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902 CHAPTER 42 1952 Guide CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER For industrial use there is no accepted conventional classification of water. Rather, each industry usually develops a body of ideas applicable to its own water problems.4 For heating and ventilating engineers, it is perhaps most convenient~to distinguish between mineralized waters and condensates. Mineralized Waters All the waters found in streams, wells, lakes, and the ocean are min eralized. The same is true of all municipal supplies even though they may have been treated. For a given area, ground waters are likely to be more highly mineralized than are surface waters. Conversely, surface waters Table 1. Mineral Analyses Typifying Composition of Watebs Available and Used Industblally in the USA SUBSTAXCB Unit Location ob Abba1 ,b a) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 09 (> fiftlwnm.................................................................. Magnesium.............. .......... ....... Potassium...... ............................ SiO* FeCa M* Na K 2 6 12 37 10 9 22 14 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 6 5. 36 62 92 96 3 155 400 1 2 8 18 34 27 2 46 1,300 2 6 7 44 8 183 215 78 11,000 111 1 18 10 3 400 HCO. 14 13 119 202 339 334 549 210 150 aSO* ' 10 2 22 135 84 121 11 389 2,700 2 10 13 13 10 280 22 117 19,000 NOj 1 0 2 13 0 . 1 3 31 66 165 426 434 983 564 948 35,000 CaCOi 12 11 98 165 287 274 8 172 125 Non-Carbonate Hardness............. CaSO* 5 7 18 40 58 54 0 295 5,900 . * All values are parts per million of the unit cited'to nearest whole number (see Reference 5). b Numbers indicate location or area as follows: I) rvtatrill supply--New York City (6) Well Water--Maywood, Illinois-- S2) Swamp Water (Colored) Black Creek, Middleburg, Florida 2090 ft. 3) Niagara River (Filtered) Niagara Falls, New York (7) Well Water--Smithfield, Va.--330 ft. (4) Missouri River (Untreated) Average (8) Well Water--Rosewell; N. Mexico (5) Well Waters--Public Supply--Dayton, Ohio--30-60 ft. (9) Ocean Water--Average are more likely to be contaminated with municipal sewage and trade wastes. Virtually all mineralized waters also contain biological organisms. Mineralogical Characteristics. The character and amount of extraneous inorganic materials--including deleterious gases--dissolved and sus pended therein, describe the mineralogical characteristics of any water. Revealing such information is the function of a mineralogical chemical analysis. The analyses in Table 1 disclose the composition of t]tie public water supplies used by about 45 percent of the total population of.the cities, in the United States, having more than 20,000 inhabitants.5 All values recorded gje in terms of parts per million.* This is the approved standard terminology for reporting the results of mineral analyses.5 Values reported in the other terms commonly used may be converted into the standard form by using the factors listed in Table 2. Parte per wiiiiinw are hereinafter abbreviated ppm. A part per million signifies a unit weight of mate rial per million unit weights of the solution. Corrosion and Water Formed Deposits, Causes and Prevention 903 Table 2. Convebsion Factobs fob Wateb Analyses To Convert Grains per U. S. gallon........... .......... . ............. Grains per Imperial gallon................................ . Grams per liter...................................-............ .... Mg per liter...................................... ;.................. Into ppm ppm ppm ppm Multiply by 17 14fi 1000 1 ' Data for dissolved gases or pH values have been omitted in Table 1 because even waters of the same mineral contents may vary widely in these respects. Unpolluted natural waters usually have pH values within the range 5 to 8, depending upon their free CO, contents! Polluted waters, which include those derived from wells or swamps in marshy ground, may have pH values well below 5. Biological Characteristics'. The slime-forming organisms are mostly lower plants, grouped by1 botanists into the Phylum Thallophyta. This group is distinguished by the absence of leaves, roots, or stems from the mosses, ferns, and seed plants which comprise the three other, phyla of. the plant kingdom. . The Thallophyta (see Table 3) are divided into algae, which can syn thesize chlorophyll for the production of sugar, and the fungi which lack chlorophyll, and must therefore secure already synthesized carbohydrates. All Thallophyta are of universal distribution and many of them are slime forming. Of the five divisions of algae, only three (the green, the blue-green, and the diatoms) are found in fresh water. Of the five di visions of fungi, all may occur in fresh water, the principal slime formers being indicated in Table 3. The methods of analysis commonly used in the sanitary examination of a water have, as their principal object, to identify and count pathogens. Most slime-forming organisms are not pathogens. When a water is subjected to a biochemical analysis for the purpose of evaluating its slime producing characteristics, tests, widely different from sanitary bacterio logical tests, must be made. Tests upon the water itself are seldom satis factory, and true indications of the sliming characteristics of a water can only be determined by the analysis of deposits on surfaces having a temperature close to the temperature of the final design equipment. The Phyla Algae Fungi Table 3. Pbincipal Slime Fobmebs Rough Division op Phyla Single celled, sometimes forming slimy sheets. Many celled in either sheets or fronds. Bacteria (Schizomycetes) frequently forming slimy surface coatings. Slime Molds (Myxomycetes) forming slimy sheets as one stage of their life history. Sac fungi (Ascomycetes) of which one division, the yeasts, occasion ally form slimy aggregates. The alga-like fungi (Phycomycetes) and the stalked fungi (Basidomycetes) rarely form slimes but their filaments may hold together the slimes of other organisms.