f Chicks Fed 400 ppm PCD for 60 Dnyi>. PCB sample Number of Number of birds with edema Number of N deaths birds with Hydro Abdominal Subcutaneous liver necrosis pericardium I II III Coritrol 24 24 IS $ 5 n 22 22 20 0 t 9 20 3 3 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 mortality in this group was only 15% (Table 1). The excretion of coproporphyria and protopor phyrin in the feces was increased. Examination oi tissues under Wood's light showed the presence of red fluorescence indicating porphyrins, in the liver and other tissues of especially the birds that died. This hepatic porphyria was found in all three experimental groups. In the subsequent study (12) by means of column and gas-chromatography t-Sws presence of relatively more polar compounds was demon strated in Hie 25% dicthylelher fraction of samples I and II. In a chick embryo assay (Table 2), the difference in toxicity between the three samples was confirmed: the high toxicity of the 25% diethylcthcr fraction of sample II is demon strated by the rinuiarity between the mortality levels in the group injected with 3.5 sample I I / egg and the group injected with the 25% diethylether fraction from 3.5 mg sample II/egg. Mass spcctrometric analysis revealed that Table 2. Chick-Embryo Ansay of Three FCD samples and the 25% Diethylcthcr Fraction from Sample II FCB sample Dose Number (mg/eCSl) of CRRS treated Percentage hatch of fertile eggs I II III Fraction from sample 11 Ethanol control Untreated control 3.3 3.5 3.5 35 35 0.35 n .035 0 *- 15 20 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 0 5 SO 0 7 92 100 04 00 identical chlorinated compounds were present in the 23% dicthyletnor fraction from samples I and II but not in that from sample III. They included compounds with mass number 30-1 and 338. The proposed identity of these compounds, tctrachlorodihcnzofiiran and pcntachiorodibenzofuran, is indicated bv the following chemi cal-analytical, pathological, and toxicological data. From exact mass measurement it was found that the formulae oi these peaks were Ci-H;OmC1, and CnIInOi:CV The formulae: of the fragment ions 241 and 275 were CnH^CIj and CuHs^Cl. From this data it enn he concluded that the parent ion has a preferential fragmentation for the loss of a single C1CO unit. Mass spectra were comparer! with the speci mm of a chick edema factor. 1,2 ,3 ,7 ,8 ,9-hexachtorodibenzo*p-dioxi n. The mass spectrum of this compound has a similar fragmentation pattern, i.e. the loss of two suc cessive mass units of 63 suggests a loss of two C1CO units. With microcoulometric analysis a certain maximum level could be indicated. This maximum level was found to be five ppm of the compound with mass number 338 in sample II and 20 ppm in sample I. Polychlorinated dibenzofurans are strung hepatotoxic and acnegenic compounds. Tri- and tetrachlorodibcnzofurans in a single oral dose of 0.5 -- 1.0 mg/kg caused severe and often lethal liver necrosis in rabbits (7,13), and application to the ear resulted in chloracne. Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin was about 10 times more toxic (7). In jection of the 25% diethylcthcr fraction obtained from 35 ing sample II into the nirccll resulted in 100% mortality (Tabic 2). It can bo calculated that the maximum dose/egg is 0.2 jig pentachlorodibcnzofuran (taking five ppm as the maxi- 106 E nvironm ental H ealth Perspectives NPC00007773 mum value). This confirms the order of toxicity found by Higginbotham oX al. (9) in the ease of chloro-dihcn2odioxins. Tetra mid pcntachloridibenzofurans were considered responsible for the higher toxicity of sampies I and II. Confirmation is also obtained from the sub sequent comparative toxicity study in rabbits (14). Again samples I and II were more toxic; the liver and skin lesions were more severe. Por phyria, especially of the liver, was present in all three groups (Fig, 2). A remarkable finding was the intense red fluorescence of small foci inside hepatic cells. They probably represent nuclei. This was confirmed in an additional ceil culture experi ment with the Aroclor sample and with 2,4,3,2',4',o'-hexaehtorobipheny1. (This experiment was carried out by my colleague Dr. J. G. Wit of the Biochemical Section). Application of the 25% diethylether fraction on the skin of rabbits resulted also in differences in toxicity (Fig. 3). So the presence of the heputotoxie and aeoegenic polychlorinated dibenzofumns as impurities in samples I and II was found to be established. In another experiment (15), the toxicity of the Aroclor (60% Cl) sample was compared with the toxicity of 2 ,4 ,5 t2',4',5'-hexachlarobiphcnyl. From the increased fecal excretion of copropor phyrin in both experimental groups (Table 3), it is very likely that PCBs themselves ire- responsible for the porphyrogcnic action of crude prepara tions. From the presence of slight skin lesions induced by 2 ,4 .5,2 ', 4' ,5 -hexachlorobiphenvl when compared with the Aroclor sample, it can Jie concluded that the major acnrgcnic action of crude mixtures comes from a possible contamina tion with chlorinated dihenzofurans. It can also be concluded that PCBsthem selves have a slight acncgcnic action. Liver damage was es sentially the same alter treatment with both 2 I4,5,2, ,4',5'-hexachlorobiphcnyl and the Aroclor mixture. The conclusion that the liver injury, caused by crude preparations, is pre dominantly due to the contaminants, is based on the differences in liver toxicity between the three PCB preparations (11,14). The probable contribution of polychlorinated dibenzofuran (FCF) and pure polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in the toxicity of crude prepara tions is summarized in Table 4. A proper evalua tion of toxicity data and residue data can be hindered by the possibility that PCB samples may Fiocre 2. Fluorescence of porphyrin* under ultravioie; light in livers from rabbits treated with 60% chlorinated PCD's, 1, Aroclor; 2, Clophen; 3, Phenoclor; and 4, Control liver (14). April 1972 NPC00007774 1U1 770413 Frcuitr 3. Besiwnse of the inside of the rabbit's ear after topical application of the 25% diethylether fractions from tech nical FCB'a. Ifnemotnvylin and conn. X60. (a) Skin of control animal treated with ethanol. Note the hair follicle nt 1, seobaecous eland tissue at 2, and cartilage at 3. (b). Knr skin of the animal treated with the fraction from sample III. Some hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the follicular epithelium can be seen. (c). Far skin nf the rabbit treated with the fraction fnun sample II. Considerable hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis o: the follicular epithelium, (d). Far tikir. of therahhit treated with the tract inn from sample I. Part of a section that shows the most severe lesion. The gravity of the response was in general ihe same as seen in (c). Note the ey*tic dilated hair follicle with prominent hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the follicular and epidermal epithelium (U). ' * < 770414  s fr : a differ in an important respect: the presence of toxic impurities. The possibility of distinguishing between the effects of PCBs and their impurities can be further improved by using pure isomers with known positions of the chlorine atoms. Mortality, liver Effects, Edema Formation and Other Effects These data, as presented by different authors, are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 7. As can be seen in Table 5, the acute and subacute toxicity data of PCB's arc poor. The established values are high. Scmichronic oral toxicity studies are summarized in Table 6. Dermal and inhalation studies arc given in Table 7. Table 3. Coproporphyrin Contents (jig/g Dry Weight) of Feces of Hubbits Treated with 1*01 for 4 eke, and o f Contmls." 2 ,4 ,5 ,2 '. V, 5'- flexadil'iroiiiplicnyl Aroclor Control (fW'.i Cl) 45.0 fi.2 20.S 39. Mean 27.9* 24.1 5.0 *29,4 10.0 S.'* 4.3 3.7 3.0 3.5 3 .K * Figures are the contents of fccea, collected from the cecum of the individual animals. ` Significantly different from control, P <0.025. It is very probable that the results of these studies may have been influenced by the presence of polychlorodibenzofurans or other coxic im purities. For example, in the study of Uehfeld ct al. (23) general edema was already found in chicks fed 30 ppm Aroclor 48% Cl. while Ivohanawa and co-workers (22) noted edema formation at the 100 ppm level of another 48% chlorinated mixture. Mortality in the latter study was also lower (Tabic 6). Liver Effects The most important liver effects, summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 7, are weight increase, fatty degeneration, hyalin degeneration and necrosis Increased liver weights, as noted in several studies, Table 4. Probable Contribution of Polychlorinaled Uihcnzofuran (PCF) or. J Pure Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCIt) in th e Toxicity of Crude PCB Mixtures. Chlnr- Edema Liver Hepatic ucnc forma damage porphyria tion Polychlorinated Dihentofurat) Polychlorinated Biphenyl + + + - ++ 4- + Table 3. Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity Studies of PCB Preparations. Preparation Animal Treatment Mortality Liver effects References Unknown Aroclor 54% Cl Mouse Hat Aroclor 42, 54, CO, and Mallard 63% Cl 42% Cl Rut 42% Cl Guinea pig 05% Cl Rat single dose of LD0 approx, 2000 mg/kg single dose of 0% Increase of weight and 500 tng/kg lipid; potentiation of CCli toxicity single dose of 0% 2000 mg/kg 20 daily doses of 0% in 3 Hyalin bodies in liver cells 133 mg months 2 doses of 69 mg 100% between Fatty metamorphosis; 1 week apart 11 and 29 central atrophy days 6 daily doses of 70% a 14 Increase of weight; cell 300 tug days swelling: hyalin granules (16) (17) (IS) (19) (19) (20) April 1972 109 h PC00007776 770415 Tublc 6. Scmicbronio. Oral T oiicity Studies of I'CB Prepunlions, Prepa ration Animal Treatment Mortality Liver effects Other effect* Refer ences i<'/% Ci Rat 4R',; ci 4s% c i Cyr.'1tni'lens monkey Squirrel monkey 4S% Cl Mouse ArocW Chicken 42% CI Arorlnr Chicken 42% Cl 45% Cl Chicken Andor Chicken 4S% Cl Aruelor Chicken 54% Cl Anir'.nr Iteiicnlesc 51% Cl hncli Phcnodor Japanese G0% Ci quail Duse--? of 50 rag G0% in 5 weeks 33% weight increase; every second llilV ceil swelling; hyalin globules From 641 me in not given Enlargement ; $ER Main pause of death: 40 days to 345 proliferation pneumonia or m in 230 days diarrhea From 320 nig in nnt given Enlargement; SEll Main cause of death: 40 days tn 67 mg in 4k days proliferation iE I l proliferation pneumonia or diarrhea; palpe bral edema in - 1 animal Daily (loses of nrVL ml for ore Enlargement; SF.R Skin: low of hair, proliferation erosion unci 13 I120 weeks HER reduction; ulceration after myelin figures; 3 months increase of micro bodies, lysosomes and lipid1 inn 200. 400. and 0, 0, >50, 00, and Enlargement; Edema formation a;:d 1000 ppm (10% respectively damage a t the from 200 ppm; at in diet for higher levels high levels internal 4 weeks haemorrhage and tubular dilatation in kidney's 200 and 400 ppm 0 and 12% Pronounced edema m diet lor respectively a t 400 ppm; en 3 weeks larged kidneys; small spleen; defeatbering and dermatitis l. 5. m, 25, 50, 0% from 1 to 100 Edema formation 100. 303, GOO, ppm; 100% from 100 ppm level 1200, 2100, and the 100 ppm level 4S00 ppm in diet for 20 days in, 20, 30, 50. inn, After 3 weeks: 0. 0, Enlargement General edema and ami 150 ppm in 30, 30 and 20%; depression of the diet for 4.5-5 a t the end 0, 0, secondary sexual weeks SO. GO, ar.d 80% characteristics respectively from the 30 ppm level 250 ar.d 150 ppm 250 ppm 100% be 500 ppm a t end: in diet for Gto tween 3 and 10 comb weights 20- 13 weeks weeks; 300 ppm fold and testes some mortality at weights 2-fuld the end lower than controls Esiimated dose 50% rail' at 36 day's Itydriipcricardiiun in some birds nf 254 m g/kg/ day 2000 ppm in diet 100% between G and Hydropcricnrdium 55 days (23) (21) 121) :211 (5) (6) C-2) 123) (24) 125) (10) 110 Environmental Health Perspectives NPC00007777 770416 Table 7. Dermal Toxicity and Inhalation Studies o f PCD Preparations. Prepa ration Animal Treatment Mortality Liver effects Skin effects Ucfcr- CRIIS 42% Cl Guinea pig 11 daily skin apjlocations of 34.5 mg 100% between 11 anti 21 days a Rabbit Aroclor Rabbit Skin application at alternate dayj, total dose from IMG to 1930 mg Daily skin appli cations of 0.3, O.ti, and 0.!) g 100% between 17 and 9* days High dose died be fore liver necrosis developed Aroclor Rat fri';; Cl Inhalation of 0.57 mg/ciibin meter for 10 hour for 37 to 134 days 0' f a t; central atro Occasional thicken phy; perinuclear ing of the basophilic granu epidermis lation; focal necrosis in a Tew animals Fatty degeneration; Thinning of prickle central atrophy cell layer aiui thickening of outer eumified layers Moderate doses: Reddening; forma mottled liver, sub tion of small acute yellow papules and atrophy, fatty blisters; finally degeneration, and desquamation of marked necrosis external epidermal layers Pale and yellow; cell swelling; hyalin degenera tion; potentiation of CC1< and CiTIjOH toxicity (19) fit) 2G) (20) are well explained by the proliferation of smooth surfaced membranes of the endoplasmic reticu lum (SER) as was found by Nishizutni (21) in mice and monkeys and by Norbaek and Allen (27) in rats. The latter workers found a prolifera tion of the SER in rats fed PCB for 1 to o weeks. Concomitant with the structural changes, the activities cf measured drug metabolizing enzymes (niiruredactiiso and aromatic hydroxylase) were increased. The intlueed level of drug metabolizing activity persisted as the proliferation of the SER decreased and concentric arrays pervaded the cytoplasmic reticulum (27). These concentric membrane arrays, probably representing the hyalin bodies described by Bonnet et al. (20) and Miller (19), could have an enzymatic func tion similar to that associated with the SER (27). Similar formations, the so-called myelin fig ures, were demonstrated in mouse liver by electron microscopy; in monkey liver they were not found (21). In both mouse and monkey liver a proliferation of the SER was found. In our comparative dermal toxicity study (15) in rabbits April 1972 1 with 2 ,4 ,5 ,2 ' ,4 ', o'-hexachlorohiphcnyl and Aroclor (60% Cl), the light microscopic finding; included necrosis, hydropic degeneration (Figs. 4 and 5) as well as a peripheral land perinuclear shift of cell organelles (Fig. ol and focal cyto plasmic hyilinization. In electron microscopy, the shift was found to be due to a proliferation of the SER resulting in a displacement of rough surfaced membranes (RER) and mitochondria. The focal cytoplasmic hyalin degeneration, often seen in hydropic cells, was recognized as tightly packed tubules of proliferated SER (Fig. 0). This very probably represents hypertrophic, hypoactive SER. Sublethal effects caused by induction of hepatic enzymes have been noted by several authors. Increased steroid metabolism in pigeon liver homogenates has been demonstrated by Risehrough ct al. (28). Lincer and Pcakail (29) confirmed the effect of PCB on the hormone metabolism in birds a t very low dose levels. They fed kestrels for 5 months with Aroclor 54% and 62% Cl at levels of 0.5 and 5.0 ppm. The higher a_ in NPC00007778 770417 770418 F ig u r e 6. H y tiro iiie liv e r celt* from the m m e a n i m a l (w s e e n in Finnre 51j s h o w in g n la r g e n u m b e r ui v a c u o le s (V) a n il a p e riv a s iio lo r to c iU iratk in o ; m iiin -h u in :n 'a (u rro w ). N*ole the s tr o n g p r o lif e r a tio n o : tite .S K it, c o n s is tin g o f T ig h tly ` p a c k tii tuimlea. U r-H iyl a c e u t e a n il le itJ c i lf a t e . X550'). i dose being roughly equivalent tu 2 mg/kg PCBs to each kestrel. A (lose dependent in vitro break down of estradiol to u more polar metabolite occurred in the livers from kestrels fed either Aroelor 1254 or Aroclor 12(12. No such conversion took place in the livers of the control birds. The increase in hepatic enzyme activity correlated with an increase in cytoplasmic KXA, as was measured cytophutometricaliy. A shortened sleep ing time after treatment with hexobarbita!, and enhanced in vitro rates of aniline hydroxvlation and p-nitroanisole demothylstions were demon strated by Street and coworkers (30). These authors also found an increase of these effects with increasing chlorine content of the different PCB preparations (Aroclor 2i to 68% Cl). Using enzyme induction a.s parameter, no- effect levels of some PCB preparations were established in the rabbit, rat, and Japanese quail. Oral administration of Aroclor 21% Cl and 54% Cl (1.0 and 10 mg/kg) for 28 'days to pregnant rabbits resulted in liver enlargement and in creased activities of the -drug; metabolizing en zymes aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine n-demethylasc at the 10 mg/kg level of the 54% chlorinated Aroelor. The no-effect level for enzyme induction in the pregnant rabbit appeared to lie between 1.0 and 10 mg/kg in the case of Aroclor 54% Cl, and higher than 10 mg/kg for Aroclor 21% Cl (31). Another parameter for enzyme induction was used by Komatsu and Tanaka (32). They found that the hcxobarbital induced sleeping times in rats wore reduced bv ure tro Kneot.ywiih PCBs. April 1972 UPC00007780 113 770419 t The minimal effective dose was 5 mg/kg for 3 days with Kancchlor 400 (4S% Cl) ami 2 ing/kg for 3 days with the higher chlorinated Kanechlor 500. The porphyrogenie action of FCBa was furthpr evaluated in a study with Japanese quail (33). The results (Tahic S) indicate that the hepatic porphyria is closely associated with an increase of mitochondrial ALA synthase activity. A significantly increased activity of this enzyme was already noted after administration of daily doses of l nig/kg Avoclor 00% Cl for 1 week. Mean PCB content of the liver at that dose was 1.41 ppm. A less sensitive parameter is tissue fluorescence due to excess quantities of porphyrins. Liver fluorescence was only seen a t the 100 mg/kg level. It develops, probably, only in animals showing clinical symptoms, such as loss of weight. A similar finding was done in the prior experi ment with chickcos (11). Edema Formation The most striking finding in birds is the ac cumulation of fluid. The pathogenesis of the edema formation is discussed by Flick and co workers (6). The primary site of the edema caus ing factor could he the heart by increasing the permeability of the vascular bed, leading to cardiac congestion. Pulmonary edema could be the result of the cardiac congestion. The pul monary edema might be followed by a flow of fluid into abdortiir.nl and subcutaneous air sacs. Decreased serum protein values (34) could also contribute to the edema formation. Liver damage can be responsible for reduced scrum albumin levels. As mentioned in Table 4, the edema formation is probably' due to the presence of polvchiorodibenzofurnns. In our study the edema formation by the 60% chlorinated Aroclor sample wa3 minimal at the 400 ppm level. As can be seen in Table G. chick edemu-like lesions were noted at low feeding levels and were caused by lower chlorinated Aroclors. Therefore the presence of toxic impurities in these Aroclor samples has to be considered. Other Effects An interaction of PCBs with duck hepatitis virus was found by Friend and Trainer (30). Ten-day-old ducklings were fed a 54% chlorinated Aroclor mixture at levels of 25, 50 and 100 ppm. The birds suffered no apparent clinical intoxica tions. Five days later they' were challenged with duck hepatitis virus, and they suffered signifi cantly higher mortality than birds which were not exposed to PCBs. Effects of I'CBs on the lymphoid system were noted in some studies. Feeding of PCBs to chick ens resulted in small .spleens (0,11). Lymphopenia, atrophy of the cortex of the thy'mus, and a re duction in the number of germinal centers in spleen and lymph nodes was found in rabbits (14). Therefore, an immunosuppressive action could bo present. In an experiment with guinea pigs, this was established (3Gj. Feeding of 10 ppm Aroclor 60% Cl, for 8 weeks resulted in a Table (1, Formation of J-Aiiiinoctulinic A rid by Liver M ito c h o n d ria , Liver Residue*, and T issue Fluorescence in Female Jupancsc Quail Orally Dosed with PCB for Seven Days. Aroclor (GO'-). Cl 1 ALA furmed (m#t moles (mg/kg body weight) ALA/g liver/hr) PCB content liver Ippm) 0 0.1 1 10 100 i>.4 6*1.64 S*7f>4.0b 10 ..'0 1.21* I7 .3 6 .4 h 110.0 * Mean vaincs:=SD, 5 birds per group. bSieniliciinl-ly different from controls, PS0.01. ' Pooled samples 0.15* 0.45 0.27 1.41 0.67 27.09.4 478*294 * Tissue fluorescence incidence Macroscopic Microscopic (liver) 0/3 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/6 3/5 2/5 114 EnrofltilM l! H ealth Perspectives NPC00007781 F ig u r e 7. Representative areas of t e n mu tuvoid stimulated popliteal lymph nodes of guinea pigs, (a) Laree number of antibody forming celts in a control aninml. (b). Reduced number oi antibody forming celts in un animal fed 10 Aroclor (60%Cl) fo ri weeks. 1n rc c t tbinnocent antibody technique. CryosUl sections. X 375. (30), April 1972 1 i NPC00007782 115 770421 decreased number of antibody-forming relis in the popliteal lymph node, after stimulation of the humoral lymphoid system with tetanus toxoid (rig. 7). This suppression may explain the higher sensitivity of PCB-fed ducklings for duck hepatitis virus (35). In a comparative toxicity study in guinea pigs, an indication for an effect of PCB (Clophcn and Aroelor G0% Cl) on the cell-mediated immunity was obtained. Feeding of these mixtures at 50 ppm levels for G weeks resulted in a decreased number of circulating lymphocytes (unpublished data). An estrogenic activity of PCBs (Aroelor `21-48% Cl) was demonstrated by Bitman and Cecil (37). The estrogenic activity was evaluated using the lS-hr glycogen response of the immature rat uterus after a single .subcutaneous injection. The minimum effective dose was S mg. The higher chlorinated PCB mixtures were inactive at the S mg level. In the above mentioned subacute feeding study of 50% chlorinated mixtures in guinea pigs, we found significantly increased uterus weights in the I'CB treated animals. Both increased steroid metabolism, as mentioned by Rehield and coworkrrs (23), and the estrogenic activity could be responsible for the depression of secondary sexual characteristics {decreased development of comb and wattles) noted in cockerels (24). Administration of Aroelor (54% Cl; at levels of 12.5, 23. and 50 mg/kg body weight during the first 23 days of gestation had cmbryotoxic effects in the rabbit (31). Edema and heak deformities in chicken embryos have been described after yolk-sac injection of 10 and 25 mg 42% chlori nated Aroelor, resulting in respectively 95 and 100%embryonic mortality (3S). An effect of PCB on the nervous system was noted by Ogawa (39). Oral administration of FCB (0.3-0.5 ml/kg/day) to rats for 14 or 21 clays, resulted in marked or moderately impaired motor function, decreased motor conduction velocity and loss of large nerve fibres. He con cluded that- PCB caused neuropathy in rata. Conclusion Because of the possible presence of poly chlorinated dibenzofuruns (PCF) or other toxic impurities in crude PCB preparations, it is difficult to interpret many of the toxicity studies. Pure samples are required for comparative in vestigations. Also the fate of the roxi'c impurities in the environment has to he determined. As presented here. PCBs have several sublethal pffects, such as microsomal enzyme induction, porphvrogonic action, estrogenic activity, and immunosuppression. Since porphyria seems to bo an effect of PCBs themselves and not from PCF. rho induction of ALA synthase could be used as criterion in the approximation of a noeffect level (at least for the fi0% chlorine type of PCBs). The no-effect level could be about 0.1 mg/kg (mean PCB content of the liver in Japa nese quail about 0.2 ppm). This is in the same order of magnitude as found in the other studies. Additional research is needed to determine fully the significance of these sublefhal effects. More over, chronic and reproduction studies are neces sary. The present results aWo make clear that manufacture of commercial PCB mixtures that are free from impurities is urgently requested. Acknow ledgm ent The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful suggestions and critical reading of Prof. H. van Gcnderen, Head of the Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology'. Many thanks are also due to colleagues of the working party of the. Institute of Veterinary Pathology and the Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxi cology; Dr. J. H. Koeinan, Mr. II. L. van der Maas, and Dr. J. G. Wit. The author also thanks the students who studied for their degree in biological toxicology and Mr. M. C. ten Noevcr do Brauw, Mr. R. H. dc Vos, and Dr. R. J. C. Kleipool of the Central Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, T. N. 0., Zeist. REFERENCES 1. Jones, J, W. and Alden. H. 19,'iU. An acneform tlermal-crgosis. Arch. Derm. Syphil. 33: 1022. 2. .Schwarts. L. !$)!>. Dermatitis from synthetic resins and wax, Amcr. J. Public Health 26: 5St>. 3. Meigs, J, K., Albom, J. J. and Kartin. B. L, 1954. Chlunume from an unusual exposure to Aroelor. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 154:1417. 4. Puccinelli, V. 1954. Dell1acne clorica. Med. Lavoro 45:131. 5. McCune, F.- L., Savage, J. E. and O'Dell, B. L. 1962. Hydropericnrdium and ascites in chicks fed a chlori nated hydrocarbon. Poultry Science 41: 295. 116 Environm ental H ealth Perspectives NPC00007783 6. Flick. D. F., O'Dell. R. G. and Childs, V. A. 1965. Studies of tile chirk edema disease. 3. Similarity of symptoms produced by feeding chlorinated biphenyl. Poult. fici. 44: 14f0. 7. Bauer. II., .Schulz, K. H. and Spiegelberg, L\ 1961. Bcnifiirhc Vcrgiitunge:: l#ei dcr H en -trilling van Clilorphcnol-Vcrbirul'ingen. Arch. GewerU-putbul. Gewcrhehyg. 18: 53*. 8. Behrhohm. 1\ 1959. t/hcr Gefahrcn beim L'mgartg mit CVioriorten Plicnoleii. DLsch. Groundheitsie. 14: li1-1. 9. Higu'iilxittiaiii, G. K. cl ai. 19iis. Chcmii ai and toxivological evaluation* of isolain l and synthetic chluroderivatives of dilieuzo-p-dioxin. Nature 1TA0: 702. 10. Koeoan, J. II., Ten Nocvcr de Brauw, M. C. and Vos. IL 11. tie. 1969. Chlorinated iiiphrnyU in fish, mussels, and birus from the River Hhinn and the Netherlands coastal area. Nature 221: 1126. 11. Vos, J . G. and Kocmin. J . II. 1970. Comparative toxicologic study with polychlorinated biphenyl in chickens with special reference to )Hj,-phyn.i. edema formation, liver tieerno!*, and t:.-suc residues, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. ITitViti. 12. Vus, J. U. et al. 1970. Identification and toxicological evaluation of chlorinated dil'Ci'.ziifura:. and chlori nated naphthalene in two commercial |u;]yrlil>ir:noted mphmyb. Fnou f'o*mct. Toxicol. H: 62.1. 13. Hnftnann, II. T. 19.17. Nenrre Krtidinincrn mit horhtnxwvhrn i IhlorkohlMiwavrcrsttiiTe::. NniuiynSchmicdebcrga Arrh. K\p, Pathol. Phnrrrnkol. 12; 22. 14. Vox, J. G. and Been, 11. B. 1971. Dermal toxicity studies of technical iolyeh'.or:!.utei: h:phenyls u:td fractions thereof in rabbits. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 19: 017. 15. Vos, J. G., and Notenboom-Ilam, K. Comparative toxicily studies of 2 ,4 .o .2 ',4 ,l5,-hcxuehloroiu|ilienyl and u polychlorinated biphenyl mixture in rabbits. (Submitted for publication]. 16. Tanaka, K. ct al. 1969. Experimental subacute poison ing by chlnrnbiphc(iyi>, particularly tne influence on the scrum lipids in mis. Fukuuka-Igaku Zasxhi. GO: 544. 17. Grant. D. L.. PhiUijc-. K- J. and Vdlcncuve, D. C. 1971. Metabolism of a |iolychInriu:itcd biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) mixture in liic rat. Bull. Kuviron. Contamin. Toxicol, li: 1(72. 13. Tucker, U, K. and Crabtree, D. G. 19711, Hondlwok of Toxicity of Pesticide* to Wildlife. IT.S. Dept, of In terior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Re sources Pub. No. 84. p. 10. 19. Miller, J. W. 1944. PathoU'gic changes in animals ex posed to & commercial chlorinated diphenyl. Public Health Rpta. 59: 1035. 20. Bennett, (. A., Drinker, C. K. and Warren, M. F. 1938. Morphological changes in the livers of ra ti re sulting fmm exposure to certain chlorinated hydro carbons. J. Induce. Hyg. Toxicol. 20: 97. 21. Nishimmi. M. 1971). Light and electron microscope study of chlorobiplicnyl poisoning. In mn.ise and monkey liver. Arch. Environ. Health 21: 020. 22. Kohanawa, M. et al. 1969. Poisoning d-ju to an oily by-product cf rice-bran similar to chick edema disease. II. Tetrachlorodiphenyl as toxic subitar.ee. Nat. Inst. Auim. Health ijuart. 9: 220. 23. Rchfeld, B. M,, Bradley, R. L. and ifunde, M. L. 1971. Toxicity studies on polychlorinated biphenyls in the chick. I. Toxicity mid symptoms. Po.ib Sc:. 50: 1090. 24. Platonow. N. 8. and Furnell, II. S. 1971. Anti-andro- gi'iiic-like effect of polychlorinated biphonyla in cock erels. Vet. flee. S3: 109. 25. Trussl, I.. JeUerics, 11. J. and MiHire. N. W. 1970. Polychlorinated biphenyls in wild birds in Britain and their avian toxicity. Environ. Pollul. 1: *b 26. Wcdcl, H. von. Holla, \V\ A. and Denton, J. 1943. Observation* on the toxic, effect* resulting from expos ure to chlorinated naphthalene and chlorinated phenyls with suggestions for prevention. Rubber Age 53: 419. 27. Norhuck. D. II. and Allen, J. R, 1970. Enzymatic imd mnrpiic.iigir, alterations of hopetic endoplasmic reticulum induced by a chlorinated aromatic hydro- carbon. Fed. Froe. 29: S16. 28. Risebroimh, II. W. ct nl. 196S. Polychlorinated bi phenyls in the global ecosystem. Nature 220: lot's. 29. T.incer, J. L. and Pcukull, D. B. 1970. Metabolic effects of jiolychlorinated mphenyis in American kestrel. Nature 223:7S3. 30. Si reel, J. C. et al. I*hi9. Comparative effects of poly chlorinated biphenyls and orguuochlorine perth'idc* in induction of hepatic mtcnieomnl enzyme. Presented at AC'S meeting SepM-mlxT S-i2. New York. 31. Villenwive, D. C. ct- :il. 1971. Effects o: PCB ndminio- tr.it.len on miennomal enzyme activity in pregnant rabbits, Bull. Environ. Omtamin. Toxicol. 0: 120. 32. Komatsu. F. ur.d Tanaka, K. 1971. Shortenimr of hexuburbital sleeping time and change of serum tri glyceride level in ehlomli:pbenyb-:r.toxica ted rata. Fnkuuka-Ig.tku-Zaxshi, 62: 31. 33.. Vox, J. G. et al. 1971. Polychlorinated biphenyls as * inducers of hepatic porphyrin in Japanese quail, with special reference to -aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity, fluorescence, and residues in the liver. Toxical. Appl. Pharmacol. 20:232. 34. Flick, D. F. and O'Dc!', R. C. 19GS. Studies of the chick edema i&casc. 6. Preventive treatment with oral diuretics. Poult. Sci. 47:321. 35. Friend. M., and Trainer, D. O. 1970. Polychlorinated biphenyl: interaction with-duck hepatitis virus. Sci ence 170: 1314. 36. Vos, J. G. and Roij, Th. de. Immunosuppressive activity of u polychlorinated biphenyl preparation on the humoral immune response in guinea pigs. Toxicol. Appl. Ptiurmacol. (In press). 37. Bitman, J. and Cecil, II. C. 1979. Estrogenm activity of DDT analogs and polychlorinated biphenyls. J. Agric. Food Chcm. 13: 110K. 3S. McLaughlin. J. et aL 1963. The injection uf chemicals into the yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation ns :t toxicity test. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol, 5: 760. 39, Ognwu, M. 1971. Klcctruphysiological and histological .tuihcs of experimental chlornbiphcnvl oobumtnp Fukuoka-fgaku-Ziushi 62: 74. _ April 1972 117 NPC00007784 770423 rnr i.S s ro es cCOn CO p: IIIILQ ILH I .lv ,j : ' r M & ' ^ ;C .. -1 .-?..* & m o.* m Contents % P 0 L Y C H L 0 R 0 B IO H E N Y L S (P C 8 'S) c id e RESIDUE ANALYSIS by L. M. Reynolds and t h e ir in t e r f e r e n c e - w ith p e st i 128 / D EL09N . EFFECT ON THE ION TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES IN LIVER TISSU ES by C. M. Wang and rurpio Matsum ura . 144 THE ANALYTICAL CH ARACTERISTICS OF TWO D 'ELD R IN PHOTO-CONVERSION FRODUCTS by J. A. Burke ........ 152 M ICRO SO M AL EPOX'DATiON: EFFECT OF AGE AN D DURATION OF EXPO SURE TO DIETARY DOT ON INDUCTION by J. W. Gi'.lett 159 DDT UPTAKE AND METABOLISM BY A M ARINE DIATOM Dy J. E. Kail and L. E. Priester 169 THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BLUEGILLS AND R A IN B O W TROUT TO SELE C T ED P EST IC ID E S by K. J- Macek. C, Hutchinson and 0 - B, Cope . ,174 PARTIT'ONI.NG METHOD C0 R SA M P L E C LEA N U P C0 R G AS C H R O M A T O G R A PH IC AN A LYSIS OF COM M ON ORGANIC PESTICIDE R E SID U E S IN B'.OLCG'CAL MATERIALS by A. M. KJdoum .... ^ 18A Y>,*:-` `J 5* t?tpi w ij. L*` V , ** fit. a # m ,4 i Vv**< ` * **^f'* '* ."<* */|i\ ^ *777rv*~r'r,v:','~j PC00007785 770424 EDITORIAL BOARD i Edttor*lrt*Chfef: John W. Hytln, Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Hswsll, Honolulu, Hawaii, 9 6 8 2 2 Advisory Editorial Board F. A. Gunther, Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92502 J. S. Jacobson, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Yonkers, N.Y. 10701 N. W. Moore, Toxic Chemicals and Wlldlifa Section, Monks Wood Experimental Station, AbBbts Ripton, Huntingdon. England * -Helmut TJetx, Ferbenfabriken Boyer AG, Leverkusen, Germany AIMS AND SCOPE The Bulletin o f Environmental Contamination and Toxicology will provide rapW publication of ' significant advances and discoveries in the fields of pestidda residue research; air, soil and - water contamination and pollution; methodology; and othar disciplines concerned with the introduction, presence and affects of toxicants in the total environment. Results of current research will be presented as brief reports to provide Information potan* tially useful to all thosa concerned with environmental contamination. The articles will be free from restrictions imposed by purely scientific journals, particularly with respect to com pleteness of the reported studies and the attendant delay in publication. * Descriptions of new methods, procedures or techniques shall be sufficiently detailed so a s to permit their use in other laboratories. Review articles and abstracts of papers to be published elsewhere ere. not invited and probably will not be accepted. Articles suitable for inclusion shall be relatively short (less than 2 ,0 0 0 words) and should ba prepared according to detailed instructions which will permit reproduction by the photo-offset process from the original typescript It is the hope of the Editorial Board that this Bulletin will provide a meeting ground for re* -- search workers who daily encounter problems related to the contamination of our environ* ment and who welcome opportunities to share in new discoveries a s soon a s they are made. The Bulletin will be issued six tim es a year. This will be raised to 12 issu es annually a s demand increases. Published bim onthly by SPRINGER-VERLAC NEW YORK INC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010, telephone (212 ) 673*2660. Six issues `per year. Subscription price: $20 + .75 (toslagc per year for institutions. Special rates available for individual subscriptions for personal use only. AH orders, mutt he accompanied by payment. VoJ. 4, No. 3 copyright 1969, Springcr-Vcrlag New York Inc. Published June 1969. 1 NPC00007786 770425  ' 1i Polychloroliipheiiyls (PCB's) and llieir Interference with Pesticide Residue Analysis ly Lincoln M. Rfvnolos Ontario H^^arrh Foundation Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada Introduction The PCB's (X indicating the XX XX possible chlorine positions) were studied as early as 1681 CD and by 1930 (2) were in wide use They are known to be quite toxic, especially to liver cells As early as 1936, Jones and Alden (3) reported that men employed in the production of PCB's developed acne-type skin eruptions. Three years later, Creenturg and coworkers (6) reported that PCB's and polychlorinated'naph thalenes were resposible for the deaths of three workers. Residue chemists, especially in Europe, have.recently become interested in these PCB's as well as the polychlorinated triphen yls, naphthalenes, terpenes, and other related compounds, since NOTE: This paper was presented at the Eastern Canada Sem inar on Pesticide Residue Analysis, November 18-19, 1968, at Guelph, Ontario, Canada. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This research was supported'by funds from the Pesticide Section, Canadian Wildlife Snrvicn, Ottawa, and from the Province of Ontario through the Department ol Trade and Development. - The technical assistance of Mary Coleman, Terry Cooper, and other members o[ the OKI* Pesticide Laboratory is gratefully acknowledged. c/n |l-|(ir;in nf h n n .- f f " nt t / . r u n f . | (ay, Vul. 4. Ni>.3, )>, >|inrr .'`l* *|.: S r . Yml for. NPC00007787 770426 MM Jensen (5) in Sweden reported their presence in wildlife tissues about two years ago. The PCB's and related compounds (although in the rest of this paper'reference will be made to the PCB's only, the other related compounds are also quite important) have very numerous and impor tant industrial uses, but are not used as pesticides. Because of Vieir similarities in structure and properties to,the DDT pesti cide group, the PCB's, if present, are carried through the usual pesticide extraction and screening procedures, and since they possess electron absorbing properties, will interfere with sas liquid chromatographic electron capture (GLC-EC) analysis of the organochlorine compounds* Before any discussion of the type of interference encountered it would be appropriate to mention briefly some of the properties and uses of the PCB's. They are produced and marketed under a number of commercial trade names e.g. 'Aroclor' 'Clophen A50', etc'. The PCB's are available as liquids, resins, or solids; insoluble in water; thermoplastic; non-drying; stable on long heating at 150*0.; electrically non-conducting; not affected by boiling with NaOH solution; do not support combustion when alone above 360*C.; are easily soluble in most common organic solvents and drying oils. They arc used in protective coatings, as plasticizers and extenders, as sealers in water-proofing compounds and putty, in asphaltic materials, printing inks, waxes, and synthetic IT) fW> w m m w D w m muj w wggHaMH E W jff W1 NPC00007788 770427 adhesives. Liquid PCB's are used as dielectrics, as hydraulic fluids, in thermostats, in cutting oils, as extreme pressure lubricants, as grinding fluids, and as heat transfer media. Solid FCB's are used to impregnate carbon resistors, as sealers or impregnating agents for electrical apparatus. % Obviously, the stability of these conpounds makes them ex^cremely useful and versatile for a great number of applications. Considering their stability - not affected by boiling with NaOH or nitric acid, not metabolized in living organisms, and nonflam mable if containing more than four chlorine groups, it is as Jensen (6) pointed out, difficult to explain how these compounds find their way into living organisms. However, with the numerous applications, it. is not incon ceivable that fish and other wildlife could be polluted as a result of the flushing of wastes into rivers, lakes, etc. It Is also possible that contamination could proceed via the atmosphere when wastes containing.these compounds are burnt. However, a third and more likely source is the possibility that some companies might be using PCB*s in pesticide formula tion to increase the kill-life of insecticides. 7ljc Monsanto Company, which manufactures the Acoclors, stated back in 1965 (7) that the Aroclors can "trap** and hold more volatile ingredient's making voLa'. ile insecticides and repellents last longer in resi dual activity. The most pronounced effect for increasing the (ii> W C00007789 SE 770428 kill-life of insecticides was obtained with lindane, chlordane, and benzene hexachloride (BKC), A ten-fold effectiveness for lindane was reported by the li.S.D.A. by including 5-25% PCB's in the formulation. Attempts to determine whether this idea had been put into practice by some companies have so far been unsuc cessful. But there is no doubt chat, if the PCB's are being used in pesticide formulation, then this would certainly explain their *% presence in wildlife tissues and other samples. Jensen (6) has used a nitration procedure in order to differ entiate the PCB's from the pesticide residues. He treated the cleaned-up extract with a mixture of concentrated HMO^ and con centrated H_S0, (1:1) for 5 rain, at 0*C. After the addition of crushed ice, he extracted the reaction mixture with hexane and reinjected the extract. He states that the method should leave FCB's, lindane, and BHC unaffected. Our attempts to repeat this reaction have not been fully successful. There appears to be .i some loss of the more volatile (early emerging) PCB's, heptachlor epoxide is not affected, and peaks with longer retention times appear. Although Jensen did not elaborate as to the fate of the'pes ticides, we have demonstrated that apparently, nitration does occur. This was shown for DDT when a large peak (probably due to the tetranitro derivative) appeared on the l chromatogram about 2 hours after injection of the nitrated extract. Of course, this reaction is a modification of the old MJ H B jgi^nw w inw i^pi m m NPC00007790 770429 Schechtc'r-Haller (8) DDT method in which more drastic conditions (fuming HNO^ and concrnLratcd H^SO^ with heating on steam bath) were used to ensure oxidation and removal of interfering biolog ical materials The nitrated pesticides were extracted with ether and a colorimetric method was used in the final determinative step. I Erro ec al. used this technique to determine toxaphene in the presence of DDT, on the basis that the chromatographic pattern of toxaphene is not affected by nitration while Che nitrated DDT does not chromatograph under the specified conditions. Obviously, nitration does not appear to be the answer for complex mixtures of pesticides and FCB's since some pesticides (lindane, BHC, toxaphene, 'Strobane', etc.) apparently will not nitrate while some of the PC3's might nitrate. Although we have not used Jensen's column packing (the liquid phase SF-96 is a methyl silicone), it is impassible to avoid complication and in terference from the nitro derivatives formed, especially when the pesticides are present in large amounts. There are three main reasons why we prefer an approach dif ferent from Jensen's: 1. It is preferable to separate the two groups*rather than destroying one, especially when it is the pesticides that are being destroyed. 2. The nitration approach tends to complicate the inter pretation of the chromatograms, since the nitro derivatives NPC00007791 770430 possess greater electron absorbing power and with their longer retention times, should emerge and interfere with subsequent injections. 3. We have been unable to repeat Jensen's clear-cut dif ferentiation, apparently partly because of the nitration of some of the K B * s. Interference of PCB's We have attempted a more ideal approach to differentiate the two groups by separation followed by the separate analysis of each group. The GlC work was carried out under the following conditions; Gas Chromatograph; Varan Model 1200, fitted with tritium- electron capture detector; column* glass, spiral, 6* x 1/8" O.D., packed with 6? QF-l and 4T 5E-3Q on Chromosorb W (AW). No. of theoretical plates for DDT = 2227. Operating Conditions; Column temperature 190"C.f injector temperature 2A5C.; detector Chase) temperature 2A0*C.j flow rate, approximately AO ml./min.; volume injected, 5^1. Recorder: Varan Aerograph Model 20, l mV, full scale deflection. Chart speed: 2/3" per min. Fig. I indicates the degree of separation o f 8 pesticides in a standard mixture. The excellent separation obtained for DDE and dicldrin in this column which was first used by McCally and McKinley CIO) should be noted. m :i i-'. i. i V ^r *. *> V . fiV, ** 4* li * 9 UPC00007792 & : V ;- 770431 * * I F IG .t CHROMATOGRAM OF STANDARD M IXTURE OF ORGANOCHLORINE PES TIC ID ES a' NPC00007793 I -4 -4 2 CO IO a V ".1 I E;V NPC00007794 770433 F ig u re 2 shows the number o f peaks and the s e p a ra tio n ob t a in e d f o r a s a n p le o f P C B 's ( "A r o c l o r 1 1254) w h ile F i g u r e 3 d e m o n stra te s th e d egre e o f in t e r f e r e n c e e n co u n te re d when the p e s t ic id e s are n ixe d w ith the P C B 's. 1 I f i s in t e r e s t in g to note th a t the peaks o f the common!y found p e s t ic id e s a l l have a c o rre sp o n d in g PCS peak th a t w ould in t e r f e r e i f p re se n t in the same e x t r a c t . ' w ith J e n se n 's work. T h is i s in agreement S e p a ra tio n of P C B 's from P e s t ic id e s by the Use of F l o r i s i i W ith t h in la y e r chrom atography (TLC) i t was o b se rve d th a t the PCB's ( 'A r o c lo r ' 1254) tended to run towards the so lv e n t f r o n t on th e TL p la t e s . B e a r in g t h i s in m ind and th e f a c t th a t our cleanup procedures fo r p e stic id e re sid u e s in anim al t is s u e s u s u a l l y i n v o l v e a f i n a l F l o r i s i i s t e p , we e xp e rim e n te d t o se e i f the P C B 's co u ld be e lu te d from the F l o r i s i i column w ith n -hexane know ing that most o f the p e s t ic id e s are not eluted under these sp e c ific co nd itio ns. Four p re lim in a ry experim ents were c a rrie d out Lo t e s t the - f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h is se p a ra tio n on F l o r i s i i . In E xp t. I F 5 m l. o f s t a n d a r d FCB p r e p a r a t io n was added t o th e g l a s s colum n (3 0 cm. x 2 . 5 cm. O .D .) p acke d w ith 4 0 m l. ( c a . 19 gm. o r 1 0 cm. in h e ig h t) F l o r i s i i (6 0 -1 0 0 mesh, F lo r id in C o .F sto re d at 130 `C. u n t i l re ady fo r u se ) and r oppcd w ith an 1 / 2 " la y e r o f a nhydrous Na,,2S0,h, . E l u t i o n war- c a r r ie d o u t w it h 100 ml. n -h e x a n o , and th e p e rc e n ta g e r e c o v e r L e s wore d e te rm in e d . T h is e x p e rim e n t war. PTJ' 'll ilM ^ m k i i n m n w NPC00007795 770434 re p e a te d but th e e lu t io n was e ff e c t e d w ith 200 ail', hexane (F.xpt. I I ) , The sane experim ents were c a r r ie d out w ith the sta n d a rd p ea- I t ic id e m ixtu re e lu tin g w ith 100 (E x p t. I l l ) and 200 ml, (E x p t. IV ) hexane re sp e c tiv e ly . TADLE I Percent re c o ve ry o f P C B 's and P e s t ic id e s from F l o r i s i l c o l'in n s by e l u t i o n w it h hexane'j (a ) PCD peak E x p t . I IE x p t. I t i P e s t t c i d e W E x p t . I I I no (C LC) 100 n l h e x l2 C 0 ml hexf peak I - 1 { eo.i 92.2 Lindane i Mono 2 ! 86.7 ' 3 I 65.6 103.1 100.0 H eptachlor*' A ld rin " None 62.8 ' 4 ! 98.2 101.0 Mept. epox. None 5 \ 42.1 100.0 DDE ^ 20.5 6 . 44,9 93.7 D ie ld rin None v 7 | 64.0 10L.2- DDD None : 8 ! 96.8 105.2 Pip*-D D T None * 9 1 60.4 105.8 10 I 72.6 103*8 11 1 7 6 .9 12 I 57.2 99.9 1C0.0 , 13 100.0 100.0 14 | 71.4 100.0 !< jExp t. IV" 1 None - 92.7 * 94.1 None 9 7,3 ' None None None * I i | 1 a. R e co ve rie s are based on peak h e igh t com parisons and each value represents the average of duplicate, d eterm inations* b. Under the experim ental c o n d it io n s , 250 mi^ o f 202 e t h y l ether in hexane i s used norm ally to elute the p e stic id e s a lth o u g h 200 ml. can q u a n t it a t iv e ly remove them. The exp erim ental r e s u lt s w hich are shown in T ab le I in d ic a t e I th a t .se p a ra t io n on a F l o r i s i l colum n i s f e a s i b l e . ' A lm o st q u a n t i t a t iv e rem oval oT the P C B 's i s e ffe c te d w ith 200 ml. hexane, w h ile under the same c o n d it io n s o n ly th re e of the 8 p e s t ic id e s t r ie d showed e vid ence of e lu t io n (h c p ta c h lo r 92,7.1, a lt lr in anil DDE 9 7 .3 *0 .* i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n ote th a t th e se L h rc c p e s i i - M7 une-- r m NPC00007796 I 770435  cities s h o v in g some e lu t io n from F l o r i s i L w it h hexane, a rc , l i k e Che P C B 's , q u it e m o b ile u n de r o u r TLC c o n d i t io n s . Two f u r t h e r experiir.encs were c a r r ie d ou t to se e i f th e se p a r a t io n was s t i l l e f f e c t i v e when P C B 's and p e s t ic id e s were m ixed (E x p t . V ) and when th e y wore p re se n t i n th e e x t r a c t from an a n i - j n a l t i s s u e (F.xpt. V I ) . The f i r s t e l u t i o n was made w ith 200 n l . hexane, the r e c e iv e r was changed, and the second e lu t io n was X c a rr ie d out w ith 250 m l. o f 20% e th y l e th e r in hexane to remove the p e s t ic id e s . The r e s u lt s of the two experim ents a re shown in T able I I , and confirm our e a r lie r fin d in g that w ith the exception of DDE, a ld rin , and he p ta ch lo r, a c le a r-c u t se p a ra tio n of the F C B 's and p e s t ic id e s can be made by th e u s e o f a F l o r i s i l colum n. The f a c t th a t DDE i s e lu te d w it h th e P C B 's by pure hexane can be used to advantage in the c o n firm a tio n and q u a n t ific a t io n o f DDT by d e h y d ro c h lo rin a tio n . The e stim a tio n o f sm all amounts o f DDT in the p re se n ce o f in t e r f e r e n c e ( f o r example, a PCB) i s enhanced i f DDE i s p r e v io u s ly rem oved. The DDE produced b y d eh y- j d ro c iilo rin a tio n can then be used to estim ate the anount o f DDT ' o r ig in a lly p resent. In the presence o f com paratively la rg e amounts of DOE, t h is approach i s not v e ry dependable. I' [ D iscussion I -------------- -| The r e s u lt s of fho above experim ents coupled w ith the work o f J c r s c n in d ic a t e that, th e m a re s e r io u s p ro h le n s c o n fr o n t in g re sid u e a n a ly s ts . However, as fa r as the w rite r is aware, there Mil ST NPC00007797 770436 E-- &, R& i.-'rrtf * "ABLE H Percent R e co ve rie s of F C B 's and P e stic id e s from a M ixtu re a lt e r Se p aration cn F l o r i s i l (E x p ts, v -S V I)*7 :E lu t e d w it h 200 ml . hexane PCB and/or 'i pest, peak Recov, J c v / H eptachlcr' |PCB1 iPC32 + A ld .C PCB 3 PC 66 PCB5 + DDE" PCB6 02.7 10'. .0 102.1 100.0 IC 'i .2 97.8 101.3 FCB7 ?C38 PCB 9 .PCB 10 PC311 PCB12 FCE13 PCB 16 97.8 100.0 91.5 106.7 ;oo.o 100.0 100.0 95.2 98.1 101.7 96.6 106.0 102.6 102.6 lOO.O 105.1 1C0.0 97.0 106.3 105.5" 100.0 100.0 100.0 W ith 230 ml, 20'. eth e r in hexane | P esticid e peak fte c o v . ^ P.C=CV.( W 1 | Lindane 93.6 3.5 1 M c p ta ch lor None None : t A ld rin L.3 6.0 j Kept, epox 96.6 DDE None 102.2 None i D ie ld rin 100.0 10C.0 DDD 102.3 98.9 DDT 99.8 92.5 ; ; i 1 ___________________1 * The peaks a re arranged in orde r o f th e ir emergence ( in c r e a s in g r e t e n t io n t in e ) from the GLC column, and where a PCB and a p e s t ic id e peak appear in the same l in e ( h o r iz o n t a lly ) they have sim ila r re ten tion tim es. a. A sta nd ard m ixture of P C B 's and p e s t ic id e s in pure hexane was p la c e d on th e F l o r i s i l colum n; f i r s t e l u t i o n was made w ith 200 m i. hexane, re c e iv e r was changed, and the column e luted w ith 250 ml. 202 ethyl ether in hexane. b. Sairn as in (a ) except th a t the F C P 's and p e s t ic id e s were f i r s t m ixed w ith ar e x tra c t from an animal t is s u e which was known to be e s s e n t ia ll y fre e of p e s t ic id e s . c . S in c e a s in g l e peak was o b ta in e d , the re c o v e ry was c a lc u lar.ed hy a co n p a rise n o f the peak h e igh t a g a in st th a t in the com binf'd sta n d a rd m ixtu re o f Pen and p e s t ir id e . In ' a ll o th e r ca se s the peak h e igh t was conpared to th at in the standard injected separately. ** <a. Oi : ? kb - I17 NPC00007798 770437 vfcV has been no positive confirmation n ~ thn presence or PCB's in wildlife tissues by techniques other than chromatography. This leaves doubts that the presence of the unidentified peaks (litP's) is actually due to PCB's. There is the possibility that some or all of the peaks are due to condensation products cf the1metabo lites of pesticides like DDT. For example, .'-dichlnrohenro- phenone (DCS) C l/^ - c cl \^r/ o ' ~ J to be a metabolite of the DDT group. * is known The presence of the keto group makes it quite feasible for condensation to take place. There are at least two points that lend support to this pos sibility. 1, The DIP'S (being called PCB's) are usually observed only when large amounts of the DDT group aTe present, 2* Jensen checked eagle feathers collected since 1880 and first detected PCB (not confirmed) in an eagle from 1944. It might be a coincidence, but this is approximately the time that. DDT use came into prominence. It should be noted also that the. PCB's were in wide use as early as 1930 (2). Thus until positive confirmation (e.g. with mass spectra) is obtained, there will remain some doubt that these DIP'S are due to PCB's - especially if PCB's are not used in pesticide formulations. It is certainly true, hnucvrr, that whether or not the UIP's arc PCB's rlioir presence loads to diIficultins. The insults obtained for some samples of fat rcrrntly analyzed in our labora- im MKJWU-. NPC00007799 r 770438 -Lory are typical of :li'* problem. The sample containing r.hc highest levels of residues contained the following pesticides in p.p.m.i DDE - t./i2, dieldrin 7 2.13, DDD - 5.61, and p.p'-DDT - 2.60. Even prior to subjection to TLC confirmation, the DDD value appeared unusually high when it is considered that its presence in tissues is usually accounted for by three main routes: a) It is used as a pesticide, but not extensively. b) It is one of the metabolites of DDT - however, the DDT-- *DD5 pathway is much more prevalent than DDT -^DDD, with the latter usually occurring in the liver, hence the Fat tissue is an unlike ly location for large amounts of DDD* c) It is a frequent contaminant of technical PDT used in spray programs. When confirmation of the pesticides was attempted, the TLC plates showed no DDD, although the apparent amount present should have given a distinct spot on the plate. However, a spot was observed running near the solvent front, a considerable dis tance from DDD. When this spot was scraped off the TLC plate, eluted, and reinjected into the gas chromatograph, a peak having retention time identical Co DDD was observed. Although this in terfering material has not been Identified - it could be a PCD since its retention time coincides with one of the PCB's - it is obvious how cosily one could report false results, especially iF use is mn-le of the Cf.C-CC results without further confirmation. in f*1 ut l H.OMU <J!gf1 NPC00007800 770439 i: TLC continue:1 in V*j ni.r ir.iin confirmatory method, but there arc times, especially with smaller (but significant) amounts of pesticide?! when it is impossible to make a positive confirmation with this technique alone. The determination of GLC retention times on two cr more sta tionary phases is quite useful in some cases, but as Robinson (11) has pointed out, it car.not be regarded as an independent parame ter of identity since it may be shown that various organochlorine % pesticides on different stationary phases arc significantly cor related. Bearing in mind these problems and the difficulty of apply ing infrared, mass spectra, and other spectroscopic methods for confirmation of small amounts or pesticide residues, more empha sis and reliance should be given to chemical modification of the pesticides and reinjection into the gas chronatograph, using the retention times of'the products as means of confirmation. With our SHI technique (S = Separation of FCB's on FIorisit, l M = Modification of the pesticide by chemical means, I ~ Injec tion of the extract containing the product into the GIX apparatus) we have observed seme cases where a single GLC peak indicating l one pesticide was in fact a nixture consisting of the pesticide plus seme other PCB-type unknown having the same retention time. With TLC as the sole confirmatory method, one could quantify the whole as d.e 1 the pesticide and be out ty many far*.*.?? depending on the ratios of the two compounds giving rise to tne ILl mmuar NPC00007801 770440 single GI.C fir.ik. Rntrn-rici'F 1. H. SCHMIDT and C,. SCHULTZ, Ann.2 0 7 , 338 (1881) 2. C.. PENNING, Ind. Eng. Chen. 2 2 , USO-2 (1,930) 3. J.W. JONES and li.S. ALOEN, Arch. Decmat. Syphiiol. 73, 1022- 1036 (1936) j A, L. GREENnWHC, M.R. MAYERS and A.R. SMITH, J. Ind. tlyg. Toxic. 21, 29-38 (1939) j 5. S. JENSEN, New Scientist, p. 612 (15 December 1966) 6. S. JENSLW, Private communication(1967) .1 7. 'The Aroclor Compounds', Monsanto Chemical Company Bulletin, p. 17 (1965) I 8. H.S. Sil-CMTER, S.B. SOLOHAY, R.A. HAYES, arid H.L. HALLER, TncJ. Eng. Chen., Anal. Ed., 17 706 (1965)j 9. r. KiiPO, A. REVENUE and H. BECKMAN, Dull. Environ. Contain, an-l Tox. 2, 372 (1967) j 10. K.A. McCULLY and W.P. McKINLEY, JAOAC 67, 652 (1966) 11. ROBINSON, Chenistry and Industry, p. 1976 .(25 November 1967) r l in il i.BULJAi!JI.IPI.11-I!*i1J1* li-VU'4 NPC00007802 770441 TH E NEED FOR CONTINUED US I OF POLYCHLORINATED B IP H E N Y L S A S E L E C T R IC A L IN S U L A T IN G L IQ U ID S _________ Introduction In view of the questions .which have been raised about the l I environmental impact of PCB's, it s e e m s appropriate to examine * . :i the reasons w h y these materials- are employed by .the electrical industry, and the public benefits associated with such use. -X il }* -" I f' , ' C! 0 u A-.'.fcc. /M / PM " '" POR QUAUTY ORIGINAL ' t [ : -l L ; ' <( r- r f p - rrr^ 'y . ry.. d k u ( U h ; : ' ' i r '. i: f j //f~v - . - -y : '~/X J . ' O / ,/ j , -Jj.'-' J ,, tA ^ 7i { ~ - * * * i , \fc. fi? i j : -- / . v - T ' ' / :iv;'.6^7'y A - . r J //' ' ' ** . f ` - ;'.' * `* NPC00007803 770442 '2 W hat a r e P o l y c h l o r i n a t e d B ip h e n y ls ( P C B 1 ) ? P olych lorin ated biphenyls are d eriv a tiv es of the h yd rocarb on , . 'S/ b ip h en yl, w hich h a s the ch em ic a l form u la * .co n sistin g of y m ixtu res o f v a rio u sly ch lorin ated iso m e r s a s seen in T able 1. T hey a re u su a lly id en tified by the w eight p ercen t of ch lo rin e in the total *i m ix tu r e s , e . g . A r o c lo r * 1254 c o n ta in s 54% c h lo r in e , A r o c lo r s a r e ch aracterised tem peratures by stab ility essen tia l to . - high fla sh p oin ts and sa fe op eration . t even l I h igh er com bustion t H ow a re P C B 's u sed by e le c tr ic a l in d u str y ? ,, ! *. T h e p r in c ip le u s e o f P C B flu id in th e e l e c t r i c a l in d u s tr y i s in' tra n sfo rm ers and ca p a cito rs (both la r g e and sm a ll) a s an in su la to r and coolan t. T ran sform ers are d ev ices for converting elec tric a l pow er from one voltage and cu rren t le v e l to another, . , Ii and the conducting p arts of th ese d e v ic e s m u st be sep arated from each other by a su itab le insulating / m edium . Vi -vii C apacitors a re d ev ices for storin g e le c tr ic a l energy through the p h y sica l sep aration o f ch arged m etal su rfa ces by an insulating m edium . * M onsanto R eg istered T radem ark NPC00007804 * * * ' .'A 1 770443 j i J j .it MfcSn*/ 1 - .1 l i m j V^-. . j....v;*./>.-* j ^ L h. ..v*. ,, v ..., , / Table 1 Composition of Different ligula Chlorinated Biphenyls Components - rJLvpn ns }J - Chlorine Biphenyl Mono-chlorob},phenyl Di-chlorobiphenyl Iri-chlorobi phenyl 7ot ra -cfclcrch1yher.yl ?er.ta-chlorobiphenyl iicxa-chlorobiphcnyl 1AU ft Monsanto Arodors 1232 KCS 1043 1242 KCS 101 '2UTT \ 1254 21 32- 32 U2 U2 U8 5U mX .OU - .02 .02 56.5 26.9 i.\a .06 **y> 22.2 7t.U 3.3 .72 15.6 .5U.5. 2 2 .5: 6. 7* .33 I 9.U 64.5 s 1-5-C **55 . 16 ^ 60 12*0 .60 - * *Inc!ucs higher than penta-chlorinoted lsaners. C"j NPC00007805 i  (K t B e c a m e of the nonflam in ab ility (T ab le 2} of '[arocloys, th eir v a p o rs, and th eir a rc-fo rm ed gaseou s p rod ucts, tra n sfo rm ers filled w ith askarelfT a re fr e e o f fir e and ex p lo sio n h a za rd s and m ay be u sed in lo ca tio n s w h ere fa ilu r e s of o il-in su la te d tr a n sfo r m e r s w ould p resen t a potential danger to life and property. In addition to improving the safety Aspect of capacitors the use of Jarochors) also gives t h e m the advantages of reliability, long life, and small sine. T able 2 U n d erw riter L ab oratory F lam m ab ility R ating F luid F la m m a b ility R ating E ther 100 G asolin e 90-100 E thyl A lcohol 60-70 K erosene (100 F .P .) M ineral O il 30-40 i 10-20 A roclor 1242 a n d ,1016 * 2- 3 The n e e d f o r ' F C B ' s in T r a n s f o r m e r s t y p . ? 11* F C B *3 w h e r e v e r f i r e 'j'r * *} fJL **.* protection Is, itnoortantaWooigfr tr*nf t nrhirh a m gr nm nrlVjrinirri r K f ^ b tifin t r a n s f o r m e r s . .w h ic h --a n e - m g f l ^ ta SPC00001806 <tr -4 '!jv' ``'t-'I-,iV*/ iu * -- , .-* .V # . n iV , * r v l ' 770445 fV 'tO ! f) stepdown*' Voltages, Most of these transformers are located inside C public, commercial, or industrial buildings; on the roof tops of such buildings; or in close proximity to such buildings ,pand require no special enclosures other than what are necessary to prevent accidental hazardous mechanical or electrical contact of persolis with the equipment, * %. I` T h e am ou n t o f A r o c lo r u s e d in v a r io u s ty p es o f tr a n s fo r m e r s ra n g es fr o m ^ O to 500 g a ls . (516 to 6 ,4 5 0 lb s .) w ith an a v e r a g e of about 235 g a ls , (3 ,0 3 2 lb s .) . D uring I960, the la s t co m p lete "norm al" i y e a r fo r th e e l e c t r ic a l in d u s tr y , th e to ta l a m o u n t o f F C B 's u s e d In I tra n sfo rm ers w as ap p roxim ately 1.3 m illio n gallon s {si 4 thousand ton s). I, T he only p resen t a ltern a tiv es to A ro clo r-in su la ted tra n sfo rm ers are m in eral o il-in su la ted tran sform ers o r d ry-typ e tran sform ers (eith er th o se open to the atm osp h ere o r th o se that are g a s-fille d and sea led ). .A . M in eral o il-in a u la ted tra n sfo rm ers * 1 . I f o n e d is r e g a r d s s a fe ty .c o n s id e r a tio n s , th e r e a r e *i no tech nical reason s why m in eral oil-in su la ted tra n s- *% * r * *?m ' f o r m e r s co u ld n o t b e d ir e c t ly s u b s titu te d foT ^ S sk are?- in su la ted tr a n sfo r m e r s. T he s iz e o f the u nit w ould be unchanged; the w eigh t and c o s t w ould b e l e s s . , sooLt'j iluf'&onn 2 , But one eannot d isreg a rd 4hzs, *w h ich 'are often e m b o d ie d in l e g a l c o d e s ^e a f u t y m a s d e r a t io n s e n d -- (Obviating the safety h a 2 z&rds involves serious economic / and space constraints; that would occur &ji-;hyj^eitherj NPC00007807 ....... ,1 .iff' 770446 * /4 . f * , >, VjsA `i v a u lt in g --o r tia*i o^ in s u l a t e d b u s e s (w ith th e tra n sfo rm er located ou td oors), E ith er solu tion , . if the sp ace is available could ** _ $50, 000 per transform er. B . P ry-typ e transform ers co st $ 5 ,0 0 0 ii . i i - In m o s t lo c a tio n s , d ry.-typ e tr a n s fo r m e r s (e ith e r th o se j open to the atm osp h ere o r th o se that are ^ a s-fille d * (P a n d s e a l e d ) c o u ld n o t b e d i r e c t l y s u b s t it u t e d f o r f^a s k a r e ) - ; . insulated tr a n sfo rm ers. T here are se v e r a l re strictio n s ' F <C'J> * '\ . to such a d irect substitution: . ,-i - `' 1 . T he r e lia b ility o f d r y -ty p e tr a n sfo r m e r s is le s s than * 'that of com parably rated liq u id -in su lated tr a n sfo r m er s. i An E E I su rv ey o f fa ilu res in netw ork tr a n sfo r m er banks .I :t - j s h o w e d *.* 7% p e r y e a r f a ilu r e , r a t e f o r d r y - t y p e u n its i com part'd to 0.2% .for liq u id -in su la te d u n its. f 2.. F u r t h e r m o r e , liq u id - in s u la t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s h a v e a m u ch , g rea ter overload cap ab ility. M any liq u id -in su lated units 3a I\ ...... -r-;~r -1 i, l. ,A''S v SV'*{ c a n s u s t a in a 1T)0% o v e r lo a d f o r 8 h o u r s a n d a 200% :ll *' S y " j % o v e r lo a d ic.r 2 h o u r s . T h e s e 'tr a n s fo r m e r s a r c a b le to i ' I" ^ V I H A' " t x m ain tain con tin u ity of e le c tr ic a l, s e r y ic e during p eriod s :! 'Y 1' >?i f o f t e m p o r a r y (n u ta g p o f r e la t e d e q u ip m e n t . 3 . S o m e d r y -t^ p e t r a n s f o r m e r ^ a r e la r g e r b y 10 to 30% a than com parably rated liq u id -in su la ted .u n its, and m ost i are m ore exp en sive. I i $ '*? .1--/v .'-" ;s'* NPC00007808 770447 4. Dry-type t r a n s f o r m e arc noisier by 5-10 d B than are liquid-insulated transformers. 5 O p e n dry-type transformers, which are cheaper than sealed dry-type transformers, cannot be % i* used in certain corrosive or hazardous atmospheres, i ,, - e, g, .on tiirnacs or on electrostatic precipitators i VI near hot stacks. T h e need for F C B ' a in cat*acitors I i P C B ' s are used in m o r e than 9 0 % of the electric utility snd- Q a r g e power) type and sm-lier industrial type capacitors m a d e tod a y s They are needed* for safety, reliability and long life, and to achieve sizes compatible with equipment and installation requirement^ # T h e principal types of P C B - i m p r e g n a t e d capacitors and their applications are high voltage p o w e r capacitors, used primarily for power factor correction in the distribution of electric power; low voltage p o w e r capacitors installed in industrial plants at the load / (typically large motors); ballast capacitors to improve' the efficiency of lighting systems; and small industrial capacitors for p o w e r factor i m p r o v e ment in such equipment as air conditioning units, pumps, fans, etc* _ i Almost 60 million such capacitors are manufactured annually, m o s t of for first-time use. NPC00007B09 * '* i'J'Sr'* ` rv?>. :. .*" * . * , 770448 C ap acitors u se d in ligh tin g and a ir conditioning ap p lication s P - | - contai#: 0. p05 to 0.009 gala. * '....... -- > of {aBkareli per unit. J p *6*. largest p o w e r c a p a c ito r s co n ta in a b o u t 6 .7 g ala 3i - *= as of-''aa]Sxefcj T a p y m o a t popular size contains about 3. l^(36^1bs^r)`' Y/:^jV i The N f& aial E lectr ica l Code req u ires that any in stallation of V'S? capaci^fs'in-iri^ich any single unit contains m o r e than 3 gallons of 'combtuAsSkhe^listlid shall be in a vault like that required' for trana- ^sFv; ..W Ky*. ' *. *,i l f o r m e 1968, thelast complete "normal" year for the %I electrics? dndwHrv, the total amou n t of P C E ' s used in capacitors W&M' was apnejsjpdmiofely 14.4 thousand tons. jk'ffefc JT~--- > ' )leralternatives to askarej-impregnatedcapacitors are capacitb^Jf*impuregnated with mineral oil. ar--r`ap n H iiajM 4 iM pi`gffnotd~, with \,\3*`^&jP h e s i n g l e m o s t im p o r t a n t p r o p e r t y o f a.' liq u id t o b e SS.` i A?**V/'*>*' p a e d in a c a p a c i t o r i s i t s d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t (th e r a t io \)\M ' vtf i t s a b il i t y to s t o r e e l e c t r o s t a t i c e n e r g y r e l a t i v e t o **i-r . t. T - d p ir ) . T h e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f th e c a p a c i t o r - g r a d e / N .l^ C B (A r o c lo r 1 2 4 2 ) i s y'S. 85 w h ile t h a t 'o f m in e r a l o il %. m 1{.2.t i ' ,h..i ./..w. -T</-- w . ' -f t-t ! . - v// ^ ____ 2 5 . ( S e e T a b le 3 ) ^ R e v e r t in g to an o i l - p a p e r .v.t : '*. ^ ^ r ^ ect7^c yBtcm would increase the average capacitor V o l u m e (size) by approximately 6007*, the weight by 5007b* .i1M.- .* LX *?' vT i ! F. 1 ' "r.Vs ;,, z v...r--; NPC00007810 KH 770449 I -./ v Table 3 Alternate Insulating Fluids Fluid .'.reel.. It.* Aroclor MCS 1016 Arcelor :C3 lC-^3 Sene Significant Properties of Certain Candidate Insulating ____________ Fluids to Replace Aroclor 12U2 ___________ % Dielectric Constant Cl^v-M ~ C'V'n Cun F2 'rmabilifcy c ' , at 2 5 C 11 rviilvi * lt0 - Fire rt 1 5.8 5 1?U 5.8 5 191 32-9. 5 .7 160 . S'll* * Tensity 1 .3 3 1 .3 6 1 .2 Cost; dL V? **v .1 3 NPC00007811 :*.*ac:co^-Gil^fainerni Oil 2 .2 5 1^5 150 9 3 i ENVIROHMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS OF PCB COMPOUNDS by B. A. Kerns, Manager Environmental Control Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania As you have already heard today, there are 209 possible homo- logs of PCBs. The mixtures of PCBs used by the electrical distribution equipment industry for the past forty-five years include Aroclor 1260, 1254, 1242 and 1016. Presently Westinghouse uses only Aroclor 1016 for .i capacitors and Aroclor 1242 for transformers. The basic differences in; these materials is in the degree of chlorination* For example: / 1. Aroclor 1254 contains 54 percent by weight ; chlorine and is primarily 77 percent five chlorine - atoms and higher. w 2. Aroclor 1242 has 42 percent chlorine and is I only 9 percent five chlorine atoms and higher. o I 3. Aroclor 1016 contains 41 percent chlorine and is only one percent five chlorine atoms and higher. Vi! For the polychlorinated-biphenyl materials, the level of *.y>i'.riv chlorination appears to be the most significant factor in their relative biodegradability. The rate of biodegradability decreases as the number of chlorine atoms per biphenyl molecule increases. .Chromatograms Xwhich N PC 00007812 770451 -2- $ I fll explain in a minute) representing samples after exposure to acti vated sludge (as used for example in the City of Bloomington sewage treatment plant) show significant alterations in the A r o d o r 1016 dis tribution but little for Arodor 125**. Passage of PCBs through activated sludge has shown that 33 percent of Arodor 1016 degrades per forty-eight-hour cycle with a semi- continuous treatment method. This compares favorably, since 25 percent of Arodor 1242 degrades in forty-eight hours, and 15 percent of Aroclor i 1254 degrades in forty-eight hours. Results of additional tests with Aroclor 1016 showed that treatment for fourteen days reduces the various I mixtures in 1016 from 17 to more than 98 percent. More on this later. These tests have led to the conclusion that A r o d o r 1016 is sufficiently biodegradable to remain in controlled usage. /, Most analytical data for PCBs utilize chrcmotography. this is a device to analyze a micro-sample of the material which is injected -- into a column or coil of tubing under controlled conditions of tempera ture, injection rate and volume. The heated column selectively releases each isomer. The release is recorded on a chart. Slide 1 2 and 3 show typical charts or chromotograms for Arodor 1016, 1242 and 1254.- The iI horizontal axis indicates time while the vertical axis represents the amount present. The total amount of PCBs present is determined by integrating or measuring the area under the curves. You will note that -I while Aroclor 1016 and 1242 exhibit similar retention times, Aroclor i 1254 shows a much greater retention time due to its higher chlorination and higher molecular weight. Slide Mo. 4 shows the small d ifferences between 1016 and 1242. Mote additional peaks from tine 70 on 1242 also showing some higher chlorination and higher molecular veigfht. 4 - NPC00G07813 ...f '`.-.Ht it. 770452 -3- These data on degradation plue the complexity experienced i developing analytical tools to correctly identify and quantify the mixtures of PCBs used within our own plants led us to conclude that many of the agencies supervising PCB analyses are arriving at erroneous j results. For example, analytical data provided to Westinghouse by r .agencies in Indiana show amounts of Aroclor 1016 in waters and in fish which could not possibly be there from degradation. Jin addition the i i analyses for FCB6 in fish used the whole fish, tforej commonly however, j only the edible portions are analyzed, allowing a correction factor of about four. In other words, the amount of PCBs in the whole fish should he divided by four to arrive at the concentration in the edible - portion. It seems incongruous that PCB standards are being imposed using as background information an analytical technique which was I nonexistent five years ago and i6 presently, at bat, questionable. An i analytical technique which stretches technology to the limit and shows error ranges up to plus or minus 50 percent. How can reasonable replies to these important questions be answered, using inaccurate and/or non existent data. In November, 1975, the EPA held a confrence on PCBs in 1 Chicago. At this meeting, many papers were presented on research studies, under EPA supervision and support, to determine tfcie effect of PCBs on fish and animals. It was unfortunate that practically all experiments, at that time, were conducted using Aroclor 1254. This material has not been used in Westinghouse transformers since 1968, because of its , ~! ^* i - ______________________________ NPC00007814 i 770453 -4- nonbiodegradability and its possible detrimental effects on the environment. i Importantly, Aroclor 1254 has never been used in the iBloomington plant. While a few screening studies were carried out by EPA on Aroclor 1242, no studies on the use of Aroclor 1016 had been planned at that time. t In additiont most of the data reported at this meeting indicated i that massive doses of PCBs (not even available for thie last two or three I .years -- 1248, etc.) given to rats and monkeys had detrimental effects. However, little work was carried out using concentrations as found in the environment. Another critical factor, often overlooked. Is that il * residual PCB levels in the fat tissues of animals do decrease rapidly, i following the cessation of exposure to PCBs (See slide Ho. 6). Fish found to contain the* highest levels of PCBs were ihe 1 bottom dwelling scavengers such as catfish, carp and eel. The game fish showed much lower levels. Factually, in surveys carried out between 1979 and 1975 in Lake Michigan, the number of fish jfound to contain PCBs decreased. Moreover, we are unaware of any study to measure PCB content ill'fish after cooking. Cooking should remove fat and fat containing Ii PCBs from edible fish. > > I yI *-! Presently EPA has agreed to carry out studies on the effects tj of Aroclors 1016 and 1242. These data should be available within 12 to i 18 months. We feel that these studies will show a dramatically reduced environmental effect from these lower homologs -- effects that allow e timely and orderly conversion to other dielectric fluids that.will not cause severe penalties in safety and energy use. mn NPC00007B15 i 770454 770455 32 4 3' BIPHENYL 2,2',3-TRICHLOROBIPHENYL 2<2,,3,^'*TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL I ..................... -----------r >strvrw&r**?^*-***'*****^!??* 770456 J i .ff: i:',!' . , . : I, . , . -di':~*_'-Vv:: - . .r.. 3 g CD \D O,, 770459 NPC00007821 AROCLOR 1016 BIODEGRADATION SEMI-CONTINUOUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE J 93 58 TIME (MIN) ~i FAT T IS S U E R ESID U E LEVEL V S. T IM E 770461 C o n sid e r a tio n o f B io and N on -B iod egrad eab le PC B^ On 10-14-71 I wrote a memo of the same subject. This memo will supersede that memo. Monsanto r e f u s e s ,to state that Aroclor 1016 is biodegradeable and request that we state only that the tetra-, penta-, arid hexachloro content has been reduced. Our best information (confirmed by Fapageorge in October 1971) of the content in Aroclor 1016 and .1242, is as follows: . iII* lbl6 - - 1242 Biphenyl Mono-Chloro Biphenyl Di-.Chloro Biphenyl Tri-Chloro Biphenyl Tetra-Chloro Biphenyl Higher Chloro Biphenyl . % il. %+ 19. 7.+ 70.85% 9.' 7. 0.157. .057.' 1. 7.+ 19: ' X+ ^ 3 j95% 18. % 8. 7. Discussion with Tom Munson brought out the fact that on all i . * .; sample analysis that lie does he determines jthe % of the various di-, tri-, te.tra-, etc. It is* my impression that the tri-chloro ' ............ ,`i T and down tend to rapidly disappear from the tissue of fish. `* ` ,i It would, therefore, appear that 1016;is a real improvement * Ii * over 1242, however, 1016 does still contain various amounts o f . i suspected compound. Munson is of the opinion that the people in 1 the government laboratory concerned with P C B `s are well aware of *r the improvement of 1016 over the other PCB*s. The time does not yet appear right to try to make a distinction between 1016 a n d . other PCB's." If. the subject of control of P C B 's is put into the hands of a commission where it can be discussed on a scientific basis, there is a good possibility that 1016 could be -separated out from other PCB's. NPC00007823 JBB, 10-28-71 770462 A CASE'STUDY* POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS f by V iln iu s Papageorgc Monsanto I n d u s tr ia l C hem icals Co. S t. to u ts , M issouri January 1975 ! 1 i 1' \ j 'i ^W ritten fo r th e stu d y on D e c is io n Making fo r R eg u la tin g C hem icals in th e ; Environment, Environm ental S tu d ies Board, N ation al Research C ou n cil, N a tio n a l .Academy o f S c i e n c e s , u n d erta k en a t th e r e q u e s t o f th e U .S . Environmental P ro tectio n Agency, C ontract No. 68-01-2262 i i -j 'I I" i NPC00007824 NAS-NAE DEC241975 ! LIBRARY 770463 I CASE STUDY POLYCHI OR IKA TED 131 P H p .M Y T .C Nature of Decision i Monsanto Company management decided; to terminate "j the sale of commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls for all applications except for use in closed systems as a I dielectric fluid in capacitors and transformers for which no i* acceptable fire resistant alternative materials exist. This decision was made voluntarily and is not basod on any state . ,, // or federal legislation. C h ron ology 1 During the period 1968-1969 several laboratories i throughout the world were developing analytical methodology i for identifying and quantifying polychlorinated biphenyls. * ii This activity followed a report in which Doctors S. Jensen and G. Widmark of the University of Stockholm had claimed i that unknown peaks ob s e r v e d in chromatogrphs Ideveloped durL ing pesticide analyses were due to the presence of polyi chlorinated biphenyls. Reports from these laboratories i* alleged that polychlorinated biphenyls were present in the environment. The material being discovered was reported to resemble commercial material containing highly chlorinated ms m m NPC00007825 770464 2 isomers* Also, about this same time, some investigators attributed the inability of some species of wild birds to p r o p e r l y r e p r o d u c e b e c a u s e o f <pobr egg shell f o r m a t i o n to the p r e s e n c e o f p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s , a| p r e m i s e , ini cidentally, that has not been supported by subsequent studies. j V During this same period of time, Monsanto initiated tI studies to be carried out by an independent laboratory to attempt to determin the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls. i on test animals. When it became apparent that polychlorinated / biphenyls were, in fact, present in the environment and that I there might be some substance to the allegations of h a r m to the environment, the first phase of the sales termination ,I program was initiated, resulting in the discontinuance of sales of polychlorinated biphenyls to "open type" uses. i . I "Open type" uses were defined as those which, offered minimum I i opportunity for control and could result in relatively easy j entry into the environment. Risse applications included coatings, sealants, waxes, plasticizers, pesticide extenders, adhesives and inks. i ) ' Alternative fluids were developed and were promptly offered to users to replace the p o l y c1h l o r i n a te i d biphenyls in I fire resistant industrial hydraulic fluids and in carbonles's ~ 4! copy paper coating systems. ._ ,,PC00007B26 'rTW-'iJ [ 770465 During 1570 incomplete reports from Japan indi cated that illness in humans had occurred, possibly because of the presence of p o l y c hlorinated biphenyls in cooking oil extracted from rice bran. It now appears that the illness might have resulted from a contaminant in the polychlorinated biphenyls, which were manufactured by a Japanese company. The Japanese reports, when interpreted and verified, raised the p o s s i b i l i t y , a l b e i t a r e m o t e o n e u n d e r U. S. food p r o cessing conditions, of direct contamination of human food by ' i heat transfer fluid. Monsanto terminated sales of poly/ chlorinated biphenyls as heat transfer fluids for systems used in processing rood for human consumption. As a result of Monsanto's sales termination pro gram, polychlorinated biphenyls were sold only as fire resistant fluids for use in closed systems. These were (a) d i e l e c t r i c flui d s in c a p a c i t o r s and t r a n s f o r m e r s and (b) h e a t t r a n s f e r fluids in s ystems not u s e d in h u m a n food processing. _ Monsanto's final act in its sales termination p rogram was to cease all sales except for d i e l e c t r i c fluids in c a p a c i t o r s and transformers. In addition, as this p r o g r a m proceeded, steps w e r e taken to replace the higher chlorin a t e d mixtures- with the less persistent lower chlorinated % mixtures* Aroclor 1240 and Aroclor 1254 were no longer cold NPC00007827 770466 -4 to the heat transfer applications. Aroclor 1260 was replaced by Aroclor 1254 in transformer fluids. Aroclor 1016 was developed to replace Aroclor 1242 as the preferred capacitor fluid. Objectives The obj e c t i v e s of M o n s a n t o C ompany's m a n a g e m e n t in arriving at the polychlorinated biphenyl marketing policy were and continue to be as follows: 1. M i n i m i z e the p o t e n t i a l for the e n t r y of p o l y - / chlorinated biphenyls into the environment. 2. E l i m i n a t e the p o t e n t i a l for the e n t r y o f p o l y chlorinated biphenyls into human food. 3. R e t a i n tho s e a p p l i c a t i o n s of p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i phenyls which involve closed systems offering opportunity for control and in which the fire resistant and dielectric properties of polychlori nated biphenyls are necessary. 4. A v o i d m a j o r d i s r u p t i o n s in c o m m e r c e a nd i n d u s t r y resulting in unwarranted adverse consequences to society in general. NPC00007828 770467 5 Informa tion Early reports available to Monsanto C o mpany r e peatedly referred to the detection in environmental samples of the presence of the higher chlorinated polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures. The absence of the lower chlorinated mixtures, which were used in greater quantities, led to some early misunderstandings relating to the polychlorinated biphenyl types and their applications which were the possible sources of entry into the environment. Also, early reports of effects on wildlife were speculative in relating presence of polychlorinated biphenyls to n o ted h a r m ; e .g ., s o f t egg shells, dead sea b i r d s a n d b a b y seals. Subsequent analyses of the data have not supported the early conclusions. The only observable effects to wild life, fish and birds, have resulted from research studies conducted at exposure levels not found in the environment. The only exception reported was the sensitivity of juvenile shrimp to extremely low concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls. . From all available information the following im pre s s i o n s .w e r e derived: 1. P o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s of h i g h e r c h l o r i n e c o n " t e n t w e r e p r e s e n t in the envirohment. - NPC00007829 770468 2. N o k n o w n h a r m to w i l d l i f e has b e e n c o n c l u s i v e l y documented, but the potential for harm at high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls did exist. 3. T h e food c h a i n could p o s s i b l y b e a d v e r s e l y aff e c t e d by the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls based on the allegations relating to the Japanese inci dent. Information on what the unavailability of poly chlorinated biphenyls has cost the ultimate user is not available. _ C o n v ersion costs to alternate m a t e r i a l s has in 9 some cases been considerable? e.g., heat exchange applica tions have required extensive equipment modifications to per mit use of flammable alternate fluids as well as the installa tion of fire detection and control equipment. Some appli cations, alt h o u g h small in volume, still lack a satisfactory alternative material; e.g., immersion fluid for optical microscopy, ingredient in investment casting w ax formula tions and component in military systems. The decision to restrict the sales of poly c h l o r i nated biphenyls has resulted in a decrease in the amount of mat e r i a l_ m a n u f a c t u r c d b y M o n s a n t o C o m p a n y by a p p r o x i m a t e l y NPC00007830 77046g I' -750 per cent. One Monsanto production unit has been d i s mantled and about 75 jobs (production, maintenance, admin istrative, engineering, shipping) have been eliminated. The cost of controlling effluent losses at the remaining produc tion unit, installation of facilities to produce a less persistent mixture for capacitor application and the in stallation of an incinerator to destroy scrap polychlori nated biphenyls has exceeded $2,000,000.00. The cost of controlling effluent losses at.the capacitor and transformer plants using p olychlorinated biphenyls is not ava ilabl/. One of the k e y considerations in arriving at the decision to continue to supply polychlorinated biphenyls as d i e l e c t r i c flu i d s in c a p a c i t o r s and t r a n s f o r m e r s w a s the fact that in these applications the fluids are hermetically sealed in metal containers permitting a high degree of control of escape into the environment. Another major consideration was the important role these capacitors and transformers have in the e f ficien t generation, transmission and d i s t r i b u tion of power w i t h reduced risk of fire and explosion and in compliance with specific laws, codes and insurance restric tions mandating fire resistant liquid content. WC0000783a 770470 - 8- Implementation Implementation of the restricted sales policy did create some localized hardships for the users of polychlori nated biphenyls. The costs involved in developing alterna tive materials or in sacrificing performance in their appli cations would be impossible to quantify. There hav e b e e n reports of fires in h e a t tra n s f e r systems which were converted to alternative flammable fluids. The n u m b e r of fires and e x t e n t of d a m a g e is unk n o w n . Tie risk of fires still exists and is exemplified d r amatically by the potential hazards that are associated with installa tions such as off-shore gas and oil producing platforms. During 1974 investigators with the EPA laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota, reported that the concentrations of polychlorinated b i p h enyls in the Milwaukee River are d e c r e a s ing. ' Also in 1974 studies by Woods Hole Institute of O c e a n ography personnel indicate that the amount of polychlorinated b i p h e n y l s in the A t l a n t i c O c e a n is decrea s i n g . .Observations. Comments. Recommendations Tho lack of reliable data relating to the fate and effect of the many isomers of chlorinated biphenyl in the environment continually frustrated tha decision making process. it--'Tw/i'.pr-..'.*;*';" NPC00007832 ` *C';X v*.-r. v '*<1^ 770471 Unproven claims of totol nondegradability, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity and extremely high toxicity created emotional unwarranted concerns. The availability of more information could perhaps h a v e h e l p e d d e f i n e w h i c h c o m m e r c i a l m i x t u r e s ar.d w h i c h a p p l i cations were undesirable. Lacking this data, the termina tion of sales was made on a broad rather nondiscriminatory basis. For example, it can be seriously challenged whether the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in immersion optical microscopy results in environmental problems. Also, the use of these materials in selected heat transfer systems, properly maintained and operated, could in all p r o b a b i l i t y be justified based on the highly desirable fire resistant property of the fluids. NPC00007833 v;7- 'vV:loess **r,- .*fT\ % K'Mm&ss* k : 770472 . .'-***>*- ..i V". "MkCU*^1*'.- IMMW m mm uruitMi. m *tm i ^ me W'lV fiw R (Irsi attention. and atbni na npywirtuoilt' pronit. iaciuJlac axtrpellann. Alling, i-rny Alma, ami treatment of VlnreotV andan ami giiHfivilip -> umi n m n ia t Niunni n Maria* ton. me n OH-ricaa rutile llrallb AanorlalUn, lhe U. H. Publie lleallh Service, a * atWra. Il b* W f *id Ihnl Ibr Chnmlarr nf Commerr- ha* * (A f l p a p a k o n i i l > f aafiiM pkfjrinm Aa n at rm r m/u.tiw,w.ppmn,aaiAAil le prro- a l b IAtir Imiami rimi npM prr. tr**ki by (mali lV la Aa yrt nu lata ha<i bren Kllkcm l na Ib o^viag a( laa Unie, bat tbia > aa brina obtalarrt. Ttve Important thing about the whole art-up la the ability ta oaaparat llk community irnlw U ami la prwvhlr fnrliitma far nmrker* an an -me!* ary bajua TW Taanana plan waa rrferrrd la. brrr dtntlata ari aahic an ilay a orirk far arhera, ani alao uaa evening kaum far lay ni terra Imiuntrial phyvkiann ran parti<i|ute In gl advantage in Ibia pmental, alona Ib llar employer, Dir nupUiyrr, and "dmliala. F,ramptea af rlinirnl dentai prtddrn vert ihmerlbed and caianu nteil i|un ami. Anally, a prc-paymral plan fat niapii jab U do la nlxRilm x 11 puldn . I brlp lhe publie b ran mare braltb-ronariuu*, aail lu pmvldo Infnrin*. liaa far poblir rrlcitpa la tiw pirw, railla. pHntal bulle, lin*, aail othrr fariap The P t* l |iKim - uf Iki pmeraoi n arUmi bp a nmlt of informai* rrlraed. Ilrallh rnntaiiller* bave bet fortvcil in rily rhambrn* of rmuna-rce ami raamptr of ttve publie beuIIh artivilirv nf Ibrp WTfc raumarlnvt. ItanklrU and IniHrlia* bnvr U n i pmparwl for ilieti il*. (Un oa varia lu-ollli problciu*. It in prapuoed tbut an annwal apprabutl af nommaoity braitk pretrrama W made by taie braltk departmmu, wltk Ibo adviro f lhe U. a PulHie lleallh Servie. Chlorinated Com pounds --Precaufioni in Handling - D A. A. C. H a n o i. Diruclnr of Ultimi Cnrliitle 4. Cariant (Jtiiu|>:iiiy'.4 Tnxk-oleirtil I jtUtrulory, atilmiiLi (hr following precaiiliunn fur K.tnailiitff crrlam chlnm-naphlhith-iH-, chloro-di|dit-nyl, anti rrbilw l rhlm i- nf Ih r arnia, nml aoinrlimra nroiiml thr waialliiic, r.ilhrr lh;n aimpl)- on Ih r face and bock, which are Ihe more uauni loeutioiip for cnmntnn ic m . Uauaily Ilia arnr from Itila lodnalrial exponurt* ia aecnm|iauioil l*y a larirer imuooTion nf corntxlonra (IdnckhrmU) than in Ihe raan wilh (nmmnii nrne; almi, itekinp may la- a uritmim-nl ayui|ilum. P caaoMAL m yciknk: (o| All uaneerrary prohmewl can Moulh I taci with the amtrriab abnakl I aroirlrd. Tbia aa ta amllumdh vapor* fr*a the beatevi matartat. and npaoum ta Ibe aalhi. fk) Thar* aboald be a campirle rhaag- (ram atmet itatkaa ta mrbinc ehrlhre befurr gain La wnrk. Work dotbaa aboald be aupplled Orlaillap auch Item aa (archril and laaadorrd raverUa af light ealnr ami eiapc weave; aacka; eapa; and uadrrwcor (|eferably aalan aulla wltk km aloave awl ka). Clorru awl aprnna aboald aim be mal, pi) ht gowi ex^agaiM grral-r ni ure uf Ih Ike adu aapptiad where indicaled. fUrrrrv aboutI be buitanni at pernlurr tha wrlat. Caver-alb aboabl br kutlonnl at the arch. Krrsh xbaualb ark clothing ahmdd U- ap|iUrd fur regular operator* dueed eli hrite o week ar aftnicr. daily In hot rather. It aboald prvvklrd not bo taken home for laundering. I'mviataa twakl lamade by the i-oi|diyr for tbia. If ripnoura U oormaHMutl or InUrmiUrnt, a ililfrrrnl prbtvluh- michl br arrairted. (c) Separate ba-kcra aboiihl b*- provided far atreel eiaUva and ark rkithrx, hkh pbrnihl m-vrr br krpl in ctom coataet ia (be aame bicker. (d) It la am-nlial Hint (arr an.l hnnd* I >pImv|b*-fare by a \vi wilh ib-l. h-nl rrg ' Ulwb-ratiP citai * ab f lo-al eatiag, and that a ahowr-r b* taken on (ailliin: work. It I" and cali raeammcadrl Ikal tkr daily phowi-r abnuM br pu|m^ M ^ | I- fi la make certain thal aahing la (lutmughly i-arrA) out lrni|h-ri iKiIrd comimunti*. Thcne f it drei-lu|d, untlrr hla f in rxceptlnnalejuwm livrr lanmer raay arcur through badar mourning atmet ekdbca nnd (raving tbr w ori plan-. rkitfig|fp dircelidll, by Ih r ll.ibuvmx I'rmlucU Divinioit, (TO Knnl Inhalallop f Uia fuuw-a. Thla m a ram fnnw nf tmiamn- () A aultaldr akin rimaner atondd br prwvbhvl. sSin* rlimite dZuit HI.. New York), and are pn-ncntml litre noi only for Ih rlr vaiar la avoiding harmful rffreta from I brae rHhiriiuili-d iilalt-rinl* lati almi mi la-vmiiit tf Ih r a|t|dir:iliililjr. of Uim r pcre-aulimi* In ofn-nUioiui where mlmpMa m nirrinla "re cm|4u)-i-<l. Thr |irmtire- a f the m nnafarlurrr in dm lrihulior Ib i" informaliia la nil of ila rualiMia-ra, aia! lo healIII nrrnrit-n g-m-mll>-, in la* la- ratiiw mhvl inr, in ranlrxat to tW a|*|ieiiram.- of nene, ami aoenw to have no m inilo tn Ih r rx lrn l nr duration of Ibr k m *, whlrb may haw arrurm l, Ih iI la b-proilml iai olhrr fnctora. II iba-a not rraull from enaniil exparure, Imi ia n cumulati" H fccl.^rKx|*rrirnce haa ahawa Inal, rin flte Iheir tnxir prop- rriira, I hear chiurlimi i-d mntrrlala mar lie anf4)r uurd If [rom-r remimi nw-aaoi-m am ideu-rwd. Ifmk r puoil tafevali ar l*ai|ra <vLa(aing adnrml abraaavra iibnug avoided. Ibaik-rni aoap malaiaia; a rara awal at>r i l>la probably Ibr anal aotlublr- a|<, Imi Uu-iv- am * itamla-r af raeenlly di-rrbeavl rli-aanrra luuavl oa valfoaalivl vrgv- tabu ail, birh ainy prave In ha- Very aaUa(ai-Wry. (f) PraiertUc rmuam uifrr aa addHaaai pndrrtta ber appHrd La Ike fare ami han.la. a In other C1 |||I rt aUn ria rra . Th'a- vIpmU br applbvt brfare ark ami renewed al Irani w r or ofu-nrr. If ai reaaary. Ibrougb llr- rrurlbu i-xli-ni* H.tij ninfa m n Kx|n. p n v Ila)* di ii.- a lln i * nfirraiinR comi11ima* Ihr n|imniniv- nT acnr abauid be Cantari nf Mwlnl knadn wllk Ibr fore ahoakl br luto a| M Aim oNb for Handling Chlui'o-Nnphlhnhiii-. rtvlierrd In n iplniemini, and c llf brnoyhl um lrr -on- avoided. M in i wHr or raep* Wubl ant br umd aa lhr*fam. aiabb Chbirn Dipheii)I, mat Ki-ialivl Chhrlnal*-d (im i- Iroi. W ilh lla-nr |m-aliiHia. raca ahoevinx livrr bini (gl Kni|dyre nbooM he raalinarii aa b* tbr Hfrrla am |*i> O th. pnuiata: Tla-m* rnniptaiioln ronnlilnu- a group of ynlhelit- tuei** iiim It I*)- Ila* M oriaalion nf a rtail tar d* rivalivi*. Thu comprano!* o vn i ciminnady h.-iiuAol in iiulttdry nrr Una- tm ilainiiiir i lilm iiu'iIivI nniihliialri-", chlorinated tliphritrl*, ami t-hl*rHu(rl tli|ib-*)l axiihi. Them; pip- trriatb har erri ain chararli-rial.If loxir .prnjw riU , T h rir laxir n r liim in rv iib im l mwirtaeilv i i lor ilrnHopna-nl of a form of arar, which to*aally *hn-* Pot n|i|irar niil a flrr nin e wrekn or namlKii nf mcr pmlcddy would m-vrr *axur. Prevaniiva Mrearo |*x*IIANICAU: W hrrrvrr Uu-mt laaU-Habi are Wmlbvl, M * rond bemefcre|iia* ramlllimip rant hr Ptaintalned. There bmibl W M carri-a arattrrlag of pmtrrial. Ail npdpmral and work pbiera akauld hr Ihmatiplily rtranrd. prrfrrnbly r r n y day. Tbnoe r a t a f i a Ihia work planili lato- Ihr rana* |rana I prorani im* an are nKliiie<l far nprrntara. Kipiipnami pbnuM hr nf an rednad type, and futura and Vnpnr* moanred by rxhaaat vrediUlion. 1)ia la al eraIvr Bar of alndml, t lp a *rr b* rhlaeinalrd hydro carba olvrnl. or nmliaurd npraarr vhib- cmirr awvll Cattaa land via thr ana nf U henry no-tnla. aa>-b aa ample ar blnmuLh. TW-y kambl ab rrparl at m rr aay evidence af ilrrtaallli", ar dlgmtivr ar Uve ilMarbanrr. Light, Temperature, Humidity --M e rli in Ih* Wariimp Imironmanl - ANNA M. BAfTJCR. Sc D * lumi- pulmlio thal l ' n-*il n ir. i Un* im n li lin i- < Inni. |< Ibi- pi- -vi Tco m ali mump ex|a*Mirr lit Ihm r tenderinU. Thin ex|Mwurv may la- m lhrr lo funirn from lb- Iw l maU-rinl nr from ronlinot-d m ollai wilh (br radili nuib-rinl. II rnn mir follmr reia-aliil or -nnliiiWtaMi roalarl, nod will not ib Hop lae.iuai if hurt ami iiifn sp iro l r|aamrrn. Il rbra-ly ivnemlib-* nniiam i w ar. hul dilTrrn ill Ihlil It Ip upii.i II) eiw-omili-rvd on Ilo- fare -iiH-h|iliut* fitrrla ml ami lroi|lri* --- ib-ck, rhmt, aalrrior nur fare* af lin- thigh*. *ai|rr purf.vrea mcinily iaipartaat brrr tbr malrrlala arr baadlrtl In a M romliliaa. When- Ihr -<-alkl roll pnowan in nani, la birb Ihr rfcUrlnatrd wnarn arr dbtaairrd la a a lm i, full prreautiam abowM be lakrn ta raniroi the vapor icivrit off by the imlvmt itarlf at ruma lrav(ralurr, aitd by Ihr raraijnd an H I erhra Ibv imin -ni arr ilrivr nf later by brailn*f. Our in c lia rriw dnwrtiurat ia rewd.r al any llmr bi advine m cinliier |im|r riv ira ft m illal Ine rtiulpiurnl for pnammd nr im llillid||rir'^i Tb- tVii w * .tf ,-v Auoetole in fbydo/oyicai Hfgi*nc. School of Hygran* and fuWie Haallh. lohnt Hophint Urmvarny ilg gym TM of Ti.-n|Hrnlure, llumi<K(>, A ir Mmvr- im*ot and Itoliont III at. A . A r u f r K f r r t r / llii/h a m i l.om T '-mtp r * l m it a ; Them* tnfilm will In- diacopwvl from thr vi<-a|ndnl nf lh- orwlr i-ITirla oil l*--ill> jo grip ral. on nlollly |dij li ri. * phy *ia it ili h o IV ululo IWLL ' Senuery, Xfil V a. Il, Na. 1 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE bI Hag dental prsUsKe I l u i pntsfbffitr. teU~y heUlladees can be chvrkte by sparisi equipment, to work and lhair rslatlou eck ario awka available v k n required. tug*rated mathods of obi. aftiUm, speaking M r ogn a t i ik* O i n t e lu i gf America." rts of (hit program wers ni puMirattwii <( tte t tk MUI, t e rf C iam m ef tte u , Horn Ion] coepsro ntl wbMw i. but ratter tnl infennstts*. od] (t e m from U ff announced.. Cooperativa Ik oArim) ififuU*. suck dM, iVi Amrtese Fakte . iMle Hesttk Sorrira, ate ter a i CosuMtca tes s ptbllc, te telp tte putte and te provide Intone*rtn. radia, printed teilte [tnt) Is sette* s> * rodt J rjTumiei Can suet W aste la the selection of werken. t l Xwaff paepte an awn pm * U develop sens. It cali,* fee desirable to ectptey such Individuals on tkla n i t sale their akin is clear, dry, and Ins fron treu* n waxy mntten Tbs** skiwiny su ihr Birin ilk s literary te Ike formation ef UsrUuads or seno riwuM ant be aployad. Those baring history of aUn dlitase, Jinr dtaarden, er stesbslUm iksald not be mpteyed. Those nasally sapeste te chlorinated vaiatilo solvents, or itesi aider treatment requiring the uss of tbo* heavy Hill. ta In syphilis, should not be employed. After em* p l i y i. then skooli te dote lupanritkn of the worker te drier! any evidence ef ornala ite earliest Hayes, or any evidwea ef dlyaUve dieerden, jeundin, or otter irmp* tune tin y liver Involvement. E m p ttg tn ikowiay a l eywpteaw ekewM apply at enee /er (r*(Mrut Iy a ftefldte phyridan wh* it avare a/ Ike pesili tfrri prisral ta Urir ite m rial rxpoear. Promtal im a m : jS % AH onnerosary prolonged na teci with these matRUli should te avoided. Thii ss to veten from the heated material, and exposure to ike solid. (ED These ikoald be a compiiti changa from street rieiSe te wovklay delbes beton yainy u werk. Werk and of provantlo* their bar factors a n ef importanrr c u m they central the an. lost by the body. If ouffici* pulse rate, blood volume, = lion and, at high temper, erease. Bccauae of the cu* slollc blood pressure may fi. When excessive nraating be lost from the body in a fall In the concentration hydration of tba blood, a : marked strain oa the cm regulating mechanism any body, which, If extreme, stroke or exhaustion. Hcai br spasmodic cramps of may be cured by eodlum mouth or intravenously. T) sodium eWorld* and water : sweat, and may te prevents, by mouth, at Intervals du>, r 1 j k coonlttHs ter* ten tMws should te supplied lacladla* auch Items as starched exhaustion presents the n m nd m |la d th ft wrw siUBmariate m preparad for dlilrite J appnlul ai nmnattp tate knitk dopnrtmontfc kUe Hnltk terries. a around tte wotetlias, end laundered rant-alls ef Ufbt coler end dose weave) sedu; capa) aad underwear (prfereMy unie suite with ten* tisons and teyt). Gloves and aprona ihmild site be supplied here Indicated. Siene* should be buttoned et Ite wrist. Cever*aDi should be buttoned te the neck. Froh wsrk tWtkln* should be supplied ter reyulsr operatori M a a wash or eftcacr, daily la hai weathsr. It aksuld at te tsksa kero far Invaderla*. Pmiiloa sbeold be ode by Ike apleyer for tkla. If esposan Is crasions) JstenntUcat, a diffrant schedalo mifbt te warranted. greater or less degree. It it ure of the cardiovascular tba adjustments necessary peratures. It la reported li. exhaustion in lndhsirial \r<durad since salt or aslt srprovidsd. Hast stroke forvi. by very high body ten.-, with delirium and convuUi m i u d hade, which i n fi M i aena. U uiU f tte >oaura is tttompulid te docas (blackheads) tte* i f also, itching m ar te a . amai* zaax occur through i is a ran form off polso*ir iu i of sen and sets* utsnt or duration of tte f ley Sapante* lecken sheild te provided far itnet lid ia aad wrh rietbaa. whWh theald w m te kept la tlteLasaaaatUodct la the name letter. ^ 3 ) It te.rasrotlsi that face and bonds te washed befan Sag, aad that a A m t be taken an quitting work. It Is * that the dsy shswer should te supervisad la mate sortstn that washing to thoroughly carried eat kefsre mania* tenet rietbet and leaving the work place. (a) A aaitoUe skia eleewirr sheuld be prorlded. Strosy linkte er esepe eantalniny miteni ekraiivea.steuld be anidad. Fewdarad eosp contatnlng a ram meal sbrastva hrat-regulattni nwchanism understood. It should be u cases show symptoms comn.of heat disease. This Is *iand exhaustion. The chief affects of expc> temperamroa among Isdu- changes In the skin and n . extremities leading to acut> reactions, frot*bite, chiibl. read, bat U dopsndent oo wU from casual exposure t, despite ttelr toxic P"?P" (crisis mar te safely " * an observed. Uniter foad [oranra of aCM Should be easily bnoirht under cmi, cases showing liver da exur. k ynbaUy the moat suitabls ssnp, but than e n s number at narady developed cismasen bawd oe sulfenstsd vege table eO, which may prave te te very satisfactory. -(f) Frotocttrs creams effer an additional protection wtea applted to the fu e am) bands, or to other exposad ikla u r fs n t Theta eteuld be applied before work and iniuid at ledit obra or efteaer, tf aeeesury. tkroogk the dtp. Osataci af tolled hands vrltk tte iste should te snad.M)*d waste er rays sbeold net be used os tbs fan. Del Eatpleyen steold te esutkmed ss to the effects d ii i-- irs use of slratel, zposurs to chlorinated hydro csiksa sabrent*, or continued espesura white under msditatfam lavalvlay the uw ef tte heavy metals, such ss extensive, lu d to necrosis si. P- E f r r i t * / Topova/*><. n tita n cr tc D U m tr : . Exposure to high tomparr predisposes Industrial iw l diseases such as pneumonlaffect the incidence of tuboi item appears to te higher i. sudden changes in tsmp*ralu-< ire present. Exposure to hi.; increase the rate of absori>: substenres. There It at pres ten materials are handled, misas n u i be maltitilcu. , anttotfny ef matirUL AQ iboaU be thoroughly d*te, *ns*l>d ln ibis wrk boal cautions as are oatltnte fa i be ef aa ondeaed ijp*. ate y xkaoat vtntdaiteik TWi k be matiriiU ara hindlsd la a sited Id procen i tiste, i sre diuokred In a rolvtnt, fall n lo corral tte vapor lleca rua lemponiun, ate by tte i aehsate an driven aff Uler wnt te ready at any time te iign for vwotiUtieg oquJpmw* (Ktiwv Tbo Iteifftcy ef as* sneafe or Unoatk. Tter tteald alie report at one* aay fidiaco of dermatitis, er digestive or llrsr dturhsnrs. Light, Tftmparcrtur*, Humidify ~Cffeds la Hm WorklAf fnetronman)-- ANNA M. BAETJER. ScJ>. Assso'ofe b>f^nshgito) Hygiene, School ol.Hygtene and fubCc Health, Johns Hopkins UhiwsiFy THS EFFECTS of Temperature, Kumidlu', Air Move* ment end Radiant Heat. A , Acele E f r c t t o f H ig h ! Low Trinpcraliirrs: IWse topira wiU be discussed from the viewpoint tf Ike acute affecta ou health in general, on ability that either high or low huresistance to disease. C. S t l e t i e n o f T tM p trw f . ' Tte acuta effects of UgL Increased when a man in dlince exercise llielf rauara a: lion, pulse rata, respiration the same time, workmen .: physical work at high trn. rise in air temperature ,! > physical work, and at Tr> ability to work Is greatly cui lures sufficient to cause nt> ability to work. It is report Tte M WDa. lirml'l tadaii lia m 't F w f ir la ,I . ( W i t la la* . III I 1 I'' &il* t-t f & fV- s; " X r t i f + 0- P m g t BtO INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Axgnel. iW (Dinr thli trpe of material In (he San Diego Division Time does not permit discussion of the histology of the Consolidated Volte* Aircraft Corporation there of there dermatological changes produced by this sub hat not occurred a sing] case of urlooi Intoxication stance. . from exposure to any toxic material throofbout thta In gensrsl, It esn be said with a fair measure af larsc plant certainty that these changes are brought about in the akin, primarily fay the contact of the skin with the pChlorlnafad Naphfhaltrtet and Diphenyls vapors of these compounds, or by actual contact with them in the form of solid or partkulate matter. We LEONARD GIEENftURG, M.D, Eaecvtfra Director, O rrisron a f h d u t f r M H jr g h iw. NewYork Slate Deport*#*! of labor T HE chlorinated naphthalenes comprise a troop of. chemical substances made hr the addition ef varieua amoonta of chlorine to a naphthalene base. The amount of chlorine may vary from three to six or pes* aibly more atoms providing compounds from trlehternaphthalene to hexichlomapMhaleitf. Is the m e manner, the varying amounta of chlorine are added to a diphenyl base providing a group of compounds of varying ehlerint content As a rule, the final anbetancea, as used la Industry, are mixtures of differing chlorinated naphthalenes. Earlier, these were, as e rule, possessed ef a lower ban found, for example, that workers axgosed ta fumes have more acne than there exposed to dost alone, and we have dso .found that workers exposed to the solid materia) or Its partkulate form hare de veloped dermatitis. In this connection, the report of Fulton and Matthews is very Interesting. They picture and describe a case of an Infant, 2i yean of age. who developed the dermatitis as a result of contact 1th the soiled working clothes, ef its fathsr whs was in the habit of playing with the child prior to changing his clothing. Mora meentiy, Schwarts* has described eater of dermatitis among cable strippers employed at ship building establishments and working with cablet which had been Impregnated with these compounds. degree of chlorination and later on the compounds were SyslemkEffett^ Iusually of a higher degree of chlorination with varying amounta of chlorinated diphenyls added thereto. N THE United States, eystemk effects In (hr form at acute veilon- atrophy of the liver were reported by These substances are not new. Perehlornephthalen Filnn end Jervlk1 in 1D35 amour mm working with I .acbucwmatvvroninaauaataimTIX125Fdb4ldlteninuute....l.hopceruealsutireooacbhfTssIRFuQantIwleecnthtehcnnlsydethhhudhaetoUdedsplueeirmuioirHIasutcrrsrOnbseroirhbsoetesanitieteHaigrrpynGrsrsrnntihmaeuitddetaheaa.cartolslearnpeleeMattbllimayisdyodpostletUrpiettmronasoIlanpronneynmnswoUaancoxlny,tdtehpatitaoudhtymsuehnldttnfeeft.nmcehtuexarudwhtgrmleftiisrelaa,ecvs.isiorvanllearcaoswwyeeaktlgtrdBnluloisseyfyuaneretuoi:.ainreshecgmdnbled.daekagsoauatntITclyhhafnslatadihernyea.bstbaelcttdlheayrdeoelcwenit,psefethpyeharfUeonlcptireyosccse.nanoe.nsrmciysetuetogteasberatdsrcis,tniooahenSumbrittppymgttpaehrshvauttereeahncpossdslhye*ef,,lele"etadhvWafoTtocemvpm-eainelhtmaeefineptrraorcar1dnviraHeeoeyoointereasft!xeunnmrtslistfbfnelphecdhrrgoiemadaePnsoooaseeynum.pauIs'sfgJ.corbowunehrLmeIoafceyIfsarainnthunnomtgehrIeoneanidemw#nclfarwnannrtiplhtakjebpinaa-itwreaieBtrmfesoauvndriiewteeaooueteeitrtatdhtosronnse*xnsaloTtnfplfTrnpdptaeoiteaoisoofeonsncpclxryrrwt.srfaigajg'ptnoettms*oareaefcebemsdtTeoeraagiprhUnstnpehreitertherermtwteoeadroetdhattrsohambplhoeyIgeieitwiablnotnovpiehnolalsdypronytaeUeeeniattrrotngncehgFoteotmieerneaditnuifatfxoi.hidessohaldtnpneurTmpawwtwrsedcoe.mepouerhsarafniirlpenicilprtsaalIuniebPvhhroeeansnrtncgaowieQhleedetactxst1sohleewehrlbtfi9eisJDrdmeil*evlaaynXnnea-sfeotccacdadtm.r7amruhftttrrsiw.nIdnen-ttlu!.ihdroDhedl*fhkcgrdy.rrolfoaertgi.ssitrcyaiwlnjttaUnhahtewremtoeahhdtkltwitttiltrUrirttHweteowsecIxeeKeaewrwhadstsrere)*-,v Mofhod af Ua* In Industry organ displayed areas of hnllng and new tress ri HE chlorinated naphthalene* and diphenyls T In Industry by two methods: 1. A cold method in which the material In a solvent usually mixture of petroleum and toluene, and 2. A hot method wherein the material Splastic by heat. arc used pstholorr. In the second rase, a men 24 y n of age dmkped nIsapdhisthsoalvedjrna7upwnhdirti^ceesleawnfeittieh.r five months cl exposure In the cwGag containing the higher chferinstsd He was away from work for a penal Is renderedrdalttaimienteennsde,fnwuitrh-meeonnethrsallamtearftltshee iaundkt became and lass of app*. te. After two months more of work he was sent to the Texk Effects hospital, when he rather rapidly nasssd away. The IK the United State, the first three cases *f u m * produced by chlorinated naphthalenes were reported hr Selsberger' and his co-worker* in 193-1. Fulton and Matthew,5 of the Pennsylvania Department of Labor, reported 101 casts of dermatitis In a wire IraulaUng plant In 1Wd. j>In 193G. Dr. Louis Schwartz,* of the United States Futdle Health Serrkc, described ceres of acne pro duced by ehlordlphenyli, and in the same year, Jones and Aldtn* reported similar findings. autopsy [n this case showed extensive areas of ncciotli and fibrosis of the liver with reisneraitan- ln a third case, published by. Drs. Mareif and Smith.** nf the staff of the Sew York Stale Denari. menr of Labor, as I t rear old tiri became ID alter fir* months of exposure in the soldering cf eketriaj condenser^ The waxes in this case wee# eompoee* principally of trichlornariHhaltne. She w u boepUalized and iWoverad after a long and slow period ef convalescence. In 1930, Mayere and SIHerben: described seneform skin eruptions in workers miking electrical con densers.* Recent Industrie! Experience ru-MSC the past year the Division of Industrial Hr giene of the New York Stair Department of la- h u t Tat4e JU cetetha h. iW kW ! T u tr * W has condoned an Investigation In two rahk plaats K m m i u Om i m c h i t r Om m x c r u b n i t a n H tax.M ii-. I k " ter, Hew TeL X ir . UU using chlorinated naphthalenes and dlphenyb. la fhk NPC00007836 770475 al, 1M l \$U *O t7 'ill sob> tun of i In the . Itti the ct with r. Wi need bo 1 4act exp need ..i doport f picture r*. who vtth the : In the finekin form of rted b7 if 1th I w o n Jrinkxr, ku(H Uatton, rinateti d to M> a dear yellow ? letter reme of il Hyof Lo* piasti In this TOU IS, No. 8 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE ftfl Mi toeestigatlea, large number of c im i of d erm atitii (a) Protective skin ream# or protective clothing * * i found, and M viral daathi due to lieor damage should be provided by the management a t tha discre among worker* in the Induatry. The examination of workers In the two factories toowed relatively few c a n t of enlarfed Hear--Ave in tion of the foreman, none, medical, or plant super intendent. ( f) All departm ents handling chlorinated synthetic aB, os palpatloo. waxes should be thoroughly cleaned according to a Companion in these two plant* chowed a very much prearranged achadule. This should include the removal hifhtr Incidence of neneform derm atitis in one of the of aU deposits of waxy m alarial from tha maehinea, jfcntf as compered with thr ether; cam elr 21% as boors aod surrounding objects. Worker* doing the a-- pared w ith 10%, the form er being In the cold cleaning should be provided with protective d o tb io f process m tabliahm eit and tha latter being in the es and supplied a ir or organic vapor marks where exhaust tablishment employing the hot process only. The der ventilation Is inadequate or not possible. matitis appeared to take place on the a v e n g e In about *" > 8 The foremen of all departm ents where th is me- 1 f>i months hi tha hot p ro e m plant as compared with I t months in tha cold process p U a t Cansbnlana AS A RESULT of e a r general re-study of th is whole problem and our experience In two recent out them in safe practice. * 4. Pre-emplflymant and pct ^ p ly ik rie x a g ln a - - ^ breaks, as well as aerarti Isolated experiences we tojjrsw aererai beale conciaiiosa ; C h lo rin a te d naphthalenes and diphenyls des are ire _ t!"" should be made of_alL > P j w orkers. These should include the tailkiinng of a fuD clinical history. tr1hTNIwafunildtlhydseepxreamcmiaaitlniteeimds.ppheIanrisoiasddiocdnaitlilgoyania,trnotdh-tetbhPaekaaimntionsraahiordueillsditaubbrbloeacnlaievre*-r function tests performed. Gastro-Intestina! complaints developing In a worker at any time should be a signal for an immediata medical eheck-up. A history of liver disease, jaundice, or antiayphiJitk treatm ent should and engineering control. ' I. T ask exposures may be more readily controlled here the cold or solvent method of im pregnating cable b employed than where the hot procose la used I. Of the known cases of llvar disease in our ex peri rne*. the available history and experience generally pelata to exposuie to vapors or fumea from tha hot precisar 1There la no clear evidence In oar experience, dtbougb It Is passible that skis absorption may pro- toe* systemic poisoning. PhysiotogksDy we aca no nassa why this to not passi M e^ H owe ver, most dor- automatically exclude a worker front jobs Involving a possible toxk exposure. Pregnant women should net be rrapleyed where there to a possible exposure to the ey n tb elitrke chn lrorriinnaatiet ud ww axes. * ^ 5 . EEnnrgiinneering control of plant operations cannot rremphaalied nut U tttilk recommendations are not`apmpliikcabtlae to ael)l casseess. It w m M be wise foa r a ppUlannt using tbia class t i materiato to ehtek th eir contrai measure* with tha tate Industrial n ygunr agency, iW Insurant c a rrie r and aoise competent consultant be fore occupational disease occurs. atitto cases do at develop liver damage. Bibliography Finally, I ahettf- Ilka to call attention to a group of Q t c u i n s i M. .. S n M H A. I . 4 k m . t . L i A a v e le f recencxcodattoad rii k h were agreed upon by all of the m kM. Xr $4*4t J . V*e~ liifCt. KOI. r eaps involved the last outbreaks of poisoning as W. S.. 4 U i n i o s , 1. L i A n M i i r r m i r W iW A n a iM k M urf n H m k a iw u ef m u m M k u r t lim u M t i karat of utmost Im periane! in control of th is hazard. k w i * i l U m S k m r l N e v etltB a ie k y L a t U t a t . Sa-r. * * X x II trH -- I i cammandnllana *. i n a i v i . L .i t i n a i iKli tram n v M h n ata aaU v xaai. A m . J . AaUV M .aM . rSiX` 1. M t . Uuixas there to a very good reason for using the hot method of Im pregnation all new installations i . l i m i . J. W.. aa t Al m a . N . S i A n San a t fa u te r e e e h . A w 4. O v r a f S ar S-Ail.. tl1 1 l i t i U M i n a M. S . e e l t i m a i a . X. C i A l a raaSU>i ra-akta* boaId use the cold or solvent method of im pregnation ettb chlorinated naphthalenes and diphenyls. Where travi *! . V I ta t a m ia tb latiaM tS l a i r ara f lava. J . I ad. k ta t rur- n u u . M lV r u k r v m i . U 1 Aa aalWtah at betewac M M l~raW t n A * l ^Onir>tbs bet method to now being used it should be changed ever to eold, If possible, or surrounded w ith every A a i t k u . 7 .1 U . V al IJ5. | . I'. #1. 1 \ . a a l ix s r ik . X . C. 1 A ttiva tl tariti rM ettaetei aap M k alm n aa ka Star. A n Sat. Iraft t U a * . A M.4.. U i l U . toeerg protective measure. t a s i U U t r - laM M taaral Sr t l l a n Mat BarABai,a A a . J. General hygienic measures should be followed, it. I 'K ( Z l O a M t i i C. K - Wamkx. r.. aiM H t t m . C. A.: TV* m k bat to no case should th ese be allowed to supersede B a al ia M > rt-itarfa ta r li Iran tarlala tManaaraS M l w St r a H.drIW-! IttpVghwaring control of tke primary source of the ex- pseert, the operations in the plant. J y l M . H * r * T a r- M T/ ( U t a t M i ' K . L . X xtom. X a . a a l t a i r a . A. H. 1 TW i r ^ M t mUwrii>* it-a k iaa^c. IBM veati--- iveirse.,Bee cta n a ia fcl*laaie4 hsUratatBaat. The following hyglanle measures may be considered _ ^ practice where these compounds are handled. \ fUojfifBj k ik i t . M. K_ rV<r|Mp| tot h i m . M pkilnli A. L i Srattalr S a i1 laA.Hal H j f t .* ,, trae* a t v e r a t**m. IM H w , (a) Two lockers for each worker exposed to ehiorin-Y. >-- v.e* sa># Lw D m . a tail toed waxes (one for working end one for street Abalrast of D ktusalen (k) AH work dothos above the um lerwear should hi provided and laundered at least tw ke a week by thqk, a tu p n a l. (e) The workers should change to clean underw ear at tha end ef each shift before getting Into hla street rinjm (4) Supervised cleaning: t l ) At noon the workers to a ll reoterc outer clothing and arrub hand* and fare ssder supervision. 12) At the end of the sh ift they toeetd be required to take a supervised ahower before toeaging bock to street clothes. ax men e<*wTrtTCM (Boston): A fi * Issues ago aa artkto appeared tn th J^rrnml t f rfcr A wrrtrt Vtirml Airttint'fm BcaHng wttb that subjod vf tibia wlse treating. One ef tbe two autbara la bare; he night aay a word ar tur eu that snbject. D a. isvikc X TABcaastAW (Boaiao): Thote were esperinvrwW te ramati t u (rem tha akin, and, as yoa knew, K t prvctlcalty impoaslble te get eff. u. c a x x x a m mani lened scrukhing. boi that doatn'i do tt. Ai a metter ef fact, workere tbeanaetves bave attempted rveryihlng. rem wathivg iheir fare* arith ri bar and uslng tbe harsbeat abrasive n ega. - NPC00007837 770476 P*4*1 INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE Awgstst, 1IU b ******* m litere whfek affectlv.lr rt m trw the 1^TM*" tr ? *. contisti o equal p aru of botri w * U awJ rilfanaud tor ofl. A IItti* ranuMtJ fa M ttd as a oiLU skresirt sad otate arW U used to hoW K in leipM il* It ia n r jr a#*ct>r* in removing Halewax. ** "* oood it a a curativa measure, althoufh It n bo used that way. Hawrver. li a rasa of hatowax has located in M stales and employing approximator U million workers wars included ia these array*. Man than four-Aftks of the 2 establUbmanta included In tha present report erore covered in a study rfcfcb was primarily concerned with industrial nuniag bet necauaril' included some dsta pertinent to this rvpact; orteo developed and ia removed from axpotar* ntlraly, dsts from the remaining plants were secured from a * takaa thro* month or lattgar to etaar op. study dealing more specifically with Industrial medical have ! found ultra-violet to ba si toma hatp. It is net completely efftearieas io elaarittf th* condition, bo It dee* help, and, ht tnj estimation, It http* as muck as x-n j. Tba crO* of th* aitoatlon is cleanliness, and, a s m l c a n ksine straasad. It is naeassary to da it under uperrisi. Parks pa tha oaa of this mixtura might haip lo romoalitf tha halewax hafora tha warkar loaves. Db. LLonrv M. r * ax lx (Seattle) : I would lik e to ask m l tai r o n aw to answer as observation w* mad* ia lha stata ad Washington. We had O-add cosas af cabla dermatitis, and, Interestingly enoogh, these co rn wrs snsonr men stripping cables in tha shipyards. W* saw nat a singla lamia of para aes* aa tha hands, and pit tha service*. Sines definitions regarding medical peraonnd sad facilities ware the same for both studies It *a poasible for present purposes to combine the schedules for these items. It should be kept cieariy in mind that all establish ments covered by the two surveys ere chosen be cause they had aotne organised medical strricae riready In existence in 1R42. Obviously the majority at them had at least a full-time industrial nurse. At th* time they were surveyed a large proportion of theet establishments wore engaged in or were in process af changing over to essential war nethitios. Approxi mately a third wore located in the Now Eugtand end hands wara tha mast axpasad part af tha body. the Middle Atlantic statu, a half wore in the Midi* Wa f*H vary deflnttrly that tha washing of tha hands West, and the remainder wore in the Paetfle Coast wWi plain saap and rater woe tha reeoon wa saw as states and in the South. laeiafN an tha hand, borsose th* mast robbed their ears and their faros, aad tha other p a ru of tha body war exposed to th* wax that adhered to and wont through tha clothing. We saw lesions everywhere except on the hands. I would ba Interested in getting year reaction. Doctor, aa to why that sitaatian existed. Da. TAB U S MXw: Of coarse. It occurs chiefly where tha sebaceous glanda are present--ears, cravlces alane lha yea and faca. As Ml. cxzxxaotc pointed out, it develop* Within the limitations stated above these data should represent reasonably roll conditions ertoaky existing during the drat yaar of the war. Tha topics chosen for discussion are ef such nature that xjuinths- tive measure* are readily available. No attempt has been made to evaluate the quality or the affkioacy 4 the medical services belbg rendered in these pleats. This paper aims merely to describe certain facta per taining to the medical personnel, medical sereins, along any abrasion or aebacoous gland. I can't explain K dispensary facilities, workmen's compensation and rick except they most hav* cleaned their hands very thereofhty. benefit plans, and the type of food service found ia D a. c u x x a v K : 1 think you can wash tkts materia] off your hands. It ia difficult to gat any rasoKa anca you I bailara these cabla sUippart did wash their hand* thoroughly befar* they developed pora establishments according to certain size and industry group. Comparisons by industry' hare greater sigalficanee when they are limited to establishment* withta the same brood fixe group. nena, and they prrreatad It from developing in the hair lanicias la the lauda, when It often occurs, la th* tabaco- Medkol Personnel Tetsa glands theta. I think that Is why you find p e n ment on th e body When K has penetrated through tha clothing, HE medical service personnel of an establishaeat is considered to include all of those Individual* around th* a a c L th l eomettmao a tha foca After it has emploved or retained by th# company official* to reader devetaped, washing doesn't do vary much good. Then you medical care to the smpioyses. Persons engaged ta s aro ap against a cat* w han the skin is )od*d down, and specified activity for a regular work day. very day yea hova u> gat rid of It by soma other mon radicai in the work week, are classed as full-time sunpisyeas procedura _______ Persons having regular hours of duty In tbs plot each week which ire less than tbs entire period an W o rtim g I n d u ir ia l M e d ic a l Sgrvic classed as part-time employees. On-call phvsteiaas serve no regular hours at th plant but are called irasa HUGH f. HINTON, PH.D., SMhlMm*. a prepared list or panel whenever an emergency ana** W. C DREESSEN, M.D., Sorgami, AH plant* which had a full-tin rtfiftered narse. bet end no full-time or part-tlms physician, were considered I* VICTORIA M. TRASKO, A.., Assido! Slolirlkion, hava a physician on coll even if they did not n ***** Refhesde, Morylond on the schedule. No distinction haa been mads betwaM TMCU it little faciual inform ation regarding the tatua of industrial medical se o ic e sine# this country entered th war. S5oommeettnhi,nng la known con- part-time physician* who are at the plant W W one hour a week and theae who spend svra) been Ptt UbUrikmenta Includad In T.bto L * renting th. medical organisations h,q on" .a on-e.11 physician. 41* had a prt-thm th ftda of th vry larg nw war P, , "l*'J"`t . . p^sklau, and l^ had e w o r t v fall-tima S*n* has bwn published concerning estabi shmen ,tn< ^ TaW# j *hfch consldrn each of thwa^m leas than ,000 ropioyet which, after all. are carrying ,epantty, It is found that IV * < ths |h d i ah.ro of war production in Ob ^ ^ ~ "* * * parsons of medical services found in plants ^ t on a practical aurue, irri^d ponding buUn different Industries ar still mo QT registered nurse for duty laths ^Th DlvUIo f Industrial >** of tha N * < { ^ w S t H S w h without 1 hr assMaacs. lastitota of Health Is fortonat. In havingP^W PJfJ ^ l8- #f ,he plants bad a full-time during 1*41 In two wrveys whicMbruw W J g J plttl ether assistance usually a the night ahlft ubsa upon th important problem of wartime ln ao,,n i tar duty, medical service*. Nearly a thousand atabtlsb g f J J 414 ,,,,bll.bumnt with a Prt-Umpta* - r - u. w , .u u . M,*^. - - " clan, 6"r had other attendant* bwt no full-tl. regia. N u t Stales SeSOs MaJk UarW. NPC00007838 Consideration of Bio and Non-Biodegradeable PCB's L.\J -U On 10-14-71 I w ro te a memo o f th e same s u b j e c t . T h is memo wi l l su p e rse d e t h a t memo. Monsanto r e f u s e s to s t a t e t h a t A ro clo r 1016 i s b io d e g ra d c a b le and r e q u e s t t h a t wo s t a t e on ly t h a t th e t e t r a - , p e n ta -, and hexachloro co n ten t has been reduced. Our b e st inform ation (confirm ed by Papageorge in October. 1971) of th e c o n te n t in A roclor 1016 and 1242, is as fo llo w s: Biphenyl Mono-Chloro Biphenyl Di-Chloro Biphenyl Tri-Chloro Biphenyl Tctrn-Chloro Biphenyl .Higher Chloro Biphenyl 1.016 0. % 1. 1 %+ 19. %+ 70.85%* 9. % 0.157 1242 ,05% 1. %+ 19. %+ 53.95% 18, % 8. % Lscussion with Tom Munson brought out the fact that on all sample a n a ly sis th a t he does he determ ines thej % o f th e various d i - , t r i - , t e t r a - , e t c . I t i s my im p re ssio n t h a t th e t r i - c h l o r o (and downjtend to ra p id ly d isap p ear from the tis s u e o f f is h . I t would, th e re fo re , appear th a t 1016 is a r e a l improvement over 1242;* however,* 1016 docs s till c o n ta in various \i amounts of s u s p e c t^ ? compound. Munson i s o f th e o p in io n t h a t th e p e o p le in th e governm ent la b o ra to ry concerned w ith PCB'sj a re w e ll aware o f th e improvement o f 1016 o v er th e o th e r PCU's. The tim e docs n o t y e t a p p e a r r i g h t to t r y / t o make a d i s t i n c t i o n between 1016 and o th e r PCB's. I f th e s u b je c t o f c o n tro l o f PCB's i s p u t in to th e hands o f a commission where i t can be d isc u sse d on a s c i e n t i f i c b a s is , th e re is a good p o s s i b i l i t y th a t 1016 could be se p a ra te d o u t from o th e r PCB's. NPC00007839T JBB> 10-28-71 [ j j A-i 770478 ( :A RID CENTER, BUILDING 601 Ro m 1856 Bloomington Works 522-4250 Dacener 22, 1971 PC8 r e c e iv e d Hr. Ed Boqulst DEC 2 1371 cc: Hr. D. Sauter, General Manager Bloomington Works nPPT Hr. R. McClain, Capacitor Ut1t Engineering Manager, BlobrrtlngWi4WNts I Attached 1s the Information that you requested with regard to the use and Importance o f PCB's In power capacitors. 1 Mr. McClain and I w ill be In the plant on Decenfeer 29. I t I s ay ind erstandlng that you plan to.be 1n your offfee on that day. I f there a re :any questions with regard to t h is la t t e r , please c a ll us on Deceaber 29. Attached a lso I s some Information you requested from Don McClain with regard to handling the PCB*s 1n the plant and estimated usage. -"4 John B. B r it t a in , Manager D istribution Apparatus Engineering JBB:kb ! Attachs. *3 J N PC00007840 .n 770479 R&D CENTER, BUILDING 601 Room TB56 Nr. Ed Boqulst Ibemlpgton Works .522-4250 D eceder 22, 1971 K3 r e c e iv e d cc Mr. D. Sauter, General Manager, Bloomington Works Mr. R. McClain, Capacitor Unit Engineering Manager, Bicornintfo Attached I s the Information that you requested with regard to the use and Importance o f PCB's In power capacitors. 1 Mr. McClain and I w il l be In the plant on Decanter 29, I t I s my under standing that you plan to be 1n your o ffic e on that day. I f there are anyquestions with regard to t h is le tt e r, please c e ll u s1on Decwfcer 29. Attached a lso Is some Inform ation you requested from Don McClain with regard to handling the PCB's In the plant and estimated usage,.' JDB:kb Attachs. John B. B r it t a in , Manager D istrib u tio n Apparatus E*ngineeringII NPC00007841 M B n on n i 770480 PCB - POWER CAPACITORS DISTRIBUTION APPARATUS DIVISION ./ * Basic DAD P o s it io n : Continued use o f PCB in capacitors with proper con trols. Purpose of Paper: : E sta b lish the need fo r capacitors with PCB. ,. Functions of Capacitors: Shunt - improve power system operating e ffic ie n c y and reduce cap ital investment. r1 Se rie s - allow tra n sfe r o f la rg e r amounts o f e le c tric a l current over long transmission lines. Benefits o f Capacitors: Shunt - reduced current flow through d is t rib u tio n and*transm ission lin e s and through transform ers, breakers and generators. 1. Improved control (regulatio n) o f voltage with v a ryin g load. 2. Economy o f system in sta lle d cost: reduced conductor size/cost. 3. Economical use o f generator capacity; reduced demand fo r leading current from generator. Se rie s - se rie s capacitors are -a special ap p lica tio n ra k in g p o ssib le the opera-' tion o f large, high voltage a.c. transm ission system Interconnections. Western e le c tr ic a l power systems: (Arizona - C a lifo rn ia - Oregon - Washington Idaho - Wyoming) Involve major metropolitan areas dependent upon operation o f e x is t in g and planned se rie s capacitor f a c i l i t i e s . Sub stitu tes fo r Power C ap acitors: Other sources o f leading current are several times more c o s t ly to purchase, in s t a ll, operate and maintain than are present day capacitors. 770481 2 1. Supply leading current requirements from the generators. T h is 1s probably the most expensive alte rn a tive ( f i r s t cost and opera t io n ) and 1s not fe a sib le except fo r systems embracing small geographical area and fo r systems that are very l i g h t l y loaded. (50 years ago, th is p ractice was f a ir l y convnon; today, 1t I s rare .) 2. Supply leading current requirements from a synchronous condenser. (Such a device can be made to supply "le a d in g "'o r "la g g in g " current 1n ste p le ss q u an titie s as desired. F ir s t cost and operation o f a synchronous condenser compares with the cost o f adding var ca p a b ility to the generator. It reduces system losses ( I 2R) somewhat by being located c lo se r to the Ind u ctive load, but does not allow placing small increments near each In d ivid u a l load - a more nearly Ideal condition better served by capacitors. 3. Synchronous motors can be made to d e liv e r lead ing current. Expense i s greater than fo r Induction motors, and the constant d rive speed I s not always suitable fo r the load. 4. Cables produce leading current. In sta lle d costs are high and leading current generated I s constant f o r a system voltage, necessitating In sta lla tio n o f switched inductive reactors. Cables are d if f ic u lt to keep cool and thermal loading near the point o f connection to an inductive load often necessitates in s t a lla t io n o f capa citors. (Changing to any of the above schemes at the removal o f capacitors from se rvice can only be accomplished over a very long time and at great expense.) NPC00007843 770482 3 Substitute for PCS: The most p ractical su b stitu te fo r PCB presently known11s mineral o il . Use o f mineral o il Impregnated k ra ft paper capacitors was pioneered by Westinghouse Irom 1924 - 1932. \ Introduction o f PCB's as Impregnant resulted In d r a s tic reduction in f ir e and explosion hazards and gre atly Increased safe ty to operating and maintenance personnel as well as the public. Size and cost were reduced conmensurately. Further advancement resulted from the Introd uctio n o f polypropylene film -paperPCB capacitors in 1967. Reverting to an o il-p a p e r d ie le c t r ic system would Increase volume required by approximately 6002 and cost by approximately 400. At the present le v e ls o f demand f o r capacitor kvac, there would be a shortage o f e le c tr ic a l grade papers and a shortage o f capacitor factory f a c i l i t i e s fu rth e r tending to Increase the cost to the u t i l i t y , and ultim ately to the consumer. Use o f o il inpregnated paper fo r capacitors has been la r g e ly abandoned through out the world* In favor o f one o r the other o f the PCB systems. The only s ig n if ic a n t manufacturer 1n the w<rld 1s Japan. Even during the recent most unfavorable balance o f trade with Japan, t h is product was never considered fo r export to the U.S. because o f i t s cost and because o f the flarnnable ra tin g o f the impregnant. PCB C o n tro l: The most complete information embracing the e n tire situ a tio n o f PCB control Is ava ila b le through Monsanto, 600 N. Lindbergh B lv d . , St. Lo u is, M isso u r i, Mr. H. B. Papageorge. Monsanto, sole U.S. su p p lie r, has already taken the follo w in g responsive actions: UPC00007844 770483 4 a. Stopped sales to "open" users (paint form ulators, p la stic iz e rs, hydraulic flu id manufacturers, etc.). b. Stopped sales fo r use in heat exchangers - p a rt ic u la r ly food processors c. Alerted a ll re cip ie n t manufacturers to excerclse care in use o f flu id s. d. Provided fo r waste flu id s In c in e ra tio n . e. Modified capacitor flu id s , e lim in a tin g the more h ig h ly chlorinated and environmentally more objectionable fra c tio n s. A ll o f these actions have g re a tly reduced any environmental hazards that might emanate from the use o f cap acitors. 1 Greatest consideration fo r any potential environmental, hazard that might a rise from PCB's must be directed to the q u a n titie s o f f lu id already released to users. Total production fig u re s are a v a ila b le from Monsanto. -- R e la tiv e ly l i t t l e may be accomplished 1n terms o f q u a n titie s In "open" usage representing a s iis t a n t la l fraction o f the to tal. -- PCB's considered to be in "clo se d " systems a t the time o f manufacture are s t i l l la rg e ly contained. These may .be subdivided: 1. Non-electrical (heat exchangers) 2. E le c tric a l: a. Transformers b. Capacitors 1) small capacitors 2) large capacitors Suggestions: E sta b lish in g a plan to control use and ultim ate disp osal o f PCB appears most de sirab le. ANSI C-107 committee on the use and disp osal o f PCB's in e le c tric a l equipment has addressed i t s e l f to t h is problem. NPC00007845 770484 With the development o f such a program* th e to ta l PCB s itu a tio n as 1t bears on the m anufacture, use and disposal o f power cap acito rs sh all have reached a point where regulated usage can rep resen t no more th re a t to th e environment than th a t for numerous o th er necessary and b en eficen t m aterials likew ise re q u irin g pre cautions 1n use, d is trib u tio n and d isp o sal. UPC00007B46 770485 i V j7 .i - 4 i . jW * .i ) ; SUPPLEMENT: WESTINGHOUSE DAD CAPACITOR ACTIVITY (PCB) 1. E x h ib its A, B and C tabulate cap acitor u n it a c t iv it y fo r several d iffe re n t years. At the present time the power capacitor codes account f o r ^ B I o f DAD volume o f business. ! 2. Control o f PCB, in plant* in two parts: jA. Employee safety. See SPDS #1-1, E x h ib it D. B. Control over lo s s o f f lu id to environment: | i See E x h ib it E, "PS #597076, D isp o sitio n o f Scrap Inerteen and Inerteen Contaminated M a te ria ls". ; See E x h ib it F, "PS #597077, D isposal o f S o lid Wastes Contaminated with Inerteen When Handled by an Authorized Scrap Dealer". Ti Appropriation #68-1419 has been granted to fu rth e r Implement environ mental control o f Inerteen (PCB), 1 3. Notice o f potential hazard to users; A. Letter, E x h ib it G* "Inerteen and Environmental Contam ination", was d istrib u te d by DAD Marketing to h o ld e rs.o f Westlnghouse capacitor catalogs In mid 1970. B. Each power capacitor u n it had a caution label a ffix e d afteiHlovenfeer 1970. (E x h ib its H, I) 1 C. `Capacitor production involved A ro clo r 1254 from 1934 to about 1951; A ro clo r 1242 from 1951 to 1971; A ro clo r 10161 is being phased In to production and w ill be in total use 1n the f i r s t quarter 1972. (E x h ib its J and K) | 4. A ro clo r (PCB) usage b u ilt from zero In 1933 to ahnaxlmum e x c e e d i n g M H V V lbs In 1968. Present usage rate approximately f l H H P lb s per year. HPC00007847 770486 WKgi'xwcTou, ^ n 'ir;il v o ijj'gk NK]ri-:;'i c n r/u JiYPi; :i iv it a i.ia vs own YKAH T'UKOHA.'iKIi .t y c t k m VOJJ'AGK - ---------- ----------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------- - -r* i ' 'IY I' :'l t* jniquoi'.n:: T.llit Go. ]nnncv. 3.3.0 i11'uiur Acini! n 1rim i', ion M 66 ?;u;u u 3 9iC1I 3 Vf.'j tt 'J'oiino:;:co V a lle y A n U e irH y A rlx n in Vuli3 le. . '.orv-co C o . Ti! C .in e l'OiJOj- Ce. A rizo n a Tub'Ile :`.orvieto C o , ac 69 PjO y t\i'j 5 !>g : 10il66 Southern Crii3 Pernia Ndiuon C o, Ida! 10 PowerilC.o . * 267 Pu3 0 H<)GG/ IIcv II II 11 II II II 1! tl II II II 3 pIIf7 11 Tl tl llo n n o v ii3 0 P11ower Adm in!e.tr a t io n ti 1i 900 i u it . ir u u ir V iic ir ic Gar; ufr K l c c t r l c C o . ti il nu m 11 u ti u ; ti P o r tla n d G eun o m i K le e t r i e C o , it il uu Pao:!f i o Power fr J .3 s lit C o . , TVnuovi 3.lo l'tif.'o r Ad1livi.i :ii.1*r*.*i*>r1^*1lin ?mn n u or n o e l, AmiOX'JMATJ-: ]Aii:. tyw.v. (lO/M;) 30.000 ?i| JC'Ofj A Ci,O'jvJ tt:>.,dOu 3fi,(ino 13377h3 '969o6( ,.,,.,C0O22u0r000O00io000o00 ?k0o3i/,Oroooo vKoocOniI,,,reC>oocooo i1133-W00.W9f90iMV','9O90I<000OOOJ000 21302'3$9i,..66600000 k o j .,6o c > 323.C061o0.,.626000000 unici- S U ' v)< sy/-it*i .} u /tTVty.A. ,/ ' i/.. 'itfc- / /* ' V n ,'i-> f/'l<At'y SPCOO 001* iCceiOi~',: $6. W i .' V < 6 , .(re./if a '/e v J i//U /P, zx m /t tr c . 770487 SAKE PRACTICE DATA. SHEET I-l Revised h -30-71 IHERTEEK (C a p a c ito r M-5U201CF th r u CH and Transform er FDS 5U2OICM) GRHEHAL C a p a c ito r I n e r t e e n , IDS 5^2010? th r u CH, 1b t r ic h lo r o d ip h e n y l. P r io r t o January 1 , 1965 , tran sform er I n e r te e n FDS 7 3 3 6 -9 (5^201CC) was a m ixture o f 60 p e r c e n t h e x a c h lo r o d ip h e n y l and UO p e r c e n t t r ic h lo r o b e n z e n e . From January 1 , 1965 t o January 1, 1965, tr a n s fo r m e r I n e r t e e n PDS ^201KA c o n e la te d o f a m ixture o f 70 percent p en ta ch lo ro d lp h en y l and 30 p ercen t t r ic h lo r o b e n z e n e . On January 1 , 1968, transform er In erteen vaa changed to PD6 3U201CM; i t now cons l e t s o f t r i chIn rod1phenyl to v h lch 0.2 percent g ly e id y l phenyl eth e r is added as a scavenger CONTAINERS AND STORAGE In e r te e n may b e r e c e iv e d in tank c a r s , drum s,'or ca n s. C ontainers, v h e a r e c e iv e d , sh o u ld b ea r th e flame, W eotlnghouse M a te r ia l Humber, and a b r ie f statem ent o f precautlona to be follow ed during u sage. In the R eceivin g Department, attach yellow P recau tion ary L abel 33817 to co n ta in ers o f In erteen . This la b e l i s a v a ila b le from the @ Trafford P rin tin g D iv isio n . Place th is la b el on co n ta in ers vhere i t is always v is ib le to th e u ser. For drums, th e la b e l sh ould be p laced on th e d i s pensing end and in such a p o sitio n th a t i t can be ea sily -re a d by th e person rem oving th e In e r te e n from th e drum. Storage tanks and oth er con tain ers o f In erteen fo r use in the shop should a lso b ear th e flame, M a teria l Number, a n d Precautionary Label 35817 Store In erteen In an approved storage sp ace, p referab ly ind oors, vhich i s c o o l, d ry, and v e i l v e n tila te d . Pre cautions should be taken to prevent m oisture from e n te r in g drums; th e r e fo r e , a s soon a s drums o f In e r te e n a re r e c e iv e d , th e bung sh ou ld be examined and tig h te n e d i f i t I s . l o o s e . To d isp e n se In erteen from drums, use m olasses g a te v a l v e , M-72083GP B ulk q u a n t i t i e s o f In erteen are tr a n sfe red from storage tan k s by u sin g equipment d e s l g s d f o r th a t purpose. PBOEkHTIES , FIRE -- flon-riaB m able EXPLOSION -- Non-explosive. DECOMPOSITION -- When I n e r t e e n o r i t s vapors co n ta cts fla m es, w elding a r c s, or extrem ely hot m etal su rfa c es, i t w ill decompose to form h ig h ly ir r it a t in g hydrogen ch lorid e g a s, h ig h ly to x ic carbon m onoxide, and a l s o some carbon d ioxid e. BREATHING - - I n e r t e e n vap or i s m oderately t o x ic , however, th e p o s s ib ilit y ____ WHEN IR DOUBT CONSULT THE SAFETY DEPARTMENT OR HEADQUARTERS INDUSTRIAL HYGI ENE SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET I - l R evised U-30-71 # Page 1 WEStmGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE'LABORATORY, EAST PITTSBURGH^ PA. MW ' -X H /B IT * T # - 770488 SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 TKV.ifTvra (Continued) I of an existing health hazard at normal room temperature Is not likely since the evapora+Ion rate is very lew. The health hnr.rnj increases If the material is heated, sprayed, or in any way atomized Into the breathing zone of any person. The odor of Irerteen can be noticed at concentra tions below the Maximum Acceptable Vapor Concentration. For the Maximum Acceptable Concentrations of vapor from capacitor or transformer Inerteen., refer to STDS M-20. Concentrations of Inerteen vapor which exceed the Maximum Acceptable Concentra tions may cause Irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. Much higher concentrations could cause detrimental Internal reactions after prolonged exposures. SWALLOWING -- Inerteen 1b moderately toxic if taken Internally. Svallowj.ng of several ounces could cause irritation of the digestive tract and Internal reactions. SKIN IRRITATION -- Although the Inerteens are only moderate skin irritants when contact Is for a short, duration, there is a possibility that it can be slowly absorbed through the skin. Re peated contact over prolonged periods may result In a severe dermatitis yhleh may persist for many months after removal from exposure. Inerteen and its vapors are also.Irritating to the eyes. WASTE DISPOSAL . At the present time, scrap material as liquid Inerteen or oil contaminated Inerteen chall he. placed In properly sealed drums and returned to the supplier for reclamation. Waste Inerteen fluids (Inerteen, oil contaminated with Inerteen, or solvent NPC00007850 contaminated with Inerteen) can be destroyed by burning If a suit able 2000*F or higher temperature incinerator equipped with an a d d gas scrubber to remove hydrogen ghinride gas Is available. The supplier Is usually equipped with such an Incinerator. i Pressboard, paper, sweeping compounds,1and other Inerteen soaked material should also be destroyed by suitable incineration or collected and returned to the Inerteen supplier only with their approval, j Copper colls, core Iron, and tfcnfcg should be sent to scrap dealers for revolting In appro"!print,ely equipped furnaces. If Incineration Is not possible or the Inerteen supplier v U l not accept the scrap material, a State Approved Waste Disposal Area may be used* \ Inerteen must be prevented from seeping into water supplies or streams1even though Its water solubility; is lav. Under no con ditions should waste Inerteen be poured into sewer systems or streams. KRSGNAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT WHEN IT IS NECESSARY, UNDER S1ERGENCY CONDITIONS, TO ENTER A ' SPACE CONTAINING A HIGH CONCEN TRATION OF INERTEEN VAPOR, A HOSE MASK WITH BLOWER, <& M-7 6 5 2 UAL, or BREATHING EQUIPMENT WITH A SELFCONTAINED AIR SUPPLY, M-7652UCJ, CL, SHOULD BE USED, GAS MASK, M-7652UAP, AIR-LINE RESPIRATOR. SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised *1-30-71 Page 2 , 770489 SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1 - 1 IHERTEEH (Continued) F-7652UBF,BG, or HOSE MASK WITHOIH* BLOWER, M-T652UAM, MAY BE UTPD if there is no danger of oxygen deficiency, that is, where the breathing atmosphere contains af 1n n s t 19$ oxygen and not more M a o * % Inerteen vapor. Air-line respirators should be provided with at least U cubic feet per minute of uncontamlnated fresh air. To provide this minimum air requirement, follow the manu facturer's reconmendat ion for air pressure, air flow controls, and length of hose to be uBed. When using a hose mask, place the hose opening in an area where air is not contaminated. When the odor of Inerteen is detected while wearing respiratory equipment, the wearer should immediately go into fresh air. When there is a possibility of the atmosphere in the work area containing a concentration of Inerteen vapor not in great excess of the Maximum Acceptable Concen tration (MAC), the Standard Chemical Cartridge Respirators, M-7652^DL, equipped with cartridge , M-7652UBM, or respirator, (-M-76`3?Ub q , equipped with cartridge, M-7652^BR, if properly fitted to the face, will provide satisfactory protection for concentrations up to about 10 times the Maximum Acceptable Concentra tion. For higher concentrations, emergency respiratory protection equipment shall be used. Respirator cartridges should be replaced according to a pre-determined schedule or at any time the odor of Inerteen beeones noticeable under the respirator. All gas masks, respirators, and replacement parts should have the Bureau of Mines approval, which is indicated by a label on larger parts or BJ#________ (approval number) on smaller parts. Refer to Safe Practice Procedure Sheet ifl2 for information concerning the use and care of respiratory protective equipment. Ifeoprene coated aprons, M-76503ADJ and neoprene coated g l o v e s , M-76502CD, may be used where necessary to protect the skin. Rand cream, M-53535LM may be of sane value where the use of gloves is not practical. Waterless hand c r e a m , M-53512KH* 1 ry useful for removing Inerteen from the skin. To protect the eyes, wear safety spectacle, M-7&522EA-EC, or goggles, M-76522CJ, depending on the type of protection needed, PRECAUTIONS Breathing vapor or fume from heated Inerteen should be avoided. A person should never enter an area con taining a high concentration of Inerteen vapor, fume, or decomposition products without adequate protection.- The Maximum Acceptable Conceit ration should not be exceeded under normal working conditions. This can be accomplished by completely enclosing the system or by providing exhaust ventilation sufficient to effectively control atmospheric contamination at its source with a minimum of exhaust air. Where this is not practical, adequate res piratory equipment should be used. If skin contact occurs, remove the Inerteen by thoroughly cleaning the skin area with waterless hand cream, M-53512 KH, followed by a thorough washing with SAFE PRACTICE DATA-SHEET 1-1 Revised lf-30-71 Page 3 I T* SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 3HERTEER (Continued) soap and vara vater. Prolonged or repeated Bkin contact should be avoided. Contaminated clothing should be lau n d e red before wearing again. Personal cleanliness and the preventiln of skin contact are the most important precautions to be observed. Any person who develops a skin Irritation or respiratory tract irritation apparently due to Inerteen or its vapors should be placed under the supervision of the plant Medical Department. Proper preplacement and periodic physical examinations should be made by the Medical Department on workers when the odor of Inerteen Is re peatedly or continuously noticeable in the work area. Spills of Inerteen should be removed immediately. Absorb liquid Inerteen with absorbent compound, M-53^01EA-EB, and dispose of per instructions under WASTE DISPOSAL, page 2. Employes performing his work should wear adequate protective equipment. FIRST AID Any person who has had an appreciable exposure to Inerteen, either by breathing an excessive concentration of vapor, fume, or decomposition products, or by svallowing, or where the material has been spilled over large areas of the body, should be placed under the super vision of the plant physician. In cases of ewallowing, vomiting should be in duced immediately by carefully inserting a finger in the person's throat. If overcame from breathing high concentrations of Inerteen vapor, the person should be quickly removed from the vapor exposure to the nearest area of uncontamlnated air and artificial respiration started at once if breathing stops. A physician should be called Immediately. Do not give stimulants. If Inerteen should contact the eyes, they should be irrigated immeditly only with large quantities of running water from an approved eye wash fountain for fifteen . minutes and then the person should report to the Medical De partment for observation and treatment, if necessary. SATE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised 1*-30-71 . |age k NPC00007852 770491 * SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 IREHTEEIf (Continued) soap and warn water. Prolonged or repeated akin contact should be avoided. Contnlnated clothing should be lmjiul-red before wearing again. Personal cleanliness and the preventiln of skin contact are the most important precautions to be observed. Any person who develops a skin irritation or respiratory tract irritation apparently due to Inerteen or its vapors should be placed under the supervision of the plant Medical Department. Proper preplacensent and periodic physical examinations should be made by the Medical Department on workers when the odor of Inerteen is re peatedly or continuously noticeable In the work area. Spills of Inerteen should be removed immediately. Absorb liquid Inerteen with absorbent compound, M-53U01EA-EB, and dispose of per instructions under WASTE DISPOSAL, page 2. Employes performing this work should wear adequate protective equipment. FIRST AID Any person Who has had an appreciable exposure to Inerteen, either by breathing an excessive concentration of vapor, fume, or decomposition products, or by swallowing, or where the material has been 6pilled over large areas of the body, should be placed under the super vision of the plant physician. In cases of swallowing, vomiting should be in duced imnedlately by carefully inserting a finger In the person's throat. > k > If overcome from breathing high concentrations of Inerteen vapor, the person should be quickly removed from the vapor exposure to the nearest area of uncontaminatod air and artificial respiration started at once if breathing stops. A physician should be called immediately. Do not give stimulants. If Inerteen should contact the eyes, they should be irrigated immediately only with large quantities of running water from an approved eye wash fountain for fifteen minutes and then the person should report to the Medical De partment for observation and treatment, if necessary. * SATE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised 1*-30-71 gage k NPC00007853 b 770492 1 I fon : <g)Bldg. - 1535 ww : 235-3320 iwf April 1, 1976 oififoci- REF : 2610-64 */ ;. . 1 In BLOOMINGTON J. M. Shannon cc: ^Bldg. - J. B. Wright ce: @Bldg. - J. P. D&ley cc: roBldg. - E. L. Schwartz cc: @Bldg. - D. K. Boyd cc: (S)Bldg. - S. M. Moore cc: Bldg. - B. A. Kerns cc : @ Bldg. - R. E. Wills cc: Bloomington cc: Bloomington cc: Bloomington D. M. Sauter ft. B. Sawyer J. B. Brittain This is to confirro some of the plans we discussed for the PCB seminar April 13, in Bloomington. A rough draft copy of the basic invitation has been prepared and should be mailed no later than Monday, April 5* The letter to the press, radio and TV stations should emphasize the time (9 AM) of the event with attached directions leading to the plant. Of course, the invitation to the officials is much the same with the time changed to 2 IV. Further more, the invitation to the general managers of the Indianapolis TV channels should explain the briefing as an educational seminar that will be of news value for future investigative reporting on the subject. Therefore, we should suggest that the TV stations send a reporter only. The news media invited to the 9 AM briefing is as follows: Herald-Telephone Daily Student Louisville Journal Indianapolis Star WTT8 WTTU (Bloomington ) Channel k (out of Bloomington)' Channels 6, 8 and 13 (out of Indianapolis) a FORM 3 *0 4 * NPC00007854 770493 REF: 2610-64 -g For the 2 PM session: o Representatives Pizzo and Schultz Senator Carroll Mayor McCloskey (7) Environmental Commissioner (Walter Bron) County Health Department (Ray Borland) State Health Department (?) Electric Utility (Rick Peoples) Representatives from Environmental Quality Control (President, Tam Moses) Don tyeukr&nz of Westinghouse The conference room, vritb display, at the Bloomington Plant is sufficient for the conference. The program for the day, subject to change, might run something like this: 9:00 A.M. 9:30 A.M. 9:40 A.M. 9:50 A.M. Arrival of press (coffee and sweet rolls) Sauter chair and introduce subject event (10 minutes) Brittain presentation defining PCB, its use in capacitors and results of testB on alternate material (10 minutes) Wills covers legal aspects (10 minutes) j* 10:00 A.M. - Sawyer explains what Westinghouse accomplished to abate PCB in the environment (10 minutes) i 10:10 A.M. - Kearns details environmental consequences, other sources 1 of PCB, etc. (10 minutes) 10:20 A.M. - Tour of plant (20 minutes?) 10:50 A.M. - Reassemble for Q & A 11:30 (depends on discussion) - Lunch (Table set up in room adjoining cafeteria) For the officials, the event begins at 2 P.M. following the same suggested program outlined above and endo about 4:30 or 5 P.M. Most important, I must have all the approved-for-publication presentations and illustrations by Tuesday, April 6, for massaging and for the press kit we will assemble here. Also, it might he wise to consider a rehearsal on April 12. I NPc00007855 770494 I REF: 2610-64 -3- Jim, since you vrill be in a better position to know who will attend, I suggest you have easy-to-read name tags made up. I*m sure I neglected to mention some things, but there will be additional planning. Regards. Vince Rinaldi cer 4I i | HPC00007856 770495 ? ! j / [ Westinghouse Electric Corporation January 14, 1972 j > {t `Dr. A. Pozefsky, Chairman C-107 Capacitor Working Group General Ele ctric Comoany Fngineering Department i Hudson F a lls, New York 12839 to n u i , P luom iiiptofl, lni j-rjo t 'i Dear Dr. Pozefsky: 1 ] Attached is a copy of my f ir s t draft of the "Capacitor Plant House i keeping and EmDloyee Safety" portion of the proposed ANSI C-107 standard i t on the use and disposal of PCB's. i In order to expedite consideration of the various parts of the pro posed standard at the next meeting of the working group .at the Mariott Hotel in Chicago on February 8 and 9, I am also sending-a copy to each of the attached l i s t of addressees. Very tru ly yours, 1 1 i I RDMcCtkb Attachs. 1 / P m / ' A , /ft -/fa,-., Robert D. McClain, Manaqer Capacitor Unit Engineering 1 J UPC00007857 nftt- 770496 1 N. R. Clark Universal Manufacturing Company 902 Crescent Avenue Bridgeport, Connecticut 06607 J. F. Kuzela engineering Manager Power Capacitors Sangamo Ele ctric Company P. 0. Box 359 Sp rin g fie ld , Il l i n o i s 62705 Dr. E. M. Moore 2427 St. Vincent Avenue LaSalle, I l l i n o i s 61301 W. P. Papageorge, Manager Environmental Control Monsanto Comoany 800 North Lindberg Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 P. G. Benignus Marketing Manager Dielectric Fluids Monsanto Company 800 North Lindberg Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 E. G. Hammer McGraw Edison-Power Systems D ivision P. 0. Box 160 South Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53172 F. R. Lengefeld Electrical Engineering Department Code 450 Union Electric Company P. 0. Box 149 St. Louis, Missouri 63166 Dr. T. K. Sloat Fluid Insulation Section Transformer Division Westinghouse Ele ctric Corporation Sharon, Pennsylvania A. M. Salazar NFMA 155 East 44th Street New York, New York 10017 NPC00007858 770497 m- ANSI C-107 1st Draft Proposal for February 8, 1972 CAPACITOR PLANT HOUSEKEEPING AND EMPLOYEE SAFETY The following procedures and lim its are intended to be minimum require ments to be met by manufacturers of capacitors using polychlorinated biphenyl. Handling, control and disposal procedures are given, together with exposure lim its and Indicated antidotes and cleanup procedures. 1. . M aterial. Chlorinated biphenyl for use in capacitors shall consist of chlorinated homologues and isomers of biphenyl not exceeding the tabulated values: Pentachloro (and higher % chlorine) Tetrachloro Trichloro ( and lower % chlorine) .40% 15.00% (Balance) Solvents include benzene, kerosene, acetone, aniyl alcohol, ether, and chloro form. Other typical properties are: Flash point, Cleveland open cup: 177C, minimum D is tilla tio n Range: 10% below 323C; 90% below 356C Specific Gravity: 1.362 to 1.372, at 25C/15.5C Vapor Pressure 0C = 0.001 mm 25C = 0.006 mm (est.) 150C = 4 . 3 mm 200C = 29.0 mm At 25C and 760 nm Hg pressure, saturated a ir contains 0. _ mq/liter. (1 mq/liter = 98.8 ppm) (1 ppm = 0.010 mg/llter) 2. Bulk flu id shipment, receiving, and transfer: Shipment o f polychlorinated biphenyl from point of manufacture to point of receiving shall be done 1n closed containers: ra il tank cars; truck tanks; marine or barge tanks; or scaled drums. Containers shall be labelled as to contents, and carry a precautionary label against loss of flu id to the open environment. Containers used for transport o f poly- I NPC007859 770498 2 chlorinated biphenyl shall not be used for storage or transport of other material without being completely cleaned of a ll traces of PCB. (Cleaning procedures must take cognizance of precautions against excessive exposure and of the need for pro per disposal of contaminated cleansing solvents and materials set forth below.) Transfer from shipping container to processing system shall be through closed piping or tubing with appropriate valves, pumps, etc. Provision shall be made for trapping and disposing of flu id s lo st by leakage or s p il l s from the transfer system and from the storage containers. Drums to be retired from use shall be cleaned before crushing, delivery to scrap dealers, or other diposal. Contaminated cleaning flu id s and materials shall he disposed of as indicated below. 3. Handling during manufacturing operations: It 1s generally accepted that exposure to capacitor PCB is not hazardous, provided simple precautions are taken. (a). Vapors. Maximum atmospheric concentration lim it (8 hours) re commended: one milligram of capacitor PCB per cubic meter o f air. Breathing vapor or fume from heated PCB should be avoided. Provision of adequate ventilation and regulation of manufacturing operations to avoid open exposure of hot PCB (2!LC* or higher) shall be made. The qases produced when askarel is decomposed by very high temperatures (such as that of an e le ctric arc) i i in the presence of a ir or organic in sula tin g materials contains a high percentage 1 i of hydrogen chloride, and small percentages of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, \ j and oxyqen. Minute concentrations of this combination o f gases are very unpleasant I i and ir r it a t in g , thus givin g ample warninq of their presence. When necessary, 1 under emergency conditions, to enter a space containing a high concentration of PCB vapor or decomposition products, a hose mask with blower, or breathing equip ment with a self-contained a ir supply should be used. [(Gas mask, a ir line HPCOOO 7S60 VMMWMRMdtKi 770499 / 3 r.ni'wfcr.'ltrrif.m-fi;> respirator, or hose mask without blower may be used i f there is no danger of oxygen deficiency (considered to be a breathing atmosphere of at least 19% 2% PCBoxygen and not more than )]. I f the odor of PCB is detected by the person wearing protective equipment, he should immediately go Into fresh air. All gas masks, respirators and replacement parts shall have Bureau of Mines approval, and be maintained on a regular schedule in accordance with the manufacturers re commendation. (b). F lu id . Unlike insulating o il, there is v irt u a lly no fire hazard in handling PCB. A lim ited solvent action (sim ila r to that for paint thinner) on the fats and o ils of the skin with prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. As with in sula tin g o il, some people are a lle rg ic to PCB and continued exposure may result 1n skin ir rita tio n . Both the liq u id and vapor are moderately ir r it a t in g to eye tissu es. Operating procedures should avoid contact with hot flu id s (about 55C). Use of eye protection is recomnended. The use of gloves 1s not recommended. Contaminated clothing must be changed and laundered. Use of enclosed transfer and handling equipment, processing equipment and the use of mechanical washers reduces direct contact. Medicinal washes or detergents followed by an application of cold cream w ill eliminate any ir rita tio n resu ltin g from askarel coming into contact with an open cut or abrasion. Eye exposure to liq u id PCB should be irriga te d immediately with large quantities of running water from an approved eye wash source for fifteen minutes and then be examined by a physician. Persons developing a skin irrita tio n or respiratory tract ir r it a t io n apparently due to contact with PCB should be placed under the supervision of a physician. (A drop of castor o il has been found to neutralize any ir rita tio n caused by contact of PCB with the eyes.) NPC00007861 ------------- -- - 770500 -.. ^ -- -- 4 Ingestion or swallowing of PCB's is not generally regarded as a problem M ^ of the industry. PCB's are regarded as being moderately toxic i f taken internally. Swallowing several ounces could cause ir rita tio n of the digestive tract and in ternal reactions, and should be referred to a physician. 4. Manufacturing control of lo s s e s : Manufacturing equipment and operating procedures must safeguard against excessive loss of PCB to the environment through close control and disposal procedures. Enclosed systems of sealed piping, properly gasketed jo in ts, valves, con tainers, and processing chambers are to be used for any portion of the operation where PCB temperatures may exceed S D C . Enclosure shall preferably extend to a ll other portions of the system insofar as practicable. Drains shall be plugged and curbs in sta lle d around all "open" portions of the PCB processing area, to assure against inadvertent lo ss to sewer systems by sp illa g e , leakage, or other uncontrolled lo ss. Ventilation of the area and exhaust of pump and systems gases shall be directed through f i l t e r entrapment capable of restraining vapor losses to the atmosphere o f ___ mg/liter, peak and___ kg per day. S p ills o f PCB shall be removed promptly by use of absorptive material, pre ferably sawdust, or trapped and removed by pumping, or by other suitable means. Waste fluid s containing PCB and not suitable for reconditioning or reuse shall be collected (by means of traps, drip pans, trays, etc.) from the various parts o f the manufacturing and processing area (including washers or other clean ing devices). Wiper rags, clothing and other extraneous materials saturated with PCB's shall be collected within the curbed area. L-rt NPC00007862 770501 5 5. Disposal of PCB wastes: Methods for disposal of liq u id s and saturated solid s generated by the manufacturing operation shall be in accordance with those outlined in subsequent portions of th is standard, and shall include (but not be limited to) the following: A) Liquid PCB contaminated by alip h atic materials and other sub stances such as to make 1t unsuitable for reclaiming as a d ie le c tric fluid. B) Liquid PCB from solvent operations orwater/detergent type washers. C) Saturated earth or other absorbent media fromfilt e r in g operations. D) Saturated sawdust or other absorptive material from s p ills . F) Saturated f ilt e r s from vapor control devices and other f ilt e r s . F) Saturated wastes (paper, rags, etc.) G) Saturated, spent gasket materials. H) PCB contaminated vacuum pump o ils . I) PCB contaminated steam jet vacuum pump condensates. 6. Miscellaneous Procedures: A) S p ills by leakage from sealed, finished capacitors should be clean- ed up promptly by use of absorbent sawdust, which should then be moved to con tainers for that purpose within the curbed or drained area, and later disposed of properly. B) PCB wastes should never be disposed of, deliberately, down effluent drains or sewers. The utmost care must be excerised to prevent accidental loss by these means. C) Capacitors fa llin g test or otherwise designated for disposal must be controlled and handled 1n accordance with the Intent of the procedures above, fin a lly being disposed of by one of the means outlined below. 7. References: A) Monsanto Company, Organic Chemicals Division: Tech. B u lle tin ^PL-306, Aroclor P la stic iz e rs (December I960). B) American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Threshold Limit Values for 1964. AMA Arch. Environ. Health 9: 545 (1964). HPC00007863 770502 6 C) Treon, J.F., F. P. Cleveland, J. Cappel, and R. W. Atchley: The Toxicity of the V apors of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254. Amer. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. Quart. 17: 204 (1956). D) FI kins, H. B.: The Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Mew York (1959). E) Drinker, C. K., M. F. Warren, and G. A. Rennet: The Problem of Possible Systemic Effects from Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 19: 203 (1937). F) Drinker, C. K .: Further Observations on the Possible Systemic Toxicity of Certain of the Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 21: 155 (1939). G) Greenburg, L., M. R. Mayers, and A. R. Smith: The Systemic Effects Resulting from Exposure to Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons. J. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol. 21: 29 (1939). H) Hygienic Guide Series " Chlorodiphenyls" by the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 14125 Prevost, Detroit, Michigan. NPCO0 0 0 7 8 6 4 770503 jtrs'. I POOH QUALITY ORIGINAL Vat. 154, .He. 17 liems. Thyroid function m ty be depressed in a higher pcrrroU |e of cases If urethene therapy is maintained for a longer period. This possibility h curjgntiy being mvesiiptled. SUM M ARY Twenty petieots were treated with rectal suppositories of urethane. The therapeutic effectiveness of rcctally ad- CMLORACNI--MtlCJ CT AU 1417 minlsicred urethane is equivalent to that of orally admin istered urethane. Urethane administered red shy Is as effective as Fowler's solution in spacing irradiation ther apy. Undesirable side-effects wer minimal. It it coo-' chided that rectal adm inistration of urethane is preferable to ora) or intravenous administration. J04J Adelton R4. (S) (Da. W ristor** CHLORACNE FROM AN UNUSUAL EXPOSURE TO AROCHLOR /. Witter Meigs, MJ)., Jock Jonathon Albom, MJ). and Bernard L. Kanin, MJ)., New Horen, Conn, The first outbreak of acnc-like lesions due to high boihof chlorinated compounds in industry in this coun try was noted by Schw artz1 to 193d. Subsequently, dar ing World War II, various reports of acnc-lika lesions ia workers exposed to certain chlorinated naphthalenes and dipbenyb followed. C oflier' reported 12 casea of chioracne of the face in workers exposed to the fumes or that af chlorinated naphthalene and on s fatal case doe to acute yellow atrophy of the liver. Fifty-five cases of acneform dermatitis were reported by Kelley in 200 persons exposed to chlorinated naphthalene (H alow ax). Good and Petuky described 52 cases m eleetricisns, who bandied the cold-finished product for the most part. In one of that/ cates arms systemic involvement found. Schwartz's report * concerned the Involvement of deetnciaju, who instaltod and stripped wires in ships during ibs war. The chlorinated naphthalene, which was rmpregssted into the asbestos and wrapped around the wire as insulation, flaked off in the stripping process. Ia the cases described, two asonths elapsed before the apptarance of the dUorucne of the face. There was no systemic iarofremeat. P eek / Crunch,' end Greco b u rg ' discuss die chlorinated saphthatencs and chlorinated tfiphenyh, the appearance of the dcm uiofogical lesions, their value in industry^ end prn s s f h s in handling these chemicals. The value of the d fariru ied naphthalenes and dL phenyls in industry h due primarily to their resistance to vuier and alkali, high insulating value (high dielectric constant), thermoplastidfy, chemical stability, and Same resistance, as described by various writers.' The characteristic lesions of chlor serve are pinhead to pea-sized pate straw-colored cysts formed by the plugpag of tba orifices of the sebaceous glands, resulting in retention of the secret loo and in the Lcratimzslion of the fining membrane. Comedones are present but arc not a sulking feature. In nearly every worker exposed suflcteatly to these chlorm sted com pounds for a few months terse lesions win develop. The exposure may be either to fuascs from the hot material or to the solid material on coeuaued contact. Repeated or continuous contact is essential. Lesions have not been reported after short or jafrcquaat exposures. Vesiculoerythematous eruptions, as seen in acuta eczematous contact-type dermatitis and staple erythematous erupt torts with pruritus, have also b n described.* This paper reports the development of lesions of chloracne in seven workers employed ia a chemical plant cooccrned with organic chemical production. wtrroaY or EJtrosURt A chemical company had for some months been using molten salt at 350 F as a medium for supplying accu rately controlled quantities of beat to a large jacketed reaction chamber. Because of the dangers of solidifica tion of the tab in the return tine, as well as (ha corrosion problem, it was deckled to use a chlorinated diphenyl (Arochloc) as the best exchange material. The seme apparatus was used. This included an oil-fired furnace containing the heating coils, a steel pipe supply fine to the reaction chamber, a return line to a Urge sump puiap. and aa outflow line from the tump to the furnace (see figure). The reservoir for the tump pump had a capacity uf about 400 p i. (about I.6S0 liters). The chemical product, designated as organic arid A, was maaofsetured whh the use of molten salt far heat exchange from January to Decamber, 1949. At that time, chlorinated diphenyl was substituted as a heat exchange material. )l was soon apparent that under certab condi tions these was slight leakage of vapors from a number of places, particularly around the cover of the sump, and abo from all gasketed connections ia the system. Bet*use of the known toxicity of these subetsoces, the tu h u p cr Pram am Baaam a r taa * pmtOt U n t o amd I w t f i m i n . Yato IhUumi Ma< if >1rtoi-taa \ N n M (Or. HajgaV. A n t i ai C S a lra l n W P i ....... a i . D m A a s t t Maaaa-- I H a S i S a (Da. X U aval. a a S AaaUaaav CUatato Pra l iii at a MtBtrtoa. P i p a nt o -- v f la a iw t l M i S U a i (Oa. Kantot, Yata t W - ram Stto e l Ot U tWataa. I. X V r a m . L . P i i v a l l Favaa 1 ttoaUt S a V a a o a t t w . A to=t, t o M aaM m s e e o m i iv m . ( p C v e M T . B-. Pel H a lt s tar C V IaatotitS N . p t i n i a f a. Laaana l i n 0. mi rvax a.X KMWt. p.) Atm Pavav SrwSMlc Wav S U a a u l , U r * 4 Cava*. B n . ST I I a IA art | ) ISAS. -T-t o O aaS. C. X.. aa4 t o a ty . N.: M alaga a A r a l C C a U i t o y C vaaaaaaaa l na>a l. to M ta to t b t o V k la a a O va M Caraato C tto n a ya M MSP* ! m * D U t a a p k A M O attoto. 4 I n k . 4 S | SSI ( S t a l l IPS), ^ --" S. S a ln a a u . U : O r a S iu t at K ato v aa Atoto r C a t o a l a M * ) ------- a ffMaatt, I . A. M. A . l t d IS S ( M m IS ! MSS. I Pact. X M u O i r i -- iViia *mm C aaaU f OBa. Sat-tov*. aaM Pamrartaa. I C W aataa, 1. A. M . A. I B S I M B (Map let **. rataark. A. O.; O U n a a t U ~ M au aea ite U v . i tv**.- n a .t to f . l_ - CStto Ip l 111 la ( Aa.) IS O .a / U a r a f i M . R_ taU S n a M p H. O.i I l k I -- .aaaa la p M t a a aa C a m CM a a d a to B H ) fcan if . I. l a la a . H yf. 4 TaaAaat a a , M a I t o x t ] tVM. to) S a S-a te . trt O n atoaaa1 v ""TT"r 770504  % I I I i .I -3 : ij I I4ia CHLORACNI-- ME ICS ET AU of the Bureau of Industrlsl Hygiene. Connecticut State Department of Health, was Might and received. A field study under coodftwcu of obvious vapor leakage was said to have shown negligible air concentrations of the chlori nated diphenyls in the actual breathing zones of the workers. In this study, which was four month* prior to the dermatological findings reported here, the air con centration of chlorinated diphenyb was reported by the bureau to be 0.1 mg. per cable meter of ah. The rec ommended maximum allowable concentration is 1.0 mg. per cubic meter. The figure shows that most of the leakage was at points outside the building but under a roof. No one worked regularly at tbe points of leakage. Neverthe less, repeated attempts were made to control vapor leak age, without complete success. Tbb operation cootlneed (or 19 months without incident or recognition of skin or other roanlutations of exposure to chlorinated dlphcnyk. Each etftplovee bad a complete physical examination by an Internist pnor to working in this environment. M m k * Mag wt Wa U n l i r t i i li n a k M al (S* r t l l a n l Aa operator making organic acid A ("operator," fig ure) was sent to ooc of us because of acute contact der matitis of the face, la addition to the contact typa of dermatitis, there were noted pinhead-sized straw-colored cysts and comedones on both checks and the forehead. A diagnosis of cbloracne was made, and the source of exposure was determined. Examination of other workers in this working environment uncovered six additional cases. In all the lice was involved especially the cheeks circumorbitally, the forehead, ears, aod in one case the mastoid region. All employees were examined carefully by an internist. Tbe seven employees in whom chloracne had developed bad liver function tests performed. Tests included direct tad total bilirubin determinations and 24 and 48 hour eepbahn ftocculaiiou, thymol turbidity, and alkaline phosphatase determinations. Six of the subjects had completely normal test results. One employee had borderline cephalin Aocculatioa and thymol turbidity. Thirteen months later repeated Hvtr function teats showed an unchanged cephalin flocculation and im proved thymol turbidity. Results of complete blood ccfl i.AXJt, AM R counts and urinalyib wire normal In all imlancta. Al had normal blood pressures with no other clinical tvidencu of any chlorinated diphenyl toxicity. ____ After the recognition of these cases of chkxaeoe, but one of the gasketed joints in the heat exchange *y*teat, including the cover of the sump, were welded to* gether. A hand hole 6 In. (Id cm.) In diameter was Ith whb a gasketed cover so that the system could be drshnd or filled when necessary. After that lime no vapors were visible, and the odor of chlorinsted diphenyb was barely detectable in the immediate vicinity of the sumppsepContinued careful observation of workers has isvaabd ao new cases of efaloracne. COMM KMT The unusual feature of thb outbreak of dermatitis lha long period of exposure before any cases were reengoiled. The sudden recognition of seven cases after expo sure up to 19 mouths was due to tbe especially carffsl examination of the skin of afl exposed employes sricr discovery of the first case. Of 14 men exposed or poten tially exposed to tbe vapors of chlorinated diphrayfc, ^ presented clinical evidence df chioracne. There was art a vary good correiatk* between the apparent degree d exposure and tht development of signs o t disease. Far example, a foreman, an assistant foreman, and a pM . superintendent whose duties would appear to hare as- I posed them only Incidentally to the toxic agent hod a h to modereta sign*. Tha mean length of exposure of Chore In whom ilg a developed was 14J months and ef thorn who <fid hot show signs was 11.4 moaths, but there res considerable overlap, with chioracne developing la re* worker after only 3 moaths in coutrust to another who showed nosigm even after 19 months' exposure to report Since the manifesiaiioru ware axelusiveiy en t spared amts of the skin. It appeals that the vapors were da posited directly on exposed skin and did aot go threap tbe dothirg. The nature of each factor determiaiag tin appearance or oonappetrance ef lesions b not dear. SUa pigmentation may be a factor. Three of the workers sun Negroes, and irate of them had chioracne. No condatire with persphsOoi, could be made, but aO cues were dacovered toward the end of the summer. Prevention consisted of coeUotBng the letkap d vapors. Tha fact that tests of the air, even in the pmeare of vapors, showed only negligible amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons indicates that thb type of iuiermhteat bat - fairly long continued "mild" exposure b not iuaucaom. The low concentration of the chlorinated dphenyi la Iks air might account for tha fact that lesioes developed H only 309* of those involved. SUMMARY Seven cases of mild to moderate chioracne of the fare and head occurred among 14 chemical operatoo re posed from 3 to 19 mpnlhs intcrmltumly to treaO coaccntrations of tha yaporl of a chlorinsted diphenyl (Arechlor). Leakage of these vapors from a beat cxdtsagt . system occurred chiefly outdoors, but chlocacue was ob served among men working Inside tbe adjacent buSdreg la all cases the condition cleared up after trcauseaL Control ef vapors by welding sD joints in the beat * changu system prevented rrcumdbea. 310 Cedar Si. (Dr. Mdftl. NPC00007866 770505 1t . NATURE VOL 2?4 OCTOBER IB 1060 . *7 8 K. H'-Jgt*). Mritnin hU i h as a li^ `'p o p u la tio n o f d<*rr. w hich C'miM UfiKn** inf*fi*-l I* iM.tmh ih o v hive no sign if .u<** hi In* E iim pnn rsb-* jr**, l-iw**. T lw iv n ilM -M i'h! n large poi*nttul PHT'-Mr in Firiiiiin for w lm ^ m t.-ciii.fi nod . a hns r^piifl\ .in tH|>liiiixti!< 1 1- m lro d iiri i.>it o f ruble nughi w*-|l m-nt* mi rt*lu#il voir. Tl** fi-w p.*>iwvr ..Inin >11 >>f ruble v iru i In in E im .p .-.m )>at. nm l th eir nJinliT runl h ab it, t h a t th e y IhhiM In* n *|fim l'il H 'n ii'i fur vigilance m ilic r ( li.tn n n u vn'*. oiiroeu o f in fectio n . I t m to bo lio p n l tlm t tin* long c o n tem p la ted e x te n sio n o f tin* m en tal ion, r o .v r r ih o nii|>orti!fioii o f i-X 'ilr pets, in partlcntar M n .|. Ili.tao I'k iin k '. lirrT'. te.'i**.|<. i'M l an d on ) n iel N'iveriitau n o mro*~**'. t*iv*i* timi ** on ) m uy *oon I** im p l* io * n iid . Swine i p v h i l pruv 1'iwfi' iint'lii ai* h o m m l- fur ni***!r-.pical but un*I prim ati*' I Mar *: fuvia. *1 i. |*.I9, c-ml. l ! A:irir. . l a I . - r - -.a t h ~ a n o f . * ! n-ail.T. I. II . iaw-i. I. *m ilWML A Vaccine* not G ood E no u jh T' 1 hiimii o f rnbic* v in tii" nud ( h r im p ro v em en t I t.iU fe r, L II.. IVI. I t " . . SS. l i (IM e.). K*HR\ ' *Caamd. J. / '#. li'altk >. 517 M#) .-hrr-l l r. L. li., bull O fu * I n in a . K f U ^ i . . <7. 4M (I M I ) . J 4 of ill- <|m -Hi o f vnccinoi'* h av e born n ,vioirfH re c e n tly " , D ie r - ulii xiicgi-Ht llm r rubies vaccine for m a n m ay soon b' f - 6 . H .a llh R*#*.. U , IliOO U M 7 ). Shm idt. R r . . ***1 s i t . H. ! . . j m t t . J . VI. /:.,>, IM I (1X51. 117/1/ 7>*-S. S<rr.. Sit MUM). Ini. A. 0.. I'M. Rrr.. SS. Suo (IMA). i At pro* *Kvikar. F. . & ". //'/ri. .ib i I ItV. . SOS 1190*). I l - M jlartv A 'tw I X . H u RaW r/M .ltf7 (It*. rim s gr*wn in uuititmMlian bruin tissu e11 iind th eir use erri*-> n high risk **f' . thuh triiru l <Litnugv in th e recipient. Th**~* ri^k limy prm .* to huve been com piei.*ly elim inated. wln*n ilie (Vaults of Iidequnte t-*ts o f ilio now prp.m ilioni known. impriwm*'it of the vin fin e , Imwuvcr. prov v l e s no '_'rHiii*l i i m i e v e r for th e relax atio n *.f exitiiu: refu tatio n ' or for com ptaivney cim eenung p*t**mud ; k i p /* . M >L. .V ul-tv. f u , s i ( )9 M ) . iilirm It N\. if B rttiiH V m m m n Ji r Rl*-Valt, O rf-.i I IM 4 ). I ii. A. I '. . R ati. I f * .- . * .<*.. M t ( I M o . v v . '~ u.t 'rfrr. O ., tV I / / u .+ . l i *R I tW T i. ''k I T.. tCn.*ri K. IVik-.rf'. r. J., Iloiam- te. K-. nn*l Capr n.ki. It.. J. I,nl .t. i*Milu<l'>. K *t>rov-*kt. II.. !> . i'.fil 1 * 1. W . rre*- * rta/ I"irti ami n iH 'itiaJ |iivu.rl >/ J/mi IKali. lari. Iltrallh HfiJ . H11. .lilncinii. I ij i. * Tank i . OrU. U.d. nit.,U. i, IMi *POw vOiR D D T and PCB in Marine Animals from Swedish Waters Q UAUUTTY bY CfctGIINNAL S. JENSEN Injiitute of Anl/tic*l C he m in ry. Stockholm A. G. JOHNELS h . OLSSON Swedish Museum of Natural Htrtory, Stockholm Analyses of pesticide residues In a w ide ran ee o f m arine o /|a n is m i from the coastal w aters of Sweden show th a t th e re is a marked co n tam ination In th e Baltic. T h ere are slfn s o f an Increase In polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) from n o rth to south in this area. Exceptionally large am o u n ts of residues w ere found In w h ite tailed e>{les from the archlpela|o of Stockholm. G OTTERLIND Inrtliute of Marine Research. Ljrsekil O lorinateo peeticide cji pread in )iA*ing m atter, ami they are now present all over the world. In 1966 tmf. 1), it was diicuvrtvd that nine previously unknow n tubstniti'cs isolated lit analtM*-, of |K'ticide residues were pol\i liloriiuitcd biphenyl (Pf'll). In Sweden, they oceur in t i e - naturivl environm ent in tlie amno am ount# aa tiie efilormated p*sticidca,>*. Reecm.lv, PCB haa been found in organisms in tho N etherlands, G reat Britain*-* and the United State*. PCB is ucd alm ost exclusively in indualev. and it aoctiut to be more p ersiaten t th a n D D T . V.re fame assessed PCB and D DT (including metabolite) emitmiiiiiHtion in Sucdieh marine ecosyatems by analysing 176 snmplea. T he hydrographical condition* along the Sw<Ljh coasts ara not uniform ao th e residues ore classi fied according to tlio four regional subdivisions shown in Fig I . Few samples were taken from th e Sound and eo this srna haa been included in the Baltic proper. T he specie studied w ere: (1) m u ts 'l (.l/yft7u r d u lia ) ; (21 herring (Clupeo hortnffui); (S) plaiee (P/mrooecIt# plalcs-m); (4) picked dogfish (Squall.- acaulhiat): (51 coil (Uadua morhua); (0) salmon (,Salinn a(or); (7) grey seal (H alichotntt qryput); common seal (PAoea vitulinn) and ringed aeol (Puna kiipM a); (8) guillem ot ( Uria only*); (0) white tailed eagle | H eliarrlut albicflla)j (10) ogo< of white tailed eagle; (11) heron (A nira cinerta). Thr>-r samples o f separated fish oil were also analysed. T u u were taken from th e N orway p o u t (Bortogn'in* esnvrrlri) and one from herrinc from the n o rth ern part of the woat ooost. One sample (largely herring oil) * n also extracted from full frmu the southern Baltic proper. This was unseparated. Homug'-nalos of on# or more lnuaaels were analysed. In the full, axial muscle tissue ex tracted from the- dorsal ide nbuve tlie lateral line, approxim ately a third of the length from the tail wo# analysed. In ninu o u t of clavan salmon, the samples hod to b taken immediately behind th e head (only' heads w-ero available). Mst of th e sample from the seals ware taken from the blubber in the tail. In two seal pups from the Gulf o f Finland, the sample a e ro from th e fore leg, and in une grey seal from tha Baltic proper, the sampla w aj liver. It is reported*, however, th a t in cola th e chlorinated h.vdr-x-arbon con tent in tlie fa t is approxim ately constant th roughout th different parts of tlie. body. As a rule, the specimens, or parts of the specimens, wrro sent to th e Swedish Museum of Natural History immediately after captura nnd were stored a t --20* C. Thn-e eai tails from the archipelago of Stockholm and one from th Oulf of Bulhnia wero, however, kept by tlie h unter for eix months in a non-hwited room. In tho homoaenjxed eggs or the guillemot tho fat varied from 3-6 to 11 per cent probably liecauso hmuozi-niration before aliquotation was not quite perfect. Samples were taken from both th e pectoral muscle and brnin of the whito toiled eagle. All th eaglet were found dead ami in some eases in a state of decay, and all tho eggs were either addled, ro tten or dry. Ia the heron, pectoral muscle only was analysed. DDE was the principal mrtnbnlit of D DT found. % :*'.I *r5" W - v.*v:V; .r^v v NPC00007867 770506 240 NATURE VOL. 2 2 4 OCTOBER 18 1&6B ' FU. 1. D D D w m found in im tll concentration, not usually mort* than 10 per cent of tb e t DDT, in m ost sample. <c D DT stands f*r th sum of DDT and D D E --D D E wa' m ultiplied by 1 11 to correspond to ilie original D DT.) F or seal j from the archipelago of Stockholm and for salmon from tin* Baltic projier which had relatively large am ounts o f 1>DD. c DDT .mndi for tin- sum of DDT, D DE and D l'D . \\\* a n aly s'd all the sample using cm chrom atography and electron capture detection. Confirmations were carried out with double column systems combined with trvntment with sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide'. We found that tbe principal PCB components were PCB number 7-14 (low num ber is equal to a low chlorination degree), b u t tbe mussel* also re m ain ed th e lower number* (the PCB composition being imilar to clopben A 50). The PCB amountn given in Table 1 are, nev erth e less. the aura of all PCB components found in the sample although tbe relative amounts of the different numbers vary. The roanlta suggest th a t the low PCB numbers are metabolized or excreted faster tlvan th e higher number, so th at there ta an increase of th e la tte r m it pa** through a food chain. An attem p t to q u a n tita te PCB has )>ern m ade in 8w (den', but because the m ethod ie still rath er rough tbe values may be corrvct only w ithin a factor of 2. Tbe m ethod is indirect because all i )h * PCB cmpoiienta have not hern isolutfd yet. and it is hoard i eom binotion of mass spectrometry, miero-coloninetnc and rivetm n ra p ture detection. For coch tw enty smnplr a blank on the solvent and a rrsidur-free plaice sample with added pesticides (lindane, aldrin, p p 'DDE, divhirin, pp'-D D D and pp'-D D T) were also analysed. Recovery was above 50 par cent, b u t aa normal in residue analysis' wc made no Dometioe. Tbe mean figures in Table 1 are calculated from tbs average value of each locality within tbe four regiaM. The reaidue values are based both on fresh tissue and on \ hexane extractable fat. The figures for Crash tissue am oomparable with reported values from other countries. . v We believe, however, th a t the fat values ere of particular interest from a n oologies! point of view. F a t is important in th e transport of energy and aa a carrier of the residues between the species in th e food chain. Furtherm ore, thsrs ; is a g reat season si variation in fa t oontent within the J{ populations. The difference between the greatest and the > smallest residue level in th e extractable fa t of individuals f<5 of one speeies a t a g iv s n tim e, in a given place, ia leas thaa . in Crash tissue. The Cat content o f herring muscle. Cor .'J example, varied from about 1 per oent in tbe spring to j about 10 p er o ent In th e autum n. O ur discussion wtQ therefore be based largely on residue levels in extractable fat. Mussels from th e west coast o f Sweden have lower average values of s DDT and PCB than from the Bahis proper and th e archipelago of Stockholm. Tbe level qf s DDT in mussel from the D utch, West German end B ritish co asts'-' has an upper limit sim ilar to that in mussels from th* B attle proper and the archipelago of Stockholm. I D D T contam ination in individual plaice, cod and to ftah oil is greater in th e B altic proper th a n off th* west coast of Sweden, and there is little or no overlapping of the residue values. In the ease of PCB. a plaioe from tbs very polluted Idefjord in th e west coast increases the j average v,,lue for the west ooet saiunfes from 0-69 to 6 l p.p.m . O ther individual samples of fish from th e west I coast contain PCB residues of the same m agnitude as ' residues in specimens from the Baltic. This may be the j t result of coastal contam ination. The picked dogfish, |j which lives more in the open sea, seems to ha vs the same amount of c DDT, b u t a smaller atnoimt of PCB than other fish from the west coeat of Sweden. Tbe samples o f Iterriug from the B aliu proper, the archipelago of Stockholm and the Gulf of Bothnia had , large residues o f c D D T. No herring from the west coast of Sweden h u been studied. R ecently we analysed eight herrings from the west coast. On fat basis the mean ' values weret c DDT, 1*0; DDT, 0-86; and PCB. 0-76. ia good agreement w ith the fish oil values isee Tabic 1). Juvenile herring from th e D utch W adden Sea (coastal w ater)'-' contained D DE rreidur* in fresh tissue with an upper limit o f the sam e m agnitude in herring from the Baltic area. Residues o f PCB and c DDT in one sample of fish od from the southern Baltic proper were a lo u t five to ten times greater th an th* three samples froiu the west coast of Sweden. The figures for the la tte r arc similar. This is in acootd w ith residues in fa t in fish from the respective areas. One herring-from th* Sound had a much larger content of PCB (23 p .m .) th a n th r herring from the wet of the B altic area. This increased th e average value in this area from 4 6 to 6-8 p.p.m . Cod and plaice from tbe Sound a ho bad a larger PCB oontant th an specimens ff.im the Baltic proper and off th e west ooast. This suggest* that there ia local contam ination of PCB in the Round. Furthermore, th e mean levels of PCB noted in herring were smaller in the Gulf of Bothnia than in tbe rest of the Baltic. Tbe vagrant Baltic sahnnn had sh out ten lime mare I chlorinated hydrocarbons residue than a sample reported I from Great Britain*. The seals from tbe B altic pn>|>cr. tb s archipelago of j Stockholm and tb e Gulf of B othnia contained large anvomta of residues of both s DDT and PCB, about tea { time* greater than amount found in Q tvst Britain', I Canada* and th e N eth erlan d s". One specimen from HPC00007868 t ** 770507 'T v f?rV O L 224 OCTOBER IB 1060 240 tin" archipelago of Slocklxilm had 910 p.p.m. in fat, included becauee th e fa t content was not determined, u .c n .^ m g tire inren value for this part of tho eoat froin b u t th pectoral muscle and brain tiaaue of thi bud 117 p.p.m . to 170 p.p.m . The level* o f PCB decree*? (wet weight) contained 100 and 90 p.p.m . respectively from kouUi to north. Thw feet, together with lower o f DDT (aa D DE), and 290 and 24 p.p.m . of PCB. Two vrjvg- valu--* of FC'B in herring from the Oulf o f Bothnia, specimens from northern Sweden, one o r which diod by indimtt dm reeling PCB contam ination from truth to accident, oontained 2-6 p.p.m. (l-B-9`4) o f DDT (aa DDE) north m tlx- Beltie. Seal p u p ', one week old. alto con- and 2-9 p.p.m . (1 -8-3-9) of PCB in muacle tiMue, the teaiod Inrge amount of > DDT end PCB residues, and second having 1-8 p.p.m. DDT (aa DDE) and 1-2 p.p.in. ee) milk from the tnimu-h of om* of these pup had tle PCB in brain tissue. The figures from th e archipelago of sanv level. Stockholm are thus a hundred time larger, suggesting i Guillemot egg from the Baltic proper provided a d d i th a t there is a strong contam ination in this area. tional inform ation on the contam ination of the Baltic. I t is well known th a t residues of chlorinated hydro- Th- --ns of c D D T and PCB in egg (wet weight) were carbons tend to be greater in the higher trophio levels than I n p p i- nnd 16 p.p.m . reapocfively. which for t DDT in the lower. Some simplified food chain relations can ix about. ten tune-* the level reported front Great be deduced from the figures in T able I . These are fish to Britain* The Baltic lex el. Imth for r DDT and PCB. seal, fish to guillemot, fish to heron and fish to xrhito tailed re about four to five time* greater than level* reported oagle. In all cases, th e increase in residues from prey to from the west coaat of th e United State*, if the figure* predator is a t least ten-fold in both whole tissue nnd fat. tar residues in fat are compared In g-iillemot egg* from In the eagle and herun, the increase is up to 10b times; 1 the Baltic, a much a 87 per oent of c DDT ww* DDE. b u t for both of these species some im portant food organ i The p*>pulation of white tailed --uglaa in Sweden seem* ism* are missing in this inx-esugation. There are indica to be on the d'-elitie. Only about wo of ten paint nesting tions (Table 1) th a t the percentage o i D DE an d of t DDT n til*- archipelago of Stockholm ueeeeded in hatching increases as it progresses from lower to higher tnpfiic during the paat few year* (E. Lxrsson. personal com- levels. This m ay be th e result o f decomposition of DDT inuui- ation). All K-ciiuens of white ailed eagle studied within th e organisms. In all th e samples from birds, up to the present coittaini-d at least three accum ulating the residues are alm ost exclusively D DE. while in seals subsixiircs known to lc toxic. The*e are DDT m eta and fishes there is up to 50 per cent u f DDT. This differ i bolite*. PCB aiu! mercury compound14. Figure for four ence may be the result of differences in metabolism '*. 4 bird* arc reported in Table I. A fifth pecimeu is not A previously m entioned, the seals from th e archipelago i TWo i. . .rrTTtnt or osOAXorsioaist voarurxrs is wspus xasixe osuaxix.* ises-4# riah v. r*( Co m Mo skI 0-1 1-* l*rr tST Ob V ri. tvse Cod rtr6V*.,r|i.di'jffsl:tl *->r IIM* flato oil O l ! So. la aanipb 17 S 4 7 9 DDT l (0 4-4) 1 (0-4-2) 1 (04-2) 14 (0 20-9 ) 21 (14-2 S) P.p.m. la fat DDT 0 (09-1 9) o.e. B.t. 0-91 (0-15-*-*) It (OSS-1 4) PCB S ((44-74 4 <e-*-u> 7-4 (1-4-14) 15 (0 41-2 4) 0-74 (0-44-1-0) P.Ma. la fresh llama aDDT DDT PCB 002 0-007 0044 (0-006-0-04) (0 002-006) (O01I O ) 0-006 <ooa-o-ooo) 0 006 (0-001-0-000) 0-14 (0-024-0 39) 0004 (traes-- 0 000) 0-006 (m.d.-- 0 000) 00*1 (0014-0 21) 0021 (0002-0 040) 0-019 (0006-0 000) O IS (0064-0 40) Per n il (St //(0001-2* -4) 05 (04-05) 090 (0-10-044) 04 (0 7-14) 100 Ball* . a proper li 1. the in in j Mum,-; o-t IKftfl. Dec. bHd Dr- IV67. Jan. l*d Irm o i M-ril. Mot. isae-a* PbN *1 1 . we: Cod #-ri. tT Sala, <n* .j- ui-in ISM rw- -n t. tsas M u 'C rt*) liver Sra! Mwinmon anti err}) 6c|.l.. .Nov. 1 fr.mi swlUemoi SUv |M 4 If e t ii i i t (0 -io ) IT (41-17) 27 (1 4-7-4) IS (i:-4t> >i (20-39) 14 44 140 (110-140) 670 (SOO-7SO) I-* (0-4 29) 97 (1-4-21) 2-1 (0 0-7 2) as <1 4-19) 14 C 7-30) 79 41 42 (47-44) 00 (76-W ) 49 (10-0-0) 0 (0-4-;29) (1-7-4 4) 11 (9-4-90) 2S (11-8 2) 8-4 44 90 (14-49) 240 (140-990) 0 09 (0-0U0-O07) OM (0-004-2-3) 0 014 (0004-0406) 0-063 (0427-0 11) 4-4 <0 26-7 1) 002 (0008-0*33) 040 (0-014-1-9) 0019 (0009-001*) 0-0*3 (0 004-0-006) 1-6 (0-004-91) 009 (0 000-0007) 0*7 (0000-10) 0017 (0010-0-042) 0003 (0012-0047) 040 (0014-054) 4-0 M (40-74) 40 (20-41) 1-7 44 (41-32) IS (0 T-2 4) 1-0 14 (4 $-41) 14 (7-O-tl) OM (040-10) 4 (0 7 121 004 (O lO -O tl) on (029-0 44) 11-0 (1-t-fO) 100 1 42 (4S-4I) 7-0 (3 0-11) TV Ar^hl|-Uu of Stockholm N w *l On. ISM . Dec. 1MT HeMrrainvsIMS VJ '**>)* Nap ISM it 4 1 9 (l-4 7)_ (44-11) 170 (47-410) I (1-1-4) 4 (2-0-49) 17 (11-21) 42 (4-4-70) 41 (9-8-84) 80 (14-40) 0-04 (0-01-0 01) 0*9 (0-004-0 80) *4 (44-94) 0*2 (001-0-034) on (0-014-0-14) 4-2 (*4-40) 007 <0066-004) 0-17 (0070-0*4) 6T (07-4 4) 1-1 (004-12) (0 it*- ) *7-1 <11 6-47-4) j *h iir lallrd afir H arcb -JsiM lSM -e e Peeiorsl miarle HraJn 4 16.000 <14.000-94.000) .. 14.000 (8,400-17.000) 1.000 <1.740- 2.100) a.4 010 (490-1.500) 490 (fSO-400) 100 (0-110) mA. i. 140 (IK6-540) 47 (30-70) 1-4 (00-90) 44 (4-040) Kc-- fnn white tailed raeIt 1 1.000 V *> Jn IM S (010-1.000) 4. 440 (140-000) U. 40 a-e. aa. (4-4-01) -i Bvn A|-ni IM 7 1 14.000 s.S. 9,400 71 n.d. M 041 ;.i CcU of IVMhnl* B-cr-ne las] -rtnerd) Mar Get. IM S 4 - It (4 2-0 1) ISO (110-190) 44 t a-i 4) M (44-47) 14 (0 *4-2 0) 14 (0-7-10) 020 (0sa14-0 42) (44-44) OI4 004 (0001-021) (0646-0 061) *0 69 (*6-21) (40-6 4) 44 (21-04) M (42 44) Oes of rinlaad 6-l pop isrep) March IM S t 42 29 04 (41-44) (21-X3) (0-0-7-0) 46 (14-24) 14 (-) *0 (04-4-4) 40 (40-04) r,.j Mai milk March ISM t M tl 4-4 11 04 1 81 * DDT aian-la r-s 11DT * DDt * DUD. Por taimo anti sral. thee * rrapri llrely it per rent DDD Is DDT. lb rat I d i r b lo t 17 pet mrt, i : Xol estInut-S. U.S.. Nil b t f i l. NPC00007869 ' >V?'+*i a` '>.1* 770508 1 2 5 0 NATURE VOL 2 2 4 OCTOBER 16 1966 of Stockholm, utured in non-hvated room for six month, microbiological activity because of very low tem peraturas had greater proportion of DDD (up to 40 per cent of of the intermediate Baltic "winter w ater" during nv*t of c DDT), and sim ultaneously smaller level* of DDT itself, the year, and also of the deep w ater layers in the norther* then 11 other seals. This could have been caused by areas. As a consequence of the rath er cold winter, post mortem m etabolism bv microorganism*11. On this this is also largely true for th e upper surface layer. other hand, the ringed seal from the Gulf of Bothnia, The brackish water character of th e Baltic also favours stored in th e sam e way as far as we know, had only a b oat a concentration of reeidusa m living organisms. Tim 5 per cent of D D D , b u t this low figure m ay be corrected substances m question are probably more readily t r a s with th e uncertain ty of DDD estim ation a t the tim e when p o n ed in a horizontal direction by living m atter from freak th e other acala were analysed. This difference between the w ater to th e low salinity surface water (frequently 6-4 archipelago seals and the other seals, however, could bs per mille or less) of th e archipelagos and along the Baltic related to the fact th a t the large am ount of pollution and coasts. In the N orth Sea, the discrepancy between the the land-w ater relation in the archipelago of Stockholm salt seawater and fresh w ater especially when combined produce a higher microbiological activity in th e w ater, w ith th e effect of th e tidal m ovem ents can result m a transform ing" DDT to DDD and poasibly DDE. faster decomposition of freshwater organisms and of L ittle ie known a b o u t the toxicity of PCB in tlra level* organic m atter, including th e chlorinated hydrocarbons. found by ua. PCB has, however, been proved to cause The increased and more immediate contact hero with the pathological changes in laboratory anim als", and was miorobiologicsJ activity located in the bottom materkri found to bo am ong the ten most p o ten t chemicals among a m ay be im portant. F urtherm ore, th e ir is in the Baltic hundred tested by injection in eggs". Some teratogenic proper a pronounced stratification of the water. A distinct effects h sv s been n o ted ". Effect# of DDT, D D E and hslovline delimits the doep w ater of higher salinity up ' PCB on hepatic enzymes which increase th e metabolism wards (usually in 60-70 m depth). In the warm season, of progesterone, testosterone and oestradiol have also th e upperm ost surface layer is separated from the " in ter | been published*. I t is w orth noting th at bald eagles w ater" by a very m arked thermocline (usually in 15-20 os (Ualiaeetus leucoeephalus), fed a diet containing D DT. had depth, sometimes supported by a secondary ha Iorline). between 59-86 p.p.m . D DT and DDD in their brains when As a result o f these two discontinuity layers and, espao. they died**. A pproxim ately the same values were found ally in coastal areas, of th e absence of m arked tidal in robins and house-sparrow s'1. B rain tissue in white current, th e vertios] w ater exchange and movements tailed eagles from th e Stockholm area contained on average are more or leas blocked. T he contact of sinking organic 100 p.p.m . (freah tissue) of D DE. D DE, on th e other m atter with th e bottom m aterial is thus to a great extent hand, u less acutely toxic than D DT itself. The greatest delayed. In the discontinuity layers of the Baltic Sea. value in N orth American bald eagles collected in the field living and dead plankton and oth er organic m atter are in 1905 was 118 p.pjrn. (mainly D DE) in muscle tisue*M. concentrated, as a consequenoe of dtCTemire in the The g reatest level for sampled wild white tailed eagle specific gravity o f th e w ater. The layers mentioned are from Sweden i* 400 p.p.m . (mainly D D E) and tin* mean im portant feeding areas for plankton and pelagic fish such w ar 330 p.p.m . in musrlo tissue (wet weight). N othing is as herring and spratt In th e Sound, in the archipelago o f yet known ab o u t the PCB content in bald eagle from Stockholm and in the Idefjord. local sources of pollution N orth America, but in eagles from our arrhipvlrig.. the can be im portant as the residue levels indicate. mean value in inuwle was 190 p.p.m . ihrain 47 p.p.m .) We th an k Mrs K eratin W idm ark. Mr Bruno Nucci, Mrs and th e greatest figure urns 240 p.p.m . (brain 70 Elsa Nneei. Miss Gunnel B lum kvi and Mias Margarets p .p .m .). Ostbcrg at the Institute of Analytic) Clicmistry, tbs Neither the frvsh tissue nor the original fat values were estim ated in the addled eggs from w hite tailed mrlcr. Sometime* the w ater content war as low < t* per cent (uonunlh* 70-75 pier cent in freah hen egg. The \nluer U niversity of Stockholm. We also thank Mr W em w Berg and Mr Bengt Wallin et the Museum of Natural H istory, Stockholm, for th eir help in this work. based on the fat content of these egg* arv prl*aLlv more rebnbl* and we only report sucli figures. The levels, Rmlvid Xltv IS. IN* although high, w-cre only 1/25 of those of the eagle fat. *JesMB. *.. . r so., at. is uas>. T he residue* of t DDT and PCB in th e guillemot egg were * widmark. 0.. J. A n . Off. J tl. Ckns.. 5 1P9 (1M7I. ' sod E,, ,about 60 per cent lower th an those in the w hite tailed Holies. A. V., Mandes S m titr. 1 1 |*>i (iMT). eagle eggs. The guillemots are vagrant in w inter hut imwi of the central Bnltic population is believed to rem ain in th e Baltic area th e year round. It i* not known w hether *Holmn. U l,, Wnimon, J. H,, and Talln J O'G., Astvrr.tlt.S2? iIMTg *K.-itian. J. H.. Oakxtir. A. A. G., Tren. J.. Brouwer. E., A^'lS. I . LZ*ha4rt`- 1\. v. wd.leH/rv--*. GT.m.. ia.nSdt. vt/a4n(100**-7n1J..'rrn. H.. \t4. Jtifh trOuS th e population it decreasing, but no dra*-ti. di*elinc hn< been reported. All species m entioned here (except mussel' ary more or less vagrant, thereby giving a picture of the situation in a * Hbebrrnjifh. R W., Hx-rhe. F.. Hirmss, S. U.. Peakall, D. R.. and Kin*. V . .Vsisrr. ftl. 10 *Jrntcu. .. Nutr, B.. ai>d Widmark. G.. J. Amml. CUm. (In the *nml. 1 h o rm a s. i . H ., Vrrti. J ., Brouwer, E.. H uhm an-dr llMxrwrr. L aad Kooirn, J. L . l/tipUdHtlrr IT.. Urtrmntrrt..\T. S7t (ltd*). large wntei tin s . A relatively few analyses c:. a vagrant animal may not give a very accurate picture, but when different specie arts shown to contain tnorv residues in the Baltic tlmn in the N orth Sea and the Atlantic, the *ioWnTM, I . Rkhardson. A.. Crahir*. A. X. Ccelies, J. G, ssd rot*, (i. R.. .Vslurr.tlS. 1107 <1WTk Iitm a . 3. R-. as vas Gradtns. H,, J. Arrl. f r a | . 5ur*L M(IMS). ' UoMnrra.wKan.aW. t l,,iJ(bIaMlatnhr sr.J Urn lemlriti M u r , fjrop. Brit. Kusl K . situation is more convincing. " Moer.. .X. W,, aad Tallo. J. O'O., Smlmrt. t7. 42 (IMSL In tlm Baltic propar, the Gulf of Bothnia and in the archipelago of Stockholm, the levels of chlorinated hydro carbons are approximately ten limes greater than the reported sparse figures for comparable species in the North Sea area and tlif Atlantic. This may be caused by several factor. The Baltic is surrounded by lsrgc areas of land and the w ater volume is comparatively mall. F u rth er more, the w ater exchange with th e N orth Pc* is vert" limited as a consequent of th e th re sh o ld * l IS and b m deep) and the narrowness of tl*e Danish sounds. Kesidues brought into the Baltic from the coasts snd from air pollution will aeciim ulato here to a great \te n t. This developm ent is no d o u b t favoured by a generally low " ttil1UrU,Kr*)I.I., KamUvoa, a. A., ssd TIarriaos, t . 9.. J. So. F4 * Bent. W,, Jnharb. A. 0- 8j*<traM, B. asd Wealsncart. T., Oil,IT. II (itaai. Stkkrl. L. F.. Chura. X. J.. Btewart. P. A.. Mesa*. C. M.. Prnoly. and Rrlchel. W. JL. Trent. TiirtrfiftI -VurlA Amenta* KH4HJf /lornirrn Ctmf., 1*0 (l*M i. JeKriies. P. I., ami Walk-r. C. H.. .Vufwrr. tU. Ml (IMS). ' Core. O. B., snd hander* II. 0-, f>r. Fie* trait. *~r.. X. 1ST, 17 IlMft .Miller.J.W,,P M . Hit*. R'p. IT*-6(U).IBM(]**). hlcUuetdli*. Jus.. J.. Marltae, J. T.. Trmt M. J Mutchirr, M. K.asd Fltlliush. O. U.. Tonr*l. Jppt. /Awemerol., I. 7*0 (ISSS). MS(kket. L. F.. Adomain. V. A- Rsftrv. O. B- Chura. X. Uefce. L jL Mentir. C. M,, Prostr. R. M- Reuhel. wTl-, and Slewsn. T. A. CH FA TTMJ. Srrr.. 5o. Ttt. (1M6). '.Berssrd.'.R.'T .^P M m . H it. St. Cn*r. M et..t.S(1MJ). '-tv;.'-; NPC00007870 770509 from : Manufacturing Planning WIN : Of8* January 28, 1976 sum INERTEEN/TCB FOR PCA7 TYPE COUPLING CAPACITORS v. X . Dennison R. Luzar R. Stewart i cc: A. Berg G. Clogs ton W. Kelly R. Ripplinger The Inerteen/TCB mixture used to impregnate the PCA7 type coupling capacitor has a strong odor and can be ir r it a t in g to the employees when there is a high concentration of fumes. By the same token, a high concentration of these vapors may be hazardous to one's health. There may be high concentration of vapors 1n the oven and immetjrfat^ly over the coupling unit when an employee 1s working oh 1t. He are in the process of measuring vapor concentrations now, but 1t w ill be some time before we w ill have the results back. Since we d on't know 1f the vapors are hazardous or not, I believe we need to take precautionary measures to protect the employees in the event that the vapors are hazardous. Even 1f the vapors are not hazardous, they can ir r it a t e the throat over a period of time. We have, in the Medical Department, respirators and f i lt e r s that the employees can wear to remove the vapors from the a ir they breathe. I have tried these out in the oven where the concentration is highest and found the respirator is very e ffective-- no odor or vapor goes through the f ilt e r . Since these f ilt e r s do an excellent job, I believe 1t 1s essential that the operators wear the resp irato rs while they load and unload coupling capacitors 1n the oven and while they work on the Individual units. Therefore, I am requesting the appropriate Foreman or Ray Luzar to le t me know the next time an oven is loaded or PCA7's are worked on. I wish to discuss this with the employees involved, provide them with re sp irato rs, and show them the benefits of the proper use of the respirator. -i 1 I . 'O M 3 JW V i \ R. B. Sawyer, Manager Manufacturing Planning NPC00007871 770510 i jT V D r . Ir,yr:md.K a r l aud Kunroc CnwiV.;.* Me1?.1 h O f f ic e r Bloom ington Indian;*. C7-101 l .' ) WasiinjiioKc Elaciiic Cnrp-;..::r.n s June 5 , 1972 VMM *>-N I*- < in rT.^-* r?r\.r jr.-! iJ/'v . ! * *'*^ I :< P |r ^ !*| J U N r . 1DV?. I KaisWi.vSnM :T :r:-:'? A :Krlx':S ;:r ; ' } UfWli # f Osar Di' Borland: * ii The d isp o sa l by M esti iicihousu o f s o l i d w astes coniargina le d v/i Ih JKCUTCCH (c h lo r in a t e d phenyf in s u l a t in g l ib r ic i) in th 1Ifcmroe County dump lo c a te d on Anderson lioad, w i l l c o n f r ic o Wednesday. June 7, under th fui levino conditions. As agreed to by U estinghou se to the S ta te Board o f H ealth i n iiovenbe 19G8, no l i q u i d In v rtc e n w i l l be d isp o se d o f in the sta te o f In d ia n . Tim s o l i d waste which in c lu d o * t h in ly cl cy, saw d u st*'paper, aluTitura f o i l and r a t e i c a n s, w i l l be d isp o se d o f In a s p e c ia l a rc s o f the dui.-i as agreed upon by Mr. Ila ri on Young the c o n tr a c to r f o r the dump. The depth o f trench end ti;t araev.t and f r t - w n c y o f co ve r s h a ll be in accordance w ith sta te and counti* re g u la tio n s fur a sa n ita ry land f i l l . . . I t i s re co gn ize d th at In s r te c n i s nr>t f l ar.rrebl s , i s not w ater s o li ibi a and i t is heavie r than weter. * i Stu d ie s show th at Inertccn b e in g a c h lo rin a te d phenyl coppaiuid ray be an orivironirontel contaminent. Cero must be teben to prevent any e ntry to tho environment. I t is W estineiieuse's opinion th a t i f the Iiterlci*n conterai nated s o lid , waste i s d isp o se d of in the Ranroe County cter* loca te d on Andersen Koad in accordance w ith sta te end county la n d f i l i r e g o la ito n s , i t w il l not escape in to the suiscundiiuj environment. I* - To assure t h is , l'pstinphoiric w ill take s o il samples at several lo c a tio n s around the dufcu b e fo re our:.piii(j conaences. > A m onitoring program which includes p e rio d ic a l sampling around the dump w ill be c a r r ie d out to c o r.fim U *ct li.e rtce n i s not e sc a p in g in t o the surrounding e n vlro rm n l. NFC00007872 *:W -7-* 770511 Dr. RiiyiflpRd B o ri and Page 2 ,. . June 5, 1972 p o rts to fcctp the s t a t e ir.for*7.2d on Jnerteen. Hr, Crav.v reer.irr.snded th a t V.'cs t i n (house g a t 1'om`oc County approval and he f e lt that formal sta te approval would not be required sin c e the Konroe County duw;; i s a lre a d y s t a t e approved. ** i Two co p ie s each o f t h i s l e t t e r sig n e d by Hr. S h o a ff o f U estfnghouso and Or. B o rla n d , Ponrcc County Hearth O f f ic e r a rc b e in g se n t to O n rry Crav.v and S cjp. Via r e q u e stin g th a t they s ig n one copy and re tu rn i t to H estir.gheusc s o th a t we have on record th a t they a rc inform ed o f the c o n te n ts of* t h i s le tte r. I t has beer, and in 11 con tinu e to be Vies t i n iihoosc p o lic y to ccr.-pl y w ith a ll lo ca l sta te and federal laws- concerning o a r environwsrit. Date . A NPC00007873 770512 Westinghouse ElectricCorporation June 5, 1972 Boi >41, Blounifigtoa, Io4. 47401 Dr. Raymond Borland 'Monroe County Health O ffic e r Bloom ington, Indiana 47401 Dear Dr. Borland: The d isp o sa l by Westinghouse o f s o lid wastes contaminated with INERTEEN (ch lo rin a te d phenyl in su la tin g liq u id ) 1n the Monroe County dump located on Anderson Road, w ill commence Wednesday! June 7, under the follow ing conditions. As agreed to by Westinghouse to the State Board o f Health in November 1968, no liq u id Inerteen w ill be disposed o f in thej state o f Indiana. The s o lid waste which Includes m ainly cla y , sawdust, paper, aluminum f o i l and metal cans, w ill be disposed o f in a special area o f the dump as agreed upon by Mr. Marion Young, the contractor fo r the- dump. The depth o f trench and the amount and frequency o f cover sh a ll be In accordance with sta te and county re gu la tio n s fo r a sa n it a ry land f i l l . I t I s recognized that Inerteen I s not flammable, 1s not water solu ble and I t i s heavier than water. Stu d ie s show that Inerteen being -a chlorinated phenyl compound may be an environmental contaminant. Care must be taken to prevent any entry to the environment. i I t i s Westinghouse's opinion that I f the Inerteen contaminated s o lid waste 1s disposed o f 1n the Monroe County dump located on Anderson Road In accordance with state and county land f i l l re gula tions, i t w ill not escape In to the surrounding environment. To a ssu re t h is , Westinghouse w ill take s o il samples a t several lo c a tio n s around the dump before dumping commences. * '* A m onitoring program which Includes p e rio d ic a l sampling around the dump w ill be c a rrie d out to confirm that Inerteen i s not escap in g in to the surrounding environment. NPC00007874 770513 J Dr. Raymond Borland Page 2 June S i 1972 I 1 J e rry Gravy o f the State Sa n ita tio n Department feels that the Monroe County dump i s a su ita b le lo c a tio n fo r d isp osin g o f [th is waste. Sam Via o f the State In d u str ia l Haste Department has been informed o f the h is t o r y o f our disp osal o f s o lid and liq u id Inerteen waste. 4ii Jim Hunt o f the State In d u s t r ia l Waste Department was a lso contacted re ce n tly and In February 1969 Westinghouse sent him several technical re ports to keep the sta te Informed on Inerteen. Mr. Cravy recoimended that Westinghouse get Monroe County approval and he f e lt that formal state approval would not be required sin c e the Monroe County dump I s already sta te approved. I . J Two copies each o f t h is le t t e r signed by Mr. Shoaff o f Westinghouse and Dr. Borland, Monroe County Heafth O ffic e r are being sent to Je rry Cravy and Sam Via requesting th a t they s ig n one copy and return 1 t to Westinghouse so that we have on record that they are Informed o f the contents o f t h is le tte r. i I t has been and w ill continue to be Westinghouse p o lic y to comply w ith a ll lo c a l sta te and federal laws concerning our environment. Date : / o ' fe*- *7 770514 / ii Monsanto \ EXH IBIT 6F Monsanto Cenpany 8 0 0 N Untftitrph lo u liirird 81. Lonja. M issouri 83188 Phon: 014} 884*1000 .onauae c m b m o u s v a w : lt M a r c h 3 , 1 9 9 M r. R ob ert T . Innis W estinghouse E le c tr ic C orporation P . 0 . B ox 341 B loom ington, Indiana 47401 ,, D ea r M r. Innis: On F eb ru a ry 24, the San F ra n c isc o C h ron icle ca rried a m a jo r f e a t u r e a b o u t " a m e n a n c in g n e w p o llu t a n t 11 fo u n d in th e S a n F ra n cisco Bay area . The a rticle w as b ased on m arin e life r e se a r c h ca r r ie d out by D r. R o b ert R iseb rou gh o f the U n iv e r sity o f C aliforn ia. It stated that resid u es o f p olych lorin ated biphenyl (PC B ) w ere k illin g certa in m arin e b ird s and p osed a lo n g -term th rea t to hum ans. T his sto r y has ca u sed co n sid era b le com m en t onjthe W est C oast and i t s c la im s m a y be r e p e a te d e ls e w h e r e . As you know , M onsanto m an u factu res p olych lorin ated biphenyl and m a rk ets it under our A ro clo r trad e n a m e. W e, th erefo re, |w ould lik e to p resen t com e additional fa cts.' " i T he w o rk done b y D r . R iseb ro u g h d a tes b a ck to, e a r lie r r e s e a r c h by o th er sc ie n tis ts to an alyze the am ount o f p e stic id e s in w ild life, so il and w ater. The in itia l p esticid e resea rch w a s ex trem ely d ifficu lt sin ce any sea r ch to d etect m a teria ls in the p a r ts -p e r b illio n r a n g e a l s o b r in g s o u t o t h e r " i a t e r f e r r i n g 11 s u b s t a n c e s . N PC 00007876 770515 t. I fV V ./ -2- i ,, S ev er a l y ea r s ago, tw o S w edish sc ie n tists at Stockholm U n iversity's,*" In stitu tion o f A n a ly tic a l C h e m is tr y , P r o f e s s o r Guinnar W id m ark * . i and S o r e n J e n s e n , r e p o r te d th e y Had id e n tifie d th e o th e r s u b s ta n c e s '" : w h ich w ere ap pearing during a n a ly sis of c h lo r in a t e d ,p e s t ic id e s i- 1 d u es. T hey sa id som e of the m a te r ia ls w ere p olych lorih ated biphenyls o r P C B . The am ount rep orted w as in the p a r ts-p e r -b illio n ran ge, or l e s s S in c e P C B 1* a r e n o t " b r o a d c a s t " o r s p r e a d a r o u n d th e la n d a s a re p e s tic id e s , the s c ie n tists th eo rized that the so u rce p iu st be the . : i n d u s t r ia l w a s t e s o f P C B u s e r s . + 'a I Dr, R is e b r o u g h 's m o r e r e c e n t w o r k r e p o r t s th e i d e n t if ic a t io n o f P C B , * . along w ith D D T .and DDE p e s tic id e s , in the tissu e's o f b ird s and fish * * * o n th e JfiTest'.Co.ast. The con d u sion sof th ese sc ie n tists are puzzling from , sev era l asp ects. P o ly ch lo rin a ted biphenyls are stab le ch em ica l com pounds w hich are **'e sse n tia lly in so lu b le in w a te r. T h eir u se d o es not m ak e 'them e a s ily r e le a se d into the n atu ral en viron m en t. :^ a- A p rin cip al m ark et fo r PC B is in e le c tr ic a l ap plication s w h ere they a r e u se d a s in su la tin g flu id s fo r tr a n s fo r m e r s and c a p a c ito r s . In .th is u se , the ch em ic a l is co m p letely sea led in m etal-con tain ers^ . A n o th e r m a r k e t i s f o r h e a t t r a n s f e r a p p lic a t io n s iw h e r e th e P C B flu id functions in a clo sed sy stem . 1 ' .j ' ' . . . PC B'.a a re a ls o u se d in s e v e r a l " p la stic typ e" a p p lic a tio n s. .H ere the c h e m ic a l is in co rp o ra ted into the p o ly m er a s a n jin teg ra l p art o f the so lid m a teria l. T his ap p lies w hether the p olym er is u sed a s an a d h esiv e, an e la sto m e r o r a su rface coating. j tm * *i " The S w edish and A m erican sc ie n tists a lso im p ly that p olychlorin ated b ip h e n y ls a r e " h ig h ly t o x i c *1 c h e m ic a ls * T h is i s s i m p l y n o t t r u e . The to x icity of any m a teria l, w hether it be ch em ica ls, drugs, natural p lan ts or even fo o d s, is re la tiv e. C om pared to jthe thousands of in d u strial ch em ica ls and hom e p roducts, PC B 'ij are not toxic u n less th ey a r e m ish a n d led or m is u s e d . D u rin g m o r e jthaa th ir ty y e a r s o f US. production and u se, c a se s of any toxic effect have been ex trem ely rare - - and then on ly w h ere the sim p le p recau tion s recom m en d ed for u se w ere not follow ed. * y.v** V; . n ; ; *^00007877 770516  -3- * T o o u r know ledge p o ly ch lo rin a ted b ip h en yls are not sprayed* or . . d u s t e d o n vc r o p s / ,;w o o d la n d s o r a n y o t h e r - a r e a s , .a s a r e p e s t i c i d e s , :' > Zt i s , t h e r e f o r e ; n o t o n ly p u z z lin g , b u t e x t r e m e l y dif^ .cu ^ t '.tp .c o n - , c e i v e h ow ' c o m m e r c i a l l y p r o d u c e d F C B c a n s h o w !up in w ild life a ^ - ' .* 1 D D T and oth er p e stic id e s appear to be. . T his raises'toeT qdhstibn v l w h eth er the"substance id en tified in the Sw edish w ork, and how. in .. C aliforn ia, is actu ally FCB' - - or w hether th ey are m a te r ia ls w hich, due-to the m e ta b o lism o f oth er m a te r ia ls in the m arin e en v iro n m en t,'. appears* to be F C B , . %' * . * * ' . 1 v .* * ,* ' * U n fo r t u n a te ly , e v e n `th o u g h t e c h n iq u e s f o r a n a ly z in g t i s s u e s a m p l e s ^ h a v e becom e .quite p r e c is e , the a b ility to an alyze th e .p o ssib le im p act of n atu rally occu rrin g su b stan ces in th efo o d cy cle of livin g -o r g a n is m s * h a s n o t m a d e c o m p a r a b le a d v a n c e s , *! .. M o n s a n to h a s a r e s e a r c h prbgsaSSJfco c o n f ir m th e id e n t i t y o f th e . com pounds .reported to be F C B b y 'th e Sw edish and C aliforn ia * s c i e n t i s t s . *W e a l s o c o o p e r a t e , ' o n a r e g u l a r b a s i s , w ith f e d e r a l , 'state'and u n iv e r sity la b o r a to r ie s in th e ir a n a ly sis o f ch lorin ated hydrocarbon resid u es. * A d d ition ally, M onsanto w ill continue to e x e r c is e the h ig h est d egree ^o f c o n tr o l ha l t s m a n u fa c tu r in g , sh ip p in g an d s to r a g e o f F C B - - a s * w e do w ith a ll p ro d u cts. In the fu n ction al flu id s m a r k e t, w e have ca rried out a p rogram fo r se v e r a l .years fo r the recla m a tio n of u s e d F C B 1s to a v o id d i s p o s a l o f t h e s e v a lu a b le m a t e r i a l s . The sou rce of the m arin e life resid u e identified a s FC B is not yet known. It w ill take ex ten siv e re se a r c h , on a w orldw ide b a sis, to con firm or deny the in itia l scien tific con clu sion s. W e w ill keep you a d v ised of our own re se a r c h and are availab le to an sw er q u estio n s as they m ay a rise. V ery tru ly you rs, / cd E lm er F . W heeler M anager E n viron m en tal H ealth NPCO007878 A> 770517 LIRE MESSAGE a n mattici psm r *';..;'-f-%**& u S M .p tn *i~ :."* i ; 0 0 NOT aeN O c l a s s if ie d INFORMATION ; 77 v t 1 . -, . / T l I T T O a i M T TO Hr. U F. H art. fen. f a r . -Gnerai E le c t r ic Co, C P P BiviaioN,.iTcfCT p ria oitTBiwTim c ia n a , py*T/ cgamrr PATI 0/9/7C-- :,' ^ ^-1^:' A; **' +**t**. I TWI C9MMT HJk ( T f aW ift TMWiitum ctim a m i u a f t i J aratiT l o m i i >lud$on ^ B l1 s .V M w " T o ^ tg 8 3 9 - ` ' r cm cc lo a n to c to n McCTuivi _ ,, A/s y iy a j j ~ti mi T<imlT i r 1111 i r r i r ~ CCI l ^ f r ^ t n S t . -* iteT T r fe r ^ ^ ' - Mr. C.-A. P a rris ~ ITITI. J" 'V . iHV' . "y\ .I aci- su rp rise d y o o a n fr y o u r Tcga-I counsel m isinterpreted wy le t t e r of, lV17/75 rg y. ' " " ` . "V * ' ' -tW V ' : f i'. ::*' . ai ternate s> :tgvP C U > s^ ^ . . v '. '- ; ,,* " . ' *'- ' `V , *i *' assumed that cito proteseci sut-Jefct nattier -iKE-.-V .-...'' . . v . V -.-. -, \ ;. *' ; . -- la tte i* had nat/tiori cleared wftrt ^&!A CdUnsQ and U Counsfr; '--- ;;V,.v: .*. : ^ ` ; A '' / -: S; , 01sc u ssidns a t - th poettEq WlTvb/n what crtaractr1st1cs cfrMcaV lo c tH c k T ;^ r.-;--';rVv * onvlronccntairg hag^th' artd safgy j ^ 3 t b< avti1lAbe f o r a f l u t d ta t consi d m i W as.I >.'' '*- : `v - ^ : r - i & M -n-^ menant' f o r TOTE-ftC&amP not hoar io d e sin i s capaci cor and nt: flow to evaTufcg .-.fol aiaaao mitlen o f ewiartrir-Unfts^ - . - '.V V S* fZC * .' - . . ' * ^ ^ 1 * w*M * ^ ^T * > aooT ' 4 F a t t L ^ M L E S S i M P . r / -.,. ;, <* , ^^J-r y ' .o' . *, #/ rtr:-- -,7.f*-`,,,-" " j--: *~ r ~ --rr*1. .w.:*-"- -v ; . 770518 U.tS. N A V A L O R D N A N C E L A B O R A T O R Y WHITE OAK J Ly > S IL V E R S P R IN G , M A R Y L A N w tcruuru Tot :F C W :emcm 8 October 1959 i i Safety Director Westinghouse Electric Corporation East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Gentlemen: Concern has been expressed by our personnel{who have had occasion to work with your Inerteen oil as to its toxic effects. , i In view of this concern, it is our desire to acquire information relative to the following items; the chemical composition of the oil, its hazardous properties, the necessary precautions to be taken when handling the oil^from the standpoint of ventilation and personal protective equipment; the hazards involved in the absorption of this oil thru the skin, and the maximum allowable concentration in parts of xhls oil per million parts of air. Further we would appreciate information on the type gloves and aprons materialwise that can be used when working with Inerteen oil. Any information of this nature you are able to give us will be of much value. May I take this opportunity to express our sincere appreciation for your courteous attention. ! Very truly your^;* fir - * f Vi-* r v a .*- C* $? * & . s ~~ _,Lc ' - flt Vs i r a "h . ^ ; i v Safety En9l n i e ^ ftMi , J S- ` wL\ V - ?*- , _vsy 1 iifl V rM ' i 1 I JO Wt f r t Wn f c a. y t 3 - , ,j ., N - *- & ^*" vX-----v---- -----. ^ j- 1 * i, rr T* vv np iX S L < x -A . X-- ifc r? 4 iVVU>. { OVJ' NPC00007880 770519 v z' r" ii CUnEUUD VQ3E3 kr J W* U |f f t M aterials 4 fr o w n k g r* BBedguarter M ^ s a l Soph i Bepteeber 1 8 / 1947* i 1?; ` \*s I am sorry fo r the long delay in g ettin g th a .la fe T r a e i!^ } -':^ /. =: Beta Sheet X-l prepend V* ere t i l l la stin g ***** data on ia r fv' bub rather than w aiting jv b ll me.grt o u tlet* In fo rm a tio n I w i l l you the follow ing, hloh tabes oire o f most o f th.dai'fci X d i ' your espeeltor in sta lla tio n u lth several pez mbs at ycurpUnfe ago Inoludiig lfr;f*-l* F uller end llr* J* "feott* They'-ere w ith the fe e t that' lnerteea i s e fa ir ly te x is m aterial whloh handled i& euoh a iny^ as'to prevent poisoning' * ' . '4' ' v ' ' . * CCBZAHHB8 AHD OTOJUQ " ;-v'- ;. * t' " ` ` . V I believe the ..type o f oesbainsr i s imdioated on P* D* * 6635* You osa probably determine the exaet type o f container in v t f k.'^; '; you reoelve th is m aterial frota your' supplier there are no speoidLvj^ y '; : oautions th at need be taken in s torine the. origin al containers* In ease^j.; ?. o f spillage the inerteen should be olesned up promptly so th at lts^viapors w ill not eontsadnata the storage area* She use o f o il absorbing oes^ und, ; 106698-1, is renamesailtd sinos th is compound absorbs tb s inerteen and lis p * - the floor in a non-allppoiy condition* .'.. -'I y FBOPSSfXSS Fire - Von-flsarnsblo Bxploilca - Son-explosive SRBiTHZBQ X do not y et have data on the odor le v e l o f th is n ets r ia ls fercnlo . ' poisoning nay ooour where there are repeated or reeurrlsg exposure t o a , * su fficie n t ooneentration o f inerteen (6885) vapor orvar a period o f BEtths^j';. r o f years* Such exposures may produce in tern al bodily injury which jnsy^bo^^.V disabling or oould be fa ta l* Shore people may breathezmlr om tainlng thus. >.::. ; NPC00007882 770521 M r. J . V U lg e rt -2 - \ V if.w. 3# p t . 16 1M T *v Vapor t b o f c x im A lle e e b la O a n o o n tra ticn 1 cm n iU lg iv a r p a r a u b io a . ... a t t i r . J h le i ^ a i l U n l l D Q B e ^ y ^ ilc & . a p p llf | i4t e re o u rrio g d a ily e x p e w e j* I f the o e n e o u tre tlo n ie ; lt r thsui o n e X U ^ ; V S iw i t b s r o U l i t t l e cfaazwe o f p o is o a in g vo n t f t o r y e a r a . o r x p o o V r o r ' ` to n w e b b is h e r o c a o a s t r a t lo a a o f 'v a p o r a ro b r a t b a i 'f o r a r e l a t i v e l y .: ; h o rt p o r i od th e re m / b e l r r l t a t l o s a o f tb e n o e # *n jl tb ro o fr `o r# t e o a - ' * ,, s t o n a ily nausea. I f a ir la a a tv a to d w ith tu e rte e n V a p o r a t ro o o to n p e ra - ta ro i t w i l l ,V e n ta i ti a . M Q O e s t r a t le n o f l T I a l U i p v a i o F in o f t o e por * # # e o b ie *e to r o f' a ir (V o ta ) X i a n o t a tlrq lj:> . jf| iv fi4 vrltb altfaoq gh l t la tb a b e s t d a t a t b a t X h a r a V b l| a b l*V v X e x p k g t. t b ia T a l b e fa r l i s u U g tb a la f e F t a e t la a ?w U L < b a 'o t V;l ? e n r e la t iv o ly M g * b a n e o B t r a e& '# f V a p o r o u l ; * * ro o a t c a p o r t m ' l t M b at b a reenfea?d tbtt t o p e r a t w e lJ ? v V y ; * l< r 'a n d l t o u l ' f O q u i ^ ^ i w g p e f io d s a f t in o # ; t o t a l l j e a o lo b d p u$e t o ra a a h t b ia s a t u r a t e d c c n d it i n . i l ' r r . - v 'v : ' ` * : r; * ' f - ..........A% * :* rv 1 . . e u L L o mUnoi j. ; >*-y:-. ':?*'..'.*`r . ... CZr'&'F**' b a r io l f 't a b n i n t e r n l l y . {'.tb o a p p ro x lja a te ly. ea r tv / u b o e s n a y c a u so o r lo n * 'In t a n a i- * ' bapa a a i & i ^ '^ - ; '* -* * ;r ': v. '. ( re.*- " f a - t >C.f S K H X H SZ iitX O S I t 1 a a ll e k ln rr ita n t* B ron^ou^h l t la n o t Tory Ir r i t a t i n e t o t h o alela i t l a a b a o rb o d tb ro o g h t b a3d a n oan, p ro n o o t e x i s r o a t lc n s in t a n a l l y X t a a j a le o p rduao a f t o r o xp o a n ro ji o f w n tb a r y o * f * ; "T . a k la o o n d ltla a knoon aa o h lo r-a o n e * T ble o o n d ltla n la T a r r A l f f lo d lt t o ` bam l* m s o M i raoriCTCTB i q o i i m t X f l t 1a noeoaaary undar w arfnoy eondltlo&a to onfcor a apao e n ta ln in f roiy h lfh oe&eontratioaa o f vapor or fin oltb ar a unlvoraal gaa naak ltf 7 l -lr an alr-li& e roaplrator er a boto nak vdth pr vith o o t blem r, nay be nead. 7or usual eonaontratlona of vapor atondar ohealol eartrldfo roaplrator 8883-1 oquippod trltb on aatlvatod ebarooal eartrld t# 8883-2 111 prvido protoet lo a . Tboso r o sp ir a tm should bo o f a typo ;approvod by tbo U. S . Bureau o f Ulnas. Isoprens aprona and clovoa TB90-8 ay bo uasd taro noeoaeary to proteot tba skln*- Zf f or any roaaon tb* '' / nooprona glovaa do not ataad up v o ll on tb ia application a glovo 'M d * f r o n Polyvinyl aloobol r o s in (su a h a s H osistoflax) ould bo. usad Hted/W H* \i- such aa Wost 88 (West D islnfootant Ccopany 42-16 TTost Btroet X ltad City) or Fand 0 (lin o Safety dpplianooa Company Pittsburgh. agr ba NPC00007883 770522 \ Kr. J . W. li* r t .. -5 - . - . B tpt. 15, lH T j '/* k -, / T . o f k m T t l w i i protootloa fo r th akin v h n Vottar mathoda of protoaticm aro mot p r a e tlo a l. . .. --a:v 'v nxckvnm '* . Cara mnat b takon to prcrant ay apprwlabia oontaot o f th ia mafcrial with th ifcin, apoially arhn thoa ooobaot aro rapoatad - lf - aay approolbl ara o f th akla b fcca ii ooatod b ith th lm rt, l t ` > ^ ^ ohould b r--orad by'vaahinc o ith aoap and 'vatoriH. lab yl ptoarato 1* a ;V goc aolTtat for th ia n otarial and oan fc* uaod io vaid la oc*pltly r ^ r ; v norlac th Inortaaca. frcm th akla# Xta m *h#uld alaay be fo U o f* > y '\ maahiag dth soap and'atar* Th K azhm JLllOrabl Ocnoixtrati* o f-ta p a r / prorlouily poolfiod* ihould not b axoodd hadar normal irrking{'#oi^5 tlcm j. Thii oaa boaooc*pliabd ithar byuain$ a to ta lly ncloM'd^tya-T . ta or by proridin^ adaquat la n tlla ta n . Ithmrm th ia la aot prantloal/*? raapiratora maybo aad*. Propr prplae*nt.and pariodio .p h y a io a l^ '^ ;^ . axaslaatloma ahotdd b mada by th Hadioal Dapartmant On vorksra mho :>>///; ' w k n ith in*rtn." `:7 v.v" ` t, Y & * . ^ * r * ? * ^ ra st ud =. . - '* -y p & & -*-. Xn eua of ovallovinc, ramitinc ahould b lndvwd lnoadiataly ; by oarofully lnoorting * fingor In th pra<mva throat. Zn oas of aay oorr xpoaura, th partan faould b plaod tmdr th \9 orrlla& of th pla&t phyalalaa. , XGBsy I . 0* Bama Zndoatrial Hygin Knglnor NPC00007884 * <1 r*t !' A . ^ 770523 770524  Firs S. R. PITTS WestinghousePUbilcRelations * / " C .*U ' / Wssttnghou Electric Corporation westfngftouaBuiiains; Gateway Center Pimtugt. Pennsyivsnta 15222 9 LAW DEPARTMENT FOR USE: Immediate Contact: V. J. Rinaldi Telephone: (412) 255-3320 WESTINGHOUSE TO QUIT USING PCBs IN TRANSFORMERS PITTSBURGH, July 15 -- Westinghouse Electric Corporation here announced, effective today, that it is phasing out of the use of polychlori nated biphenyl compounds (PCBs) as a fire-resistant insulating fluid in transformers. As of today, no new quotations will he made for units filled with PCB for shipment after December 31, 1976. PCBs are known by the industry trade names of Inerteen/Askeral. Westinghouse customers who have orders placed for delivery after December 31, 1976, are being contacted to determine >lf existing shipping schedules can be advanced and are being offered alternatives. i Mr. M. J. McDonough, executive vice president of Power Systems Transmission & Distribution Group stated that this-announcement covers trans- I former products where PCB is used. PCBs are a class of chemicals whose individual members have widely differing combinations of physical, chemical i - and' biological properties. "During the last seven years, a significant amount of our total production has been with PCBs," said Mr. McDonough. "Phasing out of its use _- more - \ *<r - Ti: NPC00007886 770525 Westinghouse To Quit Using PCBs In Transformers 2- - will have a serious impact on future building systems designs, consulting engineers and our customers." ' Westinghouse has produced PCB-filled transformers for over 40 years. However, in today's environment the potential liability [associated with manu facturing and handling of PCBs is constantly Increasing |to inordinate levels. I "We do not feel it is in our best interest or our customers to con tinue producing transformers using this fluid, " said Mr. McDonough. i Various forms of legislation have passed or are now pending, all of which either severely regulate, or restrict the use of PCBs. SPA officials have indicated their Intent to put into effect during 1976 proposed rules and regulations covering fines, penalties and controls for spills, discharge and the transport of PCB fluids. A spill is defined as being as little as one pound. In instances involving gross negligence, an individual can be fined $10,000 end/or one year in jail. Mr. McDonough said, "We are hopeful that our customers realize the potential liabilities and `consequences that we all are exposed to if we con tinue to produce transformers Insulated and cooled with PCB fluid." ##2604-13## COPT OF WESTINGHOUSE INEF.TEEN PAPER ENCLOSED. -776- NPC00007887 770526 t it'i w A series of talks presented, at the Westinghouse Distribution Apparatus Division to state and local officials on i 4, April 13,1976 NFC00007888 770527 asp^T Why P C B s in Electrical Equipment by D. M. Sauter, General Manager Distribution Apparatus Division Westinghouse Electric Corporation Bloomington, Indiana ) For over40 years, electrical manu facturers have used large quantities of polychlorinated biphenyl com pounds (PCBs) for production of electrical capacitors and trans formers, P C B s have excellent die lectric properties and fireproof char acteristics. Therefore, the unique combination of good electrical and safety properties when used in elec trical equipment are key reasons why P C B s have not been replaced over this 40-year time span. For the moment let's explore the electrical system and the use of capacitors and transformers in the electrical system. The United States is crisscrossed by thousands of electrical transm ission lines. These lines act as a vehicle and carry electrical power from the source of power, the electrical generator, to large urban areas, or to centralized areas within rural districts. The electric power is then distributed to homes, offices, factories and farms. Although the transformer is extremely efficient in performing Its function of raising voltages and permitting power to be transmitted over long distances, losses do occur in the transformer and along the transmission tine, as the current flows through these circuits. How ever, all is not lost because the capacitor provides the way of improving efficiency of all of our electrical systems. A capacitor has the same effejctas the generator only in a smaller sense. For example, a capacitor can be applied at the elec trical load to supply a portion of the current required by motors and transformers. By placing capacitors at the electrical load end of the transm ission and distribution line, the current is not required to flow through the transm ission line. Less current means high efficiency of the electrical system. Improved effi ciency means that less oil, less gas and less coal is required to get the electrical power to each home, or industrial plant Capacitors have helped make U.S. Power System s the w orld's most efficient. Large capacitors are used in highvoltage electrical systems. Smaller capacitors are applied in television sets, fluorescent lights, air condi tioners, and in many of the motors and circuits used in industrial plants and commercial buildings. These alternating-current capacitors are applied at voltages from 110 volts (a normal house voltage) to 500,000 volts (a high-transm ission voltage). Capacitors were first used in power system s in the 1930s. During World War II, the electric utilities began to buy capacitors in large amounts. The reason is that capaci tors involved less critical material and provided the simplest way to increase the efficient use of avail able electrical energy. Since then, there have been increased applications of capacitors worldwide. Moreover, the recent energy shortage has again focused attention on improving the efficient use of electricity. For instance, capacitors are applied on additional end-use devices, such as washing machines, microwave-evens, room, air conditioners, television sets, etc. Capacitors and transformers have always been used on fluorescent lights. Electricity creates corona. Corona are small im pulses sim ilar to light ning. {If these im pulses are allowed to build up, they will flaahover and cause a significant short circuit. To control corona, a liquid is generally added to the other dry dielectrics.' This liquid suppresses or restrains the electrons caused by the corona. It allows electrical equipment then to withstand hundreds of thousands of volts without failure. In 1932, the introduction of chlori nated aeromatlc hydrocarbon Impregnating com pounds (Askarels or PC Bs) allowed the electrical industry to use this material because of its high dielectric capabilities, and its important haat-resistant proper ties that made it nonflammable. Sincelthen, P C B s served for years as a successful fire-resistant.trans former and capacitor coolant and insulator. M ost of the transform ers used in the United States use mineral oil as an insulating and cooling medium. However, mineral oils have one serious drawback, they are flam mable. Where transformer failures may cause fires and explosions threatening life and property, the use of mineral oil is restricted. Fire underwriters will not allow the use of flammable liquids for transformers located indoors, in congested areas, large buildings such as the World Trade Building. Sears Tower, hos pitals, schools, or homes. In these instances, the transformer iq filled with a nonflammable PCB. NPC00007889 770528 In every instance, the transformer Since 1972, the Use of P C B s in and/or the capacitor must have the other areas has been discontinued ability to conduct the current and to so that presently transformers and insulate parts of the equipment from capacitors represent the only appli the alternating current. This ability cation for these chemicals. Recently, to insulate portions of itself from the it has been proposed that P C B mix alternating current is called the tures be eliminated in our electrical dielectric strength. equipment as well. The next speaker Today, capacitors are widely dis will show you a capacitor, demon persed throughout our total environ strate flammability and investigate ment. Capacitors are located on various alternate measures which power lines, in factories, m buildings are being tested for phasing out or and in our own homes. The insula substitution. I tion system of every alternating- current capacitor employ PC B s to prevent the saturated paper, film and aluminum conductor from becoming a hazard if the capacitor fails. It has been the industry's experience that capacitors generally have less life than a transformer. Transformers generally last from 20 to 30 years. Depending on its appli cation, capacitors last from 5 to 12 years. A more detailed discussion of the properties required of a capacitor dielectric fluid will be discussed later when we talk about substitutes. ! In summary then, we can see that the present proposal to eliminate P C B s from the environment will I have a direct bearing on the use of all alternating-current capacitors in the U.S. and on the use of trans formers in high-risk areas. So, poly chlorinated biphenyls have found acceptance In ouretectrical systems since they provide safety to the con sum ing public and to workers in industry. In addition, this electrical equipment permits our country to manage all of its energy sources efficiently. If P C B s are eliminated without suitable alternates, energy use in this country, would climb by approximately 10 percent This energy Increase will cost the con sumer of electricity $100 million a I week. <I 1 JJP C 0 0 0 0 7 8 9 0 * 770529 \ Power Capacitors by J. B. Brittain, Manager Engineering Distribution Apparatus Division Westinghouse Electric Corporation Bloomington, Indiana I will talk for a few minutes about three aspects of power capacitors. First, what a power capacitor is and how they are manufactured. Next, a discussion of what a P C B is, and last som e alternates to PCBs. heat, are applied to remove all the moisture from the material. The tightly sealed im pregnator is then flooded, and the capacitor is filled with PCB. The stainless steel can is sealed, and the capacitor is complete. Everyone these days seems to be discussing PCBs. I would like to take a few minutes now and explain what a PCB is snd point out the fact that there are different kinds of PCBs. As mentioned, PC B stands for Polychlorinated Biphenyl. This beaker contains a PCB. It looks and feels like any good Qrade of highly refined oil. nated biphenyl, or a PCB. Chlorine atoms can be added to these rings at different places and in various combinations. Each one of the com pounds formed is called an isom er of a polychlorinated biphenyl. There are 209 such isomers. M y purpose in developing a P C B in this way 1$ to give you a concept of how a P C B is made and to demonstrate the fact that all PC B3 are not the same. Environmentally, our concern is whether or not P C B s are biode gradable.' Biodegradability is related to the number of chlorine atoms, or the mount of chlorination of the biphenyl compound. For a few moments, I would like to take you back to your days of high school physics (Slide 1). A capacitor is usually represented as shown on this slide. All capacitors consist of two metallic plates one on each side of an Insulator which Is known as a dielectric. In the capacitors manu factured hare, the two metallic plates are thin aluminum foil, and the dielectric Is a high grade of kraft paper and polypropylene film. These elements are wound into sec tions similar to the one shown here. They are then banded together into groups of sections. The individual sections are then connected together for the proper voltage rating and laced inside a stainless steel can. TAe two bushings located on top, are there to bring the elec trical connection to the outside of the can. The dry capacitor in a can, such as this, is placed inside of a vacuum Impregnates This is a large chamber about one-half the size of this room. The Impregnator can be heated, and a htyjfrdegree of vacuum ia applied to ft For several days alternate cycles of vacuum, and In order to Illustrate what a PC B is, I will again have to take you beck to your high school days, this time in chemistry. The first diagram Illustrates a ben zene molecule. It is a six-sided car bon ring with a hydrogen atom attached at each of the corners. If by chemical process, two of these ben zene rings are joined together, we obtain what is called a biphenyl molecule. Again by chemical treat ment, we can replace one of the hydrogen atoms by a chlorine atom. This then makes a mono-chlorinated biphenyl. If wa replace another hydrogen atom by a-chlorine atom, we obtain a di-chlonnated biphenyl. In this stage, the compound could also be referred to as a poiychlori- For example, biphenyls with five chlorine atoms and above are the moat nonbiodegradable. Monsanto, who| is the only manufacturer of biphenyls in the United States, designate their com pounds by num ber as shown on this slide. Note that the compound called 1254 which was used in capacitors until the midfifties, has a percent of pantachlorinoted biphenyls and higher i6omers of 77 percent. 1242 which suc ceeded 1254 contains only 9 percent of the pentachlorfnoted biphenyls and higher isomers. W hen the ques tion of PC Bs in the environment sur faced the latter part of the 19G0& end early 1970s, M onsanto developed a new liquid which they designated as N PC 00007& 91 770530 1016.1016 greatly reduced the amount of the higher chlorinated molecules. Note that 1016 contains only one percent of pentachlorlnated biphenyls and higher isomers. In other words, the P C B that we use contains 99 percent of the more bio degradable isomers. We started using this material in capacitors the moment It became available. Also, steps were taken to reduce the amount of P C B s escaping from the plant Thie will be discussed later by Mr. Sawyer. Mr. Kerns will discuss some of the environmental relation ships of these compounds. What are Afterdates to P C B s P C B s were introduced In 1929and presently no one has developad a fluid that has all the desirable prop erties of P C B s for making a power capacitor. With 40 years of experi ence in capacitors, W estinghouse has evaluated alternate fluids, as shown on this slide. In scrutinizing the various pos sible fluids to design and produce a good capacitor, we were extremely sensitive In selecting a fluid that had no environmental problems. A prime characteristic of the fluid is that it must make a reliable long-lasting capacitor, and the failure rate must be low. Any fluid selected must be capable of being handled with min imum danger to em ploys*. Another moslimportant consideration is that the capacitor must be safe In per forming its function. The fluid must be readily available and It must have reasonable cost. After e number of tentative fluids are selected, we then make a small capacitor, similar to the type that is in your home air conditioner (Ex hibit R&D Capacitor). These are run under accelerated test conditions to evaluate failure rate, life, etc. After one or two candidate jlulds demon strate the best properties, we then make full-size capacitors and run them on accelerated testa. If tests are successful, we then build e number of units and install them on our custom er's systems. With our custom er's cooperation we then evaluate the capacitors* perfor mance. A number of fluids have been found which exhibit all of the requirements previously outlined except for safety. There is no known fluid today that will make a good capacitor, containing the fire-resis tant properties of PCBs. A number of alternate fluids have been proposed by Monsanto, Dow Chemical, Shizukl In Japan, the General Elec tric Company, the Sun Oil Com pany, and others. Som e of these will make better capacitors than others. Som e ara more readily avail able than others. Som e are more economical than others. Gut, the one key drawback Is that not one o f thsm are a s Are rsslstsnt as PC8. Our care for safety is the primary reason that we have not switched to a fluid other than P C B s by now. In 1974 we settled upon an alter nate fluid which we designated a9 F962. T his fluid had competitive flammability characteristics but did not have the excellent flammability characteristics of a PCB. We decided, however, that if P C B s were eliminated and we had to go to an alternate fluid, that we would use this fluid In spite of its poorer flam mability characteristics. We reached a point in the development schedule and built units for customer field testing. After another review of the handling of this fluid in k large quan tity. we decided that because of safety we did not want toexposeour workers to the fluid. You must remember that at this point, we had around one-quarter of a million dollars invested in this alternate fluid. We then renewed bur search for afluid. Today ws have settled on another fluid, safer to han dle, but with inferior flammability characteristics than PCBs. We have designated this fluid S17 and are presently constructing capacitors for field tests. We have spent over one-half million dollars in arriving at this point. -- I have talked about the difference in flammability between P C B s and all alternate fluida. I would now like to demonstrae this difference. If we take a piece of the tissue paper from which a capacitor la mads, fold ftup, saturate it with the liquid being tested, and then strike a match to it, the PC B will flare up and start to burn. However, it will immediately go but. If we take any other known alternate fluid today, and make a similar test, the paper end the fluid will jcontlnue to bum until it Is all consumed. Now, what does this mean to you andjto the public in general. In your own home, if you have a window air conditioner or a central air condi tioner, it probably contains a small capacitor made out of PCBs. Your washing machine also probably contains a capacitor made with PCBs. Your furnace may have a capacitor containing PCBs. If you have som e fluorescent lights, they probably contain a capacitor with PCBs. Your television set will probably contain a capacitor made with PCBs. Yet, I would say that no one in this room has ever known of a Are caused when one of those capacitors failed. If the capacitor industry switched to the only alter nate fluids known today, when one of those capacitors fail, they could very well start a fire. Today, the entire capacitor industry would like to discontinue the use of P C B s because of environmental concerns. However, the potential fire hazard in homes, schools, hospitals, and busi nesses could welf be more serious than the problem we are trying to correct. I hope this will give you a little better idea of what a P C B is and how we use them In this plant and in the capacitor industry. 'i i I iI NPC0000789"2 770531 Environmental Relationships of PCB Compounds by B. A. Kerns, Manager ; Environmental Control j Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania j j At you havt already hoard today, there are 209 possible hom ologs of PCBs. The mixtures of PC B s used by the electrical distribution equip ment industry for the past forty-five years Include Aroclor 1260,1254, 1242, and 1016. Presently W estinghouse uses only Aroclor 1016 for capacitors and Aroclor 1242 for transformers. The basic differences in these materials Is in the degree of chlorination. For example: 1. Aroclor 1254 contains 54 per cent by weight chlorine and Is primarily 77 percent five chlorine atoms and higher. 2. Aroclor 1242 has 42 percent chlorine end is only 9 percent five chlorine atoms and higher. 3. Aroclor 1013oonteirts41 per cent chlorine and Is only one percent five chlorine atoms and higher. For the polychlorinated-biphenyl materials, tHe level of chlorination appears to be the most significant factor in their relative biodegradabilIty. The rote of blodsgradabllity decreases as the numberof chlorine atoms per biphenyl molecule increases. Chromatograms (which I'll explain in a minute) representing samples after exposure to activated sludge (as used for example in the City of Bloomington sewage treat ment plant) show significant altera tions in the Aroclor10l8distribution but little for Aroclor 1254. Passage of P C B s through acti vated sludge has shown that 33 per cent of Aroclor 1016 degrades per forty-eight-hour cycle with a semicontinuous treatment method. This compares favorably, since 25 per cent of Aroclor 1242 degrades In forty-eight hours, and 15 percent of Aroclor 1254 degrades In forty-eight hours. Results of additional tests with Aroclor 1016 showed thattreatment for fourteen days reduces the various mixtures in 1016 Irom 17 to more then 98 percent More on this, later. These tests have led to the conclu sion that Aroclor 1016 Is sufficiently biodegradable to remain in con trolled usage. M ost analytical data for P C B s utilize chromotography. This is a device to analyze a micro-sample of the material which is injected into a column or coll of tubing under con trolled conditions of temperature, injection rate and volume. The heated column selectively releases each isomer. The release Is recorded on a chart. Slide 1,2 and 3 show typical charts or chromotograms lor Aroclor 1016,1242 and 1254. The horizontal axis Indicates time while i the vertical axis represents the amount present. The total am ountof P C B s present is determined by integrating or measuring the area under the curves. You will note that while Aroclor 1016 and 1242 exhibit similar retention times, Aroclor 1254 show s a much greater retention time duej to Its higher chlorination and higher molecular weight. Slide No.4 show s the small differences be tween 1016 and 1242. Note addi tional peaks from time 70 on 1242 . also showing some higher chlorina tion and higher molecular weight. These data on degradation plus the complexity experienced devel oping analytical tools to correctly Identify and quantify the mixtures of P C B s used within our own plants Jed us to conclude that m any of the agencies supervising P C B analyses are arriving at erroneous results. NPC00007893 770532 even available for the last two or three years-- 1248, etc.) given to rats and monkeys had detrimental effects. However, little work was car ried out using concentrations as found in the environment. Another critical factor, often overlooked. Is that residual P C B levels in the fat tissues of animals do decrease rapidly, .following the cessation of exposure to P C B s (See slide No.6). For example, analytical data pro vided to W estlnghouse by agencies In Indiana show amounts of Aroclor 1016 In waters and In fish which could not possibly be there from degradation. In addition, the analyses tor P C B s in fish used the whole fish. More commonly, how ever, only the edible portions are analyzed, allowing a correction fac I tor of about four. In other words, the i amount of P C B s in the whole fish Fish found to contain the highest should be divided by four to arrive levels of P C B s were the bottom at the concentration in the edible dwelling scavangers such as catfish, portion. carp and eel. The game fish showed It seem s incongruous that PC B much lower levels. Factually, in sur 1 standards are being Imposed using veys carried out between 1973 and as background information an 1975 in Lake Michigan, the number analytical technique which was non of fish found to contain P C B s 1 existent five years ago and is decreased. Moreover, we are presently, at best, questionable. An uneware of any study to measure analytical technique which stretches P C B content in fish after cooking. technology to the limit and shows Cooking should remove fat and fat error ranges up to plus or minus 50 containing P C B s from edible fish. percent. How can reasonable replies Presently EP A has agreed to carry to these Important questions be out studies on the effects of Aroclors answered, using inaccurate and/or 1016 and 1242. These data should be nonexistent data. available within 12 to 18 months. We In November, 1975, the EPA held a feel that these studies will show a 1 conference on P C B s in Chicago. At dramatically reduced environmental this meeting, many papers were pre effect from these lower hom ologs-- sented on research studies, under effects that allow a timely and EPA supervision and support, to orderly conversion to other dielec determine the effect of P C B s on fish tric fluids that will not cause severe I and animals. It was unfortunate that penalties in safety and energy use. practically all experiments, at that time, were conducted using Aroclor 1254. This material has not been i used in W estlnghouse transformers i since 1968/because of Its nonbio- dagradabil^y and its possible detri mental effects on the environment, importantly, Aroclor 1254 has never i been used In the Bloomington plant. While a few screening studies were ^ earned out by EPA on Aroclor 1242, S no studies on the use of Aroclor 1016 had been planned at that time. In addition, most of the data reported at this meeting indicated - I that massive doses of PC B s (not N PC 00007B 94 - 770533 Manufacturing by R. B. Sawyer, Manager Manufacturing Planning j Distribution Apparatus Division Westinghouse Electric Corporation Bloomington, Indiana The approach taken to reduce dis cannot escape into the sanitary or charges of Aroclor into the environ storm sewer. ment has been to abate the amount Now then, the assembled capac of Arodorthat would come into con itor units are placed inside vacuum tact with water. In the late sixties chambers to remove all the air and and early seventies when the poten moisture from the units, as dis tial problem was .identified, there cussed by Mr. Brittain. These cham was no demonstrated technology, or bers are about 4 feet wide, 5 feet means, to remove the very small high, and 30 feet long. These im amounts of Aroclor that might be pregnators are completely sealed contained in the water. Because of and under vacuum. After removing this, we addressed ourselves to the the moisture and air, each vacuum task of reviewing our manufacturing chamber is filled with fluid from the procedures to determine what overhead storage tanks. The fluid actions should be taken to prevent flows into the top of the capacitor this contact with water. Let me and completely fills the unit with explain what we have done. Aroclor. T his is allowed to soak We use relatively large quantities awhile, and then the excess Aroclor of this material, from 75,000 to Is pumped from the chambers into 150,000 gallons per year, depending another group of storage tanks. The upon the number and size of capac excess Is pumped back through the itor units made. O ur first concern purifiers and back up into the pure was to make sure that large quanti storage tanks. The floor drains in ties could not escape Into the this entire area are sealed off. environment. I wish to explain to you The capacitors are removed from how we handle and use this mate the ovens and placed on roller con rial in our operation. veyors. Under the roller conveyors The fluid is received in 6,000- drip trays were installed to catch the gallon railroad tank cars. When the fluid that dripped oft the outside of tank car arrives, the fluid is pumped the capacitor can. We also put floor Into two large storage tanks located dry or sawdust under the drip trays on the outside of the plant To make to soak up any fluid that might get sure that the fluid could not escape, through these trays. This will be dis in the remote event that a tank rup cussed later. The fill hole on top of tured, we built a concrete dike the capacitor is sealed by means of a around the storage tanks. plug and solder. Then, the ^roclor la pumped from At this point in the manufacturing the storage tanks to treatment cycle, we are faced with two situa equipment infelde the plant. Here we tions: _ remove any minute particles that might contaminate the fluid. After treatment, the pure fluid is pumped into six storage tanks above the impregnators. To make sure that none of this material escapes (In the event of an accident, or tank rup 1. The inside walls of the vacuum chambers have a film of Aroclor on them. 2. The outside of the capacitor has film of ArocloM hat must be removed prior to painting. ture), we sealed all the floor drains in Part of the vacuurfTcycle in the this area. Large quantities of Aroclor vacuum cham bers is done with pumps that use water as a seal. A s the chambers are heated up, the film of fluid on the wall vaporizes, goes into the pumps, condenses In the water which runs into the sani tary sewer. The capacitor units are hung on an overhead conveyor sys-, tern which takes the units through a waterIand soap washing machine-- som ething like a car wash. The rinse water; which contains som e of the film of fluid that was on the outside of the canr, flows into the sanitary aewer. A s stated earlier, we know of no way to remove the Aroclor from water. So, in 1970weatarted looking at the various alternatives that would prevent the Aroclor from making contact with the water. In other words, we needed to keep the ovens dry, or trap the vapors prior to water contact. Moreover, we needed to keep the outside of the capacitors dry, or find a different way to clean the capacitors. We concluded that the ideal way w as to keep the fluid in asealed/plumbersdelight/system -- don't let It make contact with the oven walls or the outside of the capacitor can. We identified a way to accom plish this and called it the manifold fill aystem. The assembled capacitors are put in dry vacuum ovens to remove the water from the capacitor unit. Then the capacitor units re removed from the oven. Each unit Is connected with a sealed hose connection. A vacuum is pumped on each unit to remove the air. Then the unit is filled through this hoae connection. * We apent a quarter of a million dol lars on this project Som e modifica tions were made to improve the operation, and we had som e minor cleanup to do. Good progress was made in reducing our smell dis- NPC00907895 770534 charges. B y later 1974. we had about 95 percent of our production on the manifold fill process. Quite to our dismay, in late 1974 and early 1975, reports from the field indicated a very serious quality problem. Units filled by the manifold filling process were failing in service at nearly twice the failure rate of flooded units. Worse yet, many of the failures were catastrophic. That is, some cans were rupturing when they failed and, consequently, releasing more Aroclor into the environment. We investigated the problem and concluded that It was possible to have minute pockets of air or vapor inside a capacitor sec tion when it was processed with this system. When this happened and when the unit was in service for a few months, the film and paper would break down wherever there may be air or vapor pockets. Certainly, customers could not and would not tolerate this exces sive failure rats, nor could they tole rate the excessive catastrophic rup ture failures with attendant risks to people. A s a reliable supplier, we did not want this situation and did not want P C B s entering the environ ment upon failure. We returned to the proven method of flooding the units under a vacuum in the cham bers. In mld-1971, we changed fluids from Aroclor 1242 to Aroclor 1016. The significance of this change was covered by Mr. Kerns. In 1970 and 1971, we reviewed our practices on waste disposal. In our manufacturing process, we gen erate some liquid waste-- Aroclor from the drip trays that is so con taminated with impurities that we cannot clean it up. Pump oils also become contaminated with the Aro clor. In addition, floor dry, sawdust, paper towels, solid waste from the purifier, etc., pick up Aroclor in the filling area. Further, we have some units that fall on final testing opera tions. We h^ve not been able to repair many pf these failed units, and we have not been able to reclaim the highly contaminated Aroclor. Prior to 1971, these wastes were placed In local iandfilla. This was a potential problem. Therefore, since 1971, our liquid wastes have been shipped to companies that have approved thermal oxidation inclner- erators designed for this material. Also we have shipped solid wastes, failed capacitors, saw dust, ate., to scientific landfills. Landfills that are designed and controlled to handle unique wastes of this type. O ur custom ers have been advised by Instructions to the field and with nameplates on the capacitors that the users of these capacitors needed to take the same precautions in disposing of failed and/or obso lete units. Professional people from our plant shared this knowledge and experience with other manufac turers and users. Mr. W ills will be telling you of our work in establish ing voluntary standards for handling PCBs. Over the years, we have invested research and development time and money to improve capacitor designs and manufacturing technologies. The object was and is to use less and less Aroclor to produce capacitor units and still maintain an equiva lent performance. Let's review what has happened since 1970. At the start of 1970, we were producing capacitor units, called Mark I series. During 1970, we Introduced the Mark II series of capacitor units. These units used 42 percent less Aroclor than used in the Mark I. In 1973, we introduced the Mark 111 and Mark IV series. These units required 26 percent less Aroclor than used in the Mark II units. In June of this year, we will introduce the Mark V series. The Mark V will use approximately 20 percent less material than used In the Mark IV. Significantly over a sixyear period we reduced the amount of Aroclor per capacitor rating by 66 percent. We are now faced with the prob lem of discharges from the water seal pumps and from the washer. Our first attempt to correct this problem failed. However, we are working on the problem and again reviewing the alternatives, and will take another approach-- hopefully, with considerably more success than the last attempt. O ur basic objective is to prevent the Aroclor from coming into con tact with the water. We will be exploring new technology som e of which may have beea.praven In a laboratory environment, but may not have been proven in a produc tion environment. In any event, we expect to reduce discharges, but It will not happen overnight. As our plans are formulated, we will be reviewing them with the appropriate agencies. Others will be kept advised of our progress in tech nology. W will remain constantly alert to techniques others might develop to improve our own processing. i NPC00007896 770535 Voluntary and Regulatory Control by R. E. Wills, Jr., Attorney Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : At the present time the use and control of P C B s has resulted from voluntary actions by industry. After tour years under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment (FW PCA) of 1872, the U.S. EPA has not established justifiable standards for the discharge of P C B s based upon an adequate basis. I will set forth the activities W estinghouse and the electrical manufacturing industry have taken since 1970. After which I will review those actions taken by governmental bodies as they relate to PCBs. The accumulation of proof, in 1971, indicated that uncontrolled industrial applications of polychlori nated biphenyl com pounds (PC Bs) was contaminating theenvironment. Consequently, in the absence of federal and state action, industry was required to begin appropriate restraints. The single domestic supplier of P C B s restricted sales for use in only "closed-system " elec trical applications, such as the capacitor demonstrated here. This voluntary effort removed approxi mately 40 percent of the P C B s used In the United States. Additionally, manufacturers ini tiated specific control measures that Mr. Sawyer covered. However, to strengthen and supplement these control measures, the electrical Industry, through the National Elec trical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), started to develop stan dards and guides to prevent the inadvertent loss of P C B s to the environment N EM A appropriately Included all stages from Initial manufacture of PC B s to ultimate disposals. This work resulted in an industry document Official Stan dard Proposal which was published January 25,1973. Guidelines for plant housekeep ing, bulk fluid shipment, receiving and transfer, employe safety, con trol of water effluent labeling and scrap disposal procedures are sig nificant areas covered by the Official Standard Proposal. Further, the guide listed known facilities with capability to incinerate PCBs, or to maintain a regulated chemical and scientific landfill area. Furthermore, the proposal recom mended that P C B s used In capac itors should consist of hom ologs and isomers of chlorinated biphenyl with a low concentration of the higher chlorinated homologs. Aro- clor 1016. These guidelines were formally adopted in January, 1974, as an American National Standards Institute (A N SI) of standards. On April 1,1976, the U.S. EP A published a notice of recommended disposal procedures that are substantially In accordance with the A N SI guide lines. Unfortunately, the EP A did not indicate that this guidance had already been furnished to the indus trial community on their own ini tiative. W estinghouse also established preventive measures in handling and storage of new and scrap P C B s to prevent and/or control accidental spills of PC Bs. These techniques are similar to those that have become requirements for oil under the pro visions of Section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Am end ments of 1972. We have recently reviewed and updated these proce dures, and they will probably not require substantial modification when EPA finally announces regula tions for the control and contain ment of hazardous subetances. The EP A has also attempted to develop regulations that would con trol the discharges of polychlori nated biphenyls under the provi sions of Section 307(a) of the Fed eral Water Pollution Act Am end ments of 1972. This method of con trol seem s to be a proper procedure, because.regulations that develop will be based on complete scientific information. It will not subject Indus try to Inconsistent or unrealistic requirements. Thus, on December 27,1973, the EP A proposed effluent limitation?*for the control of PC Bs. A major problem developed, how ever, during the course of the hear ings. Section 307(a) of the Act required EP A to establish the basis of the scientific information to justify the limitai set. In addition, EP A was to consider the toxicity, the persis tence', the biodegradability, the Importance of affective organism s, end the effect on organism s, of the pollutant. A s discussed by Mr. Kerns, P C B s are a class of chem icals whose individual members have widely differing com binations of physical, chemical and biological properties. The published literature clearly showed that the types of Aroclors that contained higher proportions of the five or more chlorine atoms per molecule were more persistent in the environ ment. The published data also stated that the lower chlorinated Isom ers were more rapidly metabolized or biodegraded. Therefore, it did not have the same accum ulation poten tial. However, EP A did not recpgnize these essential differences and used data related to the higher chlori nated hom ologs or isomere and som e mixtures the electrical indus try had terminated 10 years before. In fact, the EPA stated that ft did not NPC00007897 770536 have an adequate baits upon which to promulgate justifiable standards which would have carried out the purposes of Section 307(a). There was almost no information sub mitted in the "Basis and Purpose" document that related to Aroclor 1016 aven though manufacturers of electrical capacitors had used this Improved material for more than two years.Thus, at the end of the hearing and after expert witness from both sides had bean examined, the pro posed limitations were withdrawn. Later, during subsequent litigation, officials of the EPA stated that the record of the proceeding would not support their proposed limitations. Since the conclusion of these hearings, the EPA has indicated that they intend to propose new effluent standards for PCBs. There is no indication that they have Initiated any new studies to determine the toxicity and biodegradability of Aroclor 1016. They, however, have pursued the course of public state ments to use "public pressure" to eliminate P C B s used as dielectric fluids. Only after these public state ments, has EPA begun to collect Information on the use and need of P C B s In the United States and the extent to which they are discharged into the environment. The Food and Drug Administra tion also took action in 1972 to limit tha amount of P C B s that may be lawfully present in food, resulting from unintentional contamination. The tolerances were established in July, 1973. This provided that the edible portion of fish w ss limited to a concentration of S ppm. Based upon recent information, the FD A Is reviewing this tolertnce limit and published this decisin on February 28,1976. However, the FDA also stated that "Surveillance date gathered by FDA end the U-S. Depart ment ofiAgrlculture subsequent to the effective date of the temporary toleranee...have shown that, with'the exception of certain fresh water fish, the presence of PC Bs in those foods subject to the tolerances continues to be sporatic. and that there has been an overall and substantial decline In frequency and levels. These data further show that the overage daily dietary intake of PCBa is quite low and well within the margin of safety." (41 Fed. Reg. 8409, Feb. 26, 1976) The States of Michigan and Indi ana have taken action to eliminate P C B s from Items, products or mate rials used In these states. Although M onsanto's ban in 1971 was volun tary, there was nothing to prevent som e individuals from obtaining these com pounds from overseas suppliers. Hence, these laws will effectively limit through a sliding scale of prohibition of P C B content over the next three years. Neverthe less, they recognize, as did the Interdepartmental Task Force on P C B s in 1972, that P C B s used in the electrical equipment industry con tinues to be indispensable. Accor dingly, an exemption was provided for their use in a dosed system as the dielectric fluid for an electrical transformer or capacitor. This exemption is to continue until It Is documented that there are available substitutes to meet performance standards and environmental acceptance. W estinghouse concurred with the Indiana proposal since it provides for statutory control over the use of P C B s in nonelectrical uses. It recog nizes that substitutes must be avail able to minimize the risk of fire and explosion and the disruption of electrical service that might result If P C B s were banned before alterna tives were found. Also, Monsanto has publicly stated that they will cease the manufacture of P C B s when there are adequate substi tutes. W estinghouse and the entire capacitor industry will be willing to work with the Indiana Board of Health to implement this law as we have with the Underwriters Labora tory, Consum er Product Safety Com m ission, the Department of Commerce, and the Federal Energy Administration with respect to the welfare of the general public. The electrical industry and M on santo have taken the lead In reduc ing the amount of P C B s that may enter into the environment. These decisions have been based upon the criterio that have eventually become statutory requirements and have riot resulted in subjecting the general, public to increased risks of fire, in addition, these actions have not deprived the general pupilc of energy during this period of energy conservation. i i i NPC00007898 r j j W i* i Distribution Apparatus Division Westinghouse Electric Corporation Bioomingtonrlndiana H PC 00087899 770538 STATEMENT OF THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (EIA) BEFORE WISCONSIN* DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AUGUST 29, 1975 |\|SEP1 2 1 9 7 5 j i j $ LAW. DEPARTMENT n atio n al asso c ia tio n fo r the m anufacture o f e le c tro n ic conponents and end equipm ent. I speak, an b e h a lf o f t h a t body to d ay and r e p r e s e n t 14 com panies t h a t o p e ra te 16 p la n ts f o r th e m anufacture o f c a p a c ito r s i n t h i s c o u n try . None o f th e s e p l a n t s i s ) . cated in W isconsin. 1. What a re c a p a c ito r s and tra n s fo rm e rs ? Capacitors and transform ers are devices to s to re , co n tro l end d ire c t th e flow o f e l e c t r i c a l power e f f i c i e n t l y and e c o n o m ica lly . FCBs a re used a s an i n s u l a t i n g flu id in these devices. 2 . Where c a p a c ito rs and tra n s fo rm e rs a r e u sed v F C B -filled c a p a c ito rs a re fou n d , among o th e r p la c e s , in o u td o o r l i g h t i n g , f lu o r e s c e n t lig h tin g , a ir conditioning and te le v is io n rec e iv e rs. P C B -filled tran sfo rm ers ere found,' aaong other p laces, in ra ilro a d c a rs , apartm ent houses, la rg e o f fic e b u ild in g s, in d u stria l p la n ts , and u t i l i t y su b sta tio n s. 3 . Why a re PCBs used? The prim ary reason f o r th e use o f PCBs in c a p a c ito r s and tra n s fo rm e rs i s t h e i r q u a l i t y of nonflansaability. While c e rta in p re se n t a lte rn a tiv e s do have o th e r needed c h a ra c te ris tic s , no p re se n t a lte r n a tiv e provides th e n o n f la s a a b illty demanded by our customers and by due regard fo r p u b lic sa fe ty . Governmental ag en cies have rec o g n iz e d th e need f o r th e c o n tin u e d u s e o f PCBs i n re s tric te d circum stances - namely, sealed e le c tr ic a l a p p licatio n s i In 1972, th e Food and Drug A d m in is tra tio n exempted " th e s a f e u se o f PCBs i n e le c tr ic a l cap acito rs and tran sfo rm ers from th e requirem ent th a t F Q s no longer bo p erm itted in fo o d -re la te d esta b lish m e n ts" . (38 F ed eral R e g iste r 18096) I n 1972, a fe d e ra l in te r d e p a r tm e n ta l ta s k fo rc e found t h a t c o n tin u e d u se o f PCBs in transform ers and ca p ac ito rs was "necessary because o f th e s ig n if ic a n tly increased r is k of f ir e and explosion and the d isru p tio n o f e le c tr ic a l se rv ic e which would r e s u l t from a ban on PCD u s e " . (F e d era l R e p o rt No. ITF-PCB-72-1; A ccession No. Cos-72-10419) 4 . How we l im it th e d isc h a rg e o f PCBs While rec o g n izin g th e need f o r c o n tin u e d use o f PCBs i n e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , one may nof ignore th e need f o r s t r i c t c o n tr o l o v e r th e d isc h a rg e o f PCBs. T hus, o u r membership has implemented c o n tro ls r e s u ltin g in a t o t a l d a ily d isc h a rg e o f l e s s than l i pounds (.014% o f th e 79>000 pounds used d a ily ) Our handling and d isp o s a l p r a c tic e s a re in accordance w ith g u id e lin e s e s ta b lis h e d by American N atio n al S tan d ard s I n s t i t u t e (ANSI). See ANSI-0107.1 P re se n ta tio n by R ichard R o llin s ,V ic e -P re s id e n t E n g in e e rin g , JARD Company, B e n n in g to n rV e rm o n t NPC00007900 770539 WestinghousePublicRelations * .. i* 41 *w w i .s^ c0TOm1n WestinghouseBuUdftz. Gateway Cantar Pittsburgh. Pernsytrana15222 ii Contact: James P. Daley Telephone: (U12) 2J5-33&3 POR USE: I m e diate WESTING2DUSS DEVELOPS NON-PCS FLUID FOR USE IN CAPACITORS 8BLOOMINGTON, Ind., Nov. -- Weatirghoust Electric Corporation announced today It has developed a fluid that does not contain FCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) for use In power capacitors. D. M. Sauter, general manager, distribution apparatus division, said capacitors using the new fluid will be phased into production in Jan. 1977. "We are converting our manufacturing processes as rapidly, as possible and will phase out the use of FCBs completely during 1977," Mr. Sauter said. "Orders for capacitors using the new fluid can be processed now for delivery starting in February.r> Mr. Sauter said the new fluid, used as a coolant and Insulator 1 in capacitors, is biodegradable and has good environmental characteristics 1similar to mineral oii. "We have been testing the new fluid fbr nearly a year in capacitors throughout the United States and feel it is the best substitute we could find for PCS fluids," he said. "This new fluid is combustible,. - more - NPC00007961 cgg& fSB m 770540 Westinghouse Develops Non-FCB Fluid For Use In Capacitors 2 In this important respect, capacitors using the fluid will differ from PCS power capacitors.'' 1 PCBs, which have been used in a vide variety of Industrial and commercial applications for more than 1*0 years In the United States, are now considered an environmental problem. i The recently passed toxic substances control act bans the use i of FCBs in 1979| The new Westlnghouse fluid, designated WEMCOL, is basically a simple hydrocarbon with the complex chemical name isopropylbiphenyl. It is a chemical canmodity already in volume production for other uses. In July Westinghouse announced that it would also discontinue the use of PCB fluids in power transformers. kfUdt.Ci< 770541  lp .:*<W.vi*'.?1-- ' l>-,f& V. 'V;^ * - U 4(ipPA R T M 6N T OF LABOR ^57235, t it: O s e a p iM B s ilK y * 4 H o M i M n i n i n i i i n G MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET - Required under USOL Safety end H eiim Regulations for Ship Repairing, V Shipbuilding, end Shiptraiking (29 CFR 1915, t916, 1917) rr? " -- " SECTION 1 11V jWauFACtvRcaftMAMS * EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NO. w fc & tin e h u se E l e c t r i c Corn- --MDOREU SJfftt, aty, Stest. *nd ZIP Cod*) SST Sed q u a r t e r s I u d u s t r !n i Hv ef #. 7cHCMICALNAME AND SYNONYMS r^HJLUCAt PAUL.V-- 412-256+5047 . R i D C e n t e r : P i t t s b u r g h J>a_ TRADE NAME Am SYNONYM* 4 ___ t u e r t e e n C o o l n n f _____ formula 1S91S . SECTION II - HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS >A1NT6.PAIttRVATlVSf. a solvents % TLV (liftln # ALLOYSANDMtTALLlCCOATINGS . MOMENTS BASE MCTAt- ft TLV (Unite) CATALYST a Lloys WiMieu METALLIC COAT1NOS solvents FILLER METAL PLUS COATING OR CORE FLUX ADDITIVES OTHERS OTHERS HAZARDOUS MIXTURES OFOTHER LIQUtpS, SOLIOS. OR OASES 'T3 P h e n o x y p r o p e n e O x i d e ' ft TLV ft*M 99.fi 1 TT.tt/tn n .: I -S'* . SECTION III PHYSICAL DATA i * i SOILING POINT (P.| VAPOR PRESSURE (mm Mg.) 4 mm 594F SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H)0*1} 6 0 F / 6 0 r 1.331 t< T..TQ9 at at 302 102 f&CRCENT. VOLATILE :sv v o l u m e t%) 3 =;.VRPOR DENSITY (AIAMI SOLUBILITY INMATEA ' !EVAPORATION RATE 1 V e r y - s l o w evu oratine i"- . " ns o l u b i i _______ ....... . appearance AHP OPPA--- Kaarlv. va ter _tthi tP -Oda* -, c h a r a c t e r is rlc _ _ '? SECTION IV - FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA i .FLASH P0INT(Matnod umR) FLAMMABLE LIMITS __3 5 5 F P t e n a k v W a r H n s T . l n a a H T ^ c r ^ r - __ extinguishing media ASTM D93-66 _ttrv rLfttni |.1 '___________ r Jil J OH SPECfAL FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS -- f AGEr.) {Continuad on rw en a tide) *0101 OSHA<2( Re. My J2 NPC00007903 ~ ~ i n i i n ni upJ im l y h i j ni 770542 'A i ** v^ 7 - V - SE N V HEALTH HAZARD DATA THRESHOLD LIMITVALUS 2 _________ T m g/m sw cTa*dv*uc*U 5u Irri t a t i o n of eves, nose,__throat. nnpr respiratory tract tttROtNCVANO AlWr AIO PROCEDURES [<* T1 u p VAIlH y lw g . B r e a th in g - - rpninvp! pp.rson fr-nn vupnt exposure area i nto fresh air. A d m i n i s t e r artificial r e s p i r a t i o n if hr eathiag has s t o p p e d . E y e e -- irrigate with Urite. Quantit b o f . a t e r fnr IS m i n J-.. . Skin--Thoroughlv wash wich soap a^d va rp r _ ptbovq ^ntani stability UNSTABLE SECTION VI REACTIVITY DATA CONDITIONS TO AVOlO _ ,. , ^ , D e c o m p o s e d by hot: surf a c e starle - X (600C) and by electric arc. INCOMBATA W LITV MHmait tO*o3) HAZAROOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS # Hy^rngop rh 1 phosgene. HAZARDOUS .POLYMERIZATION A 0 T cAgfroft MAV OCCUR mf>n,Q3cid& rnrhn-n A in v iA a CONDITIONS TO AVOID and amali amount- of WILL NOT OCCUR SECTION VII - SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES STEPS TO RE TAKEN INCASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED Released or_ S p i l l e d --absorb in rliarAniflrgntig aarfh nr T ^ l o r 'c earth absorbent compounds. WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD ( n Do not, p o u r into severs nr s t r e a m g . a ^ _Inr.1 n p r a f at 7(10(1 -F nr higher In I n c i n e rator w i t h acid pas surtibh&r. nfitoi-P appid m e t -disposal area. f O R p t u m liquid i n e rteen in _drums to M o n s a n t o C h e m i r a l rn * tiene. zn . aanype . i i i i rrrt 1 n . w . i*. Kriinwripn 'Piatir SECTION Vili SPECIAL PROTECTION INFORMATION RESPIRATORY PROTECTION (Specify typt} J_e_annr- T P S n t ratOf ___ z_______________ VENTILATION " LOCAL EXHAUST ' 5pecialqq o (j g e n e r a l If h e a t ed MECHANICAL ( C tn t r t l) OTHERtenp era ture. venti! .PROTECTIVE GLOVES 4 EYE PROTECTION I. Neoprene coated __M o n o g o g g l e - - OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT .| -- Neoprene aprona__t_o_pr event vork c l o t h i n c from contamination. . tion SECTION IX - SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTtOPfS TO SE TAKEN IN HANDLING AND STORING t n r p i n a.ria t h a t - -fa i' n n l T <<ry, a n d u a i ^ *Tan M l a t 9 d AOgTTrHueErvaReaPnoRErEPC:AAUmiiTotIiiaOaNuStp nrft _f r n m ani-prin^p rln,m -Do HOC hffflt. u n w p c o q g j ir lly PAGE 12) 0 XI.M0 f NPC00007904 F w m OSHA-20 Aw. May i t 770543 v^&ri^fhlorinafcd Biphenyl* an/., Triphcnyl-rnuccd Cwstric Mucosal Hyperpbsi^ Primates H* J,, ..previously unreported lesion, hyperand dysplasia o f the gastric "'"m u c o sa , occurred in all animals that were fed diets containing the chlorin Abstract. Polychlorinated biphenyl ot triphenyl ingestion by subhuman primates ated biphenyls and iriphcnyls (P C T s). for .? months produced hyperplasia and dysplasia o f the gastric mucosa. The con- M ale rhesus monkeys ranging in age centrat:yn o f the hiphenyl within the crperimental diet u*or less than ait order from IV5 to 2 years and having an o f magnitude greater than that occurring in random fo o d samples sold in the avenge weight o f 2.9 kg were used in United State* and less than levels which have occurred in fooa products as a result thisistudy. Six animals were fed a diet o f industrial accidents. The increased cellutarity, abnormal dysplastic growth containing 300 parts of PC B (A roc lor p>iturn, and invasion o f the adfacctu tissue region indicate compromised gastric 1248) per m illion and six were given function and arc suggestive o f an eventual neoplastic transformation. 5000 parts o f P C T (Aroclor 5<i6(J) per m illion in the diet, for 3 months. The Polychlorinated biphenyls (P C B 's) pecia, edema, and acneform lesions rem aining three animats served as con have been widely used in industry for and hepatic alterations including organ trols. D uring the course o t the experi over 40 yean as sealants, heal transfer hypertrophy and proliferation o f the ment the animals were given access to agents, plasticizers, adhesives, and dielec endoplasmic reticulum were observed in o f the experimental diet daily. tric fluids in capacitors and transform !he subhuman primate. In addition, a The animals continued to eat through ers. Global environmental contamina out the exprimentt period, although tion (/) and their presence within the there was a decrease in body weight of food chain have occurred through in approximately 15 percent in both of the dustrial accidents and improper dis experimental groups. W ithin_I<_month, posal and misuses of the compounds all o f the PCB-fed animals, and within (2. J ). Polychlorinated biphenyls were 6 weeks, the PCT-fcd animals, had hair reported in the United States in coho loss from the head. neck, and back. A s.'lmon in 1969 and then in milk iat progressive, generalized, subcutaneous (23 pans per million), poultry and eggs edema, particularly of the face, was (4.2 ppm), lish <35 ppm), and cereals manifested as swollen eyelids and lips. (less than I ppm) (il. The Food and A purulent discharge exuded from the Druj* Adm inistration is presently re eyes, and isolated acneform lesions moving from the market known con taminated food samples which exceed were present on skin areas devoid of heir. L iver hypertrophy (2-3 n e r s s m o f 5 ppm. However, as a result of occult the body weight in controls: 4.5 per environmental and food exposure, cent in the PCB group: 3.6 perenjjn significant levels of P C B 's (over I ppm the P C T 'jroup) was attributed m ainly in adipose tissue) ac present in over 30 lo a proliferation- f j K L s mooth endo- percent of random samples taken from ptum ic reticulum observe* the general population of this country m icroscopically. Edenutous thickening (4). Tw o separate, well-documented in oTffie stomach wall and marked hyper dustrial accidents resulted in high con trophy o f the pyloric and fundic gastric centrations of P C B 's in rice oil (2000 to mucosa occurred. 3000 ppm), which was subsequently consumed by over 1000 people (5V The hypertrophic gastric mucosa w ^ "AJ4C aeverap times "thicker' than the control and in fish meal (14 to 30 ppm) med 'dlllcosa and was composed of greatly for poultry feed (2). The effects of elongated hyperplastic glands contain- P C B 's on humans include acneform m g mucus-sccreting cells (Fig. 1). The skin eruptions, pigmentation of nails cells containing hasilar ' positioned and skin, eye discharge, generalized mielei, abundant slightly acidophilic swelling, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, cytoplasm, large vacuoles, and a m icro weight toss, and fetal toxicity (5). Ad d i villous border abutted on a basal lamina. tional effects observed in experimental Prevention of discharge of the secre animals fed the compounds include tion owing to the depth, and apposition hepatic porphyria in chickens and rab bits (6), proliferation of hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum in rats (7), mice, and monkeys (#), increase in certain hepatic enzyme activities in rats (7) Fig.1 1. (A ) Normal pyloric glands of the p itrie mucosa (M ) are separated from he uibmueosa (S) by the muscularis muceue (m). (B ) Following polychlori and kestrels <9), neuropathy in rats (70). lym phopenia'and imm unosuppres sion in rabbits and guinea pigs (6), and estrogenic activity in the rat m e n * (//). In the study reported here der matologic alterations including alo- nated biphenyl ingestion the hyperplastic mucosal glands penetrate the muscularis mucosae lo form mucus-tilled cyst* of-the atbmucosa. Cells lining cyst similar to area indicated by arrow (-- 1 am iriagnifled In Ffg. 2. t X40: scale represents 500 a*). Reprinted from SCIENCE, 2 February*)973, volume L79, pages 493-499 .1-: 5. NPC00007905 770544 w n ii I m u i r i T r ` " T ' ~ iT~r " T i r i i m i n r o f the glands predisposed to the dcvel* i. \ of large mucous cysts. G lajigj o f he fundic area w h'ch norm ally tain a variety of secretory cell typfei consisted prim arily o f mucus-secreting _ . * i**.. -%* - - -' *> --aCb * a * * . ; V , cells. W idespread penetration of the m us cular mucosae and invasion of ihe submucosa by the mucosa) epithelium (Fig. I) was observed in the stomach o f each experimental animal. Large cystic areas filled w ith mucus and lined with elongated mucus-secreting epithelial cells predominated in the sub- muccsa. Other cells assumed a.glandu- la r pattern. Serial sections of the sub mucosal cysts demonstrated stratified arrangements of proliferating epithelial cells which penetrated the basal lam ina and invaded the surrounding connective tissue of the submucosa. (Fig. 21. Epithe lial origin o f the stratified cells was determined by the presence of nucleoli and sim ilarity of the nuclei io size and shape to the nuclei of the epithelial cells lining the cysts. Occasionally, ir regular hyperchromic nuclei and pleo m orphic cells with mitotic figures were present in the cells of the stratified areas. The presence of inflammatory cells in the submucosa in proxim ity to Fig. 2. Glandular epithelial cells lh '.l have extended from the mucosa into the sub- mucosa encompass large cysts (C ). In some areas (-- ) the epithelial eelh are stratified and penetrate into the connective tissue of the submucosa. The cell nuclei of the stratified area is similar in size and appearance to that of the airaple columnar epithelium that lines the remainder of the cyst (see Inset). Serial sections of ihe tissue confirmed the stratified arrangement of the epithelial cells ( X 230, inset X f 40; Bale represents 50 on). the glandular and cystic changes was com m on. The increased ceflulaiity of the monkeys and human patients exposed dysplasia o f the gastric mucosa o f sub m ucous glands with invasion of Ihe m uscularis mucosae and accompanying inflammation noted above is histologi to the P C B 's may be related to gastri tis. Replacement o f the parietal cells by Ihe mucus-secreting cells which oc human primates necessitates clarifica tion of the carcinogenic potentials of these compounds. cally described os a hypertrophic gastritis. The extension of the mucosal epithelial cells inio the* submucosa and curred in the fundic glands of the more severely aflected animals m ay re sult in achlorhydria and eventual I . R . A llen D. H. Monaact D e p a rtm e n t o f P a th o lo g y, M e d ic a l -the presence of irregular stratified ar rangements o f epithelial cells within Ihe subm ucosa are distinctly dysplastic pat pernicious anemia ow ing to. the lack o f intrinsic factor necessary for vitam in B ,: absorption. Invasion of the musett- S cho o l, and R e g io n a l P rim a te R esearch, C e n te r, U n iv e rs ity o f W isconsin, M a d iso n S 370 6 terns, The experimental concentration laris mucosae and submucosa by the . o f biphenyls (300 ppm) within the diet which was sufficient to produce these conditions in subhuman primates in 3 months is about ten times the levels that have occurred in samples of m ilk (28 ppm) and o f fish (35 ppm) re ported by the U .S. Food and D ru g Adm inistration (2). T h is concentration is mueh less than the levels that have occurred in food products due to in dustrial accidents (2000 to 3000 ppm) (5). The magnitude of the chronie ef fects which could be produced by P C B * induced hypertrophic gastritis is as yet undetermined. The nausea and vomiting follow ing human consumption of P C B 's are possibly il result of the gastric irrita tions. W eight loss by the experimental epithelial elements m ay lead to loss of IrflH iW H i SIMS integrity of the gastric wall with even- . 1. IL W. R htbrosjh. f . R itd*. D. B. Tukan, tual erosion, ulceration, and hem oi* ' a . G. H erm u, M, N. U n a , Kmmr H i, rhage, as was the case in monkeys fed | 10 (IHTL t . A. C. Ko&W, M n . 8< ea tin p u t,. I, chlorinated biphenyl dioxins (72). j U (1972). Because interest in these environ- j 3. O. r. Frto, told a. 55. 4. A. R. Yctrj, a u mp. 79. mental contaminants is only recent, in- ' 5. M. Xontntae, T. YM Aiacn, 3. vestigativc efforts have not yet deter A. Y m aiocU . M , p. 119, 6. J . O. Voa, O U , p. 105. mined the long-term carcinogenic poten 7. D. H. K o rb u t n l f . L A la , M . Fm c tial o f P C B 's and P C T s. The associa 39, 116 09WS. I. M. Nfckbonl, A rt. Em+kem. X a U 11, CD tion of chronic irritation with cancer, particularly of the stomach, cervix, oral (191Q}. B. t . L. lis e tr M d D . L I i tk d , Jteomr 30. 7 (19701, mucosa, and bronchial epithelium, is la M. O jtn , F r* v iff f f l t r TarSt <2, 7 09711. well documented. These dysplastic cel 11. J. PitAM and H. CL Ck D, J . A ide. fmmi lular abnormalities of the hypertrophic Ckrm. if , i m 0970). gastric mucosa are likely due to chronie 12. J . R. A D a v id L. A. C m , A w r. / . Vet. i t i . SI. ISIS (19( X irritation but tn r at present short of II. ThU voffc m i tuppw t by NIH im a E50M72 Bid JttU B lfl, IN W xxmM h i neoplastic transformation. The develop G nat fitp u ). ment o f hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and 20 October 1972 - U utA * t) u f i t . Copyright i>1973 by tha Amirlean Association for thv Advancmint of $cie*> NFC00007906 770545 l 'f t I i f # .V" ' ty >iipjiwTi.ji ^ ^ y .i;wyy v ll* .'i">>^ipw - t ^ NPC00007907 ~ 770546 f i I !J i --*-*'-***' rp n cri^ct o* the iaa iv ro ivrcn>tt.v''*L ttoiccv *sr> im cm t U l, <81-417 (t77S) Distribution and Metabolism of 3H-2,5,2%5/>tetrachforobiphenyl in Rats1(38610) j J. P. VAN MILLER, 1. C HSU, and J. R. ALLEN Department <// Pathology, Unirenity o f Wiieanxin Medteat Schon, and Rezfatat Primate Reiearvii CUnhrm ty o f Wisconsin, Medium, Wisconsin 53706 Recently, the effects of isomeric mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have received considerable attention, li bus been reported (I, 2) that humans develop chloracr.e and subcutaneous edema anu exhibit lethargy and nausea as a result of PCB in toxication. Nonhuman primates exhibit similar effects as well as pathological changes which include hypertrophy of the hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum it.'R) and mucosal lining of the stomach (3-51. Altera tions in protein levels and hepatic enzyme activity have also been observed in non in rabbits. Two of the metabolites wnu identified as monohydroxy-TCB with trhydroxyl group located in the three nr f<-u; position, while the third meiabulitc identified as trans-3,4-dihydro -3,4diln- droxy-TCB. The presently reported study was under takeft to establish the distribution uf I( It in the tissue and excreta of rats usin^ :ll TCB. Further information was sought as to the amount of TCB metabolized and confirmative identification of these me tabolites. human primates after PCS intoxication. No gross abnormalities have been observed in rats, although similar hepatic ER and en zyme alterations have been noted (6. 7). In addition, it has been shown that the ef fect on hepatic function is increased as the chlorine content of the PCB isomers in creases (8). The necessity for Further understanding of the distribution and metabolism of these compounds is evident. Since the complexity of the PCB mixtures makes such studies M a teria l* ; a n d M e th o d s . 'H-TCB was prepared from 2,5,2', 5'-tctrachlorober./i dine by the method of Hutzinger and Safe (1*1). The compound was shown to In- grcui-r limn 99% pure by gas liquid chroma tography, with a specific activity of 1.13 pCi/mg after dihition with TCB. The conipound was dissolved in corn oil us final preparation for dosage. Four groups (three animals per group i of male Sprague-Dawlcy rats, weighing 92-103 g initially, were housed in metabo difficult, it has been necessary to use pure components. The compound 2,5,2',5'tctracblorobiphcnyl (TCB) has been shown to be one component of the PCB mixtures presently in use (9, 10). Hutzingcr e t a t. (11) were first to report lism cages and allowed to acclimute for 3 days prior to dosage. The rats were quently given a single dose of *H-TCH by gastric intubation. Each animal received / * 50.0 mg (56.5 pCi) of the compound in 0.5 ml corn oil. The animals were given hvuroxyiaicd metabolites of TCB in the excreta of rats and pigeons. However, struc tural confirmation of these findings was lacking. Yoshimura and coworkcrs (12) identified monohyjro.xy-tcirachlorobiphenyl among several phenolic metabolites of S.^.V.-i'-totrachlorobiphcnyl in rat feces. Recently, Gardner et a t. (13) h a v e isolated and characterized three metabolites of TCB ' This nvcuigaiiou w;- supported in pan by U.S. Public Health Service Grunt Nov CS-tW72 and URJX)I67 fr-.wn the National Institutes of Health. Primate Cenkr publication number 14-015. access to unlimited food and water through out the experiment. Feces and urine were collected at 24-hr intervals. The animals were sacrificed at 1,3, 7, and 14 day* ani* tissue samples collected for radioaetouv analysis and histologic evaluation. All and fecal samples (200-500 mg) were i"i di/ed in a Packard Model 206 sample o\i dizer, collected in Monophase 40 (Packard; scintillation cocktail, and the radioactivity measured in a Packard Tri-Carb liquid scintillation counter. Samples of blood and 682 CAyl1ufrlti^clhliIctCfltC?>d.fc| UwS a in r for EMviinwnul (Uatacy and Mc&cic- - r # lk t" V .47 7 .. 4 I >% 4 l i **Jt41 4 1 i 1 ! 11n V'j, ton. me!.! cxiM. Wl r.u IPgM; hqci;/ and it Of <i,-| Tftw expert; forpun UC 18. den and dev acetaio The pj;;:, Rudiochr peak:; aitahsiv ( Hewlett fitted with t'.s- itl x 0,1 Gnsehwvre used. carrier as Samples j;>. collet-led ft-. whichcan h n,u* ipcetn fnduxiriev. 1 inscriimi p f t. `u`r`` cxlketii capillary i:i|v . njJeWith ^ L'lmurCmp ... -:"**i* * HPC00007908 - ' 770547 _i.pHvr.yl .I f'i- i , I i i 'r ! .M i .. -V. - T* !f I .i !! r* i .1 I- ' .t? v ! ; v- - : . : ..f . *v J I* (I : i': ** i ; ( : x .. A i-' I i -* :* : . * t ; .. .i. ;. ' - \ *: : TLTRAOiLOKOBII'lILNYL METABOLISM IK RATS 68. urine (0.5 ml) were treated similarly. In addition, subccllular fmciions or the liver so were prepared by the method of Hogcboom (15) and analyzed us described above. Isolation and iticatineation of metabolites were done on fecal and urine samples from the first 4S hr alter dosage. Urine was (Veeze- dried and extracted with hexane and ethyl ether by two difierent methods. The first method involved hydrolyzing the sample after hexane extraction with glucuronidasc- sulfatas. (G-S) by the method of Reid e t a i. (16*. followed by extraction with ethyl ether and a subsequent acid hydrolysis before a second ether extruction. The second procedure was similar to the above except no G-S hydrelysit was performed. Feces DATS Ftc. I. Excretion of *H by rats Tor the (Ira 8 day1 following a single oral dose of ,H-2..S.2'.5'-it.*irachtorabiphenyt. Each point represents mean I was extracted continuously first with ace SI) fir Ihrcc rats. .Daily exemion value* lor feces and tone and thon with methanol, TCB and urine after 8 days were less than 0.2% of dose. metabolites were purified from the hexane extract of urine and accione and methanol on a Hitachi Model 247 Grating Infrared extracts of feces by thin layer chroma Spectrometer fitted with a beam condenser tography and the samples analyzed by gas (Perkin-EIntcr Corp.). liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, R e s u lts . A. D istr ib u tio n . The experimental and infraTed spcctforr.ciry. Ether extracts animals appeared normal, exhibited normal of urine could not be purified by TLC. weigh: gain, and in general showed no del These samples will be analyzed in future eterious effects from the TCB dosage. experiments u p o n development of a system Microscopically, the tissues showed no for purification. abnormalities. The greatest percentage of TLC samples were applied to silica gel the recovered tritium was found in the ex IB, flexible niates (J. T. Baker Chetn. Co) creta (Fig. 1). Approximately 66*1 of the and developed with hexune, hexauetethyl tritium was excreted in the feces by 72 hr acetate (8:21, or hexane:acetone (1:1). with an additional 10\< recovered in the The plates were scanned on a Model 7201 urine. At 14 days the total tritium in the Radiochronutiogram Scanner (Packard) and feces and urine was 72.5 : t 5.7'1 and 12.V the peaks eluted with methanol for further . 4.0 m, respectively. Through the first 7 analysis. GLC was done on a Model 7620A days the largest internal concentrations of Hewlett-Packard gas liquid chromatograph tritium were located in the adipose tissue, fitted with an LC detector. Glass columns blood, liver, and skin (Table t). Signifi (!-* id X 6') containing 2'.' Apiczouc L* cantly high concentrations of tritium were r on Gaschrom Q I00-120 mesh) at 215 found in several other tissues at 24 hr (in were used. Argon-methane was used us cluding the thymus, brain, lung, spleen, carrier gas at approximately 40 cc/min. heart, small intestine, and muscle), but Samples for mass spectral analysis were these values decreased rapidly and at 3 days collected from the GLC in capillary tubes were less than,2 Vi of thut present in the which can be inserted directiy into a MS-9 tissue containing the highest concentration, mass spectrometer (Associated Electrical i.c., adipose 'tissue (0.243 U.I8M of Industries. Ltd.) equipped with a direct dosc/gj. Although the specific activity of insertion probe. Samples for 1R analysts the blood (0.009 0.002r,l of dosc/e) were collected from the GLC on KBr in was slightly higher, the levels throughout capillary lubes. A 1.5 min KBr pellet was the body were generally constunt (average: made with a KBr Ultra Micro Die (Perkin* 0.004 0.002 Vi of dose/g) at 14 days. Elmer Corp) and the IR spectrum measured In addition to the tritium present in the !cit; ii h 11 "JW. 'WlW^.-l'PjJJUVUW 'V .WUl'vinyWUJ 1U.I 1J .-w m sm NPC00007909 *tf 770548 6S4 TETRAWJ'OP.OBIE'HL.NVL METABOLISM IN RATS TAflLl' I. Tissue Concentrations* or *K m Ii/.-a,ai 1,3 an 7 Days Following a Single Oral l>ME a* >H<2l5,2',3'*Tt'.TRACHi,OKo> f i 1* biphenyl. ldy* -- ---- --- ------- ---- -- t <Uyl* ----1-d-i-y--V b I rr Adipose tissue I.MS 0.243 0.680 0.160 0.0S8 0.044 Blood4 0.551 O.I26 0.193 0.017 0.044 0.019 Livci 0.281 0.033 0.008 0.055 0.001 0.002 Stomach 0.792 0.013 0.001 0.613 0.009 0.001 Kidney Testes Largs in- 0.540 0.032 0.143 0.037 0.445 0.010 0.002 0.012 0.006 0.011 0.003 0.00 0.003 0.001 0.001 Fta. 2. Distribution of ]H in liver homogenates and subcdlular fractions oi liver I, 3, 7, and 14 days (L to R) following n single o u t dose of *H-2,5,2',5'letrachlorobiphcnyl. Isignifies mean 150. testinc SLin 0.147 0.M4 0.144 0.004 0.026 0,007* 0.001 0.005 0.002 TADLE ft. DistRtDUTTON* of Tritium in* Extracts of 24- anu 48-Hour Urine from Rats Given a Single Oral Dose of * Percent of dese per g tissue standard devi *H-2,5,2't5'-TeTRAClU.Ua01lPHFNYL. ation. *Mean far three rets. Eitrsct Mc-Ls>* Mfef G-S* hr 41 hr ' Mean fer two rats. 4 Percent dose per ml. Hexene 49.05 47.14 37.22 34.14 Elher-1* 33.71 20.67 11.1J 7.37 excreta and specific tissues evaluated, 2.1 s Ether-24 0.57% of the original radioactivity was de Aqueous 7.0(1 17.to 29.03 21.33 4.93 9.38 11.99 If .'67 tected in the remaining tissues of the animals on the 14th day of the experiment. Total recoveries for 1. 3, 7 and 14 days were * Percent of freeze-dried urine. * Glocuroaidasc-sulfatase-trcatcd. * Before acid hydrolysis. 36.8 i 6.4%, 79.9 11.2%, 82.6 4.0%, 4 After acid hydrolysis. and 87.6 7.8% , respectively. The low recovery obtained for the 24-hr animals Freeze-drying of the urine samples caused was probably due to the large quantity of a Loss of radioactivity between SOand 65%. trithued compounds in the intestinal tract Table 11 shows the distribution, of radio which was not measured. This conclusion activity remaining in the freeze-dried urine is substantiated by the fecal excretion for the 24- and 48-br urine samples. The value for the 24- to 48-hr period. percentage of radioactivity remaining after Siibcellular fractions of the liver showed extraction is reported as percent in the the largest specific activity of triliated com aqueous phase. Glitcuronidase-sulfatase pounds in the microsomal fraction (Fig. treatment yielded a slight!}1 improved re 2). Significant specific activities were also covery over the samples that were only acid found in the mitochondrial fraction with hydrolyzed. No significant difference was relatively low specific activity hi the nuclei. noted between (he 24- and 48-hr samples D. M e ta b o lite j. The procedures employed as to thr amounts extracted or the metabo in metabolite extraction and TLC separation lites found. A single metabolite (Metabolite produced six purified compounds of me 1) was isolated from the hexane extracts tabolized TCB. Since complete identifica or the urine samples. No tinmetabolized tion of all these compounds was not possible, TCB was found in these samples: it is not known if any are identical and hence The tritium recoveries in the acetone and each will be termed a metabolite. methanol extracts of feces were 77.490 :-- ' a & a n H & it d M NPC00007910 TCTRACIILOKOBIPH NVL MCTABt '; '*! Ml*' IN RATS 685 TABLE III. Chaumatogramiic Data Fob Me t a b o l it e s Of 2 ,5 ,2 '.5 '-T F T R A C lIL C IX O a iF H E N Y L ISOr.ATEO KROM 2 4 A N D 4S H O U R FE C E S A N D U r i n e S a m i -l m f r o m R a t s G i v e n a S i n g l e O r a l Duse o f *H-2.3 ,2' ,3'*Tetr*chloro- RtrilEN VL. UtUfaoktc Ort[in Fraction TLC solvent* CLC Idea tion tira* <s*c; I Urine Hexane A 0.8 120 11 Feces Acetone B 0.4 IZ 3 111 Feei-s MeOH D 0.0 C 0.4 124 IV Feces MeOH B 0.25 C 0.34 122 V Feces MeOH B 0 . 0 C 0.0 A 0 . 6 134 VI Feces McOH R 0.0 C 0.0 A 0.43 117 TLC solvents were: A--hexane: sect one (1 ;l); fl--hexane; C--hexene:eth>l acetate (8:2). and 18.4'.i respectively. It was found that 8.7% of the jeetorw fraction was unme tabolized TC8, while no unmetnhotized TCB was found in the methanol extract. Of the remaining activity in the acetone fraction only one metabolite was isolated (Metabolite II) which after purification comprised 47.37. of the total radioactivity in the fraction. TLC of Lhe methanol extract of feces yielded four additional metabolites (Metabolites lll-VI). The TLC and GLC data for the six metabolites arc given in Table III. Mass spectra were identical for Metabolites I, II, IV and V with a molecular ion at 306 a.m.u. indicative of monohydroxy-TCB. Low quantities of Metabolites III and VI made it impossible to purify these samples in sufficient quantities for mass spectral analysis. Metabolite II was identified on the basis of the mass spectrum and IR spectrum as 3-OH-TCB. The IR spectrum compared extremely well with that for 3-OH-TCB reported by Gardner e t at. (13), although minor differences occurred due to the use of KBr pellets instead of CC1, solutions of the metabolites. No other metabolites could be purified in sufficient quantity for IR. analysis. The identical mass spectra, however, led to the conclusion that metabolites I, II. IV and V are all monohydroxy-TCB, although the positions of the hydroxyl groups were indeterminable. The mass spectrum and IR spectrum for Metabolite II are given in Fig. 3. ! D isc u ssio n . The data indicate that over 95 % of the recovered tritium was in the excreta of which over 90% was metabolized. The unmetabolized TCB found in the feces was probably the portion of the initial dose which was not absorbed. The loss of radio activity in th e1urine from freeze-drying is probably due cither to loss of tritium during hydroxylation of TCB or to a `greater ability of the hydroxyliitcd metabolites to exchange tritium with water. At least 60% and prob ably a considerably larger fraction of the metabolites are in the form of monohy droxy-TCB. However, the possibility' of dihydroxy-TCB as a major metabolite as reported by Gardner e t a t. (13) cannot be ruled out from these data. Allen e t a t. (17) have reported significantly higher concentrations of Aroclor 1248, a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyis, in the lipid of chronically treated rats than was observed for `Similarly treated rats given 2,5,2%5'ictrachlorobiphcnyl. Fur thermore, the proliferation of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum and ahernlions of other hepatic functions are more severe for Aroclor 1248 than for the single isomer. The present study shows that TCB is rapidly metabolized to one or more hy- droxyiated metabolites and excreted. There is apparently no appreciable storage depot for the compound within the animal, as the specific activities in the tissues are all re duced to very low values after 14 days. The relatively high specific activity in the blood of the animals indicates that the compound remains mobile until metabolized and ex creted. Gardner e t a t. (13) has reported that the probable mechanism for formation of hy- droxylated metabolites of TCB is through an epoxide intermediate. It is likely that the components of Aroclor 1248 with higher chlorine content jwhich cannot form epoxide intermediates are the cause of these major differences between Aroclor 1248 and TCB. -- rvjKy* V O T S1 ; te a .. WX - T ssr h -Pg.urffu NPC00007911 - m ----- 770550 666 TL'fts^HLO RO W PHl.NYL Ml.TAhOLlSM IS RATS I i it t I 1 It l 2 , 5 , 2 ', S '-te tta c n lo ro b ip h e n j l. Acute lethal doses of TCB and Aroclor 124S have been reported to be approxi mately 1.2-1.5 g/fcg body \vt. Further evidence of the importance cf metabolism to toxicity is that both Aroclor I24S and TCU were shown to be lethal to rats at significantly lower doses titan 1.2 g/kg when metabolism was inhibited by admin istration of SKF-525A. Furthermore, no mortality was observed in rats at doses of 1.25 g/kg when metabolism was enhanced by.treatment with phnobarbital (17). It thus appears that metabolism of poly chlorinated biphenyls in rats is a method of detoxification of these compounds. S u m m a r y . Distribution and metabolism o f 1an isomeric polychlorinated biphenyl were determined in rats. Over 70 Tr of a single dose of JH-2.5,2 ',5'-tetrachlorobi- phcn>l was excreted in the feces and another 139 in the urine during a 14-day period. Adipose tissue, blood, skin, and liver were found to contain low levels of the compound. Over 907c of the excreted tritiated compound was found to be metabolized, the major nictalolitc being identified as 3-OH2,5,2',5'-tctrachlorobiphenyl. All of the unmetobolized 2,5,2', S'-tetrachlorobipheny l was eliminated by the alimentary route. 1. Kuntsune, M., Fukuoka Ada M edia, 60, 513 (1969). 2. Kuratntne, M., Yoshimura, T , Malsunks, J., and Yamaiuchi, A , Environ. Health Persp. 1, 119 (1972). 3. Allen, J. R... and Nortadt, D. H-, Science 179, 496 (1973). 4. Allen, i. R., Abnhamson, L. J., and NorbicF D. H,, Environ. Res. 6, 344 (1973). 5. Alien, J. R., Ctrctens, L. A., and Barsotti, D. A., Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 30. -WO(1974). 6. Alien, J. R. and Abraham>on, L. J., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.T . 65 (1973). 7. Liltmt, C. L., Filter, T. M., Baker, A. M., and Van Loon, E. J.. ToxicoL Appl. Pharmacol. 23, 112(1972). i Iit t t>I * 1 I J } i 1 1 \ t 1 I I II J I V Np c 00007912_" 770551 TETRACHLORODIPtHINYL METABOLISM IN RATS 687 8. Johnstone, G. J., Ehofcichon, D. J., and Hullinger, O., Totirol. Appi. Pharmacol 28. 66 (1974). 9. Sissons, D.. and Welti, O., J. Chromatography. 0, 15 (1971). 10. Webb, K. G., and McCall, A. C , J. Assoc. OfEc. Ami- Chcm. 55,746 il972>. 11. Mutineer, O., Nash, D. M., Safe, S,, de Freitas, A. S. W , Ncniruni, R. J,, Wildish, D. J., and ZilLo, V., Scier: 178, 312 (1972). 12. Yoshimura, H., Yariamolo, H., and Saeki, S., Cham. Pharm. Uuli.21,2231 (1973). 13. Gardner. A. M., Chen, J. T,, Roach, J. A. G., and Kagelis, E. P., Diochem. Dioplivs. Res. Commun. S3, 1377 (1974). 14. Hutringrr, O. and Safe, 5., BuU. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 7,374 (1972). 15. Hogeboom, G. H., Methods En/ymol. 1. 16 1955. 16. Reid, W. D,, Christie, B,, Krishna. G., Mitchell, J. K., Moskowiu, J.. and Brcdre, 0. B., Pharma cology 6. 41 (1971). 17. Allen, J. R., Carstens, L. A., Abrahaimon, L. J., and Murlar, R. J., Environ. Res., in Ffe&s. Received September 30, 1974. 1VS.E.G.M. 1975, Vol. 148. ! Ii 1t i I f f& fc. '* .'ir. NPC00007913770552 & Metabolic Fate o f *H 2 ,5 ,2 \ 5 /-ictrachlorobiplienyJ in Infant Non human Primates by I. C Hsl\ J.P . Van Millek, and J. K. Allcn Dspnrtmrnt of 1`tflhology, University o} tPiicontin Medical School Experimental Paiholufr Unit, Regionit Hrimfttm Research Center AXoductd, Ifhe. S3706 During the past 4C years environmental contamination by poly chlorinated biphenyls (?CBs) has become a serious problem because o f th eir extensive uses in. industry. Severe FCB in toxication in humans was reported in Japan following ccnsinption o f contamina ted Tice o i l (KURAISUXE 1969). The majority o f the research to date on the biological e ffe c ts o f the PC3s has been conducted on conrt&rcially prepared mixtures o f these compounds. FCBs are a mixture of many chlorinated isomers; hence, the u t ilis a t io n o f a pure ir.diviiiu.il isomer was more appropriate for the evalu ation o f th eir metabolic fa te and b io logical e ffe c ts . Decently, VAN MILLER et a l. (1975) have reported that over 76! o f a sin g le dose o f tr itia te d 2 ,5 ,2 ',5 1-tetrachlcrobiphctiyl (TCB) was excre ted by rats within 72 hours. In addition, most o f the radioac t i v i t y in the urine was nonohydroxy TCB, Because tho primate i s far more susceptible to the toxic e ffe c ts produced by PCBs than the rat (ALLL\( e t a l. 1974) i t was deemed important to evaluate the metabolic fa te , s it e o f lo c a liz a tio n , and excretion rate o f the PCB isomers in the primate. In the presently reported ex periment i t was determined that the metabolic fa te o f TCB in the infant nonhumau primate was decidedly different, than in the r a t. At 72 hours a large percentage o f the TCii was retained in the body in an unxetabolized form and was primarily a s s o c i ated with the scran proteins and c e llu la r xacrcrolocules. That portion o f the TCB excreted in the urine was metabolized to 'd ihydro-TCB d io l which is not the case in r a ts. MATERIALS AND METHODS T ritia ted TCB was prepared from 2 ,5 ,2 * ( 5'-tetrachlorobenzidine by the method o f lOTZlNSEP. and SAFE (1972). S p ecific a c tiv ity o f .the tr itia te d TCB was adjusted to 6 .1 uci/ng with TCG. Severn in fant rhesus nonkeys i n it ia lly veiglung 600-800 g were divided into two groins and'housed individually in metabolism cages. The 4 monkeys o f the experimental groups were given a sin g le dose o f tr itia te d TCB (300 mg/kg) dissolved in 1.5 ml o f corn o i l by gas t r ic intubation. The 3 monkeys o f the control group were given . 1.5 ml com o i l . The animals had free access to water through out the experiment end were intubated with 20 ml 5! glucose solu tion at 24 end 48 hours. Feces and urine were co llected a t 24 hour in terv a ls. The animals were anesthetized, perfused in tcrca rd ia lly with physiological sa lin e , and sa crificed a t 72 hours. 233 M k tii *1Eani*.nUl CM H n.il> i TtriaUf7, W. It, I). >O ItiJ kf Spits(ftVtU| M T.rk Lu. i'- : :Vi: NPc oo o 7 9 i; 770553 5?ces, blood, aid urine (ICO-200 og) samples \;ere oxidized in a ."scksrd .Meeel 336 sarnie oxidizer with I-bnophase 40 (Packard) as the s c in tilla tio n co ck ta il. The ra d io a ctiv ity was measured (r. a Packard Tri-Carb s c in tilla tio n counter. Representative zissu e samples were fixed in neutral buffered foraalin and pro cessed for lig h t rdcrosccpic examination in a manner previously described (ALLL\ e t a l. 1573). Gas liq u id chromatography (GLC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were zrpioyed to evaluate the metabolites in the extracts c f urine and tissu e hoTOgenates. Samples for TLC were applied to s i l i c a g e l, fle x ib le plates (J.T. Baker Cnenical Co.) and developed with methylene chloride. The p lates were then scan ned on' a Packard 'b d el 7201 radiochronatcgran scanner. GLC was dene cr. a Hewlett-Packard Model 7620A gas liq u id chromatograph f it t e d with an electron capture detector. TVo m icroliters o f ssrtrle solutions were injected into a gla ss column (1/ 8" x 6 *) containing 5i SE-50 on Gaschron Q (IC0-200 mesh) a t 200C. The presence o f trans-3 ,4 -dihydro-3, 4-d3hydroxy-2 ,S, 2 ', S1tetrachlorobiphenyl (dihydro TCB d io l) in the urine was deternined by the n etted o f GARDNcR (personal ccrxm ication ). Urine was extracted Twice with equal volumes o f ether. The ether extracts were concentrated and chromatographed by TLC. DihydroIC3 d io l was converted to monohydroxy tetrachlorobiphenyl in methylene chloride containing 2 to 3 drops o f concentrated HjSo4 . For cstercin a tio n o f binding between TCB or i t s derivatives and tissu e components tRTjD e t a l . 1S73), 1 g liv e r was hasogerit& i in a Potrer-Elvehjen tube with 4 n l o f water. Skin was hcrr-geniced in a Folyrron (Brinkman Instruments) with 4 volutes c lyt i c solu tio n (STEVIART and FAR5ER 1573). The homogenates were IxtracTed with fcgxgr.e (5 ml x 3) and then an equal voltase o f 23t rri.-?b1grraceiU..c acid was added to the aqueous phase a t 4C fe r 1 hour. in e resu lting p recip itates were washed with (5 ml x 4 ). The residues were a ir dried and weighed. Atcut ICO mg o f the residue was oxidized in the sample oxidizer , ani the ra d io a ctiv ity was measured as described above. Aliquots c f each fraction were added with 10 ml S c in tiso l Complete (Iso1s t) for measuring ra d io a ctiv ity . A lic /x ts o f blood serum (0.2 ml) or liv e r solution (0.1 n l liv e r hcm.egenate - 0 .2 n l ly t ic solu tion ) were chromatographed by a p p li cation to a Serhadex G-25 colurn (1 x 26 ca). The samples were eluted with d i'stilled 'w T ter with about 2 ml o f the eluent c o lle c ted ir. etch tr a c tio n . The avount o f nucleic acid and protein in the eluent was determined by measuring the UV absorption at 260 or 232 nn. One n l o f solu tion from each fraction was added with 20.r-l S cin tiso l Complete for cointm g the ra d io a ctiv ity . 2*1 NPC00007915 Jjgl For polyacrylanu.de g el electrophoresis 8%-3% polyacrylamide gel was'prepared. After serum samples were applied d irectly on the 3% gel which v:as covered with only a buffer layer, e le c tr o phoresis was performed at 4C, pH 9.0 with 0.065 Tris borate as tank buffer and was continued fer about 50 minutes at 280 v o lts (capacitance 1 .0 , pulse rate 200 pulse/second, Ortec 4100 pulsed constant power supply). The g els were stained for 1 hour in 7.51 a cetic acid solu tio n with 11 amido black 10B and destained over night in 7.51 a c e tic acid solu tion . For measuring binding o f TCB with senzn proteins the gels were s lic e d in to 0.S cm sections which were then oxidized by a sample oxidizer for s c in tilla tio n counting. RESULTS During the 72 hours following administration o f TUB the ani9 . v Dais were in a ctiv e, the skin was flushed and the hair had an > . o ily appearance. At necropsy the liv e r s o f the-experimental animals were enlarged and pale. M icroscopically, there was a decided hypoplasia o f the bone narrow, a decrease in the siz e o f the Malpighian corpuscles o f the spleen, a' regression of the cortex o f the tfv.nus and a moderate fa tty in filtr a tio n o f the liv e r . Less than 2i o f the tritium was eliminated in the urine and 11 in the fecesa by 72 hours. Skin, adrenal and bone marrow had the highest concentration o f rad ioactivity (Table I ) . The concentration in the blood was law as opposed to r e la tiv e ly high concentrations reported by VAN MILLER e t a l. (1975) for r a ts . In addition to the blood, the radioactivity in the lungs, spleen, heart, thynus, brain, te s te s , lymph node and bladder were low; therefore, the resu lts aTe not lis te d in the Table. TABLE I a3 Tissue Concentrations o f H in Infant Monkeys Following A Single Oral Dose o f TJ TCB Tissue 301 Animal No. 302 303 304 Liver 3.5 3.5 8.4 1 .6 Kidney 2.1 3.8 9.0 2 .1 largo Intestine 0.9 2.7 5.2 15.3 Adrenal gland 5.4 1.4 18.3 10.6 Skin 8.9 6.8 7.5 14.8 Muscle 2.0 1 .6 1 .2 2.4 Pancreas 1 .8 0.4 2.9 5.4 Salivary gland l.S 6 .6 4.8 Bone marrow 6.7 1 2 .6 4.9 16.3' Blcodb 0 .2 0.7 0 .2 0.3 Fat -- . . . -- 3.0 St orach 0 .6 2.2 2 .2 2.9 ------------------------------------------------ u -- ............ Percent dose per g tissu e (xlOO); Percent dose per ml blood 2X5 NPC00007916 a 770555 (9 There were two radioactive bands irith Rf values o f 0.02 and 0.05 (?ig. 1) or. TIC o f the ether extracts o f urine (30-401 radioactivity o f u r in e). The methanol eluted substances from the band with Rf 0.5 did not show any sig n ifica n t peak on GLC for 33 minutes ever, when the oven temperature was se t at 160 or 24CC. The labeled compound in th is bard i s a new, uniden t if ie d r "td b o iite . The second band with Rf 0.02 was eluted, v>th -ethanol. Following the in jection o f the methanol eluent, a sin g le peak with a r e la tiv e retention time (RFT) o f 3.09 (retention tin e o f th is compound [251 sec] /reten tio n tin e o f TO [81 se c ]) was seen on GLC. When the methanol solution was dehydrated, dried and d issolved in 1 ml methylene chloride con taining 2 to 3 drops o f ccncer.trated su lfu ric acid , the metabo l i t e was converted* to another substance with Rf 0.8 on TIC and RRT 1.94 (retention time 161 sec) on GLC. The r a tio o f reten tio n time o f th is compound before and a fter dehydration was 1.54. GARDNER st al.* (personal cormmication) reported sim ilar values for dihydro TCB d io l. Those values were Rf 0-0.1 before dehydration w ith K* values a fter dehydration o f 0.9 and 0 .8 for 3-CH TCB and 4-CH tCB, resp ectiv ely . In addition, the reported value for the ratio o f retention time Is 1.52, agreeing well with the value given above. F ig. 1 . TIC radicchrcmatogram o f urine ether extracts from ra ts (A.) and infant nonhetan primates (B) given a sin g le oral dose o f ^H-2,5, 2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB). (1) 3-hydroxy TCB, (2) Unknown, (3) dihydro TCB d io l. & = solven t fro n t, + e sample application, t r i t i i n marker. 236 1 NPC00007917 _ 770556 `- \ . t- F ig . 2 . Scpiiadex G-25 column chrcmatography o f l i v e r s o lu t io n fran in fa n t norunar. p r i v i e s g iv en a s in g le o r a l dose o f 2 , 5 , 2 ' , S' - te tr a c h lo r o b ip h e n y l. ------- * absorbance a t 260 nat; - o - o - - DPM p er m l. F ig. 3. Polyacrylamide g e l electrophoresis o f infant monkey s e n n 72 hr following a sin g le oral dose o f 2 ,5 ,2 ', tetrachlorobiphenvl. + junction o f 31 and 81 g el (C3UEC 1973). 238 NPC0000791'B iTbi 770557 For evaluation o f the interaction o f TCB and ce llu la r compo nents, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were employed. Most o f the radioactive labeled m aterial vas found to be associated with the c e llu la r ctacranolecules and the serun proteins. As shown in Figure 2 more than 90% o f the tritium was eluted from the Sephadex G-25 column, with most eluted with the protein and n ucleic acid fra c tion s o f the liv e r homogenate. Further binding studies o f serun by polyacrylamide g el electrophoresis showed (Fig. 3) that the rad io a ctivity was primarily associated with senzn albu min. Mien the liv e r homogenates were extracted with hexane, about 57% o f the ra d io a ctiv ity was removed; 2. 6V by trich lo ro a c e tic acid , and 27% by nethanol, leaving only 1 . 1%o f the rad io a c tiv ity in the residue. A sim ilar r e s u lt was seen in the extraction o f skin homogenates (Table I I ) . I t was estimated by GLC that more than S5% o f the chlorinated compounds in the hexane extracts was unmetabolized TCB. TABLE II Percent o f Radioactive Material in Various Solvent Extracts o f Skin, Liver and Serun Liver Skin Serum Percent o f Total Radioactivity hexane * TCA methanol residue extract supemale extract S7.0 85.1 50.3 2.6 4.2 -- 27.0 6.2 ` -- 1 .1 0.38 -- DISCUSSION . The metabolic fa te and to x ic ity o f dramatic hydrocarbons have recen tly been reviewed by JIRINA'and DALY (1974). D irect hydraxylation. (DALY e t a l. 1968) and hydroxylation tlirough the arene oxide intermediate are the two major metabolic pathways o f the aromatic ring. Metabolic formations o f arene oxides which are capable o f alkylating w ith a v a r ie ty o f n ucleophils, including c e llu la r macromolecules such as DMA, RNA and pro te in , explain many toxic and carcinogenic properties o f aro matic hydrocarbons. Because o f the id e n tific a tio n o f dihydro TCB d ia l (GARDNER. e t a l. 1974) as one o f the . m etabolites in rabbits a fte r TCB administration the arene oxide 2,5,2*,5* tetrachlorobiphenyl-3,4 oxide (TCB oxide) has been suspected of being a precursor of the hydroxylated metabolites'and the a ctive m etabolites which cause biochemical and pathological 237 NPC00007919 770558 ACKNTSVLEDGBENIS This in v estig a tio n was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service grants ES-0C472 and RR-00167 froti the National In stitu tes o f Health. Private Center Publication No. 14-010. REFERENCES ALIEN, J .R ., ABRAfWISON, L .J ., and NCRDACK, D.H.: Environ. Res. 6 , 344 (1973). ALLEN, J.R. t CARSTENS, L.A ., ABRAHAMSGN, L .J ., and MARLAR, R .J.: Environ. R es., accepted. SARSOITI, D.A. and AUDI, J.R .: Federation Proc., submitted. DALY, J .V ., JEJUNA, D.M., and KITKDP, B .: Arch. Biochen. Biophys. 128, 517 (1968). GARDNER, A.M., G E i, J .T ., ROACH, J.A .G ., and RAGELIS, E.P.: Sioches. Biophys. Res. Conn. 55, 1377 (1974). HJTZINGSR, 0 . and SAFE, 5 .: B u ll. Environ. Contam. T oxicol. 7 , 374 (1972). JENSEN, S. and SUNDS7RCM, G.: Nature 251, 219 (1974). JEPJNA, D.M; and DALY, J.W.: Science 185, 573 (1974). KE-3RDIEH, R.D. and LINDER, R.E.: J . N a t'l. Cancer In st. 53, 347 (1S74). HRAXSuNE, M.: Fukuoka Acta Kedica 60, 513 (1959). LINDSAY, J .R ., SHAW, B .A .J., and FOULXES, D.M.: Xenobiotica 2, 213 (1S72). CRTHC INODRPCRATED: AN 32A Techniques for High Resolution E lec trophoresis, p. 11 (1973). REID, W.D., KRISHNA, G ., GILLETTE, J .R ., and BRODIE, B.B.: Pharmacology 10, 193 (1973). SIDHRT, B.W. and FARBER, E.: Cancer Res. 33, 3209 (1973). VAN MILLER, J .P ., HSU, I .C ., and ALLEN, J .R .: Proc. Soc. Exp. B io l. hied., accepted. ZVl i 'NA- N P C 0 0 .0 0 7 9 2 0 changes in experimental animals. In the present study, 3 substan tia l fraction o f the radioactivity in the urine is in the fom of dihydro TC3 d io l. This r e su lt suggests that a t le a st some of the TC3 i s metabolized through an arene oxide intermediate and further suggests that alkylation o f the raacrcaolecules should occur. Cue to the slow rate o f metabolism, as evidenced by the low le v e l o f r a d io a ctiv ity in the excreta and the high le v e l o f urcretabolized TCB in the tis s u e s , i t is lik e ly that the amount of TCB covalently bound to the macrorolccules i s low. This i s sub stantiated by the low le v e ls o f ra d ioactivity in the residues of extracted tis s u e (Table I I ) . This metabolic pathway may not cause sig n ific a n t acute to x ic e ffe c ts in monkeys, itowever, during long term exposure th is arene oxide may be responsible for to x ic ity and p o ssib le tixior induction in monkeys. Indeed, induc tion o f hepatomas by PCBs has recen tly been reported by KIMBROUGH and LINDER (1974). Since man and nonhcian privates si 10:/ sim ilar symptoms and lesio n s resu ltin g from PC3 exposure, they lik e ly metabolize PCBs in the same earner. Due to the carcinogenic and toxico lo g ica l p o ten tial o f PCBs and th e ir widespread pre sence in the environment, the hiraan health sig n ifican ce o f these compounds is of great importance. I t is o f interest that there is a decided difference in the metabolism o f TCB by rats and nonhuman primates (Fig. 1 ). Over 121 o f the tritium was recovered in the urine o f ra ts w ithin 72 hours, co st o f which was metabolized as monohydroxylated TCB (VAN MILLER et a l. 1975). The c r ite r ia o f arene oxide formation are (1) occurrence o f NTH s h if t ; (2) appearance o f glutathione conjugates; (3) fcreation o f trans-dihyero d io ls or catechols (JERIXA and DALY 1974). Arens oxides o f halogenated cozpounds aze usually tore stable thus allowing the formation of g lu ta th i one conjugates or trer.s-dihvdrodiol (! TNDSAY e t a l . 1S72). How ever, only ronohydroxy TCB can be found in the urine extra cts o f r a ts. Therefore, in rats hydroxylation o f TCB appears u n lik ely through an arens oxide intermediate but rather through d ir e c t hydroxylation. The hypothesis i s further supported by the e v i dence that d irect hydroxylation c f 2 , 4 , 5 , 2 ' , 4 T, 5 '-hex2chlorobipfcenyl occurs in rats (JENSEN and SUND3TKCJM 1974). Since ra ts showed no d eleteriou s e ffe c ts from doses o f TCB capable o f pro ducing d is tin c t le sio n s in the nonhunan primate, d irect hydroxy la tio n in rats seems to be responsible for the d eto x ifica tio n and rapid excretion o f these compounds. The high s p e c ific a c tiv ity o f radioactive labeled m aterial in the adrenal gland and skin o f monkeys in th is experiment i s n ote worthy because acne, skin le s io n s , and disturbance o f stero id hormone metabolism, which occur in long term experiments pARSOTTI and ALLEN 1975) may r e la te to the lo c a liz a tio n o f TCB in -th ose tissues. 2311 .Tvseiiv: NPC00007921 - 770560 NPC00007922770561 r iP^ SO M E OF TH E REC EN T FIN D IN G S CO N CERN IN ^ Y U SH O Masanorl Kuratsune, M.D.,* Yoshlto Masuda,*- and Junya Nagayama* * Abstract Analysis o f Yusho 'disease, which was first detected In 1968, has bean lim ited and analyses have produced varying results. Yusho oil has been determined to com tain a high level o f polychlorinated dibeniofurans -fPCDF's}. Nagayama et at. found that PCD F levels in the off were especially high when the oil was contaminated. with PCB's used as a heat transfer medium. Their studies also showed that the concentration o f P C D Fs is much closer to that o f PCff`s in liver then in adipose tissues in patients with Yusho. Tire current efinical state of patients with Yusho is dicussed at length. Subjective symptoms, dermatological findings, serum triglyceride levels, liver conditions, m ortality rates, end the effects on children bom to m others vrith Yusho are off reported. INTRODUCTION More than 7 years have passed sines the outbreak of an epidemic of Yusho in 19C8. According''to the latest tabulation. Prof. Omae, current chief o f the Study Group for the Therapy of Yusho, reported that a total number of 1,291 patients have been registered es Yusho in 22 prefectures of Western Japan by April 30, 1975 (ref. 1). We would like to describe some of the recent find ings concerning Yusho which we think to be particular ly relevant for understanding of toxicity of PCB's. For more detailed information, readers are advised to refer to original papers appearing mainly In the fourth and fifth reports of the study on Yusho end PC6 {ref. 3). Most of the patients described in these reports are those living in Fukuoka prefecture. Published information of patients living in other areas ere unfortunately very few, so with a few exceptions no reference will be made to them.* : PCB'S IN THE BODIES OF PATIENTS WITIH YUSHO 1. Tissues First of all, tha concentration o f PCB's retained in the tissues and fluids o f patients with Yusho should be referred to before their current dimes) state will be dis cussed. Although no accurate estimation b feasible because of the vary limited number of analyses so far made, the concentration o f PCB's in adipose tissues of patients . seems to have been fairly high soon after the occurrence of poisoning--that b , In November 1868, at least 1 month after th e discontinued use of the toxic rice oil by 1 patients, as shown in table 1. The corresponding concern 1 tntions were considerably lower in 3 patients who died In the next -year, 1969. However, no such marked dif ference could be seen between those who died In 1969 and the subsequent decedents, although cases 7 and 10, who died In 1970 or 1975, showed quite low levels of PCB's in adipose tissues. At compared with the figures available from a nationwide survey on residual PCB's in autopsied tissues, the levels noted in the recent dece dents are considered to be fairly dose to the usual level of ordinary autopsied materials. Similar facts were also noted for PCB concentration in the skin and liver. 2. Blood Since the anilysis of PCB's in blood started only after 1972, no figures are available in regard to the blood levels o f PCB's in patients in the earlier stage of poison ing. As shown in table 2, however, it b clear that tha blood levels o f patients had approached the level of ordinary persons already in 1972, although they were still significantly higher than that level. This fact as wall as the previous fact*of lowered tissue levels of PCB's In recent decedents leem to be rather surprising if we con sider also that the majority of patients are still showing various clinical symptoms, as will be discussed liter. Mewnwl Kunttune and Junya Nagayima re with the Department of Public Haalth. Faculty of Medicine, Kyuihu University, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Daiichi. College Of Pharmaceutical Science, Fukuoka, Japan. **Yohito Metuda it with Deiichl Cotlege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan. 3. Gaxhromatographrc Patterns o f PCB's In the Bodies. o f Patients Masuda first noted e peculiar common get-chro- .matographic pattern of PCB fractions isolated from vari ous tissues, blood, end breast milk of patients with Yusho and called the attention of the Study Group for the Therapy of Yusho to it in early 1972. Figure 1 shows a typical example of such a pattern in comparbor 14 I VPC00007923 770562 ; i Table 1. RG B's concentration In tissues of patients with Y usho and other diseases Case Case 1 High school - boy Case 2, 3 Adult male female Time of death, operation Nov, 1968 Skin (JKoTe Fat basis basis Nov. 1968 ' * Case 4 Boy, 13 y r Case 5 Hale, 25 vr Case 6 Male, 73 y r Case 7 Female, 48 y r Case 8 Male, 46 y r Case 9 Female, 33 y r Case 10 Male, 72 v r National survey Males and females 25 - 49 y r ' July 1969 July 1969 Nov. 1969 Dec. 1970 May 1972 Sept. 1972 April 7975 1973 1.2 8.7 1.0 4.4 0.6 0.8 1.8 3.2 0.04 - 1.7 (n a 54) PCB's (ppm) Adinose tissue Whole Fat basis basis 76 (face) 13 (abdomen) Liver Whole Fat . basis basis * Reference 1oCMv. r* oo o o a SAB 32, 46 (cheese-like substance from acneform erup- tions) 10 J*L\ :=i? $ V? 1.3 '(mesentery) 2.8 (mesentery) 3,8 (mesentery) 3.7 15.1 8.4 0.7 0.9 (mesentery) . 0.14 0.2 0.07 0.07 9.5 10.4 3.1 1.3 i i 11 J ' HH 11. 12 ft % 4.3 1.9 (subcutaneous) 6.5 2.9 0.08 8.4 S\* 0.19 (mesentery) 0.4 0.04 3.0 14 '* 0.2 - 4 (n * 47) 0.3 - 6.4 0.01 - 0.6 0,02 - 3.1 (n 48) (n - 51). (n - 30) 13 & V .V i 5! j***:*i,1** E,te I * Tab&ft*X. PC B's in blood patients with Yusho;*%;workers and ordinary persons Material No. of subjects Time of examination PCB's Jppb) Whole basis Refer nean + SID. Range ence Whole blood Yusho patients 41 March - August 7 2-26 1973 7 Ordinary persons 37 1972 3 1-7 Plasma Yusho patients Normal persons Whole blood Yusho patients Normal persons 15 62 Jan. 1972 25 11 6.3 + 4.0 2-15 3.0 + 1.3 1- 7 4.B + 2.9 1-12 2.8 + 1.5 1- 6 8 Whole blood Workers3 23 1972 364 + 262 60-920 9 aWorkers engaged in the production of Kanechlor 200-600 in the a ir con taining 0.05 to 0.2 mg/m3 of PCB's JKanechlor-300 + Kanechlor-400 (1:1)). Two of them showed dermal signs. with the comm on one teen in ordinary persons, which is very m uch close to that of a mixture of Kanechlor 500 + 600 ( 1 : 1). It it easily notable that the peak 1, which appears immediately after p.p'-D D E in the gas chromato gram in figure 1, is very low in patients with Y u sh o as compared w ith ordinary persons, while the peak 5 is much more prominent in Yusho than in ordinary per sons. Masuda and his associates observed this peculiar pattern (designated as type " A " ) in blood of about 60 percent of patients with Yusho, and a somewhat similar pattern (designated as type *`B ") in about 37 percent (refs. 4.7.11,12). Takam atsu et al. also observed the same peculiarity (n the blood of patients w ith Yusho (ref. 8). It was further demonstrated that those patients w ho show the peculiar gas-chromatographic pattern as designated as pattern A by Masuda ct al. have a higher average concen tration of P C B 's in thair blood than do other patrants (reft. 4,7). Abe et al. (ref. 23) examined In 1974 the PCB residues in the plasma of 3 0 children bom to 18 mothers who had consum ed Y usho oil at G oto Islands, Nagasaki prefecture. The specific gas-chromatographic pattern of type A was seen among 24 percent o f the children and 44 percent of iheir mothers, but the pecu liarity seemed somewhat less marked as compared with the one seen among patients in Fukuoka prefecture. The chemical and toxicological nature of the com pound or compounds yielding the above-mentioned peak 5 must be clarified but have not yet fully been oxamined. Masuda, however, considers the peak E to be 3 , 4 , 2 \ 3 \ 4 ,t5,-hexchlorobiphcnyl, judging from its retention time on the Apiezon L colum n developed b ' Jensen and Sundstron (ref. 22). 16 W C00007925 770564 *ak A : Fatty tissue of Yushc patieht ' B : Fatty tissue of ordinary person C : Kanechlor 500 + 600 (2:1) P O LY C H LO R IN A T E D D IB E N Z O F U R A N S IN KA N ECH LO RS. "Y U SH O O IL / ' A N D T IS S U E S OF P A T IEN T S1 1. Polychlorinated Dibenrofurtns in Kanechton end "Yudio o i r Recently Nagayama et al. analyzed Kanechlors and three samples of toxic "Y u sh o o il" used by three inde pendent (amilies with Yusho tor polychlorinated dibenzofurans {P C D F 's) end polychlorinated dibenxo-pdioxins (P C D D 's) (ref. 16). They did a colum n chroma tographic fractionation of P C D F 'i and P C D D 's from a bulk of P C B 's by using activated alumina as adsorbent, and n-hexane, n-hexane containing 20 percent carbon tetrachloride, or n-hexane containing 20 percent methyltrichloride as eluent. The fractions thus obtained were subjected to gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrom etric examination. Quantitative estimation of P C D F 's and P C D D 's was made by two methods, namely by measuring the gas chromatographic peak heights and by measuring the gas chromatographic peak area of perchlorinated derivatives of these compounds. Although no P C D D 's were found in any `bf these samples, P C D F 's were found in all ol them. As shown in table 3, KC-4Q0 contained the highest concentration c P C D F 's, about IB ppm of P C D F 's consisting of dichlcro up to pentschloro- dibenzofurans. A peek w ith the same retention time as that of 2^,7,8-tctrachlorodibenzofuram , which was kindly provided by D r, J. G . Vos, was noted in its gas chromatogram. A ll of the three samples of '"Y u th o o il" also contained about 5 ppm o f P C D F 's, the major constituents of w hich were tetra- and pent*chlorodibenzofurans. Here again, the peak w ith the same retention time as 2,3,7,6-tetrachtorodibenzofuran was noted. Kashim oto also found 1.6 ppm of P C D F 's in another batch o f "Y u sh o o il." as show n In table 5 (ref. 18). Table 4 summarized the concentrations o f P C D F 's in Kpnechlor-400, reported by several authors. A s clearly noted, there is' a fairly large discrepancy in their findings; Whether or not it was due to their analytical procedures or to batch difference cannot be decided at the present time. Another important fact was disclosed by Nagayama et al. They determined the concentration o f P C B 's in "Y u sh o o il" as approximately 1,000 ppm o r slightly less than 1,000 ppm, as shown in tabla 3. Since "Y u sh o o il" b know n to have been contaminated w ith Kahechlor400, the ratio of the concentration of P C B 's to that of P C D F 's in "Y u sh o o il" Is extracted to be about 1,000:0.018. The observed ratio, approxim ately 1,000:5, 17 (]pC0000"7926 770565 Table 3. P C D F 's and P C B 's in Kanechlors and Yusho oil PCDF's (ppm) PCB's (ppm) Sample Peak height method Perch!orination method Peak height method Perchlor i nation method 300 1 1.5 Kanechlor 400 500 16 4 16.6 2.5 600 5 2.7 . * - *' - Yusho o il A B C 5 4.4 830 870 4 5.1 900 920 5 5.2 1030 980 ) Table 4. Reported concentrations of P C D F 's In Kanechlor-400 Authors Year Concentration (PPM) Roach et a l. a Nagayama et a l,^ Kashimoto et a1.c 1974 1975. 1975 1 18 33 aRef. 17. bRef. 16. cRef. 18. m i thus about 250 times higher than expected (table 5). The reasons lo r this great discrepancy are not clear yet. It should be noted, however, that the sample of Kanechlor-400 analyzed was an "u n u se d " one, while the Kanechlor-400 present in "Y u sh o o il" was "u se d " es heat transfer medium. This fact suggests a practically (m ponant possibility that Kanechlor-400 and probably other commercial P C B 's, too, will increase their PCQ F concentrations when used as heat transfer medium. 2, P C D F 's in Tissues o f P a tie n ts w ith Y usho Nagayama et at. (ref. 24) further examined the tissues of patients with Yusho for their possible content of P C D F 's. Table B summarized their findings. Adipose tissues and liver from two ordinary persons who died of accidents contained no detectable am ount (< 0.1 ppb) of P C D F 's, but those from three patients with Yusho who. died in 10d9 or 1972 were all shown to contain P C D F 's. Figures 2 and 3 show their gas-chromatograms and mats spectra. The concentration on a whole basis was 0.009 ppm on average for adipose tissues and 0.013 ppm for liver. T h is seems to be a rather surprising fact because in the case of PCB's the concentration on whole basis is usually much lower in liver than in adiposa tissues. When compared on fat basis, another interesting fact was noted that PC D F concentration was much high er In liver than in adipose tissue. Although the number 18 UPC00007927 t 1 ,i*i i 1 I 770566 T a b le E Concentrations of PC B 's and P C D F 's an their ratios in various materials Iff Materials PCB'S (ppm) PCDF's PCB's (ppm) F co T T Reference Kanechlor-400 1,000,000 ca. 20 50,000 Yusho o i1 A ca. 1,000 5 200 Bb 134 1.6 .84 t6 18 . Patient Adipose with tissue Yush0 L iv e r 1-3 0.05 0.009 0.013 144 24 4 aSamples o f the rice o il produced on February 5 or 6, 1968. bA sample of the rice o il produced on February 10 1968. Table 6. PC B 's and P C D F 's in tissues of patients with Yusho and ordinary persons Time PCB's (PPm)' PCDF's (ppm) Ratio Case of Whole Fat Whole Fat PCB's/RCDF's Subjects Tissue No. death basis basis basis basis Whole Fat 1 2 .Adipose 3 1969 1969 1972 1.4 1.3 1.2 3.4 0.013 0.03 10B 113 8.5 0.006 0.04 . 217 213 2.1 0.007 0.01 171 210 Yusho patients Liver Avg. 1 2 3 1969 1969 1972 1.3 0.05 0.06 0.03 4.7 0.009 4.7 0.025 5.6 0.010 3.5. 0.003 0.003 144 2.3 2 1.1 6 0.3 10 157 2 5 12 Avg. 0.05 4.6 0.013 1.2 44 . Adi pose Ordinary persons ( Liver g 1 2 1975 1975 1975 1975 1.0 0.4 0.08 0.02 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.0 ND NO ND ND ND ND ND ND 19 N PC 00007928 770567 Up p e r t PCDF FRACTION FROM i L iv e r o f Yush o Pa t i e n t . 1 Lower : PCDF f r a c t io n from 7 Y u sh o Oi l . Figure 2. Gaschromatograms of PC D F fractions from liver Df patient with Yusho and from "Y u sh o o il." f * o f Analyses made is quite limited end nothing can be said j w ith certainty, this fact aeemc to deserve attention. A s | shown in table 6, these different behaviors in tissue disj trlbution of the com pounds caused a remarkable differ* enee In ratio of P C B 's to P C D F 's between adipose tissues end liver. It was thus demonstrated that the concentra* j tion of P C D F 's is m uch closer to that of P C B 's in liver than In adipose tissues in patients w ith Yusho. The P C D F 's identified in liver were m ainly penta- and hejra* chloredibenzofurans; containing only a trace of tetra* diloroisom ers.I I C U R R E N T C L IN IC A L ST A T E j O F P A T IE N T S W ITH Y U SH O \ In 1974, Prof. Urabe (ref. 2). form er chief of the j Study Group, reported that the dermal and mucosal ( signs tin t were most marked at tha incipient stage of the poisoning- hed gradually baen improved, while sym ptom s such as general fatigue, poor appetite, in constant ab dom inal pain, heavy headedness and headadie, feeling o f . numbness and pain st the limbs, and cough and expecto ration of sputum, ail o f w hich are considered to be due to some Internal disturbances, have become m ore prom i nent year by year. In view of these tendencies together with the discovery of a characteristic gas-chromato graphic pittern of P C B 's remaining in the blood and tissues o f patients, the diagnostic criteria fo r Y u sh o was revised in 1972 (ref. 2), as* shown in table 7. A s com pared with the form er one, the revised criteria describe briefly the dermal and mucosal lesions but newly refer to other noncuianeous objective signs and findings from several laboratory tests. It should be noted, however, that the new criteria do not refer to any specific liver function tests. i i 20 *t I I 4 III NPC00007929 770568 NPC00007930 II i' J* L i- ocn 05 to f 'M jib*rw ^s; ri $ h itt : 7 7. 1. S u b j e c t i v e S y m p t o m s : Table 8 shows that a considerable portion of the patients are still suffering from various subjective symptoms In recent years. Koda and Mnsuda examined their possible association with PCB concentrations in blood, finding no positive association at all (ref. 4). Umeda also reported on various symptoms due to dis turbances of higher nervous activities (e.g., forgetfulness) complained of by most patients, but no definite associa tion between such symptoms and the blood levels of PC B 's was observed (ref. 5). 2. D e r m a t o l o g i c a l F i n d in g s Koda and Masuda examined 72 patients with Yusho for dermatological signs and PCB levels in the blood from April 1973 to March 1974 (ref. 4). As shown in table 9, the majority of patients were still suffering from skin lesions such as pigmentation, deformation of nail, and hypersecretion of Meibomian g'snd even 5 years after the poisoning. They also demonstrated another im portant fact that group A, consisting of patients whose blood shows the gas chromatograuhic pattern A. had significantly higher prevalences of dermatologic signs such as pigmentation, ecneform eruption, and deformed nails than did group B. which consisted of patient* show ing no such typical gas-chromatographic pattern. Since group A had-* higher average concentration of P C B 's than group B, tf .. srmaf lesions seen among cur rent patients, contrary to the subjective symptoms, seem to be causally associated with the current level o r pat tern of P CB's remaining in their blood. However, no conclusion could be readily made in this regard. First of all, tha current excess of PC B 's in the blood of patients is not remarkable in degree and is almost negligible as compared with the enormous elevation seen among the occupationally exposed workers, who nevertheless showed a rather low prevalence of dermal symptoms (table 2). It teems rather hard, therefore, to explain the _periistinc-dermal levnnt h v elpvarpri PCR levels in blood alone. The chemical peculiarity of such P CB's and the presence of P C D F 's in the bodies of current patients .seem to be particularly important in this connection. However, our present knowledge does not allow us to continue discussion of the matter along this line without speculation. Furthermore, an entirely different explana tion might also be possible. The skin lesions currently seen may merely be the persisting original skin lesions, the severity ot which must have been determined pri marily by the amount of. intake of PCB's; such intake must in turn ba reflected by the current PCB levels in blood of patients. According to this explanation, the Table 8. Frequency of subjective symptoms complained by patients with Yusho from 1973 to 1974 Symptoms Proportion3 X Fatigue Headache Phymata in articular region Fever Cough and sputum Digestive disorder Numbness of extremities Menstrual disturbance 51.4 41.7 8.3 2.8 56.9 40.3 33.3 26.9 .(7/26) Calculated by Kuratsune from original figures published by KOda and Masuda (ref. 4). 23 NPC00007931 770570 s i f [ i iII i t i ii 5Y. Vsr..- 1. Subjective Symptoms Table 8 shows that a considerable portion of the patients are still suffering from various subjective sym ptom s in recent years. Koda and Masuda examined their possible essociation with PCB concentrations in blood, finding no positive association at all (ref. 4). Umeda also reported on various sym ptom s due to dis turbances of higher nervous activities (e.g., forgetfulness) com plained of by most patients, but no definite associa tion between such sym ptom s and the blood levels of P C B 's was observed (ref. 5). 2. D e rm a to lo g ic a l F in d in g s Koda and Masuda examined 72 patients w ith Y usho for dermatological signs and PCB - levels in the blood from A p ril 1573 to March 1974 (ref. 4). A s shown in table 9, the majority of patients were still suffering from skin lesions such as pigmentation, deformation of nail, and hypersecretion of Meibomian gland even 5 years after the poisoning. They e!so demonstrated another im portant fact that group A, consisting of patients whose blood show s the gss-chromatogrephic pattern A , had significantly higher prevalences of dermatologic signs such as pigmentation, acneform eruption, and deformed nails than did group E, which consisted of patients show ing no such typical gas-chromatographic pattern. Since group A had a higher average concentration of P C B 's than group B, the dermal lesions seen among cur rent patients, contrary to the subjective symptoms, seem to be causally associated with the current leva! or pat tern of P C B 's remaining In their blood. However, no conclusion could be readily made in this regard. First of all, the current excess of P C B 's in the blood of patients is not remarkable, in degree and is almost negligible as compared w ith the enormous elevation seen among the occu p ation ally exposed workers, w ho nevertheless showed a rather low prevalence of dermal symptoms (table 2). It seems rather hard, therefore, to explain the persisting dermal lesions by elevated PCB levels in blood alone. The chemical peculiarity of such PCB's and the presunca of P C D F 's in the bodies o f current patients seem to be particularly important in this connection. However, ou r present knowledge does not allow us-to continue discussion of the matter along this line w iihout speculation. Furthermore, an entirely different explana tion might also be possible. The skin lesions currently seen m ay merely be th persisting original skin lesions, the ve rity of w hich m ust have been determined pri m arily by the am ount o f intake of P C B 's; such intake m ust in turn be reflected by the current PCB levels in blood of .patients. According to this explanation, the Table 8. Frequency of subjective symptoms complained by patients with Yusho from 1973 to 1974 Symptoms Proportion % Fatigue Headache Phymata in a rtic u la r region Fever Couch and sputum Digestive disorder Numbness of extremities Menstrual disturbance 51.4 41.7 8.3 2.8 56.9 40.3 33.3 26.9 (7/26) C a lcu la te d by Kuratsune from original figu re s published by KOda and Masuda (ref. 4). 23 NPC00007932 I .... 770571 Table 9. P i^ ^ e n c e o f derm atological and other sign s'*' am ong patients w ith Y usho from April 1 9 7 3 to t o March 1 9 7 4 , in connection w ith concentration and gaschrom atographic pattern o f PCB's in btood Prevalence (X)c Signs Group A Group B Group C Total (43 cases) (26 cases) (33 cases) (72 cases) Skin Pigmentation g j * TM Nail Acneform eruption Comedo Infection of skin Deformation of nail Alopecia Disorder in'teeth Dypersecretion of Meibomian gland 51.2? 72.1? 95.3 74.4 34.9b 34.9 32.6 65.1 0 18.6 93.0 109.2b 57.7? 34,6 06 23.1 n . s fl 38.5* 3.8 7.7 80.8 0 0 66.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100.0 30.6 50.0 80.6 56.9 20.8 29.2 23.6 52.8 1.4 13.9 88.9 PCB's in bltxfd Cone, (ppb) Avg. + S.D. Pattern 7.2 + 4.9 4.3 + 3.1 1.7 + 0.2 S.9 + 4.5 S ig n if ic a n t (P < 0.05) difference. S ig n if ic a n t (P < 0.01) difference. . C a lc u la te d by Kuratsune from figu res published by JCoda and Masuda (ref. 4). ^"A" means the characteristic gaschromatographic pattern o f PCB's remaining in the body of most patients with Yusho. *'B" means gas chromatographic patterns somewhat sim ila r to wArt. "C11 means patterns indistinguishable from those of normal persons. observed association o f the dermal lesions with current blood levels of P C B 's is considered as a phenom enil one but not as a causal one. In order to evaluate these dif ferent possibilities, It seems essential to examine chem i cally and toxicologically the P C B 's and P C D F 's still re m aining in patients* bodies. 3. Serum Triglyceride One of the most dominant objective signs seen at the incipient stage of Yusho was a markedly increased concentration of serum triglyceride. Okum ura and h is associates reported recently the resute o f their extensive followup study on 40 patients w ho were examined for ` 24 _ UPC00007933 TOWtP* ****** 770572 jmK&mKaamKtm v serum triglyceride at least once a year successively for 6 years from 1969 to 1974 (ref. 19). As shown in table 10. group of 14 male patients has shown no significant change in serum triglyceride levels since 1069, still main taining levels as high at 160 1 1 8 mg/100 ml even in 1974. For 26 female patients, however, a significant de crease was seen in 1973 and 1974 when compared with the levels in the previous years. However, 42 percent of them still showed higher levels than 110 mg/100 ml in 1974. Okumura et al. (ref. 20) examined the possible asso ciation between serum triglyceride levels and PCB con centrations in blood in patients. As shown in ttble 11 they observed a significantly higher mean level cf serum triglyceride in a group of patients who showed the characteristic gas chromatographic pattern A. is com pared with other patients who did not show such a typi cal pattern. They also observed a significantly positive correlation between serum triglyceride levels and PCB concentrations in blood (r * 0.485). Table 10. Results of followup study on serum triglyceride levels in patients with Yusho^ Subjects Patients with Yusho Controls Controls PCB's No. Age pattern cases mean A 20 31.9 B 14 C 2 21.4 C 37 34.5 PCB's in blood (ppb) 8.6 + 5.2b 3.8 + 2.2d 2.8 4 1.6 Triglyceride mg/100 ml Reference 134 4 60.0a 91 4 39.8d 20 74 4 29 19.21 aP < 0.05. j1 bP < 0.005. Table 11. PCB's concentrations in blood and srum triglycride levels in patients with Yusho in 1973 Patients Triglyceride (mg/100 ml) Mean + S.D. 1 Sex Age No. 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Male. 11 - 73 14 159 4 57 166 4 55 169 4 60 174 4 69 164 4 68 160 4 118 |1 Female 7 - 59 26 155 + 75 161 4 70 155 4 80 153 4 63 129 4 50b 111 + 56b ` aCited from a report by Okumura et al. (ref. 19). ^Significantly lower than in 1969, 1970, 1971, and 1972 (P < 0.05). i; 25 NPC00007934 770573 w w & w arc 1 'i f f - 1 Here again, a similar question carT'ia raided in regard to inch observed correlation, as already discussed in con nection with the dermal lesions. Arc the current elevated levels of PCB's in blood and their peculiarities In gaschromatographic patterns causally connected with the abnormally high serum triglyceride levels found in patients? Since, as mentioned, the female patients started to decrease in serum triglyceride concentration in recent years, a followup examination of PCB's in their blood might give a good clue to answer the above ques tion. 4. L iv e r o f P a tie n ts w it h Y u th o Both P C B's and PC D F's are well-known toxic agents to Ir/Ji. P C D F 's seem.to be particularly toxic be cause a single oral administration of P C D F 's as small at~ about 1 mg/kg cou.'d kill rabbits by severe liver necrosis (refs. 28,29). Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that patients with Yusho would have a severe liver damage, Okumura et al. (ref. 30) performed detailed medical examinations on 24 patients soon after the onset but. unexpectedly, obtained no objective findings to indicate definite liver disorders. No patients presented jaundice and only three of them had palpable livers. Howaver, an alectron microscopic examination of liver biopsy speci mens conducted on a patient in February 1959 revealed a marked hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticu lum, indicating stimulated enzyme induction in the liver (ref. 31). Okumura examined 38 patients with various subjec tive symptoms for serum enzymes, including isozymes from 1971 to 1972 (ref. 32). An increase in a fraction of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-5) and high titers in thymol turbidity tests were observed in some of the severe cases but no definite evidence for liver disorders was obtained. Recently Hirayama ct al. (ref. 33) examined 121 adult patients with Yusho ard 257 healthy adult controls for serum bilirubin, demonstrating a significant lower aver age concentration in the patient group than in the con trol. They also showed significantly negative correlations between serum bilirubin and blood PCB's in concentra tion (r -0.349, p<0.025) and similarly between serum bilirubin and serum triglyceride (r ^ -0.215. p<0.05). They considered that a lowered concentration of serum bilirubin in patients seemed mainly cue to an accelerated bilirubin disposal from the blood. Hirayama et al. investigated 125 patients for Austra lia antigen and antibody by tne immunoelectroosmophoresis in 1971 (ref. 34). The antigen was positive in three, while tho antibody was negative in all of them,, indicating no difference at all in the prevalences between the patients and healthy controls. This finding seems to be Important in connection with the future risk of cancer which patient rr.iqht experience. In view of all thtsa findings, liver function tests cur rently available do not readily detect serious nvar lesions in the patients, but it is highly desirable that adequate caution will continuously be paid to this wall-known target organ of chlorinated hydrocarbons. CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS W ITH YUSHO The birth of unusual babies from mothers who took "Yu sh o o il" during pregnancy is already well known (rtfs. 25,26), Their clinical features were dark brown pigmentation of the mucous membrane and the antira skin, gingival hyperplasis with pigmentation, a tendency to be small for the date, eruption of tatth at birth, hypersecretation of the Meibomian gland, and edema of tha orbital area. Pigmentation of the skin disappeared in 2 to 5 months, followed by growth similar to that of normal babies. It seems noteworthy, however, that babies with the dark brown pigmented skin continued to be born for a few years after the intake ol "Yusho o il" was discon tinued by mothers. Yoshimure reported on nine babies with such skin who ware born to mothers with Yusho in Nagasaki prefecture horn 1969 to 1972 (ref. 27). Three of such babies had bean delivered by a patient from 1959 to 1971. Abe et al. (ref. 23) recently reported on PC8 levels in the plasma of 30 children (aged 0--7) bom to 18 mothers with Yusho in Nagasaki prefecture. Their examination was made in 1974. As shown in table 1?, the PCB levels of these children were significantly higher than those of ordinary children but lower than the levels of their mothers. Their gas-chromatographic patterns of PCB's in plasma were already referred to earlier in this peotr. Children fed on breast milk from mothers with Yusho tended to show a hlghar plasma concentration of PCB's than those who were not fed on such milk. Yoshimura alto reported an interesting cat, where a baby was thought to have suffered from Yusho due ex clusively to intake of "PCB's through breast milk from a woman with Yusho (ref. 27). Very few data are available in regard to the concentration of PCB's in breast milk of mothers with Yusho. Masuda et al. found 0.03 - 0.06 ppm of PCB's in 5 samples of breast m ilk collected from e woman with Yusho within 5 days after delivery m 1973 (tef. 12). Masuda also found about 0.03 ppm of PCB's in another sample of breast milk collected a few days after a woman with Yusho delivered a baby with no dermal signs (rel. 14). The PCB levels in b reast milk from patients with Yusho were therefore just within the normal range. However, the gas-chromstogrephic pat terns of these samples were quite unique, the same as that characteristic for Yusho. 26 - NPC00007935 770574 Table 1^C oncentration of PCB's in plasma of childi'^n bom to mothers with Yusho Subjects PCB's in plasma --------------------i 2 b ) ------------------------ Subjects Range Mean + S.D. Mothers with Yusho Children bom to above mothers Ordinary c h il dren IB 3-33 11.2 + 7.32 30 1-20 6.7 + 4.28 14 1-8 3.7 + 1.97 te f. erence 23 Table 13. Deaths seen among patients with Yusho^ Cause of death Malignant neoplasms Stomach cancer Stomach cancer + U ver cancer Liver cancer U ver Cirrhosis Lung cancer Lung Tumor Breast cancer Malignant lymphoma Cerebrovascular lesion Amyloidosis Osteodystrophia fibrosa Myocardial degeneration + pericarditis Status thymicolymphaticus Liver cirrhosis Suicide Senility Traffic accidents TOTAL Number 9 2 lb 1 1 1 2 3h 1b 1 1 1 3 22 aCited from a report by Urage 1974 (ref. 2). bA. utopsied cases. -- 27 UPC00007936 770575 m sffist- -S b CQ. M O RTALITY OF PATIEN lJ WITH YUSHO Omae reported in 1975 that 29 deaths occurred among 1,291 patients with Yusho up to April 30,1975 {ref. 1). Causes of these deaths were not given, however. Urabe also reported on 22 deaths seen among 1,200 patients until September 13. 1973, and referred to their causes {ref. 2). As shown in ubie 13. 9 of 22 deaths were caused by malignant neoplasms, suggesting a possible excess of deaths from cancer. Since some essen tia. iinormation needed for epidemiological analysis is not available to us, no further reference can be made with certainty to such a possibility at the present time. C O N C L U S IO N As mentioned earlier, we demonstrated the presence of P C D F 's in "Y u sh o oil" at a much higher concentra tion than expected. We also showed that P C D F 's are relatively more concentrated in liver. Although neither the chemical nature nor the toxicity of P C D F 's con tained in "Y u sh o o il" and in the bodies of patients are known yet, our findings clearly indicate the necessity to pay greater attention to P CDF's for clarification of the nature of Yusho. Furthermore, our studies suggested the possible formation of P C D F 's from PCB's when used as heat transfer medium. Beside this, another possibility that P C D F 's might be formed by heating PCB's with peroxides, which are well known to be formed during heating cooking oils, should also be Investigated. REFERENCES 1. T. Omae, "Foreword, the Fifth Report of the Study for Yusho and PCB," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 65, No. 10 (October 1975), pp. 547-458 {in Japanese). 2. H. Urabe, "Foreword, the Fourth Report of the Study on Yusho and PCB," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 65, No. 1 {January 1974), pp. 1-4 (in Japanese). 3. "Fo u rth Report," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1974), pp. 1-95. "Fifth Report," i b i d .. Vol. 66. No. 10 (October 19751, pp. 547-648. 4. H. Koda and Y . Masuda, "Relation Between PCB Level in the Blood and Clinical Symptoms of Yusho Patients," F u k u o k a A c ta M e d ., Vol. 66, No. 10 (October 1975), pp. 624-628 (in Japanese). 5. G. Umeda, "Clinical Aspects of PCB Poisoning," R o d o n o K o g a k u , Vol. 28 (1973), pp. 36-42 (in Japanese). 6. H. Kohda, S. Asahi. and S. Toshitani, "Dermatologi cal Findings of the Patients With Yusho (PCB Poiscning) in G e n e ri''Exam ination in 1972," F u k u o k a A c ta M e d ^ Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1974), pp. 81 -S3 (in Japanese). 7. Y, Masuda, R. Kagawa, K. Shimamura. M. Takada, and M. Kuratsune, "Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the BJood of Yusho Patients and Ordinary Persons," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 65, No. 1 {January 1974), pp. 25-27 (in Japanese). 8. M. Takamatsu, Y. Inoue, and S. Abe, "Diagnostic Meaning of the Blood PCB," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .. Vol. 65. No. 1 (January 1974), pp. 28-31 (in Japanese). B. H. Hasegawa, M. Sato, and H. Tsuruta, "P C B Con centration in the Blood of Workers Handling P CB," R o d o E is e i, Voi. 13. No. 10 (1972), pp. 50-55 (in Japanese), 10. M. Goto end K. Higuchl, "The Symptomatology of Yusho (Chlorobiphenyls Poisoning) in Dermatolo gy," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol, 60. No. 6 (June 1959), pp. 409-431 (in Japanese). 11. Y. Masuda, R. Kagawa, and M. Kuratsune. "C o m parison of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Yusho Patients and Ordinary Piersons," B u ll. E n v ir o n . C c n ta m . T o x i c o l .. Vol. 11 (1974), pp. 213-216. 12. Y. Masuda, R. Kagawa, M. Kuratsune, "Polychlorin ated Biphenyls in Yusho Patients and Ordinary Per sons," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d . , Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1974), pp. 17-24 (in Japanese). 13. Committee for Investigation and Study of PCB end Outers, "Study on the Distribution of Concentra tions of Intracorporally Accumulated P C B " (1975) (in Japanese). 14. Y. Masuda, Unpublished dote. 15. M. Asahi, H. Koda, and S. Toshitani, "Alteration in Skin Severity Grading of Yusho in the General Ex amination in 1973 and 1974, and Presentation of a New Standard for the Skin Severity of Yusho by Point Count System," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 65. No. 10 (October 1975), pp. 629-634 (in Japanese). 16. J. Nagayama, Y. Masuda, and M. Kuratsune. "C h lo rinated Dibanzofurans in Kanechlors and Rice Oils Used by Patients With Yusho," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 66. No. 10 (October 1975). pp. 593-599. 17. J. A. G. Roach and I. H. Pomerantz, 'T h e Finding of Chlorinated Dibenzofurans in a Japanese PCB Semple," B u ll. E n v ir o n . C o ,it e m . T o x i c o l . , Vol. 12 (1974), pp. 338 342. 1B. T. Kashimoro, personal communication (1975). 19. 1.1. Okumura, M. Yamanaka, S. Nakamuta, end H. Uzawa, "Consecutive Six Year Follow-up Study on Serum Triglyceride Levels in Patients With PCB Poisoning," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 66, No. 10 (October 1975), pp. 620-623 (in Japanese). 28 NPC00007937 770576 I 1 ; f { ? )t f> ( l relation Between Blood PCB end Strum Triglyceride Level* in Patient* with PCB Poisoning." F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .. Vol. 65, No. 1 (January 1974), po. 84-87 (in Japanese). 21. H. Uzaws, A, Notomi, S. Nakamuta, and Y. Ikeura, "Consecutive Three Year Follow Up Study of Serum Triglyceride Concentrations of B2 Subjects With PCB Poisoning," F u k u o k a A c n Afed,,_Vol. 63, No. 10 (October 1972), pp. 401-404 (in Japanese). 22. S. Jensen and G. Sundstrn, "Structures and Levels of Most Chlorobiphenyls in Two Technical PCB Products and in Human Adipose Tissues," A M B IO , Vol. 3, No. 2 (1974), pp. 70-76. 23. S. Abe. Y. Inoue, and M. Takamatsu, "Polychlorin ated Biphenyl Residues in Plasma of Yusho Children Born to Mothers Who Had Consumed Oil Contam inated by P C B ," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .. Vol. 66. No. 10 (October 1975), pp. 605-609 (in Japanese). 24. J. Nagayama. Y. Masuda, and M. Kuratsune, "P o ly chlorinated Dibenzofurans in Tissues of Patients with Y usho." paper 330 presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Public Health, Yokohama. October 29-31, 1975, preprint, 215 pp., October 1975 (in Japanese). 25. I. Funatsu, F. Yamashita, Y. Ito, S. Tsugawa. T. Funatsu, T. Yoshikan*. M. Hayashi, T. Kato, M. Yakushiji, G. Okamoto. S. Yamasaki, T. Arima, T. Kuno, H. Ide, and I. Ibe, "P C B Induced Fetopathy. 1. Clinical Observation," K u r u m e M e d . J . . Vol. 19 (1972), pp. 43-51. 26. I. Taki, S. Hisanaga, and Y. Amagase. "Report on Yusho (Chlorobiphenyls Poisoning) Pregnant Wom en and Their Fetuses," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d Vol. 60, No. 6 (June 1969). pp. 471-474 (in Japanese). 27. T. Yoshimura. "Epidemiological Study on Yusho Babies Born to Mothers Who Had Consumed Oil Contaminated by PCB," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 65. No. 1 (January 1974), pp. 74-80 (in Japanese). 2B. H . Bauer. K. H. Schulz, and U. Spiegelberg, "Berufliche Vergiftungen bei der Herstellung von Chlorphenol-Verbindungen," A r c h . G e w e r b e p a th . G e w e r b e h y g .. Vol. 18 (1961), pp 538-555. 29. H. T h . H o tm an n , "Neuere Erfahrungen mit Hochtoxischen Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen," A r c h . E x p . P a th o l. P h a r m a k o l Vol. 232 (1958). pp. 228-230. 30. M. Okumura and S. Katsuki, "Clinical Observation on Yusho (Chlorobiphenyls Potsoning)," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .. Vol. 60, No. 6 (June 1969), pp. 440-446 (in Japanese). 31. C. Hirayama. T. Irisa, anJ T. Yamamoto. "Fine -Structural Changes of the Liver in a Patient With C h lo ro b ip h e r Intoxication," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .. Vol. 60,'..5. 6 Uune 1969). pp. 455-461 (in Japanese). 32. M. Okumura, "Course of Serum Enzyma Change in PCB Poisoning," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d .. Vol. 63. No. 10 (October 1972), pp. 396-400 (in Japanese). 33. C. Hirayama, M. Okumura. J. Nagai, and Y. Masuda, "Hypobilirubincmia in Patients With Polychlorin ated Biphenyls Poisoning." C lin ic a C h im . A c t a , Vol. 55 (1974), po. 97-100. 34. C. Hirayama, M. Nakamura, and M. Yoshinari, "Australie Antigen in Patients With PCB Poisoning," F u k u o k a A c t a M e d ., Vol. 63, No. 10 (October 1972), pp. 405-407 (in Japanese). D IS C U S S IO N MR. A L L E N G R E Y (I1T Research Institute. Chicago. Illinois): Do you have any feel whether diberuo- lurans concentrating in the body are more rapid in metabolism than the result of polychlorinated bi phenyls? DR. K U R A T S U N E : Unfortunately I have no definite idea. It is a more potent compound than PCB, I guess.) really cannot say. D R . O R V I L L E P A Y N T E R (E P A . Washington, O.C): Are there any reproductive problems or ir regularities continuing for many years after the ingestion of these materials? DR. K U R A T S U N E : There is some disturbance of men struation. There have been some disturbances and them have been some related problems. MS. D E B O R A H A. B A R S O T T I (University of Wiscon- . V sin, Madison, Wisconsin): Were there are doings that suspected any widespread gastic ulcerations or an erosion in the patients--gastric ulcers? DR. K U R A T S U N E : No. I do not think so. Some of the patients had very persistent disorders of the intes tines, disorders of the digestive system, but I do not know -if they were suffering as a result of this or not.* ____- V O IC E: Any residual changes in the sebaceous gland during the autopsy? DR. K U R A T S U N E : No. I do not know vary much about it. V O IC E : I would like to ask one more question. Have you been able to specifically identify any of the dibenzofurans other than those in the body? D R. K U R A T S U N E : You are asking if we could identify any of the dibenzofurans? No. 29 NPC00007938 770577 W estinghouse Inerteen Capacitors INSTRUCTION BOOK Fio. l -- L *c i G w Tvrr FP K u n o A xw rti *\o T sifn Swiicm With Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company E u t Pittsburgh Work. -- Pittsburgh, Pa. I. B . *7 F O U N *, i t MO n PC00007940_ rJF , 770579 CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION ,.,,c Power Kai n.r .. Causes.;! Dw f'i m r K: tir .. .. Power Factor .............. Corrective Mca-Mire* .... The Caiiai.T."". . ........................ ...... Oration of Equipment Rcu:.s to lie Kxitr eI Individual Canai-.lor Fuse ... .. Distinctive Chara- tcriM:- . . . . . ................. Serv i-'i Condition? ..... Dimension? W '*w ?\* ami /ossev ... ' * ' 5 4 `4 J 5-7 CAPACITOR EQUIPMENTS Stand*r : Capacitor Eumpment Rar* T\:n Cana- :tor Unit .......................... Cahi'-ct T v iv Ciiiavitur L'nit. ... ........ Ca*-j u*.r L nu C~n-Mntctioo .............................................. Table --1 Normal Line Current* ........... .. Cl.. i ,ii Calile i<ea<:* . ..... ................... .. Siancar- and St>c*iai Connections Ground Connection-' HosstMc Dili. tilty ... .... Mainipo.tri t ........ . . . ........ Rhe u*. Canaiii'ir in Sen:<f .... Di c' in iir.a from Lint* .... .. . l!ais.i'-it:*r *'nu A*M-tnb'v ... ...................................... 4 s 5 h S h S e ' *> u INSTALLATION OF CAPACITOR EQUIPMENTS part l Small InJuor Group Type Eo-jiprr.ert*........................................... 10 Instal.artu o! Soa! Indoor Group Type Equipment.*........................ 10 Snia'I tindoor Grotnj Type Equipments.................. ...................; .. 11 P A R T 1! Larse Indoor Grni::i T . :>e ELg*.ipments ....................... .................. I 2 Installation of (.ante Indoor Low Voltaire Group Type Eojuiments 12 Intal!a::or. or I.ante Indoor Group Tvpe Equqfnm:>. 2 l0tl Volta and Alm\ 15 AsscmbK Spn ai Indoor Capacitor............................................. 14 Arrrv.er tor Standard Indoor Equipments................. ............. 14 Larne 1hitdoor Group Tvj*. Equipment*................... .. . . 1 4 ('e T> -.e Ki:'j;pii:ett*.> PART III ................................ ............... 15 APPLICATION Switchinj Equipment Line Citara, le-isti.-j T o n n a '. Data ..................... . ........ .... ............... 15 ................. 10 .............. IS NpC00007941 770580 W estinghouse Inerteen Capacitors GENERAL INFORM Vl'lON 1 -Power Factor !'*>' : I.- defined as the ratio "* * n- the apparent | ' ' ` waits and volt am"cr< - v " With a jwrr rcsismn. 1 power expressed ir. equal to the ap;aren! p " '- ' uj volt amperes so th at tl" is unity. A ciiw.ii h.-ivw and resistance takes a lags behind the applied '* * Ilower factor is less th.r. Iciwer fin.ui: having *' caini'ity takes a r iir r r ' * the: applied voltage ." itself a power factor h-- However, a conbinaii->- re-istar.ee and ru|i.*ti * ' -.-ombtned current wlii. with the applies! v*.lac or lagging This 1 the .vc approach or even > o! paralleling ,,-apa. nor- ** which inherently lakes a 2 -Causes of Low IV * A low power factnr i* . equipment as incnvli.w non furnaces. irtfci.c apparatus which take mapnetiting current. 3 -Disadvantages of Lo I V ''* * '" 1 -- Low power factor ranrents, therefore the rcqi. the lines and generalr.i. comes large in propon- load and hence to the k jnld. It follows then :* meut in generating. n distributing apparatn* necessarily increased. High line currents nr. ' * los>e; in the line nn-f -atrying parts of a!! a- * :n the production ar- power. I-ow power factor a!' ine drop and theneh-rc regulation. 4 --Corrective Measurr* factor may be improve' ' with the load equiptre- " itself take a current applied voltage ant', t!. 1III Unarm* Itrrcm of toe V-ad t: v .cy i. 0 Location of Equipment A* -m iw cirrt in necessary to bring the '.lie > at-: also-, the wulia-s.* <am -n 1 u rrfii ii'orr ticar-y in phase with the aoitltcvl soitauc. This itp.iijirr.rni which apt'Jnw |N- ntvessary ieading currcr.t Min- Ik- cither a .synchronous niachirc r ."l i'VSkiilor. iniins-i to the ;>rinui of the line in tween the cajia. in<rs and ihc liad. T!;i.- means that il.caj paratnss. i-i:M In:>Uk*c I as near the load as t^>.ssiiiit The .-ajiaiatnr c*|ui -nuiii ;s thvrcfnn supphf'l eilJ-cr a> (it.up Correct ion s The Capacitor--The rapacuur is <ai<*> -.l-iTs or as Individual Motor t'o- . .i;m<>4-I ft a system of metal plates rc> ::--n rapanu-r. ..i I a -lu ll' in. in which electric energy 7- Results to be Expected. . ,i.r*l. VVitcrwii ine tlr.-tn-m agnetic . . mciii J im s energy with a resulting ,.ie hi mrren: oehiml the voltage. ;i.i elec,nwinlic system stores its ,-g . m il' a resulting rurrer.t lead-- t * vo'liicc. When prrijicr proni-ns magnetic riclus and static ,- I.* arc operated in parallel there I. Group Capacitors (a) The addittor of the capantor will rats the p-mer rartnr if lagg.n^ fbj Ti;e curre:! in the line from t.; jioinr where the a|>:.i tors is n:>. nerted to the pnv. er source will be less than betore . : iHiirtuai transfer of cleetn 1 f)nc to lo s c-irix-rt ir. tl.c line, -.t elf ;>d civiln/statu energy from t< tl"- "Iher. The magnetic field . " , . --crpv fo r the statin fiHd 1he. line urop wi`! iic smaller and the line rcgnlatinn -a ill tlivreforv be lietter. > .c vcrsii. The wattless current . . viiimi'l i" < tv jic>rtion of the rin-.ht .a . i-ii tliekvlrostaiic and the electro* uftsiraius. The power factor ..MiilKiialiott tacn becomes unity .a- miiiv depending upon the size the .apn iior relative to the load. .*0111 to conveniently subiec: the !*: The amlium: of ti e capacitor will raise the lu:c suit age slight li :f :t was Jim misly iow due to :m-ir jeiwer factor. ie) f: the'Ajwciiors are lunm-tu-d on the Viad si>rc of the |iwer tmnslormer the losses in these trans formers will he 'rs* for the same . %vtri-' --aiirial to uniform, voitages. fcw load. d ivided into many sheets soared - nnial. uliemate lavers of metal S - 11: lormcrttsl togetner to form -- -t.ik Various numbers of sheets m-.I U--mvii t.-.c foils depending i c ii'llagr. The kv-a. capacitv c--- <n :i|st> nor is a function of the -... .lidi- in. material and the vnlt... miii liiickr.ess applied to this T'-r working voltage per '11. kuc* has liecn determined by ,, :*ii .s.iig.iiion. Factors of afetv (f) The ea:iAi itor will take u currcrt :rom the line.' bur this is practi cally a!1 reactive, ard therefore represents vers little mercy barge The caoantor actually consumes an average of 3 ! watts lcr lev a which may be con sidered negligible. II- Individual Motor Capacitors--in addition to the results enumerated un Jc* "Grctiti Capnritors " i i v i ih1i';>!s1 which p'are this 'at '.ine losses within the distribution . - i*ii.. o n 1lit- same basis of rclia;* iiuilur ann-iratus where nsula- -stemof the mannfut hirers nlanr vi II Ivc red HClI. . 1 inicMkiriv important factor ih' Voltage wiC lie at the motor . . |S1-. am: lransfniner>. Units in n in a lt if :t was f*reviouslv lew i M'* ami n ln re arc tested at due to the reactive current taken .....,* raliil voltage jilus 2000 volts 1-v the motor. . iinniiic. *hose for voluges be'ow In this .-aee the m.iur i>erformanrr * .;*c *> .1 one mir.-jfe test at ail' be improved by the inereastd " -:u-. nd isI voltage. voltage NPC00007942 - 770581 W'estin^houtc Inertrru Ctifi> ilnn 8. Individual Capacitor Fuses fin I Solilcrscal |<or. c.aoi trmnral limit iv;tc I*'* I '. v r tun s *n In; pritiwc* 11:' Wit! IV|H- BA arid :aicciI'T iu.ws Welded irair.es. Ss im i iu I a*M*iv- uric 'at melt: nna.-c aiul l w > inn ar I N m cailv !ia*tdlol. itret ; lias' unit* T -s tus*- is iltsmiK! fW>. A-id fuse* Iraliviiitia' in. *s|f* ia.lv f>r u-v w.th an n r'\ :rh <l|iar>i<irs ami 1 an a*iaptatii>n #f t.'.c dealing type Mrhitvir1 <n irr* imn:il< -ni fuse eljj:# well fcrmvn bigli voiiage *m. :**I or Cnniftlclflv cncli*rtl n r uil break ili-Hin m.*.'. er A divhanrc i-nnslcstscr iiiantcr is a lar. *1: tin- BA iitsc that is use:I units :' 2.ir* vi#l:s rating and al>ovc. tt re wound inductive Tvtie dis charger This r.ficnscr <ham *er. filled with Brink'd i-*u>per onne tvn.s wlifc'h ropier w*oi, oTors a:i exlrcmciv large surface 0 the *xr>ei!cd casts thereby acting as a surface londenss-r crwlir.g avoid si-am or. terminal? and lorn*. nmiK.iiuiis where i Iutc is vibra tion. wilirrsirjt and d-t:nixing the evolve! 10 Rugged lem ma sukIs 1 diam pas.. Thi eas ass'carn is inorganic am; eter 13 thread' to the inch. non-comhu*ti'iie. Ample erreoace over porcelain ter This fuse u 01 sw h va;a; ity '.ha', tt minals and external Rash over a> wii: cjicra'.c' wher. and on.y when '.ha* imrrkng to standard accepted fa* tor n ariuti'ar . 3pa':lor unit > daniage-i. of safciv for the service. These fusci have miIi' i :cnt nterrupiinc 13. Ix> ir. height and smaller volume cap aciv ti remove a damaged ;inr -'rorr. and floor sfiarc <iuc lo terminal servin' without im cm piion in v rv.i t o( ni*mted fuses the remainder o: lie equipment f.tsex require no Ihuiring rcsistanic and ".II clear tin- a r m : ir. 1 to 2 cycle* under sh-ir: 'inn::t nuvHl:>.s A fuse Service Conditions Capacitor* arc designed for the umuiI sctvit mr.iiition as follows: crayon i* irde-a'ni hy n r<*>1 l'jp:n bang blown if. of the tup end Tin is (a' When :lic a.mbter.i lentjitrati rr or ooUn; medium dew* not exceeu the o r'v rajai-ror fuse wil l an tn d ia ro r of Kliur. Distinctive Characteristics 40'C. (h) When continuous operating volt Fit. 4--10 it 1 MOV.s.1.. PMusa. Tvrt PP Ha( x h 'r t.iV'Oi'H. lh n IV-TM Bvm.l Acu* age does not exceed the rated .-csr M*.r,\ n u ov Twu S n o t 1. Fire prx>f capaiitor units. 2. Weeded cases y .05 sheet steel or caisacstor units 3. Hevnctka'.iv sealed capacitor units voltage by more than 15' J (cl Wher. :emj*orary over-voltages dc not exceed rated voltage more than 20cc. (dl \\ lien there arc no damaging fames condurtirq; dej ostts. salt deposit?. Such exceptional conditions require special precaution ir. the design. (e) Where the wave form of the rircuit d*ies not depart imtr a sine wave itifti. :entlv 10 g-\e a total rurre^t which exceeds ihe sine wave cur- retr. by more l;ui:i 15',.. (i) \ 'imu working voltage is taken a- the aierage voliagr over a 24 hour |*enod. CAPACITOR EQUIPMENTS Standard Capacitor Equip ment F;c. ?- Buiif Acii* "iCtTMW.lV 1 - 1"*II.*v L*^' Vi:i:Cf S .L :P . and 40W V utT MOO\ ot A -^ A c* A" Wc.v..ngh>u-c type Ki* a|io*iinr mu arc m-*rrgnalrd with tnr non-in. Il.viiirunle We-licghuu>r ia>i. nor liquid kr.c'ur. as I7CERTEEN which prevents Ihe instaiiAtiun fmir bo uriing a fire h a /a r 1 if 1 unit is dcstnive:. Those arc a.ailahlc in two iV-rms ( I ) Rack and t iJ Cabinet units. J* ^ <t> <* v.. < r- NPC00007943 : 3 ? `- 770582 [Vesttn(house Inerleen Capacitors The Reck Type Capacitor U n its-stri lo In- .ii'l.'i li'l ir. Im m cs or In .usings t lu*l *-<vi|>lru-t\ cth-krsc iho unit |>ri'\v'Mmi; mntat-i nifi tlu-tr r v .s Ct | u rum ai-. They arc sujudic'l m l or 3 -.ihusC: .' kv-a. at 2.W1 volts a-ul i a n ! Hi k t-.v at 4<*lt. 575. 2MX). -WHO 4M). oolXi vol !s. The Cabinet Type Capacitor Units arc lor scorata: rvHiniinu without sc.t*norlir*; si.rwttirc and consists oi a Rack L'n-i rrviuvt*-*I in .ir ariditiu:.nl box u .ih .Iiambcr iithtsi*; the unit and lin- ter minali. This terminal i i.-i-nl.s.r has a renio v a'*1. ver ami knockm rs in the side for .nd-rii connections These . a|Kvii<Ts ma- uc .tmr.evtvd ihrr>'tl\ to the motor u-rmirals or 'hev -na\ ic .onne* ted 10 the hue with ?.ist-1 --afeli swiL he* or i-:tvui*. breaker- to be sati nile: and trstalled by the customer D:s vharv: dev.ces arc mounted on the ter minais lor discharging the rrsidual volt aire. These units are avai.able tn 1.2. i phase: } , X. 2. 3. and 5 kv-a. at 230 volts arc! 1. 2, 3. 5 and 10 kv-a. ar 460 .in<1 575 wi ts. K-*. Ml VO 120 l0 1i0 240 too J60 420 4S0 540 <*n LARGE CROUP TYPE FP CAPACITORS Fif urea S and 6 230-460-675 V o l t - 3 PHaaa-- 60 C ycla WEIGHT IN POUNDS 230 Volts 460 Volt 57$ Volts naX X*t S h t; 1300 1.400 22110 2700 toso 4100 ilO O 1700 2050 2400 uno 3200 4 K10 5100 OVI'JUCII Iscoon N r. ! Ship. N el 1 Ship. 1500 2100 2500 .M00 3 500 4000 5on 2500 2900 .1300 1200 1700 1450 41`30 1600 53UO 1 2000 6100 2200 2700 3300 3650 4200 4500 1700 |0 0 0 2100 2400 2500 3200 3900 4300 4700 5700 OCTDOO I VDOOt Net Ship. Net Ship. ______ I3SO 1750 1900 2300 2500 3150 3700 4050 4700 5000 2500 2 700 2900 1300 3900 4100 4900 5300 5500 6100 1200 1450 1600 2000 2700 2700 3100 3650 4200 4500 i 700 1900 2100 2400 2S00 3200 3900 4300 4700 5100 Out w n i Net Slcp. 1350 1750 1900 2300 2100 3150 3350 4050 4700 5000 2500 2700 2900 3300 3700 4100 4900 3300 5800 c.ino Dtwr-.:v a is Inch' s 730 Volts 460 .ut 375 V lllT S Ir.dcujr i O utilfO ' l ir.'i'X** i) 78** 54 V. 41 ! i 47 S!-*' 71 49 34 s* 60 L, 6 7 '73 3 4 '* 7 23 21' 2b 4P .. 47 52 5M i 0 $ '. 71 49 54*; $4 H 6 ? -. 7.1 75, Pa 91 7 W atU 200 300 400 300 600 Mi HOC 1200 1400 loOO 1800 2000 . * S--- ' 5 NPC00007944 770583 II r\tniiifU fth flceti i 'il/Mlt ilnr\ - --* k v -a . j 120 1JO 1*0 240 301 3 470 4*0 340 *00 720 840 v*S0 1080 1200 I LARGE GRO U P TY PE FP CAPACITORS 2JOO-4000-4600-6900 V olt* - -60 Cycle Figure 7 and 8 2300 1-4*1 V 1 1siKttm N i SSiH l'ir.K -- -NI** I.*** v i li* l mo l* m 1030 2430 2WU 3 lull 1450 .1000 42V> 5030 5 700 tu tn 7300 #000 .'100 .* U8> .'40<> 2 700 WOO 1.31*1 I'**) 4200 4/.(JO 5000 MJOO '`8 0 0 7 MX) *voo OIOII 145*1 1 <*) l<JMI /.Oil K4AI 11 Ml 3538* \* v \ 43SO 4 700 3530 1.2SO Tin 000 871 2 700 1030 IjMI) \'W 4 100 4400 r n jt) 3200 S700 fnoo 7000 ROno A/4KJ 270 10JUO Vl 1400 *.ii 31) '800 2250 2750 .31.30 .1.300 3***1 44 50 4830 5750 0550 7150 *300 .*00 1 S 4 ..| m u. 2.100 i<4*> 2*1*1 .121) .171*) 411*1 4*470 MX* 551) 58<l> non 8100 88**1 `281*1 lX4*> 1.350 1830 2050 2550 1)00 3300 3*200 4100 4*200 S.Vi 250 7100 7030 *>0( 8*1(1 ?:rm *<>Vi .I'm .1*m Whi Surm 550U #.yjn i _*rm Ifrftftfl 1 Of) 1 l^llTl --J3J-- -- ; -- *} *5 ;o*4 K'<I-. r> il0l" l\.tM; ', 14!' 'A , . f I. 4**1 MMUl MR) 1***1 l.'ftfl 1I-*M4R*1* lM*l .'4**1 2il*i I2UI 3**00 4000 SM A L L INDOOR GROUP TYPE FP CAPACITORS Figure 9 K v-a. 2 3 0 0 4 0 0 0 * 6 0 0 V o l iv -- 'iO C v .i .r > Wrtcirrs DlM L'S.ON* X tt Sh-p L. 13. 11. L.~* 15 218 .*50 15 15 <1 20 234* 170 13 15 t ; 25 2<M. 410 IS IS S3 50 (Ui ki JO 284 430 15 33 3 34 5**) 24 40 332 610 24 1.3 5 15 51 15 >1 HIT* h IAS 43 58 7 h5fl 24 IS s \ 1 Mi 50 on h70 2 15 51 1 no 448 730 21 15 S3 0 6.12 <440 41 15 51 300 100 t>80 100) 41 IS S'l 33J 120 776 1120 41 IS SI 43 --0 NPC00007945 V.Hv: , 11.4L Si 770584 HVjting/iousc In r r te m Capacitors CABINET TYPE FP CAPACITOR UNITS F ifu re 10 1, 2 o r 3 P h a s e GO Cycle V ... '.)>UI VK-A IN I n. hi tt.lih b .* H.-n:!>i U t,, lml*+ Wi i U at:. i S . 1M* till H 'l l i 141* l i ' . 11s) U4i ' INI 4'm 4-, 14*.' >4', 11.1m '. 1s ' 57% 57% < 41\\ 14', 14', 1111'' . . 4.1 7,4 IS .* 4.1 Ml Hi Ml 17 <n K Ml .14 411 Ui . i ; w , i44aaAMa OM ' -9 Mi4 'f ! H -- Lb ! . -/7 M##e-y-9-O-A-TJ-fMp-4K-At-MfH-#-AIP-#- POLE TYPE FP CAPACITORS Figure 11 2300-4000-4600 Volt -60 Cycle Single or 3 Phase Ko-a. -- U lVI.NW IlNN IN iN ttllt B r !) III h 'M i Un VV i t : j! lb IS m is to <41 JO liti so .I'S*0O, 2J - 23% V , 2 y-i is*. w* . I V 1, .01, J`/ ; t SO' s o 1; si 1-i I* i is*i i 'i 34?, 34 , 34% s.% s i- 46 ni 31-j 22 ; 222222*-r,- >> ; 2242m'.- : i'j *2 \ 22'- 41; I I '* il h Il 4 U\ 41*. f0.: , '. "M1* ,T0 JoO JOu f/I* .<4*11 M*S0 1 .2 " usn lo in *1/*0 1S jno ::s 2 4m1>1 1K10000 I On t;oo JUKI JSOA ; .IJ Ml 1C80l.? ion 300 40 500 *0u XI I<--:W. .-- SMALL INDOOR CROUP TYPE FP CAPACITORS 230-460-575 Volta 3 P hi--60 Cycle Wfiicm -a I'm: 1jnir\*iov* |\ .Ni.iiT'- Ei Kto-a* 2.40 V. Net 2130 240 401 5 4M) JU 320 270 WO 440 SU) JS non MO 4H MM) <M> 720 740 5ci 7*0 m i 1U0l) .. . T" 230 \ 4:41-5 3 V. , Hon. Nm Naif. A Hit* ' A F * 1MO 21H1'J0O 340 Ml 221100 270 1 1 2.J11*** 270 ! U N 381) ! 33 . ISO I 33 12 i .. 1I1J1t 11.11 `" 2'* 2-13, .190 440 1 n 1.4 . 23% 4M 440 ! IS ! U ' 33, 11122! 1J 11..11 11.31 4611 3l> OKU Ml) ; 1 23% 35 111I Imi IV71* SO 60 H.1 IO0 116 131 ISO IM> loo 3.1.1 ! - // Ar*>%**** - L i l r i e / P. 10--C.iHi'irr Tv?r. Fi< C.f'Tioii Oi.Ti.iNt; ^ t _Lt .i 1E -____ L .A A A , : i a ___ i ? ___ M . - 43 'F w . I l -- Pute T r t C a?ac:t.h O 'Ttit Oltlin e NPC0007946 770585 WestingHouse In ertem Capacitors Kv-a H TABLE OF NORMAL LINE CURRENTS Current Per Pheae in Amperea for Capacitor* 2 PiLvtf. --0 Crruv- [ I ---- *--- -------- ----- " "** ~ ------ * - I 2.13 1 4M : 57.1 ; 2.HII | 4[Nil : 4M | v ..v full* 1 ViJls VV.ltt Vr.l-.i ; i -------- 1- -- j67411 | *.<n V i'.ti V;hU J l'n*i -'i U i i " " "-- -- * *" -- * . . . 4M 1 573 \ :.ll* | V .,;* 2 MU* : 4INM ! 4MX' v ,:t* V*4t- \-.iU J utjUt \..n- }1 >. 17 A !IJ 1.0 .1.70 nr 2 hi 3 iu. n 5.4 4J j Jftl .62 2.31 7.53 12 55 1.26 3.77 6.2ft 1 .4 1 25 ;i 6? tn 21.7 1U A 7 2. IN 1.28 1.09 .73 25.1 12.55 in 2.51 :.4 i 1.31 is J2.6 16..1 LJ 1) 3.27 1.87 37 7 IN. 9 is i : : 7.16 t.ftft 31) 4J.3 2 i . : 17.4 zs S I.4 SO.2 61 ft 23.1 31.4 21) is 3.02 2.N9 2.3U tu AS.2 .12 ft ft.i .S j.73 3.26 3.27 75.4 37.7 .Ml 7.54 4 .14 3 77 2-ft.l .15 74.0 4 07.0 l i . s .K ' i.n 4.3S *5 y : . : AS. 6 Sv 2 4 77 5 61 4. SO toe.v S i . 4 43.5 III *7 62.5 5.4.1 R> 0 ino.s 113.0 US. 5 50.2 56.5 62.5 40 45 50 in. es 11 5 12.5 .Llh 6.5 Z.22 ,i n> 5 A4 ft. 25 *1 7 ftp IJU.4 65 2 76.0 *;.o 52 2 60 69 S IS IS 2 17.4 7S h.:s lO.U ft. 53 7.A 6.7 4 55 ISn * . .. 75 4 ft* U : j. j Ml 7(1 Ml 14 1 17 r, M1 fiS tu 1 11.3 :n 14 7A Ul.ui l 2S VO I9S.S o r .: 78 2 19.6 ll.J V.N 226.2 11.1.0 911 22 6 13.0 t: 1 ion ION X h: 0 II.ft 12 5 10.9 123.3 ion 23 1 14 4 12.5 120 201. ISO.4 104 IM J2*. If.' i .in |M1 J9) 195 .J 1S u i*U 521. 261. 205 .on oSI. J26 Jot) JM> 782. .191 .11? 42u VII 456 MW 26 1 .12 6 .19 1 52.2 65.2 7. 2 91 2 IS. INN 22.5 30. SJ.5 4! 52.1 IJ.l 16.3 19.6 26.1 J2.6 39.2 45.7 9. 1 :i 4 13 A 11.2 22.7 27.2 31.8 .102. jr : 452. 602. 731. 905. to ss. I5fl.ft lftft.5 226.2 302. 377. 432. 528. 120.5 (511.6 110.7 241. .H it. JA1..1 422. .1 ] 37 7 45.2 tn i 7.4 .1 INI S PM. 17.4 21.7 26.0 34.7 43 4 52. 60.7 15.*. IN. ft 22,ft Wi.i i:.r 43.5 4 2 .ft 10,5 11 13 IS -7.4 21 1> ifi J 31 4 .16 ft 4AI1 HMI. 522 41ii Sft) 1IT*. J: 4rii :C4. :t7 M l. 67 5 52.2 58. H 36.4 1205. 40.M 1356. 602. 670. 442. 342. 121. 1.16. 69.4 7ft. ftO.J 67.8 42 U 47 5 MM 1504. 652 522 !.U ). s 65 2 45. S 1501. 754 602. 151. ft6. 73.4 32 4 Knmal Line Carres; :Dc!ii< --T*n r.- r :|j- .-< fjrrfnt `<:r ci^fitur n jj.ven :-i irr *l*v- u ' . Capacitor Unit Construction orders. The star connected Each unit consists of a number of `rtqxn-iinr require!: a special bus-bar section*, assembled in a sheet -steel box vrmipartmer.:. hui in other respc:ts there with vbnncclmg leads brought out is no uiflerettt e from the standard delta ihra.tgh porcelain bushings. connected i-apavitar equipment. The sections are connected in parallel Ground Connection!--One set si groups and the leads are braided. ground leads is supplied for each hous Single phase units have all sections ing frame and consists of flexible leads connected in parallel with the leads with eyelets to be fastened tight*,y under hroughi out to two terminals. See Fig. 15. the screw in the ground lug. The entire Two phase units have two groups en- frame should be properly grounded. lirclv separate from each other with the Possible Difficulty--Uni* a are rugged leads bmiglit -mL :o innr terminals ir. construction and designed with a large Three phase units have three inter factor of safety electrically, an*1, there nal nn:v rnnnrclcd ir. delta inside the fore operating difficulty is seldom ex- rate and the leads arc brought om :n pfRent ed. A deie..:ivu unit w*.li operate ilirtT trmiimi), the fuse w wui mtsc an a r ir.i; noise The -sildcr sea! lyjie oi* hushing tn- imcmully. or possibly if short :rcuitiiig g-'llu-r wi'.H llti- welded tank cuiistru: result!-, it general c-> etuiiigli p i t to ex rinti vii'c f'vyiy prevents leakage of the' pand the sides i>l thy Imix *.( mu it a yi-eg-xiimg iitaivrial. that i: m ay l.*e dyto led he visual in* Choice of Cable Leads--tt".yn ;inn.-. stiv'.irtr.. it;;: .able leads for ca;iavi:.-r instid'a- M aintenance ttors. N K. I'-idc fi>r -'able ruling- Cnpaviror.t require |ra- mVuMv m; arid >r.v.t size of tabic r. the !.-a>;s of maintenance :hcr thai: isva<:*eui* in- 125 [H-r.vnt of the nor" M: liny :iirreiii pectinr. rr note jf circuit-'nvakiT values Itsteil m table above. is r;)-cried by a sustained ovr- Standard and Special Connections -- voltage or it a capatitor fuse lifts op Unless otherwise s]>uriiied the capacitor erated. The alienee of the red button oquipmenr is delta connected, each ca on top uf the fuse indicates an operation. pacitor receiving the full line voltage. The breaker should receive the routine Fic. II -I Kv-a . a*. ISOVnt.ni II) Kv-v. at 4M iw srs VVji.rx 1 m FP Co im t C ai-acito* l*MfS In some special rases, a star connected capacitor is desired ami supplied on inspection for oil level, etc., ordinarily specified fur such apparatus. g NPC00007947 S& : : a *&: \ 770586 Westinghouse Inerteen Capacitors Fie. IS--10 Kv-.,, JOfi V o lt , l Puai*. JUm T m F? Capacho.' t-'Mr WiT K |H :-t:c Acid F u s e Mocntio o.v To m m l Stuu Placing Capacitor in Service--After Disconnecting--Capacitors should be and then tighter, the Jam nut. Single the capacitor equipment am: snitch have removed from the line by opening the pliase units require one fuse and three beer, install!, completely assembled circuit-breaker. Before touching any phase units require two fuses. The and connected. the overload trip should of the connections wait five minutes for units `hottlri then be connected with be set to trip a t lietwcen 130 and 160 the units to discharge through the dis flexible strap connei tor- and then to percent of the normal capacitor current charge devices. These discharge de the hits bars as shown in wiring diagram. Ir. rase* nilere line fuses are used they vices are put on to serve as an automatic For the large group equipments, con should oc rated a t between 150 and 200 discharger. As an additional check for nectors .'onnc.'ting a row* of units ir. one percent of the normal capacitor current. stored energy each phase should he frame to a row of units in another frame I: on placing the tajjaritor in service the breaker trips out, inspect the wiring. short circuited before touching the con nections. Use a piece of wire insulated for the operating voltage of the capacitor should be mined mid-way Itctween the frames with a Sol*, and nut to avoid mak Ii the wiring is con'cet, the line voltage with ends bare for about one inch. ing this contact connection at the capac is probably ton high and should be itor or fuse termina! siud. metered. Capacitor Unit Assembly On the larger ratings of low voltage The capacitor should run without any magnetic or mechanical noises. If it is Irsired to check power factor with the capacitor, such measurements should The capacitor units are to be placed :.n the frame distributing them on each shelf as shown on assembly drawing and wiring diagram. The fuses should equipments where large rjm m ts are encountered, two flexible counevtore are used in parallel *.o carry the c u m t. Spacers in the frame are provided to be made between the line, and ca:iacitor be assembled on the capacitor unit termi separate the capacitor units to obtain and load in parallel. nal stud by screwing them down in place good ventilation. 9- NPC00007948 770587 Westirt>bouse In e rtc m Capacitors INSTALLATION OF vidul with conduit icmieiiuuls. the la- vntly .'tiumt ii": u- :ln Inis l*am. The**- CAPACITOR EQUIPMENTS lintis nf wiin'h have Iky I'huscr, for auinnitUirnlly di-barge the m ivinlor case in nvumtinu the AB ''TV-ion'' w.lhin live minutes u(ut the witrli i< ;:>ir vtii*!ii'ii' - arc divided tmakers on the front pane!. TiTmin.nl opened. however, as u added precaution in:<i three groiii (IJ Small group type mile: ims'iinjis are suppla*! wi'.li Ihe each capaeitor unit should be discharged r|Ni|une:W J) Large group Ivjh:cqiiiii- 2300, 4000 and 4A00 vulL frames and before handling hi* ushrg a piece wire nie'il" an? (31 l'h* \i [v cipriumcil*.". may JK' inserted ir. knockouts al the insulmcd for I he ujH'raiini: vollnur <n lop of the front panel or a t the front the cajiacilur. wi'.li uniis hare fur .I'umi PART 1 of l-lie Hat roof. one inrli. Small Indoor Group Type Equipment* --Three inm c size?; arc available for J, <, or in units a t 2.10, itf) and >73 and i, ft nr 12 units at 2300. 4000 and 4MW volts. The sis unit frames are si-own m Fiys. lband 17. These frames are. oi welded sheet steel a:l .angle iron ennstnution, covered on the sides with expanded metal screens. mi the iioltcm: Bus oars arc a p an of the frame and are mounted on strong porcelain insu lators a t the rear of the front panel as shown in Fig. 17. Flexible cmmoriora are supplied for ronnerluy; the units to the bus liars ax liown in Fig. 17. Flexible ground leads are supplied for grounding the eaparitor cases to the frame. Installation of Small Indoor Group Type Equipments The trames are shipped completely assembled except for the capacitor unit*, ilisdiarsc coils. and fuses. After uncrating all inns, remove the side screen by loosenirjr the bolts ami lining the screen until (he notched hole <-;enr." the bolt head?. Assemble the dis wit!" Tierforated sheer sled, on the top. Two wire wound discharge coils re charge coils to the front panel and m i rear, and inn*, with sheet sice.. The supplied for each frame. These coils are nce! them to tin* bus bars. Locate 230, 3AO mui >73 volt inanes arcjpro- to lie mounted in the frame and erntait- tnc (capacitor unils *n the fram e au<1 llll Phi. t---* l "ir, MU ViLr. Ikihii:; Tvrx PP PkimX 10 NPC00007949 770588 W estinghouse Int.rittn Capacitors I. ,, f 1 9-- W h in 'c D i a c i a v . S m a l l C i w p T v p k . 3 P h.u * . 30. 4 . anii J 5 Vo l t i 11 \ assem ble *.he r a t o n the capacitor '.cm ::nal by screvrintr ilown on the Murt n-ilil :1 is :n position. then iic h :tr. jan : n a t. Spacers in the frame arc pmvhlwl to serwrate the capacitor units to obtain prOiKT ventilation. C oniuvt the iai>aii tor units to the hits bars anti ynnim l nn.ito r 1-av.s to fram e as ]ier wirim; l::ii;rct:u. . T'-'c 2.lii, 4rai nn ! " v iiui-im ii.uA In 'i'c im ini ilii niti- : siiiviv switches o r AH 'V-to::" Iweak - it- !u l.1 svpjiliH arvl t:wi-'i-<| In ;|u iM Kt<m r. T ilt iro n ; pace". Ln> I s r 'i arn m y o l wi" .-(ni'lui: kr>r..`s s n *hat i ]:*> m ay be rnn v cn in u ly ns >-.iii:i S nn il:** fro m jnv1 by 'In i lira; tlu* nive.-ciri m ourning holes. T:k* 2200, 4OC0 ami 4600 vn*t menis may he vonm-ctm to *l r line wit oil circuit-breakers to be supplied iai;" inMulhsl by *he customer: when- :i CitcioA'i 1.n-akcr i ini]iri .a.'i i*v s u p ju c d Jw aj*a* itor 'J"::- isn a".<i Mi|J|-lii*il u:v> w; cn i r*:crc*I. Small Outdoor Group Type Equip ments--The (tuiriirf.r lew vt.lt.ijrc cip::d menu art* snrular :>. :W inlnur lien) > <sci pt ihni the -ii":c , revrts an rc.ihiiuil by pistes nl s-riil .-'.it ! i.irl tin en'in-as-ef/.iy s i-iv r 1*: ; it |iv-!n-l r:m:\ V<".'i!:Utr,u lie.i- a n 1 prnviiV -1 lli*>it:elmiii the ,is,*-nihh. *!.*.:.* asa iriitc a :: inula* ion : air al->*i: 'ce . .i|~ i*. i'::r iii::'.s. In many ei-sc.- :t till V .t.ir.iMe in ais'e a Iwusint: m r a sail*:*. s-ii li c an AD breaker asviii;Mi-.l i.i th e cap acitor frame. Tills h> an added feature and supplied only when ordered. O T C 00007950 770589 W estinghouse I nrrteen Capostines These equipments re shipped com with expanded metal screens, on the Installation of Largo Indoor Low Volt plete!}- assembled except for the capaci tattenn with perforated sheet steel and age Group Type Equipments i i tor units and fuses. The purchaser is raptim l to install the capacitor units anti fuses and properly connect Hrcm to Hie bus bars as shown in w.ri-ig dia gram. PART II Large Indoor Group Type Equipments - Large group type equipments arc available for any number of frame type on the top. rear and front with solid sheet sue;. These frames have three shelves, each to take a double row of capacitor units. Discharge coils, connectors, bus bars and a circuit-breaker are irriuded with a standard equipment. Equipments of 2300 volts and up are supplied with an oil circuit-breaker t-j be mounted in a The equipments may be shipped as sembled except tor the capacitor unit* and fuses or the housings may be shipped disassembled. The disassembled housing is shipped as follows: (a) Front Plate. (bl Bus Bar Compartment. Fig. 22. ic) One ot more Capacitor Frames. units from 120 to 600 kv-a at 2i0 volts compartment conforming with the raoac- Fig. 23. and 1200 ky-a. for the higher volluges. itor frame in atl dimensions to make (d) One Set or (2) Side Screens for Tbey consist of the required number the best appearance. Enclosed AB and Each Housing. Fig. 21. at individually fused single, phase capaci CL breakers are supplied, with low volt- After uncrating all the parte, remove tor units to be mounted in a welded voltage equipments to be mounted on the rear plate from the bus bar com angle iron frame covered on the sides the front panels. partment, then bolt the front plate to NPC00007951 . SV.-. l . TV- \ 770590 W estinghouse literteen Capacitors the front of the compartment and mount total of three housing frames. The rear - Installations of Large Indoor Group the discharge transformers on :he rbjor plate removed from the bus bar com Type Equipments (of the bus tu r comportment) andJion- partment is now baited to the rear of 2300 Volts and Above sect their leads to the bus liars as sr.our. the last frame. The type AB or CL A, disassembled housing is shipped in the wiring diagram. Bolt one frame breakers are to be mounted in place on as follows in place next to the bus bar lompart- the front panel and connected to the (a) Front Plate, Fir, 34. rr.ent. If more than one frame is re bus bars. For the CL .breakers set the quired boll them to the rear, the larger I.T.L. attachment tq the minimum trip frames bcinj; assembled first and the position so that the settings will corre smaller ones last. A 600 kv-a, installa spond to between 130 and 150 per cent tion using 10 kv-a. units, requires a o: the normal capacitor phase current. (b) Bushinr Plate, Fig.' 21. (c) Circuit-Breaker Housing with Bus Bars and Rear Plate, Fig. 24. (d) One or more Capacitor Frames, Fig, 23, 13 NPC00007952 - rHtm - 770591 Weslin&kouse. Incrteen Capacitors (<) One set or (2) Side Screens for .-imuit-breaker iumMng is omitted and metering ci;iupi:ic:il is a s|k>ini feature each Housing, Fig. 21. the i ini:i'.-breaker is nw.ulcd on its and supplied mb* when ordered. This bousing is assembled simitar to the low voltage equipmrrU except liia! a circuit-breaker housing with bus ta*rs is used in place of the bus tu r compar:* pi) or ]unci frame in front or wherever convenient ami .tmnrolH to the cap acitor lend* from the l*nsf:ing ptalc to the line. The front plate supplied is Large Outdoor Group Type Equip ment* -Tlii' nuldimr equipments arc tuc same ;ts the :ndcmr cxccp* ha: tlie Milo w-rcciis ore replaced l>y side plait-; menu The oil circuit-breaker and cur* diiTermt than that tor the standard in* of solid sli*el and the entire assembly rent transformers are mounted in this breaks' housing and are connected to the bus hors and line. The trip coils should be set for 100% or the 5 ampere setting on the dashpot which should correspond to between 120 and 150 per cent of the normal capacitor phase current. door uiuipmvnL and is Imltcd on the front tit the 1ms liar compartment. Ammeters for Standard Indoor Equip ments Where it is desired an ammeter with a tyin: W transfer switch :s mount ed on the front plate beside the em uitbreaker handle. This is connected to is i.-ivemi with a pitch roof. Ventilat ing (nets are provided throughout the assembly, thus assuring u good circu lation of air about the capacitor units. These equipments are shipped com|jJeUly assembled except for the capacitor units and fuses. The purchaser is re Assamblj of Special Indoor Capacitor the current transformers used for op quired to install the capacitor units and --The special indoor capacitor is similar erating the circuit-breaker. Fig. 1 shows fuse and properly i-mrtci t them tb the to the standard indoor except that the the meter and switch in [dace. This hus 'oars as shown in wiring diagram. K in . ]4 -- O il Ciitinirr B x i : n x Covr.iaruKsr --14 NPC00007953 \ 770592 tVrstu>i>homr />trrirnt <a par itors A ** 4,4* *4t &\ TA T ** Jr vMp 3R For 2S ^a*4*re Fit*. 2Sc Fib. i*I _MIMmfi ial<tMj4,P.f. .' i /rn *tV*Mnn* .i'//'*#'* ' 4 1 4 * 6 4 4 .'.' / < / JU 4 * * 4 * F itJ 5a Fit.. 25--J P u a ii; meni kXV25im00n,o40D0ia. r4s6a00uALM.uMreOOOViOnLtTt* Tvri: E^cir- PART III the residua! voltage. The equipments APPLICATION Pole Type Equipment!--A jde tjp e arc shipped completely assembled except Switching Equipment--"anally croup . u|>uHii)r rt|i;i-.iment curshin of ti e re fur Lhe rajii-i:r units, and fuses. Tlic enjiaciitirs arc applied at :he haul end quired m cnlur of indiviiiua'dv a w l t-aj'Qritor uT:il>- mounted in a welded wttlhcrpnif h:uinj; with hanger irons and lifting eye. Flexible connectors are provided for connecting the units to gether and to the outlet terminals. Dis pitrdiascr is itcnirvd to mstall the laparitnr units and [uses anti connect them hs nhowr. in wiring diagram. Pole type rapacitom ore connected to the line through fused cutouts mounted of lines where the current i-i limited The cbbicc of breaker to use with cap acitor is made on the lusts of limited short circuit current," as is the ease on the majority of industrial applications. Often capacitors are applied on high charge coils arc jtrovided for cischanciRB on a m s s arm above the housing. rapacity circuits, and therefore breaker A C,4CmT 0<r*i *`,f* > 2 j y/r**j*tt*o i * * " it Pig. rod A# 44 *s4t 444-411 WV 444* l * w r - J t 4 4 * 4 >44* 44* 4444* * 4 4 * * * * * 6 4 I * * * 4 t * t o 6 * O i4l/ -*->>// VJw CF io . 1 6 - 5 P h a s i; iV u u s n 3 ia u am L ir u a hoit T v h '. K q v ir MI.N1fill, 46ANDttl VuLH ---- 15 NPC00007954 A \ 770593 H'estinghouse Inerteen Capacitors F'.g. 0 K v - * .. 3 P h a m . 2MO V o l t , Pol* T r r t F P C * r c :r o o ' siuulilc interrupting ability must be used. Line Characteristics Capacitors h-Mgnt-l 'or vonf.njK'U' service on volt age? 15' , over rated voltage and ambicm temperature?, up *.< 4h'C. The lev a, ruing of the capacitor, however, is liAsed or. rated voltage so that with 15 per cent ever voltage the kv-a. of the capacitor will be 32 per cent greater. When transformers are used it would b e uneconomical to supply transformer with sufficient lev-a. capacity to handle 15 per cent over voltage on the caDacitor. especially when the actual kv-a. o: the capacitor even at rated voltage it over normal rating. When voltage on the 2300 volt ca pacitor is above 2640, the capacitor is taking more tlian 33 |>er rent over its rated kv-a. a: 2300 volts. This over voltage must he .trre. tr I lor by chanc ing the transformer taps so that the capacitor voltage will al\va>s remain below 2640 volts. When no taps are provided a lew units should le dis connected. In rare cases line harmonics may be .A S C,* C*'T F * . ?b U0 m w= F>v 2h C*me,n* Cmt% r* /#/ C fo t* UrtT FiS- 2b P i c 2 #-- 2 P h a m W i i *c D u e . * L a m ik t s 230. *40 SIS VoLTk mim S ( / <'< '/* * fi r y t* cs*te- m * / rmrt* / H i a . / / / (--* !r r t r 0 ' A / . / o - w r i v A/ Gaoci- T v ra B o rir- 16 NPC00007955 770594 * r. Westinghousc Irtrrieen Capacitors F .c V >-- 1 J 0 K v - a .. 3 P k a . 4 W i l t . 4MJ0 Voir s ia h C w nN I H U Pi'll' lvE FP CaI'ACITUC sufficiently marked lo cause considerable SO. We expert the line loss to be 50" x R a line kiss about l*a |>er cent higher harmonic current to pass througr. the where R is the resistance of the line. than expe'ted. capacitor. Take the case oi a Ime carry If there had been a harmonic which The above effect is generally negligible ing 100 amperes at 50 per cent |m-cr caused the capacitor to take a harmonic because line wave form is usually good factor. If we install a capacitor to current of 10 amperes the resultant cur and because it is only when the capaci raise the power factor to 100 per cent rent would be v'50i -MO: or 50.5 am tors happen to be near the source of we expect the ime current to drop to peres instead of 50.- This would give bad wave iorm that the reac tance of Pig. 30--3 PiiaSS W ihikc. D mc-ia u oh a 6 Kv-a.. 2300. 4000. 4000 V olt Pott Tsrt CAfACltOl Pic. 31--3 Phasi Wuu.vc l)ur.liM r.. tJO Ki -a.. 000 Volt SlA* CoNNXitEU Pou: Tvrt CaTai nun 17 NPC00007956 770595 IVestin^houxr iticrlrm (.'iifxitilnn Fin. J>--ISO Kv a.. 1 Phase. *qnO Voir. Pcm Tvrf FP Cai-aiuoh showisi. H.vNcza 1ko>s anu Listing Even the line is low enough :r the harmonic frequency to cause semu current If the measured effective current e\ reeds the calculated <.-jrrcr.t based on the actual voltage and "mu-mtarad capacity hv more thar. 15 < an investigai ion should l>e made It ;he con ditions axe troublesome the remedy is to t:se a senes realtor or a ace trap. The reactor or wave trait ttiiist be se lected to suit each . nse Var-acion in corra live k\ a. i* ol>. laired hv dtsconnei ting capacitor units. As manv units as desire' r a t he re moved bv renstvins one tonnes.lion or. each phase.. On a three-pliant- outfit, units should be taken oil it: Kn-.ips three and. on a two-nase outfit in group of two. :n order to keep the phases ba.atu.-ed. Where it is desirable to make finer adjustments in the kv-a corrective capacity of an installation, it nay be done by means of an induction regulator, hereby the voltage may be vartec or. the complete equipment, getting any portion or the total kv-a. rating. The <-osl of such regulation or tre size o: the regulator, of course, depends on the per acut regulation desired The kv-a oi the capacitor varies with the sruare of the voltage impressed upon it. Technical Data fat Microfarad. The uni* oi ta|ia> itv or a :-ai acitor. rt>rrcs| tiding mill-henry tor an mduetance. There arc i>:ic ir.dltor. mr-rofarads in a farad. fb) Capacitors fCv-a.-- VA or Volt Amjieres * voltage current. i K v a. VA. 1000 Kv-a K :2rf,:xl0* E ;2vfe 1000 or TobtTo* 1 (amps ) - E2io. L - voltage on -apacitor ( --frequency in cycles, c - miemtarads. 2 - 6 26 (cl hCc-a rating o* capacitor. S kv-a. 230 volrs, 60 cvclcs -- 250 microfarads. 10 kv-a.. -460 vo-ts. 60 cycles 125 tr.tcrtifarads. 10 kv a., 2300 volts, 60 cycles* 5 microfarads. NOT* --TYe actual microfarad capacity el each capacitor uait Bay be obtained tre tke laclery by ending in the teat aamber of eac* capectier amt. -- 18 NPC00007957 770596 MEMORANDUM (Uh Ink' II I 4S -3 -*** m NPC00007958 * 1c 770597 Westinghouse Electric &. M anufacturing C om pany, East P ittsb u rg h , Pa ABILENE. K A N . too N Gad ? A KRO N . OHIO . . i S- Man- Sc. A L B A N Y . N. Y.. coo A LLEN TO W N . TA.. Mik <* Law Si. APTLETON. RTS.. i Bef-aire Court A T L A N T A . C.A . 4,6 Marietta Sc N. W. BAKERSFIELD. < A U F , i n , .n Emeiii.. Si. Ba l t i m o r e m d , i is e . c-m oani c. BEAUM O NT. TEX.. La Salk H url Bi r m i n g h a m , a l a .. *ojo Second a c. BLUEF1ELD. * V A ., aeb Biuerie.d Ave. B O STO N . M A SS., to High Sc. BRIDGEPORT. C O N N . IVikc Ave. and Sev BUFFALO. N . Y.. Aia EUicoct Senate BURLINGTON. IOW A. P. O. b o , w ' tBURLING TO N. VT~ ao8 Park A ,e BCrTTE. M O N T.. 1* E- Broad* ay C A N T O N . O H IO . i>c T iu u r m < Sc . R eit C H A R L O T T E . K. C . >ic t . S e th SC H A T T A N O O G A . TENN . ,t Markc- Sc C H IC A G O . ILL. ,o N . Waclrei f l e e C IN C IN N A T I. OHIO, * jt W. Third Sr C LE V E L A N D . OHIO. i>.6 W. <htn Si C O LU M B U S. O HIO, n q S Third S-. D A L L A S . TEX., too BcowJrr Si. D A V EN PO R T. IOW A, x * E. ScconJ Si D A Y T O N . O H IO , j t N. M ,m S< D EN VER. C O L O ., 10 Fifteenth Si D ETROIT. M ICH.. , 7>7 Trumb .11 A n D U LUTH . MINN. io Ea*i Sup n ur Scrcci ELMIRA. N. Y.. jr * H- * at S. EL PASO. TEXAS. IO! N. Oreaon Si EM ERYVILLE. C A U F .. i n reladcau S> tERlfc. PA., io , W. eh Sc EVANSVILLE. IND.. P. O. Bo, *? WESTINCHOUSE SALES OFFICES hAIRM O NT. W. V A .. b e, d e v e and A ve FOR I W AYNE. IND.. lo ia Packard Ave. FORT W ORTH. TEX., coi lone. Sc. O A K Y . IND.. 7)1 Archut St. G R AN D RAPIDS. MICH., car Monroe A ie N.R'. GREENVILLE. S C , Woe E>ck St H A M M O ND. IND., e Waltham Sc. H O U S T O N , TEX., bofl Fannin St H U N TIN G T O N . W V A .. w o Ninth St. INDIANAPOLIS. INO . IM Ma.ilton Ave. ISHPEMING. MICH., a i c Hath Si JACK SO N . MICH.. aia W. M.ch.aati A vc IOHNSTOW N. PA.. 47 Me*cnr Sc K A N S A S C IT Y. M O., acta W ,,rvJon c Sc. KNOXVILLE. TENN , 60, Gay Sc U TTL E ROCK. ARK.. 11C5 W'ea. Twme.Fourth Sc. -L O S ANOELE5 . C A U F .. 0 0 5 S .:i Pedro Sc. LOUISVILLE, K Y ,, u W. hcoaJwa M AIXSON . WIS., 508 hdaewood Ave. MEMPHIS. TENN .. 110 M a iu o c A w . MIAMI. F L A . P O Boa nnK MILWAUKEE. W IS .ca h N Btaniwav M INNEAPOLIS, MINN., ,101 Kennedy Sc. N.E M O N K O t. LA., tote N Fourdi Sc. NASHVILLE. TENN.. at* N Sccr-vj Ave. N EW ARK. N J.H iytyc, A ve.and Linroln Hwhwav NEW H AV E N . C O N N . aac C *J tr Sc N EW O RLEAN S. LA., j e t S:. Chacle, Sc. NEW YORK. N y .. tu Rockefeller Da; N IA G A R A FALLS. N. Y.. coj F a l l, * O K L A H O M A C IT Y . O K L A . to E. California Sc. O M A H A , NEB . aou S. Sevememth Si. PEORIA. ILL . cca t . Scare Sc -PH ILADELPHIA. PA., coot Walnut Si. THOENIX. ARIZ.. It W. Icffcrwn Si inTTSBL'R G . KAN .. P O. A, it PITTSBURGH. PA., a ll Seventh Ave C O R TLA N D ME.. T O . Boa 17,7 P O R T L A N D ORE . ice Sooihunrat Siam Ae. PRO VID EN CE. R !.. 1 ,1 H a m , A ie . RALEIGH N c;.. Bai N Pvrwin Si R IC H M O N D V A .. 01 S. Fifth Sc ROCHESTER. N Y . a* Atlantic Ae O C K F O R D . ILL.. 1 ja S Saeond Sc. a A C R A M E N T O . C A L IF , . ic y Ninel, > S A L T LA K E C IT Y . U T A H . 10 W h m Snudi . SAN A N T O N IO . TEX., i l l Eatc Houston Sc SA N F R A N C IS C O . C A L IF , 1 M onciam e*, St S E A TTLE . W A SH . 00j Stewart Sc. SIOUX C IT Y . IO W A , aj 11 G eoree S . SO U TH BEND IND.. aib E. W ivne S. SPO KANE. W A SH .. 15SS. M onroe Si SPRINGFIELD. ILL . n o S. S u th Sc SPRINGFIELD M A SS., jo i L.be.cy S. ST. LOUIS, M O ., 411 M. Sevanch S' SY R A CU SE . N Y . aao N. C a d d e , Si TA CO M A . W ASH., ccai " A " S u m T A M T A . F L A ., a i r llim ae A ve TO LED O. O H IO , u c Summit St TU LSA. O K L A .. e, E. Btadv S< U T IC A . N Y.. i n N . G e o . St W ASH IN GTON . D C - tata New Yock A re N W . W A TE R L O O . IO W A . , , S leFerwn Sc W ICH ITA . K A N ., aao Senich Sr WILKES-BARRE. PA., *07 N. Pcnnvlv,nie A ie . W O RCESTER . M A SS.. > SouchhcG Sv YO RK. PA . tec S. G eo rue St tY O U N G S T O W N . O H IO . >1 E. BoacJm ,n Sc The H AW AIIAN ELECTRIC C O .. Lid.. Hono lulu. T. H -- Apem "W n ch n irei LicatrJ in the,c erne, ABILENE. K A N .. l*nu>n E V tri. C r A KRO N . O H IO . Die M om l tlc i S - r r 1' i A L B A N Y . N. Y.. i n ' , . : . E ln Se|'. I I n . A LLEN TO W N . PA.. WeMmhe>u,e Eke. 5 a r Ca>- A T L A N T A . O A . ttetncahujM Elec Sup. Co A U G U S T A . ME. X c t a u n S ae Elec S u rrh C o . BALTIM ORE. M D . We,tmhoutc Eleetru Sup- pi Go B A N G O R . ME.. WecmoreSavaac F lu Sun CoB IN G H AM TO N , N Y . Weu>ru|hour Elcnctc Siippiv Cn H B IRM iN GH AM . A LA . M.v>re-Harvil H Jue C o BLUEFIELD. W V A . Svpetmr Srctlina Co. B O ST O N . M ASS . We^cace-Savae Elce Sup. C o BUFFALO. N Y.. McCarthy Bro. 61 Fnr.i B U RLIN G TO N . V T . Wetnwre Savayc Elec.Sup C o. B UTTE. M O N T-. Weannehouw tie. Sur C o. C A N T O N . O HIO. The IvU xk Elce Suprl Co. CHARLOTTE. N C.. Wej^haue Eke. Sr Co. C H A T T A N O O G A . TENN . Mill, 6, Lupron Sup Co C H IC A G O . ILL . HvUnJ E l . Supp v C o CHICACXJ. ILL Wexin*hoo*e Elec. Sup LG . In. C L N d N N A T l. O The luhnioii Eln Sup. l i t . CLEVELAND. O W*uin*hou,e Eke Sup. C r . C O LU M B IA . S. C.. W'e,cint|hai,e E'.ev Sup C> C O LU M B U S. O . The HmF.e-Pe-er E'rc. Corp CXJLUMBUS. O Pieky Eke Sut-plv C o D A L LA S. TEX.. W ettinthoox Eln Sop. C o DENVER. C O L O . The M in & Smeliec S ip C o. DES MOINES. I.A.. l n n i i ( l .. u E W Sup Co. Ine DETROIT. M UlH.. We,nn*hnu,c Etci Sur C o . D U LU TH . M IN N ., Wcmsbou,c Electric Sup ply C o.. Inc. EL PASO. TEX.. The Mmr & Smel'ef Sup C o. EL PASO. TEX . Zuck H anlaaic C o ERIE, PA ., Scar Elanrtcal C o WESTINCHOUSE AGENT-JOBBERS c V A N S V IL L t. ND.. W'c,t:na>K>u,e Eie.. Sup. C o. FLINT. M ICH .. WeitmahouK- Eh Sun. Cai. FO R T W ORTH. TEX . W crtnahouaeE , S jp C G R A N D RAPtDS. M ICH .. W rainahouw El re, tu Supply CoGREENVILLE. S C . V n t w w K Elec Sup C o H O U ST O N . TEX.. W eitm ahixiu EW. Sup. C e H U N T IN G T O N . . V A . JWM^Miller Sup. C-> INDIANAPOLIS. IND . W evtmfhou^Ekv.Sup. Cn JACKSONVILLE.FLA.. W n-incnouM EUe.Sur.Co. K A N SA S C IT Y . M O.. Columbian Eleeirteal Civ KNOXVILLE. TENN . Wa!in*ho-j Eke. S u r C o. LO S ANGELES. CA L IF.. Wtinrtchou Electric M A D ISO N , WIS . WeulnahouM E i . Sup. C o ..In . M EM PH IS. TENN., WcarinfhouM E l . Sun. C o MILW'AUKEE, WIS.. W tuinahouie Ekrtrie Suppl, C o ., lew. M INNEAPOLIS. M INN.. W'eim*hc,uve EWetr.. Supply C o . Ine. M O N RO E. LA.. Monroe Hardware C o NASHVILLE. TENN.. Tale! Eiern C o. N EW AR K. N. J.. Wemnymauie Eke. Sue C o . Ine NEW HA V E N .C O N N 4 ettireluiuvc Elec.Sup C o NEW O RLE A N S. LA . Electre.-! Supplv C u. NEW YO RK. N. Y . Tune, A p p lu m e C o . Inc NEW Y O RK. N Y.. Weulnphouee Eke Sup.Uo .lr.c O A K L A N D . C ALIF.. W cttnthnu, Eke me Sur piv C o O k l a h o m a CITY-. O K L A . W einfhou,e Elea in , Supp'y C o O M A H A , NEB . W'-inhoue Ekv Sup C o . In.-. PEORIA. 'LL . X n im fh o u u E.ee Sup. G o . In.'. PHILADELPHIA. PA.. W'r>nntioue F.lev'in, 5 ipply ( io PHOENIX, A R 12 . W eaunjhouir Elavtriv Supp1, Co. PITTSB U R G H . TA . Im u U 'v E le.irn C o . P O R T L A N D . O R E . W em nshntne b kx. Supply < 11 cPRO VIDE N C .i. R 1 . X c r n u f r i i v i e r E r r . i j - l i r . RA LEIG H . N . Wvcintliou,e Electric Supply Cu. R E A D IN G . PA .. We,tinphoue Elec S u r G c RICHM OND. V A .. Wernnahouie E l . Sup Go. R O C H E STE R . N Y . Wcunat,ou*e E l . Sup C o ., IIK. S A L T LA K E a T Y . U T A H , W'e,rin|le:>uM Eiecine S A n 'X n T O N IO . T E X .. V t it u i| h e K EUr S^ip C o S A N F R A N C IS C O . C A L I F . W ea nnfhn. . Elec- cne Supplv C o S C R A N T O N . PA .. Penn ElacT. Entineenn C o S E ATTLE . W A SH .. W'emmthouie E l . Suppl C o SIOU X C l T Y . !A .. We>nn(hou,e Elae Sup C u .. Inc SPO K A N E . W A S H .. Wettinghouse Elee. Sup. C o . SPRINGFIELD. M A SS.. n m o m S a v a fr Elat Sup. Iv C o. ST- LO UIS. M O .. Wanngheiua Elae. Sup C o. ST PA U L. M IN N ., Weetinghouea Electric Sup ply C o .. In SYR ACUSE N. Y.. W c,tinthom e EUc.Sup.Co.Jne. T A M P A . FLA .. Wknuiphouae E ketn c Supply C o TOLEDO. O H IO W ruinehouw EUc. Sup Co T R E N T O N . N '..W m in a h o u E ke Sup. C o . Inc TU LSA . O K L A .. Wettmchouee Elec. Sup. CoU T IC A . N Y , W'e,tinghru*a E ke Sup. & .. Int W A S H IN G T O N . D. C . W cn rig lio iite E'hich Suppl C o. W A T E R L O O . IA . Wetin*bouae Elce Sup. C o..Inc. W IC H IT A . K A N Wciinhojc Electric Supply C o w iL M IN G T O N . DEL.. Wetin*houe Elae. Sup C o . W O RCE STER . M A S S., t tr tm o r e S a > r Elae. Sup. C o. YORK. PA.. W cyiuiflm u^ Elec. Sup. C o . Y O U N G ST O W N . O H IO . M ixick Eke. Supply C o . WESTINGHOUSE SERVICE SHOPS APPLETON. WIS . ir-xj S Oulacamie .< A T L A N T A . O A . 416 Manana i . N * BALTIM ORE. MD-. ,01 Ea*t rie r o n Si BO STON . M ASS i t F rt tm h St BRIDGEPORT, C O N N ., Bruca A ve. and vvrr,uf Sc. BUFFALO. N- Y., 11 ta S m a S . CH A R L O T TE. N C . t : c E S i.ih Sr. C H IC A G O . ILL . ,a i 1 W Piiuna RoaJ Q N C 1 N N A TI. O HIO. 10? W Third St CLEVELAN D. O HIO. rai6 W jfkh St DENVER. C O L O . ,oaa .Inu. St DETROIT. MICH . S 717 TrumN.li A t,. FAIRM O NT. R VA . 60, CkvelanJ Ae. H O U ST O N . TEX a ij C o n u n t t e S t H U N T IN G T O N . W V A .. , oq Niiiui Si IN D IA N APO LIS. IND.. i i W. Merrill St OH NS TO R N . PA.. 4,- Mnaenpe: St. k A N S A S C l IT . M O ., aiaa Wvandcrre Si. LO S ANGELES CALIF . as S. San Pedro SM ILW AUKEE WIS . 166 N. Water Sneer M INNEAPOLIS. M INN .. a}c j Kenned* Sr.. N E. N E W AR K. N. J .Havne, A ve. and Luyeoln H h av NF.R' YO R K . N. Y . a l e W T h ln ytou rih St PHILADELPHIA. PA.. ,c o t Walnut Sr riT T S B C R G H . PA., le t N. Lan* Ave tChange from prevyom t,w a rO R T L A S D . O R EG O N . m H N Imaratair A,,-. TROVIDF.NCE. R. I t i H e rn , A v e RO CH ESTER. N Y . 410 A tla n tic A ,a . SA LT LAKE C IT Y . U T A H , a* A Pterpom A ,e . SAN F R A N C ISC O . C A L IF ., tabo PoH! Str.-rt. Emeryville. C alif. SE ATTLE . W A S H ., t a i l Et M arginai Wav SPRINGFIELD. M A S S .. 5 Libarty Sr S T LO U IS. M O . 7 7 S. T c llih Sr U T IC A . N Y . 11 r N. O enaae, Se. WILKES-BARRE. P A .. 67 N Pannrylvan.a A vr W ORCESTER. M A SS., ja SouthbrnJ. St. WESTINCHOUSE ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL CO.~ CANADIAN WESTINGHOUSE CO.. Limited y t ROCKEFELLER PLA ZA , NEW Y O R K . U. S. A. We,lnSauie P m . -rn m o j in U . S. A -- S A . J. S t - . 1 ta H AM II TO N . O N TA R IO NPC00007959 ,8 r- 3 v 770598 Registered Aug. 27. :.935 Trade-Mark 327.517 WED T IM u H S t tU s .--TRIC P a h ?- ~ R -A r / a J p i r r s u K o H >" i ' UNITED S TATES PATENT OFFICE W e0.-fhni:.e Electric * M .-nuiacturinr Com pany. East Pittsburgh. Pa. Act of February 20. 190S Apr*; - - ,l*on May 1. 19.15. Serial No. 364,461 ` T A T K M J 'N T To t h e Commissioner ol P atent' Westinghousc Eiectrir t Mam;' .nine Com - pony, a corporation duty or;.'r undcr the laws of the State of Prnn'vSv:-- located at East Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania. ..o u - bu.ti- ness at 700 Braddock Av.-nue. c Pennsylvania, has adopted and > maik shown In the acr .r;pa.ir:*' ELECTRICAL CONDU.VSl .IS r fvtsburgh. .r e trsui...Ainv. for 21. E l-r. tncal appa; atw . machin-'* and and presents her with five peci.m .v n ' the trade-m ark ar actually u rd bv :!V?iira:il upon the goods, and reque'ts thi. . rr.rr.e b e registered in the United States r<* litre in accordance with tlie act of Frbr 20. 1905, as amended. The trade-m ark has txvn com ~ and applied to said coods In uppiir * - . . Iv u sid .- business since on or about February 2. 1935 Tlie t r a d c - m a i k is applied to the goods by ap ply nc liicreto metal name plates bearing the trade-m ark. T !ir ur.dfrsi/'.ncu hrcby appoints O. H. E sc h holr.. i : if. .tersd No 12.434). whose postal add c..s is roteai l/cpa;iniynl. Wcstinehouse E le c tric it Man:t(..e!ur..u? Company. East Pittsburgh. F;:.. i's attorney with iuii powers of substitution and revocati>n. to piosccute th is application, to make a h cra tio is and ar.irndim nis therein. to re ttile the ceri`ficaie r iu ( io transact all busiuess in the Paten Office in connection therewith. W E S T IN G H O U S E E L E C T R IC It MANUFACTURING COMPANY. By S. M IC IN T N E R Vice P r e s i d e n t . U PC00007960 V - 770599  Inerteen insulating askarel pnca usi for tranaformara circuit braakara raqulatora and ralatad quipm a n i 4 5 -8 2 p ig i i Inerteen U the registered trademark for Westmghoues askarel. It la a nonflammable and nonaxpkjmve miulatlng and cooling liquid ueed in pediic designs oi transformsTM. switch compartnta and terminal chamber* to eliminate Lha tlra baserd charactariabc oi electrical equipment lnauiatad with hydrocarbon insulating alia. It la now designated as Inortaaa 7336-9 and may ba purchased at a supply (tarn tor Lha replacement of liquid la Wastinghouse equipment originally auppliad with Inerteen. Inerteen 7336-0 is an improved formula which include a special ingredient known as M-12254-1. This compound acts as s scaven ger and minimise the effect of any hydrogen chloride that may be preeent due to arcing within the equipment. Hydrogen chloride in a by-product of burning or arcing in Inerteen, and, in the presence of moisture, forms hydrochloric a d d which damages the insulation and onuses rusting of let roue materials. The pres ence of M-12234-1 effectively reduce this action and thus helps to preserve insulation and metal parts. Inerteen 7336-1 through 7336-7 may be converted to Inerteen 7336-9 by adding compound M-122S4-1, as outlined In Engineer ing Data Latter no. 1337-B Inerteen 7336-8 whieh poeaesee similar characteristic to Inerkeen 7336-9, need not be contorted. However, the two can ba mined and Inerteen 7336-9 may be uaed as a replacement liquid lor Inerteen 7336-8 with no change in the basic characteristics of either liquid. When ordering replacement Inerteen. serial number oi the transformers mijrt be given. n e t p r i c e s . f.o.b. shipping point In genera], oil-contamine ted or heavlly-eroed Inerteen "* economically reoandibaaed. Therefore, no allownoe will made os the porche of aew Inerteen. prions lor reeendttfenlaf Im erteent (a) odd lots returned to Sharon plant laboratory in drums (net per gallon)................................ (b) is transformers returned to Sharon plant for repair (net per gallon).................................................... |j Inerteen testing service Complete facilities are availahls for teabag customer's Lnsrte Inerteen sample containers era available and aewpU taken la aooordanoa with ASTM D ll 7. 1. By separate general order, obtain Inertsen sampling set (at no. 1606 629) from Sharon O rder Serrtoe Dept. (Compos Peris). w ts Os mi t--! Wei u rn m tku w m m I --4. Sampling set (style no. 1606 629 nonslat of two (2) 16-ou empty bottles psekeged in a single earton with com pi instructions and ordering blanks (Form 10038) foe specify! teats to be made. 2. Prepare sample and packages for shipment to Sharon PL Laboratory in accordance with instructions la the sampling i The white and oanary oopiee of Form 10036 are to he mail to nearest Westing house ales ofboe by customer. Pi oopy to be ancloeed in green envelope attached to t sampling set and forwarded to Sharon Plant Laborati with the sample se t Green copy to be retained by customer. m aterial q u an tity ap p ro x K ipping w eig h t: Iba et rice; fo .b . ffh aio n , P a. me e rie e i io .b S u n n y v ale . C al. eete: WeUteksw sets sttee Is Issue s esw ssesvai sssr let Mat 3. Tests will be mode in accordance with ASTM D117, as ape bed, and a report of tests forwarded by the Sharon Ore Service Dept. iMrtMi 7 D M ImcH m 7J3M 8 *1 o SS s a i 4 n * e 70 770 1 UM in .a a 1 MM iis.se U M 1a i M 12254-1 W * M > S i M-12294-1 ) <r Sani* m s M 12394-1 1 su l keSl 1 2 S LSI LN LN SS.SS naaa L fri Laote ai-ntuiibli rnnUiMn sete I h tm lat law S u 9B iliou, kippe la a eagle Orme, ihnalS ba paa-ratarf aaeerSiaatT reconditioning of Inerteen d e e c rip t ie a m et p r i 1. carton of two (2) empty bottle (style no. 1606 629) . 8 L t2. dielectric strength teat per sample ............................... 8. 3. physical and chemical anamination ...........................IS. l(a) a d d and base a umbers (b) odor l(c) interfaciel tenalon (d) pour poinl (e) specific gravity N PC00007961 (I) viacodty i4. power factor test--60 cycle at 23 C ............................... B. Due to the presence of moisture or other foreign malarial, U may become necessary, to recondition Inerteen. This may be done either in the bald by means d an eakarel biter or reconditioned at the Sharon plant laboratory. 5. complta Inerteen teats-- 2 to 4 inclusive ..................... M, 6. power factor curve-- 23 C to 100 C ......................... . . . J8. Send amples to: Wssting house Electric Corporation Baiore returning Inerteen to the Sharon plani laboratory for 469 Sharpsville Ave. reconditioning, a teat ample should ba iorWkrded for determining Sharon, Pennsylvania the advisability d reconditioning, aince there are oases where this operation Is not economical. Upon reoeipt d sample, tests Attention: Sharon Plant Laboratory will be made and the customer informed d the ad visabilltv of t Te west seeM--iy un se leeewese* 1er sestui $-- n Ts m m pdo D M I I reconditioning the Inerteen. m 8. SsptiraM iMfti )() I 3(f)--U M pm m#!. PATKNT DSPARIMKKT A e y is t 4/ 1911 - n t 4 t n r f f pricoo o ffo e tiro A ugust 4. 1 9 3 3 ; oubfoet io ohongo without noth s s r s r ^ r ; * ,B' ' 14 m FILE CLXRJs r r * u~ -oirsale, leier te sellmg policy *8-0 770600 prie lif t 45-826 page 2 h i r t m I w Ii Um a d u n i Im t n n d o n u t i * circuit b r n k r i regulator itU itla M I equipm ent I n e r t e e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s (7331-6) f o n a rti: aer ine 7336-9 la a nonflam m able liq u id need la poetile d adgn ai tran d o em er* w h ere tbe Uro h a ia r d a i Inani tin g all la lo b t elim inated. It la a m istu ra ai ahlorinalad d lp b aafl-trlcU o r* banana ad a amaD am o u n t ai scav en g in g co m p o u n d M -l 2254*1. a c id ity : lana tb a a 0.010 m illigram s ai aodiom h y d ro x id e p a r gram (M ethod ai loot ior H autrallaation N am bar oi P etro le u m Produci* by Color Indicator T ltratlco: D-663. A.S.T.W.) lana abiaride*: laea than 0.10 ppm chem ical stability: no paneratioa al tree chloride under norm al opacad ag ponditioca ao a id id o n : ...............................................................................................d e a r apaiHfie yurity:at 15.SC/1S.5C (607/007) not leae than 1.560 (Waotpbal baia non or hydrometer) laooaity:(Seyboh U nic a n a l Vlacom atar at 37 8C (100F ). .5 4 aac. a l a r (m ax im u m ).......................................................................150 .P .K . p o u r p a in t: (M ethod ai Teat ior C laud a n d Pour P e la ti: D-97, AJSLTM .) ..............................................(m iao* 23.67) m lnua 3 2C m ax. d ial a utile atrerigtK: (m inim um ) 2SC (777) at point ai ah lp m an l.. ............................................................................................................. 33 he (minimum) 23C (777) at p aint d receipt .............................30 k r (M ethod ai Testing Insulating Olla: D-117, A.S.T.M .) I etri eel r e s is tiv ity : (m inim um ) 100 x 10* ohm a / cm 3 (100C (2127) at 300 colta de) d ia l ai,iti la c o n s ta n t: a l 1000 oy. 29C (7 7 7 ).........................4 .0 to 4.3 a t 1000 cy. 100C (2 1 2 7 )....................3.3 to 3.8 n f a n o tiv e In d e x : al 2SC (7 7 7 )..................................1 6 1 3 7 to 1.6197 e i g h t p a r g a llo n : 2SC (77T ) ................................................. 13.06 Ib i. fm ith m r in f o r z a m iio n i aaknrel teat iato: prim a: p rlo a Hat 45-630 d aaoriptlon: daacrtpttva bulletta 43-890 b a r ai HI W ring e q u ip m e n t p rim a: p ric e Uat 43-821 d a o o a ip tte n : d e ao r t p t t v b a lle tta 45-691 liquid dielectric* a p p i tea tia n : taohnloal dato 45660 barai Im a la o trio a l a p p a ra tu a | tnfltnietfan book 44-860-1 I i ' W M llafboiM Dnettici Corporation tu a a fo n n n divisioni Sharon plant Sh sron/ Po. tmtm la UJ J L { NPC00007962 1. 770601 rer . * ^ S K E C ir r A3 .* * - w * . -, . ,.* /.! W " M - : # * * titln* nuaber T .' t g j i - ...; .''.is i '4 ? '- t.-- f . ' \ < .<;*.. S g & l & I A & t ' ' . V ^ K : COIV SS ttdd,B, . &BDmj cn^U; p^ (dF^edC.-,O.COMDE; :II DIEM^T H.O^* 7 ? W ; ,*>< if NPC00007963 770602 ne ?2oiia S*TD F*t> 20, 1970 m orns CAUTI3I: DC 07 BREAISa VAm*. ncJVXDI ABBQUA'S V OE T E U T O T . AVOID COrACT VITE fia 5. B D S7D6 I-A . SU7TLIZM - M x u u t o C baU cm l C p, O r g u i c H i--la * l< U t , 000 IL n d b c rrb I t I f t L o u t* , Ns 6 J166 CKDZK 7XCM E'.TTLIEP AS - l A e r t m , ? D Bp: 5*201XA U t d CMAMC7ZKISTIC9 - (Ib e r : > * i , SM) o n f U a - * t> l* , t r i a * fo rm e r i n s u l a t i n g l i q u i d f o r u n l a t r u i f o t M n d s o lg M d to t l i a l o s t s fl_r* h s i a r d i . N u r U l 1* a i r t u r s o f e h l o r l m t o d d i p b n y l *nd t r l c h l o r o t B t o t l t b 0.20 pm r e t pteaaoaqry r opa n a o x id e s d d a d . C o lo r , ABiA, a u 50 D i s l s c t r l c S tra o g tfc , 0 .1 * g a p , SV, a i n 30 u tr o llu tlo D No., ag K O H /gru, a i o .o it e r* c tlr* I n d u , 25 C (77 F) 1.6153 V lo e o s lty , 88U, 37.8 C ( I X T) , a u 60 i t PT, pr e s n t, * t 60 H rtx, no t r p , a u 1 .0 *. 100 C (212 7 ) a u 5 .0 AfmCATIOR - T m u fo rM r Insulating liq u id An C U ~ i AS - im m ru m _ s t a t i a g o u ato er. P f r la to d In U .S.A . g C orp S td WJ? (P*<1. COD! IDEM7 0 . 79500) I H PC00007964 770603 September 16, 1971 Mr. P. G. enignua Mansauto C h em ical Company In d u strial F luids Sales 800 North Lindberg boulevard S t. L ou is, M issouri 63166 Dear Mr. b en ign u s : S u b je c t: T e n ta tiv e P D Spec 5U201KJ Lev d I axa se n d in g you h erew ith two c o p ie s o f th e s u b je c t t e n t a t iv e P D Spec w hich can/ere I n e r te e n In ten d ed fo r u se as a c a p a c ito r d i e l e c t r i c im prgnant. This s p e c if ic a t io n has been r e v is e d based on your cotrments on th e p r e v io u s t e n t a t iv e P D S p ec. P le a se subm it the s p e c if ic a t io n to your E ngineering Department for re v ie w and l e t me know w hether or n o t you c a n flir n ish m a te r ia l in conform ance w ith th e s p e c i f i e d r e q u ir e m e n ts. You sh o u ld n o te th a t i f we have not heard from you on t h i s s u b j e c t by O ctober 2 8 , l ' ^ l , we w i l l assume th a t you have no o b j e c t io n t o th e s p e c i f i c a t i o n and th a t your Company may be l i s t e d as an approved su p p lier w ithout excep tion . P le a se note th a t i f you have any comnents on th is s p e c if ic a t io n , they sh ou ld be subm itted to t h is o f f i c e n ot to someone e ls e in the (S') o r g a n iz a t io n . To r e i t e r a t e , u n le s s we hear from you d i r e c t l y we w i l l assume th a t tne s p e c if ic a t io n is considered to be a ccep tab le to ttJnsanto C hem ical Company* Very tr u ly y o u r s, rm Enclosures (2) / c - 2- f " 7 / CS r 'r V- K. H. L loyd, .` h t e r i a l s E ngineer C o rp o ra te S ta n d ard s 501- ? yM 770604 P D Spec 54201KJ Rev B Westinghouse Electric Corporation orporate Standards - R & D Center ><?, / 9 7 / (Federal CODE IDENT NO. 79500 INERTEEN 1 . This specification covers nonflammable liquid suitable for use as capacitor dielectric imprgnant. P D Spec Designation 5421KJ Description Mixture of 32.5X chlorinated diphenyl containing 212 chlorine, 32.52 chlorinated diphenyl containing 40 - 432 chlorine, and 352 trichlorobenzene. 2. No change shall be made in Che quality of successive shipments of material furnished under this specification without first obtaining the approval of the purchaser. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 3. COMPOSITION: Per Section 1. 4. FREE CHLORIDES: Shall not exceed 0.10 ppm, determined per ASTM D 901. 5. HYD0LYZABLE CHLORINE: Shall not exceed 3.0 ppm, determined in accordance with Westinghouae MTS 80138. 6. WATER CONTENT: Shall not exceed 35 ppm. 7. NEUTRALIZATION NUMBEP.: Shall not exceed 0.010 milligrams KOH, determined per ASTM D 974. 8. CORROSION: Bright aluminum foil shall not show evidence of corrosion, either visually or by weight determination, when heated in the Inerteen for a period of 6 hours at 200-220 C (392 - 428 F). After use in this test the Inerteen shall meet the following requlrsments: Color, APHA, max 400 Neutralization Number, max 0.014 Free Chlorides, ppm, max 5.0 Clarity Clear PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS 9. REFRACTIVE INDEX: 1.6025 - 1.6040 at 25 C (77 F) 10. SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.325 - 1.340 at 25/15.5 C (77/60 F) printed in U.S.A, Pg 1 of 2 F D Spec 54201KJ Rev B NPC00007966 EH SBSSBR 770605 1 1 . COLOR: S h a ll n o t exceed 50 APHA, determ ined p e r ASTM D 901. 12. CLARITY: The* In e rte e n s h a ll be c le a r end f re e from any suspended o r s e t t l e d foreign m aterials. 13. VISCOSITY: 35 - 45 SSU a t 37.8 C (100 F) 14. FOUR POINT: S h a ll not exceed - 40 C (-40 F ), determ ined per ASTM D 97. 15. FIRE POINT: M a te ria l s h a ll no t i g n i t e a t tem peratures up to i t s b o ilin g p o in t when to a te d per ASTM D 92. 16. DISTILLATION RANGE: I n i t i a l Temp, Min 35X (max v t ) 90X (max wt) 200 C (392 F) 270 C (518 F) 350 C (662 F) 17. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: Per ASTM D 877. At p o in t of shipm ent, K V /.l" (.254 cm), min At d e s tin a tio n , K V /.l" (.254 cm), min 35 30 18. RESISTIVITY; 100 x 10 ohms/cm3 (m in), a f t e r 1 m inute a t 500 v o lts DC on 0 .1 " gap a t 100 C (212 F ). 19. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: 4 .3 to 4 .5 determ ined per ASTM D 150 a t 100 C (212 F) and 1 KHz. 20. POWER FACTOR; The power f a c to r of th e In e rte e n as receiv ed s h a ll no t be g re a te r th a n 5X when te s te d a t 60 H ertz and 100 C.(212 F) per ASTM D 924. When tr e a te d w ith f u l l e r 's e a rth I t s h a ll be reduced to le s s than IX. PACKING AND-MARKING 21. PACKING: (2 1 .1 ) The In e rte e n s h a ll be shipped in drums or tank c a r s , as s p e c if ie d on th e purchase o rd e r. (21.2) Drums s h a l l conform to re g u la tio n s of the U.S. Dept of T ra n sp o rta tio n . 22. MARKING: (2 2 .1 ) Drums s h a ll be p la in ly marked as fo llo w s: Purchase Order Number; In e r te e n , F D Spec Number and R evision L e tte r ; Net Weight in Lbs; Name of M anufacturer. (22.2) Each tank car s h e ll have a packing s lip bearing th e follow ing inform ation: Purchase Order Number; I n e r te e n , F D Spec Number and R evision L e e te r; Batch Number; Number of G allo n s; Name of M anufacturer. INSPECTION 23. INSPECTION: The m anufacturer s h a ll fu rn is h th e Q u ality C ontrol Dept of th e W E C arp, Bloomington, Ind a r e p o r t of the t e s t s made per S ections 3 to 20 In c lu s iv e on each shipment of In e rte e n . F D Spec 5420IKJ Rev B 2- N PC 00007967 770606 CAUTION: N> r - / 1 ? ^ .9 c e if f iD s f e y a ~' ' " TM? } TKABEKAMD- HATE AO/9T/ --------- ------- -------- 7 -- 0 R fz </r*4>2. . v / * o t / f * P f i O P * / .2 T A W - flfi/ r / A 4 ><5. >8a ? o */2l J ) / f C , M /A' 6- f { v o t p # K > * 4 r H J A f C v a p o Kj + K m / s t ^ v s ^ s, c # * - Y w j t h a V ]*# Tt At f Q f C0A/ FAC7"' XiP-PJ X ~ f r _ ~v SUPPLIERS M o n J s z t ^ e C /l* r v iiG > /ltr O r* m e . C A f m / C j / f - f y L n u l f . ' M e ___ L 3 / 6 6 S e a t i L iy ti//ifv rJ i ORDER FROM SUPPLIER AS - ________________________________________ I t o e r f r e n i j . F .!> f h t c * S j l c j K J P f t s - A ^ t intitnt r ^ Pnrtnnn m t-ly mnrh-^il^LrnntrrhirrT w ith Wentflnehmtes Mrfflnhr v i a- fUSfr*,$A)Iner+fmSi///<?/?>*'/SC^SAtPcs/er~CHARACTERISTICS / m ' k. / r ----*-------- ,--------M-----t--X----+-----u;-j---r--c-------c-----f- - 7 -----------c---/--r---U---.-X----r---*---*----/--f--Z. < / (. J ? h i / 1 1 Cj *i _L) */< c A / * * e ^ 3 % .> "* % / c r t o i s / e ^ t f i U M t * * y / r ~t* c * -* * - 5 4 c h t e r i r t e s* J i _ _ _ _ _ :_ _ _ _ _ _ _C o 6 r r ^A PM A ' m * * ? ^ g . . ___________________ ' V e* __________ /fe f r s e J t r e X n d s x ' ~g 7 ? / = ) / . O r j/f* S fr* .c .if,Q J .* r//* "* ~ c (7 7 /& e r * ) 7 /, s yg Uf r//pg rf aePf C &tf*r*i/f*t*r*ff/ _j fJor fLatmri y _______________________________________ i _ i _ Z __________ a/? u ir s /f 7 j/;er7 hnA K 0 M / rfj* f^ 6 *61* K / r r ^ J / Z -y3a^. S S U f ptrltdrrtSra r /Per I rt t 1+ t * 7, F C (fS c r ) ' s - yy XVfa.i"( &*t).Z > V r-S ^ L I z J ^ p ) W i 1 JL O . D / * /& r ^ /c C&r jj-fa * * / p P / & o e -X .L * ) { P r tu J -e r * F a d * * * ' * / * P # u ^ r * ' P j c s f c r ' i CA ' LICATION C rjh p x iiv rf A n lfi /C fC Z rjS r p * r * zeiPECIFi AS - Specify by P D Spec & P ^. zji^>7&Example: X 12 Code oov 'Tinted in US.A. C o r p Std R&D (Fed. CODE IDENT.NO. 79500) NPC00007968 770607 E D Spec 5620lKJfiRsv v C - ; IMintfiMH BMirfe Coipontlon Corporate Standards - R & D Center WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY - Mutilate Before Discarding gOy 1971j' / u s ^ / < r & ': -*.>(Fedore1.CODE. IDENT MO. 79500) INERTEEN T e A / t r / w / n f J 'p J f r f i y / o v ' a ' ,f f T / c h / * * ' a ^ y / ? 2 r ^ g /. 7*7is SyOec^fTcafeocoupes a ftonffam rnajb(cl //^ui5 a t.s u it a b le f o r us& as d fe J^ o tcic /yiprepnav\ ^ey 1 a/< y B ' --= ---- j;( e#.- Y T: --w ir i 1* g 14 v n ' ` 'U , ^ % CGMFOSITIONr'.^A-- -- t -- -. 1 ''beryl ;coKt&lVfttfqfi'<` 0 to'43`!'%' *7 *1 - ' ' inu* V A- , 4. CrOMfoti&JT /Jo m c lo & s eC . '/ / A o h e /H c lo y s e j c c by -Jfti TRER CHLORIDES: Shall not'exceed 0.10 ppaf determined per ASTM D 901. -V .i >/ - l *: : j,. C ' j : . y. -HYDOLYZABLE CHLORINE: Shell not exceed 3.0 ppo,<determined In accordance .iwith^tinghb^ejirSi 80138.- * V. rtr- '*&>*' -ii r* ^ * `r 't o : r r i -- . .. -' 7 ^ WATER CONTENT: Shell not exceed 35 ppm. \ '*:. *;4*i^**i T ^ t '1 ? j ; ;-f -/v:-;, * k-, i y.'- NEUTRALIZATION :. Shell not-exceed 0,010 adiligrama KOH, determined -per ASTKin-974* Vi2i.1 CORROSION:;tfiright aluminum foilTahall not show evidence, of corrosion, either visually or by.lweight determlnatlon/)vhen hasted'in ,the^Xnerteen for a period of ^-,6 hours at 200*220-C 392 'M 428 P) After use inthie fceat the Inerteen shall fmesc"tKd2following *re$uirementa : Color, ATHA,- max- 400 f- r if Neutralizationrliufflber, max 0.014 ;.,*.f:wFraa:Chlorideai ippm max. -- r.- ->.5.0* - Clarity Clear v h x r ' n r v .r - < W ; -` v- *-'<**i / l i 1) . v . . ' PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTS .< _ Irf- ST f Hitt: V U9Q t) REFRACTIVE INDEX: 1.6025 > 1.6040 a f 25 C (77..F) ;^____ /.3 s o 6 . / . 3 5 6 " i ____ _________________ w / ; -v i ..... NPC00007969 770608 /5./l-> t k.COLOR: Shall not exceed 50 APHA, determined per. ASTM D 901. . /3.. J K CLARITY: The Inerteen hall be clear and free from any- suspended or settled foreign material. j !n .y /4.J&Z VISCOSITY! Jjfc'lM. SSU at .j?SC(X00 F) fj&< POUR POINTi Shall not exceed - AO C (-40 F), determined per ASTM D 97. />, >9? FIRE POINT: V Material shall not ignite at temperatures up to its boiling point when tested per ASTM D 92. 7 7 ^ 9 C DISTILLATION RANGE: ' .. ,-Initial 'r- "\rV$>*. '35Z: **. *:' i * - . ..90,1 t / ? -ITC .DIELECTRIC`STHENCra ,.At. point of. shipment At 'destination,' / r e s isti vity ::a Tfeffcgap nt 100 C. v o lts K in c ry .^ l ------------ >^JPJC^-DIELECTRIC'CONSTANT: 4.3 to 4.5 determined per ASTH D 150 at 100 C (212 F) ; '- . n d j . / . v-</- V ' 3 ^ ' PACKING AMD HAKKIHO vW;'. Vi*, . ` ; . .. ^ ^ ^ i/P A C R IN O :'^ U L .l) The In e rte e n s h a U b e .s h in e d x In .d ru m s o r t a n k .c a r s , a s *s p e c if ie d on th e .purchase-order.-* ... *'V ' ` - '- ' ' ;"v,4.03-.2>/Drumsshell conform to regulations of the U.S. Dept of Transportation. v 'v . * ` - ' -.;VrfkWy^r ; 'K&Mk a3;U2tfC^ ^MARKTNG*;"<23,a> Drums shall be plainly.marked ei;;follows: .Purchase Order... v 1 * Number; Inertaea, P D Spec Nui imnbhe#rr ajtnnAd RRe/vvl4eml4 nonn LI jeitt tt ieirr ;! NHeatf WUenilgchhtt i4 n LI .bhs; NMafimnme 'j 9f Manufacturer. - (23.2) Each-tank car shall have e packing slip bearing the following information: Purchase Order Number; Inerteen, P D Spec Number and Revision Letter; Batch Number; .*3 Number .of Gallons; Name of Manufacturer. INSPECTION Hi ST^INSPECTZON: Ihe manufacturer shall, furnish the Quality Control Deptlof the ' W E Corp,.'Bloomington, Ind a report-.of the tests made per Sections' 3;to 30 inclusive on escb'shlpasxie !of.;Inerteen. . NPC00007970 770609 Instructions for Handling InerreenInsulating Fluid P.D.S. 54201 CM and Installation and Maintenance of Inerteen Transformers Westinghouse Electric Corporation POWER T R A N SFO R M E R D IV ISIO N , SH ARO N , P E N N S Y L V A N IA M U NCIE, IN D IA N A D ISTRIBU TIO N T R A N SFO R M E R D IV ISIO N , SOUTH BOSTON, V IR G IN IA I.B. 45 -0 6 3 -9 9 0 Effective August, 1971 S u peitedei I.B. 45 -0 6 3 -99B, Septem ber 1968 NPC00007971 770610 CONTENTS PART ONE - INERTEEN INSULATING FLUID Page Characteristics ........................................................................................................... Environmental Considerations............................................................ , .................... Handling ................ Sampling and Inspection ........................................................................................... Testing Methods ...................................................... ............................................... Reconditioning ......................................................................................................... Disposal..................................................................................................................... 3 3 4 5 6 8 9 PART TWO - INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF INERTEEN TRANSFORMERS.......................................*............ installation ...................................... Inspection ........................................ Accessories and Fittings .................. Finish .............. ................................ Filling .............................................. Filling Under Vacuum .............. Placing in Service.............................. Pressure Testing............ ........... High Altitude .......................... Grounding Transformer Tank . . Grounding Low Voltage Winding Making Connections ........................ Voltage Application ................ Inspection ........................................ 10 10 10 n 12 12 12 .13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 NPC00007972 770611 3 G Part I - Inereen Insulating Fluid 1. Bum point: None 2. Chemical stability: No generation of free chlorides under normal operating conditions. CHARACTERISTICS 3. Color: (Maximum) 100 A.P.H. 4. Condition: Clear Inerteen is a highly pure, synthetic noninflammable and non-explosive insulating and cooling liquid. Chemically stable and nearly water white in color, Inerteen is not affected by reaction with other materials regularly used in the 5. Dielectric constant: At 1000 hertz 77F (25C). 5.7 to 5.9 At 1000 hertz 2I2F (I00C), 4.8 to 5.0 6. Dielectric strength: (Minimum) 77 F (25C) manufacture of Inerteen apparatus. 11 is non oxidizing and non-corrosive at temperature con At point of shipment, 35KV At point of receipt, 30KV siderably above those normally obtained in Inertcen apparatus. Inerteen will not sludge under any operating condition. Water is the main enemy of inerteen and keeping il dry will insure long service life. 7. Electrical Resistivity: (Minimum) 500 x 10 ohms/cm3 (212F (100C) at 500 volts DC) 8. Power factor: At 60 hertz, 77F(25C) 2% The dielectric strength of Inerteen will com At 60 hertz, 2l2bF (100C) 25% "V pare favorably with that of insulating oil when 9. Fixed chlorine content: (Minimum) 42 tested under the same conditions. Quality samples percent of Inerteen tested under laboratory conditions may show a dielectric strength in excess of 40KV. 10. Free chlorides: Less than 0.10 ppm Care must be exercised in handling and testing 11. Neutralization number. Less than 0.014 mg Inerteen. Inerteen must be kept in clean, sealed of KOH/gram containers to prevent loss by evaporation or .12. Pour Point: (Maximum) plus 7F (minus contamination by moisture or dirt. 14C ) Inerteen exerts a strong solvent action on most varnishes, gums, and paints. Such materials are not used in the construction of Inerteen apparatus. No materials should be used in Iner teen apparatus except those approved by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation. 13. Refractive index: At 77 F (25C). 1.624 to 1.626 14. Specific gravity: At 60F/6GP F (15.5 C/15.5C), 1.381 to 1.392 15. Density: 11.5 pounds per gallon Inerteen has an irritating effect upon the skin. If it is necessary to handle it, see the precautions under "Handling". It should be remembered that mineral oil is completely miscible with Inerteen; in fact, it is impossible to separate mineral oil and Inerteen. 16. Viscosity: At 100 F (37.8C), 82-92 seconds 17. Moisture: (Maximum) 35 ppni ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INERTEEN As outlined in "Method of Testing Askarels A.S.T.M. D901," the specific characteristics of Inerteen are: Inerteen is a synthetic insulating fluid made by the chlorination of a relatively common chemical, biphenyl. The chlorination is necessary to impart Monnajpi^a^^propertics to the Inerteen. The resulting: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) are relatively insoluble in water but soluble in fat. NPC00007973 770612 and extremely persistent in the environment. It has been shown by several laboratories that measurable amounts of the PCB's, particularly those with more than 50% chlorination, are present in our general environment and are a threat to certain species of wildlife. While Inerleen is generally regarded as being non-toxic to humans, very high standards or control in the overall program against pollution must be exer cised. Electrical apparatus (such as transformers and capacitors) using lnerteen are normally scaled to prevent escape of lnerteen into the environment. Ilowever, a carefully planned program of waste disposal must be followed at every step of the equipment life. This includes manufacture, repair and final disposition of the fluid and the lnerteen contaminated parts. To date the only acceptable destruction of the PCB's is by incineration at 2250 C or higher under carefully controlled conditions. At this tempera lure lnerteen will breakdown into HC1, C02 and water vapor. An alkaline scrubber is necessary to neutralize the HCI and the final products released to the atmosphere are CO2 and steam. To be sure that the lnerteen and lnerteen contaminated materials do not contaminate the environment they must be incinerated in approved equipment. HANDLING short duration, it can be absorbed through the skin. Repeated contact over prolonged peri ods may result in severe dermatitis which may persist for many months after removal from exposure. Protective Equipment. When necessary, und er emergency conditions, to-enter a space containing very high concentrations of Inerteen fumes or vapor, either an approved gas mask or self-contained breathing equipment, should be worn. For lower, but still signifi cant concentrations, cartridge type chemical respirator should be worn. If the odor of lnerteen is noticed while wearing respiratory equipment, the wearer should go immediately into fresh air. Neoprene coated .aprons and neoprene coated gloves may be used where necessary to protect the skin. Hand cream designed to protect against oils and petroleum solvents, (such as Ply 9 Gel made by Milburn Co. of Detroit) may be of some value where the use of gloves is not practical. When handling lnerteen. wash hands often with warm soapy water and in case of spillage onto clothing, remove the clothing as soon as possible. The clothing must then be laundered prior to use. 1. Safety Precautions Breathing. The odor of lnerteen is noticeable at concentrations' below the Maximum Ac ceptable Concentration. Concentrations which exceed this may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. Much higher concentrations could cause in ternal reactions. Swalluwing. lnerteen is highly toxic if taken internally. Swallowing of an ounce or two could cause severe irritation of the digestive tract and serious internal reactions. Skin Irritation. Although lnerteen is only a moderate skin irritant when contact is fur 2. Storage lnerteen is shipped in tank cars, drums or cans, lnerteen.in drums or cans should be stored in a covered area and when stored out-of-doors the bungs should be down to prevent collection of water around the bung. A storage tank should be mounted on piers above the ground and accessible to all points for inspection for leakage. There should be a curb on the ground around the tank Lo contain any spillage or leakage. It is desirable, if possible, to keep lnerteen in storage at a temperature slightly above ambient to prevent moisture condensation. H PC00007974 770613 s o SAMPLING AND INSPECTION Sampling. Each container of Inerteen must be sampled and tested prior to being added to a transformer and then should be added only if the dielectric strength is 30KV or above. ' It is desirable that periodic inspection of Inerteen apparatus be made and that samples of Inerteen be taken from each compartment and tested. Initially a sample should be taken after about 3 months of operation and then, where operating conditions permit, at inter vals of 6 months to I year. Accurate records should be maintained and if dielectric strength drops below 22KV U should be reconditioned. In addilion to dielectric tests, Westinghouse is also prepared to make a physical and chemical examination if so requested. (The customer should plainly indicate the type of service desired.) The physical and chemical examination consists of an examination of the Inerteen by a competent chemist. Recommendations will be made as to the suitability of (he Inerteen for continued use, whether it would be desirable and economical to clean it, and in a general way, the preferred method of clean ing, In submitting samples for this service, the history of the Inerteen represented should be given as completely as possible. (For details refer to the nearest Westinghousc Office). If facilities arc not available for testing inerteen, sec "Westinghouse Inerteen Testing SAMPLING INERTEEN Service" below. The dielectric strength of Inerteen is affected by O Westinghouse Inerteen Testing Service. Many users of Inerteen do not have the necessary facilities for testing. In order that these users may be able to make the periodic tests recommended, Westinghouse Electric Corp oration has established an Inerteen testing service to provide careful tests by experienced engineer, and provide a prompt report on the test results. the most minute traces of certain impurities, particularly water. H is important that the great est care be taken in obtaining the samples and in handling them to avoid contafnination, There have been low dielectric test results reported from the field which, upon investigation, have been found to be largely a matter of poor sampling. All sampling and testing equipment used for handling Inerteen and servicing Inerteen should be used for no other purpose. Care must be used in taking Two special 16 oz. sample bottles per samples of Inerteen and sealing them prior to ma i l i n g c o n t a i n e r We s t i n g h o u s e testing. It is desirable that samples of Inerteen be S#\24B 1743602, as well as necessary packing removed from any container on clear days only, and printed matter, may be obtained by con and when the temperature of the Inerteen is at tacting the nearest Westinghouse Office. (The (cast as high as the temperature of the sur bottle and the container will not be returned rounding air. to the customer.) Use only tin containers with screwed metal After drawing tire sample of Inerteen. the caps or glass bottles with Inerteen resistant lids to customer should seal the bottle and mail it to hold Inerteen samples. If it becomes necessary to the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Ma use other than factory sampling containers, they terials Engineering Laboratory, Sharon, Pa. should be rinsed with clean naptha, washed with 16146. To simplify these details, an instruc detergent and water, and rinsed thoroughly in hot tion and order sheet and a printed retuni label water, and then dried at approximately 110C for have been included in the carton container. four hours with neck down in circulating air oven. The instructions cover the taking of the Jf the containers arc not used immediately after sample and its proper preparation for mailing. cleaning, they should be sealed tightly and stored The order sheet must be sent to the nearest in a dry, clean place. An aluminum foil liner Westinghouse office. should be pul in the lid. NPCOOOO7975 770614 f. Provision is made on all Inerteen transformers to obtain a top sample of the Inerteen, however on a transformer that is in operation, a sample may be taken from either the top or bottom since any moisture present will be mixed in, due to circulation of Inerteen. In sampling, allow at least one quart of Inerteen to run out to flush the sampling connection before collecting the sample. This flush material must be collected in a suitable container for disposition as per the section on "Inerteen Disposal" page 6. The Inerteen should be put into the sample containers immediately and the caps screwed on lightly. The label for each container should be marked clearly with the serial number of the transformer or compartment from which the Inerteen was taken. Before taking samples from a storage tank, the Inerteen should be allowed to settle for approximately twelve hours so that iTthere is any moisture present, it, having a lower specific gravity, will rise to the top where the sample is to be taken. A clean sneak-thief should be used to obtain the samples. Essentially, the same precau tions lo prevent moisture and dirt contamination should be used as outlined above. It is recommended that one 16 oz. bottle of Inerteen be taken us a sample for testing. At least one sample should be taken from a tank car of Inerteen. One sample may be taken from each drum, or if desired, a composite sample may be made from Inerteen from five drums, provided all of the drums are airtight. When the bung is first loosened, a hissing sound should be heard, which indicates'that the drum has been airtight. When the composite type of testing is used and a sample is found lo be unsatisfactory, a sample from each ol the drums represented must be tested. When drums have been stored exposed to the weather, a sample from each drum must be tested to determine if it is suitable for use. DISPOSITION OF SAMPLE & CON TAINER. All samples must be collected in sealed, labelled containers for disposition as described in section on "Inerteen Disposal" page 6. All sol vent rinses of test containers must be handled in a like manner. All containers, rags, and other solid materials involved in testing must be collected for proper disposition. TESTING METHODS Instruction for all tests listed correspond in general to the recommendations of the American Society for Testing Materials. 1. Dielectric Strength Test The testing transformer and the source of supply of energy shall not be less than 1/2 KVA, and the frequency shall not exceed 100 Hertz per second. Regulation shall be so controlled that the high tension testing voltage taken from the secondary of the testing transformer,can be raised gradually without opening either primary or secondary circuit. The rate of rise shall approximate 3000 volts per second. The voltage may be measured by an approved method which gives root-meansquare values. Some protection is desirable to prevent ex cessive flow of current when breakdown of the Inerteen takes place. This protection preferably should be in the primary or low voltage side of the testing transformer. It is not especially im portant for transformers of 5 KVA or less, as the current is limited by the impedance of the transformer. The standard test cup for holding the sample of Inerteen shall be made of a material having a suitable dielectric strength. It must be insoluble in and unattucked by Inerteen or benzine and non absorbent as far as moisture, Inerteen, or gasoline are concerned. The electrodes in the test cup between which the sample is tested shall be circular discs of polished brass or copper, 1 in. in diameter, with square (90) edges. The electrodes shall be mounted in the test cup with their axes hori zontal and coincident, with a gap of 0.100 in. between their adjacent faces, and with tops of electrodes about l-J/4 in. below the top of the NPC00007976 770615 7 cup. (A suitable lest cup is shown in Fig. 1, and portable testing outfits in Fig. 2.) a. Procedure Voltages shall be applied and increased uniformly at a rate of approximately 3000 volts (rms) per second until breakdown occurs as indicated by a continuous discharge across The spacing of electrodes shall be checked with a standard round gauge having a diam eter of 0.100 in., and the electrodes then locked in position. The electrodes and the test cup shall be wiped clean with dry, calendered tissue paper or with a clean, dry chamois skin and thor oughly rinsed with Incrteen-free, dry benzine until they are entirely free from fibers. _____ . 1* ^ >+ The test cup shall be filled with dry benzine, and voltage applied with uniform increase at the rate of approximately 3000 volls (rms) per second until breakdown oc curs. If the dielectric strength is not less than 25KV, the cup shall be considered in suitable condition for testing the Inerteen. If a lower test value is obtained the cup shall be cleaned with benzine and the test repeated. The temperature of the test cup and of the Inerteen when tested shall be the same as that of the room, which should be between 68F and 6F. (20C and 30C) Testing at lower temperatures is likely to give variable results which may be misleading. Fig. 1. F lu id T est C up fo r D ielectric T est The sample in the container shall be agitated with a swirling motion (lo avoid introducing air) so as to mix the Inerteen thoroughly before filling the test cup. This is even more important with used Inerteen than with new Inerteen as the impurities may be precipitated and the test may be misleading. The cup shall be filled with Inerteen to a height of no less than 0.79 in. (20 mm) above the top of the electrodes. The Inerteen shall be gently agitated by rocking the cup and allowing it lo stand in the cup for three minutes before the first and one minute-before each succeeding puncture. This will allow air bubbles to escape. Fig. Z P ortable O it T esting S e t, (2 K V A . 3 5 ,0 0 0 Volts NPC00007977 1" " ,11* 1 " -- <-- 770616 8 the gap. (Occasional momentary discharges which do not result in a permanent arc may occur; these should be disregarded). b. Number of Tests I. Except as specified in (II) one break down test shall be made on each or five fillings of the test cup. If the average deviation from the mean exceeds 10 percent or if any individual test deviates more than 25 percent from the average, additional tests shall be made. The dielec tric strength shall be determined by aver aging the first five tests that conform to the allowable variations. Jl. When Incrtcen is tested in consider able quantity, so that the time required for testing is excessive and when it is merely desired to determine whether the breakdown safely exceeds the limit speci fied, or in those cases where the amount of lnerteen available for test may be very limited, one breakdown test shall be made on each of two fillings of the test cup. IT neither breakdown is below this value, the lnerteen may be considered satisfactory and no further tests shall be required. If either of the breakdowns is less than the. specified value a breakdown shall be made on each of three additional fillings and test results analyzed in accordance with (1). c. Report The report shall include the volts (rms value) at each breakdown and the average of the two or five breakdowns and the temperature of the lnerteen at the time of the test. 2 . Neutralization Test The Neutralization number is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acid in one gram of lnerteen. Solutions Required a. Standard "Potassium Hydroxide Solution (alcoholic, 0.1N) - add 6 g. of c.p. solid KOH to I liter of c.p. anhydrous isopropyl alcohol. Boil, add 2 g. of c.p. Ba (OW)2 and boil again. Cool, filter and store in a chemically resistant bottle protected by a guard tube containing soda lime and soda asbestos (Ascarite). Stand ardize against pure potassium acid phthalate using plienolphthalein as an indicator. b. Titration Solvent -- Add 500 ml. of c.p. benzene and 5 ml. of water to 495 ml. of c.p. anhydrous isopropyl alcohol. Procedure. Into a 250 mlErlenmeyer flask intro duce 40 g. of lnerteen weighed accurately. Add 100 ml. of the titration solvent and 3 ml.of the indicator solution. Titrate immediately at a temperature below 30C. Consider the end point definite if the co'or change to green persists for 15 seconds. A blank shall be determined on the solvent. Calculations. The neutralization number or mg. KlvOmHj per g. ofnlner-teen = (--A----B- -(-N--)-x--5-6--.-1 A = nil.KOH solution required for sample. B= ml.KOH solution required for blank. N = normality of KOH solution. W= grains of sample used. RECONDITIONING Reconditioning will be necessary to remove water, foreign material and hydrogen chloride which may be present and contaminating lner teen. The blotter filler press, cartridge filter and the lnerteen conditioner will remove water and dirt which may be present. Various models of each of these types of apparatus are available. The lnerteen conditioner is the most effective for removing moisture, dirt, and other contaminating materials. It basically consists of a clay container, a clay filter, pump, attendant valves, gauges and fittings. Water cannot be effectively removed from either clay or filter material once they have become saturated with lnerteen therefore care NPC00007978 770617 9 should be taken to sec that these materials are thoroughly dry prior to use. Any equipment used for conditioning Inerteen should first be thor oughly cleaned with benzine or naphtha to remove all traces of material foreign to Inerteen. If at all possible, separate equipment should be used for filtering Inerteen only. Hydrogen chloride, caused by arcing, may be eliminated by vigorously bubbling dry nitrogen through Inerteen. This should be done as quickly as possible following the failure to prevent the attack of HCl on the cellulose insulation. The nitrogen should be passed in through the drain valve at the bottom and allowed to escape through a vent at the top. The nitrogen should be discharged through a pressure regulator attached to a stand pipe above the level of the Inerteen in llie transformer to prevent the Inerteen from flowing into the regulator. The nitrogen should be bubbled through the Inerteen al a rate of one to three cubic feet per minute for a period of 4 to 6 hours. This may require two to eight cylinders (220 cu. ft. each) depending on the size of the apparatus. This includes all glass, metals, papers, insulation, clay rags, filter cartridges, etc. These materials may be incinerated if suitable arrangements can be made for it to be done at a temperature sufficient to breakdown the Iner teen. Or they may be purged by cleaning with a proper fluid and the resultant fluid then may be incinerated using an approved procedure and temperature. The following disposition is recommended for various materials. Material Disposition Absorbing clay, filter paper, cartridges sawdust and rags Incinerate Coils Solvent clean or incinerate Cores Solvent clean Tanks & Frames Solvent clean Copper or Aluminum Solvent clean Insulation Incinerate DISPOSAL Inerteen Liquid. Collect all scrap Inerteen liquid in a suitable metal container which can be satisfactorily sealed. Once the Inerteen is col lected it may be returned in sealed drums or tank cars to Monsanto or other certified disposal company. Ship prepaid to: Monsanto Company W. G. Krummrich Plant Sauget, Illinois Attention: Supervisor Dept., 246 A charge will be made for all returned Inerteen. Solvent-Rinses Contaminated with Inerteen. Sol vent rinses or other liquids contaminated with Inerteen should also be collected in scaled drums or tank cars and sent either to Monsanto or other certified disposal company. Solids Contaminated with Inerteen. All solids materials contaminated with Inerteen must be stored in impervious containers until disposal. Incineration. Incineration, whether of liquids or contaminated solid materials, must be dune at a temperature of at least 2250C and the slack must be equipped with a suitable scrubber to remove HCl. Cleaning Contaminated Drums. The cleaning of drums which have contained used Inerteen re quires great care in order to insure a thoroughly clean drum. It is preferable to return such drums to the supplier where adequate cleaning facilities are available, rather than to attempt to clean them. If it is necessary to dean such drums, the following procedure is recommended: Rinse the drum thoroughly with gasoline or petroleum distillate, using about one gallon each time, until the solvent shows no discolor ation after using. Allow it to drain, then pump out the last traces of solvent with a vacuum pump, using a brass pipe flattened at NPC00007979 ........... 770618 10 Ihe lower end to explore the corners of the drum. Collect all solvent rinse material for disposition as described above. dry air to remove any lingering explosive vapors. Screw the bung on tightly before removing the drum from the oven. Use a new washer with the bung (o insure a tight seal. C A U T IO N : D o not use a steel pipe because o f the danger of a spark igniting the gasoline or petroleum distillate vapor. Next, heat the drum with bunghole down in a ventilated oven at a temperature of at least 88 C. (190F) for sixteen hours. (A simple oven for this purpose may be made from sheet metal and heated with steam or an electric healer.) Blow out the drum with dry nitrogen or C A U T IO N : Open flames must always be kept away from the oven to prevent igniting inflammable gases which might be remaining in drum when placed in the oven. The practice of refilling drums with Inerleen is undesirable and should be avoided whenever possible, for unless the utmost precautions are taken, the Inerteen is likely to become con taminated. oPfaIrnt eIIrt--eeInnsTtraalnlastfioornmaenrds Maintenance INSTALLATION For convenience in handling, all transformers are equipped with lugs or eyes for lifting and mov ing the complete assembly filled with Inerteen by use of a crane. Additional means are pro vided for the heavier parts such as covers, core and coils, radiatore and terminal chambers. Jack ing lugs are also supplied on either the base or comers of the tank. A transformer should only be., lifted or moved by jacks placed against these lugs and not against the cooling tubes, radiator valves, or other fittings. An indoor installation requires that the room in which the transformers are placed must be well ventilated so that the heated air can readily escape and be replaced by cooler air from the outside. If the room is poorly ventilated, this exchange of air takes place too slowly and the temperature of the air in the room may become excessively Itigli. At any given load the tempera ture rise of a sei(^cooled transformer will be a fixed number of degrees above the temperature of the surrounding air. The temperature of the transformer is the sum of this rise and the air temperature; therefore, care must be taken to provide a room sufficiently ,ventilated to permit operation of transformers at a reasonable temp erature. Area of the air inlets should be such that the ambient temperature never exceeds 40 C (104"F) with an average over twenty-four hours not exceeding 30C (86DF); 50 to 60 square feet per 1000 kva of transformer capacity has been satisfactory. Outlet openings with the same total area should be provided. Self-cooled transformers should always be well separated from one another and from ad jacent walls, partitions, etc., in order to permit free air circulation about the cases. This separa tion should not be less than 24 to 36 inches depending on the size of the units. INSPECTION All Inerteen transformers are carefully inspected and lested at the factory and they are in good NFC00007980 770619 i 11 condition when shipped; but it is desirable to inspect each transformer thoroughly before plac ing it in service. When a transformer is shipped complete and filled with Inerteen, this inspection should in clude a check of the Inerteen level, the tightening or adjustment of any parts that may have become loose or out of place, and determining the extent to which moisture may have entered the trans former. The latter can best be determined from the dielectric strength of the Inerteen. Inerteen used for filling transformers should have a dielec tric strength of 30KV or higher. When it tests less than tills the Inerteen should be filtered. If the dielectric strength is very low or if there is any other evidence of moisture, it is necessary to dry the transformer. Inerteen transformers should be dried by the short circuit method with the transformer im mersed in the Inerteen and with the tank sealed tightly. During the drying out operation, the Inerteen should be circulated through a filter press or preferably through an Inerteen condi tioner. A filter press will remove dirt and most of the moisture, but the conditioner will remove these and other contaminating materials as well. The loading should be carefully watched and when the top Inerteen reaches a temperature of 60C, the load should be reduced to obtain an approximately constant top Inerteen temperature based on the following table: Short Circuit Amperes Maximum Temperature in Percent of Load of the Top Inerteen 50% 85C 75% 80C 85% 75C While the windings of the transformer heal up, do not permit the temperature of the top Inerteen to exceed the value specified for a given percentage of load.'This precaution is necessary because the windings will heat up more quickly and operate at a higher temperature than the Inerteen. If the windings are allowed to reach too high a temperature, the insulation will be dam aged. The drying of a transformer should be continued until the dielectric strength of samples of Inerteen taken from the transformer test at 30KV or higher. The desired load current should be obtained by short circuiting one winding and impressing the proper impedance voltage on the other winding. The full load impedance may usually be found on the instruction plate for the trans formers; if the impedance of the transformer is not known, it should be requested from the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Sharon, Penn sylvania, by identifying the transformer with its serial number. If the transformer is at or lower than room temperature at the start of the drying process, circulation ,of 125 to 150% of full load current will hasten the heating, and a higher lop Inerteen temperature can be' obtained more quickly by blanketing the coolers when tubulaT coolers are used or by shutting ofr the radiator valves when radiators ate used. The cover should be lagged to prevent condensation. The cover should be-kept tightly sealed during the temperature run, and until the transformer has cooled down to room temperature to prevent condensation. This also prevents the release of hot Inerteen vapors which are quite objection able, particularly if the ventilation is poor. CAUTION: It is not safe to attempt the drying out of transformers unleu constant attention Is given to the job. ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS Bushings, fittings, and accessories when boxed and shipped separately should be mounted as shown on the outline drawing. Proper installation NPC00007981 770620 12 instructions when necessary are included in the instruction leaflets for component parts. Care must be exercised when these components are fitted to eliminate the accidental introduction of moisture in any form inside the transformer. Where blind flanges are removed before fittings are mounted, the level of the Inerteen must be lowered below the openings that will be made. FINISH Any portion of the paint film damaged during shipment or installation must be repaired as quickly as possible. , To do this, clean the damaged portion by means of a scraper or sandpaper, wipe thoroughly with a solvent dampened cloth, apply Westinghouse primer paint and allow it to dry for at least 2 4 hours, then apply a coat of Weslinghouse finish paint. FILLING When putting new apparatus into service, see that the apparatus lank is free from moisture and foreign material. in Inerteen and will contaminate it in a short time. All joints should be tight; where practical, fill through the drain valve to keep aeration to a minimum and vent the top of the tank to allow the air to escape. Be sure liial valves and pipe connections between the main 'tank and any Inerteen filled compartments are open for free circulation of gas and liquid. Otherwise, trapped air or gas may cause the Inerteen level in some parts of the transformer to be below the sale operating level. If it is necessary to fill a transformer out-ofdoors, particularly on a damp day, care should be taken to prevent the entrance of moisture. In order to avoid condensation the temperature inside the unit should be kept several degrees above the outside air temperature. The tank and compartments, if any, should be filled at ambient temperature to the point on the gauges marked "25 -- Liquid Level." If the ambient varies greatly from 25C (77F) when filled, the Inerteen level should be checked when the average fluid temperature is 25C; sufficient Inerteen should be added to or drained from the tank to bring the level to the proper height. The transformer should never be operated or left standing, even out of service without the Inerteen level being indicated on the gauge. IM PORTANT: Extreme precautions must be taken to insure the absolute dryness and cleanliness of the apparatus before filling it with Inerteen, and to prevent the entrance of water and dirt during the transfer of the Inerteen to the apparatus. The preparation and filling of outdoor appa ratus should preferably be done on a clear, dry day; if this is not possible, protection against muisLure must be provided. All vessels used for transferring the Inerteen should be carefully inspected to see that they are absolutely dry and free from contamination. Use only all-metal hose-or pipe when filling, since the lining of most other types of hose may be soluble Filling Under Vacuum. Entrapped air is a po tential source of trouble in all liquid filled transformers. Therefore, it is desirable to fill all Inerteen transformers under a full vacuum. This is done for the transformers shipped from the factory and should.be done where practicable when transformers are filled in the field, provid ing the transformer cases have been so designed. If the cases have not been designed for full vacuum and it is imperative to get the maximum winding impulse strength immediately, the trans formers should be filled with Inerteen under full vacuum by placing them in an auxiliary vacuum tank. Where purchaser docs not have an established technique for vacuum filling, the following pro cedures may be used whether vacuum is applied NPC00007982 770621 ]3 directly to the transformer or the complete transformer is placed in an auxiliary vacuum tank. 1. Apply and maintain continuously a vac uum of at least 28 inches of mercury for at least one-half hour to units rated 25KV and below, or for four hours to units above 25KV. 2. While retaining the vacuum, slowly fill with Inerteen to the normal 25C level or with approximately 90% of the required am ount where it is impossible to gauge properly. 3. Maintain the specified vacuum for at least one-half hour after filling. 4. Adjust Inerteen to normal level and seal the transformer tank. Do not reopen until the tem perature at the top o f the fluid is equal to or higher than the ambient temperature in order to avoid condensation on the surface of the Inerteen. In those cases w'here the transformers are not filled under vacuum, full voltage should not be applied to the windings for at least 24 hours after the Inerteen has been put into the case. This time is necessary' to allow the air bubbles to escape. PLACING IN SERVICE Pressure Testing. All Inerteen transformers are pressure-tested at the factory and shipped free of leaks. After installations and before voltage is applied, it is desirable to pressure-test each transformer, especially if any fittings or covers have been removed and replaced during installa tion. Compressed dry nitrogen or dry air may be used lor the purpose. It is recommended that the space above the Inerteen be blown out with dry nitrogen, then close all vents and apply a pressuretest of five pounds per square inch for a period o f six to ciglit hours. The lest pressure can best be limited by the use of a pressure regulator attached to the nitrogen cylinder. A check for leaks of joints above the Inerteen level may be made by painting them with a solution of soap and glycerin and watching for gas bubbles. At the conclusion of the test the internal pressure should be returned to normal by momentarily venting the gas space. High Altitude. Where transformers are to be used at a high altitude (more than 3000 feet above sea level) a fitting above the liquid level should be opened to equalize the internal and external pressures at a temperature of approximately 25C before placing the transformer in service. Grounding Transformer Tank. Regardless of the type of foundation or floor on which a trans former is to rest, the tank should be definitely and permanently grounded to eliminate the possi bility of obtaining static shocks or being injured by accidental grounding o f a winding to the case. A ground pad or lug is always provided near the bottom of the tank for the purpose of connecting the grounded lead. C A U T IO N : A good low-resistance ground is necessary for adequate protection -- a poor ground may be worse than none at all. Grounding Low Voltage Winding. Every effort is made in insulating transformers to guard against any chance of breakdown between high voltage and low voltage windings: however, in order to be absolutely safe, it is advisable that low voltage circuits with which persons inay come in contact be grounded. The maximum voltage that can be obtained to ground is then limited to the normal voltage that exists between the grounded point and the line; this is true even though the high voltage and low voltage windings become con nected electrically. In grounding the winding, the neutral point should be used it it is available. When trans formers operate on single phase circuits with the middle point of the low voltage, Ihc maximum voltage that can exist between any part of the low voltage circuit and ground is one-half o f the low voltages. MAKING CONNECTIONS A diagram, usually on the metaJ instruction plate attached to the side of the case, shows the proper NPC00007983 770622 14 power terminal connections to be made for various voltages. Care should be taken to see that all connections and only those shown are prop erly made, for a wrong connection may cause severe damage. Some installations require an auxiliary source of power or control leads to be wired to terminals at the transformer; a wiring diagram, either a separate drawing or included as part of the outline drawing, shows the connections to be made. Voltage Application. When voltage is first applied to the transformer, it should, if possi ble, he brought up slowly to its full value so that any wrong connection or other trouble may be disclosed before d.imuge can result. After full voltage has been applied successfully, the transformer should be operated without load for a few hours. It should be kept under dose observation during this time and also dur ing the first few hours while loaded. should be taken out of service and given a thorough inspection. Any symptoms, such as unusual noises, high or low Inerteen levels, operation of re lief device, etc., should be investigated at once. Transformers which have been subjected to unusually severe operating conditions, such as overloads, frequent short circuits, or special units should be inspected at least once a year. This can usually be done adequately by lowering the Inerteen level and inspecting with a light through the manhole. Before this inspection is made, the Inerteen should be allowed to cool to reduce the am ount of Inerteen fumes given off which arc quite objectionable and should not be inhaled. During periodic inspection, all accessories should be inspected to see if they are operating properly. INSPECTION It is desirable that periodic inspections o f lnerteen apparatus be made and that samples of lnerleen be taken from each and from all com partments of any apparatus and tested after a short period of service. Sec section on Sampling and Inspection. Any increase in operating temperature at normal load should be investigated and if the cause cannot be determined, the transformer C AU TIO N ; Never enter a vault or any other confined area in which a transformer relief device has been known to operate or in which a transformer has failed, until the area has been thoroughly ventilated. Then enter cautiously, w ith another person in attend ance. The pungent, somewhat irritating fumes of hydrogen chloride are easily de tected and can serve as a guide in entering the enclosure. NPC00007984 770623 Memorandum - --- NPC00007985 770624 Westinghouse THE LEADER OF THE TRANSFORMER INDUSTRY UPC00007986 770625 NPC00007987 WESTINGHOUSE INSULATING FLUIDS 473 UNIVERSAL WEMCO C O IL -C o n tin u e d 0,1-T eating Service--In order to ^' n e sure that the dielectric strength u? io jny piti*ecperoopfera value, insulating pparatus should oil be |Cited at regular intervals. The EEI recommends that oil sam- ^a from all power station apparatus be tested a a t nd subsUleast once fVtf> 3 months, and that samples from jirnbutjon transformers be tested at l(3St once a year. ^[.my users of transformers and oil circuit breaker* do not have lhf neceasarv equipment for testing the insulating oil. In order th at these users liable to make the periodic tests recom mended by the EEI, Westinghouse has established an oil-testing service. This service has been developed to make it simple for the customer to han dle. and to secure a prompt report as to the condition of the oil. This in cludes the furnishing of containers for, and analysis of. oil samples when re turned to Westinghouse. In addition to dielectric tests, West inghouse is prepared to make physical and chemical examinations, if desired. This service consists of examination of the oil by a competent oil chemist. Recommendations mil be made as to the suitability of the oil for continued use. whether it will be desirable and economical to clean it, and in a general way, the preferred method of cleaning, if this is found to be desirable. Samples should be approximately 1 quart in quantity. When submitting samples, the type of service required should be plainly indicated. A nominal charge is made for these services. Prices will be quoted on re quest to the nearest district office. For detailed instructions relative to oil-testing service, the reader is referred to Catalog Section 63-100. Complete information for handling and testing of Wemco C oil is given ra Westinghouse Instruction Book, I.B. 3336. copies of which may be obtained from the nearest district office. INERTEEN A pplication The search for a non-inflammable, nnn-explosive insulating and cooling medium for use in transformers and notches has resulted in the develop ment of synthetic liquids for such ap plications. Similar liquids in which other characteristics have been given >oedal attention have been developed (cr rapacitors. The name Inerteen has been adopted io cover these liquids. Capacitor Inerteer. is covered in Catalog Section VMOfl. Inerteen xs used in transformer implications is described below. Distinctly F eatures Won-inflammable, cannot be made ta bum. Won-explosive, since the gas given off is non-i ombustiblc when mixed with air in any proportion. Dielectric strength is greater than Out of oil. Preservation of that strength, however, involves the same tmeral precautions as are exercised with oil. Tnerteen should be free of lint, dirt, and moisture. Viscosity is quite the same aa that of transformer oil. Freezing point is approximately -M 'P Inerteen does not expand at 'resting temperature, therefore no rc<charucal damage to transformer PVts results. Thermal characteristics of Inerteen illuw for greater heat conductivity per UTUl of cooling medium. Woa-oxidizing and nan-corrosive at temperature* considerably above those normally obtained in transformera. It will not sludge under any condition. O perating C haracteristics Solvent action--Inerteen exerts a strong solvent action on moat of the ordinary varnishes, gums and paints commonly used in oil-insulated trans formers. Therefore, such materials cannot be used in Inerteen-filled ap paratus. It is necessary to use pure cellulose, cotton, paper and porcelain. This requirement coupled with the necessary use of tight tank construc tion for Inerteen transformers tends to give improved operating characteristics. All screwed fitting* and gaskets are sealed with Westinghouse sealing com pound, rendering the complete ap paratus Inerteen and gas tight. All valves are fitted with metal or other lnerteen-resiating seats. Soldering fluxes ordinarily pur chased on the market are particularly harmful to power factor and resistance of the Inerteen. and when used, extreme care must be exercised in their complete removal. For soldering, a solution of resin in alcohol is recommended. Arcing--The products of arc decom position are definitely harmfuL In case of severe arcing, the Inerteen and the solid insulation of the transformer will be saturated with the products of arc decomposition and must be removed and either replaced or reconditioned. S htpnsnt--Inerteen transformer* are shipped properly filled with Inerteen and ready for installation. Switches or terminal chambers which must be opened for installation, ere always ship ped with the Inerteen for these cham ber* in separate cans or steel drums. Inerteen must always be kept In sealed containers to prevent the lose of its more volatile constituents by evap oration or possible contamination from dirt or moisture. Cere and Operation Physical Discomfort--Inerteen has an irritating effect upon the skin: more so to some persons than others. Es pecially the eyes, nos* and lips are affected when coming in contact with Inerteen and safety precautions must be observed when handling it. An application of castor oil it recom mended for the eyes, and castor oil or cold cream for the nose and lips. In cats Inerteen comet in contact with the skin, the part should be thoroughly washed and cleaned. Purifying Inerteso--Inerteen may be dehydrated and filtered by means of a specially designed Westinghouse reconditioner using "activated clay" as the filtering medium. (See page 474.) CHARACTERISTICS OF INERTEEN C o c o a ........................................... S teaw-Y s 100O e o * ..................................... S u o t m - r AacMATtc V ia c o s tr r at * P . catsolt) . SO Sscondo Plasm P o i n t .................................................. N o n e P t a a P o u r r ..................................................... N ow s B o il in o Po in t ............................................. 44B*P. P a t s z o r c Point ................................... - # P . S r a a r t c G e a W v at 40* P ...................... 1.511 C o a n o c itN T o r Expansion p ea * C .. 00071 S n c m c H eat (C ai_ / cc) ..................................... 40 Dial a e r a t e Co n st a n t ................................ 4 .4 3 D ib l sc t e ic S tx sn c t .............. J J to 40 K r . NPC00007988 770627 Industry Services m Divisions SAFE PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES: PCB's (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS) PRECAUTIONS The low evaporation rate of PCB's at normal temperatures does not present it as an inhalation hazard. I f there 1s a high concentration of PCB vapor 1n the a ir created by an elevated temperature of liq uid or within confined ' spaces, respirators should be worn. The recomnended protection 1s an M.S.A. i respirator (COMFO II ) with combination cartridges type GMC-H/or a Scott Air Pack. For effective protection, respirators must f i t the face and head snugly. Respirators should not be loosened or removed in work situations whereuse is required. If you can smell PCB's while wearing a respirator, the respirator is not working correctly; go immediately to fresh air. I f you experience d iffic u lty breathing while wearing a respirator, notify your supervisor. j 2. Where work procedures may cause splashes to the face, splash-proof goggles must be worn. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. 3. Where there is a p o ssib ility that work procedures may require frequent contact with hands, PVC gloves should be worn. Avoid gloves that may absorb the liquid or allow 1t to pass through. I f your skin becomes contaminated with PCB's, ironedlately wash using soap or mild detergent to remove. ! 4 . Do not eat or smoke in areas where PCB's are handled. 5. Promptly remove any non-impervious clothing that becomes contaminated with PCB's. This clothing must not be reworn until the liquid is thoroughly removed. 6 . PCB's are essentially nonflaronable and non-explosive, but they do fa ll into the combustible liquid category. When the liquid contacts a flame, welding arcs, or extremely hot metal surfaces, 1t may decompose to form highly irrita tin g hydrogen chloride gas, highly toxic carbon monoxide, and some carbon dioxide. j EMERGENCY FIRST-AID PROCEDURES Swallowing - I f PCB's have been inadvertently swallowed, get medical attention immediately. I f medical attention is not immediately available, get the affected person to vomit by having him touch the back of the throat with h1s finger, - A NPC0007989 770628 Breathing Eye Exposure Skin Exposure -2- or by givin g him large amounts (one pint or more) warm s a lt water (two tablespoons of sa lt per pint of water). Do not make an unconscious person vomit. - I f you or any other person breathes In large amounts of PCB's, move the exposed person to fresh a ir at once. I f breathing has stopped, perform a r t if ic ia l respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. - I f PCB's get Into your eyes, wash your eyes Irrmediately with large amounts of water for at le ast 15 minutes. Get medical attention Inmedlately. - I f PCB's get on your skin, Irrmediately wash the contaminated skin using soap or mild detergent and water. I f 1t soaks through your clothing, remove the clothing inmedlately and wash the skin using soap or mild detergent and water. I f ir r it a t io n p e rsists after washing, get medical attention. i 770629 Westinghouse For Induction 980 - 9800 Hem, 200 - 1260 Volt* Design Features C o m p a c t. L ig h tw e ig h t : Efficient design of capacitor components and cooling ayitam results in optimum use of materials, weight and volume thereby being held to a m ini mum. H igh Current Rating Par Unit Volum e: Multiple bonding of foil electrode to cooling coil provides maximum heat transfer with minimum temperature rise. Perm anent C ha ra cte ristic s : The com bination of InertexTM paper with Inerteen* imprgnant produces a capacitor having characteristics of stability with low loss snd high dielectric constant especially suited to high frequency applications. H erm etically Se ale d : Provides a capac itor with stable characteristics assuring long, maintenance-free operation. Although vertical mounting is preferred, the units may be mounted in any position. Application W estinghouse type FPW high frequency water-cooled capacrtors have been designet to improve the inherently low power facto associated with induction healing apparatu: on malting furnaces, billet heating, forginj and heat treating applications. Based on load requirements, high frequenc' capacitors are usually installed in moltlpl unit banks with a means of twitching pro vlded to adjust capacitance and tuna thi circuit for efficient operation under varyini load conditions. M ounting and Oparatlon The capacitor units may be mounted wit terminals upright, or on adge with th terminals horizontal. The units have or pole grounded to the case and may t operated with the case and cooling-ce either insulated or grounded depending c the circuit. Dcamber. 1*70 S u o araad as DB 3B-2BC. papa* 1-4. dated October. IM S E.D.C/2001/DB ' N p C 0 0 0 0 7 9 91 770630 Descriptive Bulletin 39-361 Pag 2 Westinghouse Construction Insulating Wrapper Solder Bond Case Insulation Cooling System An adequate flow of clean water must be supplied to the capacitors. The coils of several units may be connected in series if the inlet water is cool, and the available pressure is high enough. The cooling coil is a continuous copper tube terminated as show n on the outline draw ings. It has no sharp turns that might become clogged The cooling coil Is designed in a double spiral, to assure uniform heat dissi pation over the entire internal capacitor assembly A recommended minimum flow rate of 0.6 gal/min. should be maintained and the outlet water temperature should not exceed 45*C (113*F). To prevent erosion of the tubing the flow rate should not exceed 4 gal/min, A large size tubing is used so that two or more units may be connected in series If water of suitable temperature and pressure is available. The curves below show the pressure re quired for venous flow rates using 12 inches of 54 inch I.D. hose between each capacitor unit for the water connections. The bottom curves show the water temperature rise per capacitor for various How rates and can be used for determining the required inlet water temperature. Typo FP W capacitor* are wound wrth alumi num foil plates separated by layers of thin Inertex paper. The extended foil construc tion of opposite polarity are staggered so the edges protect from opposite sides of the capacitor section. The projecting edges are then bonded together using a solder alloy and a special bonding technique The heavy braided copper leads are soldered to the bond The foil edges of the opposite side of each section are also soldered directly to a tubular copper water-cooling coil which, in turn, extends through the cover assembly and serves as the common connection for the capacitor assemblies After the capacitor is assembled in its case, it is thoroughly vacuum dried. It is then filled with Westinghouse Inerteen. a syn thetic, non-inflammable liquid dielectric having superior qualities at high frequency. In addition, it has-stable electrical charac teristics* over a broad temperature range ( --40*C to -*-46*C) low losses and is chem ically inert The capacitor is then hermetically sealed. All welded, non-magnetic case and covers are used to sssure minimum heat generation when operating at high frequen cies. Porcelain terminal bushings are sealed to capacitor enclosure by silicon rubber sleeves confined under pressure. This pro vides a seal with sufficient strength and flexibility to prevent damage to porcelain or seal that might result from excessive me chanical strains on fha bus or connections. Cooling coils are permanently bonded to the enclosure and complete the hermetic seal. One pole of all sections is common to the cooling coil and case. The other pole is brought out through one or more insulated terminals. Multiple terminals are used to provide desired kilovac steps, and also when high currant capacity is necessary The voltage rating of a capacitor section for high frequencies must be limited to avoid damaging corona discharges at the foil edges. Since one pole of the section must be bonded to the cooling coil for good heat transfer, the practical voltage ratings of water-cooled units is restricted to 1260 volts and under. 3 a l l P re ss u re r e q u ir e s fo r F lo w R e te s u sin g 12 Inehee o f % Inch I.D. H ose per Cepeeltor tor W ater Connections. W ste r Tem perstur* R iss per Capecltor Unit operated et rated K V A C In an am bient of 2t*C. NPC00007992 770631 H ig h F re q i cy C a p a c ito rs Type FPW, Water joled For Induction Heating Equipment 960 - 9600 Hertz. Up to 450 Kver 2 0 0 - 1250 Volt* Ratings Type FPW high frequency, water-cooled capacitors are rated maximum continuous working current, maximum continuous working voltage, maximum kvac. The oper ating conditions may be vaned over a wide range as long as none of these limits are exceeded. The values, given on the name plate. are based on an outlet water temper ature of 45*C. If at any time the outlet tem perature is above 45*C. the voltage must be reduced 1 % % for each degree above 45. Rating limitations are voltage stress, tem perature rise, and current per terminal. The voltage rating is rms and applies for an impressed voltage having substantially a sine wave shape. If the voltage wave is d is torted. Its peak value must not exceed V T times the capacitor voltage rating. Capacitors may be operated at lass than rated voltage or frequency. In some cases it may be permissible to operate at more than, the rated frequency if the voltage is reduced. This involves design considerations and ad vice should be obtained from Westinghouse for specific cases. If the capacitor it to be operated at some voltage or frequency below the rated value, Kvec' Cf2ef 10 where Kvac * actual burden in kva. E * working voltage, C - rated capacity, f-- working frequency. Thus, if a 61 mfd capacitor is operated at 400 volts instead of 625 volts. a t * 400 * 2 x 3.1 x 2000 K - . C - ----------------- i75i------------------ - 1 2 3 Reduced Voltage: Kvac * Rated *ve<Y A p p le t v o h t \ 2 V Rsted Voiu / Reduced Frequency: _X v .e_-R,,.i.ed. ,,K v.e/( Applied frequency )\ Frequency H erts M0 1000 2000 3000 MOO 4200 eoo Vollege Common to Terminal (volts) 1 Temriinel j 1 to 2 (Volts) 400 50 BOO 00 1000 1000 : .......... 900 1 .......... .... 1 .......... I .......... 400 600 1200 1260 1250 .......... .......... 625 625 625 800 1260 1250 275 400 400 400 400 400 625 625 625 800 800 800 1000 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 200 400 400 400 . . . . 400 200 220 400 440 440 BOO 800 800 Kvac 1 Total Mid 200 160 300 215 1 215 , 216 (04 131 78 44 35.7 35.7 210 210 300 108 300 32 0 150 15 246 25 300 81 300 61 300 61.2 300 37 6 300 15 3 300 210 300 100 300 100.5 300 99.8 300 99 9 450 150.0 300 41 300 41 300 40.6 300 24 92 300 24 9 450 37.3 300 15 86 75 2.6 150 5 220 7.8 300 10.2 160 6 300 10.2 180 200 300 84 60 16.8 300 82 8 300 I 720 230 96 230 80 230 24 300 25 94 450 390 300 7.76 300 7 8 450 11.8 Mid Per Terminal from Common to Terminal Terminal Number 12 3 4 5 6 Styl. Numb . Approx. Net Wl. U>s f*9 A.f. (Ss. Dimen sions Peg. 4 5 10 21 42 63 63 1 367C 750A 50 58 65.5 85.5 (32 76 mid terminal 1 to 2) 2 4 8 16 24 24 367C750A28 50 367C7SOA49 58 22 22 , ,, , .... 13.4 22.3 .... . . . . 387C750A27 50 . . 367C750A41 50 13.4 22.3 .... . . . . 367C 750A 48 SO 6 2 2 I1 12 52.5 18 6 20 7.6 9.4 82.5 186 40 7.5 15.6 - 52.5 18 6 6.0 . . aa .... 52.5 18.8 10.0 .... .... .... 10.0 .... -- 387C750A 44 54 357C750A51 54 . . . . 387C750A97 58 367C 760A 37 60 . . . . 367C7B0A47 60 5 8 16 - 37 #' ^ 387C750A04 52 37 16 8 .... . . . a . 387C750A13 52 30.6 30.6 (16.3 mid lerminal 1 to 2) 367C750A01 62 9,4 9 4 9 4 9.4 . . . . . . . . 387C 760A 10 54 10.2 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367C 750A 38 82 3 3 2 4 2 525 25 6.7 31.5 2.7 40 26 21 6 20.4 623 1J 2.0 1.95 2.5 5 7.5 1.46 2.5 1.45 52.5 25 13.4 31.5 2.7 4.0 10 11 20. 6.23 2.6 3. 3.9 .... .... 2.9 1.26 2.9 . 52 6 52.6 26 25 26 8 53.6 21 1 0 J 5.3 10.5 21 31.5 15.8 31.5 47.3 5 .... 5.6 2 8 (10.2 mid terminal 1 to 2) 8 23 6.23 . . . . 5.2 7.9 7.9 7.8 11.6 11.8 3.9 5.9 (terminal 1 to 2) (terminal 1 t o 2) (term inati to 2) 5.86 1.26 5.86 .... .... .... .... .... .... 31 6 47 J .... .... . . e a 367C750A29 367C780A17 367C750A43 387C750A20 387C750A32 367C750A82 367C750A06 367C760A39 367C750A02 367C760A16 357C750A19 367C750A89 387C750A08 367C750A74 367C750A26 367C790A28 387C760A46 307C76OAO3 307C75OA4O 54 54 54 57 58 58 52 54 60 54 57 54 54 50 50 50 62 64 52 4 5 8 3 4A 2 4 5 6 4 2 2 2 3 3 3A 50 50 60 60 387C750A36 54 21 21 21 21 . . . . 367C 750A 35 64 2 1 2 8 2.8 ZB 2.8 2.8 367C750A34 58 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 1 1 8 3B7C7BOA33 58 4 4 6 6 4.8 9 6 19.2 3 84 . . . . . . . . 387C7SOA42 84 2 2 6 0.64 1.0 0.78 1.95 1.2 24 4 S 1.3 2.0 0.78 1.96 1.2 24 8 6 2.7 4.0 1.8 1.95 2.4 24 18 6 6.3 8.0 2.3 1.06 3.6 . 25 6 12.0 2.3 .... 3.6 aaa 25 a. . a 8 12.0 .... .... .... 367C750A30 367C750A21 387C760A18 367C760A22 367C750A72 367C7BOA31 357C750A23 367C760A81 54 58 54 58 58 87 54 M 4 8 4 6 6 5 4 16 5H;* Si V.. NPC00007993 f 770632 High Frequency C ap acito rs . T y p e pPW. Water Cooled For Induction Heating Equipment 960 - 9600 Hertz, Up to 450 Kvai 200 - 1260 Volt D im e n sio n s in In c h s s (Approx.) For cross reference to capacitor style numbers, see last column in table on page 3. SOOtC 0 IX 410(1 D.) Tub* Coolant Cnncfloi> Ground T*rminoi t P!6*r IM Som Ot riqijr* 1) Line TerTiinol Studs Moike Further Inform ation Prices: PL 39-210 PL 39-350 1 W estlnghouse Electric Corporation Distribution Apparatus Division, Bloomington, Ind. 47401 Printed in USA rV ' HPC00007994 :r;- 770633 ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS Of PCD COMPOUNDS by B. A. Kerns, Manager Environmental Control Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania As you have already heard today, there are 209 possible homologs of PCBs. The mixtures of PCBs used by the electrical distribution equipment industry for the past forty-five years include Aroclor 12C>0, 1254, 1242 and 1016. Presently Westinghouse uses only Aroclor 1016 for capacitors and Aroclor 1242 for transformers. The basic differences in these materials is in the degree of chlorination. For example: 1. Aroclor 1254 contains 54 percent by weight chlorine and is primarily 77 percent five chlorine atoms and higher. 2. Aroclor 1242 has 42 percent chlorine and is only 9 percent five chlorine atoms and higher. 3. Aroclor 1016 contains 41 percent chlorine and is only one percent five chlorine atoms and higher. For the polychlorinated-biphenyl materials, the level of chlorination appears to be the most significant factor in their relative biodegradability. The rate of biodegradability decreases as the number of chlorine atoms per biphenyl molecule increases. Chromatograms (which NPCOOOO7 9 9 5 770634 I'll explain in a minute) representing samples after exposure to acti vated sludge (as used for example in the City of Bloomington sewage treatment plant) show significant alterations in the Aroclor 1016 dis tribution but little for Aroclor 125U. Passage of PCBs through activated sludge has shown that 33 percent of Aroclor 1016 degrades per forty-eight-hour cycle with a semicontinuous treatment method. This compares favorably, since 25 percent of Aroclor 1242 degrades in forty-eight hours, and 15 percent of Aroclor 1254 degrades in forty-eight hours. Results of additional tests with Aroclor 1016 showed that treatment for fourteen days reduces the various mixtures in 1016 from 17 to more than 98 percent. More on this later. These tests have led to the conclusion that Aroclor 1016 is sufficiently biodegradable to remain in controlled usage. Most analytical data for PCBs utilize chromotography. This is a device to analyze a micro-sample of the material which is injected into a column or coil of tubing under controlled conditions of tempera ture, injection rate and volume. The heated column selectively releases each isomer. The release is recorded on a chart. Slide 1, 2 and 3 show typical charts or chromotograms for Aroclor 1016, 1242 and 1254. The horizontal axis indicates time while the vertical axis represents the amount present. The total amount of PCBs present is determined by integrating or measuring the area under the curves. You will note that while Aroclor 1016 and 1242 exhibit similar retention times, Aroclor 1254 shows a much greater retention time due to its higher chlorination and higher molecular weight. Slide No. 4 shows the small differences between 1016 and 1242. Note additional peaks from time 70 on 1242 also showing some higher chlorination and higher molecular weight. NPC00007996 770635 These data on degradation plus the complexity experienced developing analytical tools to correctly identify and quantify the mixtures of PCBs used within our own plants led us to conclude that many of the agencies supervising PCB analyses are arriving at erroneous results. Tor example, analytical data provided to Westinghouse by agencies in Indiana show amounts of Aroclor 1016 in waters and in fish which could not possibly be there from degradation. In addition, the analyses for TCBs in fish used the whole fish. More commonly, however, only the edible portions are analyzed, allowing a correction factor of about four. In other words, the amount of PCBs in the whole fish should be divided by four to arrive at the concentration in the edible portion. It seems incongruous that PCB standards arc being imposed using as background information an analytical technique which was nonexistent five years ago and is presently, at best, questionable. An analytical .technique which stretches technology to the limit and shows error ranges up to plus or minus 50 percent. How can reasonable replies to these important questions be answered, using inaccurate and/or non existent data. In November, 1975, the EPA held a conference on PCBs in Chicago. At this meeting, many papers were presented on research studies, under EPA supervision and support, to determine the effect of PCBs on fish and animals. It was unfortunate that practically all experiments, at that time, were conducted using Aroclor 1254. This material has not been used in Westinghouse transformers since 1968, because of its -- NPC00007997 770636 -u- nonbiodegradability and its possible detrimental effects on the environment Importantly, Aroclor 1254 has never been used in the Bloomington plant. While a few screening studies were carried out by EPA on Aroclor 1242, no studies on the use of Aroclor 1016 had been planned at that time. In addition, most of the data reported at this meeting indicated that massive doses of PCBs (not even available for the last two or three years -- 1248, etc.) given to rats and monkeys had detrimental effects. However, little work was carried out using concentrations as found in the environment. Another critical factor, often overlooked, is that residual PCB levels in the fat tissues of animals do decrease rapidly, following the cessation of exposure to PCBs (See slide No. 6). Fish found to contain the highest levels of PCBs were the bottom dwelling scavengers such as catfish, carp and eel. The game fish showed much lower levels. Factually, in surveys carried out between l`V7n and lfJ75 in Lake Michigan, the number of fish found to contain PCBs decreased. Moreover, we are unaware of any study to measure PCB content in fish after cooking. Cooking should remove fat and fat containing PCBs from edible fish. Presently EPA has agreed to carry out studies on the effects of Aroclors 1016 and 1242. These data should be available within 12 to IB months. We feel that these studies will show a dramatically reduced environmental effect from these lower homologs -- effects that allow a timely and orderly conversion to other dielectric fluids that will not cause severe penalties in safety and energy use. mu >* 4 ^ NPC00007998 770637 + Z T o o o o o VO I VD \o 770638 2 4 2 3' BIPHENYL 2,2',3-TRICHLOROBlPHENYL CI CI CI CI 2,2',3,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL en o NPC00008000 222 230 l' 150 174 198 o I NPC00008001 AROCLOR 1242 NPC00008 37 28 AROCLOR 1242 NPC00008003 770642 AROCLO R 1016 BIO D EG R A D A T IO N SEMI-CONTINUOUS ACTIVATED SLUDGE co 3 NPC00008004 t FAT TISSUE RESIDUE LEVEL VS. TIME 25 PPM FEED LEVEL FOR RATS 13- ! UPC00008005 770644  DIPHENYL POISONING IN FRUIT PAPER PRODUCTION A HEW HEALTH HAZARD Ilona Hkkinen, et al Archives of Environmental Health . Vol. 26, February 1973 A CRITICAL REVIEW H. W. GERARDE, M.D., PH.D. FA I RLE IGH DICKINSON UNIVERSITY TEANECK CAMPUS MARCH 16, 1973 NPC00008006 m m ansa**; 770645 US This paper, describes the working conditions in a paper m ill in Finland and presents the c lin ic a l find in gs in workers employed from five to sixteen years in the production of diphenyl impregnated paper. In a study of 33 workers, $ cases, one fa talf are reported in d e tail. Employees in th is plant A were exposed to high concentrations of diphenyl vapor and dust, (n addition, they had intensive, prolonged skin contact with a warm mineral o il solution of diphenyl. The concentration of diphenyl vapor and dust ranged from a low of 0.6 mg/M^ near a r o llin g machine to a high of 128 mg/H^ behind the impreg nating ro lle r of a paper machine, The TLV* fo r diphenyl is 1 mg/M^. It is d if f ic u lt to quantitate the skin exposure to a warm so lution of diphenyl In mineral o il. However, from the d escription of the working conditions it appears that the exposure by skin contact could have exceeded that by inhalation. It is well-known that mineral o il promotes the percutaneous absorption of lip id Soiuuie chenu id 1s . In audition, the elevated temperature (SO C) of the mineral o il-d ip h e n yl mixture would reduce the v is c o s it y of the o il and promote the spread on the skin and consequently enhance the rate of percutaneous absorption. * The unhygienic working conditions which led to the death of one worker who added diphenyl to hot mineral o il '(o il man) shows a flagran t disregard or ignorance of the basic concepts of occupational medicine. Prolonged and repeated exposure to excessive amounts of any chemical, regardless of to x ic ity w ill cause Illn e s s and p o ssib ly death. The su b title of this paper M A New * Threshold Limit Value- Concentration o f diphenyl that can be inhaled 8 hrs/day 5 days/wk for an in d efinite time by normal healthy workers without any ) adverse effect on health. I i arsraar NPC00008007 i?:. 770646 2- Health Hazard" is therefore misleading and inappropriate: Prior human experience In the manufacture of diphenyl in industry and its use as a fungi s ta tic agent in paper for many years has demonstrated that diphenyl is not a health hazard if the proper precautions are taken to prevent exposure. The c lin ic a l, biochemical, neurophysiological and pathological manifesta tions of prolonged intensive exposures to diphenyl are to be expected. The workers In th is plant complained of the strong odor and of ir r it a t io n of the throat and eyes. Other symptoms included headache, gid d in ess, nausea, indiges tion, numbness, aching of the limbs and general fatigue. It is su rp risin g that under these working conditions seven of the 33 workers were asymptomatic. Ten of the workers had elevated SGOT and CGPT le ve ls in the blood serum. Animal experiments conducted by Deichmann and co-workers* revealed that diphenyl has the c a p a b ility of causing liv e r Injury follow ing prolonged exposure to concentrations ranging from 5 to k O mg/M . } Ph ysiological stu d ies of the nervous system revealed abnorm alities in the electroencephalogram, the electromyogram and the maximal conSuctlon v elo city * in peripheral nerves of some of the. workers. These neurophysiological manifesta tions o f diphenyl intoxication have not been reported in animals exposed to diphenyl because neurophysiological studies were not conducted. It is not unexpected to find these abnorm alities follow ing severe prolonged exposure to diphenyl since peripheral neuropathy follow ing gross exposure to hexane has been reported in Japan and in the United States. * Deichmann, W.B., et a l: Observations on the effects of diphenyl, O ' amlnodI phenyl, o- and p-nitrodiphenyl and dihydrocyoctachlorodiphenyl upon experimental animals. A J Ind Hyg Toxicol Voi. 29: W j, 19^7 ii-V.i'> " y:.*, " *... NPC00008008 0/C/7r 770647 The h is topa t.holog ica I findings Fn the liv e r of the workers exposed to diphenyl confirm the hepatotoxicity reported in the animal studies. The oil-man who died from exposure to diphenyl had additional pathological changes involving the kidney and other organs. Some of the workers in th is plant were exposed For sixteen years to concentrt ions higher than the levels used by Deichmann et ai in some of their animal experiments which lasted for a few months. The extent and degree of injury from exposure to any chemical depends on the dose. The exposures to diphenyl in this plant were of such a magnitude in proportion to the TLV that some of the workers were subjected to acute exposures for sixteen years. It would have been most informative to have data on the concentration of diphenyl or its metabolites in body flu id s and tissu es in the worker who died and in the blood and urine of the other employees. The authors stated that the producer of diphenyl is responsible fo r the "nonchalant" handling of diphenyl in the paper m ill. To support this statement they cite the follow ing from the manufacturer's technical b u lle tin : "Laboratory and p ractical investigations- have shown that diphenyl Is ;. ' completely'harm less in quantities se v e ra ltim e s greater than tKat to which workers arc exposed in the manufacture or use of diphenyl impregnated paper," The statement in the technical b u lle tin is based on working conditions p re va ilin g in plants manufacturing diphenyl impregnated paper where the proper precautions are taken to minimize exposure to dust and vapor and by skin con tact, if the concentration found In the a ir in these plants is well below the TLV and no skin contact occurs, workers can be exposed to several times this concentration without adverse healLh e ffe c ts. NFC00008009 m 770648 It Is Incomprehensible that th management of a plant in an enlightened country such as Finland would permit men to work under'such deplorable conditions for so many years. This shows complete disregard of ind ustrial hygiene, safety and occupational health practices and procedures. H. W. Gerarde, M.D., Ph,D. HWG/cms NPC00008010 'VMtSHKZ 770649 SAFE PRACTICE DATA. SHEET 1 -1 INBHTEEK (Capacitor M-5b20lCF thru CH end Transformer PDS 5U201CK) GJsnjatAL Capacitor Inerteen, PDS 5^201CF thru CH, is trichlorodiphenyl . Prior to January I, 19 6 5 , transformer Inerteen PDS 7 3 3 6 -9 (5**201CC) vas a mixture of 60 percent hexachlorodiphenyl and UO percent trichlorobenzene. From January 1, 1 9 6 5 to January 1, 1968, transformer Inerteen EDS 5^201KA consisted of a mixture"of 70 percent pentachlorodiphenyl and 3 0 percent .trichlorobenzene. On January 1, 1968, . transformer Inerteen vas changed to IDS 5^201CM. It new consists of tri chlorodiphenyl to vhich 0.2 percent glycldyl phenyl ether is added as a : scavenger. CONTAINERS a n d s t o r a c s Inerteen may he received in tank cars, drums, or .cans. Containers, when received, should bear the Seine, Westinghouse Material Number, and a brief statement of precautions to be followed during usage. In the Receiving Department, attach yellow Precautionary Label 35817 to all con tainers of Inerteen. This label Is available from t h e Trafford Printing Division. Place this label on con tainers vhere it is always visible to the user. For drums, the label should be placed on the dispensing end and in such a position that it can be easily read by the person removing the Inerteen from the drum. Storage tanks and other containers of Inerteen for use in the shop should also bear the Name, Material Number, a n d Precautionary Label 35817. Store Inerteen in an approved storage space, preferably indoors, vhich is cool, dry, and veil ventilated. Precautions should be taken to prevent moisture from entering drums; therefore, as soon as drums of Inerteen are re ceived, the bung should be examined end tightened if It Is loose. To dispense Inerteen from drums, use molasses gate valve, M-72085QP* Bulk quantities of Inerteen are transferred from .storage tanks by using equipment de signed for that'purpose. PROPERTIES .FIRE -- .Kon-fllunmable. EXPLOSION -- Eon-explosive. DECOMPOSITION -- When Inerteen or its vapors contact flames, velding arcs, or extremely hot metal surfaces, It will decompose to form highly Irritating hydrogen chloride gas, highly trade carbon monoxide, and also same carbon dioxide. WHEN IN DOUBT CONSULT THE _____ s a f e t y d e p a r t m e n t o r h e a d q u a r t e r s ,i n d u s t r i a l h y g i e n e SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised 11-15-72 Page 1 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION, INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE LABORATORY, EAST PITTSBURGH, PA. 770650 / BATE PRACTICE BATA BESET 1-1 HIERTEEN (COltl'inUED) BREATHING -- Inerteen -vapor Is moderately toxic, however, the possibility of a health hazard existing at normal room temperature Is unlikely since its evapora tion rate is very low. The health hazard will increase if the material is heated, sprayed, or in any way atomized into the breathing zone of a worker. Dae odor of Inerteen can be noticed at concentrations below the Maximum Acceptable Vapor Con centration. For the Maximum Acceptable Concentrations of vapor from capacitor or transformer Inerteen, refer to SEDS M-20. Concentrations of Inerteen vapor which exceed the Maximum Acceptable Concentra tions may cause irritation of the eyeB, nose, threat, and upper respiratory tract. Much higher concentrations could cause detrimental Internal reactions after prolonged exposures SWAILOWING -- Inerteen is moderately toxic if taken internally. Swallowing of several ounces could cause irritation of the digestive tract and internal reactions. SKIN IRRITATIONS -- Although the Inerteens are only moderate skin irritants when contact is for a short duration, there is a possibility that it can be slowly absorbed through the skin. Re peated contact over prolonged periods may result in a severe dermatitis which may persist for meny months after .removal from exposure. Inerteen and its vapors are also irritating to the eyes. WASTE CONTROL AND DISPOSAL The handling of all waste must be very carefully controlled so that Inerteen or its decomposition products DO NOT ENTER the environment. UNDER NO CIRCUM STANCES SHALL WASTE INERTEEN EE POURED INTO SEWER SYSTEMS, STREAMS, DUMPED ON THE GROUND, OR BURNED. All systems for handling or holding liquid Inerteen must be designed and maintained to assure that leaks or spills will not occur. If they do occur, the Inerteen MUST BE COMPLETELY RE COVERED AND PLACED IN LEAK-PROOF METAL CONTAINERS (55 gallon dnsas)* In areas where spills or leaks could occur, the floor should have a smooth surface and be properly curbed to contain any spilled Inerteen. In.some Instances, drip pans, catch basins, dikes, etc, axe appropriate* These containers must be properly drained into the metal container used for collecting waste Inerteen for disposal. ALL WASTE INERTEEN or material contaminated with Inerteen shall he placed in leak-proof open bead drums with suitable closures (55 gallon drums} for later Shipment to the proper disposal service agency. . The owner of scrap INEKEEEN MUST ASSUME THE COST of the shipping container, cost of trans portation to the disposal service organization, and a disposal fee usually based upon a per gallon or per pound charge. All drums must he properly labeled for shipment to the proper disposal service organisa tion, Including the type of vaate material in the container and the proper address. At the present time, Head quarters Industrial Hygiene is recommending the following organizations for disposal services for Inerteen. These SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised 11-15-72 Page 2 NPC00008012 770651 N SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 dEKFEEN (com m sD ) companies MOST BE CONTACTED before waste material is shipped to them. Following is a H a t of these companies, their shipping addresses, and the type of material they can handle: 1. Chem-trol Pollution Services, Inc* Balzner Road Model City, Hew York lUlOf PHONE: 716-75^-8231 Chem-Trol is capable of handling: Liquid Inerteen or Inerteen mixed with oil or solvent. Inerteen soaked compounds, rags, cartons, Fuller's earth, absorbents, wire coatings, etc. Transformer tacks, cores, capacitors, drums, etc. - 2. Monsanto Company Incineration' Department (831) W. 0* Krumsrlch Plant Sauget, Illinois 62206 PHOKE: 618-271-5835 Monsanto will accept 1 Contaminated liquid Inerteen or Inerteen mixed with oil or solvents. Monsanto will HOT accept water contaminated Inerteen PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT WHEN i t is n e c e s s a r y , u n d e r EMERGENCY CONDITIONS, TO ENTER A SPACE CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF INERTEEN VAECF, A HOSE MASK WITH BLOWER, M-7 6 5 2 UAL, or BREATHING EQUIPMENT WITH A SEIF-CONTAINED AIR SUPPLY, M-7652UCJ,CL, SHOULD BE USED. GAS MASK, M-76521+AP, AIR-LINE RESFIBATGR, M-7 6 5 2 UHF,BG, or HOSE MASK WITHOUT BLOWER, M-7652^AM, MAY BE USED If there is no danger of oxygen deficiency, that is, where the breathing atmosphere contains at least 1 9 $ oxygen and not more than 2$ inerteen vapor. Air-line respirators should be provided with at least 4 cubic feet per minute of uncontaminated fresh air. To provide this minimum air requirement, follow the manufacturer's recommendation for air pressure, air flow controls, and length of hose to be used. When using a hose mask, place the hose opening In an area where air is not contaminated. When the odor of Inerteen is detected while wearing respiratory equipment, the wearer should. Immediately go into fresh air* When there is a possibility of the atmosphere in the work area con taining a concentration of Inerteen vapor, a fume slightly above the Maximum Acceptable Concentration (MAC), the Standard Chemical Cartridge .. Respirator, M-7 6 5 2 UBL, equipped with cartridge, M-7 6 5 2 UBM, or respirator, H - 7 6 5 2 tBQ, equipped with cartridge, M-7 6 5 2 UBR, if properly1 fitted to the face, will provide satisfactory pro- tertian for concentrations up to about 10 times the Maximus Acceptable Con centration'* For higher concentrations, emergency respiratory protection equipment shall be used. Respirator cartridges should be replaced according to a pre-determined schedule or at any time the odor of Inerteen becomes noticeable under the respirator. SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised H-15-T2 Page 3 770652 SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 % twi.:h<pkrh (C0HT13TUED) A H gas masks, respirators, and re placement parts should hare the Bureau of Mines approval/ vhich Is indicated by a label on larger parts or 3 # __________ (approval number) on smaller parts. Refer to Safe Practice Procedure Sheet $ 1 2 for information concerning the use i*nd care of respiratory protective equipment. Neoprene coated aprons, M-7 6 5 0 3 AD, and neoprene coated gloves, M-76502CD,. may be used vhere necessary to protect the Skin. Hand cream/ M-53535IM, may be of some value vhere the u b g of gloves Is not practical. Waterless hand cream/ M-5 3 5 1 2 KH, is very useful for removing Inerteen from the skin. To protect the eyes, wear safety spectacle, M-76522EA-EC, or goggles, M-7 6 5 2 2 CJ, depending on the type of protection needed. PRECAUTION A H systems for handling Inerteen must be very carefully controlled. Vhere Inerteen Is heated, these operations must be ventilated; and in addition, the ventilation system must be equipped with the proper scrubber to prevent Inerteen or its decomposition products from entering the environment. (Contact Headquarters Industrial Hygiene for design, etc.). Breathing vapor or fumes from heated Inerteen shell be avoided. The Maximum Acceptable Concentration must not be exceeded under n o r m ! working conditions. Where an emergency condition could exist, use the respiratory protective equipment previously recommended under "Personal Protective Equipment". If skin contact occurs, remove the Inerteen by thoroughly cleaning the skin area with waterless hand cream, M-53512KH, foHoved by a thorough washing with soap and vaxm water. Pro longed or repeated skin contact should be avoided. Contaminated clothing should be laundered before wearing again. Personal cleanliness and the prevention of skin contact are the most Important pre cautions to be observed. Any person who develops a skin irritation or respiratory tract irritation apparently due to Inerteen or its vapors should be placed under the supervision of the plant Medical Department. Proper preplacement and periodic physical examinations should be made by the Medical Department on workers when the odor of Inerteen is repeatedly or contalnuously noticeable in the work area. Spills of Inerteen should be removed immediately. Absorb liquid Inerteen with absorbent compound, M-5 3 ^0 IRA-lBy and dispose of per instructions under WASTE CONTROL AND DISPOSAL on page 2. Snployes performing this work should vear adequate protective equipment. FIRST AID Any person who has had an appreciable exposure to Inerteen either by breathing an excessive concentration of vapor, fume, or decomposition products, or by svaHoirlng, or vhere the material has been BpHled over large areas SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised H-15-7? Page NPC00008014 770653 SAFE PRACTICE IUTA SEEST 1 -1 IMGHBMM (CCHTIKUED) of the body, should ba placed under the supervision of the plant physician* In canea of swallowing, vomiting should be Induced Immediately by carefully Inserting a finger In the person's throat* If overcome from breathing high concentrations of Inerteen vapor, the person should he quickly removed from the vapor exposure to the nearest area of uncoirtamlnated air and artificial respiration started at once if breathing stops. A physician should be called immediately. So not give stimulants. If Inerteen should contact the eyes, they should be irrigated immediately - * with large quantities of running water from an approved eye wash fountain for fifteen minutes and then the person should report to the Medical Department for observation and treatment, if necessary. SAFE PRACTICE DATA SHEET 1-1 Revised 11-15-72. Page 5 770654 tappUcaUo^i Westinghouse type FPW high frequency water-cooled capacitors have been designed to improve the in herently low power factor associated with induction heating apparatus on melting furnaces, billet heating, forging and heat treating applications. Based on load requirements, high frequency capaci tors are usually installed in multiple unit banks with a means of switching provided to adjust capacitance and tune the circuit for efficient operation under varying load conditions. ^advantage.; compact, Uffhtwigrbh Efficient design and use of material reduces weight and volume to a minimum, bib current ratio?per noitvoloxner Multiple band ing of foil electrode to cooling coil provides maximum heat transfer with Tninimnm tem perature rise. permanent charaeferirtias The mnihiniiH^n of Inertex paper with Inerteen imprgnant produces a capacitor having characteristics of stability with low loss and high dielectric constant especially suited to high frequency applications. herm etically sea/erfr Provides a capacitor, that* is, resistant to damage and assures long, maintenancefree operation. N o v em b er, 1953 upam dta n talcq etion 4 9 -2 7 9 d ilid M ueti, 1940 mLUd to; D43-9M; DSQ-9H: C31-BC NPC00008016 -,-'hm'-'. ' t; 770655 ^in su lating w rapper L solder bond L copper cooling coil L aluminum foil plates L case insulation Type FPW capacitors are wound with aluminum toil plates separated by layers of thin Inertax paper. The foils of opposite polarity are staggered so the edges project from opposite sides of the capacitor section. The projecting edges are then bonded together using a solder alloy and a special bonding technique. The heavy braided copper leads are soldered to the bond. The foil edges of one side of each section are also soldered directly to a tubular copper water-cooling coil. After the capacitor is assembled in its case, it is thoroughly vacuum dried. It is then filled with Westtnghouse Inerteen, a synthetic, non-inflammable liquid dielectric having superior qualities at high frequency. In addition, it has stable electrical characteristics, low losses and is chemically inert. The capacitor ia then hermetically sealed. AH welded enclosures of heavy gauge steel with non-magnetic covers are used where frequency and current permits. Complete non-magnetic enclosures are used on higher frequencies. Porcelain term inal bushings are Bealed to capacitor enclosure by silicon rubber sleeves confined under pressure. This provides a seal with sufficient strength and flexibility to prevent damage to porcelain or seal that m ight result from excessive mechanical strains on the bus or connec tions. Cooling coils are perm anently bonded to the enclosure and complete the herm etic seal. For low voltage ratings, one pale of all sections is common to the coding coil and case. Tho other pole is brought out through one or more insulated terminals. Multiple terminals are used to provide kilovar steps, and 'also.when high current capacity is necessary. For higher voltages, two sections are connected in series with the cooling coll bonded to the common connection. In this case both poles of the capacitor are brought out through insulated terminals, with the cooling coil and case tied to the mid-point of the capacitor. The mid-point may be provided with a current carrying connection and the capacitor given a dual voltage rating. ' The voltage rating of a..section for these high fre quencies must be limited to avoid .damaging corona discharges at the foil edges. Since one pole of the section must be bonded to the cooling coil for good heat transfer, the practical voltage ratings of watercooled units is restricted to 1250 volts and under. #' <1f ? NPC00008017 770656 high frequency capacitis type FPW for induction heating equipm ent BOO to 1 2 ,0 0 0 cyc/ea * up to 5 0 0 kva r 2 0 0 to 1 2 5 0 vo It descnphve Bulletin 49-460 page 3 The capacitor unit* may be mounted with terminals upright, or on edge with the terminals horizontal. Low voltage units having one pole grounded to the ease may be operated with the case and cooling-ooil either Insulated or grounded depending on the circuit. High voltage units (with midpoint connected to the cooling-coil end case) must be insulated irom ground, and cooling coll connections made with insulating rubber hoee. The case and cooling-coil of such units must also be insulated from each other unless they ero switched as a group. An adequate flow of clean water must be supplied to the capaci tors. The coils of several units may be connected in series if the inlet water is cool, and the available pressure is high enough, A flow ol one gpm requires 20 psi per unit. If the water temperature exceeds 30C. the Idlovars must be rednced per cent per degree obovo 30C. by reducing either voltage or frequency. Individual units or sections of a unit may be connected through switches or contactors to permit adjustment of ths blovara as the load changes. The tower kilovar ratings are useful for fine adjustment. Installation of capacitors should b e made in a clean and dry loca- rating Type FPW capacitors have a m axim um ra tin g In kilovars, volt age and frequency. Microfarad values are stamped on the name plate lor convenience. The rating limitations are voltage stress, temperature rise, and current per terminal. The voltage rating is rmi and applies' for a s impressed voltage having substantially a fine wave shape. If the voltage wave Is distorted, Its peek value must not exceed ~\f2 times the capacitor voltage rating. Capacitors may be operated at less than rated voltage or fre quency. In some cases it may bo permissible to operate at mote then tho rated frequency if the voltage Is reduced. This involves design considerations and advice should be obtained from Westingbonsa for specific cases. tion, and the porcelain bushings cleaned periodically to prevent flashover due to accumulated dirt. Water connections should be located so that condensation does oot drip on (be bushings or eases. Bus bar runs dose to the capacitor caste are to be avoided because they may causa eddy currents and localised heating in the capacitors. v inlet water temperature f i o* w i Et>4/iCi > / Uthe capacitors are operated at reduced voltage or frequency, the kllovan may be computed from the following relations: reduced voltage: . . . ( pptad UY kT" - " l*dkT*' ^,,,-d-ota.J reduced frequency: / applied frequency\ k n x -r.l.d k n r J fundamental formula: 6.26 x MoL x volts* x cycles per second TM " 1,000,000,000 770657 descriptive bulletin 49-460 page 4 Distribution Apparatus Departm ent: East Pittsburgh P lan t *' East Pittsburgh, P a. p ih M fo LT.9JL WV UPC000080X9 -'aase*.:.- 770658 o Instructions for Type S Inerteen Insulated Distribution Transformers Westinghouse Electric Corporation D istribution Transform er Division, Sharon, Pa. L B . 46-WO-11QA, Effective September, 196S. Supersedes I.B . 4>060-110, M e r, IM S NPC00008020 770659 Table of Contents w T itle Page Introduction and D escription G e n e r a l.I n f o r m a tio n ................................................ IL 48-650-3 RECEIVING-HAND LING-STORING' S h ip m e n t of T r a n s f o r m e r s in I n e r te e n ......................................... IL 48-650-4 INSTALLATION * I n s ta lla tio n of I n e r te e n T r a n s f o r m e r s ......................................... D e te r m in a tio n of D r y n e s s and D ry in g O u t.................................. IL 48-650-5 . IL 48-650-6 OPERATION ' O p e ra tio n an d M a in te n a n c e . .*......................................................... . IL 4 8 -6 5 0 -7 M A IN TE N A N C E G a s k e t s . . . . ; ............................................... ................... . . ................... I n e r te e n In s u la tin g F lu id . . . ; ............ ................................................' S ta n d a rd O u ts id e F in is h ..................................................................... . IL 48-069-1 IB 45-063-99 IL" 47-069-6- SUPPLEMENTARY DTA D ia p h ra g m R e lie f D e v ic e ................................................................... * `IL 46-711-4A NPC00008021 770660 INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTION This In stru ctio n Book has been p rep ared to provide'the" p u rch aser w ith in fo rm atio n to p ro p e rly in s ta ll, o p e ra te and m ain tain S tandard Inerteen Insulated D istribution T ransform er. The follow ing table gives the voltage and Kva ran g es of Inerteen T ra n sfo rm e rs for which the instructions specifically apply. P h ase - High VQltage High V oltage B ushings KVA Range Single Single T h ree T h ree 0 to 5000 MAX 5001 to 15000 MAX 0 to 0660 MAX 8661 to 15000 MAX W all -Mounted C over Mounted W all M ounted C over Mounted 5 to 500 Incl. 5 to 500 Incl. 15 to 500 Incl. 15 to 500 Incl. R atings 5 to 30 KVA in c l. w ill not have a re lie f - device-. ' R atings 3 7 -1 /2 to 500 KVA w ill b e fu rn ish e d w ith a g la ss d iaphragm type re lie f -device. UPC00008022 770661 I.tm SHIPMENT Or TRANSFORMERS IN INERTEEN TRANSFORM ERS shipped"in Inerteen ore usu ally in their own tanks -and aie filled to the proper operating level. Sometimes other requirem ents' make It desirable .to ship them in special tanks filled with Inarteen to cover the transformer assem bly; when this must be done the purchaser will be consulted prior to shipment -to be sure that facilities are available for the transfer from ship ping to operating tank. The general practice is to ship as many detail parts and bushings in place as is safe and as shipping clearances will permit. Bushings or other detail parts when removed are boxed separately and are to be mounted when the transformers are twffwllwd The transformer core is always braced or lied -securely to the tank wall-to taka care of shocks, .received in shipment. H the transformer is removed from the tank for inspection .during installation, it Is unnecessary to replace the tie plates if there is no possibility of reshipment. v Sometimes special blocking or bracing may be used that interferes with normal operation; it Is essential that this bracing be removed before the transformers axe placed in service. W here special bracing must b e removed, the outline drawing will contain notes of instructions regarding 1L The out line drawing should always be checked for such Instructions. Radiator type coolers are always removed and crated before shipment; the radiator flanges on the tank wall are sealed with blind Ranges to prevent the accidental loss .of liquid from the tank. Valves are built into the radiator flanges making it un necessary to drain the Inerteen when radiators axe installed; sufficient additional Inerteen to fill the removed radiators is shipped in sealed drums. W hen switch or terminal chambers are furnished that must be opened for installation purposes, the Inerteen for them Is usually shipped In separate sealed containers to avoid frequent and passible contamination by moisture or dirt. Coe* F o n t Transform ers. In most cases core -form transformers can be shipped in their own tonka in an upright position. Occasionally, it is necessary for large transform ers to have a horizontal Joint in the tank so that the top section can be' removed for shipment. Either 'tiie regular cover or a special shipping cover is bolted an top of the lower tank section. If the cover, is special, it may be an inverted box-like structure which makes roam for terminal boards, etc., that extend up beyond the top of the lower tank section and is usually filled with liquid to a point above the Joint in the tank. Cam must be taken to lower the level of the Inerteed below the joint before removing this cover. S h ell Ferm Transform ers. Shall form Iran formers axe usually made with form-fit tanks; traxx formers may be shipped in the upright postifoa os lying down in a horizontal position. The bracing fox . -untie In form-fit tanks is usually arranged so that ii need not be removed, h i exceptional c u e s, par. tioularty when the transformer is shipped horizon tally, it may be necessary to uae additional inUm! bracing. In these c u e s tits outline drawing wiH contain notes calling attention to tire necessity for' removing any special bracing. - Occasionally,- shall form transformers am plaoed In rectangular tanks. Large rim untie may require ectionalized tanks with special covers to meet height lfanitotirm far shipm ent If a hat-shaped cover is used, cam must be taken to lower the level of the Inerteen below the joint before removing the cover. The outline drawing will indicate when special covers am used in shipment, UNPACKING W hen a transformer Is shipped complete and in Its own tank with Inerteen, unpacking is a simple matter. It is ready to be set in place when the crating or bracing is removed. Before unpacking, the transformers should be carefully examined to ascertain whether It has bean N E W IN F O R M A T IO N EFFECTIVE MAY, 1MI NPC00008023 770662 SHIPMENT O f TB A N irO H M SSS Iff INERTEEN, damaged in shipment end whether all parts are in place and in good-condition. In cases where damage is self-evident or part* are obviously missing, a riwim should be filed at once with the carrier, and the Westinghouse Electric Corporation -should be promptly notified. - Should the transformer be shipped with Inerteen in a special tank, the shipping tank should not be openod until the transformer tank is in- place ready to receive the transformer. In order to avoid con densation, the shipping, tank should not be opened until the tem perature oLthe transformer is the same or higher than the surrounding air-tem perature. The greatest care should be taken to avoid getting, moisture in the transformer while transferring it from the shipping tank to Its own tank.' All bushings and accessories when shipped separately should be protected against moisture until they are installed. During the installation of these .parts, care should be exercised to protect the transformer against the possibility of the entry of moisture. As an extra precaution against moisture having entered during shipment or installation,- the dielectric strength of the Inerteen should be tested before the transformer is put in service.' The dielec tric strength of the Inerteen when tested in a stand ard test cup should'not be le n than 22 KV. Tosta lower than this are. indicative of moisture and the proper corrective stepe must be takeg. as described in the instruction leaflet %Tnexteen Insulating Fluid". HANDLING For convenience in handling, all transformers axe equipped with lugs or eyes for lifting and mov ing the complete assembly filled with Inerteen by use of a crane. 'Additional means are provided for the heavier parts such os covers, core and coils, radiators, and terminal chambers. Jacking lugs are also supplied on either the base or com ers of the tank. A transformer should only be lifted or moved by jacks placed against them lugs and nol against the cooling tube, radiator valve, or other fittings. W here'a transformer cannot be handled.by a ' crane, it may be skidded or moved on tailors, but in doing so, care must be taken that it is not tipped oVor.*Bases are constructed to perm it movement on rollers In any direction. Transformers with a round base are easily tipped and should prefer ably be bolted to a temporary wooden frame or bam before moving. W hen lifting a core and coll assembly, tt may be necessary to use a spreader to prevent the ding ropes or gkatnp from pressing against the terminal board or and damaging them. . WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION SH A R O N PLANT T R A N SFO R M E R D IV ISIO N S H A R O N , PA . (S*.M8) Mato*I*M A NPC00008024 770663 I.L4WJ INERTEEN TRANSFORM ERS or primarily intended for those applications where the h o ard s due to location dictate the use of a nonflammable ingiifctmg liquid that when decomposed evolves only non-explosive gaseous mixtmes. W hen purchaser's specification does not con* flict, these transformers are designed in accordance with A.S.A., N.E.M.A., and A.I.E.E, standards for distribution and power classifications. DESCRIPTION The core and coil assembly is encased in a sealed tank provided with the necessary bushings for incoming and outgoing leads. A sealed-tank construction is one which seals the interior of the tank from the atmosphere and which will withstand the pressure resulting from the operation of the transformer within the limits prescribed by "Amer ican Standard Guide for Operation of Transformers, Regulators, and .Reactors." Bent tubes/ tubular coolers, and radiators are employed when it if necessary to add auxiliary cooling surfaces to the tank, Bushings may be wall or cover mounted, depending on voltage class and Kva rating; solder- less adapters for' cable leads oi spade connectors for bolted bus b ar connections to the bushings are furnished. * Standard accessories and fittings are supplied and located in line with N.E.M.A. recommendations jtnd W estinghouse practices; their location and the physical dimensions of the transformer ore shown on the outline drawing. Electrical connections and winding sketches, including all auxiliary txans-' former windings, .are shown on the instruction plate drawing. Id en tification . A stainless steel instruction plate mounted on each transformer gives the serial number, complete design identification, and oper ating characteristics. For a permanent record, it is suggested that all data from this plate be dupli cated retained in a convenient location. S a fety for P erson n el. The general safety pre cautions prescribed for nonflammable liquid im mersed transformers by (he National Electric Code and purchaser's safety regulations should be exer cised when this apparatus is installed and operated. Inerteea has an irritating effect upon the skin of most people; precautionary'measures are discussed in the' leaflet'"Inerteea Insulating Fluid." METHODS Or SHIPMENT .Generally, the transformers are shipped with Inexteen in the tanks and all bushings and acces sories in place. W hen the assembled height of a complete unit exceeds shipping limitations, the bushings axe removed and packed separately; their tank openings are covered with blind flanges. Instructions for installing bushings will be found in the applicable instruction leaflets. Under special conditions other methods of ship ment may be required. The method used in a particular case depends upon the sise of the trans former, type of case, transportation facilities from factory to destination, and convenience in handling during unloading,' The purchaser should refer to the instruction leaflet on "Shipment" for detailed information. SPARE PARTS Component paris for Inexteen transformers are described and maintenance instructions are given in the leaflets that make up this book, Spare parts are riot ordinarily furnished with a transformer. If it is desired to carry a stock of spare parts they may be secured from the factory. When writing with reference to any transformer, the full instruction plate reading should always he given, especially the serial number. A complete description.,of the parts required including a rough ketch is desirable. SERVICE DEPARTMENT W estinghouse maiwiwiti Engineering and Service Departments in many locations throughout the country. Questions regarding installation, oper- ' ation, or maintenance that are not covered in this instruction book should be taken up with the nearest Engineering and Service Department or Westinghouse Office. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION SHARON PLANT TRANSFORMER DIVISION e SHARON, PA. N E W IN F O R M A T IO N E F F E C T IV E M A Y, 19SI Neibon. *p " NPC00008025 770664 Y LOCATION Self-coded transformers should, always be well Accessibility, ventilation, and ease of inspec- separated -from one another and from adjacent tion should be considered- ^carefully far locating walls, partitions, etc., in order to permit free air transformers. Another consideration often over' circulation about the cases. This separation should looked is nolee; transformers should not be located not be lest than 24 to 36 inches depending on the on structural members that may transmit or near s i of the units. surfaces that may reflect and amplify the charac W ater-Cooled Transform ers, Water-cooled teristic transformer hum. W hen it is impossible to transformers depend almost entirely upon the flow locate otherwise and the noise may be a source of annoyance, transformers can be .mounted an vibra tion dampeners. Wall, partitions, and ceilings can be covered with sound absorbing materials. Inerteen transformers larger than 25 kva are equipped with a pressure relief device. -If the device is mounted on the side of a tank or chamber, the transformer should be located so that the exhaust of water through the coding colls for carrying away heal so that the tem perature of the surround ing air has little effect upon that of the transformer. Far this reason ventilation it only of minor impor tance and other considerations should be used in locating w^ter-cooled units. FOUNDATIONS does not face an aisle or passageway. .Where Indoor transformers require no special founda practicable for indoor installations .or,required by tion other than a level floor of sufficient strength to code, the relief device should be piped to the out support the weight of the transformers. side atmosphere. Outdoor units should never be placed with their Self-Cooled T ran sfo rm er* . Self-cooled trans*. bases resting directly upon the-ground due to the formers depend entirely upon the-surrounding air corrosive action of soil ad d s. For perm anent in for carrying away their heat. For this reason care stallation a raised concrete or wooden platform Is must be taken to provide adequate ventilating preferred, but for temporary in^TNHrm a think facilities. bed of cinders or crushed stone should be first An indoor installation requires Huff the room in laid down instead* of setting the transtenners which the transformers axe placed must be well directly on the soil. ventilated so that the heated air can readily escape Transformers should be located with the ther and be replaced by cooler air from, the outside. mometers and liquid gauges to the front so that If the room is poorly ventilated, this exchange of air abnormal conditions can be noted readily by an takes place too slowly and the temperature of the attendant The water flow gauges on water-cooled air in the room may become excessively high. At unite should be easily observed in order that a any given load the tem perature rise of a self-cooled failure of the water supply may be quickly detected. transformer will be a fixed num ber of degrees above the tem perature of the surrounding air. The SETTINO UP temperature of the transformer is the sum of this . An outline drawing is furnished showing the rise and the air temperature; -therefore, care must relative location of all fittings and this should be be taken to provide a room sufficiently ventilated followed In setting up. The drawing will also list to permit operation of transformers a t a reasonable pedal features requiring attention during instal temperature. -Area of the air inlets should be such lation. Out the ambient tem perature never exceeds 40C. Caotfom C ere m u st be tak e n in H andling (KMT.) with an average over twenty-four hours a n d in sta llin g tra n sfo rm ers, p a rtic u la rly not exceeding 30C. (86T.); 50 to 60 square feet th o se w ound fo r h ig h voltage. A blow u p o n per 1000 kva of transformer capacity has been sat any p a rt of th e w in d in g ; stra y pieces of w ire isfactory. Outlet openings with -the same total area o r solder, to o ls, n u ts , o r foreign m a tte r of a n y should be provided. kind dropped in to th e transform er m ay causa SUPERSEDES I.L 48-6S0-8A SEPTEMBER, IMS NPC00008026 770665 INSTALLATION O r OflEBTEEN TRANSFORMERS-- -- , - - ---------- a breakdow n or burnout. As m oisture is on w ntm y of izisulation, a tra n sfo rm er sn o u ld n o t bo allow ed to etan d so th a t It can abso rb m oisture from th e eir or from any o th er source; indoor u n ite should be protected against th e accidental en try of dripping w ater o r ra in from open w indow s, etc. INSPECTION All Inexteen transformers aze carefully inspected end tested at the factory and they arein good cond* Hon whan shipped; but it Is desirable to inspect each transformer thoroughly before placing it in service. W hen a transform is shipped complte and filled with Inerteen, this inspection should indude a check of the Inerteen level, the tightening or adjustment of any parts that may have become loose o r .out of place, and determining the extent to which moisture may have entered the transformer. The latter can best be determined from the dielec tric strength of the Inerteen. Inerteen used for fill ing transformers should have a dielectric strength of 30 kv or higher. W hen it tests 22 kv or less the Inerteen should be filtered. See instruction book, "Inerteen Insulating fluid.*' If the dielectric strength is very low or if there is any other evidence of moisture, it may be necessary to dry the trans former. Instructions for drying are given in the leaflet, "Determination of Dryness--Method of Drying Out, Inerteen Transformers'*. Under cer tain tem perature conditions, Inerteen may condense in drops on the underside of the cover parte; these drops should not be mistaken for water. If the transformer is not shipped in the case, the Inside oi the case should be inspected for any tnfpe of moisture and thoroughly cleaned with dry cloths or waste; the exterior should be inspected for loose or missing parts and tightening where necessary. Before placing the core and coil assembly in the case, make an inspection to see that it is clean and all bolts and'nuts are tight. Valve stem packing nuts-should be inspected for tightness before the transformer Is placed in operation. W hile placing it in the case, handle carefully and be sure that it is correctly centered; a light lowered into the case will facilitato this inspection. W hen going into the case of a shell type trans former with the oore and colls in place, the tops of the insulating washers offer tempting places on which to stand. It is unsafe to stand on these wash ers, but a d ean dry board may be laid across their tops for this purpose. CENTERING All transformers are provided with means of 2 centring the c o n and coll tw dbly in the c u e . Different methods of centering are: 1. A metal or wooden frame work. 2. Pieces of structural Iron attached to the bottom of transformer. 3. Lugs or pins.wslded to bottom of case. . PIPING CONNECTIONS AND EXPANSION JOINTS W here the transformer Is to be connected to as external system of piping for electrical, Inerteen, or water connections, provision must be made for the expansion and cantraction to .prevent throwing excessive stresses on the pipe connections which aze welded into the tank and to protect valves, bush ings, and other fittings'against strain. Care should be taken to see that tho threads of. ' all pipe fittings are not damaged. All threads should be thoroughly cleaned to remove d irt grease, etc. After cleaning, apply cement "M# 7386-1 that is furnished with the transformer to the threads of each fitting and immediately screw the fittings to gether tightly. ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS Bushings, fittings, and accessories when boxed and shipped separately should be'mounted as shown on the outline drawing. Proper installation,instruc tions when necessary are included in the instruc tion leaflets for component parts. Care must be exercised when these components aze 'fitted to eliminate the aoddntal Introduction of moisture ip ' any form inside the transformer. W here blind flanges are removed before fittings aze mounted/ the level of the Inerteen must be lowered below the openings that will be made. TOUCH-UP PAINT Inerteen transformers are finished with a special paint which is resistant to th e solvent action of Inerteen. A sufficient quantity oi this'paint is usually furnished with each transformer, except the smaller distribution units, to "touch-up" surfaces that may become maxxed in shipment or during the process of installation. FILLING WITH INERTEEN Complete instructions for .handling, storing, testing, and purifying Inerteen are given in the Instruction book 'Inerteen Insulating fluid" and It should be consulted before filling any transformer Use only all-metal hose or pipe when filling, since the lining of most other types of hose may be soluble in Inerteen and will contaminate it in a short time. All Joints should be tight; where prac tical, fill through the drain valve to keep aeration to a mitiinitim and vent the top of the tank to allow the TOJfrWJnHflH NPC00008027 770666 INSTALLATION OT INERTEBf TRANSFORMERS, |,L. d r to escape. Bo rare that valves and pipe connec tions between the main tank and any Inerteen filled compartments are open ior tree circulation of gas and liquid. Otherwise, trapped air or gas may cause the Inerteen level la some parts of the trans former to be below the safe operating level. If it is necessary to fill a transformer out-of-doors, particularly on a damp day, care should be taken to prevent the entrance of moisture. la order to avoid condensation the tem perature Inside the unit should be kept several degrees above the outside air tem perature. The tank and compartments, if any, should be filled at ambient temperature to the point on the gauges marked "25--Liquid Level." If die ambient varies greatly from 25C. (77F.) when filled, the Inerteen level should be checked when the average fluid temperature is 25C.; sufficient Inerteen , should be added to or drained from the tank to bring th e level to the proper height. The transform er should never be operated or left standing even out oS service without the Inerteen level being indicated on the gauge. ru lin g U n d er V acu u m . Entrapped air is a potential source of trouble in all liquid filled trans formers. Therefore, it is desirable to fill all Inerteen transformers under a full vacuum. This is done for the transformers shipped from the factory and should be done where practicable when transformers are filled in the field* providing the transformer cates have been so designed. If the cases have not been designed for full vacuum and it is imperative to get the maximum winding impulse strength imme diately, the transformers should be filled with Iner teen under full vacuum by placing them in an auxiliary vacuum tank. Transformers with round wire coils should always be tilled With Inerteen under a full vacuum because of the higher voltage stress across coil groups. 11the tank strength is not given on the instruction plate, it should be requested from the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Sharon, Fenna. W here purchaser does not have an established technique for vacuum filling, the following proce dures may be used whether vacuum is applied di rectly to the transformer, or the complete transform er is placed la an auxiliary vacuum tank. 1. Apply and' maintain continuously a vacuum of at least 28 inches of m ercury for at least one half hour to units rated 35 kv and below, or for four hours to units above 25 kv. 2. While retaining the vacuum, slowly fill with inerteen to the normal 25C. level or with approxi mately 90% of the required amount where it is impossible to gauge properly. 3. Maintain the specified vacuum for at least one half hour after filling. 4. Adjust Inerteen to normal level and seal the transformer tank. Do not reopen until the tempera ture at the top of the fluid Is equal to or higher than the ambient temperature in order to avoid conden sation on the surface of the Inerteen, In those cases where the transformers are not filled under vacuum, full voltage should not be applied to the windings for several hours after the Inerteen has been put into the case. This time is necessary to allow the air bubbles to escape. F ining Sw itch m a d T erm inal Cham bers.Transformers are frequently equipped with Inerteen tilled term inal or switch chambers into which cables' enter by means of petheads. In cases where It may be necessary to remove the chamber covers to make cable connections to the poiheads, the usual practloe Is to ship ths> fluid for the chambers in separate sealed containers. Whan an Inerteen conditioner is available for use in filling chambers, with Inerteen, it is recom mended that the liquid be strained through three layers of tightly woven d e a n white doth and poured into the chambers through' a d e a n receptacle con taining from one to three dry activated d a y tubes broken into small pieces. This will materially re duce the possibility oi contaminating the Inerteen with dirt and moisture. PLACING 0*. SERVICE Pressure T estin g. All Ineiteen transform ers. axe pressure-tested at the factory,and shipped free oi leaks. After installation and before voltage is applied, it is desirable to pressure-test each trans former, especially if any fittings or covers have been removed and xeplaoed during installation.' Com pressed dry nitrogen or dry air may be used for the purpose. It is recommended that the space above the Inerteen be blown out with dry nitrogen, then close all vents and apply a, pressure-test of five pounds per square Inch tor a period of six to eight hours. The test pressure can best be limited by the use of a pressure regulator attached to the nitrogen .cylinder, A ched: for leaks of joints above the Iner teen level may b e made by painting them with a solution of soap and glycerin and watching far gas bubbles. At the conclusion of the test the internal pressure should be returned to normal by momen tarily venting the gas space. H igh A ltitad e. W here transformers are to be used at a high altitude (more than 3000 feet above sea level) a fitting above the liquid level should be opened to equalize the internal and external prea*' NPCO INSTALLATION OT DIERTEEN TRANSFORMERS. sures at a temperature ofapproximately 25 C. before placing the transformer in service. O rtn a d ie g T ran sfo rm er T * n k , Regardless of tKe type of foundation or floor on which a bans* former is to rest, the tank should be definitely and permanently grounded to eliminate the possibility of obtaining static shocks or being injured by accidental grounding of a winding to the case. A ground pad or lug is always provided near the bottom of the tank for the purpose of connecting the grounded lead. Camtfoni A good low-reslstanCe ground is necessary for adequate protection--a poor ground may be worse than none at all. C reundlng Lew V oltage W inding. Every effort is made In insulating transform an to guard against any chance of breakdown between high voltage and low voltage windings; however. In order to be absolutely safe, it is advisable that low voltage circuits with which persons may came in contact be grounded. The maximum voltage that can be obtained to ground is then limited to the normal voltage that exists between the grounded point and the line; this is true even though the high voltage and low voltage windings become con* nected electrically. In grounding the winding, the neutral point should be used if it is available. W hen transformers operate an single, phase circuits with the middle point of the low voltage, the muTi-mnip voltage that can exist between any part of the low voltage cir cuit and ground is one-half of the low voltages. MAKING CONNECTIONS A diagram, usually on the metal instruction plate attached to the side of the case,* shows the proper power terminal connections to be made for various voltages. Care should be' taken to see that all connections and only those shown are properly made, for a wrong connection may cause severe damage. Im portant; T erm inal board, no-load tap changer, or o th er connections m u st never b e m ade o r ch an g ed w hen th e tra n sfo rm e r to en erg ised . Any lead or connector not in use should be insulated from all other leads and connaotors and from ground. '*. Some installations' require on auxiliary source of power or control laudato bo wired to terminals at the transformer; a wiring diagram, either a separate drawing or included as part of the outline drawing, show*the connections to be made. V oltage A pplication. W hen voltage is first applied to the transformer, it should, if possible, be brought up slowly to Us full value so that any wrong connection or other trouble may be disclosed before damage result. After full voltage has been applied successfully, the transformer should be operated without load for a few hours. II should be kept under close observation^ during this time and also during this first few hours while loaded. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION SHARON PLA N T TRANSFORM ER DIVISIONS SHARON, PA. > (Bsp.*0) fkWadta 1MJL N PC 00008029 770668 IX . DETERMINATION OF DRYNESS AND METHODS OF DRYING OUT INERTEEN TRANSFORMERS All transform ara'are dry when they leave the factory, but since they may absorb more or less moisture during shipment and storage, they should not be pnt into service until it has been determined that the Ineiteen and insulation is dry enough tor safe operation.' The higher the voltage, the more chances there are of trouble from moisture, and the greatest care should be exercised to make sure that any.moisture is eliminated. TESTING FO E DRYNESS When a transformer has been shipped assembled In its case with the Inerteen, four or five samples of the Ineiteen should be drawn from the sampling device and tested. Kthe average ofthese tests shows a breakdown value of not less than 22,000 volts in a standard 1 / 10* gap test cup, the transformer is in a satisfactory condition tor service.' If the average breakdown value is less than 22/000 volisr the trans former must be dried. After the transform er has been in sendee for four or five, days it is advisable to test the Inerteen again for moisture. METHOD OF DRYING Inerteen transformers should be dried by the short circuit method with the transformer immersed in -the Inerteen and with the tank sealed tightly. During the drying out operation, the Inerteen should be circulated through a filter press or preferably through an Inerteen conditioner. A filter press will remove dirt and most of the moisture, bnt the condi tioner will remove these and other contaminating materials as well. The desired load current should be obtained by short circuiting one winding 'an d impressing the proper impedance volt&ge on the other winding. The full load impedance may usually bo found on the instruction plate for the transformers; if the impedance of the transformer is not known, it should be requested from the W estiaghouee Electric Corpo ration, Sharon, Pennsylvania, by Identifying the transformer with its serial number. If the transform er is at or lower than zoom temper* ature at the start of the drying prooess, circulation of 125 to 150% of full load current will hasten the' heating/ and a higher top Inerteen temperature can be obtained mora quickly by blanketing the coolers whan tubular coolers ara used or by shutting off the radiator valves whan radiators are used. The cover should be lagged to prevent condensation. The loading .should bo carefully watched and when the top Inerteen roaches a temperature of 60* C., the load should be reduced to obtain an approxi mately constant top Inerteen temperature baaed an toe following table: SfeMtCfentl Axpmb FatasiafUrt 30%. 7556 8556 Mutare Tuvffvtm MBsTip betau 85 a 80 C. 75 C. W hile the windings of the transformer heat up, do not permit the tem perature of the top Inerteen to exoeed the value specified tor a given percentage of load. This precaution is necessary because the windings will heat up more qniekly and operate at a higher tem perature, than the Inerteen. .If the windings are allowed to reach too high a tem pera-' lure, the insulation will be damaged. The drying of a transformer should b e continued until the dielec tric strength of samples of Inerteen taken from the transformer test at 30 KV or higher, PRECAUTION! IN DRYING OUT The cover should be kept tightly sealed during the tem perature run, and until the transformer has cooled down to room tem perature to prevent con densation. This also prevents the release of hot Inerteen vapors which are quite objectionable, particularly if fire ventilation is poor. CAUTION! It is not safe to attempt the drying out of transformers unless constant attention is given to the Job. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION SHRON PLANT TRANSFORM ER DIVISION SHARON, PA. NEW INFORMATION FFECTIVE MAY, 1551 tip. MS) C 33233^0 NPC00008030 770669 O P E R A T IO N LU 4M>T M A IN T E N A N C E QFAERATIO N AND MAINTENANCE INERTEEN TRANSFORMERS O P E R A T IO N Entrapped air i> a potential, source of trouble in all transformer. In general, therefore, it is desir able to fill transformers with Inerteen under vacuum. This is done for all transformers shipped in Inerteen from thefactory. The filling of a transformer with .Inerteen In the field should be done under as much vacuum as the twnV ig designed to withstand. This information will usually be found on the main instruction plate, but if it is not known, it should be requested from the W estinghouse Electric Corporation, Sharon, Penn sylvania. For instructions on filling-with Inerteen under vacuum, see instruction leaflet "Installation of Inerteen Transformers". If the transformer tanks have not been designed for vacuum and it is im pera tive to get the maTfrimm impulse strength immediate ly, the transformer: should be filled with Inerteen under vacuum by placing it In an auxiliary tank. Transformer with round wire cods should always be filled with Inerteen under vacuum because of the higher stress across coil groups. In those cases where, the transformers axe not filled under vacuum, full voltage should not be ap plied to the windings until inspection reveals that no more gas, in the form of bubbles, is being re leased from the core and coil assembly. In erteen Sam pling. There is always a chance that moisture may get into the Inerteen after the transformer is installed so that a sample of Inerteen should be drawn from the top of the tank at least once every three months and tested for dielectric strength. See Instruction Book "Inerteen Insulat ing Fluid"'for methods of testing and information on W estinghouse Inerteen testing service for opera tors who do not have (he facilities for testing. Tem perature R ead in g s. T h e rm o m e te rs should be read as often as good operating practice permits. Temperature for any specific condi tion of loading should be in accordance with ASA Standards and Guides tor Operation (C-57) for the loading involved. MAINTENANCE Inipsritkia Transformers require less care* and attention than any other kind of electxi-' oal power apparatus. This; however, is not a reason fox neglecting them. The conditions under which they operate will determine to some extent the fre- quency with which they should be inspected. A reg ular program of inspection should be established and carried out rigidly. It is desirable (hat periodic inspections of the Inerteen be made. Samples of Inerteen should be taken from each transtonner and tested after a short period (approximately three months) of service. Following this, when operating conditions permit, routine sampling and testing of the Inerteen at inter vals of rix months to one year axe suggested. Accu rate-regards should be kept of such inspectionand test and if the hmxteen shows a dielectric strength . of lass than 22 KV, -it should be conditioned. See instruction leaflet "Inerteen'Insulating Fluid" tor' information on conducting test on Inerteen and Westinghouse Inerteen testing service. Any increase in operating tem perature ai-normal load shnM he investigated and if-the cause cannot be determined, the transtonner should be taken out of service and given a thorough inspection. Any symptoms, such as unusual noises, high or low Inerteen levels, operation of relief device, etc., should be investigated at onoe. Transformers which have been'sobjected to un usually severe operating conditions, such as over loads, frequent short circuits, or special units should be inspected at least onoe a year. Uns can usually be done adequately by lowering the Inertsen level and Inspecting with a light through the manhole. Before this inspection is m ade, the Inerteen should be allowed to cool to reduce the amount of Inerteen fumes given off which are quite objectionable and should not be inhaled. During periodic Inspection, all accessories should be inspected to see if they are ooemHog properly.. NEW INFORMATION JUNE, 195! NPC00008031 770670 INERTEEN TRANSFORMERS R ty iln tin g . It is desirable to repaint the transformer at interval to maintain the finish in good condition. Local climatic conditions cover such a wide range that definite recommendation as to fre quency of repainting axe not possible. Repainting by flowing on 1 preferable because it tends to wash off foreign material and produces a uniform coating. Equipment has been developed for flowcoating, cleaning, and handling transformers and parts in the field. The customer should write to the Company for details. For details on paint in sufficient quantify for re* painting complete, transformers, contact the nearest Westinghouae Sales Office. C aution! A ctivated d a y if exposed to th e atm osphere w ill absorb m oisture very rapidly. If th ere is a perforated steel contains? of acti vated clay in th e tran sfo rm er a n d it is exposed to th e atm osphere eith er by rem oving th e core an d coils or by low ering th e In erteen level, it should be thoroughly dried before i t is again covered w ith In arteen . In stru ctio n s for drying activated clay can be found in th e In stru ctio n Book " In o rte e n In su la tin g Fluid'*. S o ld erin g . For soldering, a solution of resin in alcohol is recommended. S p are T ra n sfo rm e rs. A spare transformer should be given, the same routine checks as are given to transformera continuously in service. The internal parts should be kept free horn the con densation and accumulation-of moisture. To obtain the Tw**iTnnm advantage from the spare unit, it should be kept ready for instint_senrios. R E P A IR IN G .. With proper care, modem transformera seldom give trouble, but nevertheless, repairs are occasion ally necessary.. . W here severe arcing or burning has taken place, the bubbling .process^ fas removing hydrochloric acid which may be formed, should he done as quick ly as possible after, the disturbance. For information on this process, m e instruction book "Inerteon In-, sulating Fluid" . O ther than,the bubbling process, no general in structions will be given'here for repairs of. trans formers. The operator may write to the Company, describing the nature of the trouble and the extent m3 character of the damage, and information and instructions for repair will be promptly and freely given. In writing with xofamnoe to any transformer, .always give the full name plate reading, as this furnishes accurate information for Identification. WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION SH A R O N PLAN T T R A N SF O R M E R D IV ISIO N SHARON* PA QfaVtMD Matallaa&A. i NPC00008032 770671 APPLICATION INSTALLATION i.l. 4M oe IN S P E C T IO N N S T R VC T I O N S GASKETS lo r Liquid 2*illod T ransform Tap Changera and R egniate BASKET APPLICATION APPARATUS OU Intelaied* A ppaiata In attesa Intuated and N etw ork.franticn o ert "URS" and "UHT" Tap C hangan and Regulators CASKET MATERIAL Cork N eonane P D S i7249*11 43721AH (1) NiM leFBS* 12160*713.1 ' 43391231 Cortlta Nitrila PDSA9930-3 M4S7UAB . 0) Cork Neoprene FD Sf7249-U 45721AH Elat Gatksts-No G asket Slope Dnmball Nitrile Section f258A 460 or 433S1IP CASKET CEMENT *. *.. S 8440-4 % CASKET COMPRESSION 43% None - 25% - 7386-1 so% 8440-4 None 43% * .... hw>i -atar **&"mtr*Tp ad bwJihh. (Q>TnBni) klpotag gM*bi hit b e u k - t e f n a n t t lw la i FCSf7349.il, 4S72UU3, B U M a MC457UA2 A n i l b* umL GENERAL The gaskets used'an liquid filled transformers, tap changers and regulators are oi materials which have proven suitable for that particular apparatus with which they are being used. Experience has shown that the use of the propet material used with the correctly associated apparatus and installed by a standard procedure assures a Joint that will be leakprooi GASSET INSTALLATION A; Preparing M etal S ctrlecer. Before apply ing a gasket to any metal surface care must be taken to assure that the mating surfaces are free of ice, dew condensation, oil, grease, rust or dirt by wiping dry. This r be done by using clean rags or any other method that will assure a dry surface.* Rust should be removed by sanding or wire brushing. Thin Miitnwn ftlm of primer p*'^t or gasket cement need not be removed. If the gasket is cut in the field, cut the gasket to conform to the surfaces to be sealed. Gasket thickness and percent compres sion must be in accordance with recommended practice. If the gasket is not a one-piece gasket, scarf the ends of the gasket so that the length of the overlap will be equal to four times the thickness SUPERSEDES I.L 48-069-1A of the gasket m aterial.. The mitering .should ha done with .a fine toothed saw and a m iter box to assure a d ean ymifnrm cut and'to obtain'JuU gas-, kai thickness at the lap Joint A hand-typo gasket cotter for keystone shaped interlocked joints is available for Said work. These interlocked joints must be matched-cut by forming the joint properly and cutting both layers at the same time. Gasket cuttingtool(upto3 inches),ttylenumber328B514GOL W hen ordering precut gaskets, give the complete nameplate reading of th er transformer including serial number. Specify exact description of the gaskets required and give their location. B . Application o f P erm anent G askets w hen tem peratures are above freexfng. It is recom mended that both sides of the gasket b cemented to the gasket surfaces. .Apply cement as follows: If 8440-4 C em ent 1. Apply cement to both gasket and joint surfaces and let dry at loast ten minutes but not more than 60 minutes. 2. Assemble gasket and press firmly into place. 3. Coat other side as per (1). 4. Assemble Joint. APRIL, 1963 NPC00008033 770672 GASKETS_________________________________ _ A pplication e l P t m u c n t Ofixketi w hen ta n p u B ta r ti ere below fr*ex&etg. To keep the MANHtiLS COVER AND BUSHING FLANGE GASKETS gasket from getting too hard and to keep the cement Gaskets for manhole covert should be sealed to Hold, the gaskets and cement should be kept 4t a the main cover boss opening to permit the removal minimnm temperature of 3SF up to the time oi * of the manhole cover without destroying the gasket. actual application at cement and oompieailon of `Bushing flange gaskets are sealed in permanently gaskets. This will mean that the cement' and gaskets whan the bushings'are installed. Follow procedure will usually have to be kept wanner than this in for application oi permanent gaskets. freezing weather. It will not be necessary.to coat the gasket groove with #8440-4 cement providing the gasket is assembled with the mating parts before die cement is completely set-up. By following these instructions you can be sure that the gasket will not be loo hard to compress properly and the cemonL will adhere to the metal surfaces assuring an oil- tight seal. NOTE: Itis very important that allopenings in the transformer tank and tap changer b e tightlyclosed beforeputting a unitinto oper ation. Tbit is necessary whether the unit is _ forindoor or outdoor operation. For allliquid filledtapchangers andregulators;theb u s h in g .flanges, main ;cover, manholecovers, etc. mustbe oiland gas tight #7388-1 C em ent 1. Apply cement to both gasket and Joint surfaces and let dry until "tacky". LEAKAGE TESTS Liquid filled transformers should be tested for 2. Assemble gasket and press firmly into p la c e .' 3. Coat other side as per (1). 4. Assemble joint C. In sp e c tio n O pening G asket*. Gaskets for inspection openings may be sealed on one side only to permit the removal of the inspection cover with out destroying the gasket. -It is recommended that the gasket be. sealed to the stationary member of large openings and to the cover of small openings and load tap changer oil compartment doors. The gasket is sealed to one member by applying a uniform coating of gasket cement (for cork-neoprene use PDS# 8440-4 S# 1608171A; for "Cortite" or cork use FDS# 7386-1 S# 1150419) to one side, of the gasket and to the surface to which the gasket is pressure tightness prior to putting in service. The permissible internal pressure that may be used can be determined from the nameplate on the transform er. Internal teat pressures of ten pounds par square Inch may be used to check the tightness of gasketed joints for transformers whose nameplates Indicate that the transformer may be filled under completo vacuum. All other transformen should be tested with an internal pressure of five pounds per square inch. The following precautions should be observed whan making the premura tosh . 1. Isertaira transformen;--Close the valves or disconnect the piping and plug the entrances into the tank before testing. 2. Open air breathers, -dehydrating breathers, cemented. It is .suggested' that tire surface of the and breathing regulators: Close openings to this gasket not cemented be coated with' silicone lubri cant M-5861-4 S# 22BA253H01, to prevent the vulcanizing of the gasket material to the steel plate. This will.perm it the removal of the cover without destroying the gasket. equipment before testing. 3. Mechanical relief device:--The relief device must be replaced by a steel plate when the test pressure is likely to exceed the tripping pressure of the relief device. For additional instructions, For cemented surface follow cementing instruc refer to the instruction leaflet for relief device. tions above. 4. Relief diaphragm:--A relief diaphragm must Prior to replacing a cover of an inspection be replaced by a steel diaphragm whan the test opening, the gasket should be examined to make pressure is likely to exceed the rupturing pressure certain that it has not been damaged and that it has of the relief diaphragm. For additional instructions, sufficient thickness to reeeal the joint. refer to the instruction leaflet for relief diaphragm. WESTINGMQ U S E ELECTRIC CORPORATION SHARON PLANT TRANSFORMER DIVISION SHARON. PA. CRXT.S4Q) rrtaMi |r UJUL 2 i N PC 00008034 770673 Instructions for (NERTEEN Insulating Fluid P.D.S. 54201 KA t t ;I I WestinghouseElectric Corporation Power Transformer Division, Sharon, Pa. I.B. 49*063*9? Effective July, 1965, Supersedes I.B. 44*860*1, February, 1932 JI I. 1 I I N Pc0 0 0 0 8 0 3 5 770674 I IN E R T S T INSULATING IlU ID S *J)JS . S 4 2 0 1 K A Inerteen la a. synthetic non-inflammable and non-oxplotivs insulating and cooling liquid. It has proved its suitability far use in all W estinghoiise Inertean insulated apparatus. In order to insure the proper performance ol the apparatus, only Westing* house Inerteen should be used. [This publics hem gives the instructions for handling, inspection, .and maintenance which experience has shown are important In. obtaining the beet service from the Inerteen. * Registered trade-mark ior Westinghouse AakareL NPC00008036 770675 RECEffING, HANDLING, STORING SHIPMENT - Inerteen i shipped in-tank .can, drum, or cans. The modem tank c a n are usually lagged to prevent rapid fluctuations in temperature during transit and thus reduce the amount of expansion and contract* lion of Inertran. Changes id the volume of the Inertran due to temperature changes fend to cause breathing in of moist air resulting in condensation of moisture inside the container, and dowering of the dielectric strength oi the Inerteen. W hen shipped in drums, the Ineiteen and the drums are both heated above room temperature while the drums axe being filled, and the bungs are tightened immediately after filling. After cool ing to normal temperature, the bungs are again tightened. The drums are provided with screw bungs having gaskets to prevent admission of water. W hen shipped in cans, the 'cans as well as the Inertran are heated above room,temperature while being filled and are hermetically sealed immediate ly after filling. STORING D ram s. As soon as a drum of Ineiteen has been unloaded, the bung should be examined and tight ened if it is loose. It is possible for bungs to became loosened by change in temperature or rough hand ling in transit. If loosened, be sure Inerteen is tested before using, or combining it with good Ineiteen. It is very desirable that Inerteen in drums be stored in a closed room. Outdoor storage of Ineiteen is always hazardous to the Inerteen and should be avoided if at a possible. If it is necessary to store Inerteen outside, protection against direct contact of rain and snow should be provided. Drums stored outdoors should be placed 'so that bungs will be protected1from moisture. It is desirable to cover the drums with a tarpaulin. C ans. Cans containing Inerteen must not be exposed to the weather. Seals should be kept intact until the Inerteen is actually needed. Screw caps are provided on the cans to use.when the Inerteen is only partially removed after hanaeticseal has been broken. By replacing the-ocrew caps, contamination by moisture and dirt will be retarded, but the Inerteen must bo tested fust before using. S to n g e T ank. The storage tank should be mounted on piers so that It will not tough the ground, and will be accessible to all points for inspection for leakage. It is desirable to maintain the tem perature of the Inerteen and tank a little above the tem perature of the surrounding air as this prevents condensation of moisture in the tank which would affect the di electric strength of the Inerteen. The tank should preferably have a oonvex bottom, allowing for the of a drain cock at the lowest point for removing dirt or tank scale which might settle out. As Inerteen is heavier than water; most all of any water present will. In time rise to the top of the Inerteen. A valve somewhere near the normal top level of the Inerteen should be provided for drawing off water-contaminated Inertoon. Pro vision for drawing off the Inerteen should also be made near the bottom of the tank. HANDLING C aution! Inerteen is a aldn irritan t Un necessary contact w ith th e liquid or its vapor, p articu larly w hen i t U h o t, should be avoided. Especially th e eyes, nose, an d Ups are-effected w hen Inerteen comse in contact w ith them . C ertain safety precautions m u st be observed when handling Inerteen. In case Inerteen comes In oontact with the skin, the parts affected should be thoroughly washed in soapy water and followed by an application of cold cream. A supply of these m aterials, should be kept available at all times where personnel are working with Inerteen. Continued exposure may cause eruptions on certain individuals due to the absorption of Inerteen through the pores NPC00008Q37 3 770676 RECEIVING, B A N D U N G , STORING, of the tldn. Cleanliness among workman handling The preparation and filling of outdoor apparatus Inerteen is a very good safeguard against such should preferably be done on a dear, dry day; if effects. Application ol castor oil Is recommended this is not possible, protection against moisture must for the yes, castor oil or cold cream for the nose be provided. . and lips. Hot apparatus should not be opened except in well-ventilated places. Large quantities of Inerteen should be bandied in a closed system. Workmen All vessels used for transferring the Inerteen. should be carefully inspected to see that they are absolutely dry and free from contamination. should be protected from frequent contact with any Im p o rta n t: Always use a ll-m e ta l hose or appreciable vapor concentration and from frequent pipe w hen h a n d lin g th e In erteen . A h o se m a d e skin contact with Inerteen. of n a tu ra l ru b b er should n o t bo used. In erteen In case Inerteen is spilled on one's clothing, the - can easily becom e co n tam in ated from th e clothing should be changed as soon as posible and su lp h u r in th e n a tu ra l ru b b er, an d sh o u ld n o t the soiled clothing laundered before it isworn again. be allow ed to com e in c o n ta c t w ith it. Gloves such as W estinghouse S#1309 974 should be worn when it is necessary to put one's hand into Inerteen or when parts of apparatus must be handled wet. W hen il ls necessary to transfer Inerteen from warm surroundings to apparatus exposed to extreme ly cold weather, even when the dielectric strength at-room tem perature is high,, it is desirable to cir Mineral oil is completely miscible with Inerteen culate the Inerteen through an Inerteen conditioner and it is practically impossible to separate them. at room tem perature. A similar procedure is also Therefore, it is important to avoid contaminating advisable in the case of apparatus erected inside Inerteen with any kind of oil, since its presence and later exposed to cold weather, the reason being changes the non-inflammable and non-explosive that Inerteen will absorb mote water at higher characteristics of Inerteen. temperatures which will be thrown out of solution Note: Tie inerteen should be sampled and tested before b e in g transferred from the con ta in e r to the a p p a ra tu s, particularfy in case* et lower tem peratures. The remainder will be in suspension in the Inerteen and. will lower the di electric sbtongth. where the wire lock-seal has beenbrpken. In A drum o! cold Inerteen when taken Into a warm cases where the apparatus isreceiv ed with the room will "sweat"; and the resulting moisture on the Inerteen Installed, the Inerteen shouldbe sam surface may mix with the Inezteen as it flows ham pled and testedbefore the apparatus isput into the drum. Before breaking the seal, the drum should service,as d e scrib ed laterin this book. therefore be allowed to stand long enongh to reach W hen putting new apparatus into service, see that the apparatus tank la free from moisture and foreign material. room tem perature, which may require eight hours, or even longer under extreme temperature condi tions. Although the drums and tank cars axe thoroughly washed and dried at the refinery before filling, a certain amount of scale is sometimes loosened from the inside in transit. Therefore; Inerteen which has not been filtered should be strained through three or more thicknesses of muslin, or other closely woven cotton doth which has been thoro" "hly washed and dried-to remove the sizing. The sU ..Mug cloths may be stretched across a funnel of large size and should be renewed at frequent intervals. C leaning C ontam inated Drum s. The clean ing of drums which have contained used Inerteen requires great care in order to insure a thoroughly clean drum. It is preferable to return such drums to the su p p lier w here ad eq u ate cleaningfacilitjes'are available, rather than to attempt toclean diem. If it is neoessary to clean such drums, the following procedure Is recommended: Important: E xtrem e precautions m u st be taken to in su re th e absolute dryness an d cleanliness of th e ap p aratu s before filling i t w ith Inerteen, an d to prevent th e entrance of w ater and d irt during th e tran sfer of th e In er teen to th e apparatus. Rinse the drum thoroughly with gasoline or ben zine, using about one gallon each time, until the solvent shows no discoloration after using. Allow it to drain, then pump out the last traces of solvent with a vacuum pump, using a b ran pipe flattened at the lower end to explore the com ers of the drum . 4 i NPC00008038 i :. sk RECEIVING, HANDLING, STORING, Caution: Do n o t use a steel pipe because of the danger of a spark igniting the gasoline or benzine sapor. Next, beat the drum with bunghole down, in a ventilated oven at a temperature of at least 88C. (190*F.) for sixteen hours. (A simple oven for this purpose may be made from sheet metal and heated with steam or an electric heater.) Blow out the drum with dry nitrogen or dry air to remove any linger ing explosive vapors. Screw the bung on tightly before removing the drum from the oven. Use a new washer with the bung to insure a bght seal. Cautfoni Open flames m ust always be kept sway from the oven to prevent igniting in flammable gases which m ight be remaining in drum when placed in the oven. R efilling Drums. The practice of refilling drums with Inerteen ie undesirable and should be avoided whenever possible, for unless the utmost precautions are taken, the Inerteen is likely to become contaminated If it is necessary to refill them for storage, drums which have been used only for clean, dry Inerteen should be reserved for this purpose. They should be closed immediately after being emptied, to ex clude dirt and water. After refilling, they should be examined to eee that they do not leak. Whenever a drum is to be filled with Inerteen, the temperature of the drum and of the Inerteen should be at least 5.5C. (10F.) higher than the air, but the temperature of the drum need not be the same as that of the Inerteen. A new washer should be used with the bung each time the drum is refilled, to insure a tight seal. These washers may be obtained from the nearest Westinghouse Office arid it is recommended that a supply be kept on hand. Natural rubber composi tion washers should never be used as they would be attacked by the Inerteen. Drums to be refilled with Inerteen for storage should be plainly marked with paint for identification. SA K P U N G AND INSPECTION A good fireproof insulating liquid is one that will act as an insulating liquid, will carry the heat away from the apparatus, and is fireproof. Westinghouse Inerteen meets these requirements with the follow ing characteristics: 1. High dielectric strength.2. Freedom from inorganic acid, alkali, and cor rosive sulphur (To prevent jnjury to insula tion and conductors) 3. Low viscosity. (To provide good heat transfer) 4. Low pour point 5. Fireproof. CAUSES OF DETERIORATION The principal causes of deterioration of Inerteen are: 1. Presence of water 2. Arcing. Condensation from moist air due to breathing of the apparatus, especially when the apparatus is not continuously in service, may injure the Inerteen. (The moist air drawn into the apparatus condenses moisture on the surface of the Inerteen and inside of the tank.) The Inerteen may also be contaminated with water through leakage such as from leaky cool ing coils or covers. Arcing or burning in Inerteen produces finely divided carbon and gases which are mostly hydro gen chloride. Hydrogen chloride In the presence of moisture forms hydrochloric ad d which may soon damage the in u la Hr>n in the apparatus and cause rusting of ferrous materials. Since hydrogen chloride is formed quickly after the arcing occurs, neither the Inerteen nor the apparatus should be exposed to the atmosphere (which always contains more or lees moisture) until an attempt has been made to remove the hydro gen chloride. See Reconditioning, Page 7, for the method of purification. SAMPLING INERTEEN The dielectric strength of Inerteen is affected by the most minute traoes of certain impurities, partic ularly water. It is important that the greatest care be iairan in obtaining the samples and in handling them to avoid contamination. There have been low di electric test results reported from the field which, upon investigation, have been found to be largely a matter of oarelessness in handling. All ssmpHng and testing equipment must be thoroughly dry and clean. It is recommended that sampling and testing equipment used for handling Inerteen and servicing Inerteen be used for no other purpose. Care must be used in taking samples of Inerteen and sealing them prior to testing. It is BBT a ., .. VJlAiJE".. : .."," NPC00008039 >:*m `let 770678 SAMPLING AND DflFECTION. desirable that samples oi Inerteen be removed from any container on d ear days only, and when the tem perature of die Inerteen is at least as high as the tem perature of the surrounding air. Use only tin containers with screwed metal caps or glass bottles with Znerteen-resistuit stoppers to hold Inerteen samples. If it becomes necessary to use other than factory sampling containers, they should be rinsed with clean naptha, washed with strong soap suds, and rinsed thoroughly in hot water, and then dried at approximately 110C. for four hours with neck down in a circulating air oven. If the containers are not used immediately after cleaning, they should be sealed tightly and stored in 'a dry, dean place. Provision is made on all Inerteen transformers to obtain a top sample of the Inerteen, however cm a transformer that is In operation, a sample may be taken horn either the top or bottom since any moisture present will be mixed in, due to circula tion of the Inerteen. In sampling, allow a small amount of Inerteen to ran out to flush the sampling connection dean before collecting the sample. The Inerteen should be put into the sample containers immediately and the cape screwed oh tightly. The label for each container should be marked dearly with the serial num ber of the transformer or com partment from which the Inerteen was taken. Before taking samples from a storage tank, the Inerteen should be allowed to settle ,for approxi mately twelve hours so that if there is any moisture present, it, having a lower specific gravity, will rise to the top where the sample is to be taken. A dean sneak-thief should be used to obtain die samples. Essentially, the same precautions to prevent mois ture and dirt contamination should be used as out lined above. Q u a n tity of S am p le. It is recommended that one 16 ox, bottle of Inerteen be taken as a sample for testing. At least one sample should be taken from a tank car of Inerteen. O ne sample may be taken from each drum, or if desired, a composite sample may be made from Inerteen from five drums, pro vided all of the drums are airtight. W hen the bung is first loosened, a hissing sound should be heard, which indicates that the drum has been airtight. If the test of the composite sample is not satisfactory, a ample from each of the drums represented should be tested. When drums have been stored exposed to the weather, a sample from each drum must be tested to determine If it is suitable for use. PERIODIC INSPECTION It is desirable that periodic inspections ofInerteen apparatus be made and that samples of Inerteen be taken from each end from all compartments of any apparatus and tested after a.short period of service (approximately- three months for transfor mers). Following this, when operating conditions permit, routine* sampling and testing of the Inezieen at intervals of six months to one year are suggested. Accurate records should be kept of such inspec tions and tests and if the Inerteen shows a di electric strength of less than 22 kv, 41 should be conditioned. If facilities a re -n o t available for testing Inerteen, see "W estinghouse Inerteen Test ing Service" bslow^ and also P i . 44-860. When an appreciable amount of Inerteen .Is removed from any apparatus, it should bo -replaced with an equal amount of new Inerteen to that the liquid level in the apparatus is maintained. The Inerteen used fo r. replacement purposes should Have a dlalectxic strength of not less than 30 kv. INERTEEN TESTING SERVICE Many users of Inerteen do not have the necessary facilities for testing it. In order.that these users may be able to make the 'periodic tests recom mended, Westinghouse Electric Corporation has established an Inerteen tasting service to provide a careful test by experienced engineers, and a pzompf.zepozt of test results. Two special 16 oz. sample bottles per mailing container (W) St#1608 629, as well as necessary packing and printed m atter, may be obtained by contacting the nearest W estinghouse Office. (The bottle and the container will not be returned to the customer.) After drawing the sample of Inerteen, the cus tomer should seal the bottle and mail it to tho Westinghouse Qectric Corporation, PlantLaboratory, Sharon, Pa. To simplify these details, an instruction and order sheet and a printed return label have been included in the carton container. The instructions cover the taking of the sample and its proper prep aration for mailing. The order' sh e e t must be seat to the nearest Westinghouse Office. When samples o! Inerteen are received for test ing, they are sent to the Plant Laboratory and tested in accordance with methods described under "Test ing Methods," which follows and is part of this Instruction Book. In addition to dielectric tests, Westinghouse is also prepared to make a physical and chemical ex amination if so requested. (The customer should plainly indicate (he type of service desired.) NPC00008040 770679 SAMPLING AND INSPECTION, The physical and chemical examination consists of on examination of the Inexteen by a competent chemist. Recommendations will, be made as to the suitability ol the Inerteen for continued use, whether it would be desirable and economical to d ean it, and in a general way, the preferred method of clean ing. In submitting samples for this service, the history of the Inerteen represented should b e given as completely as possible. Power factor test of Inerteen at GO cycles can be made. (For details refer to the nearest WestingbouuB Office.) CHARACTERISTICS AND REC0NDII0! CHARACTERISTICS Inerteen is chemically stable. It is straw-yellow in color. It is not affected* by "reaction with other materials regularly used in the m anufacture of Inerteen apparatus. It is non-oxidizing and noncorrosive at tem peratures considerably above those normally obtained in Inerteen apparatus. Inerteen will not sludge under any operating condition. The dielectric strength of Inerteen will compare favorably with that of insulating oil when tested under the same conditions. Quality samples of Inerteen tested under laboratory conditions may show a dielectric strength in excess of 40kv. Care must be exercised In handling and testing Inerteen. Inerteen must be kept in dean, sealed containers to prevent loss by evaporation or contamination by moisture or dirt. Inerteen exerts a strong advent action on most varnishes, gums, and paints. Such ,materials .axe not used In the construction of Inerteen apparatus. No materials should be used in inerteen apparatus except those approved by the W estinghouse Electric Corporation. Inerteen has an irritating effect upon the skin. If it is necessary to handle it, see the caution note under Receiving, Storing, and. Handling. (See . Page 3.) It should be remembered that mineral oil is completely'miscible with Inerteen; in fact, It is practically impossible to separate m ineral oil and Inerteen. S pecific C hiT setorM in; o f In erteen . As outlined in "Method of Testing Askareli A.S.T.M. D901/' the specific characteristics of Inerteen are: 1. Bum point: None 2. Chemical stability: No generation of free chlorides undernormaloperating conditions 3. Color: (Maximum) 400 A iM i. 4. fiftintWiwi' 5. Dielectric constant: At 1000 cydes' 7TT (25C), 4.0 to 4.3 At 1000 cycles 212*F (100C), 3.5 to 3.8 6. Dielectric strength: (Minimum) 7 7 T (25C) At point of shipment, 35 kv At point of receipt, 30 kv 7. Electrical resistivity: (Minimum) 100 x 10* ohms/cm* (212*F (100C) at 500 volts d o) 8. Fixed chlorine content: (Minimum) 59.1 percent 9. Free chlorides: Less than. O.lO ppm . 10. Neutralization number: Lees than 0.014 mg. of NaOH/gram. . 11. Four Point; (Maximum) minus 25.6*F (minus 32C) 12. Refractive,index At 77F (25*0, L6140 to 1.6160 13. Specific gravity: At 60T /60F (15.SC/15.5C)/ 1.518 to 1.526 14. Viscosity: At 1 0 0 ? (37.8C)P56 seconds 2 . RECONDITIONING Reconditioning will be necessary, to remove water, dirt and hydrogen chloride which ,may be present and contaminating the Inerteen. The blotter filter prase and the Inerteen 'condi tioner (both of which will be p lain ed later in this book under "Apparatus for Reconditioning") will remove water and dirt deposits which may be pres ent. Of tiie two methods, the Inerteen conditioner Is the most effective In removing these two contam inating agents. Any equipment used for tillering NPC00008041 7 770680 CHARACTERISTICS AND RECONDITIONING. Inerteen should first be thoroughly cleaned with benzine or naphtha. Every trace oi any material foreign to Inexteen must be removed. If at all pos sible separate equipment should be used'for filter ing Inerteen only. Hydrogen chloride, caused by arcing, may be eliminated by vigorously bubbling dry nitrogen through Inerteen. The nitrogen should be passed through the drain valve at the bottom of the appara tus and allowed to escape through a vent at the top. The nitrogen should be discharged through a pressure regulator attached to a stand pipe above the level of the Inerteen in the apparatus to prevent the Inerteen from flowing into the regulator. The nitrogen should be bubbled through ths--2nexteen at a rate of one to three cubic feet per minute for a period of four to six hours. This will require from two to eight cylinders (220 cu. ft. each} of dry nitrogen, based on apparatus containing 150 to 2000 gallons of Inerton. Immediate application of the bubbling process will reduce the destructive action of the hydro chloric acid on the working parts and insulation, thereby making it likely that the materials not dam aged by arcing may be used in repairing the appa ratus. Also, use of the process will in most coses make it possible to satisfactorily reclaim the arced Inerteen. After the hydrogen chloride has been removed by the bubbling process, the Inerteen should be reclaimed by use of an Inerteen conditioner. There is no commercially suitable method for separating transform er oil from Inerteen. TESTIN G METHODS Instructions for all tests listed correspond in gen eral to the recommendations of the American Society for Testing Materials. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TEST A pparatus. The testing transformer and the source of supply of energy shall not be less than Vfc leva, and the frequency shall not exceed 100 cycles per second. Regulation shall be so controlled that the high tension testing voltage taken from the secondary of the testing transformer can be raised gradually without opening either primary or second ary circuit. The rate of rise shall approximate 3000 volts per second. The voltage may be measured by an approved method which gives root-mean-square values. Some protection is desirable to prevent exces sive flow of current when breakdown of the Inerteen takes place. This protection preferably should be in the primary or low voltage aide of the testing transformer. It is not especially important for trans formers of 5 kva or less, as the current is limited by the impedance of the transformer. The standard test cup for holding the sample of Inerteen shall be made of a m aterial having a suit able dielectric strength. It must be insoluble in and unattached by Inerteen or gasoline, and non-absorb ent as far as moisture, Inerteen, or gasoline are concerned. The electrodes in the test cup between which the ample is tested shall be circular discs of polished brass or copper, 1 in, in diameter, with square (90) edges. The electrodes shall be mounted in the test cup with their axes horizontal and coincident, with a gap of 0.100 in. between their adjacent faces, and with tops of electrodes about IK in. below the top of the cup. (A suitable test cup fs shown in Fig. 1, and portable testing outfits in Figs. 2, 3 and 4.) PROCEDURE The spacing of electrodes shall be checked with a standard round gauge having a diameter of 0.100 in., and the electrodes then locked in position. The electrodes and the test cup shall be wiped d ean with dry, calendered tissue paper or with a dean, dry chamois akin -and thoroughly'rinsed with Inerteen-free, dry gasoline or benzine until they are entirely free from fiber*. The tost cup shall be filled with dry, lead-free gasoline or benzine, and voltage applied with uni form increase at the rate of approximately 3000 volts (rms) per second until breakdown occurs, fi the di electric strength is not less than 25 kv, the cup shall be considered in suitable condition tor testing the Inerteen. If a lower test value is obtained the cup shall be deaned with gaeolineand the test repeated. Note: E vaporation of gasoline from the electrodes m a y chillthem sufficiently to cause m oisture to co n d en se on th e ir surface. For this reason, after th e final rinsing with gasoline, the test cup should be immediately filledwith the Inerteen which is being tested, and the test made at once,- or the electrodes should be thoroughly d rie d before using. 8 NPC00008042 *4(ys*` 770681 TESTINO METHODS, The temperature ol the test cup and of the Inertean when tested shall be the same as that of the room, which should be between 68F and 66*7, (20C and 30C.) Testing at lower tem peratures is likely to give variable results which may be mis leading. The sample in the container shall be agitated with a swirling motion (to avoid introducing air) so as to mix the Inerteen thoroughly before filling the test cup. Ib is is even more important with used Inerteen than with new Inerteen as the impurities may be precipitated and the test may be misleading. The cup shall be filled with Inerteen to a height of no le a than 0.79 in. (20 mm) above the top of the electrodes. The Inerteen shall be gently agitated by rocking 'the cup and allowing it to stand in the cup for three minutes before the first and one minute before each succeeding puncture. This will allow air bubbles to escape. Voltages shall be applied and increased uni formly a t a rate of approximately 3000 volts (nns) per second*until breakdown occurs os indicated by a continuous discharge across the gap. (Occasional momentary discharges which do not result in a per manent arc may occur; these should be disregarded). FIO . 1. Fluid Tst Cup for Di*]*ctric TWt TESTS a . Except as specified in (b) one breakdown test shall be made on each of five fillings of the test cup. If the average deviation from the mean exceeds 10 percent or if any individual test deviates more than 25 percent from the average, additional tests shall be made. The dielectric strength shall be deter mined by averaging the first five tests that conform to the allowable variations. b . Whan Inerteen is tested in considerable quan tity, so that the time required for testing is excessive and when it is m erely desired to determine whether the breakdown safely exceeds die limit specified, or in those oases where the amount of Inerteen avail able for test may b e very limited, one breakdown test shall b e m ade cm each of two fillings of the test cup. If neither breakdown is below this value, the ' Inerteen may be considered satisfactory and no further tests shall b e required. If either of the breakdowns is less than the specified value a break down shall be-m ade on each of three additional fillings and test results analyzed in accordance with (a). R eport. The report shall include the volts (rms value) at each breakdown and the average of the two or five breakdowns and the temperature of the Inerteen at the time of the test F IO . 2. P ortable O il 7 tln g Sat Vsl K va , 38,000 V olta POUR TEST Note: Thep ro ced u res covered by thefoilow inginstructionlorthepourtest and especial lytheneutralizationtest requirespecialequip- NPC00008043 770682 TESTINO METHODS, merit The neutralization test must he made by The Jacket shall be of glass or metal and shall be a competent chemist preferably one speciali watertight, of cylindrical form, flat bottomed, about zing in thisparticularfield, Customers who do 4 % in. deep, with inside diameter 1/2 in. greater not possess these facilities are offered, at than outside diameter of the test jar. nominal cost, the use of_the Westinghouse 1norteen Testing Service. Contact the nearest Westinghouse Office for details. A disc of cork or fait Vi In. thick and of the same diameter as the inside of the jacket shall be placed in the bottom of the jacket The pour point of Inerfeen is'the lowest temperahue at which it will pour or flow when it is chilled without disturbance under certain definite specified condition*. - . ' The ring gasket shall be about % in. thick, made to fit snugly around the outside of the test jar and loosely inside the jacket. This gasket may be made of cork, fe lt or other suitable material, elastic A p p aratu s. The teat Jar. (see Fig. 4) shall be enough to d in g to the test jar and hard enough to clear glass, of cylindrical shape, approximately 1^4 hold its shape. The purpose of the ring gasket is to in. inside diameter and 4%rto 5 in. high, with a flat _ prevent the test jar from touching ihe-jacket. bottom. An ordinary 4 oz. Inerteen sample bottle The codling bath shall be of a type suitable for may be used if the test jar is not available. obtaining the required tem perature. The sire and The cork shall fit the teat jar, and call be bored centrally to accommodate the test thermometer. The thermometer shall coniorm to A.S.T.M. spec ifications for pour test. It may h* ordered as: A.S.T.M. thermometer low cloud and pour, --TOT (--56.7C) to 70F (+21.1ftC). shape of the bath are optional but a support suitable for holding the jacket firmly in a vertical position is essential. For determination of very low pour points, a smaller insulated cooling bath may be used and the test jar pieced directly in it. The required bath* tem perature may be m aintained by refrigeration if available, otherwise by suitable freezing mixtures. FIG.3. PortatalaTrunkTVp*Innulatixi?Liquidand InsulatingTastingSat,5K<ra.SO.OOO/flO.OOO.Volta P ro c e d u re . The Inerteen to be tested shall he brought to a tem perature at least 25F. (14CC.); above the .approximate cloud, point. Moisture, if present, shall be removed by any suitable method, as by filtration through dry filter paper until the Inerteen is perfectly d e a r. (Such filtration shall be made at a tem perature at least 25F. (14C.)( above th e approximate cloud point.) The Inerteen shall be poured into the test jar, to a height of not less than 2 In. or more than 2*4 in. W hen necessary, the Inerteen shall be heated in a water bath just .enough so it will pour into the test jar. The test far shall be tightly dosed by the cork carrying the test thermometer in a vertical position in the center of the jar; the thermometer bulb should be immersed so that the beginning of the capillary shall be Vb in, below the surface of the Inerteen. Heat without stirring to a tem perature of 115F. (46,1C.) in a bath maintained at not higher than 118*F. (47.8"C.). The Inerteen shall then be cooled to 90T . (32.2*0.) in air or in a water bath approxi mately 77 F. (25 C.) in tem perature, . The cork or felt disc shall be placed in the bottom of the jacket and the test jar, with the ring gasket, 1 in. above the bottom, shall be inserted Into the jacket. The disc, gasket, and inside of jacket shall be d ean and dry. 10 NPC00008044 r;:*- 770683 iM iu ib fu ia v u j), During the. cooling of the Inerteen, c a rt ahall bo taken not to disturb the mass of the Iherteen nor to permit tho thermometer to shift in the Inertoen. The temperature of the cooling bath shall b e ' adjusted so that it is below the pour point--approxi mately -25.6T (-32CC)--of the Inertean by not leu than 15F. (8.3C) nor more than 30F. (16.7C),, and the cooling bath shall be maintained at this temperature throughout the test. The jacket con taining the test jar shall be supported firmly in a vertical position in the cooling bath so that not more than 1 in. of the jacket projects out of the cooling medium. -_ Beginning at a temperature 20 F- (H.1C.) above the expected pour point, at each lower test-thermom eter reading which is a multiple of 5F. (2.8C). the test jar shall be removed from the jacket care fully and shall be tilted just sufficiently-tb ascertain whether there is a movement of the Inezteen in the test 'jar. The complete operation of removal and replacem ent shall require not more than three Sec onds. As soon as the Inerteen in the test jar does not flow when the jar is tilted, the test jar shall be held in a horlsontal position for exactly five seconds, as noted by a stop watch or other accurate timing device, and observed carefully, If the Inetteen shows any movement under these conditions, the test jar shall be immediately replaced in the jacket and the same procedure repeated at the next tem perature reading S T . (2.8C.) below the previous reading. The test shall be continued in this manner until a point Is reached at which the Inerteen in the test far shows no movement when the test jar is held in a horizontal position for exactly five seconds. The reading of the test thermometer at this temperature, " corrected for error if necessary, shall be recorded. The pour paint shall be taken as the temperature S F. (2.8 C.) above this solid point ` NEUTRALIZATION TEST The Neutralisation Number is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neu tralize the a d d in one gram of Inerteen. Solutions R equired. a . Standard Potassium Hydroxide Solution (alco holic,' 0.1 N)--add 6 g, of c.p. solid KOH to Zliter of c.p. anhydrous isopropyl alcohol. Boil, add 2 g. of c.p. Ba (OH)2 and boil again. Cool, filter and store In a checmically resistant bottle protected by a guard tube -containing sode lime and soda asbestos (Ascaritei). Standardize against pure potassium acid phthalate using phenolphlbalein as an indicator. b . Titration Solvent--Add 500 mL of c.p. benzene and 5 ml of water to 495 mi of c.p, anhydrous Isopropyl alcohoL C. Alpha-Naphtholbenzein Indicator Solution-- Prepare a solution containing 10 g. of alpha-naptholbenzoin per liter of c.p. anhydrous isopropyl alcohol. P ro c e d u re . Into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask introduce 40 g. of Inerteen weighed accurately. Add 100 ml of the titration solvent and 3 ml of the indicator solution. Titrate immediately at a tempera ture below 30C. Consider the end point definite if the color change to green persists for 15 seconds. A blank shall be determined on the solvent. F IG . 4. Apparati {or Pour Toot C alcu latio n s. The neutralization number or mg. KOH per g. of, ,Inert.een = -(A----B---(N--W) -x--5--6-.-1- A --ml KOH solution required for sample. B=m l KOH solution required for blank. N o normality of KOH solution. W gram s of sample used. 11 s*' yytyaw?*a*?"**br y `>v'y.\l'* NPC00008045 770684 APPARATUS TOR RECONDITIONING. APPARATUf FOR RECONDITIONED T han ara several types of reconditioning appa ratus available, the relative advantages of each oi which are as follows: 1. The Inertean Conditioner is the most affective method of removing moisture, dirt, and other con taminating materials from Inerteen. 2. The filter press is suitable for treating Inerteen containing only small quantities of water and dirt. tion, incorporating toe top screen for toe inner tank and toe solid cover for the outer lank. The Inerteen is pumped into the lower apace and is forced up through toe activated day, insuring thorough agita tion of toe d ay and Inerteen. The Inerteen is passed through toe-fine mesh, upper screen and out into toe space between toe two tanks. The discharge pipe is at the lower end of toe outside tank and any a ir in th e Inerteen Is trapped in toe' upper space of toe outside-tank where it may be drawn off. INERTEEN CONDITIONER The Inerteen Conditioner conaiatr of a day con tainer, clay filter, a motor-driven positive pressure pump, attendant valves, gauges, and relief devices, all mounted on a common base. Since toe density of- Inerteen is considerably greater than that of .water, moisture will float on toe surface of toe Inerteen. It is, therefore) considered advisable to condition Inerteen from toe top and .return it to the bottom of the Inerteen filled,appara The motor and pump are combined as a unit and tus. a strainer is provided on input to the pump to pre vent entrance of large particles. The units are de signed to operate under working pressures up to 60 pd. However, the usual operating pressure, is 30 psi to 40 psi. Excessive pressures are prevented by two automatic by-pass valves. O ne by-pass valve connected across the pump is set to by-pass the Inerteen at a pressure of-60 psi to 70 psi. The other by-pass valve is connected on the discharge side of the conditioner. This latter by-pass valve, releas ing at a pressure of approximately 5 psi, will avoid breaking the transformer relief diaphragm when no other relief is provided. Pump pressures axe in dicated by a pressure gauge. One charge of d ay is composed of approximately 40 pounds of 15-30 mesh activated day.* This rela tively large vdum e of d ay makes only occasional changes of day neoessary, depending of course on toe amount and condition of toe Inerteen filtered. Normally one charge will condition approximately 3000 gallons of Inerteen. The coarse granulated d ay used gives iwiwmw surface contact between day and liquid and snakes possible a rapid and thorough mixing of toe day and Inerteen to accom plish complete reconditioning of toe Inerteen as it passes through the day tank. The d a y granules are. removed from toe Inerteen by means of fine screen in the 3 GPM filter and by screen and paper S ev en GPM U nit. The activated d ay is con in toe 7 GPM filter. tained in a tank mounted on one end of toe filter frame. This tank is provided with a cover which incorporates an air-trap and vent to remove air which might be present in toe tank and piping. The Inerteen is pumped up through the day, insur ing thorough agitation of the day and Inerteen. The Inerteen is passed through a wire screen prior to entering toe paper filter to remove practically all of the d ay . The paper filter consists of 18' frames and 17 plates, alternately spaced, mounted in a yoke. One sheet of filler paper is used between each The d ay never passes through toe pump to cause wear on pump parts and consequent loss of pump in g .capacity. As toon os the charge of activated clay is placed in the tank and toe cover dam ped in place, toe unit is ready for immediate use. Neither d ay nor filter paper can be effectively dried of water after they haV# once become saturated with Inerteen. Therefore, extreme care should be taken to see that both d a y and filter paper are thoroughly dried when placed in toe filter. plate and frame to provide a gasket seal and remove The d ay may be dried in a high tem perature all traces of d ay from toe Inerteen. (See Tig. 8). oven at 200 deg. C. for six hours and shallow pans T hree PM U nit, THb unit utilises two tanks, are preferred as containers for toe d a y while drying. one within toe other. The activated day is held in toe inner tank by suitable screens at top and bottom. The space below toe inner tank is complete ly sealed off from toe rest of the space between toe A paper drying oven may be used if a high tempera ture oven is not available, with a drying time ex tended to approximately twenty-four hours at the oven's highest temperature. The filter paper should two tanks. The cover is of double-deck construc be dried six to twelve hours el 85C. to 100*C., "Altar m M wl d n M lay r * r b* afeutotd ham O r W rrSrtrksua Shuar r iu L 12 NPC00008046 770685 APPARATUS TOR RUCOl^DITIONXNS. H O . 8. THtm 0*Uon-p*r-M inut Conditioner depending on the condition of the paper and the spacing of the sheets in the oven. Both paper and d ay should be placed directly in the filter after the drying process as either, .if exposed, will absorb considerable moisture from the atmosphere in a eery short-time. Each fresh charge of d a y will absorb about three gallons of Inerteen. This should be provided for to prevent depleting the supply in the apparatus, but most of this Inerteen may be recovered when chang ing day. This can be accomplished most effectively by re moving the used day from the filter and placing it in a tank of approximately 30 gallons capacity con* taming about 5 gallons of water. The tank should have a drain valve at its bottom edge and should be tilted somewhat toward this valve. The clay thusplaced in water, having a greater affinity for water, -will give up the Inerteen it has absorbed and become saturated with water. The Inerteen being heavier than water will sink to the bottom; the clay and water will float on top. After settling for several hours, most of the Inerteen may be drawn off through the valve. This Inerteen may be reconditioned and used again in recharging the conditioner. The used d ay should be discarded. To P re p are th e 7 6P M C onditioner far O p eratio n . Remove the cover and screen from the d ay tank and fill the tank with activated day, 4440-3, to within four inches of the bottom edge of the inner flange. Replace screen and cover. Release the precrore-screw of the filter press and loosen plates and frames.. Place one. sheet of *3" size blotting paper between the face of each frame and plate. Care shoulctbe used to see'that thB holes thru the plates, frames and paper are in proper alignment before the pressure screw is tightened, d o e s the discharge, tank by-pass, tank chain, suc tion and suction-test valves. Open the air discharge valve. Pour sufficient Inerteen into the drip pan to fill the d a y tank'and wet the day. This will require approximately eight gallons of Inerteen. Start the motor- and open the drip pan valve a small amount so that not less than 5 minutes are required to fill the d ay tank, saturating the d ay with Inerteen. (if Irierteen is admitted too rapidly, it will tend to pack the day into the top of the tank.) With the valve at the apparatus dosed, open the suction-test valve to subject the suction line to pressure and thus check it for leaks. Stop motor and dose suction-test, air discharge, and drip pan valves. To begin conditioning Inerteen in Inerteen tilled apparatus, open the apparatus valves. Open the conditioner discharge and suction valves. At inter vals open air discharge valve to allow trapped air to escape and doee whoa Inerteen starts to flow through valve; O pen drip pan valve at intervals too, to remove Inerteen which' may have dripped into -the drip pan,. . W hen it Is necessary to change the day, first dose the valve in the suction line, dose the tank FIG. 8. Seven G sllon-pcr-M uiut* C ondition 13 ST* NPC00008047 " STv 770686 A PPA RATUS TOR M E C O N P m O N J N O . Inlet and outlet valves, open lhe tank by-pass valve, the tank drain valve and the air vent valve to per* nxit the free Inerteen la the tank to drain into the lower drip pan. Open the drip pan valve and pump the Inerteen from the drip pan through the filter press. Shut down the motor and remove the clay from the tank and refill with fresh clay as previously described. To change the filter or blotting papers, atop the motor and close suction and discharge valves. Slow* ly back off the pressure screw, perm itting the Iner teen trapped in the frames to be released gradually. Then back off the pressure screw completely, open up the press and Jet the surplus Inerteen drain from the papers.'Replace the saturated papers with dean dry paper and retighten the press. If the system-seal is not broken, it will only be necessary to open the discharge and suction valves and start the motor to resume conditioning, the Inerteen. To Prepare th e 3 OPM C onditioner for Operation*. Remove the cover and screen from the day tank and fill the Inner tank with activated day, 4440-3, to within four inches of the top. Replace screen and cover. Close the discharge and suction valves and open air discharge and drip pah valves about V i open. Start motor and pour sufficient inerteen info the drip pan to fill the d a y tank and wet the day. This will require approximately eight gallons. Not leas than five minutes should be re* quixed to fill the d ay tank and saturate the d ay with Inerteen. With die valve at the apparatus dosed, open the suction-test valve to subject the suction line to pressure and thus check it for leaks. Stop motor and dose suction-test, air discharge and drip pan valves. To begin conditioning Inerteen, open apparatus valves, open the conditioner discharge and suction valves and start motor. . At intervals 'open air discharge valve to let trapped air escape and close as soon as Inerteen Hows from tho valve. W hen it is necessary to change the day, first stop motor and close the valves in the suction and discharge lines. Remove discharge hose and open the discharge valve and tank drain valve to permit the Inerteen in the tank and discharge hose to drain into a container. After draining is complete, remove inner tank and dump the d ay from the inner tank and refill with fresh clay as previously described. The used day should be discarded. BLOTTER FILTER PRESS . The blotter filter press (See Fig. 7) is essentially a number of sets of blotter filter papers in parallel, each set containing several thicknesses. The Iner teen Is pumped through filter paper which absorbs the water and strains out the sedim ent Other Classes o f S ervice. Although there are other uses, such as denning of low-viscomsty insulat ing compounds, benzine, e ta , it is recommended that a cleaning device intended for Inerteen re conditioning should not be used for other- dosses of work, due to danger of subsequent contamination of the Inerteen. C apacity. The bapacity of these machines, with Inerteen pressure and filtering area fixed, depends on the viscosity of the Inerteen. and its freedom from d irt With fairly d e a n Inerteen at ordinary room texpperatuxe, the oapaefiy of the machines will vary from nonnal to about 15 percent above norma], de pending on the viscosity (which varies with the . temperature). It has been found that the beet results are obtained when the Inerteen temperature is about 50C. The average working pressure of these machines is less than 40 pai and the pressure relief valve is set at the factory to by-pass the full flow at from 60 pl to 00 pri. A pparatus* There are three standard sires of . Westinghouso filter press*: B-5, RIO, andA -30. The letter designates the size of filter paper; the number indicate the relative capacity in gallons per minute. The complete outfit consists of filtorpross, motor, strainer, pump, gas trap, pressure gauge, drip pan, wheels, and piping. The piping is arranged bo the Bna can be tested fox leaks under pressure. All are mounted on a fabricated structural steel frame. The drip pan can bo removed by dis connecting one pipe coupling and tour bolts. The strainer can bo deanod by disconnecting three bolts. The pumps are of tho helical-gear type to insure quietness and smooth flow of Inerteen. Tho A-30 pump Is connected to tho motor through flexible couplings. The B-5 and B*10 pumps axe mounted directly on the rear motor bracket -and driven through a helical reduction gear. The filter press proper Is made up of a series of cast iron plates and frames assembled alternately, with the filter papers between them. By means, of a screw and cast-iron end block, the plates, frames, and papers are forced tightly together. Except for a m achined rim which serves as a joint to prevent 14 \ t NPC00008048 770687  | * .1i :5 * APPARATUS FOR RECONDITIONING, the escape of Inerteen, the plate are cast with im all pyramids on both surfaces. The plate and frames have holes in two comers and supporting lugs at the sides. The. plates have handle cast on the top edge. .W hen the plates and frames are assembled with the filter papers between, the holes form the inlet and outlet The frames have the holes in the upper com er connected by small ducts to the middle of the frame. The plates have ducts leading from the surface of the plate to the hole in the lower comer. (See Fig. 8), The Inerteen enters under pressure at the top com er through the inlet formed by the holes in the frames, plate, and filter papers, flows into the fram es" through the same ducts, and completely fills the chamber formed by the frame and two sets of filter paper. As there are no outlet ducts in the frame, F IG . 7. B -10 Blotter Filter F ra-- the Inerteen is forced through the paper and flows along the grooves between the rows of pyramids and out through the ducts provided at the lower comer of the plates. The dry filter paper takes up the moisture and removes the sediment from the Inerteen. is not available, or If it is desired to filter the Inerteen of' apparatus while it Is in service, the Inerteen may be pumped from the top of the apparatus tank through the filter and returned to the bottom of the same tank under the surface of tha Inerteen. This operation should be continued until the Inerteen In O peration. The filter press is made ready for operation by placing a set of five sheets of filter the apparatus tank shows a sufficiently high dielec tric strength. paper (that have been thoroughly dried in an eleo- When a large quantity of Inerteen is to be filtered, trie oven) between each filter plate and frame. The time may be saved by using two filler presses, one holos in the filter paper must line up with the holes of which may be operated, while the other is being in the {dale and frames. The sediment It strained, recharged. out by the first layer of paper and the moisture is taken up by the capillary action of the paper. Filtering through blotter filter papers does not materially reduce organic acidity o r improve re If any moisture remains, it indicates that the filter sistance to wmilgfflraittnTij although the dielectric papers are saturated with moisture and should be strength may be restored to a satis; ^ctory value. renewed. No rule can be given as'-to how often the papers must be changed, as this depends entirely on the condition of the Inerteen. The usual pro* The capacity of the' filter p r :. much reduced when operating at low tem p o rara.-. ceduio is to run the machine for about half an hour W hen the Inerteen has to b s fib re d at low tem (if the Inerteen is not in very bad oondlUon) and peratures, an additional pump kt die pipe line is then shut down; remove one sheet from the inlet desirable. side of each set and put in a new sheet on the outlet side of each set. (The frame is the inlet side and the plate is the outlet aide.) Frequent dielectric tests should be made during this procedure as vret Iner teen may necessitate recharging the filter press with a full set of papers before the five sheets have been removed in succession. Inerteen In apparatus oontan/.-JAted by only a mall amrmni of moisture nmy bv :^conditioned by drawing the Inerteen from the U-;. jf the apparatus tank, passing it through the fille; . :sss, and pump ing it back into the bottom oi in - apparatus. The Inerteen should b e put through l- * system until a p i drawn from the top of apparatus gives The quickest method of filtering a quantity of . satisfactory dielectric values. Inerteen lo to pump all the Inerteen through the filter and into another tank which is d ean and dry. B lotter F ilter P a p e r. The- U _-r paper used is If care is taken to change the filter papers before a special grade oi blotting about .025 in. they become saturated, the Inexteen will be d ean thick; it contains no coloring : -yr or chemicals and dry. If a second tank for holding die Inerteen which might injure the Xnerteti:. ?;ve sheets cut to ' IS c-I NPC00008049 tivv,r-'**< 770688 APPA RATUS FOR lECONDZTtOSING, the proper size, 12% in. square or the A sizes and 7% in. square lor the B sizes, and with holes punched to correspond with the holes in the plates and frames, are used between each plate and the adjacent frames. Tb obfain the best results in reconditioning Inerteen, the paper must be perfectly dry when first placed in the press. Filter paper always takes up FXO. 8. B lotter F ilter Pneg From* Showing Blatter F lit Papon ip Fiaeo moisture il exposed to the air for any length of time and for this reason care must be used in handling. The standard paper is carried in package? contain* mg one ream, carefully wrapped in waxed paper and cohered with heavy wrapping paper. E le c tric D ry in g Owens. Electric drying ovens for use with Type A and Type B filter presses require 2000 watts and 1400 watts respectively. The interior of the ovens is provided with rods for supporting the filter paper to facilitate rapid and thorough dry* ing. An automatic thermostat having a range of 6S*C to 120C is provided for maintaining uniform oven tem perature. The thermostat is adjusted at the factory for 100C, the recommended value, and the setting marked so that the operator may convenient ly reset thermostat to 100C if adjustment is changed. The standard thermostat-equipped oven is suit able for alternating- current only. Ovens to operate on direct current are special and axe equipped with a thermometer and a manually operated three-heat switch. By moving one rod, the Type A oven can be used for drying Type B paper. The n on*! capacity of the Type A oven is 240 sheets and the Type B oven is 180 sheets when spaced % inch apart. r t r /' 16 -IVUtedta UJUL NPC00008050 770689 Instructions for Standard Outside Finish, Ineiteen Transformer Tanks T H E S T A N D A R D outside finish for West 'Inerteen is essential to guarantee a lasting inghouse Inerteen transformers consists of finish. three baked-on coats of high grade paint which will resist the solvent action of The two factors thatdeterminethe quality Inerteen. This system consists of one coat, of any paint are the pigment and vehicle. of primer and two coats of finish.paint. The pigment gives the color and body of The color variation between the prime and -the paint ..and the vehicle holds the pigment finish coatB insures that the paint is con particles in place and forms a continuous tinuous and of sufficient thickness. Each adherent film. Although attention is gen coat is usually flowed on, but can also be * erally centered upon the selection of the applied by dipping, spraying or brushing. pigment, many tests show that the vehicle of a paint is the first of these two c o m The transformer tanks and accessories ponents to disintegrate. Therefore, it Is being constructed of steel, are susceptible Important that a paint of high quality be to rusting. Therefore, In order to prevent used to obtain a satisfactory finish. rusting of exposed steel surfaces give careful attention to the following steps when repainting: IMPORTANT. Any portion of the point film damaged during shipment, or installation must be repaired a s 'quickly os possible. 1. All exposed steel surfaces roust be thoroughly cleaned and prepared for the application of paint since theproper prepar ation of the surfaces to be finished is an important factor to securing a satisfactory* finish. Regardless of how good the paint maybe, it will fail as a protector if applied over a wet, dirty, rusty, or greasy surface. Rust and scale absorbs and holds moisture. Therefore, to obtain a durable finish, it is essential that no moisture be sealed In by the application of paint. For large areas, a clean dry surface with sufficient rough ness for good adhesion of the priming coat can be obtained by shot or sand blasting the exposed surfaces of the transformer tank.. 2. The careful application of a quality paint that will resist the solvent action of To do this, clean the damaged portion by means of scraper or sandpaper, applying a coat of primer paint and allow itto dry for af least 24 hours, then apply acoatof finish paint. NOTE. For small marred spats which do not penetrate the paint film to the parent metal, only the finish point is necessary. Due to the in definite life of the primer, the finish point should be applied as soon as possible. A one-pint container of finish paint is furnished with each order of transformers for use in touching up any places damaged during shipment or installation. Larger quantities of Westinghouse paint can be obtained through the nearest Westinghouse Sales Office. Westinghouse Primer Paint is not packaged in small quantities, but If required, can be purchased In the same manner. Westinghouse Electric Corporation Fouir Transformer Division, Sharon, Pa. P rim ed u u. s.A. it. p. i E f f e c tiv e Ja n u ary , 1965. S upersedes I . L. 48-650-8, A p ril, 1861 asco o o o e 51 ... -rfril&iM 770690 I.L. 44*711-4A DIAPHRAGM RELICr DEVICE THE DIAPHRAGM RELIEF DEVICE for indoor Inerteen Transformers consists of a sheet of glass mounted in a special manhole cover on top of the transformer case. The diaphragm ruptures at abnormal pressures, which are relieved by the blowing off of a hood which fits tightly, over the ex* haust opening or exhausting through a vent -pipe. Except for replacing a ruptured diaphragm, it is only necessary to inspect the diaphragm occasion* ally by removing the hood or companion flange. See Fig. L CONSTRUCTION The relief device is of simple construction. .It consists essentially of an annular cast alloy flange, the bottom surface of which is machined to act as a retainer lor the upper diaphragm gasket and tapped fo take the diaphragm clamping ring studs. The glass diaphragm, each side of which is gas* keted, is held securely between the flange and clamping ring. The upper side of the main flange is machined to take a hood which fits snugly over the edge and a companion flange and gasket for vent pipe connection. The selection of a suitable m aterial for the dia phragm is a matter of some importance. En order to be reliable it must have a uniform rupturing characteristic,- under the conditions presented, in relieving abnormal pressures. It must, at the same time, be a material of sufficiently substantial nature to be handled easily without danger of accidental breakage. W estingbonst glass diaphragms ere rugged enough fo be readily handled and installed with out breakage if instructions are carefully followed. Glass is entirely free from aging, and the glass diaphragms are designed to break at from 12 to 18, and 16 to 22 pounds per square inch. SUPERSEDES t.L 46-711-4 EFFECTIVE JANUARY. 1952 Vft'.. NPC00008052 770691 DIAPHRAGM REMET DEVICE INSTALLATION The relief device is shipped mounted on the transformer cover. The diaphragm is located under the relief device flange approximately above the level of the transformer cover. OPERATION .When the pressure in the tank rises above nor mal, the diaphragm bunts and either the hood is in turn blown off, or the gases are exhausted through a vent pipe when used, thereby relieving the pres sure. . When the handhole opening is to be used for entrance into the transformer case, the outqr row of bolts is removed and the complete assembly withdrawn, leaving a full-size opening in the cover. MAINTENANCE The diaphragm may be inspected by removing the hood or companion flange. If, for any reason, the diaphragm ruptures it should he replaced at once. In replacing a glass diaphragm, every precaution should be taken to mount it in such a way that it will be centrally located on Us gaskets with uniform pressure around its edge. In order to accomplish this, the glass should be placed on the gasket next to the relief device body after the cement has become quite tacky and it should be carefully placed with maximum clearance to studs at all points. The gasket next to the relief device body should be replaced. See Instruction Leaflet I.L. 47-600-11A, "Gaskets", for.m ethod of replacing gaskets. Excess cement should be kept off the dia phragms as it will affect, their breaking strength. It is not necessary or desirable to use gasket cement on.the gadeet'located between the glass and dam p ing ring'. The studs should be tightened uniformly, turning each screw not more than % of a turn at a time until the gasket stop is reached. On Type "SL" Relief Device (Fig. 1) thread 24 inches of # 14 soft steel wire through the lower ends of the studs and twist ends together. O n Type "S" Relief De vice, (Fig. 2) this is not necessary, as the flange is held by bolts from the top. RENEWAL PARTS Spare diaphragms*, gaskets, and cement should be kept on hand. A limited supply is furnished with the transformer,. Gaskets should not be kept in stock more than two 'years. For additional parts* order from the nearest WesUnghouse Office or from the Sharon Plant, giving serial number and also the complote transformer information as stamped on the nameplate. TRANSFORME* Typs SL Typs S NOMINAL DIAMETER 9 taches 6 inch FLANGE ' GASKET S # 1165 894 S a 1165 411 DIAPHRAGM S a ll6 S 70S s a n e s 795 HOOD Sa 1609 323 sa 1609 323 ADAPTER BASKET Sa 1166 410 Sa 582 455 DIAPHRAGM BASKET S a ll6 5 860 s a n e s ,660 WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORA.,. _ SHARON PLANT * TRANSFORMER DIVISION SHARON, PA. * IW .M u V .fl A. NPC00008053 770692 I'H Earl H, Carroll 612 First Natl. Bldg. Oklahoma City. Okla. 73102 South Boston Division 225-7206 January 30, 1976 Inerteen To : Power Systems Field Sales Industrial Field Sales Construction Field Sales cc: South Boston Division - Mr. D. P. Reiser As you are aware, there is a current hue and cry shout polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). South Boston is affected in that we use Inerteen. an Askarel manufactured by Monsanto, as an insulating liquid. Since there are so many statements being made, ve would like to share some facts with you. 1. The EPA has requested that companies voluntarily restrict their uBe of materials containing PCB's. In a meeting in Chicago (1/22/76) AMCRAK. reportedly refused to abandon the use of Askarel. 2. NEHA liaison committees have been set up to guide the EPA. 3. There are over 200 isomers of PCB*s. Not all have the same half life, toxicity, or presence in the environment. 4 . Inerteen is approximately 911 biodegradable. ' The Vestlnghouse number 1 b 5 4 2 0 1 CM. The Monsanto designation is Aroclor 1 2 4 2 . 5. There are .several fluids currently being considered as possible substitutes for Askarels. Some have been .available for several years. None has matched the Inflammability of Askarel and none has been accepted by the underwriters or the standards organizations. These fluids are approximately three times as expensive as Inerteen on a per gallon basis. 6. About two years ago South Boston successfully built and tested, some units using one of the fluids under consideration by one supplier. There is presently available a system to complement those used for oil and for Inerteen. It can quickly and easily be set up to afecept a third fluid. NPC00008054 770693 Page 2 January 30, 1976 7. On January 20th, `the Monsanto Company announced that -they have formulated a plan to eventually phase out Askarel if necessary. A five year figure was used`in their verbal statement. D1ue to the current state'of affairs, .this, of course, is an estimate. The above will supplement what you-have read-in Business Week dated January 19, 1976 and gathered elsewhere. Attached, is a copy of-the Westinghouse comments at the December 12th hearing by New York State and a copy of the Monsanto press release. We hope' that keeping you -informed will better help you achieve your objectives. D. P. Kelser Marketing Manager se Enclosures UPC00008055 770694 New York State Rearing Polychlorinated Biphenyl Compounda . December 12, 1975 I as Roger Ev Wills, Jr. and I am an attorney for WeBtinghouse Electric Corporation located In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. My responsibilities- include environmental affairs. 1 very much appreciate the opportunity to present these comments at this hearing. The purpose of this hearing, as X understand it, is and X quote "to bring together the most recent data on FCB manufacture, use and disposal; assess how and in what quantities FCB1s get into.the environment and their possible reclamation; and. to determine whether adequate substitutes for this chemical exists." The statement that I have just quoted concerns me as 1 feel that there are factors that must be considered before we get to the question of whether present controls are suf ficient and whether substitutes for these compounds are needed. Polychlorinated Biphenyls are not just a single chemical, but a chemical designation for a family of chemical compounds containing 209 isomers. This is important for several reasons.. Each isomer exhibits different chemical and physical properties and as a- result, not all 'lsamsrs are being found.in our. environment. Therefore, before legislative alternatives are considered, those isomers of PCB's which are environmental contaminants must be identified and the source of them into our environment must be determined. The recent National Conference on Polychlorinated Biphenyls provided information on environmental findings and some new insights into possible sources of these compounds. As Dr. Ian C. T. Nisbet summed up the session on Environmental Fate and Occurence, PCB's in dumps or'land fills are not a signi ficant source of PCB's; there la adequate evidence that the tetra and lower isomers are degraded; and that those PCB's already In sediments, from whatever the source, that contain the higher homologs will be continually recycled. NPC00008056 page Two With.these points in mind I would like to relate the actions that Westinghouse'Electric Corporation has taken since 1968. At this point, I should point out that Westinghouse" utilizes the term Inerteen for the mixtures of poly chlorinated biphenyls it uses as a dielectric and that the generic term used by the electrical industry is askeral. _ These terms are not really interchangable with the term polychlorinated biphenyl.' While there are, as I stated, 209 -Isomers of polychlorinated biphenyl, the electrical industry only uses several mixtures of polychlorinated, biphenyl isomers .as' a dielectric. Of these, Westinghouse utilizes primarily only two askerals, Aroc lor 1242 for transformers and Aroclor 1016 for capacitors as Inerteen. Since the early 1970fs, when scientific studies indicated polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures presented some hazard in the environment, Westinghouse has expended considerable money and effort to reduce the amount that might escape into the environment. Measures that have been employed are; sealing drains in manufacturing areas where Inerteen is used; utilizing specially designed Incineration facilities for the*destruction of scrap Inerteen and special scientific land fills for the disposal of Inerteen contaminated material; instructing operating personnel end our customers regarding the need' for care, and that special waste disposal is required; and reducing the number of pounds of Inerteen per KVA of- transformers end capacitors.' Most of these measures were implemented prior to the enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. * Westinghouse recognized, however, that these measures could not prevent the total elimination of Inertaen escaping into the environment. Therefore, concurrent with the above measures, we have conducted extensive evaluation programs designed to utilize those mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls having low persistence and high biodegradablllty In the environment. By February, 1968, Westinghouse-deter mined that a mixture of polychlorinated biphenylsv sold by Monsanto as Aroclor- 1242, would be satisfactry as Inerteen for transformers. Aroclor 1242 contains about 91% of the lower isomers (containing 4 chlorines, or less)* that more readily biodegrade in the environment. This material has been used by Westinghouse since that time with the understanding .that over 90% of any small amounts that did enter into the environment would have relatively, low persistence. NPC00008057 rs/ i-'-v * v r. , . r 770696 Page Three Monsanto subsequently developed a new material from Aroclor 1242 which contained more, of the lower chlorinated Isomers and marketed this material as Aroclor 1016. By the first quarter of 1972, this material was Introduced by Westlnghouse Into the manufacture of all capacitors. This material contains 99% of the more biodegradable Isomers (4 chlorines or less) so that less than 1% of this material that might escape Into the environment might be more resistent to biodegradation. . The Industry, Monsanto, our own research of the scientific -literature and most of the papers presented at the National PCB Conference have indicated, that the lower chlorine mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls are more biodegradable and do not present the same long term toxic environmental problems as those which contain the higher chlorinated isomers. Environmental Protection Agency researchers have found a significant difference between the effects of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016 on rats and Dr. Robert W. Risebrough stated at the Conference that comments on FCB's should be characterised as to the type of mixture and thus the uses of Aroclor 1016 and 1242 should not be covered by conments and findings related to Aroclors 1254 and 1260. We believe that the ti.S. scientific community should, determine the benefits and the environmental impact of the ..two or three askaraIs used by the elecrleal industry on a scientific basis before conclusions are made In the form of regulations. Industry and Government should not be stampeded into a selection of an alternative fluid which Is more potentially dangerous to man and hia environment. i; HPC00008058 *' 770697 ANSI C107.M974 guidelines for handling arid d isp o sal of capacitor- and transformer-grade askarels containing polychlorinated biphenyls .4 ANSI C107.1-1B74 *4 ! :: I "i . i. * American National Standard Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitof- and Transformer-Grade Asteareis Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls m i ! I Secretariat National Electrical Manufacturers Association Approved January 9, T974 Am erican National Standards Institute, Inc i .wi HPC00008060 770699 American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with Us scope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manu facturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Stan dard does not in any-respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any lime. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken- to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from- the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American National Standards Institute 1430-Broadway. New York, New York 10018 Copyright 1974 by American National Standards Institute, Inc All rights reserved. No p u l of this publication may be reproduced In any form. In an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permbilon or the publisher. Printed in the United States of America AiMlO.74/6 NPC00008061 770700 F O f Q W Q f d (This Foreword ii not' part of American National Standard Guideline! for Handling and Diipowl of Capack w u tor- and Traniformai-Gride Askarels Containing Poiychlorinated Biphenyl}, C l07.1-1974.) Recognizing that the polychlorinated biphenyls present in ukarels were being identified as envi ronmental pollutants and the urgent need for procedures and guides for their safe use and dis posal, the Board of Directors of the Power Equipment Division of the National Electrical Manu facturers Association (NEMA) in dune 1970 appointed'! committee to review the general problem and propose recommendations. In September 1.970; the NEMA board approved, as recommended by the committee, Die sponsorship of an American National Standards Commit tee for the use and disposal of aakarels in electrical equipment American National Standards Committee C107 was established in April 1971. NEMA was desig nated as the secretariat An organizational meeting was held on September 14, 1971. Mr W. B. Papageorge, Monsanto Company; was appointed chairman. Committee members included representatives.of capacitor and transformer manufacturers, utilities, governmental departments and agencies, and maintenance and disposal service companies. A steering committee and two sub committees - one to develop guidelines for (he capacitor industry, the other for the transfor mer industry --were established. The scope and primary objective of the committee was designated as the development of: Pro cedures and guides for the safe use, maintenance, and disposal of askarel and askarel-soaked materials used in electrical equipment. Additional objectives proposed were as follows: (1) To serve as a.suurce for technical information and advice for federal, state, and local authorities and for the information of all others concerned. (2) To encourage the development of suitable disposal facilities and maintain a list of their capabilities and locations, for the information Of all concerned.' (3) To serve as the advisory group for U.S. participation in the International Commission on Rules for the Approval of Electrical Equipment (CEE), the International Electrotechnical Com mission OEC), the Fan American Standards Commission (COPANT), the International Confer ence on Large High Tension Electric Systems (C1GRE), and*other international organizations. The final draft of the guidelines was completed in late November 1972. NEMA issued,the guide lines as an Official Standards Proposal in January-1973. It was submitted to the American National Standards Institute for approval as an American National Standard and was approved by the Standards Institute on January 9,1974, Suggestions for improvement of this standard mil be welcome. They should be sent to the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New. York, N.Y. 10018. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by American National Stan dards Committee on Use and Disposal of Askarel and Askarel-Soaked Materials in Electrical Equipment, C107. Committee approval of the standard does not necessarily imply that til com mittee members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, the Cl07 Com mittee had the following members: . W. P. Papageorge, Chairman A. M. Salazar, Secretary Organization Repretented Name o fReprcuntatirt Ceilifted Baliut Manufacturers Association................ ..............................N. R. Clark A. Pozefiky Chetn-Trol Pollution Services In c ...........................................................Louii E. Wanner Doble Engineering Com pany.............. -................................................ A. L. Rlckley Electrical Utilitier Company.............. .. ........................................................................A.O. Hauser E. M. Moore (Alt) Electric Light and Power G roup...................... ..................................... F. R. Lengefcld H. A. Onilhi J.J. Cawley (Alt) NPC00008062 i 770701 Organization Represented N am tafRtprtK nftivt Electronic Industries Association.......... ................................................ Arnold S. D oty. Environmental Protection Agency............ ............................................. Kenneth J. Hood General Services Administration.............................................................Chattel C. Travis ' Gilbert Associates I n c ................................ ! .............. . . ................. R. J.Sehatz . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, In c ................ .. ........ . E. L. Rabb ' Monsanto Com pany.............. ........... .. . .................... . W. P.Papagcorge P. G. Benignus (Alt) National Bureau o f Standards.............................................. .......... ... . Stanley P. Waiik National Electrical Manufacturers Asioclitian.................. ...................... . K.C . Ching W, S. Grogan R. D..McClain H. R. Rowe Ken McGee (Aft) Rollins-Putle, In c ........ : . . . : ..............*........................ .................H.A.-Abentter Tennessee Valley A u th o rity.................................................... ............William R. Nicholas . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Electrification Administration . . . . . . . . . John Leutritz, Jr U.S. Department of the A rm y ................................................ I ............D. M. Crabtree NPC00008063 r 770702 Contents SECTI0N PAGE n .1. S cope............................ : ....................................................................... -...................... 7 .2. General Jnfoimation. ................... 7 2.1 General................ 7 2.2 Benefits............; . ......................... J ........................................................................ 7 2 3 Risks. .......................................................................................... '............................. 7 2.4 Alternatives............................ ......................................................................... .. 8 2.5 Interdepartmental Task Force on FCBs............................................... .. ................. 8 ` 3. Capacitor Guidelines.......................... ^ ^ ................................................................ 8 3.1 General........................-.............1 ............................................................................ 8 3.2 Capacitor-Grade Askarel . .............................................. ' . ........................... .. 9 3.3 Plant Housekeeping and Employee Safety -- ; .................................................. . 9 ` 3.4 Control of Water Effluents.......................................................................................11 3:5 Scrap-Disposal Procedures. . ".................... '. ............................................................12 3.6 Labeling....................... i,........... ................ .. ........................................................... 13 4. Transformer Guidelines........................................ ..............................................:........... 13 4.1 General..................................................... * ...................................................... .1 3 4.2 Specific Guidelines........................................................................... *........................ 15 5. References.......................................... 17 5.1 References to the T ext............................... ..............................................................17 5.2 General References ................................................................ . .................. ..............17 6. Revision of American National Standards Referred to In This Document......................... 18 Table I Typical Properties of ArocLor 1016............ ,.......... ................................................. 9 Appendixes Appendix A Disposal Services . . ; ........................................................................ 19 Appendix B Analytical Procedures and laboratory Service Organizations..................... 20 Bl. General........................................ 1................................................................20 B2. Laboratories.................................................. .'20 B3. An Analytical Procedure for the Determination of Airborne PCBs................... .... 20 B4. Analysis of Water and Sediment for PCBs'................................. * ........................31 Figures Fig. Bl Aroclor 1016 Electron Capture Chromatogram. : ........... 21 Fig. B2 Comparison of Electron Capture Chromatograms Tor Aroclor 1221.1242,1248, 1254, and 1 2 6 0 ,................................. ...............22 Fig. B3 Aroclor 1221 Electron Capture Chromatogram........................................ . . 23 Fig. R4 Aroclor 1242 Electron Capture Chromatogram........................................; . 24 Fig. B5 . Aroclor 1248 Election Capture Chromatogram..................... \ ....................25 * Fig. B6 Aroclor 1254 Electron Capture Chromatogram....................... .................... 26 Fig. B7 Aroclor 1260 Electron Capture Chromatogram.......................... .................. 27 Fig. B8 Sampling Train.......................................................i -- . . . . . . . . 28 Fig. B9 Calculating Column Efficiency . ; ............................................................... 30 Fig. B10 Calculating the Tailing Factor.......................................................................30 r> an NPC00008064 770703 1 American National Standard Guidelines far Handling and Disposal of Capacitor- iand Transformer-Grade Askarels Containing Poiychlorihated Biphenyls 1. Scope Evaluations of the benefits, risks, and alternatives involved In the continued use of PCBs in closed electri This standard establishes guidelines for the safe use, cal systems are summarized in 2.2 through 2.4. maintenance, and disposal of askarel and askarel-soaked material used in capacitors and transformers. 2.2 Benefits. Askarci-fliled transformen do not bum or sustain fire under conditions of internal electrical arcing. Askarel-fUlcd power and industrial capaciten are 2. General Information significantly smaller, more reliable, more durable', and safer than oil-filled capacitors. As a result, askarels have 2.1 General. The term "askarel'1generally describes a broad class of nonflammable synthetic cldoiinaled hydrocarbon insulating liquids widely used in capacltors, transformers, reactors, and accessory equipment operated at power frequencies. Askarels consisting of or containing polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used in many applications supplanted mineral oils In more than 90% of the power and industrial capacitors made today. Over the past few decades most of the equipment that incorporates such capacitors has been designed to take particular advan tage of the size, safety, and reliability benefits of askarel capacitors (for example, many types are today . less than 14%of the size of equivalent oil capacitors and have a lire expectancy of 10 to more than 20 years). for more than 40 years, but only recently was evidence discovered that PCBs are widely dispersed in the envi . Various federal, state, and local codes, therefore, re quire their continued use in or adjacent to public, com ronment. Systematic investigations of the biological mercial and industrial buildings, which locations pre 'effects of PCBs have been undertaken within the past sent the greatest potential danger to life and property. few years to establish the effects of specific formula tions upon specific species. Some studies have shown 2.3 Risks. In the United States, medical records'over a that PCBs may be an environmental contaminant. nearly 40-year period show that the only advene health i Simultaneously, significant steps have been taken by effects experienced by U.S. workers exposed to askarels, U.5. industry to limft further releases of PCBs to the either during the manufacture, of these liquids or of environment. electrical equipment containing these liquids, have been PCBs hive been used in three broad types of applica liptitcd to occasional cases of nonchronic chloracno or tions for the past 40 years, as follows: other temporary skin lesions or irritations. (1) "Open-ended" applications; for example, in Askarel-filled transformen and capacitors are de paints, specialty inks, paper coatings, plastics, etc livered to customer* as sealed units from which there is (2) "Nominally dosed" applications; for example, no escape of askarel under normal operation. Although as the working fluid in hydraulic or heat-tiansfer sys certain types of equipment failures can permit Iocs of tems some askarel to the environment, transformer failures (3) "Closed electrical system*' applications, specifi cally as the Insulating fluid in certain kinds of trans formers and capacitors1 are limited to approximately 0.02%'of the units in ser vice per year. With respect to capacitors, such losses are limited to approximately 0.02% of the askarel put into service per year. In addition, limited amounts of 1The Monsanto Company h the ole U.S. producer of PCBs. It has discontinued supplying Die material for all applications given in 2.1(1) and 2.1(2). PCBs can get into the environment during the manufac ture, delivery, improper use, maintenance, repair, and disposal of transformers and capacitors. NPC00008065 770704 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.1* 1974 Specific control measures have been instituted by Individual manufacturers and are supplemented and strengthened by national standards and procedures such as this standard, which provides information to prevent the inadvertent loss of PCBs to the environ ment at all stages from initial askarel manufacture . through ultimate disposal. 2.4 Alternatives. For' technical and local and national code reasons. It would be impossible to replace most askarei-frilcd transformers now in service, with oil-filled units of equivalent ratings without major construction changes that would be required to compensate for the fire resistance of the askarel-filled units. For certain applications and locations, dry-type transformers may replace askarel-filled transformers. For new installations, although many of the fore going limitations would still apply, building and instal lation design -provisions could be made to accommo date the use of oil-filled, open dry-type, or seated drytype transformers, provided that necessary technical, code, physical size, and cost considerations sre prop erly evaluated. The principal alternative to askarels for capacitors is mineral oil, but such replacement would return capac itor technology to its pre-1932 level and would necessi tate the redesign and replacement of such widely used equipment as fluorescent light futures and racks for power and induction-heating capacitors, which could not now accommodate the increased size of oil capaci tors while maintaining their present ratings. The cost of askarel liquids isabbut five to ten times more than mineral oil. Thus, long before there were any environmental concerns about PCBs, there.was a strong economic incentive to find other, less expensive insulating liquids with the desirable characteristics of askarels. Since the 1930s at least ten major chemical or electrical companies have invested large amounts of time and money in this search, all with no success. Al though potential substitutes that arc more costly than askarels (such as fluorinated liquids) have also received some consideration, little is known about either their electrical performance or possible ill effects upon the environment. There are today no fluids that can be used as a direct replacement for askarels. 2.5 Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs. An indepth study of PCBs has recently been completed by five Executive Branch Departments of the federal gov ernment. This Interdepartmental Task Force on PCBs Issued their report, entitled P o ly c h lo r in a te d B ip h e n y ls a n d t h e E n v ir o n m e n t, in May 1972.3. The following 1Available from the National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, V 22151. conclusion Is.quoted from page 4 of this report: "The use of PCBs should not be banned entirely. Their continued use for transformers and capacitors in the near future is considered necessary because of the significantly increased risk of fire and explosion and the disruption of electrical service, which would result from a ban on PCB use. Also, continued use of PCBs in transformers and capaclLors presents a minimal risk of environmental contamination. The Monsanto Company, the sole domestic producer, has reported voluntarily eliminating its distribution of PCBs to all except manufacturers of electrical transformers and capacitors." Reference should be made to the Interdepartmental Task Force Report for additional information and con clusions. . ' 3. Capacitor Guidelines 3.1 General. The environmental effects of askarels are under In-depth study by governmental and other agen cies. Askarels have been considered relatively harmless to humans based on about 40 years of safe industrial usage. There has been no known instance of human in jury when they were used under the normally accepted precautions and conditions of handling In both manu facturing and user applications. Traces of askarels are being found in the environ ment and in fish and bird life. The long-term genetic and ecological effects are not yet completely under stood. Eor these reasons, care should be taken to con tain askarels and minimize their entry into the environ ment. There are two general classes of askarels used by the electrical industry. The higher chlorinated grades are the more persistent in nature. Because or their high de gree br nonflammability* they are used In transformers where personnel safety is of paramount importance. Capacitor-grade askarel has a lower degree of chiori na(ion (composed primarily of the 3-chlorine Isomers of biphenyl) and a higher degree ofbiodegradabillty. Generally. It has not.been found In animal life. It Is. used in capacitors, where the extreme degree of non flammability required.ln transformers is of less impor tance. Although capacitor- and transformer-grade askarels both contain members of the PCB family, they do differ. in composition, degree of biodegradabllity, persistence in nature, electrical stability, chemical stability, and degree of nonflammability (both are recognized asnon. flammable). It Is for'thesc reasons that Section 3 of this standard is intended'to apply to capacitor-grade askarel. 8' uvoensn NPC00008066 770705 t] li ; iM j m 1 ,t 1 i ) m AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.1-1974 Table 1 Typical Properties of Axoclor 1016 ` Property Color Condition Specific Gravity at 25/154C Acidity (mg KOH/f) Moisture Refractive index at 25"C Inorganic (free) chloride! Pour point Dielectric constant (1000 Hz at 100*Q Resistivity (500 V de it 100C. G.l-inch gap) Hydrolysis stability test (as chlorides) Thermal stability test (as chlorides) Distillation rshge (corrected) 10% distilled by weight 90% distilled by weight lligher-Boiling Homologues - Sulfates Dielectric strength at 25C Flash point, Cleveland open cup Fire point Corrosion test (6 hours at 210aC with bright aluminum foil), change in weight of aluminum ViKoiity at 100F (SUS)f * Specific heat at 25C Coefficient of expansion Fixed chlorine Power factor at 100C, 60 Hz Bulk Drums Tait Method (See Note) APHA* - ANSI C59.6S-1965 (R1973) [2] ANSI Z11.131-1964 (R1974) [3] ANSI Z1149-1958 (R 97I) [*J -- ASTM D 1817^66 <1972) IS] ANSI C5945-1963 (R1973) (6] ANSI Zl.5-1966 (R1972) [71. ANSI C59.22-1967 (RI973) {8] 'ANSIC59*51-1965 (R1973) [9} ANSI C59.06-1970 pO] ANSI C59.11M970 III] ANSI A37.9-1974 [12] ASTM D 3303*74 [1] ANSI C59.2-1974 [13] ANSI C59.19-196B (R1973) [14) ANSI ZI 1.6-1973 [15] - Typical Value!) 40. max Gear 1.362-1.372 0.010, max 35 ppm, max 1.6215-1.6235 0.05 ppm, max -14C or lower 4.70-4.90 500 X 10* S) cm, min 0 4 ppm, max 0.4 ppm, max - 323C, min 356C, max 0.4%, max None - 35 kV, min . 338F, min None to boiling point 0.0% ANSI 11.2-1956 (RI971) [ 16] - ANS1C5947-1963 (R1973)'[17| ' Carrui M unch.|I8|. 71-81 0.30 * O.OOQ6B cm, /cm, /*C 41.3 a 04% 1%, max 4%, max NOTE: Numbers In brackets refer to correspondingly numbered te n methods In 5.1, References to the Text. American Public Health Association. tSaybolt Universal seconds. 3.2 Capacitor-Grade Askaiel. In September 1971 a . -new grade of capacitor imprgnant, Arcelor 1016, was made available to the industry. This new grade contains a typical concentration of 0.4% by weight of the higherboiling homologues of the chlorinated biphenyls. (See ASTM D 3303*74 [lj.) 3 Aroclor 1016 replaces Aroclor 1242, which previously was the major capacitor imprg nant and contained around 7% of the higher-boiling homologues (the more persistent in nature). This 0.4% level of the higher-boiling homologues should be the1 1Numbers in brackets reTer to corresponding numbers in 5.1, Reference! to the Text. maximum concentration acceptable in any capacitor impregnant. Aroclor 1242 and 1254, previously used as impregnants, do not meet this requirement and should ho longer be used in capacitors designed and manufactured for alternating-current applications. Aroclor 1016 has the same Underwriters' Labora tories, Inc, nonflammability rating as Aroclor 1242. Its typical properties are given in Table 1. . 3.3' Plant Housekeeping and Employee Safety. Hie procedures and limits given in 3.3 are intended to be minimum requirements to be met by manufacturers and users of capacitors containing askarel. Handling, control, and disposal procedures are given, together n NPC00008067 1 770706 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.I-1974 with exposure limits and indicated antidotes and clean* contained in Section B3 of Appendix B. This procedure up procedures. or its equivalent should be used. 3.3.1 Material. Askarel for use in capacitors should Breathing vapor or fumes from heated askarel should consist of homologues and isomers of chlorinated bi be avoided. Provisions should be made for adequate ven phenyl with the concentrallon-of thehigher-boiling tilation and regulation of manufacturing operations to homologues at about 0.4%. (See ASTM D 3303-74 [ I ] .) avoid open exposure to askarel (especially at tempera Aroclor 1016 is considered to be the standard impreg- tures of 55*C or higher). The gases produced when uka- nant meeting these requirements. rel is decomposed by very high temperatures (such as Commonly used solvents include benzene, kerosene, tlul of an electric arc) in the presence of air or organic acetone, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and perchio- insulating materials contain a high percentage of hydro roethylene. Typical vapor pressure data for Aroclor gen chloride, and small percentages of carbon dioxide, 1016 are: carbon-monoxide, and oxygen. Minute concentrations 0*C = 0.001 mmllg of this combination of gases are very unpleasant and ir- '25*0** 0.006 mmHg ritating, thus giving ample warning of (heir presence. If 1 5 0 * 0 43 mmHg exposure to high concentrations of askarel is necessary 2 0 0 * 0 29.0 mmHg under emergency conditions, an approved gas mask o r. At 25*C and 760 mmHg pressure, saturated air con* self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn. tains approximately 0.09 mg/1. Such exposure should be under the surveillance of NOTE: I mg/1 " 90.0 ppm (v/v) 1 ppm (v/v) 0.011 mg/1 other personnel capable of effecting rescue in case of an accident. If the. odor of askarel is detected by the ~person wearing protective equipment, he should imme diately go into fresh air. All gas masks, respirators, and 3.3.2 Bulk Fluid Shipment, Receiving, and Transfer. Shipment of askarel from point of manufacture to point of receiving should be done in closed containers such as rail tank cars, truck tanks, marine or barge* tanks, or sealed drums. Containers should be labeled as to edntents and cany a label cautioning against loss of fluid to the open environment. Containers used to transport askarel should not be used for storage or to transport other material without being completely cleaned of all traces of askarel. (Cleaning procedures must take cogni zance of precautions against excessive exposure and of the need for proper disposal of contaminated cleansing solvents and materials as set forth in 3.5). Transfer from shipping containers to processing systems should . be through closed piping or tubing with appropriate valves, pumps, etc. Pfovision should be made for trap ping and disposing of fluid lost by leakage or spills . from the transfer system and from the storage containers. Drums to be retired from use should be cleaned be fore crushing, delivery to scrap dealers, or other dispo* sal. Contaminated cleaning fluids and materials should be disposed of as indicated in.3,5. 3.3.3 General Safety Precautions. Although it ts generally accepted that exposure to capacitor-grade askarel is not hazardous provided, that simple precau tions are taken, exposure should still be avoided. replacement parts should have U.S. Bureau of Mines approval and be maintained on a regular schedule in accordance- with the manufacturer's recommendation. 3.3.3.2 Liquid'. In contrast to the situation in which mineral insulating oils are handled, there is vir tually no fire hazard in handling askarel. A limited sol vent action (similar to that for paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin with prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the.skin. As with insu lating oil, some people are allergic to askarel, and con tinued exposure may result in skin irritation. Both the - liquid and vapor are moderately irritating to eye tissue. Operating procedures should be such as to minimize or eliminate contact with iskarels. Use of eye protec tion is recommended. The-use of porous gloves that can absorb and retain askarels is to be avoided, barrier creams4 or resistant gloves9 should be used Ifcontact is unavoidable. Use of enclosed transfer and handling equipment, processing equipment, and mechanical washers reduces direct contact. Medicinal washes or mild detergents followed by the application of cold cream will reduce the Irritation re sulting from the contact of an open cut or abrasion with askarel. Safety glasses with side shields or a face shield should be worn when handling askarels. If liquid aska- 3.3-3.1 Vapors. The odor of askarel is noticeable well below the maximum air concentrations considered safe. Dp to 1.0 milligram per cubic metre of air has been determined to be the maximum safe level of expo sure during an 8-hour workday. (See reference [19].) The procedure for performing the necessary analyses is *For example, PLY No. 9 Gel fMUbum Company, Detroit, -Mich), or Kerodex No. 71 (Ayersl Laboratories, New Yprk,N.Y.), or the equivalent. 'F o r example, Edmont - Solvit 5-352 (Merrick of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, Conn), or the equivalent. 10 NPC00008068 w i m j h -- awwav 1 770707 rel contacts the eyes, the eyes should be irrigated imme diately with large quantities of running water for 15 minutes and then examined by a physician. (A drop of castor oil has been found to reduce irritation.) Persons developing a skin irritation or respiratory tract irritation while working with askarels should be . placed under the supervision of a physician. Ingestion or swallowing of askarels is not generally regarded as a problem of the industry. Should acciden tal Ingestion occur, a physician should be consulted. Hands should be washed with warm water and soap be fore eating, drinking, smoking, or using toilet facilities. 3.3.4 Manufacturing Housekeeping. Manufacturing equipment and operating procedures should safeguard against toss of askarels to the environment through proper containment and disposal procedures. Enclosed systems of sealed piping, properly gasketed joints, valves, containers, and processing chambers should be used for any portion nf the operation where askarel temperatures may exceed 55C. Enclosure should preferably extend in all other portions of the system insofar as practicable Containment provisions should be established around all askarel. processing areas to ensure against inadvertent loss to sewer systems bv spillage, leakage, or other un controlled conditions 01 events. Spills of askarel should be removed promptly by means of absorptive maierial, such as sawdust,.or trapped and removed by pumping or other suitable means. Waste fluids containing askarel not suitable for recon ditioning or reuse should be collected (by means of traps, drip pans, trays, etc) from the various parts of the manufacturing and processing area (including washers or other cleaning devices). Disposal should be made in accordance with 3.5. Wiper rags, clothing, and other extraneous materials saturated with askarels should be collected within the containment area for properly controlled laundering or disposal (see 3.5). 3.3.5 Disposal of Askarel Wastes. Methods for dis posal ofliquids and saturated solids generated by the ' manufacturing operation should'be in accordance with those outlined in 3.5, and should include (but not be limited to) the following wastes: ( t ) Contaminated liquid askarel that is unsuitable for reclaiming as a diciccinc fluid (2) Liquid askarel from solvent operations or water and detergent type washers (3) Saturated earth or other absorbent media fiom filtering operations (4) Saturated sawdust or other absorptive materials from spills (5) Saturated fillers fiom vapor-control devices and AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.M974 other filters (6) Saturated wastes (paper, rags, etc) (7) Saturated, spent gasket materials (8) Askare)-conlaminated vacuum pump oils (9) Askarel-contaminated stream jet vacuum system condensates 3.3.6 Miscellaneous Procedures. Other safety con siderations include the following: (1 ) Spills by leakage from finished capacitors should be cleaned up promptly by means of absorbent media, which should then be moved to containers provided for that purpose within the containment area, and later dis posed of properly. (2) Askarel wastes should never be disposed of down effluent drains or sewers. The utmost care must be exercised to prevent accidental loss by these avenues to the environment. (3) Capacitors failing tests or otherwise designated for disposal must be controlled and handled in accor dance with the intent of the procedures given in 3.3.6(1) and 3.3.6(2), Finally bring disposed of by one of the means outlined in 3.5. 3.4 Control of Water Effluents. The industry goal Is to eliminate askarel in plant water effluent streams. How ever, It is recognized that-existing drain systems in capacitor manufacturing plants are probably contami nated as a result of past practices, and askarel traces may continue to show up in effluent streams for some time. However, the level should continue to decrease with the proper containment of askarel wastes and no further discharges into drain systems. Other sections of this standard provide that no askarel wastes of any kind be disposed of in any water effluent streams and that accidental spills be prevented from gelling into such streams. 3.4.1 Concentration Limits. The 1972 Environmen tal Protection Agency proposals are to keep PCB levels in rivers and lakes below 0.01 part per billion. This is currently under review by the EPA and standards are expected to be promulgated in 1974. Plant effluent streams should be managed and controlled in a manner anticipating these government standards. 3.4.2 Monitoring Streams. On a regular, basis con sistent with plant situations, all effluent streams should be analyzed. The procedure for performing the neces sary analyses is contained in Section B4 of Appendix B. This procedure or its equivalent should be used. 3.4.3 Methods for Minimizing Effluent Stream Con tamination, The ideal approach is to isolate totally all effluentstreams that could be contaminated with aska rels during manufacturing,processes and prevent them frum being discharged from the plant. Carbon adsorp tion, limestone beds, and solvent extraction are tech- PC00008069 - 11 uw ! iimru 'I' m i r n~ nimMiiTnrii SJRBBS l'U H U 'VIMWii'I y 770708 :] . AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.M974 niques that can be applied to reduce the askarel content of effluent streams. These techniques may be most use ful In cleaning up.water used in.plant processing and to permit recycling. 3.5 Scrap-Disposal Procedures. The manufacture and use of capacitors involve processes that produce askarel* saturated solids and liquids containing or composed en tirely of askarel, which should be disposed of as wastes. Specific sources of these materials are described through out this standard. They may be placed into three cate gories: (1) Capacitor units impregnated with askarel, pro duction and field rejects (2) Manufacturing process liquid wastes containing askarel (3) Solid waste purposely or accidently saturated with askarel Disposal should be done in a manner that is consis tent with proper concern for the environment and minimizes any release of askarels to the environment. 3.5.1 Disposal of Capacitor Units. Scrap capacitor units can be generated during manufacturing processes or during field service. Production rejects are those capacitors that are re jected after the impregnation process in the course of production by the capacitor manufacturer-They may be rejected for mechanical or electrical reasons, or be cause of obsolescence. Field rejects are those units that are rejected or, for other reasons, are to be scrapped after shipment from the plant where they were manufactured. 3.5.1.1 Production Rejects. Rejected capacitors . in capacitor manufacturing plants represent a concen tration of askarel. It is important that their disposition be made in a manner consistent with proper concern for the environmenUTherefore. capacitors should be disposed of only in supervised dry landfill sites that meet all applicable state requirements. Care should be exercised to ensure that no loss of liquid will occur during transportation to the disposal site. Incineration of scrap capacitors in facilities designed to accept such solids should provide an alternative means of disposal as such services become available in the future. 3.5.1.2 Field Rejects. Small capacitors (defined as containing less than 2 pounds of askarel) are practi cally always used as components in other electrical or electromechanical equipment. Typical examples of . large quantity usage of such capacitors are in fluores cent lamp ballasts and residential air conditioning equipmcnt._Failure of such capacitors may result in scrap ping of the device of which it is a part (as in a fluores- cent ballast) or replacement and scrapping of the indi vidual, capacitor (as in a room air conditioner). How ever, the majority of such capacitors do not fail In service, but are scrapped as a result of wearing out or obsolescence of the devices in which the capacitors arc used as components. Thus, the matter of disposal is characterized by a low concentration of small quantities of askarel throughout the country and, indeed, through out the world. Fortunately, the nature of the devices and equipment in w h ic h such capacitors are used is such that they are normally disposed of in dry landfills as a matter of convenience. Since it is impractical at present to exercise any meaningful control over the dis position of the bulk of such devices and equipment, it is imperative that askarel used for impregnating small capacitors'be limited to the recently introduced type, which contains a typical concentration of 0.4%of the higher-boiling homologues. (See ASTM D 3303-74 (1].) Large capacitors (those incorporating more than 2 ' pounds of askarel) should be disposed of according to the procedure for production rejects (see 3.5.1.1). 3.5.2 Disposal of Liquid Wastes. All waste askarel. or liquid wastes containing askarel should be disposed or in accordance with one of the procedures given in 3.5.2.1 through 3.5.2-3.* 3.5.2.1 Incineration. Present knowledge indicates that proper incineration must involve a suitable balance between dwell time and temperature in the incinerator plus oxygen availability and, finally, suitable scrubbers to remove the HCl that will be formed; for example, `2-second dwell lime at 2000 F and 3% excess oxygen in stack gas, or 1.5-second dwell time at 2700F and 2% excess oxygen in stack gas. . These facilities should meet the applicable require ments of the state in which they are located, and should control effluents within the limits set forth In this standard. ' 3.5.2.2 Toxic end Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites. Certain landfill sites have been classified by state `governments and.the federal government as suitable for the disposal of toxic and hazardous liquids. Where such approved sites exist, they may be used for the disposal of liquid wastes described in this standard. (See Appen dix A.) . 3.5.2.3 Packaging and Shipment 3.5.2.3.1 Transportation to the disposal facili ty should be in containers that will prevenlieakage and accidental loss of askarel to the environment. 3.5.23 . 2 Containers should be labeled as to contents and precautions relative.to loss to the.environ ment. 3.5.2.3.3 Containers used for this purpose. should not be used for any such materials or retired from service until they are completely cleaned. Any 12 UPC00008070 r v L U P ,j i. 770709 Fs Fs 1I \ AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.M974 solvents used in cleaning these containers wilt be con 4. Transformer Guidelines taminated with askarel and should be disposed of ac cording to the same procedures described in 3.5.2. 4,1 General 3.5.3 Disposal of Solid Wastes. (See 3.5.1 for scrap 4.h i Types of Transformer Askarels.6 Askarels of capacitors.) All solid wastes that have been saturated various compositional types are currently in use (for with askarel should be disposed of by the following the general properties and types, see ASTM D 2283- procedure: 73a [20]). Under arcing conditions, the gases produced, (1) The saturated wastes should be placed into though predominantly consisting of noncombustible leakproof containers and transported to a supervised hydrogen chloride, can contain varying amounts of dry landfill site meeting state requirements. Alterna combustible gases depending upon the askarel type. tively,.they can be. disposed of by incineration in 4.1.2 Safety Precautions. Based on about 40 years state-approved facilities. of safe industrial usage, askarels have been considered (2) Solid absorbents used for spills can be disposed as relatively harmless materials to humans. There has of uncontained in the supervised dry landfill site; trans been no known instance of human injury when askarels port to the site should be in closed containers. Alterna are used under the normally prescribed conditions of tively, incineration can be used in accordance with precaution and handling. 3.5.2. (See Appendix A for a listing of facilities.) Although it has been generally thought that expo sure to askarels is not hazardous provided that simple 3.6 Labeling. Capacitor units vary greatly in size and precautions are taken, exposure should still be avoided in end use or application. Small capacitor units are fre or minimized. quently applied as a component of another piece of 4.1.2.1 Vapors. The odor of askarel is noticeabfe equipment, such as a fluorescent lighting ballast, a road well below the maximum safe air concentrations. De way or area lighting luminaire, a motor, etc. In such pending upon the composition of the askarel used, applications a label on the capacitor unit referencing from 0.5 to 1.0 milligram per cubic metre of air has approved disposal procedure would not normally be been determined to be the upper safe level of expo visible when the piece of equipment is disposed of. sure during an B-hour workday. (See reference [ 19].) For the foregoing reasons the methods of providing The procedure for performing the necessary analyses disposal instructionsTor small capacitors and large ca is contained in Section B3 of Appendix B. This proce pacitors arc treated separately in 3.6.1 and 3.6.2, dure or its equivalent should be used. respectively. Breathing vapor or fumes from heated askarels 3.6.1 Small Units. Small capacitors are defined as should be avoided. High concentrations of vapbrs can those that contain askarel in quantities up to about 2 cause irritation or the eyes, hose, throat, and'upper re pounds each and in which the free Liquid does not ex spiratory tract. Provisions shall be made for adequate ceed 0.4 pound. They are, hermetically sealed in metal vemilation and regulation of manufacturing operations lic cases. Such capacitors are applied as a component to avoid open exposure of hot askatejs (55C or higher). of a large.piece of equipment. Attaching a label to such The gases produced when askarel is decomposed by equipment referencing this standard or describing dis very high temperatures (such as that of an electric arc) posal procedures would be oflimited practical value. in the presence of air or organic insulating materials 3.6.2 Large Units. Large capacitor units arc defined as those that contain more than 2 pounds of askarel. The capacitor manufacturer should affix a label in a conspicuous place, referencing this standard or de scribing disposal procedures consistent with it. This label should contain, as a minimum, the following infor mation: contain a high percentage of hydrogen chloride, and ' small percentages of other gases. Minute concentrations of tliis combination of gases are very unpleasant and irritating, thus giving ample warning of their presence. If exposure to high concentrations of askarels or its arced products is necessary under emergency conditions, an .approved gas mask of die organic canister type, or * CAUTION: This capacitor contains a polychlori self-contained breathing apparatus, must be worn. Such nated biphenyl (PCB). To avoid possible environmental- exposure should be under (he surveillance of other per contamination, it should be disposed of only in super vised dry landfill areas meeting stale requirements or in sonnel capable of effecting .rescue in case of accident. If the odor of askarel or its arced products is detected incineration facilities designed for disposal of PCBs. See American National Standard Cl07.1-1974 for fur- . thcr information. Copies are available from American Nation^ Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N,Y. 10018, 6m e following trademarks axe amon& those employed by electiical manufacture' lo (tesfpniilc the askarels used In their products: Asbcsiol,,Clilorcxtol, inerteen, No-hlamol. Pyianol, and Saf-T-Kuhl. ' 13 t i P C O o oao7x 770710 ! i J i I ' 1I I iijii j: I "i."''j . ii i ) >1 ' :1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDC107.1-1974 by the person wearing protective equipment, he should immediately go into fresh air. AD gas masks, respirators, and replacement parts should have U.S. Bureau of Mines approval and be maintained on a regular schedule In ac cordance with the manufacturer's recommendation. 4.1.2.2 Liquid. In contrast to the situation in which mineral insulating oils are handled, there is no fire hazard in handling askarels. A limited solvent ac tion (similar to that for paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin with prolonged contact may lead to dry ing and chapping of the skin. As with insulating oil, some people are allergic to askarel,and continued expo sure may result in skin irritation. Both the liquid and vapor are moderately irritating to eye tissue. Operating procedures should require avoidance of contact with any askarels. The use of porous gloves that can absorb and retain askarels is to be avoided. Re sistant gloves and aprons of the neoprene, polyethylene, or nuoroelastamer' type should be used if cantacl is unavoidable. In case of spillage on the clothing, the clothing should be removed as soon s practical, the skin washed, and the clothing laundered. Medicinal washes or mild detergents fallowed by the application of cold cream will reduce the irritation re sulting from the contact of an open cut or abrasion ..with askaret. Safety glasses with side shields or a face shield should be worn when handling askarels. Eyes that have been exposed to liquid askarel should be irrigated immediately with large quantities or running water for 15 minutes and then examined by a physician if the irritation persists. (A drop of castor oil has been found to reduce irritation.) ` Persons developing a skin irritation or respiratory tract irritation while working with askarels should be placed under the supervision of a physician. Ingestion or swallowing of askarels is not generally regarded as a problem or the industry. Should acciden tal ingestion occur, a physician should be consulted. Hands should be washed with warm water and soap before eating, drinking, smoking, or using toilet facili ties. 4.1.3 Transport Container Marking. Any container, such as tank cars, tank trucks, drums, cans, etc, used to transport transformer askarels, new or used, should be labeled with the following: CAUTION: This product contains polychlorinated biphenyls (PCOs). Care should be taken to prevent entry into the environment through spills, leakage, use, vaporization, or disposal of liquid or containers. Avoid prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Avoid contact with eyes or. prolonged contact with skin. If skin con- ' For example. Viton. tact occurs, remove, by washing with soap and water. Following eye contact, (lush with water. In case of spillage onto clothing, the clothing should be removed as soon as practical, skin washed, and clothing laun dered. 4.1.4. Receiving, Handling, and Storage of Askarels. Askarels arc shipped in tank cars, tank trucks, steel drums, metal cans, and test-sample containers. When received, all containers should be inspected for leaks. : 4.1.4.1 Storage Tanks. Storage tanks should be erected so that inspection can be made for leaks or spills.. Construction should be such that inadvertent leakage or spills are prevented from reaching streams and sanitary or storm sewers. . 4.1.4.2 Tank Cars and Tank Trucks. All bulk shipment equipment should be inspected for leaks im mediately upon receipt. Drain pans must be provided to prevent spillage from unloading hoses and connec tions. Askaiel liquid collected in drain pans should be placed in drums labeled "SCRAP ASKAREL" for dis position. 4,1,4.3 Steel Drums, Cans, and Test-Sample Con tainers. On delivery, all such shipments should be care fully inspected for leaks. The containers should be stored indoors in an area especially selected for this purpose. A curb should enclose the area to provide a basin for containing the askarel from one or more con tainers should the containers be damaged. The area must not have a drain that is connected to a sanitary or storm sewer. If an indoor storage area is not possible, the con* tainersshould be stored under a lean-to. 4.1.5 Control of Water Effluents. The industry goal is to eliminate askarel in plant water effluent streams. However, iHs recognized that existing drain systems from manufacturing plants, repair shops, and installa tion sites may be contaminated as a result of past prac tices. Other sections of this standard provide that no askarel wastes of any kind be disposed of in any wafer effluent streams and that accidental spills be prevented from getting Into such streams. 4.1.5.1 Concentration Limits. The 1972 Environ mental Protection Agency proposals are to keep PCD levels in rivers and lakes below 0.01 part per billion. This is currently under review by the EPA and stan dards are expected to be promulgated irt 1974. Plant effluent streams should he managed and controlled in a manner anticipating these government standards. 4.1.5.2 Monitoring Streams. All plant effluent streams shold lie monitored on a regular basis, consis tent with plant situations. The procedure for perform ing the necessary, analyses is contained in Section B4 o f Appendix B. This procedure or its equivalent should be used. 14 NPC00008072 770711 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.M974 4.1.5.3 Methods for Minimizing Effluent Streamshould be placed in open-head drums with suitable clo Contamination. The ideal approach is to isolate totally sures and with the drum properly labeled for shipment all effluent streams that could be contaminated with to a company offering an acceptable disposal service. askarcls during manufacturing processes and prevent 4.1.6.5 Liquid and Solid Waste Disposal Service them from being discharged from the plant. Organizations 4.1.6 Disposal Procedures and Services 4.].6.5.1 General. Disposal of askarels and 4.1.6.1 Sources of Materials Requiring Special askarel-soaked materials should be accomplished by Handling and Disposal Procedures. Liquids containing means in which there is no significant release of askarel PGBs and solids containing or contaminated with PCBs to the environment. At present, disposal is accomplished may be obtained from any of the following sources: by carefully controlled incineration ofliquids and transport containers, transformer manufacturing pro soaked software, and by controlled landfill burial of cesses, in-test failuresjiquids contaminated beyond `apparatus and other hardware from which askarel has reclamation, in-service transformer leaks and failures; been previously drained and washed. askarel-filled transformers scrapped for any reason, etc. Present knowledge indicates that proper incineration 4.1.6.2 Classification for Disposal of Materials must involve a suitable balance between dwell time and Containing PCBs. fn general, there are three types of temperaturen the incineration plus oxygen availability materials requiring disposal: liquids, burnable solid materials containing PCBs, and nonburnable solid mate rials contaminated wilh PCBs. 4.1.6.2.1 Liquids. Liquids containing PCBs. and, finally, suitable scrubbers to remove the HC1 that will be formed; for example, 2-second dwell time at 20U0oP and 3% excess oxygen in stack gas, or 1.5second dwell time at 2700F and 2% oxygen in stack requiring disposal by high-temperature incineration gas. may consist of the following: These facilities should meet the applicable require (1) PCBs contaminated with mineral oil. ments of the state in wliich (hey are located and should (2) Mineral oil contaminated with PCBs. control effluents within the limits set forth in this stan (3) Nonreclaimable contaminated transformer aska- dard. reis, arced askarels, askarels from manufacturing spills, Controlled landfill or deep-well disposal can be used and sump accumulation, etc, rich in PCBs, and askarels where permitted by federal, state, and local regulations. from holding basins, drip and drain pans, washings, sam 4.1.6.5.2 Costs, In addition to the normal ple jars and containers, etc. costs of collecting scrap liquids and solids for disposal, 4.1.6.2.2 Burnable Solid Waste Materials Con additional costs borne by the owner of such scrap in taining PCBs. These materials can be disposed of by high- clude shipping containers, cost of transport loThe dis temperature incineration and consist of cellulosic mate posal service organization, and a disposal fee usually rials, rags, pressboard, wood.'sawdust, fuller's earth in based upon a per-gallon or per.-pound charge. bulk or in cloth bags, blotter papers, nitrile or cork gas 4.1.6.5.3 Disposal Services. Organizations kets, etc. ' offering disposal services are listed in Appendix A, 4.1.6.2.3 Nonburnable Solid Waste Materials ' including their location, facilities available, types of . Containing, or Contaminated with, PCBs.JThese mate material handled, and disposal procedures used. Speci rials may consist of coil structures, steel, copper, alu fic shipping-directions, disposal procedures, and costs minum filter units of the steel mesh construction type, should be obtained from the organization. askarel drums, cans. etc. Materials of this nature should be allowed to drain 4.2 Specific Guidelines with the liquid collected in drip pans, etc. Further re 4.2.1 Plant Housekeeping. It is necessary to assume moval of adhering PCBs can be accomplished by wash that in filling equipment with askarel, and during fur ing or solvent extraction with kerosene r other ap ther handling of this equipment, an askarel spill may. proved washing liquids such as perchloroethylene or occur. Therefore, It is necessary to provide'facilities and tricholorocthylcnc. Accumulated liquids can be dis A procedure for cleanup to prevent contamination. posed of as indicated in 4. ].6.2.1. Solid materials may 4.2.1.1 Askarel Filling Area be handled as normal scrap. 4.2.1.1.1 The location or the askarel filling 4.1.6.3 Shipment of Scrap Liquids for Disposal. area should be adjacent lo the test area and Anal ship All liquid scrap materia) should be placed in appropriate ping area Lo minimize the danger of damage of units metal transport drums, properly labeled, for shipment during handling. to a company offering an acceptable disposal service. 4.2.1.1.2 The main manufacturing area for 4.1.6.4 Shipment or Burnable Solid Waste Mate filling equipment with askarel should be provided wilh rial Containing PCBs for Disposal. Material of this type impervious surface floors or suitable basins so con- 15 NPC00008073 770712 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C107.M974 structed lhat any inadvertent leakage or spills are pre .4.2.1.4.4 Alt used materials, including rags. vented from reaching streams, sanitary-sewers, or storm - sawdust, tape, etc, regardless of quantity, shall be pul sewers. All askarel-handiing equipment, such as pumps, into the appropriate containers for disposition. hoses, etc, shall be or the askarei-reslslant type. . 4.2.2 Transformer Labeling 4.2.1.1.3 Drip pans shall'be provided for hose 4.2.2. J New Transformers. All new transformers connections and filling valves. that contain PCBs shall have a label of adequate durabil 4.211.2 Special Containers for Scrap Materials ity, permanently and prominently attached to the tank 4.2.1.2.1 Drums labeled "SCRAP ASKAREL" by the manufacturer, giving adequate warning and in should be available for handling all spilled and waste structions. A suggested label includes the following: askaiel from sumps, failed units, drip pans, sample jars, CAUTION: The insulating liquid in (his transformer etc. contains polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Care should 4.2.1.2.2 Open-head drums With suitable do* be taken to prevent entry into the environment. In case sures and labeled "SCRAP BURNABLE ASKAREL of malfunction or leaks, consult the instruction manual WASTE1' should be available for handling contaminated or the manufacturer. cellulose insulation, rags' paper pressboard, wood, gas 4.2.2.2 In-Service Transformers. The transformer kets, sawdust, etc. manufacturer should make .available suitable labels with 4.2.1.2.3 Separate containers for handling a similar warning as shown in 4.2.2.1 for use on exist steel, copper, and aluminum, each adequately marked, ing transformers. shall be provided for the components of contaminated 4.2.3 Information for Transformer Users core and coil assemblies. These containers are required 4.2.3.1 Genera). Askarel-filled transformers are for the various materials when repairing or scrapping delivered to customers as sealed units from which there assemblies. is no escape of askarel under normal operation. Although 4.2.1.2.4 Containers for supplies .of material ' certain types of equipment failures can permit loss of for absorbing small askaiel spills or cleanup of larger same askarel to the environment, such cases ire extreme spills should be provided. ly rate. 4.2.1.3 Conditioning of Askarels 4.2.3.2 Transportation and Receiving. Immedi 4.2.1.3.1 Askarel Conditioning Equipment. ately upon receipt of the equipment and following any The conditioning unit should be located either in the transportation or handling accident that could affect storage tank area or in the main transformer manufac the integrity of the tank, bushings, or radiators, the turing area for filling with askarel... transportation vehicle, tank, and fittings should be 4.2.1.3.2 Fuller's Earth. Conditioning of new askarel or recycled askarel requires fuller's earth treat examined for any.leakage or spillage that may have occurred in shipping. Ifleakage is evident, the cause ment. The spent fuller's earth in cartridges or bags, should be corrected and the spillage soaked up with . when replaced, should be allowed to drain thoroughly over drip pans to remove as much liquid askarel as pos absorbent materials such as sawdust, followed by a cleanup of the affected area with rags soaked with kero sible. The cartridge units of steel mesh construction sene,or other approved solvent such as perchluroethy* should be placed in the "STEEL CONTAMINATED WITH ASKAREL" container for disposition. Cloth lene or trichloroethylene. AU materials used should be collected for proper disposition as described in 4.1.6. bags fdled with fuller's earth should be placed.in th 4.2.3.3 Installation and Periodic Inspection. Fol "SCRAP BURNABLE ASKAREL WASTE" container lowing installation; the unit should again be inspected for disposition. .for any damage or leakage. It Is recommended that 4.2.1.4 Ttardown of Units for Repair or Scrap periodic in-service inspections be made for any leaks. 4.2.1.4.1 Drain all askarel from the unit either 4.2.3.4 Filling, Filtering, or Drying Askarel. into a holding lank for reuse or into the drum labeled Most askarel units are shipped with the proper amount "SCRAP ASKAREL" for disposition, and then allow of askarel, but if it becomes necessary to lop off a unit, sufficient time for all of the askarel to drain from the the manufacturer's instructions should be followed. core and coils. If it is neceisaiy to dry an askarel unit or to treat an 4.2.1.4.2 Remove the core and coil assembly askarel unit with1fuller's earth, instructions should be from the transformer. Sufficient absorbent material followed. Wherf filtering or conditioning askarel, all should be placed on the floor to absorb any -askarel of the precautions previously described for drip pans, fluid that still drips from the transformer, proper disposal of filter media, etc, apply.. 4,2.1.4.3 Place ail materials in the appropriate 4.2.3.5 Sampling. It is common practice to sam salvage containers during the dismantling for later dis- . ple, askarel from a transformer for periodic maintenance position. testing. As previously described, such samples should.be 16 NPC00008074 r 770713 1 hsm AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD C l07.M 974 taken in a manner to avoid any contamination of the Specific Resistance (Resistivi(y) of Electrical Insulating environment. Washings should be collected for proper Liquids, C59.5M965 (R1973) (ASTM D 1169-64 disposal. Field and laboratory test samples, washings, (1973)) etc, should also be collected for proper disposal. [10] American National Standard Method of Test for 4.2.3.6 Transformer Disposal. Hie ultimate disHydrolyzable Chlorine Compounds in Chlorinated Aro posal of an askarel-filled transformer may be accom matic Hydiocarbons (Askarels), C59.106-1970 (ASTM plished in either of two ways: D 1820-65 (1971)) (1) Complete drainage and dismantling with the proper disposal of the askarel and askard-soaked com [II] American National Standard Method of Test for ponents as described in 4.1.6. (2) Disposition of askarel transformers by means of Thermal Stability of Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocar* bimz (Askarels), C59.111-1970 (ASTM D 1936-64 junk or.scrap dealers. This should he avoided unless a (1971)) transformer is first drained, followed by soaking the interior with a suitable solvent. Accumulated liquids and washings are to be disposed of as described in 4.1.6. jI2] American National Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Road Tars, A37.9-1974 (ASTM D20-72) [13] American National Standard Methods of Testing Electrical Insulating Oils* C59.2-1974 (ASTM D.l 17-71 (1973)) 5. References 5.1 References to the Text [)] Standard Method of Test for Rapid Gas Chroma- tographic Estimation of Higher Boiling Homologues of Chlorinated Biphenyls for Capacitor Askarels, ASTM D 3303-74 [14] American National Standard Method of Test for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk.Electrodes, C59.19-1968 (R1973) (ASTM D 877-67 (1971)) .[15] American National Standard Method of Test for flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup, Z11.61973 (ASTM D 92-72, IP 36/67) [2j American National Standard Method of Test fr Specific Gravity of Askarels, C59.68-1965 (R1973) (ASTM D 1810-63 (1973)) [16] American National Standard Method of Test for Saybolt Viscosity, Z11.2-1956 (R1971) (ASTM D 88- 56 (1973)) [3] American National Standard Method of Test for Neutralization Number by Color-Indicator Titration, Z l l .131-1964 (R1974J (ASTM D 974-64 (1973), IP 139/65) [17] American National Standard Method of Test for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Electrical Insu lating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and Askarels, C59.57-1963 (R1973) (ASTM D J903-63 (1973)) [4j American National Standard Method of Test for Neutralization Number by Potentiometrie Titration, Z11.59-1958 (R1971) (ASTM D 664-58 (1968), IP 177/64) * [5] Standard Method of Test for Density of Rubber Chemicals, ASTM D 1817-66 (1972) [18] MUNCfl, R. 11. Measuring the dissipation factor, . dielectric constant, and resistivity of liquids. I n s u la tio n / C irc u its, voi 16. Mar 1970, p`p 46-49. [19] Ciilorodiphenyls. H y g ie n ic G u id e S c rie s. West mont, N.J.; American Industrial Hygiene Associatiun, Jan-Feb 1965. [6] American National Standard Method of Test for Inorganic Chlorides in Askarels, C59.55-1963 (R1973) (ASTM D 1821-63 (1973)) [20] Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Transformers, A5TM D 2283-73a [7J American National Standard Method or Test for Pour Point of Petroleum Oils, Z11.5*1966 (R1972) (ASTM D 97-66'( 1971), IP 15/67) [8] American National Standard Method of Test for Power Factor and Dielectric Constant of Electrical Insulating Liquids, C59.22-1967 (Rl 973) (ASTM D 924-65(1973)) [9] American National Standard Method of Test for 5.2 General References A r o d o r P o ly ch lo riitctcd P o ly p h e n y is {B ip h en yls}. Technical Bulletin O-FF/lR.Si. Louis: Monsanto In dustrial Chemicals Company, Nov 1971., DRINKER, C. K. Further observations on the possible systemic toxicity of certain of the chlorinated hydro carbons. J o u r n a l o f I n d u s t r i a l H y g i e n e a n d T o x ic o lo g y , vol21,1939t pp 155-159. 17 NPC00008075 770714 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Cl07.X-1974 DRINKER, C. K.; WARREN, M. F.; and.BENNET, . C. A. The problem of possible systemic effects from certain chlorinated hydrocarbons. J o u r n a l o f I n d u s tr ia l H y g ie n e a n d T o x ic o lo g y , vol 19, 1937, pp 283-311. ELKINS, H. B.77ic C h e m is tr y o f I n d u s t r i a l T o x ic o lo g y . New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1959.. GREENBURG, L ; MAYERS, M. R.; and SMITH, A. R. The systemic effects resulting from exposure,to certain . chlorinated hydrocarbons. J o u r n a l o f I n d u s tr ia l H y g ie n e e n d T o x ic o lo g y , vol 21, 1939, pp 29-38. - T h resh o ld L im it Values f o r C h em ica l S u b sta n c e s a n d P h y s ic a l A g e n t s in t h e W o r k r o o m E n v i r o n m e n t . Cincin nati: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1973. TREON, J. F.: CLEVELAND. F. P.; CAPPEL, J.; and ATCHLEY, R. W. The toxicity of the vapors of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254. A m e r ic a n I n d u s tr ia l H y g ie n e A s s o c ia tio n Q u a r te r ly , vol 1 7 ,1956,,pp 204-213. 6. Revision of American National Standards Referred to in This Document When the American National Standards referred to in this document are superseded by a revision approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc, the re vision shall-apply. 18 NPC00008076 770715 A n n A n H i y P Q (These'Appendixesare not apart of American National Standard Guidelines for Handling and Disposal nf n ^ ^ C I l U C a p a c i t o r - and Transformer-Grade AskaielsContaining Polychlorinated Biphenyls, C107.1*1974. but ate Included for information purposes only.) Appendix A Disposal Services In addLtlon to the supervised dry landfill sites that gases are passed through a packed column scrubber to may be used for'the disposal of askarel-containing scrap, remove HC1. the following additional known facilities and services have been established, and others may be available.* Nuclear Engineering Company Eastern Division Chem-Trol Pollution Services, Inc P.O.Box 200 1550 Balmsr Road P.O. Box 146 Morehead, Ky 40351 Phone:606 784-6611. Model City, N.Y. 14107 Nuclear Engineering Company Phone: 716 754-8231 Disposal Division This.organization has facilities and services capable of handling: Sheffield, 111.61361 Phone: 815 54-2624 (1) Liquids. Askarels alone or mixed with solvents Tills organization provides containerization, trans or oils. Disposal by high-temperature incineration. portation, and disposal services of all liquids and solids (2) Solids (software). Askarel-soaked compounds, (Including hardware). Disposal is in controlled chemical rags cartons, absorbing earths, etc. Disposal by incinera and scientific landfill area. Licensed by Atomic Energy tion or scientific landfill. ' Commission for radioactive waste disposal. The organi (3) Solids (hardware). Capacitors, transformer tanks, zation also has two West Coast locations, in the states cores, askarel-soaked metals. Disposal by scientific land of California and Washington. fill. Has solvent extraction capability. Rollins Environmental Services, Inc Monsanto Company 800 North Lindbergh Boulevard P.O. Box 2349 Wilmington, Del 19899 Phone:302 658-8451 St. Louis, Mo 63166 Phone 314 694-3352 ' This organization has facilities and services capable of handling: This organization has facilities and services capable (1) Liquids. Askarel alone or mixed with solvents of handling askarel liquids alone or mixed with other or oils. Disposal 1*by high-temperature incineration. oils or solvents by high-temperature incineration. (2) Solids (software); Askarel-soaked compounds, Liquid is pumped through a gun with atomizing steam rags, cartons, absorbing earths, etc. Disposal is by incin Into incinerator. Temperatures are maintained at 2000F- eration at combustion temperatures up to 2500F. In- 2500F with auxiliary natural.gas. Exit gases arc . cineration gases.are scrubbed, and entrained solids are quenched to 180F by contact with water. Gas is then removed before exhausting to'nir. passed through a high-energy venturi scrubber for re Rollins Environmental Services maintains disposal moval of particulates. Before exhausting to air (110F), facilities in the following areas: 'T he listing given herein u representative of some of the anurces. that provide this service, and is not presumed to be complete. Any other organizations that wish to be listed should notify the Standards Institute so that they may be included in the next edition of this standard. Philadelphia/Camden: Rollins Environmental Services, Inc Route 322 Logan Township Bridgeport, N J. 08014 19 NPC00008077 770716 APPENDIX Baton Rouge: Rollins Environmental Services, Inc Scenic Highway & West Cheatham Lane Scotiandville East Baton Rduge Parish, La 70807 Houston: Rollins Environmental Services, Inc Tidal Road &'Highway 134 Deer, Park, Tex 77536 Appendix B Analytical Procedures and Laboratory Service Organizations B. General Analytical procedures for determining PCBs in air, water, and sediments arc given in Sections B3 and B4, B2, Laboratories The following laboratories are representative of those offering services for PCB analyses:* Carus Chemical Corporation 1375 Eighth Street La Salle, 111. 61301 Phone: 815 223-1500 Limnetics, Inc. (Subsidiary of Cams Corporation) 6132 West Fond du Lac Avenue Milwaukee, Wis 53218 Phone:414 461-9500 . Gotlob Analytical Service Corporation 47 Industrial Road Berkeley Heights, NJ. 07922 Phone:201 464-3331 B3. An Analytical Procedure for the Determin ation of Airborne PCBs B3.1 Scope. This procedure is based on techniques used by the Monsanto Industrial Chemical Company 'T he listing given herein is representative of some of the sources that provide this service, and is not presumed to be complete. Any other organizations that wish to be listed should notify the Standards Institute so that they may be included in the next edition of this standard, for the isolation and determination of PCBs in water, soil/sediment, and-biological materials. Absolute con- fimiation of PCB structures is not obtained with this method. Where needed, additional structure proof should be obtained using techniques such as mass spec trometry for further identification of gas chromatog raphy fractions. B3.2 Principle^ Airborne PCBs are absorbed in toluene by drawing the air through one or more fritted bubblers or impingers in cylinders filled with toluene. After a suitable amount of air is sampled, the scrubbing solvent is diluted or concentrated, and interfering components, if present, are removed by chemical treatment and column absorption chromatography..The amount ami type of PCBs present arc determined by electron cap ture gas chromatography (EC/GCJ. B3.3 Reagents (1) llexanc: Pesticide grade. (2) Toluene: Pesticide grade. (3) Sodium sulfate: Anhydrous, granular, analytical reagent (AR) grade. Ilcat at 400C for 1 hour prior to use. (4) Alumina adsorption: For chromatographic anal ysis, 80/200 mesh. Ilcat at 400C for a minimum period of 4 hours and deactivate with 5% (w/w) distilled water. For alumina column preparation All a chromatographic column with hexane up to the point where the reservoir joins the column, and push a glass wool plug to the bot tom with a glass rod.. In a 50-ml beaker measure 35 ml (about 30 grams) of deactivated alumina, and pour litis slowly into the column. Tap or vibrate the column to ' settle the alumina, and top the almina with 2 to 3 cm of anhydrous sodium sulfate. Wash the column with 50 to 100 ml of hexane prior to the addition of the sample. (5) Distilled water: Extracted with hexane to re- 20 NPC00008078 770717 APPENDIX NOTE: Instrument: Hewlett-Packard 5750 Detector: " Ni, electron capture Column 6-mm X 6-foot, 4% XE-60on 80/100 mesh, Chromosorb W, HP. AW-DMCS. Column temperature: 200C Injection temperature: 220C Detector temperature 250C Carrier *as: He, 60 ml/min Purge gas: 10% CH/argon, 120 ml/min Pulse interval: 50 us Injection volume: 5 u \ Standard concentration: 1.00uR/mt Range: 10 Attenuation: 8 AROCLOR 1016 0 l2 34 5 '6 78 9 MINUTES Fig. Bl Arocior 1016 Electron Capture Chromatogram move hexane-soluble electron capturing impurities. (6) Sulfuric acid: A R grade, specific gravity * 1.84. (7) Potassium hydroxide: A R grade. (8) Ethanol: Formula 20. (9) Alcoholic potassium hydroxide, 2 .5 % (w/v): D is solve about 12.5 grams of A R grade K O H in 500 ml of etitan ol. (1 0) Sulfuric acid-water, 9:1 (v/v): Carefully add 270 ml o f A R grade sulfuric acid to 30 ml of distilled water in a 500-ml iced beaker. (I I) PCBstandards Arocior 1016, 1221, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 (bee Fig. B l through B7.) B3.4 Apparatus (1) Gas scrubbing bottles, high form, ground-glass joint, fritted coarse disks. (2) Separatory funnels equipped with ground-glass stoppers and TFE-fluorocarbon stopcocks; capacities of 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 ml. (3) Kunderna-Danish evaporative concentrators, 500-ml capacity, equipped with three-ball Snyder col umns and graduated 5-ml capacity vials. (4) Chromatographic columns, glass, 10 inches X 20 mm (O D), with a 5-inch X 50-mm (O D ) reservoir at the top, equipped with TFE-fluorocarbon stopcocks. (5) Flat-bottomed boiling flasks, 125 ml capacity. (6) Liebig condenser, 200 mm in length. (7) Hot plates. (8) Water bath. (9) 10-m I syringes. (10) Dry-lest meter or wet-test gas meter. (11) Laboratory vacuum puinp. ( 12) Rotating vacuum evaporator. (13) Usual laboratory glassware. B3.5 Sampling. The air to be sampled for airborne PCBs Is drawn through a gas scrubber (or scrubbers) and a dry-test meter using a laboratory vacuum pump. See Fig. B8. The sampling flow rate is conlrolled by bleeding in air via a needle valve located between the 21 NPC00008079 770718 APPENDIX NPC00008080 770719 APPENDIX NOTF.: Instrument: Hewlett-Packard 5750 Detector **Ni electron capture Column: 6-mm X 6-foot, 4% XE-60 on 80/100 mesh, Chromosorb W, HP. AW-DMCS Column temperature: J70C Injection temperature: 220C Detector temperature: 250C Carrier gas: He, 60 ml/min Purge pas: 10% CII4/argon, 120ntl/min Pulse interval: 50 us Injection volume: 5 jil Standard concentration: l.48Mfr/mi Range: 10 Attenuation: 4 4 I RELATIVE RESPONSE 0 12 3 4 56 MINUTES Fig. B3 Arocior 1221 Electron Capture Chromatogram 23.. NPC00008081 770720 APPENDIX NOTE: Inurnm ent: Hewlett-Packard 5750 Detector: **Ni electron capture Column: 6-mm x 6-ioot. 4'fr XF.-60on 80/100 merit, Chromosorb W. HP, AW-DMCS Column temperature: 190C Injection temperature: 220C Detector temperature: 250C Carrier gas: He, 60 ml/min Purge fas: 10% OH^argun, 120 ml/min Pulse interval: 50 fis In.iection volume: 5 mI Standard concentration: 1.03 jrg/ml Range: 10 Attenuation: 8 6 RELATIVE RESPONSE AROCLOR 1242 2 34 MINUTES Fig. B4 Aroclor 1242 Electron Capture Chromafogfam 24 KMre'.fii NPC00008082 770721 APPENDIX NOTE: Instrument: Hewlett-Packard 5750 Detector: *s Ni electron capture Column: 6-mfn X 6-foot, 4% XP.-60 on 80/100 mesh. Chromosorb W. HP. AW-DMCS Column temperature: I90C Injection temperature: 220C Detector temperature: 250C Carrier pas: He. 60 ml/min Purpepas: 10% CHa/arpon, 120ml/min Pulse interval: 50 us Infection volume: 5 y l Standard concentration: 1.31 ufc/ml Ranpe: 10 Attenuation: 4 RELATIVE RESPONSE I" 1 I "" I i l > 1 Ii 0 I 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 IO II 12 13 MINUTES Fig. B5 Aroclor 1248 Electron Capture Chromatogram NPC00008083 ----------- m 770722 APPENDIX NOTE: Instrument: Hewlett-Packard 5750 Detector: **Ni electron capture Column: 6-mm X 6-foot, W XE-60 on 80/100 mesh, Chromosort W. HP, AW-DMCS Column temperature; 205C Injection temperature: 220C Detector temperature: 250C Carrier jus: He, 60 ml/min Purge gas: 10% ClU/argon, 120 ml/min Putse interval: 50 us Injection volume: 5 ul Standard concentration: 1.02ug/ml Range: 10 Attenuation: 8 '530 26 AR0C10R 1254 23456 7 MI NUT E S Fig. B6 Axoclor 1254 Electron Capture Chromatogram _ NPC00008084 ** 770723 22 26 .| APPENDIX NOTE: Instrument: Hewlett-Packard 5750 Detector: **Nl electron capture Column: 6-mm X. 6-ioct, 4% XE-60 on 80/100 mesh, Chromosorb W. HP. AW-DMCS Column temperature: 220C Injection temperature: 220C Detector temperature: 250C Carrier gas: He. 60 ml/mln Purge gas: 10% Clla/argon, 120 ml/min Pulse interval: 50 /is Injection volume: 5 pi Standard concentration: 0.98 jjg/ml Range: 10 Attenuation: 8 RELATIVE RESPONSE t------ 1 0I I------1------1------1------1----- 1---- ------- 1------1------1------r 23456789 10 II 12 MINUTES Fig. B7 Aroclor 1260 Electron Capture Chromatogram ' NPC00008085 27 770724 APPENDIX AIR BLEED SAMPLE INLET GAS SCRUBBER(S) D R Y -T E S T METER EXHAUST Fig. DB Sampling Train pump and the meter. At the end o f the sampling period, the metered gas volumes arc corrected for temperature and pressure to cubic metres at 25C and 760 mmHg. It is important to note that neither the capacity nor the efficiency of the gas scrubber(s) for removal o f airborne PCBs have been experimentally evaluated. For this reason, it is best to minimize the sampling flow rate and maximize the sampling time period to obtain measurable amounts o f PBCs. When high flow rates must be employed o rn larger capacity may be needed, it is recommended that several gas scrubbers be used in tandem. It is cautioned that until the efficiency and capacity of the toluene gas scrubber have been experimentally established, this procedure should be used only to measure relative P C B levels sampled under equivalent conditions. B3.6 Procedure (1) After scrubbing the desired amount o f air, re cord the metered volume, pressure, and temperature. (2) Quantitatively transfer the scrubbing solvent to a round-bottomed flask and reduce the volume to approximately 2 ml by rotary vacuum evaporation. (3) Quantitatively transfer the concentrate to a 30-ml beaker with the aid o f several small portions oi' toluene. (4) Inject a fraction o f a mierolitrc oT the concen trate into the gas chromatograph to chock for interfer ences and determine the approximate level of PCBs present. If no interferences are present, dilute or con centrate the sample to a know n volume, as determined by the electron capture chromatogram, and proceed with the gas chromatographic analysis. (5 ) If interferences are present, proceed with the chemical treatment and column chromatographic cleanup procedures. (6) Transfer the concentrate to a 125-ml extraction 28 flask with the aid o f several small portions of solvent. (7) Evaporate the concentrate just to dryness with a gentle stream o f dry, filtered air and add 25 ml o f 2.5% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. (8) Add a boiling chip, put a water condenser in place, and allow the solution to reflux for 4S minutes. (9) After cooling, Iransfer the solution to a 250-ml separatory funnel with the aid o f 25 ml of distilled water. (10) Rinse the extraction flask with 25 ml of hex ane and add it lo the separatory funnel. (! 1) Stopper (he separatory funnel and shake vigor ously for at least 1 minute. Allow the layers to separate, and transfer the lower aqueous phase to a second sepa ratory funnel. (12) Extract the saponification solution with a second 25-ml portion o f hexane. After the layers have sepaiated, add the first hexane extract to the second separatory funnel, and transfer the aqueous alcohol layer to five original separatory funnel. (13) Repeal the extraction with a third 25-ml por tion o f hexane. Discard the saponification solution and combine the hexane extracts. (14) Caiefully add 25 ml o f the sulfuric acid solu tion (9:1 concentrated sulfuric acid-water) to the hex ane extracts. 0 5) Stopper the separatory funnel and shake vigor ously for at least 1 minute. Allow the layers to separate, and discard the lower aqueous acid layer. Repeal this step until the acid layer is colorless. (J 6 ) Wash the hexane with a 25-ml portion of water. Discard the water wash. (17) F'ilier the hexane extract through a 4-inch funnel, plugged with glass wool that is covered with a layer o f sodium sulfate, into a Kunderna-Danish evap orative concentrator. (18) Add a small boiling chip, pul the Snyder col umn in place, and reduce the hexane volume to less NPC00008086 770725 APPENDIX than 5 ml by heating the apparatus in a 80C to 90C water bath. (1 9) After cooling, remove the 5-ml graduated tube and transfer the hexane extract to an alumina adsorp tion column, washing it in with several 5-ml portions of hexane. (20) Carefully add 100 ml of hexane to the column reservoir, and collect the total eluent in either a 250-ml volumetric flask or a Kunderna-Danish evaporative con centrator. (21) ff the column eluent is collected in a volumet ric flask, dilute to volume with hexane, and proceed with the gas chromatographic analysis. (22) If the column eluent is collected in a KundernaDanish evaporative concentrator, reduce solvent volume, cool, dilute to volume, and proceed with gas chrom ato graphic analysis. B3.7 Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Procedure (1) Instrument: Gas chromatograph (for example, Hewlett-Packard Model 5750, or the equivalent) (2) Detector: High-temperature 63Ni, electron cap ture cell (3) Column: 6-mm X 6-foot glass column, 4 % X E - 60 on 80/100 mesh, Chrom osorb W, HP, A W -D M C S (4) Colum n tempejaturc: 1 60 C to 190C (5) Injection port temperature: 1 95"C to 215C (6) Detector temperature: 300C (7) Pulse interval: 50 n s (8) Flow rales: Helium carrier, approximately 60 ml/min; argon-methane purge, approximately 120 ml/ min Using EC/GC as the determinative step, inject, in duplicate, 1 to IO/jJ o f each solution into the chroma tograph. By comparison with standard solutions in-* jected, in duplicate, under the same operating condi tions, determine the amount and type o f Aroclor using the individual or total peak height and area methods. B3.8 Sample Concentration. Concentration of sample extracts is necessary, prior to cleanup by chrom ato graphic or chemical means, to reduce sample size and increase sensitivity. The preferred method of concen trating allows m inim um loss through volatilization or chemical decomposition and requires a m inimum time. The three methods o f solvent volume reduction most com m only used are evaporation by exposure to a stream of air, evaporation employing a KundernaDanish evaporative concentrator equipped with a Snyder column, and evaporation under reduced pres sure. All three techniques hav.e been used without en countering any significant losses from volatization or chemical alternation. However, the Kunderna-Danish evaporative concentrator and the stream-of-air methods are easier to use. B3.9 Colum n Adsorption Chromatography and Chemi cal Cleanup. Silica gel, a magnesia silica gel.9 and alu mina deactivated with 0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 5 % water were investigated as adsorbants for the elimina tion of interferences. Alumina (5 % water) was found to be more effective and reproducible than either silica gel or a magnesia silica gel.9 The activity of alumina varies with age and lot: therefore, 5 % water was added to the alumina, after healing for a m inim um o f 4 hours at 400C, to ensure a reproducible activity. Saponification, and subsequent extraction of the sample with sulfuric acid, is an effective way to remove a number o f chlorinated hydrocarbon interferences as well as other matrix interferences. PCBs are not affected. B 3 .I0 Colum n Performance. Colum n performance is the key to effective gas chromatographic analysis and, as such, the choice o f column materials is particularly important. Ideally, the support employed should be inert, mechanically strong, and o f high surface area. Chrom osorb W. HP, A W -D M C S fulfills these require ments and is recommended for this work. A variety o f polar and nonpolar liquid phases have been investigated. The following columns have been found to provide adequate separation, etc, for use in P C B analysis by electron capture: 4 % (w / w ) DC-200, SF-96, O V -I7 , S 12-30, SE-54, X E -6 0, Apiczon L, and 6 % Q F -1 . D C -200 and X E -6 0 or Q F -I have been found to be the most suitable o f these liquid phases. Another important consideration when working with an extremely sensitive detector and, consequently, low levels o f materials is column condifioning. With polar phases such as X E -6 0 and QF-1, operating a new column overnight at a temperature 25C to 50C higher than that to be used during analysis results in a more stable column. A no-flow conditioning technique is employed to condition nonpolar columns. The column is purged with carrier gas, heated for 30 minutes at an elevated temperature without carrier flow, and then cooled to room temperature. At the end of this cycle, the carrier flow is resumed and the conditioning is com pleted as in the case o f the polar liquid phase. Tw o pre cautions should be observed: during conditioning, the column should not be connected to the detector, and the maximum safe temperature o f the liquid phase should not be exceeded. Since all liquid substrates bleed to one degree or another and columns eventually degrade, all new col umns should be characterized with two column perfor mance indicators: the number o f theoretical plates (AQ and a tailing factor (7). p .p '-D D T is employed to check these parameters because it is know n to degrade on *For example, Florisil. 29 KPC00008087 770726 APPENDIX THEORETICAL p l a t e s , N *l6U /y)2 TAILING, T * o/2b ^ PEAK HEIGHT i j "p o o r" columns. In this manner, one can determine whether the performance o f a new column is satisfac tory and when the column performance begins to fall off. A column is considered good if the number o f theo retical plates per foot is of the order of 4 00 to 500, with tailing factors of 1.0 to 1.3. Calculation o f these parameters is shown in Fig. B9 and B10. Additionally, there should be no significant extraneous peaks upon injection o f a pure p ,p '-D D T standard. Other chromatographic conditions that can be ad justed are column temperature and flow rates. A l though resolution o f a mixture increases with decreas ing temperature, a temperature should be chosen that allows the elution of ail components within a conve nient time period. The flow rates shown are optimum for a given instrument, column, and detector system. These should be adjusted if better results can be achieved. A n y system o f instrument and colum n suitable for chlorinated pesticide analysis is satisfactory for PCB analysis. The use o f the high-temperature 43 N i electron capture cell is highly recommended. The ability to oper ate at higher temperatures prevents maintenance prob lems due to contamination from high-boiling com po nents. Glass columns also should be employed. B 3 .1 1 Detection and Measurement. Quantitative deter minations em ploying the electron capture detector are nonstoicluometiic measurements made by comparing peak heights or areas for know n concentrations with those for unknow n compositions. Three variations o f the peak height or area quantification procedures have been employed: Case I. EC gas chiomatogram o f P C B unknown, unchanged with respect to standard P C B with no evi dence of interferences 30 NPC00008088 770727 APPENDIX Case II. E C gas chromatogram o f P C B unknown, B4.3 Reagents r> altered with respect to standard P C B with no evidence (1) Hexane: Pesticide grade. of interferences (2) Acetonitrile: Pesticide grade. Case III. E C gas chromatogram o f P CB unknown, (3) Sodium sulfate: Anhydrous, granular, analytical unchanged with respect to standard P C B with evidence o f interference reagent ( A R ) grade. Heat at 400C for 1 hour prior to use. The amount o f P C B s in Case I samples is determined (4) Alum ina adsorption: For chromatographic anal by preparing a plot o f the major peak height or area ysis, 80/200 mesh. Heat at 400C for a m inimum of 4 versus concentration. With Case I I I samples, a peak free hours and deactivate with 5 % (w/w) distilled water. from interference is used. When dominant interferences are present, one or more o f the chemical cleanup proce dures is employed. In all cases,`the response o f the electron capture detector must be linear for quantitative analysis. For alumina column preparation fill a chromato graphic column with hexane up to the point where the reservoir joins the column, and push a glass wool plug to the bottom with a glass rod. in a 50-ml beaker mea sure 35 ml (about 30 grams) o f deactivated alumina, B3.12 Contamination. In determining PCBs in biologi and pour this slowly into the column. Tap or vibrate cal materials by electron capture gas chromatography, the column to settle the alumina, and top the alumina laboratory sources of contamination can be a major with 2 to 3 cm o f anhydrous sodium sulfate. Wash the problem. The samples and extracts should never be column with 50 to 100 ml o f hexane prior to the addi allowed to come in contact with materials other than tion o f the sample. glass, TFE-fluorocarbon, or metal. Laboratory glassware (5) Distilled water: Extracted with hexane to re should be thoroughly washed with hot, soapy water, move hexane-soluble electron capturing impurities.' and rinsed with distilled waier, acetone, and then hex (6.) Sulfuric acid: A R grade, specific gravity * 1.84. ane. A ll equipment should also be rinsed again with (7) Potassium hydroxide: A R grade. hexane just prior to use. and blanks should be frequent (8) Ethanol: Formula 2B. ly carried through all steps of the procedures to ensure (9) Alcoholic potassium hydroxide, 2 .5 % (w/v): against the possibility of contamination. Dissolve about 12.5 grams o f A R grade ICOH in 500 ml o f ethanol. * B3.13 Sensitivity (10) Sulfuric acid-water, 9:1 (v/v): Carefully add (1) Concentration: 2 ppb (parts per billion) 270 ml o f A R grade sulfuric acid to 30 ml o f distilled (2) Absolute sensitivity: 0.5 X 1CT' gram water in a 500-mi iced beaker. (3) Volum e injected: 5 n \ (4) Final volume of extract: 5 ml (11) PCB standards: Aroclor 1242,1248, 1254, and 1260. (See Fig. B2 and Fig. B4 through B7.) (5) Sample size: 250 ml B4.4 Apparatus (1) Separatory funnels equipped with ground-glass stoppers and TFE-fluorcarbon stopcocks; capacities of B4. A n a lysis o f W ater and Sedim ent for P C B s 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 200 0 ml. (2) Kunderna-Dantsh evaporative concentrators, B4.1 Scope. This methodology is used by the Monsanto Industrial Chemical Com pany for the determination o f the amount and type of PCBs in water and sediment samples. Absolute confirmation o f P C B structures is not obtained with this method. Structure proof can be ob tained using additional techniques such as mass spec trometry to further identify the gas chromatography fractions. 500-ml capacity, equipped with three-ball Snyder col umns and graduated 5-tnl capacity vials. (3) Chromatographic columns, glass, 10 inches X 20 mm (O D ) with a 5-ihch X 50-mm (O D ) reservoir at the top, equipped with TFJ>nuorocarbon stopcocks. (4) Sintered glass filter funnels, 600-m l capacity, 90-mm disk diameter, medium porosity. (5) Flat-bottomed boiling flasks, 125-ml capacity. (6) Liebig condenser, 2 0 0 mm in length. B4.2 Principle. The PCBs in water and sediment sam (7) H o i plates. ples are extracted into an organic solvent. Interfering (8) Water bath. components are then removed from the extracts by (9) Reciprocating variable-speed shaker. chemical treatment and column adsorption chroma tography. The amount and type of P CBs present are (10) 10-m1 syringes. (11) 32-oz all-glass mortars and pestles. r determined by electron capture gas chromatography (12) 8-inch X 12-inch X 2-inch (2-1/2 qt) heat- (EC/GC). " resistant glass baking dishes. 31 ^ co o o o * 089 770728 APPENDIX (1 3) U.S. Standard sieve, No. 30. (14) Usual laboratory glassware. B4.5 Sampling. It is to be assumed that a rather wide variety of sampling techniques may be employed in col lecting samples submitted for analysis. For this reason, water and sediment samples should be treated as given in B4.5.1 and B4.5.2. B4.5.1 Water. Where possible, the entire water sam ple, including the container in which it was collected, should be extracted with hexane. With larger samples, where this is not physically possible, the containers should be simply agitated and a 250-ml portion used for the analysis. (See B4.6.) B4.5.2 Sediment. A n y excess water should be de canted, and the entire sediment transferred to a glass baking dish to air-dry at room temperature. The dried material should he transferred from the dish into a m or tar and ground. The ground sediment should be sieved, remixed, and a 250-gram portion taken for analysis. (See B4.7.) B4.6 Extraction of Water Samples (1) After agitating, transfer the entire aqueous sam ple or a 250-ml aliquot into a graduated glass cylinder. Record the volume ol the sample and quantitatively transfer it to a separatory funnel w ith distilled water. (2) Rinse the graduated cylinder with two 50-ml portions o f hexane and add each to the separatory fun nel. (3) Stopper the separatory funnel and shake vigor ously for at least I minute. Allow the layers to separate, and transfer the lower aqueous phase to a second separa tory funnel. (4) Extract the water sample a second time with a 50-ml portion o f hexane. After the layers have sepa rated, add the first hexane extract to the second sepa ratory funnel, and transfer the aqueous layer to the original separatory funnel. (5 ) Repeat the extraction with a third 50-ml por tion o f hexane. Discard the aqueous layer and combine the hexane extracts. (6) Filter the combined extracts through a 4-inch funnel, plugged with glass wool that is covered with sodium sulfate. Collect the filtrate in a KundernaDanish evaporative concentrator, add a small ^oiling chip, put the Snyder column in place, and reduce the hexane volume to less than 5 ml by heating the apparatus in an 80C-to 90C water bath. (C A U T IO N : Solvent vapors must be vented into a hood.) (7) After cooling, remove the 5-inl graduated lube and transfer the hexane extract to an alumina adsorp tion column, washing it in with several 5-ml portions o f hexane. (8 ) Carefully add 100 ml of hexane to the column reservoir, and collect the total eluent in either a 250-ml volumetric flask or a Kunderna-Danish evaporative con centrator. (9) If the column eluent is collected in a volumetric flask, dilute to volume with hexane, and proceed with the gas chromatographic analysis. (10) If the column eluent is collected in a KundernaDanish evaporative concentrator, reduce solvent volume, .cool, dilute to volume, and proceed with the gas chro matographic analysis. B4.7 Extraction o f Sediment and Soil Samples (1) Decant olTany excess water and transfer the entire sediment sample to a glass baking drsli. Air-diy at ambient temperature (heat should be applied). (2) When dry, transfer the soil/sediment to a mor tar and grind. Sieve the ground material through a No. 30 mesh sieve and weigh 2 50 grams (to the nearest 0.01 gram) into a 16-ouncc narrow-neck screw-cap (alumi num-foil liner) glass bottle. (3) Moisten the soil with about 10 mi of water and add 150 ml of acetonitrile. Cap the bottle tightly, and mechanically shake it for a m inim um period o f 1 hour. (4) Quantitatively transfer the acetronitrile extract into a 600-ml sintered glass filter funnel containing a 1/4-inch layer o f anhydrous sodium sulfate. Collect the filtrate in a 600-mi beaker (vacuum filtration may be necessary). (5) After the acetronitrile has completely drained into the beaker, wash the bottle twice with 50-ml portions o f acetonitrile, adding each wash to the funnel after the previous wash has completely percolated through the sediment. (6) Quantitatively transfer the extract to a KundernaDanish evaporative concentrator, add a small boiling chip, put the Snyder column in place, and reduce the solvent volume to less than 5 ml by heating the appara tus in an 80C to 90C water bath. (C A U T IO N : Solvent vapors must be vented into a hood.) (7) After cooling, remove the 5-ml graduated tube and transfer the concentrate of extracts to a 125-ml extraction flask with the aid of several small poilions of solvent. (8) Evaporate the extract just to dryness with a gentle stream of dry, filtered nitrogen and add 25 ml of 2.5% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. (9) Add a hoiling chip, put a water condenser in place, and allow the solution to reflux for 45 minutes. (10) After cooling, transfer the solution to a 250ml separatory funnel with the aid of 25 ml o f distilled water. (I J) Rinse the extraction flask with 25 ml o f hex ane and add it to the separatory funnel. (12) Stopper (he separatory funnel and shake it 32 mu-- NPC00008090 770729 APPENDIX vigorously for at least I minute. Allow the layers to separate, and transfer the lower aqueous phase to a second separatory funnel. (13) Extract the saponification solution with a sec ond 25-ml portion of hexane. After the layers have separated, add the first hexane extract to the second separatory Tunnel and transfer the aqueous alcohol layer to the original separatory funnel. (14) Repeat the extraction with a tliird 25-ml por tion of hexane. Discard tire saponification solution and combine the hexane extracts. (15) Carefully add 25 ml of the sulfuric acid solu tion (9:1 concentrated sulfuric acid-water) to the hex ane extracts. (16) Stopper the separatory funnel and shake vigor ously for at least 1 minute. Allow the layers to separate, and discard the lower aqueous acid layer. Repeat this step until the acid layer is colorless. (17) Wash tire hexane with a 25-ml portion of water. Discard the water wash. (18) Filter the hexane extract through a 4-inch fun nel, plugged with glass wool that i$ covered with a layer of sodium sulfate, into a Kunderna-Danish evaporative concentrator. (19) Add a small boiling chip, put the Snyder col umn in place, and reduce the hexane volume to less than 5 ml by heating the apparatus in an 80C to 90<*C water bath. (20) After cooling, remove the 5-ml graduated tube and transfer the hexane extract to an alumina adsorp tion column, washing it in with several 5-ml portions of hexane. (21) Carefully add 100 ml of hexane to the column reservoir, and collect the total eluent in either a 250-m! volumetric flask or a Kunderna-Danish evaporative con centrator. (22) If the column eluent is collected in a volumet ric flask, dilute to volume with hexane, and proceed with the gas chromatogra-'hic analysis. (23) If the column eluent is collected In a KundernaDanish evaporative concentrator, reduce solvent vol ume, cool, dilute lo volume, and proceed with gas chro matographic analysis. B4.8 Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Proce dure (1) Instrument: Gas chromatograph (for example, Hewlett-Packard Model 5750, or the equivalent) (2) Detector: High-tempcrature 63Ni, electron cap ture cell (3) Column: 6-mm X 6-foot glass column, 4% XE60 on 80/100 mesh, Chromosorb W, HP, AW-DMCS (4) Column temperature: I60C (5) Injection port temperature: 195C (6) Detector temperature: 300C (7) Pulse interval: 50 jjs (8) Flow rates: Helium carrier, approximately 60 ml/min; argon-methane purge, approximately 120 ml/ min Using EC/GC as the deierminative step, inject, in duplicate, 1 to 10 id of each solution into the chroma tograph. By comparison with standard solutions in jected, in duplicate, under the same operating condi tions, determine the amount and type of Aroclor using the individual or total peak height and area methods. The electron capture detector should also be used lo guide the isolation procedures. Water and sediment ex tracts can be checked for the presence of PCBs or inter ferences, or both, by injection of microlitre portions of the extracts at various points in the extraction and concentration schemes. In this manner it can be determined whether the sample needs to be concen trated or diluted and whether the cleanup procedures should be employed. B4.9 Extraction. The extraction of PCBs from water, employing hexane as the extractant, has been found to be quantitative and sufficiently simple and rapid for use as a routine procedure. The evaluation of this method was based on spiking water samples with standard acetone solutions of PCBs. The spiking method consisted of adding the PCB in 25 to SO/al of acetone to 500 ml of tap water in a 32ounce narrow-neck screw-cap jar. After the sample was thorouglily mixed, duplicate 225- to 250-ml aliquots were taken and subjected to the proposed sample prep aration and worked up as outlined. The results were quantified by preparing a calibration curve using stan dard hexane solutions of the PCBs used to spike the water samples. The major isomer peak height was used to construct the calibration plot. The average recovery and deviation achieved sub stantiated the applicability of the method for the quanti tative recovery and analysis of PCBs from water at the ppb-ppm level. No PCB recovery experiments from spiked sediment and soil samples have been performed. Instead, several of the residual solids representative of some of the types of sediment or soil analyzed were reextracted with hexane/acetone (40:60) in a soxhlet extractor to test for the efficiency of the acetonitrile extraction step. The hexane, after isolation by dilution with dis tilled water, was then carried through the purification steps. Recoveries by soxhlet extraction have indicated that the acetonitrile extraction of PCBs was essentially quantitative in the cases checked. B4.10 Sample Concentration. Concentration of sample extracts is necessary, prior to cleanup by chromato- 33 NPC00008091 'raa? 770730 APPENDIX graphic or chemical means, to reduce sample size and purged with carrier gas, heated for 30 minutes at an increase sensitivity. The preferred method of concen elevated temperature without carrier flow, and then trating allows minimum loss through volatilization or chemical decomposition and requires a minimum time. The three methods of solvent volume reduction most commonly used are evaporation by exposure to a stream of air, evaporation employing a Kunderna-Danish evapo rative concentrator equipped with a Snyder column, and evaporation under reduced pressure. All three tech cooled to room temperature. At the end of this cycle, the carrier flow is resumed and the conditioning is com pleted as in the case of the polar liquid phase. Two pre cautions should be observed: during conditioning, the column should not be connected to the detector, and the maximum safe temperature of the liquid phase should not be exceeded. 4t? * V V.' / m M niques have been used, and no significant losses from Since all liquid substrates bleed to one degree or volatilization or chemical alternation have been encoun another and columns eventually degrade, all new col tered. However, the Kunderna-Danish evaporative con centrator and the stream-of-air methods are easier to umns should be characterized with two column perfor mance indicators: the number of theoretical plates (AO *K1? use. and a tailing factor (T). p,p'-DDT is employed to check B4.11 Column Adsorption Chromatography and Chemcal Cleanup. Silica gel, a magnesia silica gel,9 and alu mina deactivated with 0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 5% water were Investigated as adsorbants for the elimina tion of interferences. Alumina (5% water) was found to be more effective and reproducible than either silica gel or a magnesia silica gel,9 The activity of alumina varies with 8ge and lot; therefore 5% water is added to the alumina, after heating for a minimum of 4 hours at 400C, to ensure a reproducible activity. Saponification, and subsequent extraction of the sample with sulfuric acid, is an effective way to remove a number of chlorinated hydrocarbon interferences as well as other matrix interferences. PCBs are not affected. these parameters because it is known to degrade on "poor" columns. In this manner, one can determine whether the performance of a new column is satisfac tory and when the column performance begins to fall off. A column is considered good if the number of theo retical plates per foot is of the order of 400 to 500. with tailing factors of 1.0 to 1.3. Calculation of these parameters is shown in Fig. B9 and BIO. Additionally, there should be no significant extraneous peaks upon injection of a pure p,p'-DDT standard. Other chromatographic conditions that can be ad justed are column temperature and flow rates. Although resolution of a mixture increases with decreasing tem perature, a temperature should be chosen that allows the elution of all components within a convenient lime i. - i i B4.12 Column Performance. Column performance is period. The temperatures given are optimum for 42% the key to effective gas chromatographic analysis and, chlorinated biphenyl; temperature are increased when ti i \ as such, the choice of column materials is particularly important. Ideally, the support employed should be inert, mechanically strong, and of high surface area. For these reasons, Chromosorb W, HP, AW-DMCS is recommended for this work. specifically analyzing for the higher chlorinated biphe nyls; that is, 54%, 60%, etc. The flow' rates shown are optimum for a given instrument, column, and detector system. These should be adjusted if better results can be achieved. A variety of polar and nonpolar liquid phases have Any system of instrument and column suitable for been investigated. The following columns have been chlorinated pesticide analysis is satisfactory for PCB ii found to provide adequate separation, etc, for use in PCB analysis by electron capture: 4% (w/w) DC-200, analysis..The use of the high-temperature 6 ,Ni electron capture cell is highly recommended. The ability to oper i SF-96, OV-17, SE-30, SE-54, XE-60, Apiezon L, and ate at higher temperatures prevents maintenance prob 6% QF-1. DC-200 and XE-60 or QF-1 are the most suit lems due to contamination from high-boiling compo able of these liquid phases. nents. Glass columns also should be employed. Another important consideration when working with an extremely sensitive detector and, consequently, low levels of materials is column conditioning. With polar phases such as XE-60 and QF-1, operating a new column overnight at a temperature 25C to 50C higher than that to be used during analysis results in a more stable column. A no-flow conditioning technique is em ployed to condition nonpolar columns. The column is B4.13 Detection and Measurement. Quantitative deter minations employing the electron capture detector are nonstoichiomctric measurements made by comparing peak heights or areas for known concentrations with those for unknown compositions. Except for shaip peaks, peak area measurements are usually more repro ducible than peak height measurements but are extreme ly time consuming unless a recording integrator is em ployed. However, peak height measurements are as *For example, Rorisil. accurate as disk integration of triangulation and, if the 34 I NPC0000809 770731 peak shape represents a Gaussian curve, the height may be considered independent of the base. Consequently, peak height measurements are generally used. Three variations of the peak height or area quantification pro cedures have been employed. Case I. EC gas chromatogram of PCB unknown, unchanged with respect to standard PCB with no evi dence of interferences Case II. EC gas chromatogram of PCB unknown, altered with respect to standard PCB with no evidence of interferences Case III. EC gas chromatogram of PCB unknown, unchanged with respect to standard PCB with evidence of interference The amount of PCBs in Case I samples is determined by preparing aplot of the major peak height or area versus concentration. For Case II, a plot is prepared of the total sum of all major peaks versus concentration. With Case III samples, a peak free from interference is used. When dominant interferences are present, one or more of the chemical cleanup procedures is employed. APPENDIX In all cases, the response of the electron capture detector must be linear for quantitative analysis. B4.14 Contamination. In determining PCBs in water, soil, and sediment by electron capture gas chromatog raphy, laboratory sources of contamination can be a major problem. The samples and extracts should never be allowed to come in contact with materials other than glass, TFE-lluorocarbon, or metal. Laboratory glassware should be thoroughly washed with hot, soapy water and rinsed with distilled water, acetone, and then hexane. All equipment should also be rinsed again with hexane just prior to use, and blanks should be frequently carried through all steps of the procedures to ensure against the possibility of contamination. B4.I5 Sensitivity (1) Concentration: 2 ppb (2) Absolute sensitivity: 0.5 X 10-' gram (3) Volume injected: 5 ul (4) Final volume of extract: 5 ml (5) Sample size: 250 ml 35 NPC00008093 770732 American National Standards The sta n d a rd in this booklet is one of n e a rly 5,600 sta n d a rd s a p p ro v e d to date b y the A m e ric a n N o tio n a l Sta n d a rd s Institute, form erly the U S A S ta n d a rd s In stitute. The Sta n d a rd s Institute p ro vid e s the m ach in ery for creating v o lu n ta ry slond a rd s . It se rv e s to e lim in a te d u p lic a tio n of s t a n d a r d s activitie s a n d to w e ld c o n flicting sta nd a rd s into single, n a tio na lly accepted sta nd a rd s un d e r the d e sig n a tion "A m e ric a n N o tio n al Sta n d a rd s." E a c h sta n d a rd represents ge n e ra l agre em e nt a m o n g m aker, seller, a n d user g ro u p s a s to the best current practice w ith re g a rd to som e specific problem . Thus the com pleted sta n d a rd s cut a c ro ss the w h o le fa b ric of production, distribution, a n d consum ption of goo d s and services. A m erican N ation al Standards,-by re aion of Institute p rocedures, reflect a n a tio n a l c o n se n su s of m anu facture rs, consum ers, a n d scientific, technical, a n d p ro fe ssion al o rgan iza tion s, a n d go ve rn m e n tal a g e n cies. The com pleted sta n d a rd s ore u se d w id e ly b y ind u stry a n d com m erce a n d often by m unicipal, slate, a n d federal governm e nts. The S ta n d a rd s Institute, u n d e r w h o se a u sp ice s this w o rk is b e in g done, it the United States cle a rin g h o u se a n d co o rd ina tin g b o d y for sta n d a rd s activity on the n a t io n a l level. It is a fe d e ra tio n of tra d e a sso c ia tio n s, technical societies, p ro fe s sio na l group s, and consum er organ iza tio n s. Som e Y,000 com panies ore affiliated w ith the Institute os co m p an y m em bers. The A m e ric a n N a tio n a l S ta n d a rd s Institute is the United Stoles m e m b er of the International O rg a n iza tio n for Stan d ard ization (ISO), the International. Electro technical C om m ission (IEC), a n d the Pan A m e ric an Sta n d a rd s C om m issio n (C O P A N T ). T h ro u g h these ch a n n e ls A m e ric a n in d u stry m a k e s its p osition fell on the international level. A m e ric a n N a tio n a l S ta n d a rd s are on file in the lib raries of the n a t io n a l s t a n d a r d s b o d ie s of m o re t h a n SO countries. For o free list of all A m e ric a n N a tio n a l Sta n d a rd s, write: American National Standards Institut, Inc U 3 0 Broadway Naw York, N. Y. 10018 NPC00008094 'mssid 770733 TABLE I / m. Trash Disposal Spec # L-0rder # Toxic P ollu tan t Fiammatie Label 1. T richloroethylene 597077 14704 XX B1 ue 2. Liquid Paint 3. Dried Up Paint 597077 597077 14704 14704 X- -- X Blue - Whi te 4. Sol vents-Thinners 597077 14704 X- X 81 ue 5. V a rn ish -L iq u id 597077 14704 X- X Blue 6. V arnish-D ried Up 597077 None -- - White 7. O ils 597077 14704 -X X B1 ue 8. Acids 597077 14704 XX - B1 ue 9. Caustics (NA0H,etc.) 597077 14704 X X - B1 ue 10. Cyanide Waste 597077 14704 XX - Blue 11 . Chromate or Chromic Acid Waste 597077 14704 XX Blue 12. Chromate or Chromic Acid Waste A fter Treatment Per P.S. 597008 i f not liq u id form. I f in liq u id form see page one,(4) fo r white label m aterial. 597077 13. Inerteen Liq u id or None ** -- White Liquids contaminated with Inerteen 597077 16353 XX Orange 14. S o lid Waste Contam inated with Inerteen Rags, Sawdust, paper, Bad C apacitors, etc. 597077 16353 XX Red 15. Sludge from Tin P la tin g Tanks i f not liq u id form. 597077 White 16. Sludge from Bonde riz in g Tanks in .V A35 and E50. I f not 597077 White in liq u id form. I f liq u id form, see page one, (4) fo r white label m a te ria l. 17. Regular Trash, Boxes, Wood, Paper, Etc. 597077 - -- - White 18. Soap from #1 Tank 597077 14704 XX In B-20 and #1 Tank E50 and Acid Tanks in B-20 and #1 tank in A35 sh a ll be pumped into a truck and hauled away by approved disp osal company. MOTE 1: A ll blue lab e ls sh a ll have disp osal spec nunber and code number 1 isted as follow s: Code #7 use 597077/7. 7 meaning drum contains o i l . NOTE 2: Any scrap products which have o il in them and are being scraped to County Dump must be drained of o il before being sent to dump. 1-6-76 P.S. 597077 -4- NPC00008095 770734 770735 ! I U 'i i . v / ' \\ i \\l / f ______ L t i y . i . am erican'natifnfliM M ^i Ailrirrj* SocrM try *t Nation! Elcctric.il M.inuf.icMfcrs Aitoci.ition UG Call 4 4 th J.1 , New Yurk. N. Y. 10J 17 Telephone: 2 1 2 G82-1Cj O M IN U T E ! A N S I C O M M IT T E E , C l 07, ON USE AND D IS P O S A L OP A SK A R E L AND ASKAREL SOAKED M ATERIALS PLACE OF M EETING: I W W N M f l W a L M l . .Q&..&? AN OAPt)S G A IT H E R SB U R G , MD. DATE AND T IM E: T U E S D A Y , S E P T E M B E R 1 4 , 19 7 T 9:15 A.M. - 2 :3 0 P.M. MEMBERS PRESENT : C o r t i f i r ri B c j l l a s j : N . R. C la r k * Dr. A. P o z e fsk y Manuf actu re rs A s s o c i a t i o n (CDMA) U n iv e r s a l M a n u fa c tu rin g Company G e n e ra l E l e c t r i c Company E d i s o n E l e c tr_i c I n s t i t u t e V. 7T L e n o : v. l a (EET) U n io n E l e c t r i c Co. I n s t i t u t e c f E l e c t r i c a l a n d E l e c t r o n i c E n g i n e e r s , I n c_.__ ( I E E E ) E . L . H.-.7T) G e n e ra l E le c t r ic Company N a t i o n a 1__ r 1 n c t r i r a l M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ( N F . M A ) W. S . G r o g a n " * llis-C h a lm e rs C orp o ratio n E. G. Hammer ( R e p r e s e n t in g II. R. Rowe) M cG raw -Edison Power System s D iv is io n J . F. Kuzela Sangam o E l e c t r i c Company R. D. M cC 1a i n W estinghouse E le c t r ic C o rp o ra tio n W. C . R e in h a r d t C e n tra l M oloney T ra n sfo rm e r D iv is io n C o lt In d u strie s Governm ent Da*vT( ~ II , C r a b t r e e E a rl P e rsh in g Floyd Dr. A lle n J e n n in g s Dr. John L e u t r it z , J r. W i l l i a m R. N i c h o l a s A r t h u r A. Thue C h a r le s C. T r a v is Dr. S ta n le y P. W asik D e p a rtm e n t o f th e Army Enviro nm e ntal P ro te c tio n Agency Enviro nm e ntal P ro te c tio n Agency R u ra l E le c t r if ic a t io n /sdm inistration Departm ent of A g ric u ltu re Tennessee V a lle y A u th o rity D e p a rtm e n t o f th e Army G eneral Se rv ic e s A d m in istra tio n N a tio n a l Bureau o f Stand ard s I n d i v i d u n 1s_ P. G. B e n ig n u s C . W. H a r t A. O. llnu scr W. P . P a p a g e o r g e A. L. R i c k l c y G. P. T a g g a rt (R c p re 3 e n tin a L o u in L .'w a g h c r) M onsanto Company R o ilin s - P u r le Inc. E l e c t r i c a l U t i l i t i e s Company M onsanto Company D oblo E n g in e e rin g Company C hcm -Trol P o llu t io n S e rv ic e s Inc. ANSI C107 - 1- Septem ber 14, 1971 NPC00023921 770737 members a b se n t : NONE w OTHERS P R E SE N T : T. K. S lo a t A. M. S a l a z a r W estinghouse E le c t r ic C o rp o ra tio n NEMA S t a f f PR ESID IN G O FFIC ER: W. P . P a p a g e o r g e , C h a i r m a n I . ft. A P P R O V A L O F 1P R E--V--I O U S M I N U T E S' T h is b e in g the f i r s t m e e tin g o f t h i s A N SI Com m ittee, no p re v io u s m in u te s w ere su b m itte d fo r a p p ro v a l. I I . E L E C T IO N OF PERMANENT CHAIRM AN A N D V I C E - C H A T RM/.N O n m o t i o n s e c o n d e d , M r . W. e le c te d as perm anent Chairm an. The was ta b le d u n t il the ne xt m e etin g. P. P a p age o rg e was u n a n im o u sly e le c tio n of a V ice -C hairm an III. PURPOSE o r T H IS MEETING The Com m ittee n o te d t h a t the p u rp o se of t h i s m e e tin g and scope, o b je c t iv e s and o r g a n iz a t io n s th a t agreed to p a r t ic ip a t e i n t h i s a c t i v i t y , w e re c o v e r e d i n th e S e c r e t a r y ' s l e t t e r s o f M ay 1, 1971 a n d ^A u gu st 12, 1971. C o p ie s o f th e se le t t e r s are a ttach e d as E X H IB IT S "A " and "B ", r e s p e c t iv e ly , fo r the re co rd . IV . P C B ' S AS P O T E N T IA L EN VIRO N M EN TAL CONTAM INANTS The C h a irm a n b r ie f e d the Com m ittee on the s u b je c t , a lo n g t h e l i n e s o f h i s w r i t t e n r e p o r t , prepared from a t a p e r e c o r d i n g made a t t h i s m e e tin g , a tta c h e d as (E X H IB I T " C V \ j f r u e s t io n 3 w ith re sp e c t to a re a s covered in the re ^ o f^ = w T ^ d i3 C u s3 e d and answered d u rin g the p re se n ta tio n . V. S P E C IF IC A C T IO N S TAKEN AT T H IS M EETING A f t e r some d i s c u s s i o n w it h r e s p e c t to th e n e x t s t e p s to be taken by t h is Com m ittee, the f o llo w in g a c t io n s w ere u n a n im o u sly a p p ro v e d : A. The C hairm an was a u th o riz e d to a p p o in t a S t e e rin g Con n it t e e to: 1. S e r v e a s a d v i s o r t o th e C h a irm a n and o t h e r w is e a s s i s t him in the p e rfo rm a n c e o f h i s o f f i c e in the in t e rim between m eetings of A N SI C107. * ANSI C107 - 2- September 14, 1471 NPC00023922 770738 2. P r o v id e the C h a irm a n w it h recom m end atio ns fo r appointm ent of Subcom m ittees , to d e v e lo p . s p e c if ic recom m endations w ith r e s p e c t to the f o llo w in g a re a s cove re d in the ap p ro ve d scope and p ro p o se d o b je c t iv e s o f t h is Com m ittee: 'a. P r o c e d u r e s and g u id e s f o r s a f e u se , m a in tenance and d is p o s a l o f a s h a r e l and a s k a r e lsoaked m a t e r ia ls used in e l e c t r i c a l equipm ent. * b. Se rve as a so u rce fo r t e c h n ic a l in fo rm a tio n and a d vice fo r F e d e ra l, S ta te and lo c a l a u t h o r i t ie s and fo r the in fo rm a tio n o f a l l o th e rs c o n cerned . c. Encourage the developm ent of s u it a b le d is D o sa l f a c i l i t i e s and m a in ta in a l i s t o f t h e ir c a p a b i l i t i e s and lo c a t io n s , fo r the in fo r m a t io n of a ll concerned. d. Se rve as the a d v is o ry group fo r c ip a t io n in CEE, IE C , COPANT, C IG RE in te rn a tio n a l o rg a n iza tio n s. US p a r t i and o th e r D. C o n c u rre d w it h the C h a irm a n ' s o p in io n , e x p re sse d d u r in g h is p r e s e n t a t io n under Ite m IV o f th e se m in u te s, th a t of the c u rre n t B i l l s in C o n gre ss, Se nator P h il lip H a rt's B i l l e s t a b lis h in g the "T o x ic Substances C o ntro l A ct o f 1971" a p p e a rs to ta k e p re ce d e n ce . The Chairm an w as, a c c o r d in g ly , re q u e ste d to a d v ise on the form atio n o f t h i s A N SI Com m ittee and on i t s sco p e and o b j e c t iv e s , a t the O cto b e r S e n a t e ' s Subcom m ittee H e a rin g s on t h is B ill. Mem bers o f the NEMA D e le g a t io n in d ic a t e d th a t th e y w i l l i n v e s t ig a t e the p o s s i b i l i t y o f h a v in g a NEMA s t a t e ment a v a ila b le fo r th e se H e a rin g s. S E C R E T A R Y 'S NOTE ANSI C107 Fo r com pleteness o f the re co rd , at a su b se q u e n t s p e c ia l m eeting h e ld at NEMA H e a d q u a rte rs , i t w as n o te d th a t the M a n u fa ctu re rs C he m ists A ss o c i a t i o n (MCA) e x p e c t s t o t e s t i f y a t the H e a rin g s and w i l l s u p p o rt the H a rt B i l l , su b je c t to c e r t a in "due p r o c e s s " am endm ents and w i l l o p p o se the "t o u g h e r " Spong Am endm ents. In v ie w o f th e f a c t t h a t the MCA s t a n d i s in lin e w ith N E M A 's p r e v io u s p o s i t io n s on o th e r D i l l s , 3uch as on p ro d u c t s a f e t y and in t e r n a t io n a l s t a n d a rd s c o o p e ra tio n , i t was recomm ended - 3- S e rx b e tv b o r^ 1-* t 1 971 NPC00023923 770739 t h a t NEMA s h o u ld s u p p o r t t h e MCA s t a n d , su b je c t, of cou rse , to any changes that may d e v e lo p a t th e H e a r in g . T h is was su b se q u e n tly approved and such a s t a t e ment is a v a ila b le fo r su b m issio n at an a p p r o p r ia t e tim e. I t h a s been d e te rm in e d t h a t th e MCA testim on y has been postponed in d e f i n it e ly , due to changes in sc h e d u lin g o f su b sta n c e s to be c o n sid e re d . It i s un d e rsto o d th a t d e te rg e n ts was the su b sta n c e under c o n s id e ra tio n at the * O cto b e r 15, 1971 H e a rin g , fo r exam ple. C. N oted t h a t, as i s the c a se f o r m ost A N SI Com m ittees, t h i s Com m ittee w i l l f u n c t io n as an e x e c u tiv e g ro u p to c o n s id e r and ta k e a p p r o p r ia t e a c t io n on recom m endations to be p re p a re d by Subcom m ittees and W orkin g G roup s. The u lt im a t e a c t io n to be a u t h o r iz e d b y the Com m ittee w i l l be le t t e r b a llo t s to se cu re the n e c e ssa ry co n se n su s o f a l l member o r g a n iz a t io n s and i n d i v i d u a l s re p re se n te d on the Com m ittee. B ase d on t h i s typ o o f o p e r a t io n , the Com m ittee n o te d t h a t th e num ber o f m e e tin g s may be as few a s one to th re e a ye a r, w h ile Subcom m ittees and W orkin g G roups may be m e e tin g s e v e r a l tim e s a y e a r t o d e v e lo p re com m e ndation s . V I. T IM E AND PLACE OF THE NEXT M EETING L e ft to the c a ll of the C h a ir. V II. ADJOURNMENT T h e re b e in g no f u r t h e r b u s in e s s b e fo re the Com m ittee, the m ooting was a d jo u rn e d at 2:30 P .M ., h a v in g re c e sse d fo r lunch betw een th e h o u rs o f 12:30 P.M . - 1:15 P.M . AM S:dk A. M. S a l a z a r Se c re ta ry A N SI C I0 7 Com m ittee A T T A C H M E N T S : E X H I D I T S HA " - " C M ANSI C107 - 4- Septem ber 14, 1971 NPC00023924 770740 american national standards institute.me A d d rtn S#ef*tjry> : N iit o n t l Eftctncal Mjnufcturfl Association 155 East 44th St.. New York, N Y. 10017 Telephone: 212 682-1C00 ansi com m ittee, c io ? May 1, 1971 Dear S ir: The M o n sa n to Com pany, th e s o le U. S. p ro d u c e r o f p o l y c h l o r in a te d b ip h e n y ls (PC B' s) and the N a t io n a l E l e c t r i c a l M a n u fa c t u re rs A s s o c i a t i o n (NEMA) h a ve j o in e d in re co m m e n d in g th e f o r m a t io n o f an A m erican N a t io n a l S ta n d a rd s Com m ittee w ith the o b j e c t iv e o f d e v e l o p in g recom m ended p ro c e d u re s fo r the u se , m a in te n a n c e , and d i s p o s a l o f a s k a r e l and a s k a r e l- s o a k e d m a t e r ia ls . The Com m ittee, d e sig n a te d as C107, was r e c e n t ly approved by the A m erican N a tio n a l Stan d ard s In s t it u t e (A N SI). The fo rm a tio n o f the Com m ittee i s c o n s id e re d e s s e n t ia l to s u p p le m e n t th e e f f o r t s o f th e M o n s a n to Com pany and t h e U. S. t r a n s form er and c a p a c ito r m a n u fa ctu re rs in t h e ir e f f o r t s to c o n tr o l the use, m ainten an ce, and d is p o s a l o f a sk a r e l and a sk a re l-so a k e d m ate ria ls. A sk a re ls c o n s is t of or con ta in p o ly c h lo rin a te d b ip h e n yls w hich can become p e r s is t e n t e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n ta m in a n ts. C o n ta c t w ith the e n viro n m e n t sh o u ld be m in im ize d . An o r g a n i z a t i o n m e e tin g w i l l be h e ld f o r a re v ie w o f the p e r t in e n t b a ckg ro u n d le a d in q to the fo rm a tio n o f the Com m ittee, the e sta b lish m e n t o f o b je c t iv e s and appointm ent o f a p p ro p ria te subcom m ittees. I t w i l l be h e ld a t a c e n t r a l lo c a t io n and a t a c o n v e n ie n t t im e , e i t h e r d u r i n g th e week o f May 31 o r Ju n e 7, 1971. To in su re re p re se n ta tio n o f a l l concerned , you r o rg a n iz a tio n i s in v it e d and encou raged to p a r t ic ip a t e . It w ould, th e re fo re , b e v e r y m u c h a p p r e c i a t e d i f y o u w o u l d s u p p l y me w i t h t h e n a m e ( s ) and a d d re sse s o f p e rso n s you w i l l d e sig n a t e to re p re se n t yo u r o r g a n iz a t io n by MAY 15, 1 9 7 1 . A ttached, fo r your in fo rm atio n q u e st, is the scope approved by A N SI b ein g in v ite d to p a rtic ip a te . in com plying w ith t h is re and a l i s t of o rg a n iz a tio n s I s in c e r e ly hope that your o rg a n iz a tio n can a c tiv e ly p a r t i c ip a te in t h is m ost im p o rta n t a c t i v i t y and th a t you o r yo u r re p re se n t a t iv e can f i t the proposed June s e s s io n in to you r sche dule Sin ce re ly yours, A M S:d k A.' M. S a l a z a r , S e c r e t a r y A N SI Com m ittee, C107 NPC000 2 39 2 770741 AM ERICAN N ATIO N AL STANDARDS COM M ITTEE, C 107, ON U SE AND D I S P O S A L OF A S K A R E L U SE D IN E L E C T R IC A L EQ U IP M E N T CHAIRM AN: W. P. P a p a g e o r g e , M a n a g e r Enviro nm e ntal C o n tro l M onsanto Company 80 0 N. L i n d b e r g h B l v d . S t . L o u is , Mo. 63166 SECRETARY: A. M. S a la z a r , E x e c u t iv e S e c r e t a r y Power Equipm ent D i v i s i o n N a tio n a l E le c t r ic a l M frs. Assn. 155 E. 44 th St. New Y o r k , N. Y. 1 0 01 7 APPROVED SCO PE: P ro c e d u re s of askarel equipm ent. and and g u id e s fo r sa fe use, m aintenance a sk a re l-so a k e d m a te ria ls used in and d is p o s a l e le c tric a l PROPOSED O BJEC TIVES: In a d d it io n to d e v e lo p in g the p ro c e d u re s and g u id e s re fe rre d to in the scope, above, i t s h a ll be the o b je c t iv e s of the A N SI Com m ittee to : 1. S e rv e as a so u rc e f o r t e c h n ic a l in f o r m a t io n and a d v ic e for F e d e ra l, S ta te and lo c a l a u t h o r it ie s and fo r the in fo rm atio n of a l l o th e rs concerned. 2. E n c o u r a g e th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f s u i t a b l e d i s p o s a l f a c i l i t ie s and m a in ta in a l i s t o f t h e ir c a p a b i l i t i e s and l o c a tio n s, fo r the in fo rm a tio n o f a l l concerned. 3. S e r v e a s th e a d v i s o r y g r o u p f o r U S p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n C EE. IEC , COPANT, SEGRA and o th e r in t e r n a t io n a l o r g a n iz a t io n s . m m n -.*>*v NPC000239 26 y*: NV.. . x-r - 770742 L I S T OF N A T IO N A L AND GOVERNMENT GROUPS IN V IT E D TO J O IN THE A N S I COM M ITTEE, C 1 0 7 , ON U S E AND D IS P O S A L OF A S K A R E L U SE D IN E L E C T R IC A L E Q U IP M E N T NATIONAL A M ER IC A N P U B L IC POWER A S S O C IA T IO N 2600 V i r g i n i a A ve . N.W. W a sh in g to n , D. C. 20037 A le x Rodin, G en eral M anager AM ERICAN SO C IET Y FOR T ESTIN G 1916 Race S tre e t P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa. 19103 AND M ATERIALS W illia m T. C avanaugh, M anaging D ire c to r A S S O C IA T IO N OF 1920 L Stre e t, W a s h in g to n , D. AM ERICAN N.w. C. 20036 RAILRO ADS Thom as M. G o o d f e llo w , P r e s id e n t A S S O C IA T IO N OF E D ISO N 51 E. 42nd St. New Y o r k , N. Y. 10017 ILLU M IN A TIN G COM PANIES W. F l o y d - J o n e s , S e c r e t a r y AUTO M O BILE MANUFACTURERS 320 New C e n t e r B u i l d i n g D e t r o it , M ich. 48202 A SSO CIA TIO N , IN C . Thomas C. Mann, P re sid e n t C E R T IF IE D BALLAST MANUFACTURERS 2120 K e ith B u ild in g C le v e la n d , O hio 44115 A SSO C IA TIO N M. R. D a v ie s , S e c r e t a r y - T r e a s u r e r ED ISO N ELEC T R IC 750 T h ird Ave. New Y o r k , N. Y. IN ST IT U T E 10017 W. D o n h a m C r a w f o r d , M a n a g i n q D i r e c t o r - 1- NPC000239 27 770743 NATIONAL (Cont'd) IN S T IT U T E OF E L E C T R IC A L 345 E. 4 7 th St. New Y o r k , N. Y. 1 0 0 1 7 AND ELECTRO NIC EN G IN EERS, IN C . D o n a ld G. F in k , G e n e ra l M anage r MANUFACTURING C H E M IST S A S SO C IA T IO N 1 8 2 5 C o n n e c t i c u t A v e . , N.W. W a s h in g t o n , D. C. 20009 W illia m J. D riv e r, P re sid e n t NATIO NAL E LEC T R IC A L MANUFACTURERS 155 E. 44th St. New Y o rk , N. Y. 10017 A SSO CIA TIO N A . M. S a l a z a r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y , P o w e r E q u ip m e n t D i v i s i o n NATIO N AL F IR E PROTECTION 60 B a tte ry m a rc h St. Boston, M ass. 02110 A SSO CIA TIO N C h a r le s S. M o rg a n , G e n e ra l M a n a g e r UNDERW RITERS' LABO RATO RIES, 207 E. O h io S t r e e t C h ica g o , 111. 60611 IN C . Baron W h itake r, P re sid e n t WATER POLLUTIO N CONTROL FED ERATIO N 3 9 0 0 W i s c o n s i n A v e . , N.W. W a s h in g to n , D. C. 20016 R o b e r t A. C a n h a m , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y - 2- NPC000239 28 a* ' . .'.vi- ->y . '1 770744 GOVERNMENT ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION W a s h in g t o n , D. C. 20545 Glenn T. S e a b o r g , Chairman DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY The Pentagon W a sh in g to n , D. C. 20310 L t. G e n e r a l E. J . C la r k e , C h i e f o f E n g in e e r s DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR C S t r e e t B e t w e e n 1 8 t h a n d 1 9 t h S t s . NW W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 2 4 0 J a m e s R. S m i t h , A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y - W a t e r a n d P o w e r D e v e l o p m e n t E l l i s L. A r m str o n g , C o m m issio n e r o f R e c la m a tio n H e n r y R. R i c h m o n d , A d m i n i s t r a t o r B o n n e v i l l e P o w e r A d m i n i s t r a t i o n C a r l L. K l e i n , A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y - Water Q u a l i t y and R e se a r c h ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 1 6 2 6 K S t . NW W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 4 6 0 W i l l i a m D. R u c k e l h a u s , A d m i n i s t r a t o r FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE 5600 F ish e r s Lane R o c k v i l l e , Md. 2 0 8 5 2 C h a r le s C. Edwards, Com m issioner o f Food and Drugs GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL SUPPLY SERVICE W a s h in g to n , D. C. 20406 A. F. Sampson, C om m issioner C. C. T r a v is , D ir e c to r S ta n d a r d iz a tio n D i v i s i o n -3 NPC00023929 770745 GOVERNMENT (Cont'd) NATIO NAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS W a sh in g to n , D. C. 20234 L e w is M. B r a n sc o m b , D i r e c t o r RURAL E L E C T R IF IC A T IO N A D M IN IST RA TIO N DEPARTMENT OF AG RICU LTU RE 1 4 th S t . and In d e p e n d e n c e A ve . S.W. W a sh in g to n , D. C. 20250 D a v i d W. H a m i l , A d m i n i s t r a t o r TEN N ESSEE V A L L E Y AUTHO RITY New S p r a n k le B u ild in g K n o x v ille , Tenn. 37902 Jam es F. W atson, M anager o f Power IN D IV ID U A LS CHEM -TROL 4818 Lake B la sd e ll, POLLU TIO N SE R V IC E S Ave. N. Y. 14219 IN C . L e w is E. W agner, P r e s id e n t DOBLE ENGINEERING CO* P.O . Box 105 Belm ont, M ass. 02178 R. I. Lowe, P r e s id e n t t * E L E C T R IC A L U T I L I T I E S CO. 2427 St. V in c e n t Ave. La S a il , 111. 61301 A. O. H au se r - 4- NPC000239 30 r< 770746 INDIVIDUALS (Cont'd) MONSANTO COMPANY 800 N. L i n d b e r q h B l v d . St. L o u is , Mo. 63166 W. P . P a p a g e o r g , M a n a g e r E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t r o l P. G. B e n ig n u s , M a r k e t in g M a n a g e r, D i e l e c t r i c F l u i d s R O L L IN S-P U R L E IN C. 3208 C oncord P ike W ilm ington, D elaw are 19803 John E. O 'B r ie n , P re sid e n t 5- NPC00023931 770747 amencan national standards institute, me S c h u '- *r Nitionil E l^ tn c j l Wjnu U<r-rM -i- 155 Eilt 44i St.. N*w Y e n v Ttltphon 212 682 *5*3 August 12, 1971 TO ALL RESPONDENTS TO THE MAY 1 , 1 9 7 1 LETTER, ESTABLISHING THE ANSI COMMITTEE C107 ON USE AND DISPOSAL OF ASKAREL USED IN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT____________ (SEE ATTACHMENT #1 FOR LIST OF RESPONDENTS) SUBJECT: ORGANIZATION MEETING G entlem en: S i n c e i s s u i n g t h e May 1 , 1 9 7 1 l e t t e r , a n o t h e r c o p y o f w h i c h is en clo sed for your convenience, i t became necessary to s h i f t the d a te of the O rg a n iza tio n M eeting from the month o f June to t h e month o f S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 7 1 . Our c h e c k o f s c h e d u l e s f o r m e e t i n g s o f other n a tio n a l groups of p o s s ib le i n t e r e s t to t h is Group, p r e t t y much d i c t a t e s t h a t th e O r g a n i z a t i o n M eetin g s h o u ld be planned for the week of September 13, 1971. The C h a i r m a n , Mr. w. P. P a p a g e o r g e , o f t h e M o n s a n to Company, accordingly c a lle d the m eeting for Tuesday, September 14, 1971. At the i n v i t a t i o n o f Dr. S ta n le y P. Wasik, o f th e N a tio n a l Bureau o f S ta n d a r d s (N B S), th e m e e t in g w i l l c o n v e n e a t 9 : 0 0 A.M. in D i n i n g Room #3 a t t h e NBS f a c i l i t i e s i n G a i t h e r s b u r g , Md. T h e NBS i s p r o v i d i n g a l i m o u s i n e f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e NBS a n d a c o n v e n i e n t h o t e l . T h e h o t e l m o s t o f t e n u s e d f o r s u c h g r o u p s a s o u r s i s t h e S h e r a t o n H o t e l i n S i l v e r S p r i n g s , Md. L i m o u s i n e s e r v i c e t o t h i s h o t e l i a r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e a t t h e wasair. t o n N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t a n d t h e t r i p b e t w e e n t h e h o t e l a nd t h e NBS is approxim ately one h a lf hour. For your c o n v e n i e n c e , I have b lo c k e d o f f t e n t a t i v e room r e s e r v a t i o n s fo r a l l of u s, which should be confirm ed on the artac h o t e l r e s e r v a t i o n form by e a c h p e r s o n . A t t a c h e d , a l s o , i s an a t t e n d a n c e c a r d , w h i c h s h o u l d b e f i l l e d o u t a n d r e t u r n e d t o me IMMEDIATELY. S o t h a t y o u c a n c o m p l e t e y o u r t r a v e l p l a n s , i t i s a n tic ip a te d th at the adjournment time w i l l be about 4:00 P.M., in order to com plete the planned agenda. In c a l l i n g th e m e e tin g , the Chairman s t r e s s e d the im porta-re of moving on t h i s problem , in view o f Congressman Ryan's B i l l to p r o h ib it PCB's, even in contained v e s s e ls . A copy of the B ill. H.R. 10085 and Congressman Ryan's sta te m e n ts in th e C o n g r e ss10r u . R e c o r d o f J u l y 26 a n d J u l y 29 a r e a t t a c h e d (ATTACHMENT # 2 ) . T h e r e may o r may n o t be s u f f i c i e n t t i m e t o work w i t h t h e B i l l , d e p e n d e n t on t h e e x t e n t o f p r e s s u r e t h a t may be p u t on t h i s p r o blem by th e A d m in is t r a t io n or o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d groups and s p e - l of action is certain ly indicated. Cont'd- NPC000239 770748 2. For y o u r f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , Mr. P a p a g e o r g e w i l l i n i t i a t e the d is c u s s i o n s at the m eeting by g iv in g a com prehensive back g r o u n d r e p o r t and summary o f a c t i o n s t a k e n s o f a r . He f e e l s t h a the le a s t th a t should be accom plished at th is m eeting i9 to ap p o in t a p p r o p ria te subcom m ittees to i n v e s t i g a t e and p rovid e recom m endations in such areas as were l i s t e d in the sta te m e n t of pro p o s e d o b j e c t i v e s , a t t a c h e d t o t h e e n c l o s e d May 1 , 1 9 7 1 l e t t e r . Sincerely yours A. M. S a l a z a r , S e c r e t a r y ANSI C o m m itte e , C107 AMS:dk Enc. A tt: CC: B.H. Falk C. A. Parris O ther N a t io n a l and Government Groups Contacted. T.K. S lo a t J.C. R issinger S a v a S h e r r ; "IEEE S t a f f M. P i s c i o t t a , ANSI S t a f f J . J . K a r k , NEMA S t a f f NPC000239 33 770749 RESPONDENTS NATIONAL CERTIFIED BALLAST MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION Dr. A. P o z e f s k y G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company I n d u s t r i a l and Power C a p a c ito r John S tr e e t Hudson F a l l s , N. Y. 12839 Products Dept. N. R. C l a r k U niversal Manufacturing 902 C rescent Ave. B rid gep ort, Conn. 06607 Company INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS, INC. E. L. Raab, Manager - I n s u l a t i o n G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company Power D is tr ib u tio n D iv is io n 100 Woodlawn Ave. P i t t s f i e l d , Mass. 01201 Systems Section NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION D. E. A l l e n , M a n a g e r , M a r k e t i n g Power D is tr ib u tio n D iv is io n A llis-C halm ers Corporation Columbus 6 P reb le Aves. P ittsb u rg h , Pa. 15233 Services J. F. K u zela, E n g in eerin g Power C apacitors Sangamo E l e c t r i c Company P.O. Box 359 S p r in g fie ld , 111. 62705 Manager R. D. M c C l a i n W estinghouse E le c tr ic Corporation P.O. Box 341 Bloom ington, Ind. 47402 W. C. R e i n h a r d t , M a n a g e r R esearch and Developm ent C entral Moloney Transformer Colt Industries P.O. Box 101 S t . L o u i s , Mo. 6 3 1 6 6 D ivision H. R. R ow e, G e n e r a l M a n a g e r Lighting & Capacitor Products McGraw-Edison Power Systems D iv is io n P.O. Box 160 South Milwaukee, Wis. 53172 ATTAC K- i N P C 0 0 0 2 3 9 34 770750 2. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY D a v i d M. C r a b t r e e , C h i e f o f t h e E l e c t r i c a l F a c ilit ie s Engineering D ivision O ffice of the Chief of Engineers D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e Army W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 3 1 4 Engg. Section ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Earl Pershing Floyd 5555 Ridge Ave. C in c in n a ti, Ohio 45213 GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Reuben T. Morgan F e d e r a l S u p p l y S e r v i c e , Room 507 General Services Adm inistration W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 4 0 6 Aaron J. W oloshin O ffice of Environmental A ffairs General Services Adm inistration W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 4 0 5 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Dr. S t a n l e y P. Wasik Research Chemist N ation a l Bureau of Standards Room A 1 4 5 C h e m i s t r y B u i l d i n g W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 2 3 4 RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE_______________ Dr. John L e u t r i t z , J r . Timber Product S p e c ia lis t D is tr ib u tio n E ngineering Branch Power S u p p ly, Management and Engineering Standards D ivision Rural E le c t r if ic a t io n A dm inistration W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 2 5 0 TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY W i l l i a m R. N i c h o l a s A s s is t a n t C hief of the Water Q u a lity Branch In the D iv is io n o f E nvironm ental R esearch and Development O f f i c e o f H ealth and E nvironm ental S c ie n c e . Tennessee V alley Authority Chattanooga, Tenn. 37401 ATTACHMENT I I NPC00023935 K t 770751 INDIVIDUALS CHEM-TROL POLLUTION SERVICES INC. L o u is E. Wagner, P r e s i d e n t 4818 Lake Ave. B l a s d e l l , N. Y. 1 4 2 1 9 DOBLE ENGINEERING COMPANY A. L. R i c k l a y , V ic e P r e s i d e n t 32 L o c u s t S t r e a t Belmont, Mass. 02178 ELECTRICAL U T I L I T I E S COMPANY A. 0 . H auser, P r e s i d e n t 2427 St. V incent Ave. La S a l l e . 1 1 1 . 6 1 3 0 1 MONSANTO COMPANY w. p. P a p a g e o r g e , M a n a g e r E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t r o l 800 N. L i n d b e r g h B l v d . S t . L o u i s , Mo. 6 3 1 6 6 P. Z . B e n ig n u s, M ark etin g Manager, D ielectric Fluids ROLLINS-PURLE INC. H. A. A l s e n t z e r P.O. Box 2349 W ilmington, Delaware 19899 C. w. Hart P. W illia m so n 3. I i i NPC00023936 ATTACHMENT I I / H 1 - - 770752 MONSANTO'S PCD PHOGHAM W, 13. PAPAGEOHGE P r e s e n t e d at. ANSI CommVU .ee C - 1 0 7 M eeting - Septem ber lA, 1971 ['' I a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o s h a r e M o n s a n t o ' s PC13 e x p e r i e n c e w i t h y o u and I h o p e t h e I n f o r m a t i o n I h a v e c an h e l p t h i s comoiH p lan and a c h ie v e I t s o b j e c t i v e s . We a t M o n s a n t o f i r s t h e a r d o f P C B ' s a s p o t e n t i a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n t a m i n a n t s i n e a r l y 1967 w h e n we r e c e i v e d c o p i e s o f a t a l k g iv e n In Sweden by P r o f e s s o r s Wldmark and J e n s e n o f the Univer:* o f S to c k h o lm . In t h e i r p a p er th e y d e s c r i b e d how th e y were a b le t o i d e n t i f y a m a t e r i a l w h ic h had b e e n i n t e r f e r i n g w it h p e s t l e Id analyses as being polychlorinated biphenyls. Our l a b o r a t o r i e s began work on the developm ent o f a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d o l o g y t o c o n f i r m t h a t P C B 's I n d e e d w e r e b e i n g f o u n d In t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . D u r i n g 1 9 6 8 a n d 1 9 6 9 =s m e t h o d o l o g y I m p r o v e ; the evidence continued to Indicate that the h igher ch lorln a*- : b i p h e n y l s w e r e b e i n g I d e n t i f i e d Ln <h e t i s s u e s o f f i s h a nd ! D uring t h i s p eriod Monsanto mounted an e x t e n s iv e program hi- a t a c q u i r i n g more know led ge a b o u t PCH's and t h e i r e f f e c t on e n v i r o n m e n t . We p e r f e c t e d o u r a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s , we u l a r ' < - a n i m a l t o x i c i t y s t u d i e s , b e g a n b i o d e g r a d a t i o n w o r k a n d c v M 1. a l t e r n a t i v e m a t e r In In f o r t h o n e a p p l i c a t i o n we f e l t w e r e tr lb u tl s u b s t a n t ia lly to eonliiinlrwil.lun. NPC00023937 770753 ? O u r a n i m a l t o x i c i t y w o r k w a s s i m i l a r t o t h e t y p e wd w o u l d h a v e u n d e r t a k e n IT we h a d w i s h e d t o h a v e KDA a p p r o v a l f o r f o o d u s e . C h r o n ic t o x i c i t y and r e p r o d u c t i o n s t u d i e s wore made on l e g h o r n chickens. i Two y e a r c h r o n i c feecUnr, s t u d i e s were s t a r t e d . o n r a t a and d o g s . T h r e e g e n e r a t i o n r e p r o d u c t i o n s t u d i e s were made on r a t s . The P C B 's u s e d In t h e t e s t s w e r e M o n s a n t o ' s / T r o c o r \?M?, A r o c l o r 1 2 5 *1 a n d A r o c l o r 12*00. T h e s e w e r e s e l e c t e d s i n c e t h e y r e p r e s e n t e d t h e m o r e c o m m o n l y u s e d PCB m i x t u r e s . T h e a n i m a l s w e r e f e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 1 ppm, 10 ppm and 1 0 0 ppm In t h e i r n o r m a l d i e t s , The r e s u l t s to d ote I n d ic a t e th a t a t the l e v e l s used the r a t s an d d o g s s h o w e d no e f f e c t s w i t h A r o c l o r 12*12. At 1 0 0 ppm b o t h th e r a t s and dogs e x h i b i t e d d e c r e a s e d w e ig h t g a i n s and e n la r g e d l i v e r s . The c h i c k e n s w e r e a f f e c t e d by A r o c l o r 1?*J2 a t t h e 1 0 ppm l e v e l . The h a t c h a b l l l t y o f t h e e g g s w as s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced. To summarize what I ' v e sa id about M onsanto's spon sored animal t o x i c i t y work th e h IghJ y c h l o r i n a ted pol yehl or inn ted blphen.y 1r n t 1 0 0 ppm i n t h e nnLmnl d i e t d o e r h a v e s o m e o f f e c i o n mamma i * T h e l o w e r c h l o r i n a t e d p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s ol. 1 0 ppm i n *d i e t htifl s o m e e f f e c t o n l e g h o r n c h i c k e n s , a n d I s a y s p e c 1 f l e a ' 1: l e g h o r n c h i c k e n s b e c a u s e t h e r e i s m o u n tin g e v i d e n c e t h a t 1l l e n a re d e f i n i t e s p e c i e s v a r i a t i o n s an d eterm in ed by th e Pnutuxr* L a b o ra to ries here in Maryland with four types o f w ild b ir d s. T h e r e I s s s p e c i e s v a r i a t i o n n o t e d w h ic h f r u s t r a t e s many s c i e - * ' . ' ---- " NPC00023938 770754 -3 - I w a s a s k e d w h a t we k no w a b o u t t h e e f f e c t on m a r i n e l i f e . Monsrin d i d s p o n s o r s t a t i c f i s h t o x i c i t y w o r k a nd we w e r e c o m p l e t e l y f r u s t r a t e d b e c a u s e t h e s e PCD's h a v e i h e t e n d e n c y to p l a t e out (< on s u r f a c e s . Our i n f o r m a t i o n was garbled b e c a u s e In t h e - s i a l i c t e s t i n g v/o w e r e r e a l l y e x p o s i n g t h e f i s h t o PCD e n v i r o n m e n t n l o t l e s s t h a n we t h o u g h t we w e r e . The d a t a w a s s o d i s t o r t e d i t w a s m e a n i n g l e s s . I n t h e m e a n t i m e , we f o u n d t h a t t h e r e a r e many c o m p e t e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s l o o k i n g a t f i s h and th e e f f e c t s on f i 3 h t h a t we d e c i d e d t h a t m a y be t h i s i s a n a r e a t h a t i s b e s t l e f t to the ex p erts. We h a v e b e e n i n t o u c h w i t h l a b o r a t o r i e s s u c h a s t h e V / a t e r Qua l i l y Laboratory o f D uluth, M innesota. They have conducted s tu d ie s w hich i n d i c a t e t h e r e I s some e f f e c t on some s p e c i e s . There has been some work done In th e Colum bia, M isso u r i Bureau o f I n t e r i o r F is h - P e s tic id e Laboratory which in d ic a te s , for example, m a g n ifi c a t i o n a b o u t 5 0 , 0 0 0 t i m e s . By t h a t I mean t h a t t h e amount o f PCB d e t e c t e d i n t h e f i s h t i s s u e s w a s 5 0 0 0 0 t i m e s t h a t preBerM in th e w ater environ m en t In which t h i s f i s h was e x p o sed . There have been r e p o r t s o f f i s h k i l l s and some very d r a s t ic e f f e c t s a t t r i b u t e d to PCU's. I ' v e t r i e d t o g e t e v i d e n c e tha* th ese things have occurred. I have not been able to confirm any reported in c id e n t. We h a v e t a l k e d w i t h s c i e n t i s t s a t t h e G u l f - B r e e z e , F l o r i d a Commercial F is h e r ie s Laboratory. They have conducted s tu d ie s NPC00023939 1 770755 w ith crab and shrim p. T h is Is the la b o r a to r y th a t did d e t e c t a b u lld - u p In crab and a l s o the l e t h a l e f f e c t on J u v e n ile shrimp V ery, very low c o n c e n t r a t io n s - ppb In the w ater - do d estro y ^Juvenile shrimp. T h e r e I s a g r o w in g t h o u g h t among many o f th e r e s p o n s i b l e s c l e n t l th a t th in e n v iro n m en ta l problem i s most complex and It Is not r e a l l y a n y o n e I n s u l t t h a t i s t h e d e m i s e o f a'ny p a r t i c u l a r s p e d but i t could be the cum ulative e f f e c t of a l l I n s u lts a creature 1 b exposed to and u su a lly the l a s t I n s u lt I s .t h e one th at g e ts b l a m e d . D r . Tom Duke o f G u l f - B r e e z e i s a p r o p o n e n t o f t h i s th e o r y and he Is c o n d u c tin g s t u d ie s to s u b s t a n t ia t e t h i s . I t could be the lack or presence o f oxygen, the la ck or presence o f proper n u tr ie n ts in the environm ent, the la ck or presence o f t h e p r o p e r t e m p e r a t u r e c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e x p o s u r e t o a DDT o r a c a d - i l u m o r a m e r c u r y o r a n a r s e n i c , a n d a l o n g c o m e s a PCD a n d t h e f i s h d l e s . PCB m i g h t g e t b l a m e d . T h i s I s t h e k i n d o f th in g that does happen in the environm ent. T h e r e I s a g r o w i n g c o n c e r n H i n t wc s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r i n g t o a g r e a t e r d eg ree c h r o n ic e f f e c t s o f n i l th e se m a t e r ia ls r a th e r tna r e l y i n g on the old a c u te s t u d ie s th a t used to nerve a s a screen ! f o r many, many c h e m i c a l s . I have s k e t c h y d a ta on m arine l i f e . We >w t h a t I t d o e s b u i l d up I n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t a nd there Is, of course, the published evidence that it does affec' the fis h - e a t in g b ird s. NFC00023940 770756 -5 - There i s some I n d ic a t io n in the Duluth s t u d ie s th a t rep rod u ction anti s u r v i v a l o f th e fry V i s a f f e c t e d . There seem s to be minimal a f f e c t on a d u lt f i s h . I t was su g g ested e a r l i e r th a t I might want to review the manufac t u r e o f PC R 's, th e many a p p l i c a t i o n s in w h ich i t was u se d and w h a t o u r p r e s e n t p r o g r a m i s . To t h e b e s t o f my i n f o r m a t i o n , i t was 1929 that th ese m a te r ia ls were Introduced as very a t t r a c t iv e f l u i d s f o r use In t r a n s f o r m e r s , and t h e r e a re many in t h i s au u len t h a t are -.ere f a m i l i a r w ith t h i s d ev elo p m en t t h a ^ I am. PCD's were used In t r a n s f o r m e r s a s an i n s u l a t i n g c o o l i n g f l u i d b e c a u s e th e y a r c more r e s i s t a n t to breakdow n, l e s s a p t t o e x p lo d e and b u r s t i n t o f la m e s a n d - c a u s e p r o p e r t y damage and human ln'Jury. Through the y e a r s, a d d itio n a l u ses were found fo r these m a teria ls because o f th e se p r o p e r tie s th a t I m entioned e a r l i e r . They -- g r a d u a lly a t f i r s t , and o f cou rse w ith in c r e a s in g am ounts,e n d e d up I n a p p l i c a t i o n s t h a t M o n s a n t o t h r o u g h i t s i n - h o u s e usa.-* referred to as p la s t i c i z e r u sa g es. That Is not a very good de sc r i p l i o n , b u t i t f i t o u r n e e d s f o r many y e a r s , and y o u ' l l fl-rj ua u s in g th a t e x p r e s s io n . These are u s e s such a s in p a in t formu l a t i o n s , the s p e c i a l t y ink u s e s , the p l a s t i c i z e r in s e a la n t s , a d h e s i v e s , and paper c o a t in g s o f a l l B o r is . T h e r e w a s a u s e t h a t wa3 a r e a l t h o r n i n o u r s i d e a n d y o u ' l l r**c a t l e a s t some o f th e e a r l i e r a r t i c l e on PCIVo r e f e r r i n g to p e s t i c i d e u s e . T h e r e w ere 3ome s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d by t h e Dcpar - c o f A g r ic u lt u r e in which PCB' were used to exten d the e f f e c t of NPC00023941 770757 l i f e o f p e a t i c i d e m . such a l i n d a n e . I t wars n e v e r i n t e n d e d f o r b r o a d c a s t i n g n s wc v l i i u a l Y/a i DDT w a s on f o o d c r o p s , c o t t o n c r o n o r o r c h a r d s . T h e o n l y w i d e s p r e a d u s e t h a t I c o u l d 1*1 nd was u lim ite d t r i a l to h elp prevent or c u r ta il the dutch elm d is e a s e , and U n it p r o v e d t o be a f a i l u r e . Thu o t h e r user, were e x trem e 1 3mall in p riv a te form u lation s that were used to spray or coal hard su rfa ces - sh e lv in g , corners of flo o r s.a n d a l l for the t y p i c a l c r a w l i n g , t;, I n s e c t s s u c h an t h e r o a c h a nd s i l v c r f l s h . In f a c t i t was so sm all th a t Monsanto did not market d i r e c t l y t o p e s t i c i d e f o r m u l a l o r s ; we g a v e t h i s b u s i n e s s t o o u r d i s t r i b u t o r s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h i s ' u s e d i d c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e e m o t i o n a n d w a s u s e d b y 3ome t o e x p l a i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f PCD1s i n r e m o t e a r e a s . We w r o t e t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e s u g g e s t i n g th a t d u rin g 1970 when p e s t i c i d e s were b e in g r e r e g is t e r e d th a t PCB's not be approved. F i n a lly in O ctober t\-\. did put out a n o tice to that e f f e c t . We h a v e h a d q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d , " I s i t I n my s h o w e r c u r t a i n s . v home? I s i t in t h e d r a p e r i e s ? In t h e C a r p e tin g ? " The a n e w : t o those* i s "n ot v e r y l i k e l y " . And I u s e t h o s e w o r d s b e c a u we r e a l l y d o n ' t know. I f it. was p u t i n t o t h e s e a p p l i c a t l o r : . i t was so sm a ll we, Monsanto,, were n o t aware o f i t . i t was - * u s e d i n a u t o m o b i l e t i r o s ; i t wan n o t uned i n b r a k e l i n i n g s . O ther major u se s in c lu d e the use In h y d r a u lic f l u i d s which are f ir e r v s l s l a n t . Monsanto marketed these f lu id s under l'." t r a d e m a r k P y d r a u l . I am s u r e some o f y o u r e m e m b e r _ t h e J.lvx,' * HPC0002394: 770758 ^C? Ai -7dt\(, ( Lr Pi.i, , / ) M ichigan f i r e ? . / T h is was a d is a s t r o u s f i r e in terms o f properly d a m a g e a n d w a s r e a l l y a h i g h m a r k I.n t e r m s o f c o n v i n c i n g i n d u s t r y t h a t t h e r e w a s a n e e d f o r T i r e r e s La t a u t h y d r a u l i c f l u i d s . Bui t h e a p p l i c a t i o n i o n o t th e ty p o Uiiii la m a in ta in e d to a d egree w h e r e e v e r y t h i n g i s l e a k p r o o f . Many o f l h e no c o n n e c t Lour; l e a k , h o n e s b u r s t , a n d t h e t e n d e n c y Ls t o k e e p p r o d u c i n g by a d d i n g more f l u i d . So I t I s c o n c e i v a b l e that, many o f t h e s e h y d r a u l i c f l u i d s ended up in 'h e se w e r . 1 do n o t in te n d to c r i t i c i z e t h e c u s t o m e r s o f o u r . p r o d u c t s . f r o m t h e k n o w l e d g e t . h a t we had a t t h a t l i m e o f t h e m a t e r i a l t h e p r a c t i c e w a s c o n s i d e r e d a c c e p i a b lu. A nother f a i r l y w idespread a p p lic a t io n o f PCB's i s the use o f th ese f l u i d s as o heat tr a n s fe r media to a ch iev e h ig h . tempera lu r e : . h a v e a f i r e r e s i s t a n t t r a n s f e r f l u i d , a n d a v o i d t h e L n r - t a l l a l- 1* o f high pressure equipment. Those m a teria ls were id e a lly suil-- for this application. We t h o u g h t a t o n e t i m e t h a t t h e s e w e r e a d a p t a b l e t o c l o s e c o n t r o l a n d p r o p e r m a i n t e n a n c e w h e r e we ct.-.l : l o g i c a l l y c a l l them c l o s e d s y s t e m s . Some r e c e n t e v i d e n c e I n d i c a t e d t h a t we w e r e w r o n g a n d I ' M g e t I n t o t h a t w h e n I d i s c u s : o u r p r e s e n ' , n p p l Lcn l i o n s . One a p p l i c a t i o n t h a t w a s a f a i r l y s i g n i f i c a n t o n e a n d o n e t.n'i* i n o u r t h i n k i n g if* a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o a l i n g s I s t h e u s e In r a b o n l c s c r e p r o d u c t i o n p a p e r . W i t h t h e e m p h a s i s o n r e c y c l i n g p;irt ' w a o te a and villh the pern 1si an ce o f PCIVs th e r e la a problem d e v e l o p i n g In t h a t PCiJ1r. a r e b e i n g , f o u n d I n many p a p e r p r o i l u . ' and many u f t h e s e p a p e r p r o d u c t s end up In f o o d p a c k a g in g . NPC00023943 770759 -8 - I n i t i a l l y t h y e v i d e n c e we w e r e g e l t i n g seem ed t o p o i n t t o 1ho h i g h e r c h l o r i n a t e d m a t e r i a l s a s e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t a n t s . As s o o n a s we w e r e a w a r e o r t h i s , we s e n t a l e t t e r t o a l l o f o u r c u s t o m e r s t e l l i n g t h e m t h a t w h a t U t t J e we knew I n d i c a t e d ' t h a t t h e s e m a t e r i a l s c o u l d be an e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o b l e m , find c a r e s h o u l d b e e x e r c i s e d . I n h a n d l i n g . When t h e r e s u l t s came In on our chicken t o x ic it y stu d ie s they In d icated that the lower c h l o r i n a t e d m a t e r i a l s m i g h t b e a p r o b l e m r e g a r d i n g , b i r d s . We d e c i d e d , a s a com pany, t h a t we b e t t e r p l a c e some r e s t r i c t i o n s on th e s e m a t e r ia ls b ecau se th ere were to us some u s e s th a t d e s e r v e d t o be k e p t In s p i t e o f t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t we saw f a c i n g uc. We d e c i d e d t h a t w e ' v e g o t t o g e t o u t o r t h o s e a p p l i c a t i o n s w h e r e we f e l t t h e r e was no e a r t h l y c h a n c e - o r I t w as b e y o n d o u r n b l l l i y t o c o n t r o l t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , no we g o I out of a ll the n o -ca lled p la s t ic iz e r a p p lic a tio n s, August 30, 1970 woo the ta r g e te d e f f e c t i v e d a te . We t h e n w e n t I n t o v e r y a c t i v e p r o g r a m o f r e f o r m u l a t i n g t h e h y d r a u l i c f l u L d s . There a g a i n , It r e q u ir e d a l o t o f t e s t i n g . We h a d t o r u n t h e s e ne w m a t e r i a l s t h r o u g h I h u U n d e r w r i t e r s L a b o r a t o r i e s f o r a p p r o v a l nn f i r e r e s i s t a n c e . They had t o c o m p a tib le w ith the m achinery then In u s e . T h is Is n o t c a u l l j d o n e , b u t I t vain d o n e . We t e d d e d t h a t we c o u l d a n d m u s t c o n t i n u e t o s u p p l y t h e t r a - ' s fo r n e r m a n u fa c 'u r e r , the c a p a c it o r m anufacturer, and a t that NPC00Q23944 770760 9 t i m e c l o s e d h e a l , t r a n s f e r s y s t e m . 1*, b a s e d p r i m a r i l y , o n o u r c o n c e p ' t h a t f i r e r e s i s t a n c e w a s I m p o r t a n t Iri h e a l t r a n s f e r . ' To p i c k up t h e p o i n t t h a t was r a i s e d e a r l i e r about* f o r e i g n itnj a o r t s , wc a r e t o t h e b e s t o f o u r a b i l i t y t r y l n g t o m o n i t o r I m p o r t s To t h i s d a y , we h a v e no i n f o r m a t Ion t h a t any h a v e a r r i v e d in t h i s c o u n t r y . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , wc a r e g e t t l n g . some r e p o r t s t h a t some o f o u r f o r m e r c u s t o m e r s h a v e malic I h q u lr L c .s o f th e f o r e i g n p r o d u c e r s . I am a l s o t o l d by some C a n a d i a n . p r o v i n c i a l a g e n c y p e o p l e t h a t t h e y had h e a r d and w ere g o i n g t.o f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e that. PCD's were e n t e r i n g Cnnapa and from th e r e m o v e d i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I h a v e t a l reed t o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e J a p a n e s e p r o d u c e r , t h e K a n e g a f u c h l j^ompany, and I am . l e d to b e l i e v e that, they are most r e lu c t a n t to e n t e r t h i s b u s in e s s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e J a p a n e s e p r o d u c e r s a r e t h e p r o d u c e r s th at arc being accused of en terin g the U .5. market. I have ta lk ed to r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s of the Krcnch com panies. They assure me t h a t t h e y d o n ' t w o n t a n y p a r t o f t h i s b u s i n e s s . I n May, 1 9 7 0 C o n g r e s s m a n W i l l Jam K i t / . H ya n I n t r o d u c e d a p r o po r -. * .{ b i l l w h ic h v;ould In e s s e n c e pi a c e In to low l.ne v e r y th I n g s :h a ' Monsanto had proposed d oin g on a v o lu n ta r y b a s i s . i The b i l l p r o v i d e d t h a t l ' C l l ' s b e b a n n e d e x c e p t , f o r t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s whur* t h e S e c r e t a r y o f !U5W w o u l d i 1vh s p e c i a l p e r m i s s i o n o r l i c e n s e . We w e n t t h r o u g h t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f ' a n d e a r l y p a r t r>f i h W. y e a r f e e l i n g , h o w e v e r , t h a t wc? w e r e t i l l w a l k i n g o n t h i n l e c . UPC00023945 770761 JO B ut we t h o u g h t that, we had made some t r e m e n d o u s s t r i d e ; In the r i g h t , d i r e c t i o n t o p r e s e r v e t|io:-.e u s e s w h i c h wc t h o u g h t wore e s s e n t i a l w h i l e e l i m i n a t i n g thou' u:-.".n w h i c h w e r e g r o s s l y c u n t n m i n n t l n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s sunw;':r o u r h o p e s of* c o n t r o l i n t h e he a t t r a n s f e r b u s i n e s s v a n i s h e d when wc f o u n d t h a t a u s e r of* PC11 d i d not. a p p r e c 1 a t o tin: p r o b l e m , d i d n o t m a i n t a i n h i s e q u i p m e n t arid c r e a t e d t h e r e c e n t c h i c k e n , egg*, f i s h m e a l p roblem . B e c a u s e o r ` h i 17 I n c i d e n t , C o n g r e s s m a n riyan w i t h d r e w t h e f i r s t b i l l t h a t w.-s s u b m i t t e d and h a s now p l a c e d b e f o r e t h e came com m i t t e e a b i l l w h i c h t o t a l l y b a n s PCB a n d d o e s n o t p r o v i d e f o r a n y u s e w h a t e v e r , And t h e r e a r e , o f c o u r s e , p e n a l t i e s ' f o r t h e m a r k e t i n g , - n o u r n c t - . u r e , o r u s e o f PCR In t h i s c o u n t r y . A v e r y d r a s tic measure which docs cause or can cause a lo t o f concern a m o n g t h o s e o r u s who f e e l t h a t PCB h a s a p l a c e I n o u r s o c l e 1 > under proper con d ition s. A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s i n c i d e n t , vjc w e r e f o r c e d t o r e - e v a l u M o c u r p o s i t i o n . We d e c i d e d t-ha t , a l t h o u g h h e a t t r a n s f e r s y s t e m s e c u In b e c l o s e d u n i t s , we a r e s t i l l a t t h e mercy o f t h e a t t i t u d e o: the o p e r a t o r o f t h e e q u i p m e n t and we c o n t i n u o u s l y f a c e d th" situation where even a p in h o le le a k can c r e a t e tremendou:* p r o b l e m s b e f o r e i t c a n bo d i s c o v e r e d . So we h a v e t a k e n , a g e In. an a r b i t r a r y p o s i t i o n and I n f o r m e d a l l o f o u r c u s t o m e r s in <uc food ( w h e t h e r i t ' s a n i m a l o r human f o o d )j p a c k a g i n g b u s i n e s s , and the p h a r m a c e u t i c a l b u s i n e s s , th at we w i l l n o l o n g e r sups*.:, them heat t r a n s f e r f l u i d s w h i c h c o n t a i n P C B ' s . NPC00023946 770762 11 I n a d d i t i o n , we w i l l n o l o n g e r m a r k e t t o any new h e a t t r a n t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s . Our e f f o r t s w i l l be c o n c e n tr a te d on reducing t h o s e t h a t wc m a r k e t t o d a y . T h i s b u s i n e s s s h o u l d d e c r e a s e /a s time goes on. To g e t back t o l e g i s l a t i o n . . . a s many o f you p r o b a b ly know, t h e r e I s b e f o r e S e n a t o r P h i l l i p h a r t ' s c o m m i t t e e a b i l l refer;'*.* to a s the T oxic S u b sta n ces Act o f 1971. The purpose o f th is b i l l i s to p reven t the In tro d u ctio n in to our s o c ie t y o' hazaro.; m a t e r i a l s . I t a l s o p r o v i d e s f o r t h e r e v i e w o f m a t e r i a l s nov. ; our s o c i e t y and the c u r t a i l m e n t o f the u se o f th e more hazard--*, o n es. I n i t i a l hearin gs were held in August, to which a i;elec` f e w i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e i n v i t e d t o t e s t i f y . PCB w a s . b r o u g h t o u t . a s an exam ple o f a m a te r ia l Introduced In to s o c i e t y and ihou.":` a t one tim e t o be m ost v a l u a b l e , b u t I s now c o n s i d e r e d a ser*.:. . threat to a ll of u s. The m e e t in g s w i l l be resumed in O c to b e r ; I do n o t know the ed a t e a s y e t , and I'm l e d to b e l i e v u t h a t t h i s would be the o p p o r t u n i t y f o r I n d u s t r y t o s p e a k up i n I t s b e h a l f . I am a r s . f t h a t s i n c e PCB's were brought, up a s nn exam ple o f th e type o f substance t h is b i l l is supposed to prevent that Monsanto ? s o l e p r o d u c e r i n t h i s c o u n t r y w i l l b e e i t h e r i n v i t e d or* w c h o o s e t o a s k to be i n v i t e d (we d o n ' t know a t t h i s p o in t Jc~* what i s th e p r o p e r a p p r o a c h h e r e ) t o npenlc on the morLts o r e t a i n I n g P C B 1r. In l r a n r. f o r m e r s , c n p n c 1 t o r s a n d f i r e r e s Ir. . heat tran sfer system s, non-food application:;. NPC00Q2 3947 770763 12 I mention this bill because it Is our opinion, and we could be wrong, that rather than act on Congressman Hyan 1 bill, which is specific toward P C B 1s, we suspect that the Toxic Substances (Act will have In it provisions which will refer to nuch materials as PCB'3. We feel we have good technical data to Justify our staying in the business for limited application:-. But. We cannot overlook the emotions that have set In.. And believe me there are many and they are deep. It is difficult to combat emotions, os you know, and the references in the popular press to hazardous poisons and birth defects, which have not been substantiated, are most difficult to overcome. Although wo talk about-per sistant versions of PCB and degradable versions of PCB I sus pect, and this Is a personal opinion, that: there would bo many who Just discoun.t this kind of information. Thin is a very real problem; In my opinion it is a difficult problem. As a little more background let me describe what I understood from a meeting we held last week with representative:; of the Food and Drug Administration. It is my personal opinion tiv-t the Food and Drug people are a:; conscientious as can be Ln iry`. to cope with the PCB problem. They are objective people to work with a minimum of data. I suspect they are as friis! r ' an any group of people can be ns t.n whnt Is .the rlghL wny to There arc tremendous pressu res on ihu Food and Drug poop Ic : -~ an well as (' : Department of Agriculture brought .ibpu-t-fc-v- n.-; - NPC0002 39-iu 770764 - 13 These agencies are trying to objectively cope with the problem and at the name time trying to somehow 1 Ive with these pressures that are being applied. 'The FDA people really don't at this point In time have much Infor mation that will lead them to a regulation as to how much PCB should be tolerated In food. They have established some guide lines based on what little Information they have from their own laboratories and the information that Monsanto has shared with them. The FDA will permit fish at b Ppm on the market place; milk at .2 ppm or less; eggs .5 ppm; poultry (they have a double standard) 5 ppm In the Tatty tissue and 5 ppm In the muscle tissue. Another problem that is disturbing to the FDA, Is the recycle paper problem. The cereal boxes, the cracker boxes, all of theBe boxes that ore made from what is known as chipboard, are made from recycle paper. Fairly high levels of P C B 1s are being found In this recycle board. It probably comes from about three or Tour different sources. It may come from some Ink application In the past, some adhesive application, some coating application, as well as the carbonless reproduction paper appli cation. There have been some pilot studies made by the American Paper Institute to Isolate the carbonless reproduction paper from the recycle batch. They still found PCB's in that batch.* They are probably looking at maybe the second or third genera tion of recycle. And with the emphasis on recycle, I cannot see any way out of this dllema except that there an*, more PCB's in these cartons. \v- O . NPC00023949 770765 A thought we must all keep in mind, too, Is that we've pot to live with the PCD'r; we Introduced Into the environment Tor the past. iJO years. They have not d I.sap pea red overnight; they w L U 'riot disappear overnight. We do riot have any testa that tel] us how long It will take. We can only made an educated guess and we might any they will be out there for another-generation, 25 to 30 years yet. Hopefully, tt will be a decreasing amount as time goes on. Monsanto has conducted biodegradation tests on Its products. We have three programs that are now actLve. One program we arc conducting In our laboratories In Ruabon, Woles in which we are making what 1 would refer to as scientifically .basLc*studles in terms of which Isomers are most degradable and with what type of microbe. This is a little bit on the impractical side at this point in time. We have as a consultant, Professor Cn.irlcs Evans of Bangor University in South Wales, who Is a noted autnorlt worldwide In this kind of activity. He has Isolated at least three microbes lhnl seem to Thrive on poLychlorlnnlod hi phony 1r.. These microbes he developed from soil that he obtained from hlr. garden. What this tell,:*, us In that there are microbes out thcr'* in the environment, that, w U J everitua M y destroy these m a t e r i a l . In the ilt. Louis area, we- have two types of testa going. One Is the use of rLvor water with Its normal biota in It, In which we Introduced 4.h o w polychlorinated biphenylR and look for m e disappearance rate. It Is a very nulck and rather unaophlst lc- 'cc type of study. The other type of Inst Is the one Hint Simula's- NPC00023950 770766 - 15 - those conditions which are apt to bo round In a normal municipal sewage treatment plant. It's an aerobic test using an activated sludge from a St. Louis waste treatment plant. As a standard,' Iwe use a soft detergent because it Is well known to other laboratorie YJhal wc are doing, really is using our expertize that we established back In the days when the hard versus sort detergent controversy was quite common. And we are using those soft detergents that do degrade as our controls and comparing the PCB's to these con trols. Tne studies so Tar show that there are Isomers within each of these mixtures that do degrade. The lower the chlorine level, the iaster they disappear,.the higher the chlorine level the more resistant they are. Which only confirms what many of us had suspected. We were not too surprised by this data*. I will attempt to summarize ... I think we can conclude that PCB'3 are In the environment. There Is no question about It. Many of these PCB's are manmade and were Introduced to the environ ment because of our lack of understanding of what these materials can do to the environment. In this country Monsanto, as sole producer, has attempted to improve the situation-by limiting the applications to which those materials ere used. Studies today would indicate that these PCB's are not and cannot bo classified ;j :i highly toxic. There Is still a lot of iriformat Ion that Is needed to help u:*. determine the long term effect on human beings. We reel that the properties of these materials make ihcm, at* least os of today, the most suitable material for use In trans formers, cfipacP.ora and heat transfer systems. We also believe that under proper conditions we can control the amoun * - r ^ ' hoc# * NPC00023951 770767 16 - that do enter the environment to the point where the adverse effects are not great and that the benefits we derive far out weigh the minor adverse effects that we might notice. Now there are many of us in the transformer and capacitor application that have made tremendous strides in controlling these materials. I suspect our objective is to further improve our ability to control this material. In my personal opinion the emotion that Is now prevailing regarding PCB'a Is something that we must contend with. Whether we believe in it or not, there are many people that sincerely believe PCB's should be totally banned. NPC00023952 770768 1 f 1. 1 j ! * J NAME F. R. Lengefeld i 1 j 1 , i' 9 Ji A. L. Jennings E. P. Floyd W. S. Grogan C. W. Hart J. Leutritz, Jr. D. M. Crabtree A. A. Thue 1 i , W. R. Nicholas ' G. P. Taggart W. C . Re inhardt E. L. Raab S. P. Wasik A. Pozefsky \ I T. Kl. Sloat **1 / w / i/ ANSI CIO7 MBS, Gaithersburg AFFILIATING COMPANY Union Electric Co. Elect. System Equip Comm. TITLE Mgr. - Elect. Engr. Dept. EPA, Office Water Programs Div. Oil & Hazardous Materials Chemist F.PA, Solid Waste Research, RM Chemist NEMA, Allis-Chalmers Pittsburgh Plant Product Mgr. Small Power Transformers Rolline-Purle, Inc. Director - Tech nical Progress USDA - REA - Power Supply Elec, Maint, itd. Div. Office, Chief of Engineers Dept, of Army, ENGMC-FU Wash. DC 2 0 3 m Office, Chief of Engineers Dept. of Army Wash. DC 2031M Div. Envirn. Res. Dev. Tennessee Valley Authority Chem-Trol Pollution Services Blasdell, NY Rep. NEMA Chairman of NEMA Delagation Central Moloney, Inc. Rep. IEEE General Electric Co. N a t fl Qur. Standards Rep. Certified Ballast Mfgr. General Electric Co. Timber Products Specialist Elec. Engr. Chem. Engr. Aset. Chief Water Quality 3r Chem. Engr._ Mgr. Materials & Processes Mgr.- Insulation Systems Chemist Mgr. -- Engir.ceri: Capacitor Kept. Rcp. NEMA Westinghouse Elee. Corp. Sharon, PA Mgr. - Fluids Insulation Sec. SlttiiaJaiu i C . C . Travis N, R. Clark E. G. Hammer A. Hauser W, P . Papa^jeorge A. M. Salazar R. D. M c C l a i n ^ J . F. K uzela / Gen, Services Admin. Wash. DC (FMC) Special Assist for Consumer Environ, Programi Doble Eng. CO. Vice President Certified Ballast Mfgr. Universal Manufacturing Corp. Vice Pres. Gen Mgr. of Capacixc: Div. Rep. NEMA Chief Engr. McGraw Edison Power Syst. Div. Capacitor Prod. Electrical Utilities Co. La Salle, IL Chairman Monsanto Mgr. Pollution Control NEMA Staff Exec. Soc. Power Equip. Div. Mgr NEMA CP-1 Sangamo Elec. Co. Springfield, IL Engr. - Mgr. Cap. Equip. ri lI> NPC00023954 770770 C. V KFD P d . KL (Eock 3) N ation al E le c 'l H frs. A ssn. November 17 1971 D ate fo r m e e tin g s o f T ra n sfo rm er{and C a p a c ito r W orking Groups on A ck arol changed t o Wednesday December 15 1971 b ecau se o f c o n f lic t s o f two members. P le a s e r u s h w i r e o r p h o n e i f new d a t e i s NOT OK. A gend a fo llo w s: A.M . S a la z a r NEMA FAX New Y ork N .Y . 1 . D a v id M. C r a b t r e e , C h i e f o f t h e E l e c t r i c a l E n g g . S ectio n - F a c ilit ie s Engg. D iv isio n O ffic e o f th e C h ief o f E ngin eers Ccpb. c f th e A m y W ashington, D. c . fl Chg. D iv. 8 (Book 3 C on t'd ) 2 . W. S . G rogan P r o d u c t M anager A llis-C h a lm ers C orporation (412-322-4400) Columbus & P r e b le A v e s. P ittsb u rgh Pa. 15233 3 . P . S . B en ign u s , M arketing Manager M onsanto Company 800 N. L indbergh B lvd . S t . L o u is Mo. CC F .R . L e n g e f e l d W.C. R e in h a r d t Dr. A. P osefsk y N .R . C lark E .L . F.aab J .F . K uzela R .D . M cC lain W .P. P a p a ceo rg e T .K . S lo c t ErG. Hammer D r. E.M . M oore `P :'/ - o o u * O o *< o o v * NPC00023959 770771 BLOOMINGTON WORKS Mr. J. B. Brittain ^ Engineering Manager cc: Mr. D. M. Sauter General Manager Fmn : Engineering Department WIN Bale ; Noveiiter 18, 1971 su*et. ANSI C-17 Use and Disposal of Askarels Mr. A1 Salazar, Secretary for ANSI C-107, called th is morning to ask me to serve on the task force to draft a proposal for methods for using, maintaining and disposing of capacitors with askarel Irnpregnants. I agreed to serve, and the f ir s t meeting will be 1n Chicago, Decenter 14 or 15. Other menters w ill be Messrs. Pozefsky, Chairman (G.E.), Clark (Universal Manufacturing), Hammer (McGraw Edison), Kuzela (Sangamo), and Dr. Moore (E.U.C.). He further stated that minutes of the Gaithersburg meeting are to be mailed today, and that the Steering Coimrfttee has been appointed, composed o f Messrs. Papageorge, Chairman (Monsanto), Clark, Langenfeld (Union E le ctric Conpany), Rhelnhardt (Maloney), Raab (G.E.), Johnson (E.P.A.) and Dr. Moore. The Steering Coimlttee has designated the above Capacitor Task Force and a conpanlon Transformer Task Force to draft proposed procedures to be followed 1n the use, maintenance and disposal of apparatus containing askarels. These drafts w ill then be considered by the main coimrtttee. RDMcC:kb Robert D. McClain, Manager Capacitor Unit Engineering NPC00023960 W ir r j r s w report ZV f U N C K O liae FORM u n e \ N O T E 1 * T h a E n p ln a a r ra p art In f la n iR M R ik la fa r (fia p ran a* S aliv a ry a f M a ra p arta l a a li lin ataatarf p a ra a n s n f fo r aa a ln p th a t a ll p ain t* r v r f f e M a e t Ian a r a c la a ra d p w ltk a v f rfalay* 3 Far (any raparta fhra a atramary af In p a r a n palnta and ia ta a m iU tia n i, c* F a r ffaaftayfiaava F a ptaaantatfraa aafp. o m Sept. 17. 1971 p a t o r a a a iv a t a i ra o rta x r p a ir r (.lavina raoriaxY OR IC I WAL TO IS S U IN G D EPAR TM EN T'S F I L E NO.______________________ "_____________ __________ COPY TOI ( FOU REPORT D IS T R IB U T IO N G UIDE - REFER TO REVERSE S IDC o r T H IS SH EET ! O S h a r o n W o rk s - ML-381 Sharon Works - ML-382 Sharon W orks- ML-072 Sharon Works - ML-037 O Sharon Works - ML-024 Sharon Works.- ML-036 Sharon Works - ML-212 Sharon Works - ML-072 D South Boaron Works nnnnn South Boston Works _ ** HR.' u*. ---------------------- . MR. m. MR. MR. hr. HR. MR. hr. MR. MR. MR. MR. UR. Ut. UR. MR. R. L. Schwab J . C. K issinger H. R. Shesosrd I . J. Brut t H. S. C llie !a n d J . V, Dal I l s L. Radaaocher J . E. Foliar V. T. Brannan R*1. F. Frw 6. C. Wilburn R- H. Holl t a t a r * VISIT - KME wee, LOCATION puhpose op m ip ` tt.O . ANSI Meeting ~* C o cp ittcc C-107 t.O . SM . 0. conference HELD at W ashington, D. C. date Sept. 14, 1971 THOSE PR ESEN T__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ SUMIARYi t I .1 t 770773 IN INITIAL ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING Of ' AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE comhitee c-107 V. P . Popgeorge o f Monsanto was e le c te d permanent chairman. Mr. A. H, S la aa r of the NEKA s t a f f was appointed s e c re ta ry . A .staarlng co sn ittaa w ill be appointed to: 1. Act as an advising group for the chairman on a l l m atters. 2. Recommend subcoim ittaae and a e la c t members o f the subcommittees on problems as o u tlin ed in the scope. 3. Act as an ad v iso ry Group fo r a l l o th e r N ational and In te rn a tio n a l S o c ie tie s. The o b je c tiv e s o f C on n lttee C-107 a re : 1. To prep are methods fo r the proper h sndling end m aintenance o f polychlorinated biphenyl liquida. 2. To p rep are methods fo r th e proper d lsp o ael of l iq u id poly chlorinated biphenyl scrap. 3. To p rep are methods fo r the proper d lsp o ael o f s o lid s contam in ated with polychlorinated biphenyl liq u id s. 4 . To c o n n m ic a ta knowledge on a l l th e p o ly c h lo rin a te d biphenyls to a l l cap acito r and transform er users end m anufacturers. Tw snty-five re p re s e n ta tiv e s of verlous in d u s tr ie s , s o c ie tie s end government agencies were in attendance and e l i s t of those p resen t is * attached. Mr. Fepegsorge gave a h is to r y of th e environm ental p o llu tio n stu d ie s f i r s t s ta r te d in 1966 In Sweden on th e PCS1 sod c a rry in g th ru to the la te s t inform ation. Uses o f FCB'a s t a r t i n g in 1929 a re as fo llo w s: 1. Capacitors 2. Transformers 3. P la sticisers for paints 4. P la sticizers for paper costings 5. Heat tr a n s f e r medium 6. Used on carbon rep ro d u ctio n paper 7. H ydrelic f lu i d (Tydrele - tra d e name) NPC00023956 770774 Pag 2 A ll sa le s xcpe for the follow ing have been discontinued. 1. Transformers 2. Capacitors 3. Closed h eat tra n s fe r ayatarns The usage has bean reduced s o re than 50X. Iba higher c h lo rin a te d Isomers have bean reduced by th e In tro d u c tio n of Monsanto 1016 m a te ria l which fra c tio n a te s the higher ch lo rin ated learners fro the tric h lo rtetrachlorobiphenyl a a ta ria la . The world wide usage la f e l t to be double th a t o f the Uhlted S ta te s. Sweden has banned th e use o f PCB's except fo r c a p a c ito rs and tra n s form ers. Congressman Ryan o r ig in a lly Introduced a b i l l banning th e s a le o f PCS' s except fo r H a l te d a p p lic a tio n s such as c a p a c ito rs and tra n s form ers. He a o re re c e n tly has withdrawn t h i s b i l l and introduced another w ith c a l l s fo r th e e lim in a tio n o f a l l m anufacture of Che PCB's. I t was f e l t th is b i l l would not g et out of committee during th is session o f Congress and th e PCS q u e stio n would become a p a rt o f th e work of th e c o s i t te e now planning a c tio n on c o n tro l of a a t a r i a l a under th a Toxic Subatances Act. Hearings have been held on such substances as mercury, arsenic and atom ic w astes and w i l l resume in O ctober. I t may ba p o s s ib le th is a c t w ill be passed th is year. The Food end Drug A dm in istratio n has been under p re ssu re from Congressman Ryan end Mr. Nader fo r guide lin e s fo r a i l food s t u f f s . They have e s ta b lis h e d th a follow ing maximum lim its . 5 ppm o r la s s in f is h 2 ppm i n m ilk 5 ppm i n f a t t y p a rts o f chicken 5 ppa in muscle tissu e s of chickens .5 ppm in eggs The PDA has vary re c e n tly appointed a ta s k fo rc e headed by Dr. Burger o f th e o f f i c e o f Science and Technology to study th e PCB pro b lea. R epresentatives of sev eral government agencies w ill be a p a rt of th is task force. By th e end o f the year a l l m anufacturers o f c a p a c ito rs w i l l be usin g a ro c lo r 1016 which h a s'le e B than 0.4X o f isom ers above th e te tr o cblorobiphenyl. The chairmen of ANSI C-107 w i l l c o n ta c t th e chairman o f th e Toxic Substances Hearing and make him aware of the C-107 committee. NEMA may NPC00023957 770775 Page 3 likew iae adviae the chairman o f the need fo r the PCS'e in cloaed system s. The chairman o f ANSI C-107 la to meet w ith Dr. Burger on Sept. 15 end advlae h ie o f th e form ation o f the ANSI C a n a ltte e . The Boat a lg n lf lc a n t statem ent made during the review o f the c u rre n t work wee th e f a c t th a t th e tric h lo ro b ip b e n y l waa the eubatance found recen tly in chickens, A f in a l r e p o r t o f anim al a tu d la a by Monsanto a te r te d l a 1969 la expected In October 1971. Aa soon aa th e o f f i c i a l m inutea o f th la m eeting a re a v a ila b le they w ill be circu lated to the in terested p artiaa. T. K. S lo a t 9-17-71 NPC00023958 770776 american national standards ;nstttule. ine- Adtfrttt Sterstar/ )t Nitioml Electncil M*nufjcursri Aijcco 155 E u t 4dtb St., Nuv Yfk, N. Y tco Taiephont: 212-632-1500 C107 November 10, 1971 TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE SPECIAL WORKING GROUPS TO PREPARE PRELIMINARY RECOM MENDATIONS FOR THE CAPACITOR ANO TRANS FORMER SUBCOMMITTEES, OF THE ANSI COM MITTEE, C 1 0 7 , ON USE AND DISPOSAL OF ASKAREL AND ASKAREL-50AKED MATERIALS WORKING GROUP ON TRANSFORMERS M e s s r s : E .L . R a a b , GE CO. - CHAIRMAN D.M. C r a b t r e e , D e p t, o f t h e Army W .S. G rogan, A llis -C h a lm e r s F .R . L e n g e fe ld , Union E le c t r ic w .c . R e in h a rd t, C e n tr a l M oloney A .L. R ic k ls y , D oble E n g in ee rin g T .K . S lo a t , W estin g h o u se P .G . B e n i g n u s , M o n sa n to - EX OFFICIO W .P . P a p a g e o r g e , M o n sa n to - EX OFFICIO WORKING GROUP ON CAPACITORS M e s s r s : D r. X. o z e i s k y , GE C o. - CHAIRMAN N .R . C la r k , U n iv e r s a l M fg. Co. E .G . Hammer, M cG raw -E dison J .F . K u zela , Sangamo E le c t r ic RD. M cC la in , W e stin g h o u se E.M . M oore, E l e c t r i c U t i l i t i e s (P erso n to b e named by EEI) P .G . B e n i g n u s , M o n sa n to - EX OFFICIO w .p . P a p a g e o r g e , M o n sa n to - EX OFFICIO SUBJECT: AGENDA FOR THE WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 1 5 , 1 9 7 1 MEETINGS G entlem en: As you w ere n o t i f i e d by te le p h o n e on th e s u b j e c t , and co n fir m e d b y w i r e , t h e m e e t in g s w i l l c o n v e n e a t 1 0 : 0 0 AM. t o 5 : 0 0 P.M . a t th e^ O ^ lare^ rr^ near th e a ir p o r t in C h icago, 111. The purpose o f th e m eetin g s is to c o n sid e r , in d ep th , th e f o llo w in g p a r t o f th e s c o p e and o b j e c t i v e s o f ANSI C 107, in p a r t ic u la r and, (1) s p e c if ic a lly d e lin e a te th e areas th a t sh ould be co n sid ered fo r n a tio n a l sta n d a r d iz a tio n an d /or im p lem en tation and, (2] i n i t i a t e s te p s to d r a ft recom m endations fo r c o n sid e r a tio n by th e C a p a cito r and T ransform er S ub com m ittees! NPC00023962 770778 " P ro ce d u re s and g u id e s fo r s a f e u s e , m ain ten an ce and d is p o s a l o f a sk a r e l and a sk a r e l-so a k e d m a te r ia ls used in e l e c t r i c a l eq u ip m en t." As in d i c a t e d on th e t e le p h o n e , p u r su a n t w ith th e a c t io n ta k e n a t t h e 'S ep tem ber 1 4 , 1971 m e e tin g o f ANSI C 1 0 7 , th e C h a ir man a p p o i n t e d a S t e e r i n g C o m m itte e t o " - - - s e r v e a s a d v i s o r and o th e r w is e a s s i s t him in th e p erfo rm a n ce o f h is o f f i c e in th e in t e r im b e tw e e n m e e t in g s o f ANSI C 107.*' The m em bership o f th e S t e e r i n g C o m m ittee i s c o v e r e d i n ATTACHMENT # 1 . The C hairm an m et w it h t h e S t e e r i n g C om m ittee on O c to b e r 11^ 1971 and th e C a p a c ito r and T ran sform er S ubcom m ittees and th e s p e c ia l W orking G roups w ere a p p o in te d . In v iew o f th e n e a r n e ss o f th e f i r s t m e e tin g o f th e W orking G rou ps, ea ch member was c o n ta c te d by telep h o n e; and, by carbon copy o f th is le t t e r to the f u l l m em bership o f ANSI C 107, th e members of' th e S u b com m ittees are hereby b ein g n o t if ie d o f th e ir appointm ent to th e se Groups. (S u b c o m m itte e m e m b ersh ip i s a l s o i n c l u d e d i n ATTACHMENT I I ) . As a l s o i n d i c a t e d on t h e t e le p h o n e , th e fo r m a t f o r th e December 1 5 , 1971 m eetin g s i s as fo llo w s : 1. B r ie f s e s s io n on th e item s o f in form ation lis t e d in ATTACHMENT # 2 . (B o th W ork in g G r o u p s ) . M embers a r e URGED t o r e v ie w ATTACHMENT *2 i n a d v a n c e o f th e m eetin g and be prepared to d is c u s s any q u e stio n s a t th e m eetin g. 2 . Each W orking Group w i l l m eet s e p a r a t e ly fo r th e b a la n c e o f th e m orning and j o in to g e th e r fo r lu n ch eo n . 3. Each W orking Group w i l l c o n tin u e w ith t h e ir se p a r a te m e etin g s u n t il a p p ro x im a tely 3 :3 0 P .M ., when th ey w i l l a g a in m eet to g e th e r to review p ro g ress j o in t ly . A re v ie w o f a v a ila b le p u b lic a t io n s and p r o j e c t s under way r e la tin g to m in eral o i l or a sk a r e l, r e su lte d in th e fo llo w in g : 1 . AIEE N o. 76 /(D ecem b er 19 5 8 ) - P r o p o se d G u id e f o r M ain te n a n c e o f T ra n sfo rm er A sk a r e l (cop y e n c lo s e d fo r b o th W orking ' G roups). Mr. E . L. R aab, C hairm an o f t h e T r a n sfo r m e r W orking Group w i l l d is t r ib u t e c o p ie s o f th e l a t e s t d r a f t r e v is io n to b rin g th is p u b lic a tio n u p -to -d a te . 2 . IEEE #64 /M a r c h 1 9 6 9 ) - IEEE G u id e f o r A c c e p ta n c e and M ain ten an ce o f I n s u la tin g O il in Equipm ent (copy e n c lo se d fo r b o th W orking G r o u p s). 3 . D o b le E n g in e e r in g C om pany's G uide f o r M a in ten an ce of,.c T ransform er A sk arel - (co p ies to be d is tr ib u te d to both W orking G roups a t th e m e e t in g s ) . - 2- * : .a- NPC0002396 i 770779 1 4 . IEEE P r o j e c t IP 4 2 3 ( a u t h o r i z e d in March 1 9 7 0 )' - S p e c i f i c a t i o n o f New A s k a r e l . 5 . IEEE P r o j e c t #P 424 ( a u t h o r i z e d m March 1971T - D e t e c t i o n o f G ases in O il-Im m ersed T ran sform ers, 6 . ANSI C57 T e r m in o lo g y on O i l (ATTACHMENT # 3 ) , For you r fu r t h e r in fo r m a tio n , th e Chairman o f each W orking Group p la n s to su p p lem en t t h is l e t t e r w ith a form al agenda fo r each m eetin g. S in cerely you rs, AMS : dk Enc. A ttachm ents CC: A l l O th e r M embers o f ANSI C 107 J.C . K issin g er C.K . P o a rc h , EEI S t a f f J . J . K a rk , NEMA S t a f f S a v a S h e r r , IEEE S t a f f M.A. P i s c i o t t a , ANSI S t a f f A. M. S a l a z a r , ANSI C107 C om m ittee S ecr eta r y -3- NPC00023964 770780 STEERING COMMITTEE OF ANSI C IO7 CHAIRMAN: N. R, C la r k U n iv e r s a l M a n u fa ctu rin g Company H. Jo h n so n E nvironm ental P r o te c tio n Agency P . G. B e n ig n u s M onsanto Company D r. E. M. M oore E l e c t r i c a l U t i l i t i e s Company E. L. Raab G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company F. R. L e n g e fe ld Union E le c t r ic Co. W. C. R e in h a r d t C e n tr a l M oloney T ransform er D iv isio n TRANSFORMER TR) AND CAPACITOR (C) SUBCOMMITTEES CBMA N. R. C la rk U n iv e r s a l M a n u fa ctu r in g Company D r. A. P o z e f s k y - CHAIRMAN G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company C c EEI F. R. L en g efe ld Union E le c t r ic TR 6 C IEEE E . L . Raab - CHAIRMAN TR fi C NEMA W. S . G rogan A l l i s -C halm ers C orp oration TR E . G. Hammer M cG raw -Edison Power S ystem s D iv is io n C J . F. K uzela S angamo E l e c t r i c Company C R. D. M cC lain W astinghousa E la e tr ic C orporation W. c. R e in h a r d t C e n tr a l M oloney T ran sform er D iv is io n C TR H. R. Rowe M cG raw -Edison Power S ystem s C T . K. S lo a t W estin gh ouse E le c t r ic C orp oration TR ATTACHMENT t l NPC00023965 770781 TP. AND C SUBCOMMITTEES (C o n t'd ) GOVERNMENT O. M. C r a b t r e e D e p a r tm e n t o f t h e Army TR H. J oh n son E nvironm ental P r o te c tio n Agency TR i C Dr. John L e u tr itz , J r . Rural E le c t r if ic a t io n A d m in istration D epartm ent o f A g r ic u ltu r e TR S C W. R. N i c h o l a s T ennessee V alley A u th ority TR & C A. A. Thue D e p a r tm en t o f th e Army TR INDIVIDUALS P . G. B eni gnus M onsanto Company TR fi C C. w. Hart R o llin s -F u rie In c. TR i C A. 0 . H auser E l e c t r i c a l U t i l i t i e s Company D r. E . M. M oore E l e c t r i c a l U t i l i t i e s Company C c W. P . P a p a g e o r g e M onsanto Company TR ir C A. L. R ick ley D ob le E n g in e e r in g Company TR G. P. T ag g a rt Chem -Trol P o llu tio n S e r v ic e s In c. TR fi C - 2- ATTACHMENT 11 NPC00023966 V 770782 FCBs - The E l e c t r i c a l I n d u s tr y S t e e r in g C om m ittee - ANSI - C107 S t . L o u is , Mo. 1 1 /1 1 /7 1 P e r t i n e n t com m ents r e l a t i v e to'"PCBs f o r u s e by t h e e l e c t r i c a l i n d u str y and f o r c o n s id e r a tio n by th e su b -co m m ittees on c a p a c ito r s and tra n sfo rm ers, In clu d e: 1. The e le c t r ic a l In d u stry has no s u ita b le f ir e - r e s is t a n t d ie le c t r i c f l u i d r e p l a c e m e n t f o r PCB3 , p o l y c h l o r i n a t e d b i p h e n y l s used in th e a sk a rel c la s s o f tran sform ers and c a p a c ito r s. 2 . B ecause o f th is e s s e n t ia l need and as th e c a p a cito r s and tr a n s fo rm ers a r e h e r m e tic a lly s e a le d , M onsanto c o n tin u e s to su p p ly s e l e c t e d FCB f l u i d s f o r u s e o n l y i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r e l e c t r i c a l a p p a r a tu s and o n ly a s "make-up" f l u i d (n o new s y ste m s) in a few c a r e fu lly r e g u la te d c lo se d system h ea t tr a n s fe r a p p lic a tio n s . 3 ; B e c a u s e t h e h ig h e r c h l o r i n a t e d FCBs p e r s i s t i n th e e n v ir o n m ent, M onsanto h as rem oved e s s e n t i a l l y a l l o f th e p en ta and h e x a c h l o r o b i p h e n y l com p ou n d s fr o m c a p a c i t o r a s k a r e l . T he new product u sed e x c lu s iv e ly i s c a lle d A roclor 1016. jlla o the h ex & eh lo ro b lp h en y l compounds h ave been rem oved from u se In th e a sk a rel typ e transform er flu id s , i, S t r i c t and e f f e c t i v e s t e p s h a v e b een ta k e n t o a v o id in t r o d u c t i o n o f PCBs i n t o t h e e n v ir o n m e n t a t M o n s a n to 's p la n t s and by NPC00023967 770783  ** -2- tha facilities used where aekarel type transformers and capa citors are made, 5. By discontinuing sale of PCBe for non-electrlcal applications, about 75 percent of the more pereletent types have been re moved from commerce. 6. The posture of the PDA Includes: a) "We reject the need and In fact the feasibility as some have proposed for an outright ban on the substances. Although the use of PCBs requires control, an outright ban la not feasible and would not be In the beat in terest of the consumer." b) "All available evidence indicates that PCBs (in terms of acute toxicity) are classifiable as being of moderate toxicity." It was noted that PCBs are less toxic than DDT which is one of the safest pesticides to humans in acute toxicity terms. 7. When fed orally to standard test animals PCBs were found essentially non-toxic. 8. PDA guide lines for maximum levels of FCB allowed In food products are: Pish 5 ppm Chickens 5 ppm Milk 0.2 ppm Sggs 0.5 ppm Catfish meal 0.3 ppm NPC00023968 770784 3- - 9 , P r o lo n g e d e x p o s u r e o f PCB l i q u i d o r v a p o r t o t h e s k i n s h o u ld he a v o id ed to p rev en t p o s s ib ilit y o f ch loroacr.e. 1 0 . P r o l o n g e d e x p o s u r e t o v a p o r s fr o m h o t FCBs s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d to p rev e n t p o s s ib le damage to th e l iv e r and k id n ey . 0 ,5 to 1 .0 mg p e r c u b i c m e t e r o f a i r h a s b e e n d e t e r m in e d t o b e t h e maximum s a fe le v e l o f exp osu re d urin g an 8 hour work day. 1 1 . T h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e fr o m e x t e n s i v e a n im a l s t u d i e s t h a t FCBs are ca rcin o g en ic. 1 2 . When FCBs a r e d eco m p o sed b y a n e l e c t r i c a r c t h e g a s form ed i s v ir tu a lly e n tir e ly hydrogen ch lo rid e. I f phosgene gas is form ed a t a l l , th e amount i s b a r e ly d ls c e m a b le . 1 3 . S t e p s t a k e n a n d J u d g e m e n ts made t o d i s p o s e o f s c r a p PCB m a t e r i a l s from th e e l e c t r i c a l In d u stry In clu d e: a) M o n sa n to a n d o t h e r s p r o v i d e s p e c i a l h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e In c in e r a tio n and gas scrub b er f a c i l i t i e s to com p letely d e s t r o y s c r a p FCB f l u i d s . T he s c r a p f l u i d may b e s e n t to M onsanto C o ., S a u g e t, 1 1 1 ., a tt e n tio n su p e r v iso r D ept. A246 fo r I n c in e r a tio n a t 3 c e n ts p er pound. b ) A l l M o n sa n to PCB p r o d u c t l a b e l s c a r r y t h i s m e s s a g e w h ic h i s a lso b ein g p la ced onto a sk a rel tran sform ers, c) I t is th e concensus th at i t is not fe a sib le to c o lle c t and in c in e r a te f a ile d c a p a c ito r s , a t th is tim e. They sh o u ld be b u r le d In a l a n d - f i l l rem ote from la k e s , stream s or oth er sou rces o f w ater. The I n c in e r a tio n equipm ent a lr e a d y d e sig n e d to ta k e th e p la c e o f la n d - f ills has been dem onstrated f u lly caoab le NPC00023969 770785 of destroying the smaller capacitors as used for fluores cent ballast and motor-run purposes In air conditioners, etc. This equipment is also capable of destroying the Impregnated paper and plastic film core structures re moved from the larger power capacitors. It is foreseen that eventually this type equipment will come into use to replace many land-fills Until such time the faled capacitors should be buried in land-fills. d) The solubility of FCBs in water is extremely low, in the range of 50 to 200 parts per billion, and the concensus is that FCB fluids do not migrate when burled In the soil. e) Solid scrap transformer insulation including colls and cores should be drained free from FCBs followed by flush ing or solvent extraction, using such solvents as perchloroethylene, or trichloroethylene employed in vapor degreasing. The scrap fluid mixtures should then be in cinerated under conditions similar to those provided by Monsanto to destroy the FCBs. P. 0. Benlgnus li/io /ri ............ . n NPC00023970 770786 ANSI C57 TERMINOLOGY ON OIL The The term "oil" includes the following insulating and cooling liquids: 1. U n in h ib ited O il - U n in h ib ited o i l i s m in eral transform er o i l to w hich no sy m th etic o x id a tio n in h ib ito r has been added. 2. In h ib ited O il - In h ib ited o i l is m in eral transform er o i l to w hich a s y n th e tic o x id a tio n in h ib it o r has been added. 3. A sk a rel - A sk a rel i s a s y n t h e t ic nonflam m able in s u la tin g liq u id w h ic h / when decom posed by an e l e c t r i c a r c , e v o lv e s on ly n o n ex p lo siv e gaseou s m ix tu res. ATTACHMENT 13 NPC00023971 770787 Proposed Guide AIEE No. 76 Dec. 1958 MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMER ASKAREL (Published for trial use) AIE!'. No. 76 Published by AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 33 West Thirty-niuth Street, New York 18, N. Y. NPC0002397: 770788 CONTENTS PAGE I Introduction .....................................................--..................................... ................................ 5 rr Economic F a c to rs....................................- .............- ....................................---- -- ......... 5 t i l Classification of Used Askarel ........--........ ........................... - ..... ...................................... 5 IV ASTM Askarel Tests and Their 5iiptificar.ee............ ...................I ----------------------- 6 v Ollier Criteria Which May Be Helpful in Evaluating the Quality of Askarel in Service .............. ........................................................................................ ..... --.-- ........... 7 VI Sampling ............................ ................ -...................................................................... ...... 7 VII Testing Procedures ............................... -.....................................................-- .................-- 7 A. Field Screening 3. Laboratory Screening V III Methods of Reconditioning and Reclaiming Used Askarel ---------------------------------- 8 A. ' General B. Treatment After Exposure to High Temperature or an EI.ectric Arc C. Reconditioning of Askarel D. Reclaiming uf Askarel IX Addition of Scavengers........................ - ...... - ............ - .........- ..............- .....--...................... 9 X Special Considerations ---- ------------ ------------------------------------------ -- ---------------- 10 A. Askarel Used Under Light Arcing Conditions B. Kasards C. Personnel D. Storage and Handling of Askarel NPC0002397 3 770789 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Institute wishes to acknowledge its indebtedness to those who have so freely given their time and knowledge, and have conducted experimental work on which many of the AIEE publications are based. The work of preparing this Guide was carried out by members of the Insulating Fluids Subcommittee of the AIEE Transformers Committee. The members of the subcommittee are: C P. Xenis, Chairman R. G. Call W. H. Meade F. C. Doble J. C. Parker j. G. Ford E. L. Raab E. E. Gilcrease W. \V. Sitteiice R. B. Kaufman C. E. Welsh L. M. Limpus NPC00023974 770790 PROPOSED GUIDE fo r MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMER ASKAREL I INTRODUCTION The term askarel generally describe) a widelyused. broad class of non-flammable synthetic halogenated hydrocarbon insulating liquid. As treated in this Guide it applies solely to askarel used in transfnrmers. reactors, and accessory equipment operated at power frequencies. Certain essential properties must he retained if askarel is to perform reliably its dual role of electrical insulation and Iteat-transfer agent. It must have adequate dielectric strength to withstand the electric stresses imposed in service. It must retain a sufficiently low viscosity so that its ability to circulate and transfer heat is not impaired. The dielectric losses 'hould not become excessive. It should not he allowed to become so deteriorated or contaminated that it adversely af fects other materials in the apparatus. This guide attempts to assist the power equip ment operator in his efforts to maintain askarel in serviceable condition. It recommends standard ised tests and evaluation procedures. Methods arc outlined for recouditinning and reclaiming askarel whenever necessary. II ECONOMIC FACTORS In Section III of this Guide W ard is classified on the basis of significant characteristics. Many of the undesirable characteristics of used askarel can be corrected by reconditioning or reclaiming, if economic considerations justify it. The alternate choice is to replace with- new askarel. A review of the experiences nf many users id electric equipment reveals a wide variation in the actual cost data involved in the reconditioning or reclaiming of askarel. This variation can be at tributed to the amount and condition of askarel involved, laboratory and shop facilities, whether the work is performed at one central or several distant locations and the availability of qualified personnel. Askarel that contains water and .insoluble con taminants ean he reconditioned by , mechanical means using a conventional filter press. If soluble and/or colloidal contaminants are present in the . askarel, reclaiming can' he done with a special Alter press that uses minerals such as activated clay, activated alumina or aluminum hydroxide. These processes ean be operated at a cost of from 2 to 10 cents per gallon fo r reconditioning and at a nigher range of costs for reclaiming, de pending on the quantity involved and the facilities available. To determine if reconditioning or reclaiming oi askarel, where possible, is economically justifiable, a number of factors must be considered. Some of these factors are as follows: 1. Value of askarel lieing consider! for process ing 2. Cost of processing materials J. Total cost of process r j quality of end-product 4. equipment maintenance and amortization 5. Cost of collection and storage ft. f.alvjr and transportation costs >\ Laboratory cost 3. Loss of_askarel during reprocessing 7. Cost of scavengers and make-up chemicals if addition is necessary and desirable Ml. Cost of disposing of processing material and scrap askarel. HI CLASSIFICATION OF USED ASKAREL It is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to indicate the value of peeific tests and recom mend! test limits for all possible existing appli cations of askarel. It should also be recognized that with the present state of knowledge no one test can be used as the sole criterion oi condition of askarel. It is possible, however, to summarize the value and importance of current teats and to suggest methods of' treatment for the askarel being examined, such methods being based on cur. rent industry experience. Askarel may be placed in tbe following classifications based upon com posite evaluation of significant characteristics ami nn field and laboratory screening tests. (Refer lo Section V lt--T e s iin t/ P r o c e d u r e s ) GROUP I This group contains askarel which is in n n 1- factory condition lor continued use. GROUP II This group contains askarel which requires onl* minor reconditioning for further sen ice (R e conditioning is the removal of moisture m d in soluble ennttnnnantsl The usual method emploved is dry paper filtration.) (Refer to Section VIII -- M e th o d s o f /ircmufilioniwij mid lie e la im m q U t n i A skarel) GROUP III This group contains askarel in poor ciMuiihmi It should Ik reclaimed or discarded ilei'emimc upon economic considerations. (Reclamation -n valves the use of methods and processes result in a beneficial chemical change iaskarel. Possible means employ! are treatm ent NPC00023975 770791 with adsorption aetiits. aqueous extraction or washing procedures, alkali treatments, etr.l (Reier to section V III-- M e th o d s a f R e e e m fitio n in g ititd R ttla iu tin a V ie d A tia r c l) GROUP IV This group contains askarel in *<tich poor con dition and requiring such drastic treatment that it is not teasible either technically or economically to attempt reclamation. An example of such a condition would lie excessive oil ccintamination of an askarel. IV ASTM ASKAREL TESTS AND T H EIR SIGNIFICANCE There are a number of tests than can l>o applied to transformer askarel as a basis for their classi fication as indicated m the foregoing. It is recom mended wherever poisihte that lest lie the latest revisions accepted a* standards or tentative stand ards by "ASTM. These tests and their significance are as follow* -- Te*t ASTM Designatimi 1 2. Dielec'ric Sirength ......... ........ IK D D W I.D 901 3 77 y N-ru'fi'imm ri Number_ D 901.1) 974. D 664 4 V... os-'- .......... ..... D 901. D 36, D 4JS 1. l'ouf P lini .................. D 9M .D 97 'J *. of Oil ( percent) D 901 7 1 *r P?.nt ..................... D 90!, D 92 n Specific Gravit? .............. D9C1 9 R e t'a c v e Index_____ _ D 901 10 C dor ........... ... D 901.D 15; M r-.-rt Factor ....__ ___ D901. D 924, D ISO 12 Dielectric Constant . D 901. D 924, D ISO 1. Dielecrnc Strength--D 901 and D 877 The dielectric strength of an askarel is the avrrace voltage gradient at which electric failure or breakdown occurs under prescribed conditions. This test is made tn determine whether an askarel has adequate electrical strength and may, in cer tain instances, reveal the presrnre of deleterious contaminants hut is not necessarily an indication of its other properties. 2. 'F re e Chloride*--D 901 Askarel may contain free chlorides as a result of imperfect refining or contamination from other source;. Such free chlorides are undesirable be cause of their possible corrosive action or other deleterious effects in the presence of moisture. Aside from extraneous contamination, free chlo rides may alio result when the material is sub jected to an electric arc or heated above a limitm f temperature of 200C if the askarel does not contain a scavenger. This test indicate! the pres ence of these free chlorides. *Tk w o M m f <t (tn cvirrrfit 0 M l m rism ifl! la fix* chlor.rfa ' t i u i m r c n iis n in order to r t c o |r m the rv n rn l mOntl-r utice at ir a w i f tr agm ti . 3. Neutralisation Num ber--D 901. D97<, and D 684 Neutralization number for used askarel is. in penerai, a measure of their acidic constituents and is measured as the milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralit one gram ot askarel under prescribed conditions. A'karel, un like insulating oil, does not oxidize even under severe service conditions. Consequently, this test will indicate an acid eondition obtained either by electric arcing or by contamination from other materials or sources. 4. Viieoaity--D 901, D 88, and D 448 The vi*cnity of an askarel is its resistance to uniformly continuous Row, without turbulence, inertia, nr other forces, and is usually determined by measuring the time of flow of a given quantity of the liquid, at z given temperature (37.8C t !0(|F1 unless otherwise specified), under con trolled conditions. Viscosity is an intrinsic prop erty of askarel dependent upon basic ehemieal composition and type. Under certain conditions, significant change; in viscosity of askarel in service may udiente evaporative losses of volatile components nr cunlamination from other source; (i.e. mineral oils, scaline compounds). 5. Pour Point--D 901 and D 97 The pour point of au askarel is -that temperature at which the liquid just flows under prescribed conditions. The pour point has little significance with respect to minor contamination nr deteriora tion but may be useful for type identification. 8. Volume of O il in' Aakarel--D 901 This method cover* a procedure* for the de termination of the percentage, by volume, of ml in askarel. In evaluating used a*ktrel. this test has considerable `lenificane in maintaining pre scribed nonflammability characteristic; where oil contamination has been indicated by other test procedures. 7. Fir* Point--D SOI an d D 92 The fire point of a material is that temperature to whieh the rifatemi must be heated in order to support combustion when exposed to the atmos phere under prescribed conditions. Askarel. a* such, ha; no fire point. The test is only 61 value, therefore, in showing whether the material has the non-flammable characteristics required of an askarel or has a large amount of combustible con taminant. 8. Specific Gravity--D 901 The specific gravity of*an askarel is the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of a*karel ano water at I3.56C (W F). Specific gravity may be useful for type identification or to determine marked compositional changes. NFC00023976 770792 9. Refractive Index--D901 The refractive index of an askarel, in cmmnnii with all light-transmuting substances, may be de fined as t'.ic ratio of the velocity nf light in a vacuum to it* v-locitv i:i *.he substance, under prescribed condition?. The refractive index of an askarel varies with it* composition. .inti with the nature and amount of contaminants held in solu tion. Chances in refractive index on askarel) in service may he useful in estimating compositional change ami degree nf soluble contamination. 10. Color D 901 and D 155 The cnlnr of an askarel is determined by trans. mitten light and is expressed by a numerical value based on comparison with a series of color stand ards under prescribed conditions. Color is chiefly significant as an indicator of soluble contamination in adrarel. However, color in itself has limited value as a measure of serviceability since it may or may not correlate with physical and electrical characteristic? o f the liquid. 11. Pow er Factor--D 901, D 924 and D 150 Power factor is the ratio of the power dissi* pared m :hc askarel in watts to the product of the effective voltage and current in volt-amperes, when tested with a sinusoidal field under pre scribed conditions. Since askarel is not subject to oxidation, an increase oi power factor value of the askarel in service may be attributed to the presence of moisture or other contaminant). Depending upon type of apparatus ant! applica tion. high power factor due to contamination other than by moisture seldom impairs the serviceability of the askarel. however, the high power factor may result in excessive heating <j( the device in which it is used. 12. Dielectric Constant--D 901, D 924 and D 150 The dielectric constant of an a*karcl is a mea sure of its relative ability to store electrostatic energy. It may be useful as an indication of com position and purity of an askarel.V V O THER CRITERIA W HICH MAY BE HELPFUL IN EVALUATING THE QUALITY OF ASKAREL IN SERVICE 1. Visual Condition This t*t indicates the presence nf free water and sediment such as metal particles, carbon, dirt, solid insulation fragments, etc. Askarel; con taining metallo-organic hydrogen chloride scav engers may show swine precipitation of the scav enger at Imv temperatures ,'3ii*e of limited solubility. Under normal nperstinq condition*, such material readily and rapidly rr<tistokes and does not impair serviceability. One method of visually examining an askarel sample is to observe a representative sample in a clear class tube or bottle. If the askarel* by visual examination is clear, the the appropriate tests should he ap plied to classify the askarel in the proper group as initially defined above. If insoluble contami nants are present, valuable information may be obtained by filtering the askarel and identifying the residue. The askarel filtrate should be ex amined and classified in the same manner as a dear askarel sample. A method for visual condition is currently under investigation by ASTM. 2. W ater Water may be- present in several forms. The presence of free water may be disclosed by visual examination in the form of an immiscible layer, separated droplets or a cloud dispersed through out the askarcL This type of water invariahlv results in decreased dielectric strength which may be restored by filtration or oilier suitable mean? It is significant to note that free water, te?s dense than askarel, will separate at the top surface of the askarel. W ater in solution cannot be detected visually and is normally determined by either physical or chemical means. One method under ASTM consideration is the Karl Fischer reager; method. 3. Askarel Insoluble Matter Occasionally samples taken from equipment m service will show insoluble matter which might "w cnrupoed of many types of material, i.e, fib*-* dirt, water, carbon, insulating material*. *ie Under certain circumstances, it may be de*>ra*i< to subject such residues to laboratory analym 4. Hydrogen Chloride Scavengers Suitable quantitative methods for the et'-'-i* nf the commonly used scavenger agents are i i able and at presort are under consideration s ASTM. 5. Resistivity The resistivity of askarel is a mcaiur* 1 " electrical insulating properties under pr-se '*-. conditions of ta t . High resistivity refict* *** content of free ions and ton forming panic i normally indicates`a low concentration - - -- ductive contaminants. VI SAMPLING The sampling of askarel is important l-w* **s* standpoint of evaltating quality. Particular * must be taken to prevent samples of n e a r - coming in contact with moisture or othe- - which may contaminate it. It is imr**ra- the procedures and the precaution! ou* "*- the latest revision of ASTM Designate . pertaining to the sampling of askarel he VII TESTING PROCEDURES The proe ~ uniting askir*- -* NPC00023977 770793 similar to those Tor testing mineral oil and they depend to some extent on the testing equipment available. Most users of askarel fin d chat testing is accomplished best in adequately-equipped labo ratories. However, some users of transformers.find * it desirable to make "Field Screening Tests." Unlike mineral oil. akarel does not oxidize; con sequently, sludge tests are unnecessary. Standard methods for testing askracl have been assembled by the AST1I Designation U 901. (A) Field Screening Field screening tests are usually made to de termine which samples of askarel may require laboratory investigation. Since most tests ni askarel can be done best with laboratory equip ment and trained personnel, field tests are usually limited to visual inspection and dielectric strength. No standardized procedure is available at the present time, for performing field tests on used askarel nor for classification." Portable dielectric test sets have been available for some time and have proved satisfactory. Visual condition is at present a matter nf personal opinion when the liquid is viewed in a glass container. (Sec Section V I. In addition to the above tests, some operator* with suitable field equipment and trained person nel may wish to gain additional information by use nf a power factor test. la interpreting results nf these tests consideration must be given to other characteristics of the askarsl under test. (B) Laboratory Screening Askarel requiring laboratory evaluation will vary widely in condition depending upon the degree of contamination. There are many tests f a research nature which could be applied, but the general use of sueh tests would lie impractical. The following tests, therefore, arc believed to be adequate for classifying used n-karcl and when used should he performed in the order indicated. Visual Condition Water Content Dielectric Strength Free Chlorides Power Factor or Resistivity Neutralization Number Volume of Oil (percent)VI V III METHODS OF RECONDITIONING AND RECLAIMING USED ASKAREL A. GENERAL Askarel can he reconditioned and reclaimed and reitored to good operating condition in many instances. Since askarel does not oxidize the problem resolves itself to the removal of free moisture and other insoluble panicles (recondi tioning) and to the removal of certain soluble or colloidal contaminants such as varnishes, gums, resin;, certain plastics, rubber-like materials, etc. "T" h d itirm in rl n iln u ry nit**iir.niire. n (reclamation) with which the askarel may have come in contact. In addition askarel which ha* been exposed to temperatures in excess of 200C or to an electric are will liberate hydrogen ehloride gas and carbon. Special treatment is required for askarel which has Iieen thus exposed. There is no practical method of removing in sulating oil from askarel. Askarel contaminated with ail sufficiently to affect its non-flammable cluricteristies must be discarded. Only metallic hoses should be used in the handling nf askarel since rubber and rubber-like compounds are attacked hy it resulting in con tamination of the askarel as welt as deterioration of the hose. When recirculation methods arc used the askarel should be taken near the top of the tank and returned it the bottom since free water ami mo*t of the sediment are found near the tup surface of the askarel. Since such a procedure can introduce air into the askarel, sulficient time (two hours or more) should 1 allowed for the air in escape before reenergizing the apparatus. It i* suggested that further detail he obtained from th? manufacturer nf the apparatus when desired. Con(irlenblc savings can frequently be realized processing used askarel if it is allowed to remam in its container undisturbed fur at least 21 hour. <o that water and suspended solids can separaKfrom the askarel. Because of the ease with which askarel can lie contaminated by insulating oil. reconditioning or reclaiming equipment should V reserved solely for use with askarel. B. TREA TM EN T A FTER EXPO SURE TO H IG H T EM PER A TU R E OR AN ELECTRIC ARC When askarel has been exposed to an elec'rr are or high temperature, dry nitrogen should v bubbled through the askarel for four to i n Approximately 220 cuhic feet of nitrogen sh'vj!-1 be used for each IW gallons of askare1 Ti* treatment should' be started as non a* prsc*:c* as any hydrogen chloride liherated in combn'*t-*i with moisture will quickly attack exposed -* terials in contact with the askarel. Tins p r r ' iis recommended even though the askarel :*taius a hydrogen chloride scavenger. The nitrogen should be admitted at the h* of the tank or container and the container only be vented sufficiently in allow die escape in order to prevent the entrance oi *.' litre and the formation of hydrochloric ac > eept while treating wish nitrogen, ibe 'a**, container should be kept tealed. to pree-- ' * * trance of moisture, until the askarel r* re-m -- When askarel has been subjoctetI io ai" -c high temperature, samples should he pe---* taken and tested for color, free chlorides. iration number and visual condition A i j - n check following recommended reclamivu- NPC0002397d 770794 o<ls cm a relatively small quantity of the askarel will indicate whether it is practical to reclaim it. C. R ECO ND ITIO NIN G OF ASKAREL The reconditioning of share!, that is, the re moval of water and other insoluble contaminants may be accomplished with a conventional filter press. Filter presses vary somewhat in lorm, but are based upon the principle of forcing askarel under pressure through a series of absorbing materials such as paper. Filters of this type are capable of removing carbon, water, and other solid particles when they are in suspension but paper alsite cannot remove them effectively when they arc dissolved or in colloidal form. These devices will not remove air but in fact tend to aerate the askarel. The water-removing ability of the filter press is dependent upon the dryness of the ti'ter papers, and consequently ovens must he provided to dry' the paper before use. When tillering askarel con taining water the filter papers rapidly come into equilibrium with the water content of the askarel and from that time on the filtered askarel may contain water up to IIX1 percent of saturation at the temperature at which the filtering is dune. Since the amount of dissolved water at saturation increases markedly with increasing sentp en t ure, filtering at Tow temperature is more effective in removing water. However, the temperature should net be so low that any hydrogen chloride scaven ger present is precipitated ant of solution. The necessity of changing the filter papers is usually determined by an inspection of papers, an increase in input pressure, a lowering in the dielectric strength or a rise in water eontent of the filtered askarel. D. RECLAIMING OF ASKAREL Methods of reclaiming askarel to remove solu ble or colloidal contaminants involve the use uf materials such as activated clay, activated alu mina. or aluminum hydroxide. While gravity or pressure percolation through activated day has been used to some extent for reclaiming askarel, most askarel has been reclaimed using >pecial filter presses m combination with activated day. Figure 1 shows one such device in which a mixing tank is prodded and a larger space is incorporated in the frames between sections of filter papers. About one fourth of the day rerpsired to charge the press is mixed with a rela tively smalt quantity of askarel in the mixing tank and the filter then operated to recirculate the askarel and thus deposit a cake of clay on the surface of the paper. Additional clay and askarel are mixed and recirculated until the desired cake lias Iteen established. The filter press is then ready to he used for reclaiming the askarel. . The arrangement shown in Figure 2 is similar except that the full charge of clay is placed m the auxiliary tank and the askarel is forced up through it. The askarel then passes through a wire screen prior to entering the filter press to remove practically all the clay. A relatively small quantity of askarei is used to fill the tank and wet the clay before the unit is ready to use. Periodic tests on the output of these devices for the characteristic being improved will deter mine the necessity for changing the filter press papers or recharging with clay. The clay must be thoroughly dried before being used and tempera tures ranging from 1B0C to dOOC are recom mended. Excessive amounts of clay and a high reclaiming temperature should be avoided since die use of Urge amounts of highly-active clay at high temperature would be expected to selectively absorb scavengers or stabilisers which the askarel may contain. Amounts of clay up to U.l percent by weight of the askarel treated and temperatures up to 60C will have no appreciable effect on the scavenger content To judge the sufficiency of reclamation, samples should be tested for color, free chlorides, neutral ization number, dielectric strength, water content and power factor or resistivity. After the askarel has been reclaimed it is advisable to test for' unrcactcd and reacted scavenger eontent in order to determine if scavenger should be added. Much of die askarel left in the reclaimer can be saved hy passing clean dry compressed air or dry nitrogen through ll*c device at the end of the reclaiming operation. IX ADDITION OP SCAVENGERS As previously stated askarel which lias been ex posed to temperatures m excess n( 20UC or to an electric arc will liberate hydrogen chloride gas some of which dissolves. In order to minimize tlte effect of soluble hydrogen chloride on appa ratus material., askarel usually contains a small percentage of a certain chemical commonly called a "scavenger" or "getter," to mitigate the effects Ol the hydrogen ehloride. Various manufacturers us* different chemicals for. this purpose, tin tetraphenyl and phenoxypropene oxide being the most common. Mast askarel currently in use contains scavengers, liowever, there n a y be cases where tlte scavenger was not originally included or re quires replacement. Tin letrapheny! is a white crystalline compound melting at 227C. Flietwxypropene oxide is a color less liquid at ordinary temperatures. Small con centrations can effectively minimize the damage to apparatus parts which might be caused b> the formation of hydrogen chloride. Concentration on the order of 0.1 percent to 0.2 percent are ordi narily used. These scavengers have good dielectric properties, are nonvolatile and introduce no ab normal fire or explosion hazard. NPC00023979 770795 Before any scavenger is tilled to an askarel the manufacturer of tlie apparatus in which the askarel will be used should be consulted as to the amounts and method cf addition. It is extremely important that the scavenger be of approved purity and that it be added in tlie recommended proce dure. In general the scavenger is mixed with a small quantity of the askarel and then poured in the top of the apparatus. Extreme care must be taken to see that any containers, funnels, etc.. (used) are clean, dry, and made of materials un affected by the askarel. X SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Askarel Used Under Light Arcing Condition Askarel is used, to mine extent, in apparatus where it is subjected to light intermittent arcing such as in self-contained -induction regulators, where operating switches are continually produc ing slight arcs, in transformer deenergizing switches etc. Under normal operating conditions deterioration of the askarel is very slight. How ever, improperly adjusted or defective switches in this type of apparatus can produce excessive and prolonged arcing with accelerated deterioration of the askarel. It is recommended that when askarcl is used under these conditions checks of the Jiquid condition in conformance with manufac turers recommendations be made more frequently than when it is used only as a cooling and insu lating fluid. Deterioration of this type is indicated by a blackening of the liquid. It can be recondi tioned as previously described. Special attention should be given to maintaining the scavenger at the appropriate level. B. Hasarda (a) Askarel Under Fault Conditions or Excessive Temperature When askarel ii subjected either to tempera tures in excess of 21WC or to an electric arc it distinlegrates and hydrogen chloride gas is farmed. During this disintegration process, por tions oF the liquid change into a gaseous state and abnormal pressures develop. Consequently it is recommended that, wherever possible, sealed aska rel filled equipment he provided with pressurerelief devices. T he device must he large enough to provide immediate relief at a definite pressure and to prevent further build-up of pressure if de composition continues. It must be remembered that the presence of devices of this sort does nut necessarily preclude the rupturing of containing m u ll since pressure build-up can be extremely rapid under violent arcing conditions. Askarel in the uneonlaminated jtate is, of course, non-flammable as is the hydrogen chloride gas that is generated during decomposition. How ever, if the askarel becomes contaminated with petroleum products flammable mixtures may re sult. Under these conditions secondary fires may result if relief devices or containing vessels rup ture during fault. Consequently some thought should be given to location of askarel-filled equip ment in order ta minimize the liazard to person and property. C. Personnel It is generally accepted diat exposure to askarel is not liaiardous provided simple precautions are taken. Most people can handle askarel in the same manner as insulating oil without fear of toxic effects. As with insulating oil, some people are allergic to askarel and continued exposure''may result in skin Irritation, therefore, direet contact should be avoided where possible. Avoiding un necessary contact with askarel and its vapor, par ticularly when it is hot, and cleanliness of work men handling it should constitute adequate safe guards against sncli effects. Medicinal washes or detergents followed by an application of cold cream have been successfully used to eliminate irritation resulting from askarel coming into con tact with an open cut or skin abrasion. A drop of castor uil has Iteen found to neutralize, in most cases, irritation caused by contact of askarel with the eyes. It is recommended that small quanti ties of cold cream, castor oil, soap and clean water be readily available when askant if being handled. There is no evidence that ordinary ex posure to askarel vapurs results in any ill effects. Huweier, like other volatile materials, exposure to concentrated askarel vapors should be avoided, particularly in closed, unventilated roams. As with many volatile liquids, the vaporization of askarel increases rapidly with temperature. There fore, ventilation which is adequate for handling aslarel at room temperature may not be adequate for handling askarel at elevated temperatures. The gases produced when askarel is disintegrated by very high temperatures or an electric arc in the presence of air or organic insulating materials contain a high percentage of hydrogen chloride and small percentages of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen and-in some cases phosgene. Very small concentrations of this combination of gases are very unpleasant and 'irritating, thus giv ing ample warning of their presence.* The allpurpose gas masks available for use around oilfilled devices are also used for protection front gases liberated from disintegrated askarel. Indi vidual uses may require more detailed precautions in order to conform to local safety requirement* pertaining to the spcifi operating conditions in volved. D, Storage and Handling of Atltarel Transformer askarel is a fluid and can be handled in much the m e manner as transformer oil. Since askarel is somewhat more susceptible to etmtatnmaftan hy moisture than transformer oil NPC00023980 770796 G and also acts as a so!vent ou a large number ot - volatilization of certain compounds and minimize material*. considerable eare must l>e exercised m removal of special scavenger additives due to solu iti lundi in. The following gnrai rule) should bility limitations or absorption mi treating clays Ijc observed. and to assure the most efficient removal of mois 1. AU necessary steps should he taken to main* tain the askarel in a dry dean condition. This in volves proper scaling, dryness and cleanliness of all storage containers and handling equipment. 2. Since askarel is a powerful solvent, care should be taken in the selection of materials to he used in contact with it. For example, con sideration should be given to such things as the nature and compatibility of gasket materials, pipesealing compounds, container and tank linings isuch as paints, varnishes, etc.) valve and pump packings Hud lubricant, the cleanliness and prior service of contante*, storage tanks and trans ture by filtration or other means. All necesar> precautions should ire taken to provide adequate ventilation and other protective measures to properly proteet those working with these mate rials. 4, Askarel weighs approximately twice as much as transformer oil, conseijuendy thought should he given to siae and structure oi containing vc-sels. 5. More detailed information on various phase* of these subjects, as generally treated above, is available in manufacturers' instructive pamphlet*. These publications should lie freely consulted when askarel-filled transformers are used. port lines. Only metal hoses should he used ht handling since niM*r and rubber-like compounds are attacked by asKirei. It is important !<> avoid contamination of askarel with mineral oil and similar to*unie "reside materials. Therefore, hamllm- equipment 'hculd be reserved solely for their use E. Underwriters' Laboratories Reports The Underwriters' Laboratories hare cxluui- tively examined at the electrical manufacturer* request the miscellaneous hazards involved in the use of askarel and aslmrcl-filleit apparatus. Re ports have been issued to the respective manufac turer covering the tradcuamed askarel being con J. In gcnnai care should be employed in Uic sidered. It is suggested dial interested users of liaiiilhi e ai d |>-ncesiinjr of askarel to maintain transformer askarel contact the manufacturers (or it it nr ..u room temperature to prevent undue this information, NPC00023981 770797 Figure 2 Aikarel Filler P re u with Auxiliary Clay Tank 13 NPC00023982 770798 IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of INSULATING OIL IN EQUIPMENT NPC00023983 TH E IN ST IT U T E O F E L E C T R IC A L A N D E L E C T R O N IC S E N G IN E E R S , Inc 770799 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The Inf'ifni# wishes to acknowledgeits mdebtedum.to thos timt* im<] knowildlife lo the preparation n f m a n y publication! This i was prepared by the Subcommittee on faMila Ominiittee nf the IEEE Power Group. The membership of this E. L Itaali, C hairm rm F. 1. Benignus 0 . L. Blcnkle D. A. Gillies R. I. Diwe W. fl. Meade* E. I.. Morrison V. U. Mulhall J. C. F.S. W. ( R. L T. K H .F Deceased :r, C opyright L9HU by The Institute of Elect rival aiul I ...1 ____ * NPC00023984 770800 CONTENTS 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 3 2. Evaluation of Oil Received in New Equipment................................................................... 3 3. Evaluation of Oil for Use in Filling Apparatus at the Installation Site end after Filling Such Apparatus..................................................................................................................... 3 4. Classification of Service-Aged Insulating O il................................................... 3 5. Economic Factors................................................................................................................. ,. 4 fl. Sampling............................................................................................................... 4 7. Oil T ests and Tbair Significance............................................................................................ 4 8. T citing Procedure)....................... 7 8.1. Field Screening.................................................................................. 8.2. laboratory Screening.................................................................................. T 7 9. Methods of Reconditioning and Reclaiming Service-Aged Intulating Oil....................... 7 9.1. Reconditioning...................................................................................................................... 7 9.1.1. Filters............................................................................................................................. 7 9.1.2. Omrif-.iffTj..................................................................................................................... 8 0.1.3. Vacuum Dehydrators.................................................................................................. 3 0.2. Reclaiming............................................................................................................................ 8 9.2.1. Adsorbent Mean*......... ................................................................................................ 8 9.2.2. ('hoict? of Method....................................................................................................... 9 9.2.3. Other Reclaiming Methods N ot Widely Used......................................................... 10 10. Addition of Inhibitors................................................................................... 11 11. Special Conaiderntion*.................................................................................... 12 11.1. Insulating Oil fur Circuit Breakers...................................... ........................................ 12 11.1.1. General................................................. 11.1.2. Testing ................................................. 11.1.3. Rwondivionieg............................................................................................................ 11.1.4. Exclaiming ..................................... 12 12 12 12 12. Appendix--Resulta of Survey of United States and Canadian Users of Insulating OQ... 13 12.1. G e n era l......................................... 12.2. Testing................................................................................................................................ 12.3. Reconditioning................................................................................................................... 12.4. Reclaiming........................................................................................................ 12.3. Addition of Inhibitors........................................................................................................ 13 14 14 15 13 NPC00023985 770801 IE E E G uide fo r A cceptance and M aintonrm cp o f INSULATING OIL IN EQUIPMENT 1. INTRODUCTION insulating nil contained in equipment such as trans formers, cirruir-breaking devices, regulators, series and slmnr reactors, as received from the manufacturer and as filled it the installation site hut prior to service operation, should exhibit certain properties in order to insure satis factory performance. I t is expected that oil rontauied in equipment as received from the manufacturer when properly sampled from such equipment usually exhibits cliameterbilLcs slightly different from three obtained from new oil, which has not been in contact with apparatus eniistmctiomd materials. Additionally, certain essential properties of insulating oil, used iu transformers and circuit-breaking devices, m ust l*e retained in service if the oil is to perform its multiple rule of electrical-insulating, arc'quenching, and heal-lransferring agent reliably It must, have adequate dielectric strength to w ithstand the e'ectric stresses im posed in service. It m ust retain a u flvim tly low viscosity so that its ability to circulate and l^u-ider heat is not impaired, ft m ust pemr readily at low temperatures and have high flush point and fire point for safety. Tts dielectric losses should not become excessive It should not bo allowed to herume so deteriorated or contaminated that t adversely alTerte other materials in the apparatus, nor should deterioration produrta sludge it sufficiently to im pair its circulation through cooling ducts. T h is Guido attempts to assist the power equipment, operator in evaluating nil received in equipment and as lillrd at the invlallatitin silo and to assist also iu his ellorts to maintain his oil in servireable enndirinn. I t recommends and siatidtirdi/.es oil test and evaluation procedures, methods of reconditioning mid rr-elaimiug oil when neces sary. mid routines fur restoring oxidation resistance hy additions of inhibitors. 2. EVALUATION OF OIL RECEIVED IN NEW EQUIPMENT used in order to obtain a representative sample. A S T M M e th od D 9 2 3 ' should be followed. Oil exhibiting the following characteristics is considered acceptable: ASTM Mcthnit*34 Dielectric breakdown voltage 26 kV Neutralisation number 0.04 max Color 1.0 max Condition--visual clear Water content--parts per million 35 max Interincial tenaion--dynes/cm (niilljnrwtuns/m) 35 min (0.35 min) Power factor at 25*C 0.001 (0.1%) max 100*C 0.007 (0.7%) max D 877 D Bft4, D974 D 1500 D 1524 D 1533 D 971 D 924 3. EVALUATION OF OIL FOR USE IN FILLING APPARATUS AT THE INSTALLATION SITE AND AFTER FILLING SUCH APPARATUS** (a) Oil in drums, tank trucks, or railroad tank cars received at an installation site m ust meet certain m inim um characteristics in order to be suitable fur field processing into equipment. T h is is currently under study with particular attention being given to those factors resulting in con Lamination of the oil h y the transport container and to the lim its of contamination allowable. For circuit breakers tilled at the installation sit'', it would he expected that, the diclrctric breakdown voltage of the oil at the time of tilling should be a m inimum of 30 kilovolts. (b) T h e initial quality characteristics of oil in large apparatus filled at ihe in vtaIla line site; parti mil arlv in the higher voltage class***. have not been firmly established as yet b ut are under study. Oil Laken from circuit breaker* filled at Uv* in stallation silo should have a m inim um dielectric breakdown voltage of 2ti kilovolts. iomc users of power equipment find it desirable! to inuki- field screening tests while others find it mure desirable to perform all tests on insulating oil in a lab oratory. F o r those using held srp.-'-mne tests it is quite rtmminii to use such tests as dielof tn<* breakdown voltage must sigml'iranli. neutralisation number. color, and visual ciuiditinii. Sum operators with suitable equipment and li:n:i"d personnel m ay wish io za*:i additional informa tion by u ^ uf the inliTfarin) Puision lost. If water-content or power-factor rn-ulrs are d.-*ired. -m b ici-ts usually arc perionned in the labor: ito r v. Tu sam pling oil contained in apparatus care m ust be 4. CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICE-AGED INSULATING OIL I t is impossible to indicate the value of specific lf- ` and recommended test lim its fur all possible exi.-t:''applications of insulating oil jn service. It .should abp Irecrignizeil that with the prudent slate: of kuowl1dj * ASTM methods referred to in '.hi* O.itd tire oM.iii.jiMr lie:i'lo,'.srti'ri (it ihr. American .VM.iely fur *J>j:inn and 191b rt#ci' Strre*.. PliihuMpliiii 3, Fiw ** Tin i ' under study ami m atem l will he added here when sim. is cuinplrte. NPC00023986 3 770802 wiii<*h tri** uil tins in eonIart, to revied .1 tendency toward :lirmi:,al change or deterioration. or uj indiente chemical i-bunsfs in additives, It may In* used as a gee.-iai unii]-' for determining when an oil should he ropiin-nl or reclaim'd, provided suitable rejection limits have l eti estuliliMiM and confirmation is received from other t**sts. Tin* tests for field use are. not intended lo replace standard lai atralury tests, im t rather are intended as screening tests to m inim ise the m m d ^ r of field samples submitted to Hie laboratory. T hey permit approximate evaluation* of the amount of acid and polar constituents and hence of the degree of deterioration and/or con timi imitimi or the oil. However, they are only semi- quani itali ve and any decision to replace or reclaim an oil should be confirmed b y laboratory tests. 2 ) Dielectric Breakdow n Voltage-- D 877, D 1816 5) Co!or--D 500, D 1524 Tli'* color of an insulating oil is determined by means of transmitted light and is expressed b y a numerical valu' based on comparison with a scries of color standards. A rapidly increasing or high color number is an indicai ion of oil deterioration or contamination or both. A S T M D 124 includes a field test suitable for gauging color of service-aged electrical insulating oil. 6) Viscosity*--D 88, D 44S, D 2161 The viscosity of on oil is its resistance to uniformly continuous flow w ithout turbulence, inertia or other forces. T h e viscosity of insulating oil is usually measured by the Lime of flow of a given quantity of oil under controlled conditions. Viscosity is not significantly affected by oil contamination or deterioration but m ay be useful for identifying certain types of service-aged insulating oils. The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid is uf importance as a measure of its ability to withstand elctrie stress without failure. I t is the voltage at which breakdown occurs between two electrode* under prescribed l* .ut condii inn*. I t also serves to indicate the presence of con lum inarmi; agents such aa water, dirt, or conducting particles in the liquid, dim; or more of w hich m ay be presold when low* dielectric breakdown values a rr found b y tost. However, a h igh dielectric breakdown voltage does not indicate the absence of all contaminants. Method I) IS ifi is a recently developed method that prescribes the us*; of spherically rapped electrodes. I t is sensi live to small amount. of contaminants and therefore i.,; prim arily suitable for use with new oils. Its significance for evaluating eervice-accd oils is being determined. M e th o d 1) S77 is generally considered to be more suitable for t i l i n g service-aged oils at this time. 3) Interfacial Tension-- D 671 Field Test-- D 2285 The uifi-rfuriui tension between an electrical insulating oil and wilier is a nnaMire of the molecular attractive fu n r benv-eu th'-ir luilike molecules at the interface, if i. . xprrK.ed in dj ncs per centime ter imtl linen tons p>-r ;n--i/-r, Tfii- fis t provides a means of detecting ijnh l ir piifiii eiinpiuiioiiiit.'am i product* of deterioration, filini t"-.-n'ii..:iini:dion nr oil-defi-rinrauu'i product* gen erally i.ircri-af-'' Lin* inti-rfacial tension value.4 7) Flash Point-- D 92 T h e flash point of oil is the temperature to which the material m ust bo heated in order to give off .sufficient vapor In form a flammable mixture with air under th<' conditions of the test. T h e fire point of oil is the temperature to which the material must be heated in order to caute the oil *o ignite and continue burning under the conditions of the 'est. This temperature is always higher than the flash-point temperature. A low' flash point indicates the pretence of hazardous volatile combustible corita minante in the insulating oil. An acceptable flash point is alw ays followed by an ac ceptable fire point at. some higher temperature. 8) Steam Em ulsion-- D 1935 In the steam emulsion Lest., steam is passed m in he uil under prescribed conditions. :uid the time in seconds required for sparation of 1In* oil and the condensed so-aiu is recorded as the steam omulmom number (S. K. N u m b e r of Die oil. The si earn emulsion num ber m ay be of value <n indicating the presence ut* cori air. undesirable impuri te but has 1101 been widely applied Lo stri ier-flgfil oils 9) Specific Gravity (Relative Density)--D 1298 4) Power Factor-- D 924 Power fa'-lor is ili'- m l in of the power dissipaicd in the oil in watts to tile product of :i*- effective \oltage and eitrruil in voltampere?. when tested w iih a sinus-o'dnl field ui'der prescribed eoediiions. A high value is an :*idi'*atioii of (ho prcsfjnee of eoiibunmnut.- or deterioration produci.- Mie)) 1 water, oxidation products, nmla) soaps., charged colloids, etc. The sperino gravity (relative d n is iiy i of an insiiJsi-mg nil ts tin- ratio of t lv weights of equal volumes of oil irei water at 15.0<i"(`1iW T ,-. Specific gravity 1refill ivo demity is not signifiiviui as such in determining the q uriity m an oil but m nv be pertinent in dt-rermining suit rimiir. for uso in >|wd(ic applications. In certain cold chinai <* ice m ay form in equi pm ont exposed to subzero ten-- Parature? and m ay float in oil of high sorride uva. 1tv (relative density!. NPC00023987 770803 it may he desirable to subject such residues .457.1/ .Mtthtx! to further hihorutory exaniiiration and analysis. 21) Pcfractive Index and Specific Optical Dispersion-- D 1807 T he trfia c tiv f index nf an insulating oil varies with its omnposition :md with the nature and amount- of con tam inants livid in solution. Thus for service-aged oila, refractive index m ny he pertinent, if compared to the vaine fur the new product, to detect and estimate any VijiiTi) condition CollT .N-'iitrnliraljon number Dielectric breakdown voltage hiterfmrial loa-iiun Water 1'uwct fiwl-nr Sediment nml oit-eolutile sludge Inhibitor ixmleul Visrosily* SpeciUc'dravity* CPoourrropsiovients*ulfur DD l1i5in2n1 TJ cn-l. H 074 P1)U*7717. /J ]! D 1313, D 1533 D Q24 D Hi!* l) 1HUH D $!*. t) 445, D 2161 DDD 011722735 chance in composition or degree of contamination. * Not essential but can be used to establish type identili ration. Spvritir optical dispersion serves as a quick index for the amount of unsaturated compounds present in an oil: for insulating oils, values above a minimum of about 9. METHODS OF RECONDITIONING AND RECLAIMING SERVICE-AGED INSULATING OIL 97 liear n direct relationship to the amount of aromatic When servica-aged insulating oil is to be subjected to compounds present. reconditioning and/or reclaiming processes it is very* 'J'hi'sc tests have not been widply applied to service- strongly recommended that every advantage possible be aged oils. taken of natural precipitation. Considerable savings can frequently be realircd in processing service-aged oil if it 8. TESTING PROCEDURES is allowed to remain in its container undisturbed for at The procedure followed in applying test to service-aged insulating oils depends to a great extent on the physical ehar:i';lcnf-T.ies of the particular property involved and also on th*? economic considerations. Some users of power equipment lind it. desirable to make held screening tests while others lind it desirable to perform all teals on service-aged insulating oil in a laboratory- least 24 hours w> that water and suspended solid* can settle out. The oil can l-licn be removed without disturbing the residue in the bottom of the container, thus obviating the necessity of removing this residue from the processing machinery. For purposes of this Guide, reconditioning is construed to be the removal of moisture and solid materials, by mechanical means while reclaiming is the removal nf 8.L Field Screening. Several users of insulating oil use acidic and colloidal contaminants aud products of oxida field senvning to a great extent. Their experience in this tion by chemical and adsorbent means. mailer indicates that visual condition, dielectric etreugth, 9.1. Reconditioning. The mechanical means that, are neutralization number, ami color will suffice for segregating used for removing water and solids from oil include oil in liioup* I ami II. Jo addition to these tests, some operator# with suitable field equipment and trained personnel may wish to gain nddil intiai informal-inn hy use of such test-s as inlcrfacial tension and power factor. In interpreting results of these ums consideration must be given to other oil charac teristics. Portable dielectric test set have been available for some tine* and have proved quite satisfactory. Several portable lest kits are vonmicrcially available for testing oil color, acidity, and mterfaeial tension in the field. As listed and de.-cribed above, the American Society for Testing and Mat--rials lias issued tentative standard lieId tests for Visaal Condition und Color (D 1.321'. for Approximate Aciditv d> I.`3:4:. fur Approximate Acidity aud Polar Cuntaminiiiion :l> 190-j, and for Tnterfacial Tension i.LJ I2S-V: several types nl filters, centrifuges, ami vacuum de hydrator*. The extent of Uu- usng'' of each is shown in the Appendix. 9.1.1. Filters. Filler devices iiiehidiftir rhe coumimi filter press vary somewhat in form but an.* basin1 upon the principle of forcing oil under pressure through a seri# of absorbing materials such as paper. Filters of this type are capable of removing carbon, water, sludge, etc., when they an; in suspension but, except For certain special arrangements, they cannot, remove them effectively when they arc dissolved or in colloidal form. These devices will not remove air and in fact lend to aural Ihe oil. T h e water-removing ability of the filter is dependent upon the dryness of the filter media, and rousequcii*!v .suitable ovens should lx* provided to dry tlmm lfuture use W hen filtering oil containing water, the filter media rapidly come into equilibrium willi thp water content f 8.2. Laboratory Screening. Oils requiring laboratory the oil and from that- time on tin* filtered oil m ay contain evaluation wiil viirv widely in condition depending upon water up to 100 percent of saturation at the temperature the anu.iiml. n: deterioration :uid the degree of eontaruina* at which ihe filtering is done. Since the amount of dis i-iici There arc imuiy tests of a research nature lint, could solved wat*-r at saturation increases markedly willi ie- he appK-'l, 1-nr 1h>- general iho stn-h tests would .k: ctvaMi.g (t-mperature. liltf-ring al low temperature is nmr !iiipract::-jii. Tl"- i-'lloiving lois. then f..:e. an* il:,*vetl clActive in rernic. big water. (:i the pit-**.. ihere has r--:i 1.11l-c for cl-ci-iiyinu ,HT- <>*l. no sa-i'-bi. tsrv method of d'*tcriumiuu wli*;ii I in* l" li-- NPC00023988 770804 CONTENTS 1. Introduction........................................................................... . ................. 3 2. Evaluation of Oil Received in N nr Equipment.................................................................... 3 i . Bvaloatioa of OD for Cm In Fining Apparatue at the Installation Site and after Filling Such Apparatus..................................................................... ............................................... 3 4. Clasdfieatlsa of Servfce-Aged Insulating OH....................................................................... 5. Ectmemk Factors..................................................................................................................... 3 i 6. Sampling.................................................................................................................................... 4 7. Ofl Tosts and Tbcir Significance............................................................................................ 4 I. Testag Procedures.................................................................................................................. 7 8.1. FieldScreening................................................................... .................. 7 8.2. Laboratory Screening................................................................................ ......................... 7 9. Method* of Reconditioning and BetUimlaf Service-Aged Iniulittag OD...................... 7 9.1. IUooudltlnnlng..................................................................................................................... 7 9.1.1. Filters............................................................................................................................. 9.1.2. Centrifuges....................................................................................... ............................ 9.1.3. Vaeuum Debydratora................ ............................................................................... 7 8 8 9.2. Reclaiming............................................................................................................................ 8 9.2.1. Adsorbent Maans.......................................................................................................... 9.2.2. Choie* of Methods....................................................................................................... 9 i 3 . Other Radaiming Methods Not Widely Used........................................ ................. 10. Addition of Inhibitors.............................................................................................. ............... 11. Special ConridcratioBS............................................................................................................. II. 1. Insulating Oil for Circuit Breakers.................................................. ......................... IL1.1. General......................................................................................................................... 11.1.2. Testing......................................................................................................................... 11.1.3. Reconditioning............................................................................................................ 11.1.A. Reclaiming.................................................................................................................. 8 9 10 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12. Appendix--Basalts of Soreay of United States and Canadian Uaer* of IntnlaHng OD.. . 13 12.1. 12.2. 12.3. 12.4. 1Z3, General................................................... '........................................................................... T w tin g ................................................................................................................................ Reconditioning................................................................................................................... Reclaiming....................................................- ...................................... ........................... Addition of IahihHnrs.................................. ............... - ................................................... 13 14 14 16 16 i NPC00023989 W g & m * gSK-vi' -cs^if- .. 770805 IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of INSULATING OIL IN EQUIPMENT 1. INTRODUCTION used in order to obtain a representative sample. ASTM Insulating nil contained in equipment such as trans formers, circuit-breaking devices, regulators, series and shunt reactors, as received from the manufacturer and as Method D923* should be followed. Oil exhibiting the following characteristics is considered acceptable; filled at the installation rite but prior to service operation, si1011Id exhibit certain properties in order to insure satis A S T i f JUeiAodt factory performance. It is expected that oikcontained in DieteetriebraaMown rotiege 26 kV equipment as received from the manufacturer when Neutralisation number 0.01 max properly sampled from such equipment usually exhibits Color Condition--r in u l 1.0 max clear characteristics slightly different from those obtained from Water matant--pu ls par new oil, which has not been in contact with apparatus million 35 taal Interfacial tension--dynei/em constructional materials. (millmewtcna/nO 35 min (0.85 min) Additionally, certain properties of insulating Power factor at 25*C 100*C 0.001 (0.1%) max 0.007 (0.7%) max oil, used in transformers and circuit-breaking devices, U 8 77 D 564. D 074 D 1500 D 1024 D 1533 Don D 024 must be retained in service if the oil is to perform its multiple role of electrical-insulating, arc-quenching, and 3. EVALUATION OF OIL FOR USE IN FILLING heat-transferring agent reliably. It must have adeqnate APPARATUS AT THE INSTALLATION SITE dielectric strength to withstand the electric stresses im AND AFTER FILLING SUCH APPARATUS** posed in sendee. It must retain a sufficiently low viscosity (a) Oil in drums, tank trucks, or railroad tank cars so that its ability to circulate and transfer heat is not received at an installation site must meet certain impaired. It must pour readily at low temperatures and m inim um characteristics in order to be suitable for have high flash point and fire point for safety. Its dielectric field processing into equipment. This is currently losses should not become excessive. It should not be under study with particular attention bring given allowed to become so deteriorated or contaminated that- to those factors resulting in contamination of the it adversely affects other materials in the apparatus, nor oil by the transport container and to the limits of should deterioration products sludge it sufficiently to contamination allowable. impair its circulation through cooling ducts. For circuit breakers filled at the installation site, This Guide attempts to assist the power equipment It would be expected that the dielectric breakdown operator in evaluating oil received in equipment and as voltage of the oil at the time of filling should be a filled at the installation rite and to assist also in his efforts minimum of 30 kilovolts. to maintain his oil in serviceable condition. It recommends (b) The initial, quality characteristics of oil in large and standardises oil test and evaluation procedures, apparatus filled at the installation site, particularly methods of reconditioning and reclaiming oil when neces in the higher voltage classes, have not been firmly sary, and routines for restoring oxidation resistance by established as yet but are under study. additions of inhibitors. Oil taken from circuit breakers filled at the in 2. EVALUATION OF OIL RECEIVED IN N E W EQUIPMENT stallation site should have a minimum dielectric breakdown voltage of 26 kilovolts. Some users of power equipment find it desirable to make field screening tests while others find it more desirable to perform all tests on insulating oil in a lab oratory. For those using field screening tote it is quite common to use such tests as dielectric breakdown voltage (most significant), neutralization number, color, and visual condition. Some operators with suitable equipment and trained personnel may wish to gain additional infunna tion by use of the interfacial tension test. If tfater-content or power-factor results are desired, such tests usually are performed in the laboratory. In sampling oil contained in apparatus care must be 4. CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICE-AGED INSULATING OIL It is impossible to indicate the value of specific tests and recommended test limits for all possible existing applications of insulating oil in service. It should also be recognized that with the present state of knowledge, * ASTM methods referred to in this Guide are obtainable at headquarters of the American Society for Testini and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia 3, Pa. aa This u under study and material will be added here when study is complete. 3 NFC00023990 770806 which the oil has been in contact, to reveal a tendency 5) Color--D 1500, D 1524 toward chemical change or deterioration, or to indicate chemical changes in additives. It may be used as a general guide for determining when an oil should be replaced or reclaimed, provided suitable rejection limits have been established and confirmation is received from other testa. The testa for field use are not intended to replace standard laboratory' tests, but rather are intended as The color of an insulating oil is determined by means .of transmitted light and is expressed by a numerical value based on comparison with a series of color standards. A rapidly increasing or high color number is an indication of oil deterioration or contamination or both. ASTM D 1524 includes a field test suitable for gauging color of service-aged electrical insulating oil. screening tests to minimise the number of field samples submitted to the laboratory. They permit approximate 6) Viscosity--D 88, D 445, D 2161 evaluations of the amount of acid and polar constituents and hence of the degree of deterioration and/or con tamination of the oil. However, they are only semiquantitative and any decision to replace or reclaim an oil should be confirmed by laboratory tests. The viscosity of as oil is ita resistance to uniformly continuous flowwithout turbulence, inertia or other forces. The viscosity of insulating oil is usually measured by the time of fiow of a given quantity of oil under controlled conditions. Viscosity is not significantly affected by oil 2) Dielectric Breakdown Voltage--D 877, D 1816 contamination or deterioration but may be useful for identifying certain type of service-aged insulating oils. The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating liquid is of importance as a measure of its ability to withstand 7) Flash Point--D 92 electric stress without failure. It is Lhe voltage at which breakdown occurs between two electrodes under prescribed The flash point of oil is the temperature to which the test conditions. It also serves to indicate the presence material must be heated in order to give off sufficient of contaminating agents such as water, dirt, or conducting vapor to form a flammable mixture with air under the particles in the liquid, one or more of which may be conditions of the teat. present when low dielectric breakdown values are found The fire point of oil is the temperature to which the by test. However, a high dielectric breakdown voltage material must be heated in order to cause the nil to ignite does not indicate the absence of all contaminants. and continue burning under the conditions of the that. Method D 1816 is a recently developed method that This temperature is always higher than the flash-point prescribes the use of spherically capped electrodes. It is temperature. sensitive to small amounts of contaminants and therefore A low flash point indicates the presence of hazardous is primarily suitable for use with new oils. Its significance volatile combustible contaminants in the insulating oil. for evaluating service-aged oils is being determined. An acceptable flash point is always followed by an ac Method D 877 is generally considered to be mure ceptable fire point at some higher temperature. suitable for testing service-aged oils at this time. 8) Steam Emulsion--D 1935 3) Interfacial Tension--D 971 Field Test--D 2285 In the steam emulsion test, steam is passed into ihe oil under prescribed conditions, and the time in seconds The intcrfacial tension between an electrical insulating oil and water is a measure of the molecular attractive force between their unlike molecules at the interface. It is expressed in dynes per centimeter (milfinewtons per meter;. This test provides a means of detecting soluble polar contaminants and products of deterioration. required for separation of the oil and the condensed steam is recorded as the steam emulsion number (S. E. Number of the oil. The steam emulsion number may be of value in indicating the presence of certain undesirable impuriU'-s but has not been widely applied tu service-aged oils. Soluble-cunlamination or oil-deterioration products gen erally decrease the interfacial tension value.4 9) Specific Gravity (Relative Density)--D 1298 4) Power Factor--D 924 Power factor is the ratio of the power dissipated in the ail in watts to the product of the effective voltage and current in voltamperes, when tested with a sinusoidal field under prescribed conditions A high value is an indication of the presence of contaminants or deterioration products such as water, oxidation products, metal soaps, charged colloids, etc. The specific gravity (relative density) of an insulating oil is the ratio of the weights of equal volumes of oil and water at lu.5fiC (60F;. Specific gravity '.relative density is not significant as such in determining the quality of an oil but may be pertinent in determining suitabiljiy for use in specific applications. In certain cold climate;, ice may form in equipment exposed to subzero (C) tem peratures and may float in oil of high specific grants (relative density;. NPC0002J95M 770807 n circumstances, it may be desirable to subject such residues A ST M Method to further laboratory examination and anaJysis. 21) Refractive In d u and Specific Optical Dispersion-- D 1807 The refractive index of an insulating oil varies with its composition and with the nature and amount of con taminants held in solution. Thus for service-aged oils, refractive index may be pertinent, if compared to the value for the new product, to detect and estimate any change m composition or degree of Visual condition Color Neutrali*lion number Dielectric breakdown voltage Interfarial tension Water Power factor Sediment and oil-eoluble aiudfe Inhibitor autant Viararity* Specific gravity* Pour point" Corrosive aullur Dn 11552040 D 644, D 974 D 577, D 1816 D 971 D 1816, D 1533 D 924 D 1698 D 1698 D 88, D 445, D 2161 D 1298 I) 97 D 1275 * Not u t i l i but eon be used to tablisb type identification. Specific optical dispersion serves aa a quick index for the amount of unaaturated compounds present in an oil; for insulating oils, values above a minimum of about 9. METHODS OF RECONDITIONING AND RECLAIMING SERVICE-AGED INSULATING OIL 07 bear a direct relationship to the amount of aromatic When service-aged insulating oil is to be subjected to compounds present. reconditioning and/or reclaiming process it is very These tests have not been widely applied to service- strongly recommended that every advantage passible be aged oils. taken of natural precipitation. Considerable savings can frequently be realized in processing sendee-aged oil if it B. TESTING PROCEDURES is allowed to remain in its container undisturbed for at The procedure followed in applying tests to service-aged insulating oils depends to a great extent on the physical characteristics of the particular property involved and also on the economic considerations. Some uses of power equipment find it desirable to make field screening tests while others find it desirable to perform all tests on service-aged insulating oil in a laboratory. least 24 hours so that water and suspended solids cau settle out. The oil ean then be removed without disturbing the residue in the bottom of the container, thus obviating the necessity of removing this residue from the processing machinery. For purposes of this Guide, reconditioning is construed to be the removal of moisture and solid materials, by mechanical means while reclaiming is the removal of 8.1 Field Screening. Bevcral users of insulating, oil use acidic and colloidal contaminants and products of oxida field screening to a great extent. Their experience in this tion by chemical and adsorbent means. mutter indicates that visual condition, dielectric strength, 9.1. Reconditioning. The mechanical means that are neutralization number, and color will suffice for segregating used for removing water and solids from oil include oil in Groupa I and IL several types of filters, centrifuges, and vacuum de In addition to these tests, some operators with suitable hydrators. The extent of the usage of each is shown in field equipment and trained personnel may wish to gain the Appendix. additional information by use of such tests as interracial tension and power factor. In interpreting results of these testa consideration mint be given to other oil charac teristics. Portable dielectric test sets have been available forsome time and have proved quite satisfactory. Several portable tost kits are commercially available for testing oil color, acidity, and interfacini tension, in the field. As listed and described above, the American Society for Testing and Materials has issued tentative standard field tests for Visual Condition and Color (D 1524), for Approximate Acidity (D 1534;, for Approximate Acidity and Polar Contamination (D 1902), and for Interfacial Tension (D 1285; 9.1.1. Filters. Filter devices including the common filter press vary somewhat in. form but are baaed upon the principle of forcing oil under pressure through a series of absorbing materials such aa paper. Filters of this type are capable of removing carbon, water, sludge, etc., when they are in suspension but, except for certain special arrangements, they cannot remove them effectively when they are dissolved or in colloidal form. These devices will not remove air and in fact tend to aerate the oil. The water-removing ability of the filter is dependent upon the dryness of the filter media, and consequently suitable ovens should be provided to dry them before use When filtering oil containing water, the filter media rapidly come into equilibrium with the water content of 8.2. Laboratory Screening. Oils requiring laboratory the oil and from that time on the filtered oil may contain evaluation will vary widely in condition depending upon water up to TOOpercent of saturation at the temperature the amount of deterioration and the degree of contamina at which the filtering is done. Since the amount of di.~ tion. There are many tests of a research nature that could solved water at saturation increases markedly with in ie applied, but the general use of such tests would be creasing temperature, filtering at low temperature is more impractical. The following test*, therefore, are believed effective in removing water, fn the past there has been to be adequate for classifying service-aged oil. no satisfactory method of determining when the filter 7 NPC0002399 2 770808 9.2.1.2. Percolation by Gravity--Gravity percolation make use of gravity or the hydrostatic head of a column of oil to force the oil through a column of clay. A typical gravity system, shown schematically in Figure 1, consists of throe tanks on different levels. The upper tank is used as a dirty-oil reservoir, the middle tank as the filter containing the fuller's earth, and the lower tank as a blending chamber for the filtered oil. The middle tank is equipped with a strainer-type bottom covered by canvas or filter cloth supporting a 6-foot (2-meter) bed of clay. A float valve controls the flow of oil from the dirty-oil storage tank above so that a. constant, head of about 15 feet (5 meters) to the filter plate is provided. Qnrc> the process is started it continues in operation with very little attention other than periodic sampling. Testa for interfacia) tension or acidity are used to control the process. The output.of gravity percolation is a graded one starting with water-white overtreated oil and ending with oil in approximately the same condition as before treat ment. To obtain a uniform product, blending is necessary in.the third tank in the scries. Some convenient mechanical means of agitating the oil in this tank is essential. It has been assumed that the undesirable characteristics of the overtreated oil that first comes through the earth are offset in the blending process. Dv this method the oil can be treated to any desired degree. The flow rate of such a method is slow, being about 10 gallons per hour per square foot (400 liters per hour per square meter) of filter bed area for an installation Figure I. Schematic dtftgrmtn of jrvity-prooltion rtfining such as the one described above. This slow flow rate ppkrttui. results in a relatively long contact time which makes for efficient use of the clay. and does not return the oil for 45 minutes. Also it should 9.2.1J . Contact Process--The contact process for re not be used to process oil containing DRPC if it is desired claiming oil mokes use of 200-mesh (77 mesh per centi to retain the inhibitor in the oil, as this material, when meter! fuller's earth and relatively high operating temper catalysed by clay, liegins to decompose at 100C. atures. This process makes the most efficient use of the earth and produces a uniform product. The degree of 9.2.2. Choice of Methods. The choice of reclamation reclaiming depends on the amount of earth used which methods that ill prove the most practical and economical is determined by an analysis of the deteriorated oil. for a given system depends upon the geographical char In a typical commercial apparatus, oil iBintroduced into acteristics of the power system, the existing facilities a heated mixing chamber as a measured amount ofearth is available for application to such work, and the facts fed in through a hopper. The mixture is stirred as heat concerning the various types of refining equipment and is npplkii, and the process continues until the desired methods previously described. temperature 13 r:allied. This operation requires about For example, on a compact system with large qnantiti-v* half nn hour. The oil is then dropped into a tank before of damaged oil or on a systum where oil reconditioning it. is pumped through a filter especially built to accom has been done in the past at a central location, the modate the earth. Much of th'1 oil ordinarily retained gravity-percolation method of reclaiming has many ad iu the earth is extracted by the application of compressed vantages in requiring a minimum amount of new equip air to the filter. A semiautomatic typo of apparatus is ment, attention. and labor. On a system where the oiU on the market which recharges itself and operates until requiring attention are widely scattered in location, service the filter tweenies filled with clay. outages are difficult to obtain, and spare equipment ia This type of apparatus does nol lend itself to the treat at a premium, some type of portable pressure iMurotator ment of oil in transformers under load, m , operating on may be indicated for reel,aiming in the field by rwimilatini :he batch principle, it withdraws oil from llie apparatus the oil in the equipment. The possibility of recireillative NPC00023993 . S I S ''' 770809 9.2.3.3. Percolation by Thermo-Siphon Bypass-Good that moke this material a desirable inhibitor are: oil which is deteriorating slowly may be held in safe operating condition by applying a special bypass earth (a) DBPC is a stable and effective oil antioxidant in filter to the individual transformer. The oil is forced small concentrations; through the filter by the action of the heat generated by (b) DBPC is commercially available from at least two the apparatus and the heat dissipated by the filter. As sources in a highly purified form; the actuating force ib small, the filters must be loosely (c) DBPC is readily soluble in oil but insoluble in water; parked. Coarse activated alumina or i-inch-meah (0.66 (d) The oxidation products of DBPC are soluble in centimeter-mesh) fuller's earth is employed, and the transformer oil and therefore will not precipitate apparatus operates without attention during the active out as sediment; life of the adsorbent. (e) The oil solutions of the inhibitor are not materially The bypass method of oil in uwthlft condi affected by exposure to light; tion has certain definite limilalione. On standby trans (f) DBPC is insoluble in aqueous alkalis and it is net formers or on circuit breakers it is inoperative as the easily removed from oil by use of the usual reclama heat necessary to its operation is not constantly available. tion mothods of filtration through activated ma The operation of bypass filters might also be termed very terials if the temperature is maintained below 60C. "gentle" as little force is available to drive the oil through even a coarse filter bed. There is also the possibility that Since in most cases tbs natural inhibitors are consumed fine particles of the earth may leak through the system by oil in service, it is important that, following the into the processed oil. reclaiming process, an inhibitor such as DBPC should be added to the oil. This can be accomplished either by 10. ADDITION OP INHIBITORS adding a concentrated solution of the inhibitor to the oil or by the introduction of- & dry solid with subsequent New insulating oil, as normally refined, contains small heating and agitation of the oil. A concentrated solution amounts of certain chemical compounds that act as oxida of DBPC may be prepared by adding the solid to the tion inhibitors. These natural-occurring materials retard oil while gently heating with mechanical agitation. Before oil oxidation until such time as they are consumed. The the temperature of the oil reaches 50*C, the inhibitor rate at which the inhibitors in oil are used up is dependent should be in complete solution. Since the solubility of upon such things as the amount of oxygen available, DBPC in insulating oil at usual temperatures is about soluble contaminants in the oil, catalytic agents in die 30 percent by weight, this figure should not be exceeded. oil, and the temperature of the oiL In modem trans If the solution is to be stored at winter temperatures, formers, cither sealed to exclude air and moisture or a concentrate of 20 percent by weight should be used protected by on inert atmosphere, the benefits of the for temperatures of 10*C or higher or 10 percent by inhibitors can be extended over many years. Once the weight for temperatures of --309C to -r 10*C. inhibitor is exhausted, the rate of the oxidation and It is undesirable to add more than a small quantity deterioration of the oil increases. Reclaiming processes, of crystalline material at one time to the oil of an energized such as acid refining or clay treating, can restore the oil transformer. If crystals are Added to the oil of an energized so that it has most of its original characteristics, but this transformer, they should be put in slowly and with has no effect upon restoring the usefulness of the natural sufficient time allowed for solution. This con be accelerated inhibitors occurring in the oil. To overcome this un by having the oil at a temperature of at least 50"C when desirable condition, certain synthetic oxidation inhibitors the crystals are added. A concentrated solution of an may be used to extend the life of the reclaimed oil. . inhibitor should not be added to the oil of an energized A search for suitable oxidation inhibitors has been transformer since it has appreciably lower breakdown carried on in many laboratories, and research in this strength than the oil itself. After adding n concentrated field has been very extensive.-These studies have shown solution of on inhibitor to a transformer with the oil at nut only the benefits of stabilizing reclaimed oil, but also a minimum temperature of 50C, allow a period of 4 to the desirability of fortifying the natural inhibitors in new 6 hours for solution before energizing the transformer. nil for some applications. Typical types of material which Complete solution is dependent upon the temperature, have been studied are sulfides, aromatic amines, phenols, circulation, and the amount of oil involved. DBPC in and phosphates. Of the many materials studied, there is stable and soluble in concentrations as high as 20 percent one which lias been outstanding and has found almost in insulating oil. However, use of concentrations as high universal approval as an inhibitor. It has been prepared as 20 percent may give some difficulty due to separation in highly purified form and in sufficient quantities to nil at low temperatures. Solutions of 10 percent, however, the requirements of the industry. Chemically it is known can be handled quite readily. As a general rule, when an as 2, 6-ditertiary-butyl-para-cresol, but generauy it is inhibitor is added to the reclaimed oil in service, the referred to as DBPC. Pome of the outstanding or-parties amount is approximately 0.3 percent by weight. ii NPC00023994 770810 12. APPENDIX--RESULTS OF SURVEY OF UNITED STATES AND CANADIAN USERS OF INSULATING OIL 25 percent make only a single field test: dielectric breakdown voltage, 12.1. General. On the basis of a surrey made in 1958 2) Circuit-Breaker Oil--Field Testa of United States and Canadian users of transformer oil, it is possible to give on indication of practices followed hy users of insulating oil at that time according to their While 83 percent of the users do some type of field testing, procedures of testing, classifying, reconditioning, re 19 percent make at least three field tecta: claiming, and addition of inhibitors. The results contained in this Appendix are the results of replies from 96 users. A11 values are reported on a percentage basis of the 96 making reports. It should be recognized that since 1958 dielectric breakdown voltage, color, either power factor or neutralization number. when this survey was taken, additional users may well Other tests used in decreasing order of frequency are have adopted the procedures and teat methods cited. visual inspection and interfacial tension. Additionally, newer methods and procedures are being tried by some users. The detailed results of the survey have been reported by tho American Society for Testing and Materials who were cosponsors with IEEE. It should be emphasised 34 percent make only two field tssts: dielectric breakdown voltage, either visual inspection, power factor, color, or neutralization number. that the values and procedures indicated in this Appendix are not necessarily applicable to any specific user, since the sixe and type of the system, available testing, re 30 percent make only a single field test: dielectric breakdown voltage. claiming, and reconditioning facilities have a major bear ing on the exact procedure to be used. 3) Transformer Oil--Laboratory Tssts All of the users make soma type of test on insulating oil While 78 percent of thausen doeome type of laboratory contained in electric equipment in operation. Nearly all have a fixed testing schedule with the greatest number testing, testing at yearly intervals. This schedule varies in many 48 percent make at least three laboratory tests: ' cases between transformers of different voltage classes, vith the higher voltage class of equipment being tested in some cases as often as every six months. The oil in circuit breakers may be testod at more frequent intervals either based on the number of operations or as frequently os monthly intervals. The oil in low-voltage transformers is tested at very infrequent intervals and, in some cases, neutralization number, dielectric breakdown voltage, interfacial tension. Other tests used in decreasing order of frequency are color, power factor, pour point, viscosity, and visual inspection. only when the equipment is removed,from service. The survey asked for information regarding the number and types of tests used in the field and in the laboratory. Tho following data give some indication aa to general 22 percent make only two laboratory tests: dielectric breakdown voltage, either neutralization number or inlerfacial tension. practices and tests most frequently used. 8 percent make only a single laboratory test: 1) Transformer Oil--Field Teats While 84 percent of the usen do some type of field testing 30 percent make at least three field testa: dielectric breakdown voltage, neutralization number, power factor. Other tests used in decreasing order of frequency are color, visual inspection, and interfacial tension. 29 percent make only two field tests: dielectric breakdown voltage, neutralization number. either neutralisation number or dielectric breakdown voltage. 4) Circuit-Breaker Oil--Laboratory Tssts While G3percent of the users do some type of laboratory testing, 29 percent make at least three laboratory teats: dielectric breakdown voltage, neutralization number, interfacial tension. Other tests used in decreasing order of frequency are color, power factor, visual inspection, pour point, and viscosity. 13 NPC00023995 W - - . i 770811 12.3-3. Quality control of end product (average of all 12.4.3. Quality control of end product (average of oil companies reporting. Theae are not necessarily improved companies reporting). by reconditioning process). Tiff (in order 0/ rtlaiiot importance) Transformer Oil (Munn1) Circuit-Breaker OH (ralimni) Dielectric breakdown voltage 27 kV min* Neutralisation number 0.3 m u Visual condition deer Interfadal tension 20 min dynea/cm (0.20 miUuewton/m) Power factor % - 20'C 1.6 m u Color--ASTM (Union) 2| m u 28 IcV mm* 0.3 m u dear 23 min dynes/cm (0.23 millinswto 1.5 m u 3 mu * Moat widely used u g l e criterion in deeignied category. Note t: It should not be implied that thaaa wince era aooapted standard Tillies. Note t: One or more teats normally raqmrad by uaan (or clm itying reconditioned oil. order 0/ relatm importance> Transformer Oil (column J) Circuit-Breaker Oil (column $) Neutralisation number 0.10 max* Dielectric breakdown voltage 27 kV min* Intertidal tension 25 min dynea/cra (0.25 millmewion/m) Coloi*--ASTM (Union) 1J max Power lector %--20'C 0.8 m u 0.17 mu* 26 kV min* 28 min dynea/em (0.28 millinewton/m) 1} m u 0.9 m u * Two moat widely uaed critatia in dampataii category. Note I: It should not be implied that than valine ere eooepted standard valuta. Note t : Two or threw teeta normally required by uaan (or daasi- fying redaimwd oU. 12.4. Reclaiming (any method or proceu such as day or alkali treatment resulting ta s beneficial dung* Is the oil) 12.4.1. GOpercent reclaim oil from transformers: 32 percent at central location only, 13 percent in the field only, with portable equipment, 15 percent in both field and central location, 55 percent use fuller's earth type of clay. 5 percent use activated alumina, 3 percent use alkali waah. 12.4.2. 41 percent reclaim oil from circuit breakers: 39 percent use fuller's earth type of day, 2 percent uk activated alumina, 3 percent uao alkali wash. 12J . Addition of Inhibitor 2.5.1. Percentage of thoee surveyed adding inhibitor to reconditioned or reclaimed oil: 10 percent add to reconditioned transformer oil, 3 percent add to reconditioned circuit-breaker oil, 35 percent add to reclaimed transformer oil, 17 percent add to reclaimed circuity-breaker oil. 12J5.2. Type of inhibitors uaed. DBPC (2, 6-ditertiary-butyI-para-creeoi) is the in hibitor regularly used, predominately 0.3 percent addition, by weight. No other inhibitor type used except experimentally. NPC00023996 J-.S- 770812 23 percent make only two laboratory tests: dielectric breakdown voltage, either neutralization number or color. 11 percent make only a single laboratory test: either dielectric breakdown voltage or neutralization number. The survey asked for information regarding tests for oxidation stability, inhibitor presence, and inhibitor r sider the presence of sludge very important; 56 percent of the usera consider acidity important and have "definite limits that arc considered satisfactory for continued use. 12.2. Testing 12.2.1. 100 percent of companies reporting test serviceaged insulating oil; 85 percent use field tests, 80 percent use laboratory tests, 80 percent uie both field and laboratory testa. 12.2.2. Teat limiti of oil from transformera (average of all companies reporting) T a t (in order o f relative importano*) SaN efodory fo r U ie (ooium n J) T o B Reconditioned (colum n t ) To B e Bwiitwd (coiuwm S ) T o B a D itca rd cd (column 4) Dielectric breakdown voltage Neutralisation number Intorfacial tension Power factor % --20*C Color--A5TM (Union) Visual oondition 23 kV ma 0.4 max IB min dynes/cm (0.19 millinewton/m) l 4 max 3* max Clear L ee than 22 kV Creator than 1.8 Cloudy, dirty, or visible waller Greater than 0.4 Lees than 18 dysea/em (0.18 millioswton/m) Greater than 1.4 Less than 14 kV Greater than 1.0" Lesa than 14 dyne/em (0.14 millmewton/m) * Most widely used msale criterion in designated category. Hate: Number of testa nnrmaily required by users for clresifyia* oil from transformers: "**"" 1--3 ormare; column 2--l or 2; column 3-- 2 or 3; column 4-- 1 or 2. 12.2.3. T est limita of ofl from circuit breakers (average of all companies reporting) r e7la"ti<v e(iimnpo rodrtear nocfe) B o tii(faceotlourmynfa/)r Owe T o B(ecoRfeacnoindfi)tioned T o (BcoefRaneiclaJi)m ed (columnT o B e D iecardm l 4) Dielectric breakdown volta** Neutralization number Color--ASTM (Union) Inlerfaciul tension Power factor %--20*C Visual condition 24 kV min 0.5 max 31 max 13 min dynes/cm (0.18 millicewton/ni ) 1.4 max Clear Leu thao 22 kV* Greater than l.T Cloudy, dirty cesa carbon, or visible water Leu than 20 kV Greater than 0.5" Lus than IS dynoa/cm (0.18 milimswtoQ/m) Less than 15 kV Greater tbno 1.0* Dirty, heavy carbon * Most widely used single criterion in designated category. Note: Number of teal* normally required by users fur claasifyin* oil from circuit breakers: column 1--0 or more; columns2,3 *:id4-- 1or 2. sponae. The answers to these questions were inconclusive since only about 5 percent of the users make any of these testa. In some few cases, the tests were made on an experimental basis. The usere were asked if they used reconditioned or reclaimed circuit-breaker oil in transformers and vice versa. The results showed that 53 percent used recondi tioned or reclaimed circuit-breaker oil in transformers. (Most transformer manufacturers do not recommend this practice because of the possibility of admitting carbon particles to the transformer.) 58 percent of the users used reconditioned or reclaimed transformer oil in circuit breakers. Concerning the importance attached by users to sludge and acidity in transformer oil, 71 percent of the users con- 12 J . Reconditioning (the mechanical removal of mois ture and insoluble contaminants by such means as filtration and centrifuging) 12.3.1. 99 percent recondition oil from transformer?* 46 percent use filtering only, 32 percent use centrifuge with a filter, 14 percent use a filter with vacuum dehydrator. 6 percent use centrifuge, filter, and vacuum n**- hydrator. 12J.2. 97 percent recondition oil from circuit break*-* 57 percent use filtering only, 39 percent use centrifuge with a filter, 1 percent use a filter with vacuum d*.*hydr-*- - u NPC00023997 *v- '7* i r. <& 770813 U. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS specified intervals, varying from a few months to a year or more. Mast users make one or more of the following listed 11.1. Insulating Oil for Circuit Breakers tests on uBed circuit-breaker oil. Each user includes at least the dielectric breakdown voltage test. 11.1.1. General. The characteristics of insulating oil used in oil circuit breakers, henceforth referred to es (a) dielectric breakdown voltage circuit-breaker oil. ns distinguished from insulating oil for (b) neutralisation number transformers, henceforth referred to as transformer oil, are (c) interfacial tension tabulated below in the table. Most modem circuit breakers (d) color require a low viscosity, low pour-point nil since a large (e) power factor percentage of them are used outdoors and in many cases at (0 visual examination low temperatures. It should be noted that all circuit Typical minimum values for oil to be left in service breakers are free breatherr (open to the atmosphere without reconditioning or reclaiming are given in the through a breathing device). This does not prevent the Appendix. admittance of humid air to the device. There are, however, a number of oil circuit breakers still in use in which it is deemed desirable to use higher viscosity oil. ThiB highviscosity oil is considered obsolete by most manufacturers and is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain. Although this oil is given the same general teste and treatment as modern oil, caution must be exercised in its usage. Effects which would result from addition of inhibitor, for example, have not as yet keen established with certainty. This oil should not be mixed with modem oil except where detri If it is desired to make additional tests, they should be made in a manner outlined previously for insulating oil. Some users of circuit-breaker oils change or recondition without testing the oil after an agreed-upon number of operations. Viscosity is checked where deemed advisable to verify the type of oil. This characteristic is highly important in determining the speed of operation of circuit breakers at low temperatures. mental effects on cooling effectiveness, freezing tempera II.1-3. Reconditioning. The chief problem in circuit- tures, and other characteristics can be tolerated.. breaker oil maintenance.is to keep it free of water, arcing products, and other contaminants. If visual examination Type Vermty Color S7 * c (ocre), Pour FUuh vm itt cond Paini, *C Pmnt, *C shows the presence of these materials and if the dielectric strength drops below an acceptable value, the bil con be reconditioned provided the acidity, power factor, etc., Modem 1 to 1 37 -4 0 133 are good. The accepted method of reconditioning oil is by Obsoleta means of a filter. However, the filter media commonly Outdoor 2 to 3 90 -4 0 155 used are not dense enough to remove all of the colloidal Obsolete Indoor 3 to 5 106 -10 1S5 contaminants in the oil. A method being used to some extent to remove colloidal and other contaminants com Although it has been customary to recondition circuit-breaker oil in much the same manner as trans former oil, the problem is somewhat different. Whereas sludging is, or may be, the principal problem in a trans former oil, such is not the case with circuit-hreaker oil. Conditions conducive to sludge formation as well os the deleterious effects that are obtained in transformers do not normally apply in the case of circuit breakers. Aside from its dielectric sen-ice, the chief function of the trans former oil is to dissipate heat. In a circuit breaker, on the other hand, the chief function of the insulating oil is to quench the arc. In so doing thermal crocking con occur and minute particles of carbon can form. These particles roupled with moisture can lower the dielectric pletely is to use a small amount of activated clay with the filter medium. This is accomplished very simply by mixing I to 2 cups (one-qnarter to one-hnK*liter; of chiv with 2$ to 5 gallons (1 to 2 dekaliters; of the oil and then passing it through the filter prior to the main filtering operations. The day is removed from the oil and de posited on the filter medium thus producing, in effect, a much denser filtering medium. No reduction in acidity uf the oil is to be expected since the amount of day ured is extremely small. Typical values to permit reconditioned oil to be put back in service in circuit breakers are given in the Appendix. In some cases, an oxidation inhibitor is added to tlu* reconditioned oil, breakdown voltage of the oil. If sufficient quantities of 11.1.4. Reclaiming. In some cares it may lx*economical carbon are deposited on the surface of insulating members, to reclaim circuit-breaker oil that has undergone ex a flashover may occur. tensive contamination or oxidation. This oil may he re claimed by one of the processes described previously T" 11.1.2. Testing. Testing methods for circuit-breaker oils be suitable for circuit-breaker use reclaimed oil must m*-ct are the same as those used for transformer oils. Samples certain minimum values. Typical minimum values are nre taken in the same manner as for transformer nil at given in the Appendix. 12 NPC00023998 'E3V-T' 770814 7KCM noctu with the equipment alive should be considered in such 9 3 3 3 . Reclaiming by Actinted Carbon-Sodium Sil cases, with due regard to safety measures. icate--This method ii capable of variation to meet the Irrespective of the type of clay treater used, two requirements of different grades of service-aged oil. Under adjuncts should also be incorporated with the treater, favorable conditions, thin procens is a continuous one. The a) The oil should be put through some device for removing method consists of the following basic treatments: free water before it contacts the clay in order to prevent water from wetting the clay. Water will cause at least partial and possibly complete blocking of the clay, thus making it necessary to discard that batch of clay, b) The oil coming out of the clay treater should be put through some kind of foolproof, completely automatic dehydrator equipped with positive means and safeguards for pre venting any water from being present in the finished (a) an activated-carbon treatment in which 2 percent byweight of activated carbon, is used, (b) a treatment involving HO percent by volume of a 2 percent sodium silicate solution, (c) a clay treatment in which 2 percent by weight of activated fuller's earth is used. ; The oil is heated to 85C and is maintained at this product. This is particularly true when recirculating the temperature until the final filtering operation is reached. oil in a transformer and absolutely essential if the re The first step consists of a treatment* by agitation with claiming is done when the transformer is energized. activated carbon in coses* where the acid rating of the 9.2.3. Other Reclaiming Methods Not Widely Used. (See Appendix for extent of usage of each process.) oil is 0.5 milligram of potassium hydroxide per gram or over. This step is necessary to prevent subsequent emul sification of acid oil with the sodium silicate solution. 9.2.3.1. Reclaiming by Trisodium Phosphate--The tri Where the acid value is low, this process may be omitted. sodium phosphate/activated fuller's earth method (see The oil is next decanted through a.filter lo a second Figure 2) consists in agitating a mixture of oil and tri- tank where it is paddle-stirred with the sodium silicate sodium phosphate solution maintained at 80C for an solution. It is then run through a centrifuge and hour and then allowing the mixture to separate. Most of silicate solution discarded. the spent phosphate solution is drained from the tank, The oil is now run into a reaction tank with clay added the balance is washed from the oil with a water spray, through, a hopper. The resulting mixture is agitated and the oil is then decanted through a centrifuge and a allowed to settle, and then cleaned by pausing thmuch heater to another tank where 200-mesh (77 mesh per a second centrifuge. The oil is then run into a recer-uur centimeter) activated fuller's earth is added and the tank and allowed to cool. Finally', it is filtered and mu mixture agitated. This agitation with clay is maintained into storage tanks. for 15 minutes and the clay is allowed to settle out over When used without activated carbon, the process ;? night. The oil is again washed with hot water, decanted continuous with an output of 150 gallons per hour ' r>7 n through a centrifuge, and then dehydrated by passage litprs per hourj. When the activated-carbon treatment through a dehydrator nr filter. necessary, the process becomes a batch process with nr. The process is described as economical and capable of output of 500 gallons per day (1000 liters per day A* yielding a uniform product by varying the amounts of both clay and carbon retain about GO percent of th-ir reclaiming agents as determined by the analysis of the weight of oil, the process should be run with a minimum deteriorated oil. The method may be more economical of these materials. Oil in fair condition shows satisfuc*-::1 than reclaiming with clay alone for large quantities of characteristics when treated with 1 percent earho.-i * badly deteriorated oil. clay. 10 NPC00023999 * , ^ 770815 media are too wet for further use. Chief reliance has been is doubtful whether tho overall aridity of an oil will be placed upon inspection of the media, an increase in input much improved by the vacuum dehydration method. In pressure, or a lowering in dielectric strength of the filtered either type of dehydrator wunp means of nutoimli'-ally oil. Means are available that permit a continuous indica recirculating a very wet oil should be provided ns a tion of the water content of the outgoing oil. safety device to prevent an excessive water conlent in When the oil being processed contains much contamina the outgoing oil. tion. it is necessary to change the filter media at frequent 9.2. Reclaiming. The removal of deterioration products intervals. In some cases, tho use of a pre-coat applied to is usually accomplished by the use of reclaiming processes the filter medium increases both the efficiency of operation involving fuller's earth alone or in combination with and the length of time that the filter media may be used. certain chemicals. A number of these processes arc out Some filters are designed so that small beds of earth or lined below. clay may be built up in the press ta facilitate, the removaL of colloids. 9.2.1. Adsorbent Means. Fuller's earth, a naturally occurring clay with a fairly high surface activity, is the 9.1.2. Centrifuges. Another means for sepsratmg free material most frequently uad for reclaiming oils and is and suspended contaminantssuch aa carbon, water, sludge, the least expensive. It may be used in its original state, etc., from oil is the continuous centrifuge. In general, except for drying, crushing, and riling, or it may be the centrifuge can handle a much greater concentration of contamination than can the conventional filter but cannot remove some of the contaminants as completely as a filter. Consequently the centrifuge is generally found in use for rough bulk cleaning where large amounts of burned, water-washed, steam treated, or acid-treated. The processed clays are more active but also more expensive. Activated alumina is an efficient adsorbent for impurities found in oil; it is mechanically more stable, and may be reactivated. CHI treated with activated alumina show a contaminated oil are to be handled. Frequently the output marked rise in steam emulsion number. of the centrifuge is put through a filter for the final In general, reclaiming is done in accordance with one cleanup. Figure 2 shows such an application. of two methods: a) percolation through coarse clay using The centrifuge cannot remove dissolved water from the either gravity or pressure to force the oil through the oil, and since the centrifuge is sealed, with water, the clay, or b) contact at an elevated temperature with finely oil leaving the centrifuge may be saturated at the tem divided clay. Almost any- desired degree of reclaiming perature of operation and may contain more dissolved may be accomplished by either of the above methods. water than when it entered. Neither the centrifuge nor the filter is designed to treat the oil chemically. However, some types of centrifuges have been operated is conjunc tion with Auxiliary tanks containing chemicals such as activated carbon or sodium ailicato in order to facilitate the overall results. 9.2.1.1. Percolation by Pressure--Pressure percolation is similar to gravity percolation in general principle except that the oil is forced through the clay by a pump. Pressure percolators are commercially available and vary in me chanical detail, but all have a chamber to hold a container such ob a bag or cartridge filled with clay, The chamber 9.1.3. VacuumDehydrators. The vacuum dehydrator is is so designed that cal is admitted around the outride on efficient means of reducing the gas and water content of the clay pack and must pass through a certain amount of an insulating oil to a very low value. There arc two of clay before leaving the chamber. types of vacuum dehydrators in general use today. The These machine* are capable of processing large volumes guiding principle of both is the same: that is, the oil is of oil in a relatively short time. They accomplish this exposed to a high vacuum and heat for a short- interval by forcing the oil through a comparatively shallow depth of time. In one method the exposure of the oil is ac of clay at a pressure of about GOpounds per square inch complished by spraying the oil through a nozzle into a (400 kilonewtons per square meter) resulting in a short vacuum chamber. In another type of vacuum dehydrator contact time. Since the amount of clay is relatively the oil is allowed to flow'over a aeries of baffles inside a small with respect to the amount of oil, frequent rhiuige* vacuum chamber thus forming thin films so that a large of clay are required. surface is exposed to the vacuum. If the oil contains Specially treated clays are sometimes used for increa^d solid matter, it is advisable to pass it through some kind efficiency. The output is a graded one for the name rva-wiis of a filter before processing it in the vacuum dehydrator, that apply to the gravity percolation output, and the since solid contaminants may plug the nozzle of one type same control tests are used. of dehydrator or pass through either type without bring An advantage of such machined is that they may N' removed from the oil. brought to the job and used directly on the apparatus The operation of vacuum dehydrators is continuous. whose oil is to be reclaimed. They have been used nn In addition to removing water, vacuum dehydrators will energized equipment to a limited extent, and such use degas the oil and remove the more volatile acids. The will increase when proper safety procedures have 1 other acids, however, will be relatively unaffected and it developed. SF-V IT NPC00024000 jr 4 770816 10) Pour Point--D 97 (b) the length of time required before the appearance of The temperature at which insulating oil will just flow under the prescribed conditions is known as the pour point. The pour point has little significance as far as con (c) insoluble matter or excess acidity, or the length of time required for the oil to react with a given volume of oxygen tamination or deterioration is concerned but may be when a sample of oil is heated and oxidized under pre useful for type identification and for determining the type scribed conditions. of equipment in which it can be used. These tests ore generally applicable to new and/or 11) Resistivity--D 1169 reclaimed insulating oils, and D 2112 ia intended specif ically for inhibited oils. The resistivity (specific resistance) in ohm-centimeters Numerical correlation between results from these lab of an oil is the ratio of the direct potential gradient in oratory teste and years of service or sludge accumulation volts per centimeter paraHeiing the vutiait flow- within UL.tranjfonnea has yet to bo established. the sample to the current density in amperes per square centimeter, at a given instant of time and under prescribed conditions. A low resistivity normally indicates the presence of conductive contaminants, but the test has 17) Water far Insulating OH: Extraction Method--D 1115 Karl Flsdkar Method--P 1533 not been widely applied to service-aged oils. Water may be present in insulating oil in several forms. 12) Saponification ITumber--D 94 The presence of free water may be disclosed by visual examination in the form of separated droplets or os a The saponification number oi u oil is the number of cloud dispersed throughout the oil. This type of water milligram of potassium hydroxide which react with one invariably results in decreased dielectric strength, which gram of oil under prescribed conditions. Ahigh saponifica may be restored by filtration or other suitable means. tion number normally indicate! the presence of compounds Water in solution cannot be detected visually and is resulting from the oxidation of the oil, added compounds, normally determined by either physical or chemical means. or contaminants, but the test has not been widely applied Both methods cited are suitable for the determination to service-aged insulating oils of water in insulating oil and, depending upon conditions of sample handling and method of analysis, cap he used 13) Gas Content--D 831, D 1827 to estimate total-water as well ib soluble-water content The gas content of an insulating oil may be defined as the volume of gas per 100 volumes of oil. In*evaluating service-aged oil, this test normally has little significance in determining quality or serviceability of the oil. It will of oil. The unit of measure of the water is in parts per million. These tests are significant in that they will aho* the presence of water which may not be evident from electrical tests. have significance to the operator of apparatus when low 18) TfflPfi TaMHtef tw Inw itetbig fHI--T> 147) gas content is required. DBPC (i.e., 2, 6-ditertiary-butyi-para-cresol) ia an 14) Inorganic Chlorides cod Sulfates--D 878 oxidation inhibitor commonly used in insulating oil to This test indicates the presence of inorganic chlorides and sulfates by precipitation of insoluble salts by means of the usual analytical prooedures. The presence of inorganic chlorides or sulfates is an indication of cor rosivity of the oil and of the presence of contaminants. provide added protection against oil oxidation in insula tion systems partially or freely exposed to air during service life. Inhibitor effectiveness is a function of bass oil type, freedom,from contamination, and concentration. Consequently, a method is provided to assay concentra tion of this inhibitor in iwmilating oil. 15) Conceive Sulfur--D 1275 This test is designed to detect the presence of free sulfur and combined corrosive sulfur by subjecting copper to contact with oil under prescribed conditions. This test indicates the possibility of corrosion resulting from the presence of either free sulfur or unstable sulfur compounds. 19) Visual Examination Field Test--D 1524 This test gauges color and turbidity or cloudiness <d mi. oil, which may indicate the presence of free water ** sediment such as metal particles, insoluble sludge, carbon fibers, dirt, etc. If insoluble contaminants are pnn**et valuable information may be obtained by filtering the and identifying the residue. 16) Sludge--D 1313, D 1904, D 2112, D 2440 The siudge value for mineral insulating ail is an indica tion of its oxidation characteristics. It may be reported as: (a) the percentage of insoluble matter formed in a pre scribed length of time, or 20) Sediment and Soluble Sludge in Servlet-Aged Oft-- D 1698 This test distinguishes between miscellaneous "*' insoluble matter and oil-insoluble sludge and u signals the presence of oil-eoluble sludge. Under err* * NPC00024001 770817 no one test con be used ns the sole criterion of the condi personnel or contractors must be resolved on the basis tion of oil in service. It is possible, however, to summarise of factors applicable in each particular cose. the value and importance of the current tests and to suggest methods of treatment for the oil being examined, 6. SAMPLING such methods being based on current industry experience. Oils in servicemay be placed in the followingclassifications based upon the composite evaluation of significant characteristics. Group I : This group contains oils that are in satisfactory conditions for continued use. Group I I : This group contains oils that require only minor reconditioning for further service. (Reconditioning is the mechanical removal of moisture and insoluble con taminants. Typical means employed are filtering and centrifuging.) G roup I I I : This group contains oils in poor condition. They should be reclaimed or disposed of depending upon Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from tho standpoint of evaluation of the quality of the product sampled. Obviously, careless mpling procedures or contamination in the sampling equipment will result in a sample that is not truly representative. This generally leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and incurs extra tune, effort, aid s p a r e invulvut iirsecuring, transporting, and (sating the sample. It is very strongly recommended that all of the procedures and precautions outlined in the latest revision of ASTM D923 (Sampling Electrical Insulating liquids) be followed. economic considerations. (Reclamation involves the ure of methods and processes which result in a beneficial 7. OIL TBSTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE chemical change in the oil. Typical means employed are treatments with adsorption agents, acid refining, alkali treatment, etc.) Group I V ; This group contains those oils in such poor condition that it .is technically advisable to dispose of them. There are many testa that can be applied to insulating oil for classification purposes. It is recommended that tuts be the latest revisions accepted aa standards or tentative standards by ASTM. There tests and their significance are as follows: A S T M M*Mods 5. ECONOMIC FACTORS A review of experience and cost data obtained from many operators and users of transformers reveals a wide variation of practices and cost data involved in the reconditioning and reclaiming of oiL These differences axe mostly attributable to the type of system, field inspection operationa, and available laboratory and shop facilities. For example, an operator having a large number of poletype transformers installed over a large area may follow a different practice than one having large transformers in stations in a metropolitan area. In determining whether or not reconditioning and/or reclaiming or insulating oil is economically justifiable, a number of factors must be considered. Some of these factors are as follows: 1) cost of materials, 2) disposition of service-aged materials, 3) total cost of procere.veaua quality of end product, 4) . equipment maintenance and amortization, 5) coet of collection and storage of oil, 6) labor and transportation costs, 7) laboratory costs, 1) Neutralisation Number Approximate Acidity Field Teat Approximate Acidity and Polar *Contamination Spot Taft 2) Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 3) latarfaoal Taorioa Intcrfndal Tnrioo Field Teat 4) Power Faolor 3) Color 6) Vuaocity 7) Flashpoint 8) Steam Emulsion 9) Sptdfle Qrarity (Ratetira Deeaty) 101 Pour Point U) Bcnativity 12) Saponification Numbar 13) O ii Content 14) Inorganic CUoridw and Bulfats 15) Corroctro Sulfur 10) Suds* IT) Water in Lmdattex Ott: Extraction Method. Kari Fnchw Method 15) DBPC Inhibitor in Electrical IraruleUnf Oil 19) Visual Examination FWd Teat 20) Sediment and Soluble Sludca in Barrica-Aaod Oil 21) Refractive Index and Spadfle Optical Diapcnion D064, D 974 D 16i34 D 1902 D 8?7, D 1816 D 971 D 2285 D 924 D 1500, D 1634 D 88, D 445 D 2161 D ltt D 1036 D 1208 D 97 D 1169 DM D 831, D 1827 D 878 D 1276 D 1313. D 190 D 2112, D 3440 D 1316 D 1633 D 1473 D 1534 D 1688 D 1807 8) coat of new oil versus cost of reprocessed oil, 9) loss of oil during reprocesdng, 10) cost of inhibitors and blending process, I *'* value of service-aged oil when used for some other purpose. (One user reports that they utilise certain 1) Neutralization Number--D 664, D 974 Approximate Acidity Field Test--D 1834 Approximate Acidtty end Polar Contamination Spot Teet--D 1902 amounts of this oil for fuel purposes with a value of The neutralization number for servioe-aged oils is in between 7 and 10 cents per gallon.) general a measure of the acidic constituents of the TM The economic justification of whether reconditioning and may be pertinent, if oompared to the value for ib* and/or reclamation work is performed by company new product, to deteet contaminatitm by substances with NPC00024002 'TF m 770818 NPC00024003 770819 IV i1c -..j 0, - Vy .1 SPEC I FI CATION FOR NEW, UNUSED TRANSFORMER-TYPE ASKARELS FEBRUARY, 1975 PREPARED BY THE INSULATING FLUIDS SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE. IEEE TRANSFORMERS COMMITTEE mK>r ` > * NPC000240IM 770820 t"* 1. SC O P E AMD IN T R O D U C T IO N 1.1 - This specification covers bulk shipment In tank cars and drums of new synthetic, nonflammable ele ctrical Insulating liqu ids of the chlorinated aromatic type known as askarels which are used as Insulating and coolIng media In 1Iq u id -f1 1lad transformers. While th is specification Is Intended to cover the composi tion and characteristics of askerels for purchase only and does not apply to liq u id s In apparatus, a number of discontinued types are Included for purpo;>es of Id entification and h isto ric a l significance. DEFINITIOI 2.1 - Ask-irel Is a generic term describing a widely used broid class of nonflanmable synthetic halogenated hydocarbon Insulating liquids. Askarels of various compositional types are used. Under arcing conditions the gases produced, while consisting of predominantly noncombustlfale hydrogen chloride, can Include varying amounts of combustible gatas depending upon tha askarel type. 3. CAUTION 3.1 - Transformer askarels contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) considered by many to be an environmental con taminant. Proper handling and disposal procedures should be exercised to prevent their entry Into the environment. Such procedures a"a covered In the IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Transformer Askarel In Equipment, Std. 7>"197^* and In tha American National Standard, Guidelines for Handling and Disposal of Capacitor - and Transformer - Grade Askarels Containing Polychlorinated Biphenyls, C107.I. 09 7 *0 . k. S A M P L IN G AMD METHODS OF T E S T k.1 - The material shall ba sampled In accordance with ASTM Hethod D923* Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids, and tests shall ba conducted In accordance with the methods .of test listed In Table I I. 5. COMPOSITION 5.1 * Askarels covered by this specification are of several types which are mixtures having the approximate com positions In weight per cent as shown In Table 1. Some types of askarels are Included for Identification and h isto ric a l sign ificance. The components and respective percentages are descriptive of the m aterials In common use and are not Intended as part of th is specification which Is based on the physical, chemical and e le ctrical properties given In Table I I . NPC00024005 JSflW / m 770B21  1' V *y *. TABLE I A SK A R EL COMPONENTS IN W EIGHT PER CENT COMPONENTS Commercially available as of 1376 Hexach1orob1pheny1 t Pentach!orobIp h e n y P I ri A No 60 Type B No 65 Type C No IlE tl Yes 70 ZlE-L Yes t ip f Type G *\***>**. Nq .i. V Yes '- 65 . 60 T r1c h 1orobIp h e n y 1^ ) 80 100 TrI eh Iorobenzana ^ ) 60 30 60 T r i-tetrachlorobenzene(5) Phenoxypropane o x id e ^ 0.16 to 0.22 55 20 56 0.18 to 0.16 to 0.22 0.22 D le p o xld e -typ e com pound^) 0.115 to 0.135 0.115 to 0.135 0.115 0.115 to to 0.135 0.135 Note (1 ); Biphenyl ehlor I noted to e chlorine content of 60 weight per cent -- predominantly hexachlorob1phenyl but containing sig n ific a n t amounts of higher and lower chlorinated biphenyls. Note (2 ): Biphenyl chior(noted to a chirIna content of 56 weight per cent -predominantly pentachlorobI phenyl but containing sig n ific a n t amounts < higher and lower chlorinated biphenyls. Note (3) : Biphenyl chlorinated to a chlorine content of 62 weight per cent -predominantly trIchiorob i phenyl but containing sig n ific a n t amounts of higher and lower chlorinated biphenyls. Note (6 ); B a sica lly a mixture of Isomers of tri chlorobenzene but with smaller amounts of benzene chlorinated to other degrees. Note (5 ): Approximately a mixture of the Isomers of t r i chlorobenzene (731 by weight) end tetrachlorobenzene (272 by weight) but with smaller amounts of benzene chlorinated to other degrees. Note (6 ): ClycIdyl-phenyl ether. Note (7 ): 3.6-Epoxycyc1ohexyimethy1-3,6-Epoxyeye1ohexaneearboxy1ate 6. DETAIL REQUIREMENTS Askerels for use In transformers shall conform to the requirements proscribed In Table II. NPC00024006 fa tia te -2 t 770822 TABLE 1 DETAIL REQUIREMENTS FOR ASKARELS FOB TRANSFORMERS PROPERTY Type A lYP* ASTH Test Tv p . c Type P Method 14) Acidity, mgKOH/g, max. 0.014 Color, APHA, mnx. 150 Condition Clear Chlorides, Inorganic, ppm, max. 0.1 D ielectric Constant 9 100C 3-7 -to and 1 kHz 4.0 D ielectric breakdown voltage, , . kV, mtn. 35 Fire point Hone to Bol 11ng Pour point, *C, max. -32 Refractive Index 25*C 1.6130 to 1.6154 R e sistiv ity at 10DC, 500 Vd-c, ohm-cm, min. (2) 100x10? Scavenger content, per cent Phenoxypropane oxide 0.18 to 0.22 DIepoxide-type compound Specific Gravity ?15<56' C Viscosity, Seybolt Universal, s at 37.8c ''Iscoslty, kinematic cSt at 37.8C 1.560 to 1.568 52 to 56 6.0 to 9.2 0.014 150 Clear 0.1 3.8 to 4.3 0.014 150 Clear 0.1, 4.4 to 4.9 0.014 150 Clear 0.1 4.3 to 4.6 D97*. D6M D2129 ' (Visual) PI82I 0924 35 Nona to Bol 11ng -44 1.6068 to 1.6088 35 35 D877 Hone to None to Bo l1Ing B o l1Ing 092 -30 -30 D97 1.6146 1.6163 D1807 to to to 1.6166 1.6193 100x10? lOOxlO9 lOOxlO9 pi 169 0.115 to 0.135 1.560 to 1.571 0.115 to 0.135 1.412 to 1.425 0.18 to D1701 0.22 D1701 1.518 to 1.528 0T810 41 .to 45 4.6 to 5.6 50 to 56 to 55 61 7.4 to 9.2 to 8.9 10.6 D88. 0445 Coefficient of thermal expanslon'3) t Cm3/Cm3/*C Water content, ppm, max. 0.0007 30 Acidity,' mgKOH/g, max. Color. APHA, max, Condi Mon. Chlorides, Inorganic, ppm, max. D ielectric constant at 100C and 1 kHz D ie le ctric breakdown voltage, kV, min, Fire PoIntO) 0.0007 30 Type E -m 150 Clear 0.1 4.7 to 4.9, 35 None to Bi 1Ing 0,0007 0.0007 01903 30 30 01533 ASTH Test Type G Method (4) V - .014 , 0664 ISO 150 02129 Clear Clear (Visual) 0.1 0.1 01821 4.5 to 4.3 to 924 4.9 4.6 35 35 0877 Hone to None to B o llin g Bolling 092 NPC00024007 770823 " TABLE II - <Cont*d) PROPERTY Type E Type F Type G ASTH Test Method (6) Pour Point, *C, max. Refractive Index 9 25*C R e sistiv ity at 100Cf 500 V d-c. ohms-cm, m in,(2) Scavenger content, per cent Phenoxyppipene oxide Dlepoxide type compound Specific G n v lty 9 15-56*C Viscosity, SayboIt Universal, s at 37.6c -Ill 1.6260 to 1.6260 -62 1.6060 to 1.6070 -38 1.6110 to 1.6120 JOOxlO9 lOOxtO9 lOOxlO9 0.18 to 0.22 0.115 to 0.135 0.115 to 0.135 1.381 to 1.392 1.522 to 1.532 1.502 to 1.517 82 to 92 39 to 63 66 to 68 097 D1807 Dl 169 D1701 D1701 D1810 D88 Viscosity, kinematic, cST at 37.BC Coefficient of thermal expansion^) cmvcn>3/*c Water content, ppm, max. 16.2 to .18.6 0.0007 30 6.0 to 5.3 0.0007 30 5.5 to 6.8 0.0007 30 D665 D1903 D1533 Note (1 ): When testing for fir e point, pseudo-flash may be observed; It d iffe rs notlceet.ly from the flash obtained on combustible materials and Is not Indicative of a fir e hazard. Mote ( 2 l: If more convenient* a measurement of power factor may be made by A5TM Method D926, Test for Power Factor and D ielectric Constant of Electrical Insulating Liquids, In.place of the r e s is t iv it y measurement. Theoretics! considerations Indicate end experiment confirms that a strong s ta t is tic a l correlation e x ists between power factor ard r e s is t iv it y ; however, other factors modify In .practice the precise relationship predicted by theory. A power factor at 60 Ha end 100C that Is not In excess of 15 per cent shall be cons leered satisfactory. Note (3 ): These ere approximate values Included for .information only. Note (6 ); These designations refer to test methods under the Ju risd iction of Committee D27 on E le ctrical insulating Liquids and Gases of the American Society for Testing and H atarlals. NPC00024008 -6- t 770824 . :. L -i. _' r 1' ~j7. T . ^ ..L. - ^ ______________ f r t /Hr P L f e ? & ''s<2y&0->****-fr+ : . tx ^ --y P D /2 '/? & j > n . 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V-^~ * iv;f^ ~*."" *.* "'" T j & i ^ g ^ c e . % ?2-' s~3rr- ' * .-*'''"'4-- ... --t -'*- *:-!?- '--t~'- tf-Vtf.-":* % * :S *r-- *t*-*-** - - : _i .......... . . -t0^-*----- J L < * & S > w &#*****. NPC00024012 770828 . PJ*;-i .i^i,v . j -.->< k .;> *'r"-.- '-'^' ' . v-.' r ,r ` >>': j \ /.:.-, . .* ? fe--* --.;-}. -** 't '* : : r : Z \^ : .^ ;_7 ___i ."i7'7".!*Jrv*r"*- "f*' ' ^^L ; ,j:f</\ *i -. .r- >..V, . ` !. j' i *-.'j * l s ^ *:.. -. : ; r ' :' -.i' : . .. rSfA 'I' -: M * * * V v / ` '6 1 fS i I - ;^T'i 1*-'S `4 ---- Ir.. . -p---'- t PK.Tr >T^--.-- ; T .rT ; "-_.i-' ^Tv -.V : '{;' - Y / Jl ' : iv* J-^ ---*7^--jU-1 *'J' -*'-^V^i. ; ..' ! 1> ::- *i <*..* i -- --t*7~:.'z: /* ...........Y - t Y ;* <3-.V' Z-1*- v! - ' -- .... S ------- -- - NPC00024013 770829 *'- " -- . -i* T|;' iJ -% ?. i - al ^"t ' *'-, M - \ / ' J *' NPC0024014 770830 ..; *?:i- i ,.y ^ .* ;i .. . - ^ . . a . . . I. ( r t f s * ! * / '/* + * * < . -- Z U p V **K NPC00024015 770831 j. .Lm -* '%& y- " S - 7 . 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Addrvn Sccrvttry at: National Elaetrieal M m u fse tu rm Association 156 East 44th S t, Nw York, N. Y. 10017 Talaphona: 212 682-1 BOO MINUTES : PLACE OF MEETING: DATE AND TIME: MEMBERS PRESENT! Capacitor Working Group N. R. Clark E. G. Hammer J. F. Kuzela R. D. McClain E. M. Moore A. Pozefsky (CHAIRMAN) Transformer Working Group w. 3. Grogan F. R. Lengefeld E. L. Raab (CHAIRMAN) W. C. Reinhardt A. L. Rickley T. K. Sloat. MEMBERS ABSENT: Capacitor Working Group NONE Transformer Working- Group D. M. Crabtree MEETINGS OF CAPACITOR AND TRANS FORMER WORKING GROUPS; OF THE ANSI COMMITTEE-, C107, ON USE AND DISPOSAL OF ASKAREL AND ASKARELSOAXED MATERIALS O'HARE INN DES PLAINES, ILL. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 15, 1971 JOINT SESSIONS 10:i5 A.M. - ll:30 A.M. 3:30 P.M. - 4:30 P.M. SEPARATE SESSIONS OP THE WORKING GROUPS 11:45 A.M. - 3 : ^ 0 P.M. Universal Manufacturing Co. McGraw-Edison Power Systems Div. Sangamo Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Corporation Electrical Utilities Company General Electric Company Allis-Chalmers Corporation Union Electric Co. General Electric Company Central Moloney Tranaformer Div. Colt Industries Doble Engineering Company Westinghouse Electric Corporation Department of the Army Cap. & Transf. W/G of ANSI C107 b. - 1- December 15, 1971 NPC00024Q 2*3 ' - . . - . ' . ' "... 770841 OTHERS PRESEHTi *A. Barbaro **P. 6. Benignus **W. P. Papageorge A. M. Salazar CDC International Inc. Monsanto Company Monsanto Company NEMA Staff PRESIDING OFFICER: N. P. Papageorge, Chairman ANSI C107 Committee *Attended the Joint and Capacitor Working Group sessions only. `Attendance shared between all three sessions. I. APPROVAL OF PREVIOUS MINUTES This being the first meeting of these Working Groups, no previous minutes were submitted for approval. II. PURPOSES OF THIS MEETING It was noted that the background leading to the appoint ment of these two working Groups and the purpose of this meeting was given in the Secretary's letter of November 18, 1971 (EXHIBIT "A") The two Chairmen's agenda for the Capacitor and Transformer Working Group meetings are attached as EXHIBITS "B" and " C * , respectively.^ It was also noted that a brief outline of the Environ mental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Disposal Site (NDS) Study, was distributed prior to this meeting. A copy of the outline, which was prepared by Mr. Henry Johnson, Acting Project Manager, Hazardous Wastes Project, of the National Environmental Research Center, is attached as EXHIBIT "D".^ rJ ifrT S E S S IO N I III. BRIEF REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS OF INTEREST, SINCE THE SEPTEMBER 14, 1971 MEETING OF THE FULL ANSI C107 COMMITTEE______________ Mr. w. p, Papageorge briefed the members on the sub ject. A copy of Monsanto's recent press release on production fiqurs, which was referred to during this briefing, is attached as EXHIBIT mEm. Mr. PaDageorge also conducted a general review of bases that should be used in developing proposals for the Capacitor and Transformer guidelines, for the members1 information in proceeding with the separate Working Group meetings. Cap. 6 Transf. W/G of ANSI C107 - 2- December 15, 1971 NPC00024026 * 770842 Another joint session was held after adjournment of the separate working Group meetings, to compare the progress made at each meeting and arrive at a time and place for the next meetings I-----S P i f t W ! SE53HSTI or THE WORKING GROPPS IV. CAPACITOR WORKING GROUP Dr. A. Pozefsky, cnairwan SECRETARY'S NOTE The record of the results of the dis cussions at this meeting is recorded in Mr. R. D. McClain's letter of j December 31, 1971, attached as EXHIBIT "F". V. TRANSFORMER WORKING GROUP E. L. Raab, Chairman The record of the results of the discussions at this meeting were excerpted from the Chairman's notes, as follows: 1. Raab called attention to EEI Publication 6371 yP "A-C Network Operations, 1959-1961". Page 4 lists Failure rates for Area Surveyed. 2. Answers to five questions: No. Raab Reinhardt ~ r ~ 5000 5555 2 235 avg . (40-500) Range) 400 3 1 to 1. 3 1% 4 0.2 Less than 0.51 5 100,000 125,000 - 150, Allis-Chalmers (Grogan) a Westinghouse (Sloat) will check above figures with their records. First units were built in 1932 3. Discussion held on disposal of solids and liquid scrap: a. GE has done some study on vapor phase cleaning and results show 85-93% efficiency. Cap. & Transf. W/G of ANSI C107 -3- December 15, 1971 pt T* NPC00024027 770843 b. Flushing method of cleaning has proved less efficient. c. Firms identified for liquid and software dis posal were Rollins Perle, Chea-Trol and Globe Metals. E. Raab will take responsibility to write-up. fhis will include list of companies that handle waste plus a list of disposal methods, backed by efficiency of result. (Items 4 and on agenda). 4. Transformer General, Manufacturing and Repair Guidelines, should cover both manufacturing plants and service facilities, from receipt of liquid to installa tion. T. Sloat will be responsible for investigation and recommendations. Some items to be covered are: a. Mixture of fluid b. Disposal of non-returnable drums c. Treatment facilities employed in handling askarel. d. Handling of spills. e. Filling process (Item 2 of agenda) 5. operating guidelines for transformer users will be proposed by W. Reinhardt. This will include such things, as normal make-up, dealing with failures involving ruptured tank leaks, spills and inspection. Main con cern is environment. Special recognition should be given to submersible type units in vaults. (Item 5 of agenda). 6. Control of water and vapor effluents including recommended limits for water effluents, as well as identification of analytical procedures. To be reported on by W. S. Grogan (Items 3 and 7 of agenda). 7. Liquid and solid disposal services including iden tification of existing facilities and possible develop ment of new facilities will be handled by A, Rlckley (Item 8 of agenda) NPC00024028 Cap. & Transf. W/G of ANSI C107 - 4- December 15, 1971 V. V- .*'V- :i >i * 770844 8. Whether or not warning labels should be put on. Transformers and the wording will be investigated and recommended by F. Lengefeld. (Item 9 of agenda). 9. Comments should be mailed to the Chairman for distribution before next meeting, if possible. 10. Standardization of liquid not desirable for power transformers since the range of application is vide and what is best for one application is not necessarily the best for another. 11. The question of available substitutes will not be treated separately but should be covered in the "Pact Sheet". VI. TIME AND PLACE OF THE NEXT MEETING The Working Groups concurred that the next meeting ahould be at 8:30 A . M . , on February 8-9, 1972, at the Marriott Motor Hotel, Chicago, 111. VII. ADJOURNMENT There being no further business before the Working Groups, the meetings were adjourned at 4:30 P.M., having recessed for lunch between the hours of 12:00 P.M. - 1:00 P.M. AMS-.dk ATTS: EXHIBITS "A" - "F" A. M. Salazar, Secretary ANSI C107 Committee Cap. ft Transf. W/G of ANSI C107 - 5- December 15, 1971 NPC00024029 Wt< ...r 770845 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY GroupTPOieWbErRicDilERLIVtsEwRYreGiRtOOUpPontioi im wooiuwm *v c rm u m e , mau. eisei . . , til au* com a u S u b ject! dKSI 1QRKIHG QBOUP OK TRANSFQBflRS NITTSFICLO MATERIALS AND TKCMNOLOGY LA DONATO NY P itts f ie ld , Ifaee. Decenbor 9 , 1971 Messra, D. M, Crabtree, V, 5. Grogan, F. R. Lengcfeld, W. C. R e in h e rit,* A. L. Rickley, T. X. S lo at, F. G, Benignus, V, P. Pepegeorga, \A . U. S alasar, A. Fosefalqr, Dept, of the Ax^r Allic-Chclmara tfaion E lec tric Oexstral Moloney Doble Engineering factlngbouee Maneento Monsanto H..U.A. General E lectric Gentleasn: Xt has been suggested th a t our voridng group an trax u fo r a r e Should bo prepared to dlecuaa tho following ite a s during our oobodulod n ettin g l a Chicago on Deoevber 19. Should a y additional Ita a a occur to youf piece l o t do Tata*, plana i a 413-443-3911 extanrion 2279 1 A " fa c t" boat fo r d istrib u tio n to ^ par atue u ssrs, le g is la tiv e bodies, tbo public, a te. 2. Tranafoxnar naufacturing a d rep air guidallnaa fo r affective p lan t housakacplng and a ^ lo y a c aafety. 3. Control of v o ter and vqpor e fflu e n ts, 4. Diapoeal of aancfacttxrlng so lid and liq u id a c r ^ fro n production failuiea tr ^ /a r ecoturinstion, 9. Qridslinaa fo r tranafornar uoera. 6 . ttep o eal of f ie ld fa ilu re so lid and liq u id 7 Staadardiaad a n aly tical proeaduzas. 8 liq u id and aolid dlapoaal aan rio |a. NPC00024030 Q 770846 * I b i i n . 0 . U. Crabtree V. 3 .' Grogan P. H, Lengefeld V, C. R einhardt Ai L. R icklay Ti X S lo a t P . 0 . Benignus V. P. Papageorge A. XI. S a la a r A. P osefaty . -2 - Daoeaber 9 , 1971 Undoubtedly, ve 111 have t o decide h a t l e needed, e t a b l i oh m o rd e r o f p r i o r i t y , and i n i t i a t e etepe t o d r a f t re c o w e n d a tlo n a fo r- canalder a t i on ty the f u ll Transformer dubeoamittee. I n a d d itio n t o th e above l t e a a 'a t our M e tin g on November 11, U s a i . W, C, R einhardt and I, L. JUab agreed t o o b ta in th e fo llo w in g in fo rm atio n free th e ir co^anlea If poedble: 1 . i n in A ie tiy e s t l a a t e o f th e number o f a tk a r e l tr n a f o r m e r e made eaeh year. 2 . The average l iq u i d volume i n an aakaxel tr a n a f o z s a r . 3. i n e e tlm a te o f th e p ro d u c tio n f a i l u r e ira te. A. in eetlm ate o f th e f a ilu re ra te of tranaform ere In aerv io e. 3 . An e e tlm a te o f th e t o t a l tim b e r o f a a k a re l t r a n a f o n m n I n aervioe (em ulative) Should tM a in fo rm t! he av ailab le, azy tb ln g , t o do l^fc i t . \ ELRiml % \ \ ahould aleo d e o id e A a t, I f V e x y tp u ly y our e , I . L. Baab mar la tid ng Qroup . .M 4 t& " : NPC00024031 .-J 770847 f NATIONAL EWINOWCNTAL RESEARCH CENTER CINCINNATI, OHIO 452C8 Doctahar . 1971 Kr. R. 6. 8m im m > Cbalrtan ANSI Cl07 Stealing Cenwlttat lioiucnto Cm m y 800 North Llntaergh Boulevard 0-2 South St. Louis, M u t a l i 43U6 Oear *r. Benignai: >%*. Al Salazar hit ashed that I prtaipo a brief eotttne of tho Env1 ro-- aatal Rrotactlea Agtacy's (ERA} National Citatasi Sita (NOS) study to that this Infornati will bo availtali far tat Oactair IS n n t l M of tho tal a a t t a group. Ai I statai at tha Notataor 11 C 1 W tatting, tho pPkct tails with tho preble of disposing of hazardous asta atarialt. Congress hai aandatad this work 1n Saetlta 212 of tho Ristarci Recovery Act of 1910 (tneleetd). In-hcuso aftarta, lettrogmcy agnoamts, and ceotrnoto 111 ho used to sreitallah tho six emmratad goals In Soctfoo 212 of tho Act. The foilsuing a n ttaks that will have to be ptRforaed In ordir to cotalata this project: 1. Hazerdoos l ute Survey A contract as lot July 1 1971 to Boes-Allto Rataorta, Inc. to prepare a list of haxardooa wastes which should ba sdbjact to special disposal techniques. The locations, quantities, and gen eratlen rates of theta aaterlals will be included as port of the listing. I 2. Rpta-- nded Hethods of Disposal POOR Pinal steps are being taken to ward a contract for this task, QUALITY tathods of reduction, neutralization, recovery, or disposal of the aaterlals listed 1n task 1 will be recomended. ORIGINAL i 3. Inventory of Potential Sites The physical, hydrological, chentcal, cllntologlcal, disaograplil cal, etc., requirements necessary fbr various acceptable methyls EXHIBIT NPC00024032 0^ 770848 * r. 8n1nus - Page Z w in bs lis te d end an Inventory made o f those a v ailab le s ite s sa tisfy in g th ese reqvriram nts . 4 . F unctional Makeup Qasad upon th e rirn -- n iad d isp o sa l o e th e d i , th e fu n c tio n a l nalte* up d e s ig n s f a r n o d a l d is p o s a l s i t e s t r i l l b e d e v e lo p e d in c l u s i v e o f necessary equipm ent physical la y o u t, sa fe ty ra q u lra n a a ts, and costs on a u n it b asis. 5. C o s t- S h a r in g P la n Using th e p ro je c te d u n it e a sts f r m th e fu n ctio n al d esig n , an Investigation w ill be aide of eq u lttele cost-sharing program , Incentive, tax sh e lte rs, st* s Id le s, lo an s, etc. b. P te llc A cceptance Plan A ttltu d ln a l research w ill he conducted to develop a pu b lic w a re naes progrm fo r the d lssm in atio n of lo fb ro stlen on hazerdoas w astes, th e ir undesirable e ffe c ts, and the n ecessity o f a systen o f s i t u to proporly handle these u aetes. 7. R e q u ire d l e e l s l a t l o n An 1 n v e e t1 g e t1 e n w i l l b e n s d a o f t h e e x i s t i n g l e g a l h o s e s an d additional le g isla tio n necessary to lip ls m n t th e proposed syateo of sites. B. Com puter Medal A reathsoattcal nodal rill be developed to optlsrtzo the lo catio n o f MDS b a a e d upo n q u m t l t l o s , l o c a t i o n s , g e n e r a tio n r a t e s , t r a n s oortatlon d istances, e tc . 9. R e p o rt t o C o n arao a A ll th e la fo rm tlo e generated In th e teove lis te d ta sk s w ill be used to propere a fin a l rep o rt to Congress. The rep o rt w ill deal w ith th e fe a s ib ility o f N ational M sp etal S ite s and w ill o u tlin e researd i needed to develop technique fo r handling those w astes fo r w hich we p re se n tly have no adequate m ans o f d isp o sa l. PI*..- . NPC00024033 - 770849 i4 r. Benigna - Page 3 If you need any further Infornati, please feel free to contact Sincerely your*. enclosure /CC! Hr. Al Salazar Mr. H. P. Papageorge Henry Johnson Acting Project Manager Hazardous Wastes Project - K H '*' * : NFC00024034 770850 '1 nsuio tjM *. w cao.w of this Act m tbs operation or administration property or facility, or the performance of such; frtfae case may be. (2Yvgseh Executive agency whidt^onduets any ictivity->v (A ) w Sdupnentra solidjruta, and (B) w hiehpf conductecHiy a person other than such agency, woul&xeqdfr* a permit or licenae from such agency in on)errajlispoea of such olid waste, shall insure comphidme wiOKeuch goidelinea and the purposes of thirX ct inoonductousuch activity. (3) Each Executive agency whirf^nermita the ass of Federal praffecty for purposes of dispcaalof solid waits shall in jm compliance with such guiofeiinas and the purpose of this Act in the disposal of aoen i ) T heFiraideotdull prescribe ragulstia&sYnfany this subsection. (b) Each Executive agency which iraues any license o . permit for dispoeal of solid waste d u ll, prior to the is^ suanoe of such license or permit, o ccu lt with the Sacra* tarv to insure compliance with guiddinra taeonunanded under section 200 and the purposes o f this Act. NATIONAL DlflnCA L M R S STOTT Sec. 211 u The Secretary shall submitto the Cangrcra a* Inter than twp yean after the date o f enactment of the Brooms Raoovuy Act o f 1970, a oomprehenflivo re port and pian for tba erection of a system of national disponi s t a for the stango end d ir e n i o f liaxairiora wastes, imJndfaj radioactive, teore chcmieal. biological, and other wades which may endangvr public health or welfare. Such report ihnU include: (1) a n t of materials which should be subject to disponi in any n eh sits; (ft) oam nt methods o f disposal of each m aterial;!*) reoomraidad irwthodi of reduction, naotnllxancn, re covery, or disposal of each materiate; -(4) an inventory of poraible sites including existing land or water dis pera] rites operated er llranand fay Federal agencies; (5) an **--* of the orai o f developing and maintaining A ra including consideration of means for distributing the short- and long-term costa of opraating such sites among the users thereof; and (6) such other informatiap as may ha appropriate. u a o a stakoj Sec. 213.'* project of construction under this Act- shall bc^fcdaujnlsss tlie Secretary finds that the applicatinnyrinteins aruTSoppgrted by reason- SIS Vy H r. 1M lb) lM tB) of r.r* s i - s i s . rodsi***t*d I* 1_______ 12 v j'l.-c,- 'p* y * ' ' -i. *. 'fidfe .r iS r f c - NPC00024035 (IW iRir .--1 770851 Westinghouse Electric Corporation , Deceefcer 31, 1971 k 5 4 1 , lootaiofto. Ind <7401 Dr. A. Pozefsky, Chairman C-107 Capacitor Working Group General Electric Company Engineering Department Hudson Falls, New York. 12839 Dear Dr. Pozefsky: Attached 1s a copy of ny notes from the ANSI C-107 Capacitor Working Group meeting held at the O'Hare Inn, Chicago, on December 14, 1971. Hr. R. J. Boadreau of your Advanced Development Laboratory has sent ^ me a copy of the Hygienic Guide Series on Chiorodlphenyls. By copy of ' this letter to other menfcers of our Working Group, I am so lic itin g any sim ilar material they may wish to submit for use 1n preparing the f ir s t draft of Capacitor Plant Housekeeping! and Employee Safety. It Is s t i l l ay intent to submit this by January 17, 1972. . Sincerely, Robert D. McClain, Manager Capacitor Uh1t Engineering R0McC:kb cc: A. M. Salazar, NEMA Headquarters N. R. Clark, universal Manufacturing Co^any E. G. Hammer, McGraw Edison J. F. ICuzela, Sangamo Electric Dr. E. M. Moore, Electric U tilitie s F. R. Lengefeld, Union Electric P. G. Benignus, Monsanto W. P. Papageorge, Monsanto , ./ h i Bk h i b i t NPC00024036 770852 Hlnutes of Meeting, O'Hare Inn, Chicago, Illin o is , December 15, 1971, ANSI C-107 Committee on Use and Disposal of Askarel and Askartl-Soaked Materials, Working Group on Capacitors: Meeting called to order by Dr; A. Pozefsky, Chairman. 1. In a b rie f, preliminary discussion, three aspects of the problem were discussed: A. B1odegradeab1lity. Attempts to establish degradeabllIty and degradation rates for the diffe rent homologues and Isomers of polychlorinated biphenyl have been attempted by several different methods. Statements o f "h a lf l i f e " cannot be made at th is time. B. L a n d fills. Migration o f burled material through sand has been In dicated as being very slow. Disposal s it e s , used for radio active wastes, have been used on the basis o f no surface or subsurface runoff. C. National Disposal S ite s. Mr. Henry Johnson, Acting Project Manager, Hazardous Hastes Project, National Environmental Research Center, C1nc1nnat1o, Ohio, has pointed out the study being conducted under Section 212 o f the Resource Recovery Act o f 1970. 2. Following a recess for lunch, the group considered the agenda proposed by Dr. Pozefsky (December 3, 1971). I t was oenerally accepted that the outline would serve as a basis for generating a f i r s t draft o f proposed procedures and standards for the use and disposal o f PCB's 1n capacitors. Assignments for f i r s t drafts by mid January were made by the Chairman: A. Capacitor Plant Housekeeping and Employee Safety - Westlntfiouse, R. D. McClain. J B. Control o f Hater E fflu en ts, and ( C . Control o f Vapor* Effluents - General E le c tric Coa^any, Dr. A. Pozefsky. D. Disposal o f Production Failures E. Disposal o f Field Failures F. Disposal of Liquid and So lid Scrap 1. Power Capacitors - Line M aterial, Elmar H a v e r 2. Small Capacitors - Universal Manufacturing Company, Ray Clark E le c tric U t ilit ie s Conpeny, Dr. E. M. Moore ____ Consideration w ill also be given to possible la b e llin g procedures. G. Industry Standard on Askarel Composition - Monsanto Company, P. 6. Benignus F ` H IBIT * - JUb NPC00024037 770853 Minutes of Meeting, O'Hare Inn, Chicago, Illin o is , December 15, 1971, ANSI C-107 Committee on Use and Disposal of Askarel and Askarel-Soaked Materials, Working Group on Capacitors: Meeting called to order by Dr-. A. Pozefsky, Chairman. 1. In a brief, preliminary discussion, three aspects of the problem were discussed: A. B1odegradeab1lity. Attempts to establish degradeabll1ty and degradation rates for the different homologues and isomers of polychlorinated biphenyl have been attempted by several different methods. Statements of "half lif e " cannot be made at this time. B. Landfills. Migration of buried material through sand has been In dicated as being very slow. Disposal sites, used for radio active wastes, have been used on the basis of no surface or subsurface runoff. C. National Disposal Sites. Mr. Henry Johnson, Acting Project Manager, Hazardous Wastes Project, National Environmental Research Center, Cinclnnatio, Ohio, has Dointed out the study being conducted under Section 212 of the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. 2. Following a recess for lunch, the group considered the agenda proposed by Dr. Pozefsky/(December 3, 1971). It was generally accepted that the outline would serve as a basis for generating a f ir s t draft of proposed procedures and standards for the use and disposal of PCB's 1n capacitors. Assignments for f ir s t drafts by mid January were made by the Chairman: A. ^Capacitor Plant Housekeeping and Employee Safety - Westlnghouse, R. D. McClain. B. Control of Water Effluents, and C. Control of Vapor Effluents - General Electric Company, Dr. A. Pozefsky. D. Disposal of Production Failures E. Disposal .of Field Failures F. Disposal of Liquid and Solid Scrap 1. Power Capacitors - Line Material, Elmer Harnner 2. Small Capacitors - Universal Manufacturing Company, Ray Clark Electric U tilitie s Company, Dr. E. M. Moore v,___ Consideration will also be given to possible labelling procedures. G. Industry Standard on Askarel Composition - Monsanto Company, P. G. Beni gnus. NPC00024038 770854 2 H. Solid Disposal Services - Electric U tilitie s Conpany, Dr. E. M. Moore. I. Standardized Analytical Procedures - Electric U tilitie s Company, Dr. E. M. Moore and General Electric Company, Dr. A. Pozefsky. The Chairman requested that firs t drafts and reports be submitted to him by January 17, 1972, with copies distributed to other members of the group, 1n order to expedite reviews prior to the next meeting 1n Chicago at the Mariott Hotel, February 8 and 9, 1972. Robert D. McClain Acting Secretary NPC00024039 770855 G E N E R A L OEm E L E C T R I C C OMP ANY JOHN S TM T. HUDSON PALIS. N fW T O 12IW . . . AMA COO S II. Tt i l PHON? 747.3)41 INDUSTRIAL AND POWER CAPACITOR DEPARTMENT ANSI WORKING GROUP ON CAPACITORS Dtcasitxr 3, 1971 Messrs: N. R. Clark., Universal Mfg. Co. E. G. Hanmer, McGraw-Edison J. F. Kuzela, Sangamo Electric R. D. McClain, Westinghousa E. M. Moore, Electric Utilities P. G. Benignus, Monsanto W. P. Papageorge, Monsanto L. A. M, Salasar*12346789 E. L. Raab The following la the agenda of items I feel ve should be prepared to discuss during our meeting In Chicago on December IS. 1. Capacitor Plant Housekeeping and Employee Safety. 2. Control of Water Effluents. 3. Control of Vapor Effluents 4. Disposal of Production Failures. 3. Disposal of Field Failures. 6. Disposal of liquid and Solid Scrap. 7. Need for Industry Standard on Askarel Composition. 8. Solid Disposal Services. 9. Standardised Analytical Procedures. I anticipate that ve will want to first decide which of these areas are In need of national control standards and procedures and to Initiate steps to formulate the appropriate recommendations of this Coonlttee. Please let me know of there are any other Items you feel should be added to this Agenda. My phone is 518-747-3341. NPC00024040 A.- PPoo se aaffasiVc yv *' Chairman-Capacitor Working Group /kv EXHIBIT b s tm - x m - 770856 4/ i -- j - f t. t i + - A A A C ^ ~ > ? P C 7 5 Z ^ ( s /Z P - < - ^ j ' ? < o / 7 / ^ Quf & * / f i f e s / * /) It) V y 6r- Z 7 / f 7 / ^ 5 y J P iC x J c 4 'x ~ u t* j4 \ I / 0 2 Z Z f~ * w *7 C z ^ - ^ i P ^ \ i/ C l- y > - f'i Z t p J Z / J / l ' b `< Z*?-*L , . 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T h * E n g ln a a r reporting It r o t p o n t lb U o r ^ ^ r r r t d a llv c t y f K l* ra p a rti ta o ll In ta ra ita d p a ri ans /mni (or l a a i n g tlia t o ll p a in t * r a g u ir t n a c t io n a r a la a t a d up w itKaw t d e la y . 2 P a r lang raport* g iv a o lu m m ary o I Im portant p o in ts end roeam m andatlons. P a r HlaitfnpKowia Rapraiarrtatlaa only. dat e December 21, 1971 ---------------- -- -- ---------- DATL Of ARRIVAL AT PROrtRTT oATc or lcavim ORDINAL TO ISSUING DEPARTMENT'S FILE NO. COPY TO i (FOR REPORT DISTRIBUTION GUIDE - REFER TO REVERSE S 1OE OF THIS SHEET) ry' Sharon Works, M L - 1 7 *** H. R. SheoDard Toror^Works, KL-381 Sharon Works, ML-0L5 m - R. L. Schwab __"5___ J. Riasinger Bloomington Works South Boston Works R. 0. McClain R- G. C. Wilburn D Sharon Works. ML-024 MR. R. L. RidsBAchp.r n Sharon Works. ML-082 _______ C. E. Hutchison_________ MR. MR. MR. MR. MR . MR MR. MR. MR . MR. MR. MR. MR . VISIT - NAMF NEG. LOCATI ON G. 0. S.O. SER. 0. PURPOSE of t r i p ANSI C-107 Meeting conference h e l o a t Chicago, 111. THOSE PRESENT d a t e Dec. 15, 1971 SUMMARY i 4 A meeting of the transformer and capacitor working groups of ANSI C-107 was held to delegate work assignment to the various members. The purpose of the work is to provide industry gui.d e for the proper and safe handling of Askarels to prevent environmental pollution. ionio (ino iNCtt) Fluid Insulation Section / / /, W. / DIVISION APPROVED Transformer Division X . . / NPC00024042 V / / / / u6cation / Z ' 9 Sharon Works *A*[ 1 770858 Chicago, December 15, 1971 MEETING ANSI C-107 USE AND DISPOSAL OF ASKARELS AND ASKAREL SOAKED MATERIALS PRESENT: Transformer Group Capacitor Group E. L. Raab, General Electric W, S. Grogan, Allis-Chalroers F. R. Lengefeld, Union Electric W. C. Reinhardt, Central Moloney A.C. Rickley, Doble Eng. T. K. Sloat, Westinghouse A. Pozefsky, General Electric N. R. Clark, Universal Mfg. Co. E. G. Hararner, McGrow Edison R. D. McClain, Weatinghouse E. M. Moore, Electric Utilities P. G. Benignus, Monsanto, Ex. Officer W. P. Papageorge, Monsanto, Ex. Officer A. M. Salazer, ANSI The meeting opened with Mr. Papageorge presenting the lastest inform ation on the government status on the PCB's. 1. The Toxic Chemical Act will probably not be passed by the present congress but it appears fairly certain it will be handled under this act, that is, the controls on PCB's. 2. 22 Other Congressmen have now co-aponacred a third bill of Congressmen Ryan banning all PCB's. It does not appear as though this bill will get out of committee. 3. The EPA has been active in Alabama at the Monsanto plant. The effluent from the plant contained about 50-100 ppb. and based on the flow represented about 0.3/day. This is not acceptable on a long term basis. {*. The state of Michigan's Water Resource Conmission has been attacking big industry for PCB's in water effluent coming from hydraulic systems. A zero level is required. 5. Several groups have raised the question of air contamination by PCB'6 but no studies are underway. n 6. A meeting is to be held in Durham, N. C., December 20 and 21 " sponsored by the National Institutes of Health to hear a group of papers by domestic and foreign scientists on their studies of PCB's and effects on human biology. Approximately 100 people will attend. Documents will be made available of this meeting. NPC00024043 770859 ' NSI-C-107 Page 2 In spite of the vast amount of data available to the FDA they have not made a ruling or regulation on the PCB's. 8. Mr. Papageorge distributed to the members present production figures for the Aroclora from 1960 to date. It was decided that Monsanto would prepare a fact sheet of the question and answer type for distribution to all interested parties. This fact sheet will be ready for review at the next committee meeting. The committee then broke into the transformer and capacitor groups for work assignments. Transformer Group The following assignments were made to provide information to be made into an ANSI document. 1. ^Transformer manufacturing and repair guidelines for effective plant housekeeping and employee safety. - T. K. Sloat 2. Guide line limits for control of water and vapor effluents. W. S. Grogan 3. Disposal of manufacturing solid and liquid scrap from production failures and/or contamination. - E. L. Raab 4. Guidelines for transformer users. - W. C. Reinhardt 5. Disposal of field failure solid and liquid scrap. - E. L. Raab 6. Standardized analytical procedures for water and air. - W. S. Grogan 7. Liquid and Solid disposal services. - A. L. Rlckley 8. Warning Labels and disposal. - F. R. Lengefeld Each person is to submit drafts of his assignment to the chairman prior to next meeting for distribution to other members. The following questions were proposed and answers by GE and Central Moloney given. Westinghouse and A1116 Chalmers were asked to also respond. 1. An industry estimate of the number of askarel transformers are made each year. GE 3000 Moloney 3500 2. The average volume of liquid in an askarel transformer. GE 235 gal. Moloney 400 gal. NPC00024044 770860 A N SI-C -107 Page 3 An estimate of production failure rate. GE 1-1.3% Moloney 1.07. 4. An estimate of the failure rate of transformers in service. GE 0.21 Moloney 0.51 5. An estimate of the total number of aakarel transformers in service (cumulative). GE 100,000 Moloney 125,000 The following items were of Interest; 1. The General Electric Company has on order an incinerator for April startup which will destroy liquids and solids soaked with aakarel. They are considering making this service available to customers. 2. The General Electric Company is considering a vapotherm type of treatment of core and coll assemblies to wash out PCB's prior to scrapping the assemblies. It has been shown to be an efficient way to clean the askarel from the core and coil. 3. The General Electric Company at Pittsfield and Rome use Aroclor 1254, 85%, and tri-tetra chlorobenzene, 15% for all transformers. The transformer and capacitor groups met again for final information. The assignments of the capacitor group were as follows. 1. ^Housekeeping and plant safety. - R. D. McClain 2. Guidelines for handling water and vapor effluents. - A. Pozefsky 3. A.S.T.M. will be asked to provide methods for determination of Askarels in materials and air. The next meeting will be held February 8 and 9 at the Marriott Hotel*^ in Chicago. Individual assignment drafts to be sent out by January 26. NPC00024045