Document y7M4YQkY8qMQGDbzj8JBMkQE

FILE NAME: Oil Industry and American Petroleum Institute (API) DATE: 1945-1950 DOC#: API188 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: API History of the Subcommittee on Carcinogenicity r*. API 04616 23- examns., gas-works tar and pitch were responsible for 70*2$ of the cases while coke-oven tar and pitch were held responsible for only 5 ^ Coke oven tar Is much the less injurious especially when cognizance is taken of the fact that coke-oven tar is used much more extensively. The presence of olefins in gas-works tar seemB to be of particular importance and may be a cause of oil cancer. Occupational cancer does not occur in the briquet mfg. industry. Mineral oils vary in carcinogenic activity according to their olefin or unsatd, hydrocarbon content. There is no method for.the detn. of the amt, of olefins in the various erode oils; if such a method existed, it would be possible to measure the cancer- producing power of mineral oils. Cancer is not attributable to the occu- pagion of mule spinner in the U.S., possibly because of the carefully refined lubricating oils used on the machines, thus ensuring relative freedom from olefins or unsatd. hydrocarbons. . in, Henry, S. A. Study of Tatal Cases of Cancer of the Scrotum. J. Am, Med. Assn., 102, 1667 (1937) 1*1*, Hieger, I, , Spectra of Cancer-producing Tars and Oils and of Related Sub stances. Bioeham. J . , 2U, 50^-11 (1930) . 1*5. Hoffmnn, J . L. Mule Spinners Cancer. Monthly Labor Rev, of U.S., 27, U57- U75 (132S) . 1*6. Hoffman, V. J. Industrial Cancer. Prevent, Med., 6, 7**3^ (1936) Vne of the seven types of industrial cancer discussed is cancer of skin in workers exposed to coal, tar, pitch, soot, shale, petroleum and arsenic. They may cause an epitheliomatous form of cancer. 1*7. Bogotineng, L. The Caacerlgenic Hydrocarbons from Tar and the Tarring of Roads. Aon. Hjrg. Publ. Sociale, 2J, 1-7 (1939) The cancerigenio hydrocarbons found in coal tar produce skin cancer in exposed workers usually only after direct contact with the skin for long periods of tima* It is believed that man is much more resistant to the aotion of these materials than lab. animals. , . 1*8. Hueper, W, C. Cancer in Relation te Occupation end Environment. Bull. Am. Soc. Control Canner. 25, Vo, 6 (June, I9U3) Owing to indastrial development, the general population and factory workers in particular, are exposed to.maqr new environmental factors, many of which a n disease producing. Occupational cancers are caused by numerous chemical and physical agents. Among them are the heavy metals, nitratas, aromatic ym-tee compounds, benzol, asbestos, mineral oil, soot, ` radio-active substances, ultraviolet radiation and X-rays. The author cites statistics taken mainly from the records of industrial concerns, but points out their shortcomings. Cancer of the urinary tract due to coal-tar is the most recent alii* tion to the list of occupational cancers. It is most frequent in the aniline dye and related industries.. - ^9. Home Office, Rept. of Departmental Comm, to Consider vidence e to Occurrence of Bpitheliomattais Ulceration Among Mule-Spinners. (London, 1926) Contains a bibliography on cancer among petroleum refiners. API 04639 FOR INFORMATION ONLY - NOT FCT. PUBLICATION A CONTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION TO 7MBERS OF A.T.I. ^DICAL ADVISORY CO?7rITTZE SHELL OIL COMPANY, INCORPORATED WOOD RIVER RESEARCH LABORATORIES REPORT HO. M-12U7 JULY 2, 19^5 'SUBJECT: CARCUtOGEHIC HYDROCARBONS ARP RELATED COMPOUNDS A LITERATOEE REVIEW AUTSCB; H. H. ZUItSMA API 04653 (coKFnmriAi) & } 2. Field studies In the petroleum industry show that several thousand employees have dally or frequent contact vith thle material or blends of this material; while it is estimated that tens of thousands of customers are potentially exposed to blends of this material. The above evidence indicates that the petroleum industry is faced vith a eerlous potential cancer problem. There are many unanswered questions concerning the nature of this hazard and hov It might be prevented or controlled. These questions can only be answered by carrying out a program of medical research along the lines which the Medical Advisory Caanlttee is recommending. In case more detailed information is desired, it can be arranged for a member of the Medical Advisory Caanlttee to discuss this question with members of the Safety Ccaanlttee or Executive Committee of the Board of Directors. Ub? ft p, " (m e) API 04741 SELECTED REFESEKCES ggegensen, Cushman D. Occupational neoplastic disease. Vol. X7, April 1931. P* & 1 . The American Journal of Cancer, Heller, lore Occupational cancers. p. 169 The Journal of Industrial Hygiene, May 1930 ' Henry, S.A. Occupational in industry. p. 389. cutaneous cancer British Medical attributable to certain chemicals Bulletin, Vol, L, Ho. 5-6, 19^7, Hueper, V.C. Occupational tumors and allied diseases. Publisher. 19^2. p. 896. Charles C. Thomas, Phillips, Quarles The relationship between skin cancer and occupation in Texas; a review of 1569 verified lesions occurring in 1190 patients. Texas State Journal of Medicine. January, 19^1, p. 613. Schwartz, L., Tulipan, Louis, and Peck, S.M. Occupational diseases of the skin. Chapter XVL - Dermatoses caused by petroleum, p. 232. Lea & Pebiger, Philadelphia 19^7. U.S. Public Health Service Disabling morbidity, and mortality from cancer among the male employees of an oil refining company with reference to age, site, and duration, 1933-38. inclusive, by William M. Gafafer. Public Health Reports, August 23, 19^0, p. 1517. 3 ^ the next session; and the moderator of each panel will present a summary at the .geral meeting at the close of the conference, The proceedings of the meeting he published in the Society's magazine and other Journals. Pf, Hoag was glad that the petroleum industry is being represented so that in#ccurate statements may be corrected. He cited as an example the tendency of ^informed persons to say that refined paraffin wax produced cancer. He felt the various companies should try to get the facts to the employees and said tbst he is preparing an article for Socony's employee magazine titled "Some Things You Should Xnow About Cancer*. and including some discussion of skin cancer. Ilf, Cole was of the opinion that all these recent developments were forcing the petroleum Industry to take action. He suggested that all A P I companies should institute the indicated control steps soon. It. Xelly reported that a bulletin "Environmental Cancer" has been published by the Satlonal Cancer Inetltute and is available from the Superintendent of Documents Washington, L.C. at a price of twenty cents. Dr. Drank reported that local management was supporting his medical program and that more information (possibly Including pictures) from the API would be helpful in informing management more thoroughly of the problem. Dr, Swan stressed the importance of any publicity or information being accurate gad complete. Dr. Levis said that In the matter of giving out information it was essential to b factual and to create the opportunity for its release. Nr. Stroop believed that the publicity problem was not so disturbing; that the API had a good defense against possible misstatements because of the investigations sow in progress by the API and the individual companies. Sr. Mackenzie said that with the Cancer Society now. in the picture, added velgit would be given to the problem. He cited reports on incidence of skin cancer among Tsrlous groups and reconaended that in all information releases, the complete story be given to show that there are other things than certain petroleum products which may cause skin cancer. Sr. Bewquist recommended that the statement now on file with the API be reviewed and brought up to date If necessary. Dr. Holt pointed out that in hie opinion, and it was the view of the Jersey Company, that the employees should be told that a potential hazard exists relative to the handling of high boiling oils, and that reasonable precautionary measures should be instituted to prevent skin contact and ingestion of these materials. Riese views and suggestions are based on the biological and experimental results which have shown that these materials cause the development of cancer when applied repeatedly to the skin of mice and other animals. Dr. Hoag said that Socony has started an educational program by first informing local plant doctors who, in turn,are gradually telling foremen groups and the tnployees about cancer, including skin cancer. He said that the men have been -3 - API 04833 /UrH/fr$ & *ce'Ws> <V-M 1 i cU&oUao AA~C`^ ^  m toll to * to medical department hen they notice warts or other shin lesions. <*. Sewquist was of the opinion that it would he inadvisable to single out the skin cancer and that it would he better to tie it in with other conditions* jyy examination directed toward skin cancer should he tied in with the periodic gxeai nations* Kf, Fischer pointed out that with precautionary measures in effect, such as tagging and tanks, provision of showers, emphasis on personal hygiene, the men will irt fay. If they are told merely that the materials are irritants, they may be0oas careless and not follow the precautions. Hr. Fischer, in response to a request for information, said that, while not all fractions boiling above 700 7* were carcinogenic, they should be considered as auspicious until proven otherwise. Vases were in a class by themselves. 55ie normally crystalline carcinogens in crudes (e.g. Lima crude; may be concentrated during certain steps in wax processing. The 700 I. cut-point applied only to jiydrocarbons; other carcinogenic compounds that boil below 700 F. may be present, auch as aromatic amines perhaps in shale oils, certain sulfur and oxygenated com pounds* Dr. Holt, in discussing the effect of dilution, said tests show that 65-69$ nixtures of decanted oil in non-carcinogenic oil have essentially the same potency gs undiluted decanted oil, $0$ mixtures about j/k the original potency, 2 9 $ sixture* l/3 to 1/h of the original potency. Vo data are available as yet on the potencies of blends containing less than 25$ decanted oils. Hr. Fischer, in reply to an inquiry about crank-ease drainings, said that he had so information as to their carcinogenicity but would suspect them because of the severe conditions that crank-case oils may undergo. Dr. Frank said he had eeen a statement that pipeline paint may be carcinogenic. It wbb decided to hold another meeting of the Subcommittee after the Memphis nesting and before the Detroit meeting, the time and place to be determined by the Chairman. 1.1. Dooley Secretary Xclver Woody Chairman API 04834 * -5- REFERENCES 1 . Hueper, V.C.: Occupational Tumors and Allied Disoasos, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., (19I+2 ) . ` 2 . Schwartz, L., Tulipan, L. and S. M. Peck: Occupational Diseases of the Skin, Lea and Fobiger, Philadelphia (191*7). 3 . Scott, A.: Cancers in Mineral Oil Refineries, Report of the International Conference on Cancer, London, July, 1928, held under the Auspices of the British Empire Cancer Campaign, Bristol, John Wright and Sons, 1928, p. 275. J. Ind. Hyg. and Toxicol. Ah. 11:28, 1929. 1*. Kennavay, E. L.: The Anatomical Distribution of the Occupational Cancers. J. Ind. Hyg. and Toxicol. 7:69, 1925* 5. Report of Departmental Committee appointed to consider evidence as to the Occurrence of Epithelicmatous Ulceration among Mule Spinners. London, H.M. Stationery Office, 1926. Cited in Heller, I.: Occupational Cancer, J. Ind. Hyg. 12:169-197, 1930. 6. Henry, S. A.: The Study of Fatal Cases of Cancer of the Scrotum from 1911 1935 in relation to Occupation, with Special Reference to Chimney Sweeping and Cotton Mule Spinning, Am. J. Cancer, 31:28, 1937. 7. Heller, I.: Occupational Cancers J. Ind. Hyg. 12:169-197, 1930. 8. Wood, H. B.: ' 13:97, 1929. Paraffin not Productive of Cancer, Jour. Cancer Research, 9. Leitch, A.: Brit. Med. J., 2:1101*, 1922. mk 10. Twort, C.C. and H. R. Ing: Lancet, 1:752, 1928, Ztsch, f. Krebsforsch, 27:308, 1928. 11. Davis, B. F., J.A.M.A., 62:1716, 1911*. 12. Twort, C. C. and J. M. Twort: Lancet, 1:1331, 1930; 1:286, 1931*; 2:1226, 1935. J. Hyg. 29:373, 1930, Ztsch. f. Krebsforsch, 32:1*91, 1930, J. Ind. Hyg. 13:1931, Am. J. Cancer 17:293, 1933, Oil and Color Trades Journal, Oct 22, 1937; Twort, C. C. and J. D. Fulton, J. Path, and Bact. 32:lh9, 1929, Ztsch f. Krebsforsch, 35:51*3,1932; Twort, C. C. and R. Lyth, J. Hyg., 3 3 5*^1*, 1933; Twort, C. C. and H. R. Ing., Lancet 1:752, 1928, Ztsch, f. Krebsforsch, 27:308, 1928. W CH YZ API 04851 J W 12* 1 > 9 9r. 9b!llf Brlfekar Iwrmrd tblraraltj aeteoJL e f Fatile Maltfe Shattaak Strati Saar Sootar Xttakar: t**' *feia la la r a f l j tc jmr la t t a r a f rfuaa 33 ani. ra a a lta frati aqr la t t a r a f faly 6 to Batter I Io ta , a eofj ori felci m aaa* ta je a . Baatar Ina n e g aste t* a t I ta ta ra tfea S/\Ankuy. lam ica to jou a i t i racaaat tfcat l t ta p a li freai yoar currau t fsaria a l t i th a rili ala tila t t t t tfea N t> t o n i ita m. Fan ti aathla C nat a tra t igna atomi* ra^oaat a nnmafwnrilag latra an la t b aaart p r a t ta ha r euva-- ieri fa r i n t a r i aa oatllaad la tfea aaceod a lta rn a ttra tatari, sa nj l a t t a r af 6. (H i Ma lamica la retaratri baraviti. M ferva* tfeat ibi pr a a riara v i l i ha fe ry taraly ywar, BVB:ri sa: Soster ? . C. M irri J. F. Sa lt A* 1 M a c *. S. Start API 04872 API 04875 American Petroleum Institute ^rr^ig'^evie'rvuJ^ ten thousand dollars in continued support of investigation of permis sible concentrations of toxic sub stances under the direction of Dr. P h i l i p Drinker, as stat e d in their l e t t e r d a t e d M a r c h ll+, I 9I4.9 to Mr. Claflin. (Sunhu. Recording Secretary M a r c h 17, 1949 API 04927 f SAFETY ccmmittez cf boast of directors RZPCST OF C5AIRMAM - JTZN P. 5UMAN Concurrently with important developments in refining methods, processes, and products, the industry's toxicological problems are growing in number and complexity. Oil companies are making substantial increases in their medical staffs and facilities. These developments led to the creation of the Institute's Medical Advisory Committee in 19^5 Since then the committee has served constructively by making useful information available to oil companies for their protection of employees and customers against accidental injury and for the defense of industry against unreasonable and unnecessary lavs and regulations, as veil as unjustified and false claims fer damages. The organization of this committee and its semiannual meetings have facilitated an informal exchange of medical information of intangible but substantial value in the prevention and treatment cf industrial injuries and occupational disease. The committee also has been instrumental in organizing special studies and investigations on important toxicological, problems with coopera tive rants-in-aid at the University of Cincinnati and Harvard University. The initiation of this work promptly after the end of the war has placed the industry in a favorable position at a time when numerous proposals are being made to give government new and far-reaching controls in the field of industrial medicine and hygiene. The individual members of the committee, through their several professional channels and associations, acquire valuable informa tion regarding these trends in regulatory legislation. The pooling of the information thus obtained clearly indicates trends which, arc disquieting. fkffc- API 04946 f Highlighted by the California smog problems and supplemented by the reports cn the Donora situation, there is an active drive to depose an Auerlean Standard Code cn Industrial Hygiene. This proposal is put forward cy the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, which has drafted a code that is far from realistic and shows little sympathy for the practical needs of industry. If adopted generally, such an arbitrary code vould impose unreasonable and unnecessary restrictions upon industry, and might readily become the basis for state laws and regulations. Another indication of the growing interest of government is 1 a letter recently received from the Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Public Health Service. Ee suggested e meeting with the Medical Advisory Committee to discuss potential health hazards and possible control procedures in the petroleum industry. The committee has invited him to attend its regular mid-year meeting in April and has held some preliminary discussions with his representatives at a recent subcommittee meeting hold at Kettering Laboratory in Cincinnati. 4 Because of enforcement difficulties it may be safe to assume that statutory and regulatory control of industrial hygiene will be unreasonably restrictive and unnecessarily so for responsible and progressive companies which voluntarily are adopting policies to insure hygienic working conditions. It is encouraging to note the number of companic-s which are adopting such progressive- policies because it suggests the possibility of avoiding some or most statutory and regulatory controls. ^'CCtsL-' Csf4-Ct}dL A i / ff .j^-5C API 04947 For Information Only <1 Not for Publication AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE S U B C OMI-HT T E Z ON C A R C I N O G E N I C I T Y Minutes of Meeting April 23, 1950 Hotel Sherman Chicago, Illinois Members Present Associates Present Mclver Woody (Chairman) Marshall Clinton T. M. F r a n k A. E. H o a g J. P. H o l t (Rep. b y R. E. T. J. K e l l y J. VJ. L o n g M. N. N e w q u i s t Chas. A. Swa n Eckardt) L. 0. Allan R. W. R. M. H. P. K. G. by R. M. Crockett E. D o o l e y Faulk Landon Lankelma Mackenzie (Rep. H. R. W a r r i c k ) Shepardson Members and Associates of Medical Advisory Committee W. 0. A r m s t r o n g V. C. B a i r d F. F. B o y s Kieffer Davis E. K. L i n d e r E. P. L u o n g o B. B. Reeve E. R. Ware Guests E. W. A d a m s R. D. Be n t R. C. C o l e T. E. D e V i l l i e r s L. M. H e n d e r s o n C. A. N e i l s o n F. M. W a t k i n s N. W. Bolyard - Standard Oil Co. (ind) Philip Drinker - Harvard School of Public Health J. W. Hammond - Humble Oil and Refining Co. Howard Hansen - Esso Standard Oil Co. A. W. Horton - University of Cincinnati W. C. Hueper - National Cancer Institute, Bethesda. Md. R. A. Kehoe - University of Cincinnati R. C. Page - Standard Oil Co. (N. J.) 5. J. Phair - University of Cincinnati H. G. S. van Raalte - Shell Oil Co., Curacao, N.. Ant. W. E. Smith - New York University D. V. Stroop - American Petroleum Institute P. M. Waddill - Phillips Petroleum Co. Total in attendance - A4 tiv j/WAp-i API 04957