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f J1 /T j 1 J H H B B -lllH fi'i !' Industrial Hygiene Digest ?! INDUSTRIAL HEALTH NEWS LITERATURE ABSTRACTS MEDICAL ENGINEERING CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGICAL LEGAL decisions end trends i-5 ---T- *- ~3 _--j w. w. JANUARY, 1936 (Vol. 20, No. 1) INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE FOUNDATION MELLON INSTITUTE 4400 FIFTH AVENUE PITTSBURGH 13. PA. 03120116 MW IIIi-lldlfi'il FOUNDATION FACTS Vo 1 urn e I 3 January, 1956 NEW MEMBERS OF I-H-F The Foundation starts the year with (our new member companies on its roster. They are: Detroit Steei Products Company Dow Corning Corporation Pennsylvania Manufacturers1 Association Casualty Insurance Company Standard Oil Company of Indiana DR. BRAUN PARTICIPATES IN PANEL DISCUSSIONS Dr. Daaiel C. Braun, Medical Director of the Foundation, participated in a program on Absence from Work Due to Nonoccupational Illness and Injury, which was a part of the .bth Anaual Congress of Industrial Health held in Detroit on Jaauary 23 aad 24. The program had special reference to integration between industrial physicians and private practitioners and was arraaged by the Committee on Medical Care for Industrial Workers, which is a joint committee of the CounciL on Medical Service and the Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Association. Dr. Braun's specific topic was "How Can We Make Better Use of Records?" Dr. Braun also participated ia the Seventh Annual Ann Arbor Diacussioaal on Occupational Health held at the University of Michigan on January 20 and 21. Fffj SPECIAL SERVICES TO MEMBERS There was a considerable increase in the number of requests for reprints aad for other information on published literature during 1935. Five thousand pieces of technical literature were mailed upon request, representing 94 different reprints from the Foundation's stock of such material available to members. This did not iaclude Literature on technical aspects of industrial health which, were routinely distributed to the membership, as weii as the monthly Industrial Hygiene Digest and the Transactions of the annual meeting. More members took advantage of the technical advisory service of the Foundation's staff as well. "Consultation" by correspondence oa specific industrial heaLth probLems encountered by member companies was supplied ia 120 instances. Inquiries sought answers to the tosricity of a wide variety of chemicals aad other compounds, hazards encountered in their use, and methods of controlling those hazards; general information on air pollution, as well as data on legislation and on dust sampling equipment and methods; effects of radiation and protection against it; dermatitis from specific substances; medical programs aad health maintenance techniques; mental health in industry; and a host of other subjects. DECENNIAL INDEX OF DIGEST To increase the value of Industrial Hygiene Digest as a reference tool for those in the field of industrial health, a cumulative index on the subject matter abstracted in the Digest for the years 1945-1954 was prepared, supplementing the yearly indexes for that period. Copies have been distributed to all representatives of member companies who regularly receive the Digest. I-H-F 03120118 Industrial Hygiene Digest February, 19S6 TA3LE OF CONTENTS Page News Items................................................................................................................................................ I Coming Events......................................................................................................................................... Occupational Disease Statistics................................................................................................ 2 3 Legal Developments........................................................................................................................... 3ooks, Pamphlets, and Notices................................................................................................ 4 5 Industrial Medical Practice.......................................................................................................... 7 Skin Diseases ar.d 3urns................................................................................................................. Chemical Hazards...................................................................................................................... 3 9 Industrial Dusts............................................................................................................................ 20 Physical Aspects of the Environment................................................................................... 24 Radioactivity and X-Radiation.......................................................... 26 Environmental Measurements ............................................................................................ 28 Preventive Engineering........................................................................................................ 31 Community Air Hygiene................................................................................... Management Aspects......................................................................................................................... 23 Accidents and Prevention............................................................................................................... 2o Index................................................................................................................................................. 38 22 03120158 H W H Il-O in fi w Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 ZZ Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, 1954. 3aitimore City Health Department. C. 2. Couchman, Director. 10 pp. (1953). The special investigations conducted during the year included: a survey of radioactivity in a building vacated by a clinic; a search (or lost radium; radiation studies of isotope users; a study .. of a defective stack on an annealing furnace which was responsible for cases of carbon monoxide ooisoning; two studies of polystyrene vapors;-and several other studies involving toxic material. ^ la aaditioa, a large number of routine studies were made and tabulated. 23-| Annual Report for 1954, Research Institute for Public Health. T.N.Q.,12, Konigskade, The Hague, - Netherlands. 36 pp. ^i 955/. Dutch with English. summary. C- The activities classified as industrial hygiene include: comparison and testing of thermal precipitators in a provisional dust chamber; construction of a portable apparatus based on the same principle, for preliminary dust surveys; development of an instrument for the determination of quart2; construction of a sedimentation apparatus with an electrical-optical system for determina- __ tion of size distribution, and design of an instrument for determination of dust content in tubes; " ___ i and development of instruments for carrying out climatological determinations in factories where >d* work is done at high temperatures. Investigations on noise and on noxious dust concentrations --`were also conducted. Hz Health Survey in a British Guiana Mining Community. Eileen N. Cambou and K. G. Cambon. Arch. Ind. Health 12, 539-542 (Nov. 1955). ' A study of 1730 employees of a bauxite mining and milling community in the interior of i"------British Guiana reveals that, in general, their health is good. The largest public health problems -V-are venereal disease, nutrition, and personal hygiene in the prevention of helminthic infestation. - -Difficulties in solving these problems are discussed. Malaria has been nearly eliminated, but its eradication has increased the necessity of correcting the other conditions. SKIN DISEASES AND BURNS 25^ndustrial Dermatitis. A. Bell. New Zealand Med. J. 54, 476-481 (Aug. 1955). - In New Zealand, as elsewhere, dermatitis is the commonest industrial disease. The -'"author presents a number of cases of varied industrial origins, including: arsenic-treated grain _------ distributed from airplanes to exterminate rabbits; contact with contaminated tools; dust and fumes; land defective personal protective equipment. The best method of prevention is modification of the -process or equipment so as to avoid exposure; examples are given in the cases of the exposures described. Frequently, however, the only way to prevent contact is the use of protective clothing _ and equipment, which should be regularly inspected aad cleaned. An intact skin is a strong defease. --'XThe importance of treating even the most trivial injuries cannot be overstressed. Barrier creams help to reinforce this defense but their importance should not be overrated. There are many - Tjypes of creams and the correct choice must be made. Washing facilities should be of a good stand0,;fard, easily accessible, and clean. The efficiency of hand washing may be checked by the use of T-.Xluorescent oils and examination under ultraviolet light. Medical personnel should familiarize them selves thoroughly with details of manufacturing processes, and teamwork is needed in discovering p____causes of dermatitis and adopting preventive measures. ^ 03120125 44--flermatitis from Solutions of Sodium and Calcium Chloride in the Coal-Mining Industry. O. P. Edmonds. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 12, 320, 321 (Oct. 1955). An outbreak of industrial dermatitis due to brine (calcium chloride) is described in sinkers, and an account is given of industrial dermatitis due to solutions containing chlorides at another large factory. The importance of the harmful effects of chlorides is emphasized in view of their increas ing use underground to allay the dust. -- Author's summary Industrial Hygieoe Digest January, 1956 alter Layoff. There was considerable variation in specifying the length of layoff and in choice of doctor. All the companies pay for the examination, but only one pays the employee for the time spent. (An earlier survey described the practices of a number of large companies.) The Action of Dusts and Pharmacological Agents on Respiration. Part L. The Influence of Training on Vital Capacity ana Maximum Expiration per Secoad, A MinettVand J. Pestiaux. Report No. [25, Institut d'Hygiene des Mines, Hasselt, Belgium. Lb pp, (Feb. 1955). French. Successive tests-of vital capacity and pulmonary ventilation show an increase in vital capacity and maximum expiration per second, amounting on the average to 6%. These increases are attributed partly to apprenticeship and partly to training. These phenomena should be taken into account when testing the effect of drugs or dust exposure upon lung function. Cond. from Bull. Hyg. I 8 Testing Apparatus for Intermittent Positive-Pressure Respiration. J. M. K. Spauidiag and 5. A. Young. Lancet 269, 227-230 (July 30, 1955). Apparatus for providing artificial respiration by intermittent positive pressure must be thoroughly tested before being approved for clinical use. A "model lung" is described which is suitable for the laboratory testing of such apparatus. Investigations with this model and cliaicai experience demonstrate the advantages of a square pressure wave-form for the inspiratory phase. -- Authors' summary 19 Older People and Heavy Work. R. M. Belbia. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 12, 309-319 (Oct. 1955). A general tendency is noted for older people to be placed on heavy work, especially on non-production jobs. Several reasons are given for this practice. The findings suggest some difficulty in the application of the commonly accepted formula that older people should be given light work. Improvement in the level of skill of older workers would appear to offer more prom ising hope of employment in later life than would the increased provision of light work, and the need for the development of facilities for training and retraining older workers is emphasized. -- Cond. from author's summary 20 Arteriosclerotic Hearts at Work. H. Hansen and N. K. Weaver. Med. Bull. (Standard Oil N. J. ) TT, 84-95 (July 1955). A method for the placement of partially disabled employees in job assignments, based on matching the physical capacities of the employee with the physical demands of the job, is presented. The work and health status of 82 patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease at the Ssso Refinery at Baton Rouge are reviewed. -- Authors' summary The Electrocardiogram in the Examination of the Industrial Worker. J. R. Durham aad L. C. McGee. Ann. Internal Med. 41," 918-934 (1954). The work record and longevity of a group of industrial workers showing electrocardiographic abnormalities were examined. Serial electrocardiograms are useful in showing alterations in cardiac mechanism, conduction and ventricular strain, and in demonstrating myocardial ischemia and necrosis. They were of little help in determining etiology of heart disease, and were of no value to prognosis or functional capacity. The records aided appreciably in reassuring the worker with inconsequential signs and symptoms, and in obtaining his cooperation for treatment or modification of working and living habits in the presence of potential or actual heart disease. Myocardial infarction is frequently unrecog nized and has a better prognosis than some hospital statistics indicate. There is no evidence in this study that physical labor or unusual effort predisposed to myocardial infarction or worsened hyper tensive disease. Under proper job placement and satisfactory mental and emotional states the prog nosis of the worker with degenerative vascular disease is better than that of the man who ceases work upon recognition of the disease. It is suggested that management. Labor unions, compensation com missions, and others concerned with the best use of the productive capacities of handicapped workers become better acquainted with the issues involved and the natural history of cardiovascular disease. ..Cond. from authors' summary (Biol. Absts.) 03120124 5. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 premium dollar; (3) selected statutory and administrative provisions which may affect losses incurred; and (4) official medieai fee schedules and related directives. The material of the study is from 39 selected jurisdictions. Statistical tables covering a period of ten years were supplied by the National Council on Compensation Insurance. The first few pages present general comments on the economics of workmen's compensation, a table of premiums earned and losses incurred, a source list, and a glossary. The remainder of the publication presents summary tables of workmen's compensation ex perience of insured employers in ail jurisdictions and of official medical fee schedules and directives. -- FFR __ t-Jl Absenteeism. Research Council for Economic Security, 111 West Jacksoa Blvd. , Chicago 4, Ul. '87 pp. (1955). This book contains a report of the discussion at the Seminar and Workshops, Highland Park, 111. , Nov. 22-23, 1954, with selections from the exhibits used and additional specially adapted source material. The summary of the discussions include: identifying and measuring absenteeism, evalu ating the absentee records, control of absenteeism, controlling and preventing illness absence, and employee benefit plans. The exhibits are forms for the following: simple attendance record, absentee control procedure, reporting of illness absences, illness absence data for the medical department, measuring the cost of absenteeism in two companies, department comparisons, company medical facilities and program, provisions of employee benefit plans, adequacy of those plans, and their evaluation in the individual establishments. Among the recommendations and conclusions are: (1) ade quate records of absenteeism should be made by every company, and a general agency should make available national summaries; (2) the real causes of absenteeism are many, and there is no simple solution; (3) a medical program should include periodic examinations, follow-up of illnesses, and assisting workers in securing proper medical care; (4) employee benefit plans should be carefully evaluated to determine how they can be made effective aids in the absenteeism, control program; and (5) benefits should not be confined to physicians' services in connection with surgical procedures, but should cover prolonged disabilities. Other specific needs and gaps in present plans are discussed. -- FFR INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL PRACTICE Epidemiology in Occupational Medicine. J. J. Phair. J. Am. Med. Assn. 159, 1105-1109 c^Nv. 12, 1955^ ^ The stimulation in the epidemiological type of medical research must be considered and ~`^.accepted as a unique and peculiar function of the industrial physician because: (l) such investiga- ,,------ lions approach the problems of industry and of the community from precisely the angle of most ^interest to him; and (Z) he and his department have a virtual monopoly oa the facilities and records <CUrequired for systematic studies in this field. -- Cond. from author's summary rl^^Planning a Health Center. R. MacDiarmid. Med. Bull. (Standard Oil N. J. ) 15, 96-105 (July 1955); ; '53jnd. Med. Sc Surg. 24, 540-545 (Dec. 1955). oa The importance of the proper placement of the various units of a medical departaxent is _^OZ<iiscussed. Through presentation of illustrations of the architect's original and revised plans, the value of consultation and cooperation between the architect and the medical departaxent has been r- .noted. The paper is accompanied by floor plans and brief descriptions of seven of the company's ledical headquarters. 16 Physical Examinations after Absence and Layoff. Doris M. Thompson. Mgmt. Ree. (National Industrial Conference Board) 17, 360-361 (Sept. 1955). 03120123 Twelve small companies'with no medical departments were questioned regarding their policy in physical examinations after absence and layoff. Ten require examinations after illness, and eight 4. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 195 8 Qccuaatioaal Disease--Exposure to Anthraco-SLlicosis--Claim Cor Death Benefits--Occurrence of Death Not within Statutory Period. A claim for death benefits by a widow of an employee who died of anthraco - silica sis was denied where the death of the employee did cot occur within the three year statutory period after his last exposure iO the hazard. The employee worked in the employer's mines from 1 94-i to 1948 during which time he was exposed to the anthraco - silicosis hazard. 7 rom 1948 to 1952, the em ployee worked outside the mines and was not exposed to the hazard. No claim was fiied during his lifetime. The statute provides that no beaefits are allowable if death does not occur within three years after the date of the deceased's last employment in a hazardous occupation. Since death occurred more than three years after exposure to the hazard, the award of the board was not justi fied under the statute and it was reversed by the trial court. The judgment of the lower court was affirmed. Gawiick v. Glea Alden Coal Co. Pennsylvania Superior Court, Scraqtoa District, No. iol. April 18, 1955. *- CCH 9 Occupational Disease --Pulmonary Tuberculosis--Hospital Porter--Sufficiency of Evidence. Claimant was properly awarded compensation for contracting pulmonary tuberculosis during the course of his employment as a hospital porter where the evidence disclosed that during his period of employment, several tuberculosis patients were confined in the hospital and that he cleaned a labor atory where tuberculosis tests were made. Claimant testified that he was required to handle and clean unsterilized tubes and to wash the floors whea an occasional receptacle was broken. The court ruied that, while this testimony was disputed, a question of fact was presented, and with the added iaieren.ce to be drawn from the fact that claimant concedediy contracted the disease during the period of employ- meat; there was substantial evidence to support the finding of the board. Affirmed. Holmes v. 3eth 1 Hospital. New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Judicial Departtneat. No. 255 - i 5. Octooer o, 1955. -- CCH 10 Occupational Disease--Silicosis -- Failure to Prove Injurious Exposure--Commission's Finding Conclusive. Claimant was properly denied compensation for contracting silicosis where he failed to prove injurious exposure to silica dust. The court ruled that where there is any competent evi dence to support a finding of fact by the commission, such finding is conclusive on appeal, even though there is evidence chat would have supported a finding to the contrary. Affirmed. Wa,aon v, Harris Clay Co. North Carolina Supreme Court. No. 318, October 19, 1955. - - CCH BOOKS, PAMPHLETS AND NOTICES Safety in Industry. An Introduction to the Protection of Personnel. D. I. Maclartaoe. Philosophical Library, Inc., 15 East~~4~0th St. ,_New YorkTb, N. Y. 71 pp. fTTSS). 36.00. The scope of this book can be judged by the subjects included: dust and fume control, guard ing rotating machinery, press guards, dermatitis, eyes,, ionizing radiations, protective clothing, & lighting, and flooring. The treatment of most of these subjects is brief, but the purpose of the book, as stated in the title, is an introduction to personnel protection, a subject which caonot be overempaa- sized. Over 70 illustrations of safety apparatus end effects of disregard of safety, supplied by British manufacturers, accompany the text. -- FFR Some Monetary Aspects of Workmen's Compensation. American Medical Association, Council on Industrial Health, 335 North Dearborn St. , Chicago 10, 111. 96 pp. (1955). The purpose of this report is to provide the medical profession with factual information m non-technical form on: (1) incurred Losses for indemnity and medical beaefits; (2) distribution of the 03120122 3. H H IIIi-D D U .'tlH Industrial Hygiene Digest Ja.qua.ry, L956 Feb. L5-17 Feb. 27-Mar. 2 Mar. 18-21 Mar. 19-20 r-\ Mar. 26-27 Apr. 5-7 Apr. 9-10 Apr. 18-19 May 3-9 May 7-9 C__- May 8-11 May 14-U American Academy of Occupational Medicine, Cincinnati, O. American Society for Testing Materials, Spring Meeting, Buffa.o, N". Y. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Spring Meeting, Portland, Ore. Steel Founders' Society, Annual Meeting, Chicago, ILL. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Instruments and Regulators Conference, Princeton, N. J. Forest Products Safety Conference, Klamath. Falls, Ore. Industrial Accident Preventions Association, Annual Conference, Toronto, Oat. Armour Research Foundation, Illinois Institute of Technology, National Indus trial Research Conference, Chicago, ru, American Foundrymen1 s Society, Annual Convention and Exhibition, Atlantic City, N. J. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute, Aanual Meeting, Hot Springs, Va. American Welding Society, Spring Meeting and Fourth Welding and Allied Industry Exposition, Buffalo, N. T. President's Conference on Occupational Safety, Washington, D. C. 73 LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS "--5.--New Legislation. - The Alabama Legislature has increased maximum awards for disability and death and other wise liberalized the law. Maximum and minimum weekly awards have been increased in Massachusetts. Wisconsin has increased employers' payments to the state treasury in cases of loss or total impair ment of a hand,'arm, foot, leg, or eye. "O Occupational Disease--Paeumonoconiosis--Tin. Mill Employee. _ _! An employee who contracted occupational paeumonoconiosis while operating an overhead ^>^>?ane in a tin mill was properly awarded compensation since there was sufficient evidence to show .^-^that the hazards from the dust in the tin mill building were beyond the usual and ordinary hazards ^-<o{ the usual and ordinary employment and that the employee was suffering from the disease. While '-^-^operating the crane, the employee traveled up and down the length of the building every day and on ^ Jfcis trips came close to an annealing process. Some sand dust is created and hoisted into the atmos~'J^here during the aaoealing process. He also came ia contact with and breathed dust which was caused _--hly the scaling off from the cooling of iron from red hot metal to cool metal, as well as,. dry sulphuric C--acid dust. This evidence plus the testimony of a medical expert to the effect that the employee was ZLainquestioaabiy performing a job to which there was attached a hazard.of paeumonoconiosis above and ^Jfeyood the ordinary hazards in an ordinary job were sufficient to support the award in favor of the ^<1 employee. Affirmed. United States Steel Corp. v. Danner. Alabama Supreme Court. September 15, 1-955. -- CCH '^Occupational Disease--Dupuytxen1 s Contracture--Same Employment at Time of Disablement, A railroad mo torman was- properly awarded compensation for Dupuytren's contracture of -- -the hands where the court ruled that the claimant came within the provision.of the statute which allowed recovery even though more than one year had expired from the date of contraction to the date of disability where the claimant was La the same employment. The employes contended that kjs claimant was not covered by this provision in that he had been transferred from the job of iotorman to the position of railroad clerk. The court rejected this contention, ruling that langunge of the statute was designed to emphasize that only continuity of employment with the same employer from the time of contracting the disease until disablement therefrom was sufficient to lift the 12 months' time Limit provided by the statute. Affirmed. Koraocki v. City of New York. New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Judicial Department- No. 71-11. April 1, 1955. " -gCH------- 2. 03120121 H H iiii-m m 'd / January, 1956 Volume XX No. 1 Industrial Hygiene r oundation 4400 Fifth Avenue Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE DIGEST Literature and News NEWS ITEMS 1 Hygienic Guide Series. Additional Hygienic Guides which appeared in the December, 1955, number of the American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly include: aailiae, benzene (benzol), hydrogen sulfide, and formaldehyde. (See news item 1170, Oct. 1955 Digest for description and earlier list). They may be obtained from the American Industrial Hygiene Association, 14125 Prevost, Detroit 27, Mich. , at 25 cents each. 2 Medical Research Center at Srookhaven National Laboratory. A Medical Research Center, including a nuclear reactor designed specifically for medical research and treatment, will be constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory.' Brookhaven, one of the AEC's major research laboratories, is operated by Associated Universities, Inc. Scheduled for completion in two years, at a cost of 36, 000, 000 exclusive of design and engineering, the new facility will house a nuclear reactor, a research hospital, an industrial medicine branch, and re* search divisions in medical physics, pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, and clini cal chemistry. The new Center will replace some 20 temporary buildings now constituting the med ical facility, and will give room for oeeded expansion of the work. 3 Translations by Beltone Institute. In the sectionon"Physical Aspects of the Environment" is an abstract of a translation of a paper on "Occupational Deafness from White Noise", by Bernabei. This is the first of a series of translations teat will be made by the Beltone Institute for Hearing Research, 2900 West 36th St., Chicago, III. The Institute, sponsored by funds provided by the Beltone Hearing Aid Company, was founded in 1954 to finance and distribute research and original studies on hearing problems. The translations are available without charge to medical libraries, research foundations, hearing clinics, and to hearing specialists, on application to the above address. S3 4 F eb. 2 -May 24 Feb. 3-4 Feb. 6-9 Feb. 11-14 COMING EVENTS 03120120 Course on Introduction to Radiological Safety, Institute of Industrial Medicine, New York, N. Y. Institute on the Back, a Law-Medicine Program, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O.' Fifth Annual Ventilation Conference, Michigan Department of Health and School of Engineering, Michigan State University, Lansing, Mich. Annual Congress on Medical Education aad Licensure, Chicago, 111. 1. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 27 Cross-Sensitivity between Nickel and Copper, vnth. Remarks on Cross-Seasitivisy between Nickel. Cobalt, and Chromates'S. Epstein.J. Invest. Dermatol. zTi 269-274 (Oct. 1955). Cross-sensitivity between nickel and copper is reported in a significant number of cases. Reasons are given why this simultaneous sensitivity is considered an expression of true cross- ser.sitivity rather than a coincidental occurrence. The studies also confirm previous reports of cross-sensitivity between nickel and cobalt. Mo cross-sensitivity was found between nickel and chromates. -- Author's summary HWIi 28 Chromate Dermatitis within the Group of Eczematous Dermatitis Due to Sensitization to Metals. G. Hilt. Dermatologies- LQ9, 143-T74 (1954). ' Patch tests with 0. 5f aqueous solution of potassium dichromate showed Javei water derma titis (occurring in laundresses in France) and cement dermatitis of masons to be due to chromates, whereas a similar conclusion cannot be made about ieather dermatitis. Negative patch tests should be repeated, possibly near the site of lesions. As to the pathogenesis of chromate dermatitis, alka- Linity seems to play an important part; as to therapy, BAD ointmeat showed good results. Specific deseasitizatioa would be the ideal treatment; another very promising way of prevention is based on reduction in loco of hexavalent to crivaient chromium by ointments the base of which contains acid and reducing constituents. The formula of such a prophylactic cream was worked out by long experi menting. ClinicaL similarities between chromate dermatitis and dermatitis due to sensitization to nickel, iroa, cobalt, and copper, as well as observations of cross sensitizations, seem to be indica tive of hypersensitivity to a chemical group. -- Biol. Absts. 29 Skin-Protective Ointments. Comparative Study IncLudiog the New Silicone Preparations. J. M. Shaw and F. W. Crowe. Arch. Dermatol. 71, 379-383 (Mar. 1955J. ~ _ Tests are reported on protective creams, particularly on silicone preparations. In one series of tests the time required to wash off the ointment was determined. The effectiveness against soluble cutting-oil washings was also determined. La both tests a preparation containing 30^ silicones in petrolatum gave the greatest protection. 30 A Failure of Steroid Therapy ta Contact Dermatitis. G. E. Morris. lad, Med. & Sur.g. 24, 538-540- (Dec"." 1955). ~ A situation is presented in which a patient was given ACTH and cortisone therapy for a rash on his leg. from oil. In the course of over four years' treatment, he was seen by 22 physi cians and had 14 hospital admissions. The therapy resulted in the death of the patient, and in a huge cost to the insurance carrier. This situation should-serve as a warning to those who urge the use of the steroid hormones ta cases of simple contact dermatitis. -- Cond. from author's summary 31 Carcioogenicity of Cutting Oils -- Factors Influencing Tumor Response. J. P. W. Gilman and S. Vesselinovich. Proc. Can. Cancer Research Ccnf. , Honey Harbour, Ontario 1954. I, 114-118 (1955). -2 Soluble cutting oil.was tested on C}H and C^ Slack mice. The fractions boiling at 650*F and 650-800*F were highly tumorigeaic to CSH mice but not to the C57 Black mice. Clinically, an abnormally high percentage of workers exposed to cutting oil for periods of years developed cancer on the forearm and hand. -- Chera. Absts. 32 Five Hundred Cases of Erysipeloid. E. Nelson. Rocky Mt, Med. J. 52, 40 (Jan. 1955). Of over 500 cases of erysipeloid treated by the author in 30 years, 260 were amoag packing house workers, 144 in rendering plants, 84 in establishments handling hides, and a few in butcher shops, restaurants, and fish stores. Nearly all occurred on the hand. Erysipeloid, which is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, should not be confused with erisypelas of streptococcic otigin. The organism has a wide distribution among animals. A complete history reveals a small cut or abra sion which becomes infected. Symptoms are fully described. The diagnosis of erysipeloid should not be missed if the physician is aware of the condition, and considers the apparent injury, the site 03120126 r.duscnai Hygiene Digest January, i?56 of the inoculation., and the slowly progressive lesion, with its characteristic spread and benign course. The absence of pus, the color, a normal leucocyte count, the location, and the slow pro gression will differentiate it from a true erysipelas, which usually occurs on the face and scalp and is more acute. Recommended treatment consists of parenteral administration of penicillin and especially biciUin, Local use of polymyxin and neosporin, splinting of the hand, and wet dress ings or I0f ichthyol. Surgical treatment is not necessary and should be avoided. --Cood. from Arch. Ind. Health Survival of Dermatophytes Applied on the Feet. R. L. 3aer, S. A. Rosenthal, and Domeaica ~ ~ Furnari. J. Invest. Dermatol. 14, 619-612 (June 1955). Experiments in which fungi were applied on the feet of persons with and without fungous infections are described. The results indicate that the foot skin of most persons has a remarkable capacity to kill or inhibit pathogenic fungi, similar to the self-sterilizing properties of the skin against pathogenic bacteria. -. Cond. from authors' summary --Pseudo-Occupational Marks. F. Ronchese. Ind. Med. & Surg. 24, 546-554 (Dec. 1955). A number of occupational marks are described and illustrated, side by side with, similar _ marks of non-occupationai origin. Certain marks lood aiike, even though they result from different ^^occupations, so that particular marks cannot be attributed to definite occupations. The same uncerID' tainty applies to detection of criminals. CHEMICAL HAZARDS ^/^Cardiovascular Actions of Decaboraoe. R. P. Walton, J. A. Richardson, and O. J. Brodie. . A. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 114, 367-378 (July 1955). Decaboraoe in amounts producing terminal stages in dogs was administered by inhalation, ''frr"'5y injection peritoneaily and subcutaneously, and by injectioa into the femoral and pulmooary veins, She aorta, and the femoral artery. The general effect involved a progressive decrease in heart "^"fpree. This was attributed in part to clumping of blood masses with obstruction of the smaller '"'vessels. Another effect was a conspicuous epinephrin-iike response following some of the intra- T."Vascular injections. Detailed effects on the electrocardiogram are described. ~~ '' -- Cond. from authors' summary 36 'Boron Analysis: Progress Report for 1953-1954 and Summary of 1952-1954 Studies on Chemistry CTefj Boron Hydrides and Toxicology of Boranes. W. hT Hill and J. L. Svirbely. Atomic Energy Comm. '^SaLCR~-42. 120 pp. (Sept. 1954). ;- Data are presented from studies of the toxicology, mechanisms of action, and methods of analysis for boron and boron compounds in animal tissues. Data are included from chronic toxicol- -- ogy studies employing rabbits, dogs, monkeys, mice, rats, and accidental human exposures. Meth- are presented for the preparation of tissue samples for chemical analysis, and chemical, color- ~*rfpetric, spectrographic, and ultraviolet methods are presented for the determination of boron, boric abid, and boron hydrides in animal tissues and urine. Attempts were unsuccessful to find a thera peutic agent for boron hydride poisoning. Silica gel and activated charcoal were found to be the most active materials tested for the absorption of boron hydrides when used as gas-mask fillers. -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. J7U Changes in Vestibular Chronaxies During Experimental Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Rab'ous. G. Bourguignon, R. Truhaut, and M. Dakak. Compt, rend. Soc. bioi. 148, 147-152 (1954). Rabbits were exposed for eight hours per day and six days per week for long periods to an atmosphere containing 100 ppm of CO. (This was maintained by use of a continuously recording 8. 03120127 Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 infrared absorption meter.) At first the vestibular chronaxy is increased, particularly on the right side, and later it is decreased. This decrease occurs despite a rising blood CO level, suggesting adaptation. The exposure ot rabbits to Low concentrations of CO produce the same disorders in equilibrium and variations in vestibular chronaxies that occur in workers so exposed. Discussion of the existence of the syndrome of chronic CO poisoning is included. -- Arch. Ind. Health 38 electrocardiographic Changes During Carbon Monoxide Intoxication. M. E, Guchan. Soil. fac. med. Istanbul 13, 317-327 (1955). French. Changes in the electrocardiogram have been studied in 15 cases of carbon monoxide poison ing. In nine cases a deformation of the T waves (flattening or inversion) has been observed with other changes of the ST segment. Rhythmic troubles have been seldom observed (In two cases extrasystoles, in one case auricular fibrillation). In one case of grave intoxication progressive fail ure of the excitation centers was observed and death occurred by ventricular fibrillation. -- Chera.. Absts. " / q 39 Stomatology of Workers Exposed to or Affected by Occupational Poisoning. 6. Chlorine, Fluorine, " Iodine. F. DeMicheiis. Med. y seguridad trabajo 3, NoT 11, 89-96 (1955). Spanish. Effects among workers in various metals are cited to show that iodine compounds cause Least damage of any of these three halogens. -- Chem. Absts. '5- 'CDi 40 Inhalation Toxicology of Chlorine Trifluoride. 1. Acute and Subacute Toxicity. H. J. Horn and It! 7! Weir. Arch. IadTHealth 12, 515-521 (Nov. 1955). _ _ -<r- The literature contains no detailed account of the toxicology of chlorine trifluoride; however, the literature on the chemical and physical properties is reviewed. From the fact that chlorine tri- fiuoride is aa extremely corrosive agent, some insight into its toxicological properties can be obtained. Groups of 20 rats were exposed to the vapor of chlorine trifluoride at concentrations of 430 and 96 ppm, where E. T. s were found to be 40 minutes and 3. 7 hours, respectively. Groups of 20 rats and two dogs were exposed to concentrations of 21 and 5. 15 ppm. Deep gasping respiration, rhinorrhea, sal ivation, and lacrimacion were observed during the exposures. The concentration influenced the speed of onset of these signs. In addition, there was a "singed feel" to the fur, and marked eye irritation and corneal damage occurred. In the acute studies post-mortem examination revealed emphysema, pulmonary edema, vascular congestion, bronchial constriction, and coagulation and fusion of the lining ceils of the bronchi into a hyaline membrane. In the liver hydropic degeneration and marked vascular congestion were seen; these changes were probably due to anoxemia resulting from the marked pulmo nary pathology. In the subacute study no liver damage was observed but in the lung bronchopneumonia, bronchiectasis, purulent bronchioiitis, and abscesses were seen in those animals which died, while Lower degrees of pathology were seen in all the survivors. -- Authors' summary 41 Chlorine Trifluoride. J. J. Horn. Atomic Energy Cotnxn. MLCR-37, 40 pp. (Aug. 1954). : -- --n The method of generating the vapor, the analytical method for determination of concentra tion, the signs of toxicity, hematology, urine analysis, biochemistry, mortality, and gross and microscopic pathology resulting from chronic inhalation of the vapors of chlorine trifluoride are described. -- Author's summary (Nuclear Sci. Absts. ) - 142 The Formation of Phosgene by the Action of Hot Surfaces and Its Absence when Tobacco is Smoked 'in Atmospheres Containing Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Vapors. J. Little. Brit, J. Ind. Med. 12, 304-308 (Oct." 1955). "" Comparative tests made by passing atmospheres containing certain chlorine-containing solvent vapors through a heated silica tube show that phosgene is formed when the surface temper ature is greater than 400*C. A test for phosgene has been developed which can be applied to meas ure a concentration of 0. 05 ppm by volume. An experimental technique has been devised to apply this test to determine the phosgene in the exit gas from the cigarette which is inhaled and in the atmosphere surrounding the glowing tip, when cigarettes are smoked in these solvent-contaminated atmospheres. In no case was phosgene detected and even when phosgene was added to the atmos phere it was destroyed by passage through the cigarette being smoked. -- Author's summary 03120128 9. H U D ii-m m w . Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 43 Experimental Poisoning by Neutral Potassium Chromate; Visceral, Cutaneous, General, aadQsteoArticuiar Reactions. M. Mosinger, H. Fioreatim, Jacqueline Quicke, aad R. Occelii, Compt. rend. soc. bioL ITS, 2045-2047 (1954). French.. Rabbits were subjected to acute and chronic poisoning with, potassium chromate administered T by various routes. Damage was produced in nearly every tissue of the body. The various lesioas ^-J^are briefly described. Chem. A'osts, 44~JMetaboiism of Lanthanum and Yttrium Cheiates. H. E. Hart and others. J. Lab. Clia. Med. 46, ""~48Z-19^ (Aug. 1955J. The metabolism of lanthanum aad yttrium administered intravenously in ionized form or C as cheiates of EDTA and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to humaa subjects and experimental animals l^^^yas studied. Laathaaum 140 and yttrium 90 were used as tracers. It was found that the pLasma '--"^onteni, urinary excretion, and tissue uptake of these metals depended upon the compound admin- "-"istered. -- Authors' summary ,--n 45^--Treatment of Chronic Lead Poisoning with Calcium Disodium Versenate. A. C. Markus and JIA. G. "Spencer! Brit. Med. J. Z, 883-885" (Oct. 8, 1955). The use of calcium disodium versenate ia the treatment of three patients with chronic lead ,-^poisoning is described. The treatment rapidly relieved the symptoms of lead poisoning aad promoted 5ihe excretion of large amounts of lead ia the urine. No toxic effects were observed. The administra- )^oa of para-cnor-mone during treatment with versenate did not increase the rate of excretion of lead --in the urine above that obtained by the versenate alone. The chemistry pharmacology and method of __use of versenate are discussed. -- Authors' summary 46 Recent Developments in the Care of Workers Exposed to Lead. The Effect of the CalciTM Chelate of Disodiiim Ethyleoediamine-Tetraacetic Acid on Lead ia the Blood and Urine of Battery Workers. I. A. Manville and R. Moser. Arch. Ind. Health 12, 528-558 (Nov. 1955). Edathamil caicium-disodium in tablet form was given to 12 battery workers for two to three Z, weeks. Physical examination and blood and urine chemistry studies were done at the start of the f- experiment and at the end of each week. Subjective symptoms of constipation, anorexia, and early ^Jp^igabiiity cleared rapidly and in most cases were relieved completely. The amount of lead in the ~hlood showed a steady decline, but in only two instances did it reach normal levels. Body weight ^and red cell count were unaffected. Hemoglobin showed a slight but definite increase. Porphyri- .^iyiria cleared entirely in three weeks, while stippling of red cells diminished. Total lead in urine progressively increased. Quantitative values for each of these changes are given. No signs of '" deleterious effects were observed. Three weeks is insufficient time for edathamil caicium-disodium, _--asj administered, to eliminate enough lead so that, with a continual absorption of lead, a dynamic ^T^dilibrium, with blood and urine levels below toxic limits, can be established. Until further work --proves this to be unnecessary, it is recommended that edathamil caicium-disodium be given inter- 'rpittently by mouth, along with a potent vitamin and mineral formula, administered during intervals ^^^jtreatment, -- Cond. from authors' summary 47 ^itetology of the Lead Line vs. Mercury and Bismuth Line. Considerations on the Application of tochemical Methods for Lead. G. Farris and U. Sicca. Med. iavorn 46, 104-113 (Feb! 1955). TJfaiiaa. --~-rj Biopsies were mad of the interdental papilla of persons affected with lead poisoning and " presenting the typical lead liae, and others with bismuth and mercury lines after therapeutic treat- n meat with those metals. Histological conditions are reported in detail. It was shown that none of ? histochemical methods tested can be applied alone to define the exact nature of gingivitis caused Accumulation of metal. -- Cond. from English summary (Bull. Hyg. ) 48 Some Data, from a Complete Study of Lead Intoxication. B. A. Atchabarov and others. Vestnik Akad. Nauk Kazakh. S.S. R. 11," No. 6, 39-94 (1955). Russian. work. A survey of the current information on lead poisoning is followed by a brief account of new .In lead poisoning arterial hypotension and venous hypertension are observed. Generally, 10. 03120129 Industrial Hyg^ae Digest January, 1956 HMBB-(ll)16'i7/ lead poisoning lead3 to slowing o{ hippuric acid synthesis and increase of bilirubin, as well as a. positive test for urobilin in the blood. Usually, the nervous system shows disturbances before the circulatory system. Treatment with folic acid and Pentoxyi (used in some forms of anemia) gave favorable preliminary results. -- C'aem.. Aosta. 49 Poisoning with Lead Tetraacetate. K. Muller. Zentr, Arbeitsmed. u. Aroeitsschutz 3, 3-9 (1953). German. ~ Lead tetraacetate is easily resorbed by the skin and respiratory tract. As a Upopmie com pound lead tetraacetate is stored in the liver and brain causing a disorder of the ceQtral nervous sys tem which reaches a climax six weeks after exposure. Later lead is excreted through, the kidaev and intestines. --Chem. Aosts, 5!) 50 Studies in Vanadium Toxicology. 3. Fingernail Cystine as an Early Indicator of Metabolic Changes in Vanadium Workers. J. T. Mountain, F. R. Stockeli, Jr., and H. S. Stokinger. Arch. Ind. Health XT, 494-502 (Nov. 1955). ig) A highly sensitive test of vanadium action in man depends upon the quantitative measurement of the sulfur-containing amino acid, cystine, ia the fingernails of vanadium-exposed persons. Values of cystine depressed 1% below aormal are considered to indicate altered amino acid metabolism brought about by vanadium in the absence of other conditions known to effect a similar change. These other conditions include arthritis of long standing, certain types of cancer, and cirrhosis of the liver. Industrial workers with sufficient, but very minimal exposure, show the condition irrespective of the vanadium compound to which they have been exposed. The procedure is not recommended at present for the selection of workers with dangerous exposures to vanadium, out the authors beiieve that it serves as a screening test of disturbed metabolism, wnich should be checked periodically- and if no other cause is found, overexposure to vanadium should be suspected. -- Coad. from authors' summary 51 Health Hazards of Vanadium-Containing Residual Oil Ash. L.-C, McTurk, C. H. W. Hirs, and r"! . Eckardt. Med. Bull, (atandard Oil N. J. ) 15, 106-126 (July 1955). Ash containing from nearly 0 to about 80% vanadium oxide accumulates in large oil-burning installations and must be removed periodically, giving rise to a health hazard. It is generally agreed that the acute effects of inhalation exposure occur, characterized by marked irritation of the respir atory tract, sometimes attended by pneumonia. Other symptoms, such as gastrointestinal and cen tral nervous system involvement, and chronic effects'involving pathological changes in the lungs, liver damage, and anemia, are controversial. Pathological changes of a mild chronic inflammatory type may occur in the upper respiratory tract. Skin lesions, possibly allergic, may be present. The prognosis of the disease is generally favorable. Diagnosis is difficult in view of the similarity of the symptoms to acute infections of the respiratory tract. Determination of urinary vanadium is probably the best test for recent exposure. A promising, but not yet provea test is an abnormally low cystine content in the fingernails. The treatment is simple and generally symptomatic. There is some evidence that BAL, calcium disodium EDTA, and ascorbic acid may be useful ia therapy, but it is QOt conclusive and the evidence does not justify their routine use. Precautions should be taken to avoid excessive inhalation. When atmospheric concentrations cannot be maintained below 1 mg. per cu. m. of vanadium as VjOg, suitable air-supplied masks or respirators with approved fume and dust type filters should be provided. Periodic examination of exposed workers should in clude general physical examination, chest x-ray, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, examination of peripheral blood smear for eo3inophila, sedimentation rate, and thymol turbidity test. -- Cond. from authors' summary Toxicity of Naphthenic Acids and Their Metal Salts. W. T. Rockhold. Arch. lad. Health 12, 477^482 (Nov. 1955). Screening acute oral toxicity studies in rats have demonstrated that the naphthenic acids are slightly toxic. The acid derived from crude kerosene acids was found to be approximately l 1/2 times more toxic to rats than the acid derived from crude mixed acids, whether administered orally or intraperitooeally. The oral toxicity of the metal salts of naphthenic acids varies according to the concentration and identity of the metal component. Only the phenyl mercury salt showed toxicity re markably increased above that of the commercial, acids. By the intraperitooeal route, the toxicity 03120130 Industrial Hygiene Digest Jaouary, 1956 to rat3 was increased tenfold. No toxic symptoms occurred ia rats fed 1 ? {as lead) lead naphtheoate in 20 daily doses over a 30-day period. A threefold to fivefold increase was found in deposition of lead in the pair of experimental animals. Cystine determinations of the hair indicated no detectable alteration of cystine metabolism during the study. No lead storage was noted in liver tissue, and no ^histopathologic changes were seen in the vital organs. -- Cond. from author's summary 333-`-Toxicity of Diethylamiae. 0. G. Vasii'eva. Gigiena i Sanit, No. 4, 28-31 (1955). Russian. ---------------- " -C- C Tests with white mice by 2-hour vapor exposure showed that the toxic concentration of ----diethylamine vapor is 0. 3 mg. per 1, as the threshold value, while the lethal leyei is but 3 mg. per 1. ' Permissible atmospheric concentration is suggested at 0. 01 to 0. 05 mg. per 1. It causes hyperemia when contacted with skin and a severe attack on conjunctive tissue and cornea of the eye. ;x_" -- Chem. Absts. 54/^jlygienic Profile of the Polymerization and Weaving of e-Caprolactam. J. Roubel, V. Sedevic, and ------ V VaaalT Cekosiov. Hyg. Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunoii 4, 66-7& (1955). Bohemian. >--" From experiments on animals it follows that epsilon-caprolactam is a potential poison *ra*aiy to a very small degree. Concentrations found in the atmosphere of a polymerization and /CT<t\eaviag department, under favorable conditions, averaged 20-40 rag. per cu. in. Even under T^he most unfavorable working conditions, there appears to be no toxic hazard, and the workshop J^-tmosphere under investigation can only be described as annoying. However, medical inspections .-''should be carried out on persons particularly exposed. --Cond. from English, summary (Bull. Hyg.) Idney Function in Chronic Occupational Carbon Disulfide Poisoaing. L. Rossi. Folia Med. 38. 557-578 (1955). Italian. Examination of kidaey function in six workers with chroaic carbon disulfide poisoaing showed a reduction in plasma flow with little or no impairment of glomerular functionality. Only in some cases a protein excretion in indeterminable quantities was observed. A renal ischemia __chroaic carbon disidiide poisoning exists which is attributable to a vascular action of the dam aging substance. -- Chem. Absts. xicologic Studies on Trimethyl- and Triethyitrithiophosphites. W. T. Rockhold, H. A. Wright, ^ G. Wright, and H. E. Stokinger. Arch. Ind. Health -483-493 (Nov. 1955). A high degree of toxicity and lethality has been demonstrated for two trialkyltrithiophos- ~.^ites, methyl aad ethyl, when administered to laboratory animals in single acute doses. The cal- -- -oulated LDgg's for rats of the methyl derivative, Lntraperitoneally, orally, topically, and intraven- -__,cnisly, were 44, 105, 1030, and 24-40 mg. per kg. respectively. The toxicity of the ethyl deriva- ~five was lower by each route. Death followed administration of 0. 1 ml. of the methyl derivative . rathe rabbit's eye, and extreme but not permanent damage to the eye in rabbits that survived. An .-'-"Cairly circulatory collapse, with resultant respiratory failure due to acute pulmonary congestion anemia, was the cause of death in all animals following single acute doses. No inhalatioa tox icity of the drop-free vapor of the trimethyl compound was shown in a 30-day period. A tentative -threshold value of 2.5 rag. per cu. m. for trimethyltrithiophosphite vapor is recommended until ~Hjpre extensive studies are made. Presumably, this level would provide safe air concentrations -- Cof the ethyl derivative. No satisfactory antidotal treatment has been found. Safety precautions -- ^-;e recommended. -- Cond. from authors' summary 57 Sterility ia Laborers Caused by Benzena and Other Solvents. J. L. Gutierrez de Alles. Med. y juridad trabajo 3, No. 9, 4-9 (1954). Spanish. ,,____ Pathological changes of the ovaries, testes, thyroid, and pituitary were attributed to benzeae L,--a*Ji to some extent to ether, alcohol, ethyl acetate, and amyl acetate ia a study of 700 industrial work ers. Changes in women leading to sterility were emphasized. -- Chem. Absts. 03120131 12. H W B il-IH U O W Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 58 Study op the Absorption of Benzene through the Skin. G. L. Conca and A. Maltagiiati. Med. lavoro 46, 194-198 (Mar. 1955). Italian. Hands and forearms of three healthy men were immersed in commercial benzene for 25 to 35 minutes. Urine sulfates were then determined and tests were made for benzene in the expired air. Both tests gave negative results. The possibility of passage of benzene through the skin under the experimental conditions is therefore rejected. -- Cond. from authors' summary (Public Health Eng. Absts. ) ^1 59 Toxic Action of Styrene and a-Methylstyrene, M. L. Rylova. Gigiena i Sanit. No. 5, 21-26 (L955). Russian. While 3 mg. per 1. of styrene and methylstyrene in the atmosphere do not affect the weight of adult rats or growth of young rats, repeated exposure three hours daily at 1 mg. per 1. causes some loss of coordination; toxic effects are shown more readily if the animals are under physical stress. The minimum concentration of styrene which acts on the rabbit nervous system is 0. 25 to 2 mg. per 1. ; methylstyrene shows this effect at 0. 06 to 1 mg. per 1. Injection into rabbit ear of these substances causes inflammation and skin loss. -- Chem. Absts. 60 Dangers to Health in the Production of Phthaljc Anhydride. H. Menschick. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 13, 454-475 (1955), German. The manufacture of phthalic anhydride is described in detail, and its properties are Listed. A fire risk is involved as well as toxic hazards. Briefly, the toxic effects include: irritation of eyes aod respiratory system; blood changes, including slight anemia, diminution of thrombocytes, Leucocytosis, eosinophilia, increase in reticulocytes, and reduction of calcium aad phosphorus values in the serum; lowering of resistance of capillary wails; excitation of the nervous system; and several forms of skin irritation. Phthalic anhydride is certainly an antigen, causing true asthma and urticaria. Con tact with vanadium pentoxide which is used as a catalyst, has induced increased sensitivity. Unspecific toxic effects are also QOted. The principal hazard is from phthalic anhydride itself, but others include exposure to carbon monoxide, benzol, a cyanogen compound, mercury, maleic acid, and naphthoquinone. - - Coed, from Bull. Hyg. 61 Illnesses Caused by Phthalic Acid and Its Compounds. E. W. Baader. Arch. Gewerbepathol. '1 Gewerbehyg. 13, 419-453 (1955). German. The occurrence of many cases of illness in a phthalic acid factory directed the attention of the author to the subject. (Phthalic anhydride was one of the principal products manufactured, and the effects described are apparently large due to exposure to the crystalline anhydride.) The clinical findings described are eye irritation and respiratory system effects, which are largely the same as in Menschick's paper (preceding abstract). Complaints were also received from people in the neigh borhood who were exposed to fumes and the crystalline dust. Review of the literature on injury from phthalic anhydride and the author's experience lead to the conclusion that the MAC must be below 25 mg. per cu. m. Preventive measures suggested include protective clothing, gloves, gas masks, and goggles; however, such protection is imperfect, because dust penetrating the edges causes irrita tion. The best protection is secured by dust and fume extraction, with regular air analyses. Selec tion of employees, medical supervision, and ample washing facilities are also important. Further research should be conducted. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 62 Contributions on Poisoning by Nitro- and Amino-Compounds of the Aromatic Series. E. Holstein. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. TJ] 522^527 (1955). German. Two cases are presented in full and discussed: one of aniline poisoning which proved fatal following atrophy and cirrhosis of the liver; and one of dinitrobenzene poisoniag, with changes in the blood including severe anemia and the appearance of numerous Heinz bodies. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 03120132 13. m m u b h j m 6 :iu- Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 63 Protective Power of Methionine against the Toxic Effects of Py-ridiae. R. Fabre, R. Truhaut, and M. Herbert. 3uii. acad! aat. cried. (Paris) 133, 212 (1954). French. Rats were exposed ia respiratory cages tor 40 minutes per day to an atmosphere containing v from 12 to i5 mg. per liter of pyridine. It was shown that methionine added to the diet exerted a protective effect. It is suggested that this action is due to interference with the methyiatioa of py- ^ ridine. -- Arch. lad. Health C ">4 Safety--.Problem Child of the (Insecticide) ladustry. C. 0. Barnard. Agr. Chemicals 10, 38, 39 ____ - (Dec. 1955~}~ ' C_-- Three safety problems of concern to the insecticide manufacturer and to regulatory officials are discussed: (1) disposal of empty metal containers by the user; (2) sale of pesticides in "broken" packages; and (3) careless use, in spite of adequate warning labels. The problem of persuading or compelling users to observe safety is difficult, and steps toward securing compliance are suggested. * feif Will Recommended Insecticidal Practice Result ia Toxic Residues in the Soil? E. L. Spencer and E. G. Keisheimer. Proc. Florida State Hort. Soc. 677" 121-122 (1954). Neither crop yield nor quantity of vegetable production shows significant differences due to -___ ' trea&nent with foliar applications of DDT as dust and spray, parathipn spray, and soil applications of chiordan, dieldria, heptachlor, and demetoo. Microbiological soils data give no evidence of toxic accumulations. -- Chem. Absts. Toxicity of Endria for Laboratory Animals, J. F. Treon, F. P. Cleveland, and J. Cappei. J7Agr. Food Chem. 3^ 842-848 (Oct. 1955). In single doses to rats, endrin (a dimethanonaphthate similar to aldrin) is about three times as toxic as aldrin. and L5 times as toxic as DDT. Prolonged feeding experiments on rats and dogs, relative toxicities of the same order of magnitude were demonstrated. Detailed figures on toxicities are given. -- Cond. from authors' summary A Review of Toxicologic Considerations Pertinent to the Safe Use of 2, 2-Bis(p-chlorophenyl-l, : .i 1-aichloroethane (TDE, DDD, Rhothane). H. B. Haag and C. Kampmeier. Agr. Chemicals 10, 7>75 85, 123-126 {Sept. 1955). This chemical is used extensively as an agricultural insecticide but less widely than DDT. TDE on an over-all basis is less toxic than DDT. It should offer no significant hazard to the agri- ^ cultural worker if used in accordance with good agricultural practice. A legal tolerance of 7 ppm Zj--*~ *or TDE on certain food products has been established. In view of the fact that the probable human - - intake of TDE would be below 1 ppm of the diet, it is highly unlikely that it will constitute any hazard to the consumer. -- Authors' summary Toxicology of Chlorobenzilate. H. J. Horn, R. B. Bruce, and O. E. Paynter. J. Agr. r ood Chem. - 3, 752-756 (Sept. 1955). The toxicology of chlorobenzilate, a chlorinated hydrocarbon with acaricide'properties, has '_53_;been investigated in laboratory animals to evaluate hazards of use. The maximum tolerated daily - j level for rats is approximately 500 ppm. Dogs tolerated daily doses of 64.1 mg. per kg. for 35 weeks O.^without signs of toxicity or gross or microscopic pathology. Metabolism studies indicated that chloro- r~ benzilate is rapidly excreted in the urine and that there is no significant storage in tissues. This study indicates that chlorobenzilate offers little or no hazard from repeated usage.-- Editor's summary -.Mammalian Investigations on p-Chlorophcayl Phenyl Sulfone (Suiphenone). L. W, Hazleton, ;;jW. Kundzins, and R. B. Bruce. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 836-841 (Oct. 1955). The effect of p-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone (Suiphenone) upon several species of animals was studied in order to establish a basis for evaluating the safety of its residues ia agricultural crops. Oral LDjq's ia mice aad rats varied between 1400 aad 3650 mg. per kg. The feeding of 14. 03120133 nwbb w m ':m- Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 dietary ieveis of 1000 ppm to rats over two years resulted in lowering of body weight. Daily oral doses of 100 g. per kg. over prolonged periods to dogs caused nonspecific toxicity. These effects were not produced at lower levels. Repeated skin tests were negative. Eye tests in rabbits resulted in transient irritation. Storage in tissues was insignificant. The results of these studies indicate a wide safety margin for Sulphenone. -- Coad. from editor's summary 70 Toxicity of Tricitrobenzene-Aniline Complex, a Rodent Repellent. R. W. Fogleman, J. R. Elsea, O. E. Paynter, and W. Kundzica. J. Agr. FooiChem, 3, 936-939 (Nov. 1953). These data are not intended to comprise a complete toxicological study of 7NBAC (trinitro- benzene-aniline complex). They are sufficient, however, to evaluate the safety of this compound for nonfood use. Acute and subacute toxicity studies ia rats and dogs place TNBAC in the moderately toxic class of compounds. The primary signs of intoxication noted in the experimental animals follow ing ingestion or dermal application of the compound were methemoglobia formation, alteration in erythrocyte morphology, and anemia. Only dermal absorption appears to be of significance in the evaluation of safety for use of TNBAC, but the repellent formulations are aot at present recommended for use on or around feed or foodstuffs. Serious considerations should be given to dermal absorption. Contaminated clothing should be removed immediately and the underlying skin should be waahed thoroughly with soap and water. -- Cond. from authors' discussion 71 Toxicity of o.o-Diethyl o-(2-isopropyl-6-mcthyl-4-pyrimidyl) Phosphorothioate (Diazinon). R. B. Bruce, J. W. Howard, and J. R. Elsea. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1, 1017-1021 (Dec. 1955). Diazinon is a new insecticide that has shown considerable promise for the control of house flies and certain other insect pests. The effects of Diazinon in the animal body appear to be typical of organic phosphates and thiophosphates. The administration of large doses produces the usual symptoms associated with cholinesterase inhibition. Plasma cholinesterase was reduced to an aver age of 15% of normal values for a period of 43 weeks with no appearance of gross abnormalities in the group of dogs tested. The corresponding red cell activity averaged 25% of normal. No gross signs of toxicity appeared in these dogs until the cholinesterase activity was reduced to less than 10% of normal. Withdrawal of the material from the diet resulted in the rapid disappearance of signs of toxicity and a return to normal cholinesterase activity. Acute oral LDjq's are given for rats and mice, differing according to species and state of the compound. Diazinon is absorbed through the skin. If the usual precautionary measures observed in the use of organic phosphate insecticides are followed, there should be no hazard from the use of Diazinon. -- Cond. from authors' conclusions 72 Subacute Parathion Poisoning. Importance of Absorption through the Skin in Occupational Exposure and Its Prevention. C. Sassi, N. Zurlo, E. Bartaliai, and L. Metrico. Med, lavoro 46, 251 -269 (Apr. 1955). Italian. ~~~ An episode of collective occupational poisoning was observed ia May, 1953, in a plant for the production of parathion. Atmospheric concentrations of parathion had never exceeded 0. 7 mg. per cu. m., except ia that month when they increased to l.A to 2 mg. per. cu. m. (ed. note - the American MAC is 0. 1 mg. per cu. m. ). One worker experienced severe intoxication and several others a milder form. The mean reduction of serum cholinesterase was 21%, with a maximum reduction of 55%. The reduction in an 3-hour shift averaged 11%. The mechanism of subacute poisoning was evidenced by daily follow-up of the clinical conditions and cholinesterase levels. When the reduction of cholinesterase levels caused by exposure is higher than 6% during a day, a progressive reduction occurs, leading to the appearance of clinical findings of poisoning; which occurs when the reduction becomes 30%. The clinical picture of accumulative poisoning is similar to that of acute poisoning with a longer course and less characteristic findings, at least at the initial stages. The. control of the health conditions of workers necessitates frequent determinations of serum cholinesterase'capacity in relation to the working shifts, and also in relationship to the possibility ' of skin absorption. Experiments showed that gloves and shoes made of common rubber, antiacid and antisolvent rubber, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene chloride easily absorb parathion and re lease it to the sweat. Sufficient quantities of parathion, even in very dilute solutions may be absorbed by the skin and cause poisoning. Antiacid rubber clothing was found to be the most resistant to para thion. Even such clothing, however, should not be worn for more than two days and then should be regenerated by abundant rinses in running water and in alkaline solutions. i.. 15. 03120134 H W B R -m m w Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 73 Antagonists for Parathion Poisoning. K, Ogiu and H. Takagi. Japan. J. Pbarm. is Chem. 27. 324-333 (195b"I ~~ Animal experiments showed that the concurrent use of scopolamine or atropine with dieth^ azine and sodium phenobarbital have the strongest antagonism to parathion. Better results were ' obtained when artificial respiration was combined with the administration of chemicals. Strophan~ thin and coramine are also effective when comoined with artificial respiration. Cond. from Chem. Absts.. 74 Some Aspects of Liver Disease Caused by Industrial Poisoning. J. H. Thompson. Arch. Ind. Health -J 12, 522-527 (Nov. i 955 'C_ ^*\l '--u Liver disease caused by industrial poisons represents approximately Z% of all industrial claims seen by internists. Such liver disease is usually secondary to exposure to various chlorin ated hydrocarbons, either singly or in comoination. The author's experiences with carboa tetra chloride and paradichlorobenzene are discussed; in these cases the combined exposure to these two chemicals produced cirrhosis of the liver, in spite of the fact that exposure to either chemical alone should not have caused cirrhosis. Combinations of liver toxins produce supplemental or additive effects, which make certain persons more susceptible to liver poisoning, and consequently, they become added industrial risks. -- Cond. from author's summary ^5 Safe Practice with Solvents. H. Allen. Chem, Age 73, 1008-1010 (Nov. 5, 1955). ----------------------------------------------------------- -- Safety in the use of some of the most used solvents is discussed briefly. Tetrachioroethane is one of the worst offenders on account of Its high toxicity. The reaction of trichloroethylene with - , aluminum dust has caused fires. It caa be used safely if soda ash is added daily to neutralize the acid formed by decomposition. Benzene has a high acute and chronic toxicity. Ethylene chlorohy_------'1 drin is dangerous at high temperatures and there is a long latent period between exposure and symp toms. Attention is called to the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride and the toxicity and fire hazard of carbon disulfide. Safety measures for the use of these solvents are discussed. 76 Experiences of the Clinica del Lavoro with Maximum Allowable Concentrations of Industrial Poisoos. "^E. C. Vigliaai and N. Zurio. Arch. GewerbepathoL Gewerbehyg, 13, 528-534 (1955). German. r^-~Jl Investigations at workplaces and examinations of workers have been conducted as an ap- ^>^5praisal of the maximum allowable concentrations suggested by the American Conference of Govern- ----- jmental Industrial Hygienists. A table compares the limits suggested for 24 substances investigated the 1954 ACGIH list. Higher limits are suggested for acetic acid (20 ppm) and nitrogen oxides ppm) and lower limits forchromic acid and chromates (0. 05 mg. per cu. m. ) parathion (0. 07- ^^3. 12 mg. per cu. m. ), other insecticides (0. 007 as TEPP), acetone (500 ppro), ammonia (50 ppm), ~/^and carbon monoxide (50 ppm). The limits for the remaining substances agree substantially with _------ .those adopted by the ACGIH. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. INDUSTRIAL DUSTS 05 The Agglutination of Harmful Dusts by Sodium Chloriae Aerosols. 36, 62-79 (1955). French. L. LeBouffant. Rev. ind. minerale The importance of suppression of harmful dusts, especially in the prevention of silicosis, methods used are discussed. Agglutination by aerosols is fairly effective but rather slow. Agglutination velocity, which is proportional to the square of the number of particles, can be accel erated by higher concentrations. Sodium chloride atomized in dusty air does not increase the num ber of collisions between dust particles but only increases their size. The addition of a saline aerosol 03120135 - 16. H W B H -m m 'ir.! Industrial Hygieoe Digest January, 1956 equal in. weight to that of dust in suspension has iittle effect on. the size and thus on the speed of sedimentation. Even by agglutinating 0.2-micron particles to 0.5-1 micron, the size is not large enough to be retained in the bronchial tubes. It seems, therefore, that an artificial dust agglutin ation by a saline aerosol would require large amounts of sodium chloride and therefore is not a practical means (or an effective suppression of harmful dusts. -- Cond. from Chem. Absts. ^ ____ q - 78 Silicosis and Dust Control--Vermont's Granite Industry. H. B. Ashe. Public Health ReDts. 70. 983-985 (Oct. 1955). ' "' The x-ray and dust control programs of the State health department began in 1937 and have gradually improved ever since. No case of silicosis has been discovered in any man who has worked only in the Vermont granite industry since 1937. This remarkable record is attributed mainly to effective dust control within the industry. 79 Coal-Miners' Pneumoconiosis in Four Collieries in County Durham. R. I. McCallum, R. C. Browne, and H. Campbell." Brit. J. Ind. ~Med. 1, 27^-289 (Oct. 1955). Statistics on the extent and degree of pneumoconiosis in County Durham show a remarkable similarity to those from South Wales. From the point of view of both the men. and the industry it is better to allow men with pneumoconiosis to continue at their facework under medical supervision, if they are willing to do so, and to persevere with measures to make the work less dusty and so to re duce the risk of progression of simple pneumoconiosis or of fresh cases developing. -- Cond. from authors' summary 80 Cavitation in the Massive Fibrosis of Coalworkers* Pneumoconiosis. G. S. Kilpatrick, A. G. HepplestOQ,-and C. M.. FLetcher. Thorax 9, 280-272 (Dec. 1954). Massive fibrosis occurs in coalworkers whose lungs already contain a certain amount of coal dust and is probably tuberculous in origin. Cavitation often occurs in massive fibrosis and appears to be due to tuberculosis or ischemic necrosis, alone or in combination. Of 104 patients with progressive massive fibrosis, 26 had tubercle bacilli in the sputum during life. Difficulties in classification due to the presence of other bacilli in the sputum are discussed. Animal inocula tion is important. The prognosis for patients in the sputum-positive group is poor. In the absence of a positive sputum, the prognosis for patients with cavitated progressive massive fibrosis is no worse than for those without cavitation. Treatment is unsatisfactory, but the sputum-positive cases should be given antituberculous drugs for their symptomatic benefit. Sputum-negative cases require only reassurance and possibly symptomatic treatment. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 81 Cor Pulmonale and Silicosis. P. H. Rossier, A. Buhlmana, and P. Luchsinger. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 13, 486-495 (1955). German. Cardiac failure as a cause of death in silicosis is second only to tuberculosis in frequency. The relation of cor pulmonale to silicosis is discussed extensively. Two general conditions leading to cor pulmonale are: (1) lowering of the alveolar oxygen tension or raising of the carbon dioxide tension, leading to a narrowing of the arterioles in the pulmonary circulation and consequently to increase of pressure; and (2) the reduced capillary stream, brought about by all the processes which cause loss of lung parenchyma and lead to hypertonus with increased capillary resistance. The electrocardiogram gives evidence of cor pulmonale in roughly halt the cases, but is more reliable than radiological evidence. The etiological differentiation of cor pulmonale is important in prognosis and treatment. Investigations on 335 patients with silicosis showed a certain parallel between the severity of the silicosis and the frequency of cor pulmonale. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 82 Investigations on the Behavior of the Most Important Mineral Dusts in Human Lungs with Special Reference to their Chemical and Crystallographic Properties and Their Occurrence in Mining. M. Landwehr and E. Bruckmann. Beitr. Siiikose-Forsch. No. 32, 132 pp. (1955)7 German. This extensive paper deals with the relation between dust composition and concentration and observations on pneumoconiotic lung tissue sections with the polarizing microscope. Part 1 reviews the crystal structures of the chief minerals which occur in mine dusts, with illustrations of silicate and other structures. Part 2 describes the main rock types which occur in mining districts. 03120136 Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 H U B IM W H W Size distribution of dust ia mines is also extensively discussed. Part 3 is a selective review of the literature dealing with miaeraiogicai observations, silica solubility, and animal experiments in sili cosis research. Part 4 gives observations based on 500 sections from 62 lungs of normal persons and those exposed to various types of dust. In these observations, the percentage of quartz ia the dust found ia lung tissue was Lower than would be expected from the composition of the airborne dust but where it should have appeared extensive stains of doubly refracting interstitial tissue were seen. The authors conclude that quartz dissolves and produces fibrous tissue, probably through the inter mediate action of colloidal polymerized silicic acid. If silicates are dissolved they produce silicic acid which is not polymerized but is rapidly excreted by the organism. On the other hand the percent ages of talc and mica found in the Lungs was higher than would have been expected. It is considered that such platy and fibrous minerals may be more difficult to remove by phagocytosis than isometric minerals, aad their accumulation in the lungs may inhibit the lymphatic drainage and thus increase the fibrogenic action of dissolved silica. -- Cond. from Buil. Hyg. The Method of Knipping and Arterial Oximetry Duriag Exercise ia the Study of Respiratory Function in Siiicocics. _E. Sartorelii and C. Sbertoli. Med. lavoro 4&, 126-132 (Feb. 1955). Italian. Knipping's method (study of oxygen deficit) aad the arterial oximetry method were compared in a studv of normal and silicotic subjects. Details of the tests are given. It is concluded that arterial oximetry offers the advantages of greaser rapidity of the tests and of better toleration by the patients; at times, however, it preseats troubles of technical nature which render difficult its operation. -- Coad. from English summary (Bull. Hyg. ) The Solubility of Quartz Dust. A. J. Beal and A. L. Godbert. (Great Britain) Ministry of Fuel and Power, Saiety in Mines Research Estab. , Research Rept. No. 115, 22 pp. (1955.). The solubility and rate of solution of silica dust are given as functions of the density of the dust suspension in the solvent (water or dilute salt solution), the fineness of the dust within the re spirable size range (beiow 5 microns), the temperature, the rate of stirring, the pH value of the solvent, and the sodium chloride concentration of the solvent. A mechanism is suggested whereby the solution of silica dust is confined to local surface areas, which have been weakened by grinding solvent hydration in such a manner that they are less firmly attached to the body of the quartz crys tal than are surrounding surfaces. No evidence was found that freshly ground quartz has any greater solubility due to active surfaces than does ground quartz which has aged for several months. -- Chem. Absts. - 65"s Effect of Aluminum Saits on the Solubility of Quartz Dust and Its Electrokinetic Properties. A. L. Godbert and R. K. Haipin. (Great Britain) Ministry of Fuel and Power, Safety ia Mines Research Estab., Research Rept. No. 116, 18 pp. (1955). The inhibition or retardation of the onset of silicosis in rats by addition of aluminum dust ^'to quartz dust has been attributed to decrease in solubility of the quartz. The addition of aluminum ~'2^.salts to quartz-water suspensions, under suitable conditions of pH and of aluminum salt concentra- ,,------ stion, reduces markedly the amount of silica put into solution, by 90f under maximum conditions. ^^jThis suggests that the effect is chiefly due to the removal of dissolved silica on the precipitate of '-^U'aluminum hydroxide. The alternative explanation, that the aluminum agglomerates the silica mole- 'cuies to a size which does not react with molybdate, is disproved by experiments. The lowering of ,,the solubility of quartz by aluminum dust has been attributed to the adsorption of aluminum on the rp^purface of the quartz particles. The formation of a barrier between the quartz-water surfaces is ' '33. Keld to hinder the solution of the quartz. Such adsorption of aluminum should change the electro- - Ikinetic mobility of the quartz particles. This change occurs under a narrower range of conditions d^han does the large decrease in the solubility of the quartz. Adsorption of aluminum oa the quartz --particles is extensive enough to reverse the sign of the charge only when the pH of the solution is between four and seven. -- Coad. from Chem. Absts. urface Activity of the Quartz Crystal. \= 5-50 (1953)." French. E. Quinot and C, Claeys. Rev. med. miniere 6, No. 23, The optical, electrical, and chemical properties of a solution of quartz dust from which particles had been thoroughly removed by centrifugation led to the conclusion that the solute consisted of highly polymerized silica, to the surface of which carbon dioxide was adsorbed. 03120137 18. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. .UAvuy H H iu i-m n /w r! Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 87 A Contribution to the Study of the Constituents of Scrm jq Cases of Silicosis. L. Christiaeas, . Baigai.ri.es, C. Claeys, and L. Lenoir. Rev. med. mimere 7^ Nos. 26-27, 14-21 (1954). French.. A study was made to ascertain whether in cases of silicosis the constituents of the serum undergo any change which might be of value in diagnosing doubtful cases. The factors studied w ere: increase in sedimentation of red ceils, haptogiobiuemia, and alpha and gamma globulins. The results so far do not give statistically significant results.. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. ,--n 88 Investigations into the Reactions of Human Semm to Silica. C. Claeys. Rev. med. rn.iai.ere 7, Nos."" 25-27, 21-30 (1954). French. A short summary is given of the various theories of the mechanism of the action of silica on living tissue. Experiments with colloidal and crystalline silica showed a relation between the refractometric reaction and viscosity of the serum. The reaction seemed to be due to oa.Tr.ma globu lins. Particle size and freshness of fracture were found to be factors. The importance of the inquiry is in laying stress on the activity of the superficial layers of silica crystals, an activity which passes away in the course of time. -- Good, from Bull. Hyg. 89 Local Tnfla.mma.tory .Response Produced by Solutions Sterilised with Asbestos Type Filters. R. S. Speirs and U. Wencfc. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 88, 89-93 (Jan. 1955). It was demonstrated that filtering through an asbestos type filter disc will change the local cellular responses of the organism to that solution. This reaction is due to particles and fibers which have pulled off the disc and are present in the filtrate at the time of injection. A similar eosinophilia appeared following injections of asbestos and talc, but not following silica, cotton, or paper fibers. Ground glass and mica produced only slight increases in the number of local eosino phils. It was pointed out that precautions should be taken to avoid accidental introduction of asbes tos fibers from Seitz filters into serums aad other biological materials intended for injection. These experiments demonstrate that a study of the local cellular responses to an injected material can lead to a better understanding of the effects of a solution upon an organism. -- Biol. Absts. 90 Some Cases of Mixed Pneumoconiosis Occurring in the Pottery Industry. F. Muller and L. Courcelle. Arch, maladies profess. 16, 149-153 (1955). French. Three cases of pneumoconiosis are reported, in which the patients had been employed in making stoneware for several years. In each case the patient was seized suddenly with dyspnea, following a mild catarrhal attack. X-ray examination showed interstitial fibrosis with disseminated nodulation. Except for the dyspnea the general health was good. The sudden development of these cases was quite different from the slow onset of silicosis. The dust contained about 20% quartz. It is suggested that other dusts, particularly feldspar, may have masked the silica effect which was brought to light by a chance infection of the lungs. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 91 Mixed-Dust Pneumoconiosis and Atelectasis. E. Uehiinger, Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 13, 496-507 (1955) G ermaa. In contrast with the focal and compensatory emphysema which accompanies mixed-dust pneumoconiosis, atelectases have received little attention. Atelectases of segments and lobes of the lungs are the result of closure of broochi; they can occur as the result of mixed-dust bronchitis, supervening bronchial tuberculosis, and bronchial or lung carcinoma near the hilum. The impor tance of large atelectases is that they cause reduction of the capillary surface in contact with the alveolar walls, and, by augmenting the compensatory emphysema, the respiratory dead-space is increased; respiration becomes difficult, even in rest, partial or complete invalidity results, and the progress of the pneumoconiosis is hastened. Two cases are recorded in detail. Both resulted from long exposure to iron, coal, and quartz. In one case a carcinoma was hidden by the dense shadow of the atelectasis, but apparently had no causal relation to it. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 03120138 19. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 92 Full era1-Earth Luag. H. Gactner. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 13, 508-516 (1955}. German Several cases of pneumoconiosis occurring in workers with fullers1 earth are described in detail. The principal mineral constituent of the fullers' earth is montmoriliooite, which has a lattice structure similar to that of the mica group. The percentage of quartz in the clays varied from zero to 2 0$. The conclusion is reached that the dust of this material is injurious although not capable of causing silicosis. This possibility has apparently not been recognized generally, and preventive measures have been neglected. -- Cond. from Bull. Hyg. 9jft Pulmonary Disease in Relation to Metallic Oxides. K. M. A. Perry. Lancet 269, 463-468 - ` (Sept. T, 1955)" If the oxides of metals are inhaled into the lung and remain in its lymphatics they will throw x-ray shadows, the density of which varies with the atomic weight of the metal. Some dusts are dis solved and are excreted by the kidney or intestines, but others remain and cause shadowing. Though they may be inert and may not give rise to fibrosis, they may interfere with elasticity. The following effects of various metallic oxides are discussed; baritosis, siderosis, staanosis, and argyrosiderosis as forms of pneumoconiosis; chemical pneumonia from the oxides of manganese, beryllium, and osmium; sarcoidosis caused by beryllium; emphysema from cadmium oxide; fibrosis caused by alum inum and its oxide; and carcinoma from arsenic and chromates. The literature on each of these dusts is reviewed in some detail. The possible relation of bronchitis and its complications to air pollution is discussed. *>: Zinc Sterate Lung. L. Noro and U, Uotila. Paper 239, 11th International Congress of Industrial Medicine (Sept. 1954). ?W- The inhalation of zinc stearate dust is known as a cause of pneumonia in children, but its effects in the working environment are not so well known. The authors describe the fatal case of a worker employed for 29 years in a rubber plant. The clinical examination and autopsy showed that the cause of death was a diffuse fibrosis of the lungs. Histological tests for zinc were positive, - - Arch. Ind. Health PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT G-'.'dD 9S. ^Proceed;ngs of the First West Coast Noise Symposium, Sessions 4 and 5. Noise Coatrol 1, 10-65, 1J8-82 (Sept7 1955). The papers presented at the first three sessions of the First West Coast Noise Symposium, ^^^Lbs Angeles, Dec. 3, 1954, were reviewed briefly in the September, 1955 Digest, The remaining papers were the following: -3 The Z24-X-2-Report. W. Rudmose, fTJfCh analysis is givea of the preliminary report on "The Relations of Hearing Loss to Noise Exposure" -- 3>y Exploratory Subcommittee X-2 of the American Standards Association Z24 Sectional Committee, ~r^,S') Role of the Industrial Physician in the Problem of Noise in Industry. T. G, Hanks. 2. Suggestions are given for the industrial physician's procedure in initiating and conducting a noise_--control program. Industrial Noise--Application of Coatrol Measures by the Industrial Safety Engineer, y. Y. HattoQ. notection of employees against noise is a part of the safety engineer's job. Quieting of machines r. byfigood maintenance, audiometric tests for employees, and ear protectors are discussed. UJ Employee Participation and Cooperation in Control Measures. D. G. Saurenman, The success of any industrial plant noise-control program is in large part dependent upon the cooper ation of the employees. Some positive steps are outlined for insuring this cooperation. 03120139 20. H w iiii-n im 'i:)/ 0 0T- Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 956 The Status of Present Laws. F. J. Creede. The author discusses the current legal situation in California with regard to hearing loss as it is covered by workmen's compensation laws. Role of the Industrial Accident Commission. D. A. Campbell. The compensation methods applied in California are outlined and a program is suggested for reducing the incidence of industrial hearing loss. Methods of Noise Control--Personal Protection. P. S. Veneklasen. Modern methods for ear protection include ear plugs, ear muffs, and helmets, separately or m combination. The various types are described and evaluated, Ear Defenders; Measurement Methods and Comparative Results. J. C. Webster. Ear defenders offer positive protection against loud noise, if they have sufficient attenuation and fit the wearer correctly. Methods of measuring the capabilities of ear defenders are outlined and results of measurements taken in a number of laboratories are reported. General Principles of Reducing Noise in Machinery. S. M. Potter and H. C. Hardy. Reduction of machinery noise at the source frequently involves chaages of minor significance with regard to operation, but capable of reducing noise by a large factor. These simple changes often involve little or no increase in cost. Design of Noise Control Structures. D. B. Callaway. Where noise cannot be reduced at the source, the best method of noise control is to enclose the source. The effectiveness and application ranges of various types of barriers and enclosures are discussed. Plant Planning for Noise Reduction. I. Dyer. The best time to apply noise-control measures is in the design stage or at least prior to moving into a new plant or area. Site selection, plant layout techniques, and the choice of processes, machines, and machine mounts all influence the noise environment. Summary of Symposium. R. H. Bolt. General principles, rather than the content of the papers, are summarized in. ten points, regarding the complexity of the problem, the need of cooperation with professional societies, the need of more symposiums, and the responsibility of management. The last point is "beware of 3iagie numbers", that is, oo particular noise level should be taken as the criterion of the noise hazard, uatii all condi tions are thoroughly understood and are circumscribed. 96 Historical Record of the Wisconsin State Fair Hearing Survey --1954. A. Glorig and D. E. Wheeler. Noise Control 1, 18-25 (Nov. 1955). The survey was intended (1) to determine some of the effects of industrial noise on hearing in the population of Milwaukee and the surrounding territory, (2) to learn the relation of pure-toae and speech audiometry, and (3) to study the auditory threshold ia large populations. Ail the persons tested were volunteers. The procedures and equipment are described. A brief summary of results is presented. A complete set of tables and graphs will be published in the near future. 97 On Occupational Deafness from White Noise. I.. Bernabei. Riv. Audio!. Practica 3, 21-52 (1953). Italian. English translation available from Beltone institute for Heariag Research, 2900 W. 36th St. , Chicago 32, 111. The author has studied the injury caused to the human ear by the white noises (noises over a wide frequency range) of the boracic springs of the industries of Larderello. On the basis of the data supplied by the collective and individual examinations carried out with modern means on a large number of qualified workers attending to the different branches, all more or less affected by acoustic trauma (the chief physical characteristics of which are fully described} the author classifies two funda mental clinical kinds of deafness: apoplectic and gradual (or slow). Next he draws prophylactic con clusions as to the selection and utilization of the workers, the places where they work, and acoustic protection. -- Author's summary 98 Noise Reduction in the Design of a Diesel-Engine Test House. P. A. deLange and G. J. van Os. Ingenieur 67, W74-W76 (June 17, 1955). Dutch! This article describes a sound-proof test house for diesel engines and the methods used for obtaining a high degree of attenuation in both the test house and neighboring buildings. The features adopted include: double walls with a damping material between them; double doors; re enforced concrete beams for the roof; a plenum chamber for exhaust gases; and a sound-absorbing wail between the test room and control room. -- Cond. from Engrs. Digest 03120140 HMIIH-0016U8 Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1936 99 Evaluation of the Noise Field around Jet-Powered Aircraft. M. Kamrass and K. D. Swartzel. Noise Control l_, 30-39, S4 (Nov. 1955), Following a review of the factors which, affect the ground-level noise from, aircraft La flight a technique is discussed which permits the prediction of ground noise levels and indicates flight oat- 2 u terns which will permit minimum noise levels for those areas requiring a minimum of noise anaoy- ZT2N aace. -- Editor's summary tGO' Evaluation of aquipmeat Noise. H. C. Hardy and D. E. Bishop. Heat. Pip. Air Cond. 27, 137-141 ------ '1 (Sept. 1955X A brief survey is made of the present state of knowledge to permit stating what is not known and to outiiae needed research. Certain concepts of modern acoustical engineering are suggested as offering a means for measuring and evaluating noise of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equip- ment. Methods of procedure are outlined and a simple layout for applying the ideas to fans is included. Two examples illustrate proposed procedures. Specific suggestions are made covering the data miss- ------'< Lug and needed in order to make the noise determinations. -- Editor's summary 1 OH Noise from Small Centrifugal Fans. R. B. Goldman and G. C. Maling. Noise Cootrol 1, 26-29, 50 ^(Nov. 1955). Examination of experimental data from a number of small centrifugal fans leads to the .'-'"'development of an equation of fan noise having two parts readily associated with the development /dN0f static pressure and the production of flow. A technique is developed for the selection of fans --' to produce minimum noise for given conditions of flow and static pressure. - Editor's summary r02 "Fitting Eyesight to Job Needs. W. Meals. Factory Mgmt. & Maint. 113, 92-95 (Nov. 1955). The successful results of several companies with vision control programs are cited, and it is emphasized that ao company is too small to require a program. The factors in a good vision program include: measurement of vision of applicants with consideration.of the work they are to -- ^perform; testing for field or raage of vision, depth perception, coordination of eyes, and color blindness; and proper eye protection. The last includes individual goggles for each worker, and in many cases correction ground into their prescription safety glasses. An eye examination should J>e given and a new correction should be prescribed for use on the job. -.Tolerance of Men to Work in Hot, Saturated Environments with Reference to Mines Rescue Operations. -^A. R. Lind, R. F. HeLion, J. S. Weiner, and R. m7 Jones. Brit. J. lad. Med. 12, 296-303 C.-5ct- *955). Thirty-six mines rescue personnel wearing self-contained breathing apparatus were exposed 2.^.to a stipulated work routine in various saturated environments, aod their "tolerance times" were de- - Jermined. There was no demonstrable difference in tolerance time of men in two age groups (19-31 39-45 years) although minor physiological differences were detected. No difference was.found y]a the ability of men in three occupational groups to work in saturated environments. The use of the information on "tolerance times" as it affects the mines rescue service is discussed. An appendix - -describes details of the rectal thermocouple used in the experiments. -- Authors' summary 194 judex for Evaluating Heat Stress in Terms of Resulting Physiological Strains. H. S. Belding and F. Hatch. Heat. Pip. Air Cond. 27, 129-136 (Aug. 1955). Reprints are available from the _------foundation. A rational approach is described and is proposed for evaluation of heat stress in terms of: ) thermal load which is imposed on a standard man; (2) capacity of environment to accept the load; a %nd (3) physiological capacity to meet the demands over a period of eight hours. The "standard man" j---- represents a composite of young, fit, acclimatized men who have been subjects of physiological in vestigation of the effects of heat in the laboratory and in the field. -- Authors' summary 03120141 22. Industrial Hygiene Digest Jaanary, 1*756 T ,--^ 1 03 Hot Jobs Will Be Cool Jobs. W. J. Sing. Factory Mgmt. kMaiat, 113, 76, 77 (Aug. 1955). The advantages of radiant heat shielding are discussed, choice of materials is indicated, and the following suggestions are given for Location of shielding*. (1) the shield should block all straight-line paths between the heat source and the object or person requiring protection; (2) it should net have physical contact with the heat source; (3) L: should be highly reflective; and (4) it snouid not interfere with natural ventilation. Examples of the effectiveness of shielding are given. 106 3ody Evaporation During Short Exposures to Various Temperatures, Humidities, Pressures, and Mass Velocities. J. W. McCutchaa. Keat. Pip. Air Cond. zT, 151 -154 (Sept. 1955). Over the ranges tested, with two healthy young men as subjects, environmental temperature has by far the moat significant effect on skin water loss by evaporation. The beneficial effect of reduced pressure on body temperature and hance the rate of heat storage is also significant. -- Cond. from author's conclusions "n '>--J 107 The Energy Expended while Walking in Stooping Postures. T. Bedford and C. G. Warner. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 12, "290-295 (Oct7"l955)" Experiments on two subjects are reported in which the energy cost of walkiag --erect, stoop ing, and on ail fours--was measured. At a givea speed, when walking with a stoop sufficient to re duce a man's height by 20%, the energy cost was from 30 to 50% above that of normal walking, while walking with a stoop causing a height reduction of 40% caused 3 1/2 times, and walking on all fours 4 1/4 to 5 1/4 times as much energy as normal walkiag. -- Authors' summary 108 Industrial Raynaud's Phenomenon with Gangrene. A. M. Desmond. Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 47, 19-20 (1954). Gangrene is uncommon in Raynaud's phenomenon; as an industrial complication it is most unusual. A man, aged 50, had used a pneumatic drill without disturbance. Later the use of a club hammer and cold chisel was followed by Raynaud's phenomenon and ulcerated gangrene. Improve ment occurred after sympathectomy. Trauma rather than cold was preferred as the interpretation of the causal background. -- Biol. Absts. Parkinsonism and Trauma. J. M. Nielsen and S. L. Marvin. Bull. Los Angeles Neurol. Soc. 19, 93 (Dec~1954)! The authors present several lines of evidence that Parkinsonism is an enzyme disease, and that trauma is very improbable as a cause. They present the histories of two patients, which illus trate that, when Parkinsonism follows trauma, a pure picture of Parkinsonism does not appear. How ever, trauma may precipitate a syndrome of loss of associated movement, with rigidity, mask-like facies, and even tachylalia. The third patient, whose case is presented, had been working with copper, zinc, aad cadmium but haA no. sustained a trauma. Mixed radicular and Parkinson symptoms refer able to the right arm developed. The case shows that, if trauma had occurred, the symptoms of Parkinsonism might have been ascribed to trauma. -- Cond. from Arch. Ind. Health ;.rC_r\ Ocf) RADIOACTIVITY AND X-RADIATION 110 C=3 Instruction in X-Ray Protection. Mary H. Brocklage. X-Ray Technician 26, 443-444 (May 1955). Instruction in x-ray protection should be an important part of all radiologic technology courses. The following points should be stressed: (1) the history of exposure of early workers and the subsequent development of protective measures; (2) protection of the patient by obtaining 03120142 23. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 data oo previous irradiation aQd by accurate technique in diagnosis and treatment; (3) protection of the technician by suitable shielding and by observing rules of caution with regard to hand and body positions; and (4) prevention of shock by checking ground connections and by the technician's keeping one hand behind him to avoid entering the circuit the patient may be in, thus protecting himself and the patient. -- Good, from Public Health Eng. Absts. l-XJZ Radiological Health-- Ao Over-All View. 5. A. Lough. Am, J. Public Health 45, 1447-1453 GTLn (Nov. 1955). ___ q The scientific, medical, and industrial uses of radiatioa are reviewed, and future problems - -are considered. Administrative machinery for control of radiation hazards is discussed, Radiatioa can be used safely; its benefits to the public are great and will become even greater; adequate reguia- ^Lrtions governing such use should not and need not be so restrictive that the benefits cannot be realized ^Illegally. One important way to make sound progress is to make haste slowly; and, finally, we must ,C-'be ready to revise any code when our experience teaches us that changes are desirable. 113__'Radioactive Poisons. J. Schubert. Sci. American 193, 34-39 (Aug. 1955). ---* The production of artificial radioactive materials is raising the levels of radioactivity to z^^hich man may be exposed. Such radioactive atoms aod molecules which accumulate in certain LJtissues after entering the body and subject them to damaging radiations are referred to as radio- '^active poisons. These are extremely difficult to deal with, due to the extreme smallness of a toxic .-"close and the possibility of greatly delayed effects. Aspects discussed are the slow development of awareness of radioactivity hazards, factors in biological retention and damage, maximum per- IGrhissible amounts allowable in the body, methods of measuring amounts in the body, techniques for ^removal of ingested radioactive materials, cautions to be observed in using radioisotopes, aQd need investigate genetic effects of loag storage of these materials in the body. " -- Public Health Eng. Absts. 113 Some Effects of Periodic X-Radiation. L. E. Moon, H. F. Harlow, andG. P. Bogumill. Science 122, 863, 864 (Nov. 4~ 1955). The effect of repeated mild doses of x-radiation on progressive physiological and behavioral "changes in animals was studied. Twelve of 23 monkeys were exposed periodically. The results of .^n^iher researchers are confirmed in showing that divided doses are not as lethaily effective as a "-^-single dose, but no definite estimate of LD50 is justified. Weight, appetite, and locomotor activity - ^ere adversely affected. Every irradiated animal subjected to autopsy showed severe pathological -^e^aages in at least one organ system, most frequently the lungs, heart, kidneys, and large intestine. '^-Aihemia occurred in a number of animals. Prior to radiation the animals were given extensive traia.-^vJSg on various tests that have been shown to differentiate between normal animals and those with var-- -ibiis types of brain damage. No evidence of brain damage due to radiation is indicated on the basis these tests; in fact, on the average the irradiated monkeys were significantly superior to the con/2'frols on both oddity and delayed-response tests during the last two testa months, even on the verge _--oti death. -J 114 Thrombocytopenic Purpura in X-Ray Technicians. A. Bohme and Oberste-Berghaus. Strahlentherapie -9T, 292-396 (June 1955). German. 1^1 L --! As a result of continued duty as assistants in an x-ray establishment, two girls had a slight - ajfcack of thrombopenic purpura which disappeared upon interruption of their work. They, however, ' -relapsed when resuming their duty and are continuously suffering from a slight thrombopenia. _------ j -- Nuclear Sci. Absts. ll5x3&Qod Histamine Level and Skin Erythema Determinations Following Exposure to Single Doses of r X^jkadiation. L, Koslowski, H. Poppe, and E. Walther. ~Strahlentherapie 97, 266-271 (June 1955). [JGayman. The authors examined the histamine level in the blood of 20 individuals submitted to a single roentgen irradiation of 400r. In 18 persons they determined an increase in histamine of 45 to 400 micrograms per liter, or 33 to 253%. No formation of erythema was observed. It is assumed that histamine is formed from histidine or "by decomposition of cells in the skin. - - Nuclear Sci. Absts. 2<- 03120143 HWBII-OlHfWi'il Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 116 Calcium aDTA and the Excretion of Plutonium. H. Foreman, T. T. Trujillo, O. Johnson, and C. Finnegan. Proc. 5oc. Sxptl. ~3iol. Med, 89, 339-342 (July 1955). A comparison of calcium EDTA aad zirconium citrate for the therapy of acute plutonium poisoning showed.that Ca EDTA caused greater plutonium excretion than did the zirconium citrate. A combined treatment produced the same results as zirconium citrate alone. CaEDTA administered long after plutonium was deposited in bone removed it very slowly. The addition of sodium EDTA to the calcium salt did not affect its action. CaEDTA did not influence the passage of plutonium across the lung alveolar membrane, did not influence its rate of mobilization from an intramuscular site, and did not influence its rate of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. -- Cond. from authors' summary 117 The Handling of Plutonium in Laboratories: Precautions. H. J. Duoster and E. J. Benneliick. Atomics 6, 312-320 (Oct. 1955). An outline is given of the standard of laboratory facilities required for handling plutonium at levels up to about ten curies. The use of glove boxes is discussed and methods of monitoring of air and urine are given. Emergency procedures are suggested. -- Editor's summary 118 The Significance and Value of Uranium in UriQe Analysis. A. Butterworth. Trans. Assn. lad. Med. Officers S_, 36-43 (July 1955). So far as inhalation hazards are concerned, the results of group analysis of uranium in urine appears to be a very useful guide to conditions in various parts of the atomic energy estab lishment. This type of investigation may be at ieast as valuable as intermittent atmospheric sur veys. A uriaary uranium concentration greater than 100 micrograms per liter is definitely indica tive of recent absorption, whereas a concentration of less than 40 may be due either to slow uptake from the site of absorption or to boae mobilization. Follow.up determinations should be made oq workers whose excretion reaches the higher value. Among the subjects discussed are:, the value of collecting specimens at the ead of the period of employment; the greater effect of small particle sizes; the more rapid excretion in man than indicated by animal experiments; more complete intes tinal absorption thaa heretofore indicated; the rarity- of pathological albuminuria; and the role of bone absorption. - Cond. from author's summary 119 The Control of Radioisotopes. G. W. Morgan. Modern Saait. 7, 18-20, 52, 53 (Nov. 1955). The role played hy the Atomic Energy Commission in the control of radioactive materials in industry is explained. The Isotopes Division has developed a licensing procedure and an educa tional and visitation program. During visits prior to licensing the facilities, techniques, disposal methods, and over-all radiological problem of the applicant are carefully evaluated, and recommenda tions tor correction are made. Recommendations covering the general phases of radiological safety have been drafted and when published will have the effect of law. Specific criteria for evaluations of different programs have been developed. Close cooperation between state agencies and the AEC has resulted in mutual understanding of their problems. 120 Contamination of Surfaces by Radioactive Materials; The Derivation of Maximum Permissible Levels. H. J. Dunster. Atomics^ 6, 233-239, 250 (Aug. 19551. This article is a revised version of the (British) Atomic Energy Research Establishment Report H. P./R. 1495. The health problems caused by the radioactive contamination of surfaces are assessed and maximum permissible levels of contamination are proposed for surfaces leaving radioactive working areas and for surfaces retained in such areas. The Safety of Nuclear Reactors. C. R. McCullough, M. M. Mills, aad E. Teller. Chem. Eng. Progr. 51, 446-450 (Oct. 1955). Until really safe nuclear machines of the future become available, reactors must be con structed with extreme circumspection and must continue to be operated with the same caution after ten years of safe running as when they were first constructed. Various phases of their hazards are 03120144 25. HW IlH-mm.W Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 discussed: contained radioactivity, escape of radioactivity, auciear runaway, delayed energy produc tioa, and exothermic chemical reactions. A nuclear reactor does not produce a nuclear exoiosion even remotely approximating that of an atomic bomb. However, it is possible that large amounts of radioactive material might be released by a runaway, and therefore reactor sites should not be near populous or industrial areas. Since this is not always possible, it is necessary to use all possible safeguards. The Problem of Insuring Nuclear Installations. M. M. 3radeich. Chem. (Nov. 1955). ng. Progr. 51, 513-516 A special group of insurance executives has been conducting a survey of atomic facilities to develop information and criteria oa the insurability of industrial installations. This article is based on the author's experience as a member of the group. Maay problems are involved, and more study is needed. A practical program for achieving maximum safety is outlined. 123 Radiation Tolerance Control. A. Graves. Atomics 6, 278-281 (Sept. 1955).. The author discusses the effect of radiation upon human tissue and puts forward the sugges tion that the control of tolerance of radiation can be obtained by varying the liquid content of the tissue. - - Editor's summary 24 Shielded Box for Chemical Work. J, Rydberg. Nucleonics 13, 65 (Oct. 1955). This paper describes a box for chemical operations with radioactive materials where the radiation is of the order of one curie. The cost should not greatly exceed that of a lead shielded dry box, and its flexibility equals that of a Brookhaven hot ceil. 125 Disaster Monitoring with Amateur and Commercial Photographic Films. G. M. Corney and H. M. Cleare. Nucleonics 13, 40, 41 (Aug. 1955). In the event of an atomic disaster, widely distributed stand-by dosimeters might be extremely valuable, even if they gave only approximate indications. Photographic films ordinarily stored in commercial stocks and homes might fulfill this need. Calibration of a number of such films showed that, in spite of several sources of error they are sufficiently* accurate for that purpose. ,^6 Radioactive Fallout in the United States. M. Eisenbud and J.. H. Harley. Science 121, 677-680 (May 13, 1955). This report summarizes the data accumulated up to the present time by the fallout monitor ing network of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission. The data are representative of the entire area of the United States, except that within 200 miles of the Nevada Test Site. The network consists of 89 sampling stations when tests are under way in Nevada, and only 41 at other times. The methods of collecting samples and of preparation for analysis are described. The accumulation of total fission products deposited throughout the country since 1951 varies from 21 millicuries per square mile in Arizona to 120 in New Mexico (excluding Nevada). Of the long-lived constituents of the radioactive debris, strontium 90 is of most interest because of its relatively loog half-life (25 years) and the possibility that it may be deposited in human booe. However, it is estimated that the accumulation of strontium 90 would have to be increased about 1, 000, 000 times before biological effects could be recognized. In a few places relatively heavy fallout was caused by a combination of meteorological coincidences. The bulk of this radioactivity is eliminated by decay in a few hours or days after the fallout. An example of relatively heavy fallout was the radioactive rain in Troy, N. T., of April 1953. At no place except in the immediate vicinity of the test site is there a sustained elevation of the back ground sufficient to be demonstrated by direct measurement of the gamma background in the area. -- Goad, from APCA Absts. f_Lijr Radioactive Fallout. 3. R. E. Lapp. Bull. Atom. Sci. 11, 206-209 (June 1955). The persistence of fallout for weeks and months is as radical a departure in weapoo effects as is the vast area of fallout, and this means that civil defense must contend with a "shelter phase" 26. 03120145 Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 956 not of a few days, but of a considerable number of weeks. Protection afforded by several types of shelter, post evacuation from cities, and the internal hazard from the intake of fission products into the body (particularly strontium 90) are discussed. Assuming that l 0f<r of the fission yield is iQ form of tiny particles which settle to the earth in one year or less, the author has calculated that 1500 superbombs of 20-megatoa power could produce global contamination equal to that stipulated for workers in atomic laboratories (50 rar per day), and he concludes chat the problem of global contamination is of minor importance as compared with local radioactive fallout. -- APCA Aosts 128 Production of Cataracts in Animals by X-Rays and Fast Neutrons. P. J. Leinfelder, T. C. Evans, and E. Riley. Radiology 65, 433-438 (Sept. 1955). Radiation cataract is a real but not a vital hazard. In most iastaaces it cao be avoided by the use of proper precautions. With lower dosages, progressive changes are not as likely to occur as with higher exposures. The development of radiation cataract demonstrates some of the mechan isms of biologic actions of ionizing radiation. Cataract is a more likely hazard for neutron workers than for those who may be similarly exposed to x-radiation. -- Authors' summary (Nuclear Sci. Absts. ) 129 External Radiatioa Exposure in the Radium-Dial Painting Industry. J. E. Silson, M. Kleiafeld, and S. J. Harris. Arch. Ind. Health 12, 503-508 (Nov. 1955). The environmental histories of two persons who worked in a radium-dial painting plant in occupations other than as painters and who died of aplastic anemia are presented. The internal radi ation component from inhaled or ingested radium, as determined by both breath radoa samples and measurements on the tissues at autopsy, was negligible in the first case and not appraciaoiy above permissible in the second. Evaluation of their work histories, however, indicated a probabLe high exposure to external radiation. This consisted principally of exposure, in the first case, to the packaging of iarge numbers of finished items coated with radium and, m the second case, to the processing of large batches of radium-containing phosphors inside a poorly designed hood which become contaminated and itself productive of a hazardous dose rate. Recommeadatioos to prevent the future occurrence of illness or death from this type of exposure are made. -- Authors' summary '--C' 130 The Long-Term Aspect of Fission Product Disposal. . Glueckauf. Atomics (Sept. 7955); 270-276, 281 r^5--Tii _,_ri ------- i On the basis of a world production of nuclear energy requiring 1,000 tons of nuclear fuel per annum, it is calculated that the total radiation from fission products of more than one year of age would be about the same as that released by the potassium contained in the ocean. However, after separation of strontium and cesium, followed by 13 years' storage, and subsequent release of the remaining bulk into the ocean, the resulting equilibrium radiatioa would be negligible com pared with the natural potassium radiation of ocean water. In any disposal plan, absolute safeguards must be provided against entrance of fission products into food or water supplies, and against acci dental exposure of the public to excessive radiatioa. Safe access to mineral wealth above or below ground must be assured. The proposed scaeroe must be as economical as possible. The author concludes that there are three economical ways of satisfying all these requirements: (1) permanent control of fission products by underground storage of solutions in tanks; (2) immediate disposal of highly concentrated solutions on Land in remote and uninhabited areas; and (3) quantitative separation of strontium and cesium from the bulk of the fission products, followed by careful control of the small quantities of these long-lived elements and by disposal of the remaining bulk. Detailed suggestions are given for this method of disposal. This method may prove to be the most economical, and will certainly be, if industrial uses for the radiations from strontium and cesium can be found. -- Cond. from editor's summary "-------1 The Management and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes. A. Wolman and A. E. Gorman. Chem. Eng. Progr. 5l, 470-474 (Oct. 19551. The sources, treatment, and disposal of the various types of radioactive wastes are discussed, including raw materials, fumes and dusts, coolants from, nuclear reactors, and isotopes. Future prob lems are considered. 0312014G 27. iJicuscrtai Hygiene Digest January, i9j0 M W IlfM lim W ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS ----- _ 132 A Method for Generating Vapor Having the Composition of a Parent Solvent Mixture. F. Rieders --" and W. A. Hode7 Arch. lad. Health 12, 509-51 0~iNov. 1955). A method is described which permits the production of a vapor which corresponds in per^ centage composition of constituents to that of a mixed parent solvent. -- Authors* summary A Method for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood. P. J. Lawther and G. H. Apthorp. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 12., 326-329 (Oct. 1955). A method is described whereby blood carbon monoxide may be simply and accurately deter mined by infrared spectroscopy after extraction under vacuum. The standard deviation of ten deter minations at 2. 88 mL. CO per 100 ml. blood was 0. 02, and of teji-determinations at 13. 15 ml. COper 100 mi. blood was 0. 08. The method was found to be linear over the range 0 to 12 mi. per 100 ml. blood. - - Authors' summary 0*34 A Simple Micro Method for Blood Carbon Monoxide Determination. H. I. Chinn, Nancy E. R. Pawei, and R. F. Redmond. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 46, 905-909 (Dec. 1955). A rapid, simple method for estimating the carbon monoxide content of blood is described, whereby the CO is liberated from the carboxyhemoglobin by one reagent and determined colorimetrically by drawing the CO through another reagent in a commercially available sampling tube. - - Authors' summary "/Cl'S5 Rapid Method for Determining Low Concentrations of Chlorine Dioxide in Air by Means of Detector Tubes. Kitagawa and Y. Kobayashi. J. Chem. Soc. Japan, lad. Chem. Sect. 58, 177-179 (1955). Chlorine dioxide (0. 3 to 300 ppm) in air was determined by measuring the length of color change in part of a detecting column composed of silica-gel granules which had been immersed in o-tolidine solution and dried. The working curves expressing the linear relation between Log length of color change and of concentration and temperature are given. The presence of oxidizing gases should be avoided. -- Chem. Absts, ^36 Determination of Hydrazine and Ammonia in Air. H. McKennis, Jr. . and L. B. Within. Arch. Ind. --i Health 511-514 (Nov." 1955). A procedure has been developed for the determination of hydrazine and ammonia m air. Advantage is taken of the difference in vapor pressures of aqueous hydrazine and aqueous ammonia, which permits the latter to be separated from the former. In this manner ammonia can be determined by nesslerization without interference from hydrazine. Hydrazine can be determined before or after removal of ammonia from the acidic solution which is used to collect hydrazine and ammonia from air. -- Authors' summary -"TW The Estimation of Ozone at High Dilutions by Electrometric and Colorimetric Methods. J. N. Pring. n----- 1 J. Appl Chem. 5, 338-346 (July 1955). A highly sensitive method based on the measurement of the oxidation potential of a brominehydrobromic acid electrode has been devised for the estimation of ozone at high dilutions. The pro cedure which is determined by aa equilibrium condition does not require complete absorption of the highly dilute ozone by the reagent to be effected and is independent of the total volume of air passed. The method is not appreciably affected by oxides of nitrogen or other oxidizing substances at concen trations which occur in the atmosphere. The measurements have been compared with the color changes given by potassium iodide-starch papers. The system remains to be applied to air tests in districts of uncontaminated atmosphere in association with meteorolog^c^^jij^j^tia^aj -- Author's summary 23. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 138 Determination of o-Tolidiae and o-Dianisidine and Their Metabolites in Urine and Organs. P. Engelbert* ana E. 3abei. Zeotr. Arbeitsmed. u. Arbeitsschutz 4, 179-183 (1954). German. The method described ia the preceding abstract was extended to the determination of o-tolidine and o-dianiside ia the urine of workers. Limits of detectability are given. In the metabolism of beazidiae,hydroxyl-containing compounds are probably formed. - Cond. from Chem. Absts. 139 Determination of Benzidine and Its Metabolites in Urine and Organs. P. Engelbertz and E. Babel. Zeotr. Arbeitsmed. u. Arbeitsschutz 3, 161-168 (1953). German. A new method is developed for determination of very small quantities of benzidine ia urine of individuals after inhalation of benzidine. The method is also suitable for the determination of dianisidine, tolidine, dichlorobeazidine, dichloroanisidiae, 1 - and 2 - naphthylamine, and other aromatic bases and hydroxy compounds. Working details are givea ia Chem. Absts, 49, 125 7812579 (Sept. 25, 1955). 140 Chemical Determination of Dieldrin ia Crop Materials. A. E. O'Donnell, H. W. Johnson, Jr. , aod F. T. Weiss. J, Agr. Food Chem. _3, 757-762 (Sept. 1955). Two analytical methods are described for the determination of dieldrin in plant materials; Both methods involve the separation of dieldrin by extraction and chromatography. The spectro- photometric method following described chemical treatment proved to be more specific and sensitive than the chlorine method. Both methods can be used to determine dieldrin residues of 0. 1 ppm or more in a wide variety of crops. -- Cond. from authors' summary 141 Colorimetric Determination of Ethyl 4, 4` -Djchlorobenzilate (Chlorobenzjlate) as a Spray Residue. H. J. Harris. J. Agr. Food Chem. , 939-941 (Nov. 1955)., A colorimetric method is presented for the microdeterminatioa of the acaricide, Chloro- benzilate, as a spray residue. The method has been further developed to determine the compound in the presence of DOT. -- Cond. from editor's summary 142 Modification of Ferrous Thiocyanate Colorimetric Method for Determination of Some Atmospheric Oxidants. G.~VV. Todd. Anal. Chem. IT, 1490-1492" (Sept. 1955). No satisfactory method for measuring the oxidants prodnced by the reaction of ozone with hydrocarbons in the gas phase has been available. The ferrous thiocyanate method for the deter mination of peroxides was modified and used for the determination of gaseous oxidants. The reagent responds to very low concentrations of the reaction products of ozone and hexene or gasoline but is fairly insensitive to ozone alone. It is somewhat sensitive to nitrogen dioxide but not to nitrous oxide, formic acid, formaldehyde, valeric acid, or isovaleraldehyde. It appears to be useful in sampling naturally polluted atmospheres as well as atmospheres artifically polluted with various ozonated hydrocarbons. -- Editor's summary 143 The Colorimetric Determination of Silicon in the Microanalysis of Biological Material and Mineral Dusts. E. J. King, B. D. Stacy, P. F. Holt, Diedre M. Yates, and D. Pickles. Analyst 80, 441-453 (June 1955). The basic ferric acetate procedure for removing phosphate from solutions in which silica is to be determined has been critically investigated. Unless the pH is strictly controlled, the method may give inaccurate results, owing to incomplete removal of phosphate or removal of silica with phosphate. Both phosphate and silica combine with molybdate in weak acid, but only the silicomolyb- date complex is reduced in strong acid. On this principle a new procedure is described for deter mining silica in biological materials, in which phosphate is left in solution. Iron, in amounts greater than those occurring in tissue, does not interfere. In urines with high phosphate concentrations, two methods have been evolved to avoid interference by precipitation of ammonium phosphomolybdate. In one, phosphate is partly or completely removed by calcium hydroxide; ia the other, ammonia and urea are removed with nitrous acid and sodium molybdate is used to couple with silica. The procedure gives good agreement with gravimetric determinations, both in analyses of biological materials and of min eral dusts. -- Cond. from authors' summary 03120148 HMBIMHU6M6 Industrial. Hygiene Digest January, L 956 144 Size Distribution and Concentration of Air-Borne Dust. K. T, Whitby, A. B. Algren, and R. C. Jordea Heat. Pip. Air Good. 27, ~~121~-128 (Aug. 1955). Measurements of particle size distribution of air-borne dust sampLes taken in the oarticle technology laboratory made by light microscope aad centrifuge sedimentation are reported. Their validity was checked by comparison of the calculated optical densities with, those measured by photo metric evaluation of dust spots. This investigation indicates that sedimentation size analysis of air borne dusts collected on miliipore filters in combination with photometric evaluation of dust spots is a practical procedure for evaluating the size distribution of air-borne dusts, down to about 0. 3 micron. Other experiments in combination with calculations from light scattering theory show that the dust sDot method for evaluating air-oorne dust concentrations is most sensitive to particles between 0. 3 and l. 5 microns with peak sensitivity at about 0. 7 micron. -- Authors' summary A New Particle 5ize Analyzer. M. E. O. Trowbridge. Ind. Chemist 31. 195-196 (Apr. 1955). The author describes a new instrument for the determination of particle size and its appli- cations. It records the data automatically and has reduced the time required for a particle size dis tribution analysis to as little as 15 min. la operation, a well deaggiomerated cloud of particles is introduced into the top of a sedimentation column, and the particles are allowed to fail on the pan of a servoelectronic balance at the bottom. The accumulating weight on the pan is instantly counter balanced electrically and recorded on a moving chart milliameter. . This chart, a record of weight vs. time, is converted into a continuous particle-size distribution curve through the application of a template incorporating Stoke's Law. The micromerograph is useful both in production and quality control and as a research instrument. The statistical accuracy Cor routine testing is quite nigh, due to the large number of particles (amounting to several billions) in the sample used. The operating range of the instrument covers a very wide variety and size range of powders. Approximate upper and lower operating limits follow: resin, Z50 and 3 micron; limestone, 170 and 2 micron; nickel, 90 and 1.2 micron; and tungsten carbide, 70 and 0.8 micron. -- APCA Absts. 146 A Particle-Profile Test Strip for Assessing the Accuracy of Sizing Irregularly Shaped Particles with a Microscope. H. H. Watson aad D. F. Mulford. Brit. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 3, 105-108 (1954). The authors prepared the test strip by photographic microreducciOQ of tracings of magnified (X 1000) coal-dust particles, calculated their mean projected diameters, aad asked nine observers to estimate the sizes of selected particle profiles in terms of circles of a Patterson-Cawood graticule. The accuracy aad consistency of the estimations are summarized. Five observers underestimated the sizes and four overestimated, and all were consistent in the direction of their bias. The usual trend is toward oversizing, and the opposite finding in this experiment may be due to the fact that all of those who uadersized were experienced observers and had made overeorrectioa for the usual bias. Extreme bias in either direction tended to increase with decreasing particle size, but for average observers this effect was small. The score of correct estimates was aot generally dependent on the time taken by an observer. The authors conclude that their method gives a quantitative estimate of observer bias, which may be reduced or eliminated by training. -- Arch. Ind. Health Sampling Air by Vacuum from Auto Manifold. A. J. White. Chem. Eng. 62, 218, 220 (Oct. 1955). Chlorine was determined ia air by absorption in o-toluidene solution and colorimetric com parison. In cold weather when other apparatus would be inconvenient, the vacuum manifold for the -pi! windshield wiper of the station wagon proved satisfactory for drawing the air through the solution. 03120149 PREVENTIVE ENGINEERING 148 Operating Economics of Air-Cleaning Equipment Utilizing the Reverse Jet Principle. W.' B. Harris and M. G. Mason. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 2423-2425 (Dec. 1955). The information presented iQ this report covers the operation of 18 dust collectors using the reverse jet principle. The data reported include capacities, pressures, air flow, dust Loading, 30. Industrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 NWBB-Wi16W cleaning efficiencies, and expense. The average efficiency under aii conditions is 99.986%. The over-all ancuai cost is 32 cents, per year per cubic foot per minute for all equipment. Higher effi ciency and lower annual costs are obtained for suitably designed equipment. Three wet collectors described by another investigator operate at 93. 5% collection with an annual cost of 19.7 cents per cubic foot per minute. 149 Electrostatic Precipitator Studies for Open-Hearth Gas Cleanings. R. G. Thompson, T. L. Myron, andC. J. Davis, J\ Air Poliution Control Assq. 5, 139-141, 182 (Nov. 1955). With the increasing emphasis oo the abatement of air pollution, the cleaning of open-hearth stack gas has become a subject for intensive studies. Tests are described with pipe-type and dryplate-type precipitators. The general conclusions are; (1) the pipe-type unit is inherently more efficient than the dry-plate unit; (2) the uniform distribution of gas flow among the few individual pipes in a small unit cannot be approached in a larger unit containing a multiplicity of cleaning ducts; and (3) in a large unit it is Impossible to get the many electrodes perfectly positioned, and therefore the tendency toward arcing is greater in a targe unit, and lower voltages must be used with some sacrifice in cleaning efficiency. Tests on other types of precipitators, such as a high-energy wet scrubber, are being made. Collection of Aersol- Particles in Presence of Electrostatic Fields.' H. F, Kraemer and H. F. Johnstone. Ind. Eng. Chem. 47, 2426-2434 (Dec. 1955). A fundamental study of the deposition of particles on stationary spherical and cylindrical obstacles from a moving air stream in the presence of electrostatic forces is of value in predicting the performance of new types of equipment. Theoretical equations were derived for the fraction of the aerosol deposited. An electronic digital computer was used to solve the equations. The deposi tion of homogeneous dioctyl phthalate aerosols on a spherical collector was measured experiment ally with various combinations of charged and uncharged collectors and aerosol particles. The ex perimental results agree with the theory within the accuracy of the analytical methods used to meas ure the deposition. As a result of the investigation, two new types of dust collection are proposed for pilot plant study. -- Editor's summary 151 Pilot-Plant Studies of a Continuous 51ag-Wool Filter for Open-Hearth Fume. C. E. Billings, W. D. Small, and L. Silvermaa. J. Air Pollution Control.Assn. 5^, 159-166 (Nov* 1955). This report includes laboratory investigations of the resistance and efficiency of commer cial spun-slag wool fibers used to filter iron oxide contained in a high-temperature gas stream (600* to 1200*F). Field tests of slag-wooi filters used to operate open-hearth fume at 400* to ?00*F are also reported. Laboratory studies indicate that collection efficiencies over 90% may be obtained under described conditions. Field studies of a continuous web of slag wool showed variations in efficiency from 10 to 90%. Mechanical factors tending to lower the efficiency were determined, and suitable redesign may eliminate these faults. Based on field studies, it was found that the aver age 250-ton hot-metal open-hearth furnace would require 1 to 3 tons of slag wool per day to filter stack gas. -- Goad, from authors' summary Visual Clarity in Kiln Discharge Gases. S. C. Hayes, N. M. McGrane, and D. B. Perils. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 5, 171-172, 186 (Nov. 1955). The problem of collecting dust from kiln discharge gas in asphalt plants has existed for a long time, aad no satisfactory method has been available to obtain visual clarity in the stack dis charge. The investigation described in this paper indicates that the knowledge gained and recent developments in filter fabrics will permit the application of reverse-jet collectors to any asphalt preparation plant, will result in stacks with no visible discharge, and will relieve the operator of the high maintenance cost and trouble of wet collectors. -- Coad. from authors' summary 153 Fume Problems in Electric Smelting and Contributions to Their Solution. M. O. Sem and F. C. Collins. &=3 J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 5, 157-158, 187 (Nov. 1955). Progress in successful fume control by electrostatic precipitation in open and closed electric smelting furnaces is described, especially in a Norwegian smelter. 03120150 31. ndustrial Hygiene Digest January, 1956 COMMUNITY AIR HYGIENE ~154 1 "` Recommended Standard Method for CoQtiauing Dustfall Survey (APM 1-a). Air Pollution Control Assn. , Committee on Air Pollution Measurements. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 5, 176-181 (Nov. 1955). r=*\ The suggested standard method applies to the measurement of average rate of a dustfail over a large area. The problem of locating specific sources of pollution will be considered in a later publication. The standards include: design of collector; classification of the area; selection of sampling sites; length of sampling period; collection and analysis; reporting of data; interpreta tion; and recommendations for future work. The use of limits in computation, reliability of a mean, significance of a difference, and an illustrative case are discussed in an appendix. Air Pollution Damage to Vegetation. M. Katz and Violet C. Shore. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 5,""144-150, 182 (Nov. 1955"). Literature on the types of injury and mechanism of injury to vegetation by air pollutants is reviewed. An investigation of the effects of various pollutants itf reported, dealing mainly with coniferous trees in the Greater Windsor area of Ontario. Air pollution may in some cases be non specific in character, but the order of susceptibility of various species to air pollution damage is a useful guide as to the probable causative agent. The mechanism of damage is discussed extensively. 156 Air Pollution--a Big Problem Today. L. L. Falk. Factory Mgmt. and Maint. 113, 98-1 04 (Aug. 1955). The emphasis in this paper is on the responsibility of the individual plant owners. Sugges tions are given on ways of telling whether the plant is an air polluter, methods of diagnosing the plant's problem, and methods of abatement, including collecting methods. The requirements of air pollution laws are briefly discussed. A company which does everything reasonably justified to solve its own air pollution problem should tell its neighbors about it. Tailoring the Air-Pollution Ordinance to Community Needs. A. C. Stern. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 5, 151, 152, 181, 182 (Nov. 1955). Zoning ordinances have not proved to be by themselves sufficient legislation for air-pollution control. They are ineffective against residential, mobile, and portable sources. If a community must choose between the two forms of ordinance, an air-pollution control ordinance alone is preferable to a zoning ordinance alone. However, a small community gets the best legislative package by adopting both an air pollution control ordinance and a zoning ordinance, each of which is tailored to supplement and complement the other. - - Author's conclusions Prevention of Atmospheric and Water Pollution in the Chemical Industry. Symposium, Society of [1 Chemical Industry, London Section, Apr. 4-5, 1955. Chem. & lad. No. 41, 1266-1286 (Oct. 8); No. 42, 1304-1330 (Oct. 15); Discussion, No. 43, 1363-1377 (Oct. 22, 1955). ' -- Cj\ J The following papers were presented: "Abatement of Air Pollution in the Chemical Industry*', W. A, Damon. "Atmospheric Pollution and the Zinc Industry", E. Wallis. "ECCLuents from the Manu- u--facture of Superphosphate and Compound Fertilizers", K. A. Sherwin. "Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide jj from Exhaust Air from a Viscose Staple Fiber Factory*1, D. C. F. Pratt and A. Rutherford. "Sulfuric f___ n Acid Plant: Tail Gas Treatment", A. Jackson and J. M. Solbett. "Dust Arrestment in the Cement u " Industry", E. Burke. "The Prevention of Atmospheric Pollution in the Carbon Black Industry", D. L. Allen. "The Role of the Cyclone in Reducing Atmospheric-Pollution'.1, C. J. Stairmand and R. M. Kelsey. 03120151 32. HMBB-0()16*Wi9 Industrial Hygiene Digest Jaguary, 1956 159 Incinerator Design and the Fly-Ash Problem. 3. S. A. Greeley, S. M. Clarke, aad R. H. ConM Am. City 7 0^ 126-127 (July 1955). At the present time, most operating incinerators rely on expansion chambers for the re moval of fly ash. The tendency in the last few years has been to increase their size. Some informs tion on the design of such chambers has been obtained by New York City from the operation of large models. Costs of plants in 11 cities are given. There is practically no experience with fly-ash removal facilities of the mechanical kind, such as cyclones, or with electrical precipitators, with one exception. In most Localities, the discharges from incinerator chimneys are not large contribu tors to air pollution. Chambers which provide facilities for removal, such as traps, impingement walls, and water, will meet existing needs to a sufficient degree. However, the general plan should provide for more complete methods in the future, if such are ever aeeded. Further improvement of furnace design is needed to provide better methods of charging and stoking. -- Cond. from authors' summary (APCA Absts. ) _--j Air Pollution Report 1948-55. Santa Clara County Health Departtnent, W. E. Turner, Director. 20 pp^ (Aug._19551. Santa Clara County is at the southern end of the San Francisco hay area, and its air pollu tion problem is intensified by the prevailing winds which sweep pollutants into a pocket comprising most of the county, where they remain in periods of inversion. This report describes the control program which has been in effect several years, including air sampling aad analysis, reduction of pollution from existing sources, and review of plans for new industry. The program is being carried out with the cooperation of industry. Air analysis reveals the presence of the common pollutants, including ozone, aldehydes, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter, all in lower concentrations than in the Los Angeies area. Other factors in air pollution are hydrogen sulfide arising from the dumping of garbage into the bay, and insecticides from spraying. The prob lem will become more acute as the area is more largely industrialized, and it is hoped that control measures at this stage will prevent a repetition of the situation now existing in Los Angeles. 161 Range of Applicability of Catalytic Fume Burners. H. R. Suter. J. Air Pollution Control Assn. 5, __ 173-175, 184 (Nov~ 1955). The mechanism of catalytic oxidation in fume burners is discussed. The general field of its applicability for vapor-phase oxidation in the air-pollution control field lies in streams contain ing combustible matter at concentrations below the lower limit of explosibility. The only physical limitation is that the combustible material must be in the vapor phase or must be vaporizable at a reasonable temperature. The chemical limitations are: (1) that the material to be oxidized must yield innocuous products; (2) that specific catalyst poisons must be absent. The practical and econ omic limitations involve the cost of the catalysts, the isolation of the stream, and the concentration of the combustible substance. With intelligent treatment of the practical and technical factors in volved, the application of catalytic combustion in the air pollution control field will continue to grow. ACCIDENTS AND PREVENTION Accidental Death Related to Industry. J. S. Felton. Ind. Med. & Surg. 24, 524-537 (Dec. 1955). Approximately 15,000 workers die from job-connected causes each year. Rates in the United States, although low, are not the lowest. Work accidents resuiting in death show a rate of 26 per 100, 000 workers. Mining, quarrying, oil and gas well operations demonstrate the highest death rate, but the greatest number of people killed is in agriculture. About 2, 000 workers die annually from silicosis, anthracosilicosis, and other pneumoconioses annually. Rates and statistics for Illinois, Michigan, and New York are given with breakdown by year, type of industry, type of accident, agency and action causing injury, materials causing occupational illness, occupation, age, and amount of award.. Death benefits are paid in all states. Examples of workers' deaths that are 33. 03120152 Industrial Hygiene Digest 'anuary, 1956 cited Illustrate the fact that nearly all couid have been prevented by oasic safety precautions. Zm- ployers are faced periodically with deatn at work unrelated to the job, especially cardiac conditions. Fatalities have followed industrially sponsored recreation programs. Recommendations proposed to counteract this annual Loss iociude: (l) increased cooperation between industrial safety directors and Law enforcement officers to effect a greater awareness of safety at work; (2) investigation of accidental deaths in industry; (3) training law enforcement officers to carry out good cause analyses of on-the-job deaths; (4) institution of a system of medicai examiners and of mandatory autopsies; (5) reorientation of attitudes of employer, worker, aad union officials so that safety becomes a con dition of employment; (6) institution of employee testing to detect the person unconsciously bent oa self-destruction; (7) convincing the worker that materials handling equipment should be used ia place of muscular effort; (8) institution of safety programs in alt industrial activities, regardless of size; (9) analysis of death experience data in the states; (10) institution of specific programs for groups demonstrating high death rates; (11) bringing child labor laws to nate and enforcing compliance with this legislation; and (12) consulting official agencies when a question of potential toxicity of work materials arises. -- Cond. from author's summary The Illusive Phenomena of Accident Proneness. W. B. Webb. Public Health Repts. _70, 951 -956 (Oct. 1955). The author critically discusses three statistical methods for the study of accident proneness, nameiy the Poisson, split-period, and external methods, and the non-statistical clinical method. He concludes that more light would be shed by understanding human behavior factors than from compli cated statistical analyses of the uncontrolled world surrounding accidents in everyday circumstances. A Clinical Study of a Group of Accident-Prone Workers. J. A. Smiley. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 12, 263 -278 ~(Oct. 1955). A study was made of a Large number of grossly accident-prone workers in an aircraft factory, with reference to emotional and physical conditions. A large percentage of the persons who were fre quently absent on account of injuries aad more than the average number of absences from other causes, including vague terms like fatigue neurasthenia and gastritis. These persons tended to have a high in cidence of peptic ulceration, transient albuminuria, and excessive sweating on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The relation of these disturbances to disorders of the hypothalamus is extensively discussed. Most of the symptoms described are the result of a loss of balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems influenced by abnormal emotional activity, and mediated by the hypothal amic region of the brain. The fact that the whole nervous system is involved in the process might ac count for the passivity of the accident-prone at the actual moment that the accident takes place. It might also explaia the commonly held view that obsessional neurotics (whose response is more on the parasympathetic sidethaaoQ the sympathetic side) tend not to have accidents. These considerations would not apply to road accideats, for instance, where intelligence seems to be a more important factor. ^Gj MISCELLANEOUS Water Pollution Abatement Manual. Manual Sheet W-l. Organization and Method for Investigating Wastes in Relation to Water Pollution^ Manufacturing Chemists' Assn. lac. 1625 Eye St., NW, Washington, D. C. 7 pp. (Revised 1954). 25 cents. C=3 The present manual is a revision of the first editioa published ia 1948. The material in cludes: a statement of the problem; a history of legislative action on the problem; and a program of organization for effective action, including technical problems, engineering design, and plant operation. Under the last heading are 17 steps in the development and operation of a waste disposal program. (Previously published Manual W-2, on'Insoluble and Dissolved Substances", and W-3 on "Neutralization of Acid aod Alkaline Plant Effluents1.', are also available at 25 cents each. ) 03120153 34. Industrial Hygiene Digest January. 1956 H W G B -n n u > v,i INDEX Absenteeism (Bk. Rev,) 13 Accident oroneness critique 163 study Accident statistics and prevention 164 162 Aeroscl deposition in eieccrostatic Helds 150 Air pollution m chemical industry, symposium 158 damage to vegecacioa 155 legislation, small community 157 plant problem 156 Santa Clara County, report 160 Air sampling by auto manifold vacuum 147 Aniline poisoning, case 62 Artificial respiration, apparatus testing 18 Asbestos, inflammatory response 89 Atmospheric oxidants, determination 142 Benzene exposure and sterility 57 skin absorption 58 Benzidine, determination in biological materials 139 Boron compounds, toxicology and analysis 36 Cancer from cutting oils 31 Caprolactam, epsilon, hazard 54 Carbon disulfide poisoning, kidney effects 55 Carbon monoxide, determination in blood 133, 134. Carbon monoxide poisoning electrocardiographic changes 38 vestibular chronaxies 37 Chlorine dioxide, determination in air 1 35 Chlorine trifluoride properties and toxicity 41 toxicity 40 Chlorobenzilate determination ia spray residue 141 toxicology 68 Chromate dermatitis and sensitization 28 Chromate poisoning, experimental 43 DDD, toxicity 67 Decaborane, cardiovascular action 35 Dermatitis from chlorides 26 industrial 25 from metals, cross sensitivity 27 steroid therapy, fatal 30 Dianisidine, determination in biological materials 138 Diazinon, toxicity 71 Dieldrin, determination in plants H Diethylamine, toxicity 140 53 Dinitrobenzene poisoning, case 62 Dust agglutination by aerosols 77 collection in asphalt plants 152 mineral, effects on lungs 82 removal, reverse-jet principle 148 Dustfall survey, standard method 154 Electrocardiogram in examination of workers, value 21 Electrostatic precipitators for open-hearth gas 149 Endria, toxicity 66 Erysipeloid, cases 32 Eye programs 102 Filter, slag wool lor opea-nearth furnace i5j_ Fume combustion, catalytic, applicability 161 Fume control in electric smelting 153 Fungus infection of feet, resistance to 33 Health center, planning 15 Health survey, 3ritish Guiana 24 Hearing survey, Wisconsin 96 Heart disease and employment 20 Heat exposure and body evaporation '.36 and humidity tolerance mine rescue work 103 shielding i05 stress evaluation Hydrazine and ammonia. . . 104 determination in air 13^ Iodine, oral effects 39 Incinerator design and fly ash, 159 Industrial hygiene reports Baltimore 22 Netherlands 23 Industrial medicine, epidemiology in 14 Insecticides safety 64 toxic residues in soil. 65 Lanthanum chelates, metabolism 44 Lead exposure, EDTA administration 46 Lead line, histochemical methods 47 Lead poisoning blood effects therapy, EDTA 48 45 Lead tetraacetate poisoning 49 Liver disease from industrial poisoning 74 Metal oxides and pulmonary disease 93 Naphthenic acids, toxicity 52 Noise from centrifugal fans 101 from equipment, evaluation jet aircraft 100 99 reduction in diesel tests 98 symposium 95 white, occupational deafness 97 Nuclear installations, insurance problems 122 Nuclear reactors, safety 121 Occupational and pseudo-occupational marks 34 Older workers and heavy work Ozone, determination at high dilutions 19 137 Parathion antidotes poisoning aad skin absorption 73 72 Parkinsonism and trauma Particle size 109 analyzer 145 determination, accuracy estimation 146 distribution aad concentration, determination 144 Phosgene, absence in cigarette smoking 42 Phthalic acid and compounds, hazards 61 Phthalic anhydride, hazards in manufacture 60 Physical examinations after absence 16 Plutonium, safe handling 117 Plutonium poisooina, CaEDTA therapy 03120154 116 HMBB-IH116452 Industrial Hygiene Digest Pneumoconiosis coalworkers, cavitation fullers' earth in mines, British mixed, in pottery Industry mixed dust, and atelectasis Protective creams, silicone, tests ZJ Pyridine poisoning, effect of methionine Quartz solubility, effect of aluminum surface activity Quartz dust, solubility Radiation cataract monitoring in disaster tolerance control a U--- J Radioactive contamination of surfaces fallout in U. S. materials, poisonous waste disposal long-term aspect Radioactivity, shielding, box Radioisotopes, governmental control Radiological health Radium dial painting, exposure Raynaud's phenomenon with gangrene Safety in industry (Bk. Rev.) Silica action on serum determination, colorimetric 80 92 79 90 91 29 63 85 86 84 128 125 123 120 127 126 112 131 130 124 119 111 129 108 11 88 143 January, 1956 Silicosis and cor pulmonale effects of silicates in granite industry respiratory function tests and serum constituents Solvents, safe practices Styrene and methylstyrene, toxicity Sulphenone, toxicology Threshold limit values, Italian Tolidine, determination in biological materials Toxicological tests, vapor composition Trinitrobenzene-aniline complex, toxicity Trithiophosphites," alkyl, toxicity ~~ Uranium in urine, significance Vanadium in oil ash, hazards Vanadium poisoning, fingernail test Vital capacity testa, effect of training Walking when stooping energy expended Water pollution abatement manual Workmen's compensation monetary aspects (Bk. Rev.) X-ray exposure blood histamine effects thrombocytopenic purpura from X-ray protection, instruction X-radiation, periodic effects on animals Yttrium chelates, metabolism Zinc stearate lung 81 82 78 83 87 75 59 69 76 138 132 70 56 118 51 SO 17 107 165 12 115 114 110 113 44 94 03120155 co S3 36