Document xjx3XGg5xyw7gJV3oM2RQ8za0

1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS 2 CORPUS CHRISTI DIVISION 3 4 ROGER DALE HOLLAND AND DRENDA ) SHEPARD HOLLAND, INDIVIDUALLY ) 5 AND AS NEXT FRIENDS OF TAUSHA ) MARIE HOLLAND AND JESSICA ) 6 NICOLE HOLLAND; WILLIE MAE ) HOLLAND AND J. SELMON HOLLAND ) 7 Plaintiffs, ) 8 vs . ) ) ) 9 MONSANTO, INC.; CENTRAL POWER ) AND LIGHT COMPANY; AND HOUSTON ) 10 LIGHTING & POWER COMPANY, ) Defendants. ) 11 C. A. NO. C 91-78 12 13 14 15 DEPOSITION OF WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE 16 Taken behalf of the Plaintiffs , June 27, 1991 17 18 19 20 21 Reported by Suzanne Benoist, RPR, CSR 22 for KARPOWICZ REPORTING COMPANY 23 408 Olive Street St. Louis, MO 63102-2722 24 (314) 621-8883 25 WATER PCB-SD0000059537 2 1 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS 2 CORPUS CHRISTI DIVISION 3 ROGER DALE HOLLAND AND DRENDA ) SHEPARD HOLLAND, INDIVIDUALLY ) 4 AND AS NEXT FRIENDS OF TAUSHA ) MARIE HOLLAND AND JESSICA ) 5 NICOLE HOLLAND; WILLIE MAE ) HOLLAND AND J. SELMON HOLLAND ) 6 Plaintiffs, ) 7 vs. ) ) ) 8 MONSANTO, INC.; CENTRAL POWER ) AND LIGHT COMPANY; AND HOUSTON ) 9 LIGHTING & POWER COMPANY, ) Defendants. ) 10 C. A. NO. C-91-78 11 12 13 14 DEPOSITION OF WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE, produced, 15 sworn, and examined on behalf of the Plaintiffs on 16 June 27, 1991, between the hours of eight o'clock in 17 the forenoon and five o'clock in the afternoon of that 18 day at the offices of Husch, Eppenberger, Donohue, 19 Cornfeld & Jenkins, 100 North Broadway, Suite 1300, 20 St. Louis, MO 63102, before SUZANNE BENOIST, a 21 Registered Professional Reporter and a Notary Public 22 within and for the State of Missouri. 23 24 25 WATER PCB-SD0000059538 3 1 APPEARANCES 2 3 The Plaintiff was represented by the law 4 firm of Edwards & Terry, 1400 Texas Commerce Plaza, 5 P.0. Drawer 480, Corpus Christi, Texas 78403 by Mr. 6 Michael G. Terry. 7 The Defendant Monsanto was represented by 8 the law firm of Woodard, Hall & Primm, P.C., 7000 9 Texas Commerce Tower, Houston, Texas 77002 by Mr. 10 Robert A. Hal1. 11 The Defendant Houston Lighting & Power 12 Company was represented by the law firm of Baker & 13 Botts, One Shell Plaza, 910 Louisiana, Houston, Texas 14 77002-4995 by Mr. Tracy D. Hester. 15 The Defendant Central Power & Light Company 16 was represented by the law firm of Bracewell & 17 Patterson, 2900 South Tower Pennzoil Place, Houston, 18 Texas 77002 by Ms. Lisa D. Anouilh. 19 The Defendant United States of America was 20 represented by the U.S. Department of Justice, Torts 21 Branch, Civil Division, P.0. Box 340, Ben Franklin 22 Station, Washington, DC 20044 by Mr. Michael T. 23 McCaul. 24 25 WATER PCB-SD0000059539 1 INDEX OF QUETIONERS 2 3 4 MR. TERRY 5 6 7 MR. MCCAUL 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 4 5 115 WATER_PCB-SD0000059540 5 1 IT IS HEREBY STIPULATED AND AGREED by and 2 between Counsel for the Plaintiff and Counsel for the 3 Defendant, that this deposition may be taken in 4 shorthand by SUZANNE BENOIST, a Registered 5 Professional Reporter and Notary Public, and 6 afterwards signed by the Witness. 7 8 o-O-o 9 WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE 10 of lawful age, being produced, sworn and examined on 11 the part of the Plaintiff, deposes and says: 12 EXAMINATION 13 QUESTIONS BY MR. TERRY: 14 [MARKED DEPOSITION EXHIBITS NO. 1-19] 15 MR. TERRY: So it is stipulated by and 16 between the parties that the original deposition will 17 be entrusted to Mr. Hall who will secure the signature 18 of the witness Mr. Pappageorge within -- how much time 19 do you want? 20 MR. HALL: Whenever I can get it and get 21 it to him. 22 MR. TERRY: 20 days? 23 MR. HALL : We can do it in 20 days. 24 MR. TERRY: Within 20 days unless that 25 time is extended by agreement thereafter, if a signed WATER_PCB-SD0000059541 6 1 copy is not available an unsigned copy may be used in 2 lieu thereof. 3 The deposition will be taken according to 4 the rules, that is all objections will be reserved 5 until the time of trial except as to the form of the 6 question and responsiveness to the answer. So agreed? 7 MR. HALL: And signed before any notary 8 public? 9 MR. TERRY: Yes. 10 MS. ANOUILH: Yes. 11 MR. HESTER: Yes. 12 MR. MCCAUL: Yes. 13 Q- (By Mr. Terry) Could you tell us your 14 name sir? 15 A. William B. Pappageorge. 16 Q. Pappageorge. And where doyoureside, 17 sir? 18 A. In St. Louis County, Missouri. 19 Q. .. And how old a man are you? 20 A. I am 68. 21 Q. Are you currently employed on a regular 22 basis? 23 A. No. 24 Q. Did you retire from Monsanto? 25 A. I did. WATER PCB-SD0000059542 7 1 Q. And in what year did you retire? 2 A. My last working day was December 31st, 3 ' 86 . 4 Q. You remember it like most of us remember 5 the day we got out of the Army. 6 A. Yes. It's different from all the other 7 days . 8 Q. How long had you been with the company? 9 A. 35 years. 10 Q. Had you been employed at any other 11 company before starting with Monsanto? 12 A. I was with Phillips Petroleum Company in 13 Oklahoma. 14 Q. And how long were you with Phillips? 15 A. Four years. 16 Q. And before that? 17 A. A student. 18 Q. And where did you go to school? 19 A. Washington University in St. Louis. 20 Q. And the year that you graduated? 21 A. I got my Bachelor of Science degree in 22 1943 and my Master of Science degree in 1947. 23 Q. Was there a service break? 24 A. Yes., 25 Q. Did you go to work for Phillips after you WATER PCB-SD0000059543 8 1 obtained your Masters? 2 A. I did. 3 Q. What kind of work did you do for 4 Phillips? 5 A. I would categorize it as two different 6 types. One was as a research engineer working on 7 drilling mud problems and secondary recovery problems. 8 The second assignment was the, as a design engineer 9 designing facilities for refining petroleum. 10 Q. What year did you start withMonsanto? 11 A. 1947. 12 Q. I thought you went to Phillips in '47. 13 A. I'm sorry, you said Monsanto. '51 for 14 Monsanto. 15 Q. I know 35 years with the company you held 16 a great many positions and did a great many jobs but I 17 would appreciate it if you could give me sort of a 18 summary of your career at Monsanto in terms of your 19 major area of responsibility. 20 A. I'll try to condense it. 21 I was involved initially in design 22 engineering. From there I went into production 23 supervision and then maintenance supervision and back 24 into design engineering. Then I became, I managed the 25 service functions at a plant in Monsanto. This is the WATER PCB-SD0000059544 9 1 shipping, distribution, the utilities, generation and 2 distribution, all the services that the manufacturing 3 people are required to perform their tasks. Then I 4 became a general superintendent of manufacturing at 5 the plant in Sauget, Illinois and from there I was 6 assigned plant manager at the plant in Anniston, 7 Alabama. I then was designated as manager of 8 environmental control addressing the then evolving PCB 9 environmental issues. I had that assignment from 1970 10 to 1976. Through those years I picked up additional 11 products in addition to PCB's. I was then designated 12 as a director of environmental operations for 13 different operating units in Monsanto through the 14 years '77 through '85. Then in 1986 I was named 15 manager of occupational health for the chemical unit 16 in Monsanto. 17 Q. And that is the position from which you 18 retired? 19 A. That is correct. 20 Q. You have had an opportunity to speak with 21 attorneys representing Monsanto about this particular 22 case. 23 A . I have. 24 Q. And you are aware that this particular 25 case involves PCB's. WATER PCB-SD0000059545 10 1 A. I do. 2 Q. You were kind enough to mention the 3 specific dates that you were the manager of 4 environmental control, 1971 through 1976. 5 A. Yes. The title did change but the job 6 didn't. 7 Q. And you indicated that the position was 8 either created or you were assigned to the position 9 because of the then evolving environmental issue 10 involving PCB's. 11 A. That is correct. 12 Q. Prior to 1900 and 71 in thevarious 13 positions or job assignments that you had held had you 14 had contact with PCB's? 15 A. Yes. 16 Q. Could you identify for me the contact 17 that you had? 18 A. All right. My initial involvement was as 19 a maintenance supervisor and superintendent. I was 20 responsible for the activities of the electricians in 21 the plant. This group was the group that was involved 22 with the servicing, repair of electrical equipment 23 which contained PCB's. It was my obligation to know 24 proper handling, safe handling of the material. 25 Q. When did you have that position? WATER PCB-SD0000059546 11 1 Roughly. 2 A. Roughly about -- from '55 to '58, 3 roughly. 4 Q. And thereafter? 5 A. And then the next involvement as a 6 superintendent of the services unit at this plant. I 7 was responsible for the operation of a unit that 8 blended chemicals for packaging and sales. That 9 blending operation as scheduled would produce 10 industrial hydraulic fluids which contained PCB's. 11 There again I had to know the proper handling by the 12 employees as well as the disposal, cleanup, all the 13 core activities associated with an industrial 14 chemical. 15 Q. And what year did you have that position? 16 A. That was 1962 to '64 or something like 17 that. 18 Q. Then thereafter? 19 A. Then my next major involvement was as 20 plant manager of the Anniston, Alabama plant at which 21 PCB's were manufactured. 22 Q. And what year were you inAlabama? 23 A. 1965 through 1969. 2 4 Q. The two-year period between '69 and '71 25 did you have any direct involvement with PCB's? WATER_PCB-SD0000059547 12 1 A. I'm sorry. I should have said '70 2 instead of '71. This goes through '69 and then on the 3 1st of January 1970 I was assigned manager of 4 environmental control. 5 Q. Okay. 6 In connection with your educational 7 background you had indicated a BS and an MS. 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. Was it in chemistry or chemical 10 engineering? 11 A. Chemical engineering. 12 Q. What did you do as the manager of 13 environmental control? 14 A. I was -- my primary responsibility was to 15 act as the focal point for all the information that 16 was being generated both within Monsanto and 17 elsewhere, world-wide. I tried to disseminate that 18 information with the objective of making sure that the 19 left hand knew what the right was doing and to try to 20 encourage openness between the various groups that 21 were making all these studies and this included not 22 only Monsanto's research department, engineering 23 department and the like but the universities, 24 governmental agencies, private laboratories and 25 customers. WATER PCB-SD0000059548 13 1 Q. As director of environmental operations 2 in connection with PCB's what did you do? 3 A. Director of environmental operations 4 involved environmental and work place health in the 5 broadest terms. I had a, I was assigned to a unit 6 within Monsanto, I had a staff of appropriate types of 7 people to help me and as far as the environmental 8 engineer reporting to me and his relationship to PCB's 9 was to make certain that any regulations that applied 10 to PCB's were being followed by the plants that he was 11 assigned to. 12 Q. You were concerned then with the 13 environmental operations of Monsanto's own premises, 14 facilities and plants? 15 A. That is right. 16 Q. And then the last year you were with the 17 occupational health chemical unit? 18 A. Yes. 19 Q. Same thing? 20 A. There it related to yes, just Monsanto 21 plants. 22 Q. What was the difference between 23 occupational health and environmental operations? 24 A. Environmental operations had three major 25 areas of interest, one is what we called product -ii WATER PCB-SD0000059549 14 1 safety, the proper labeling of product, proper 2 packaging, proper shipping, proper information issued 3 to the customer. 4 The secondary was environmental 5 activities at each of the plants. What are you doing 6 with your waste waters, what's going up your stack and 7 what are you burning. 8 Then the third area was employee 9 exposure. As director of environmental operations the 0 unit that I was signed to represented a, roughly a 1 fifth of Monsanto to give you an idea of the size. As 2 manager of occupational health later I concentrated 3 only on occupational health at Monsanto's plants for 4 about 45 plants. So the plants were increased but the 5 focus was narrowed. 6 Q. In connection with your work as director 7 of environmental operations were you responsible for .8 as one of the three areas you identified customer .9 information concerning the products? ! 0 A. No. ! 1 Q. I'm sorry, then I misunderstood you. ! 2 A. I shouldn't say that. As part of the ! 3 product safety activity the individual assigned to > 4 that activity and reporting to me was responsible for >5 communicating to the customer appropriately. Either WATER PCB-SD0000059550 15 1 telephone request, letter request, salesman contact, 2 whatever it took he was to make certain that the 3 information was forwarded quickly and accurately. 4 Q. This would be information of a technical 5 nature? 6 A. Most of it is technically based but we 7 try to couch it in language that we thought the 8 recipient could understand so that a medical doctor 9 would get a different grouping of words so to speak 10 than the foreman at a plant. 11 Q. Was that function, and by that function I 12 mean communicating information technical based in 13 language appropriate to the person you're 14 communicating to always a part of environmental 15 operations? As far as you know. 16 A. No. Because environmental operations 17 didn't become a recognized assignment as such in 18 Monsanto until 1977. Prior to that that information 19 relating to any product was primarily the 20 responsibility of the marketing department. 21 Q. When you say it was the responsibility of 22 the marketing department, was there a recognized unit 23 or group of people that communicated technically based 2 4 information? 25 A. There were two principle sources of WATER_PCB-SD0000059551 16 1 technical information, one was the research chemist 2 and the other was Monsanto's corporate medical 3 department. 4 Q. Were they part of the marketing 5 department? 6 A. No. They were staff departments and 7 served as a resource of information for the marketing 8 people. 9 Q. 1 Was there any group or unit within the 10 marketing department that was responsible for 11 communicating technically based information to 12 customers prior to 1977? 13 A. There was an individual at least in each 14 of the marketing groups in Monsanto that was located 15 in St. Louis who had a strong technical background and 16 was familiar with the product line that the group 17 handled. He would serve as the, generally as the 18 first technical contact the field salesman might call 19 on. You notice I said might, he didn't have to. He 20 could call the research fellow or the medical doctor 21 directly but there was an individual assigned in the 22 marketing group that had the technical know how to 23 support the field salesman. 24 Q. In connection with, and forgive me, how 25 do you pronounce the trade name for PCB, fluid used in WATER_PCB-SD0000059552 17 1 transformers ? 2 MR. HALL: Askarel? 3 A. Askarels is the generic term for fire 4 resistant fluids used in electrical equipment. 5 Askarel. A-s-k, Askarel. 6 Q. (By Mr. Terry) And I've seen the term 7 Aroclor? 8 A. Aroclor. That's a Monsanto trademark for 9 chlorinated chemicals that involve the benzine ring. 10 Q. Which name is more appropriate for 11 transformer fluid containing PCB's that would have 12 been marketed by Monsanto so that you and I can 13 communicate? 14 A. Askarel was used by the, those people 15 that represented the manufacturer and the user of the 16 transformers and we at Monsanto understood what they 17 meant and did use the term Askarel also so that is 18 more appropriate than Aroclor because Aroclor was a 19 trademark for products that were used for many, many 20 other uses in addition to an ingredient in 21 transformers. 22 Q. Then let's use the term Askarel. 23 A. Very good. 24 Q. In the marketing department was Askarel 25 its own product line or part of another product line? WATER PCB-SD0000059553 18 1 A. In the marketing group there was an 2 individual assisted by this technical person located 3 in St. Louis that addressed only the uses in 4 electrical equipment. 5 Q. Do you know who that individual was? 6 A. Yes, I do. 7 Q. And who was that? 8 A. Paul Benignus. 9 Q. How long did Paul occupy that position? 10 Because I'll never pronounce his last name correctly. 11 A. Mr. Benignus, the position of heading the 12 marketing .group, I just don't recall exactly. It 13 would have to be 15 years at least. 14 Q. Did he always have the same individual 15 with technical know how to support him? 16 A. No. That individual was, that assignment 17 was changed several times in that period of time. I 18 don't recall all the individuals involved. 19 Q. Is Mr. Benignus still around? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. Is he still with the company? 22 A. No. , He retired in 1974. 23 Q. Prior to 1900 and 70 had you personally 24 had any contact with the function of communicating 25 technical information in lay or appropriate language WATER PCB-SD0000059554 19 1 to customers? 2 A. In a very limited way, yes. 3 Q. Can you describe that way for me? 4 A. As plant manager at the Anniston plant I 5 on many occasions played host to representatives of 6 customers who came by the plant to see our facility 7 and exchange information. During those meetings, 8 conferences, there were times when the new technical 9 data was available and we would share it with the 10 customer's representatives. But as I said earlier it 11 was quite limited. The frequency of which new data 12 would generate wasn't that great that it involved a 13 lot of communicating. 14 Q. Other than the occasional contact you 15 would have with customers and communicate technical 16 information while you were plant manager in Alabama 17 did you have any .other personal involvement with the 18 process of communicating technical information to 19 customers of Monsanto as it relates to Askarel? 20 A. Prior to 1970? 21 Q. Yes. 22 A. Prior to 1970, no. 23 Q. After 1970 was your relationship with the 24 process of communicating technical information to 25 customers limited to supervising those people in the WATER_PCB-SD0000059555 20 1 environmental volume group that were responsible for 2 that function? 3 A. I didn't mean to mislead you. I was 4 alone, I didn't have any staff at that time. As 5 manager of environmental control I was it. 6 Q. Okay . 7 A. It was only as director of environmental 8 operations that I had a staff. That was later, in 9 ' 77 . 10 Q. So between '70 and '76 did you personally 11 then communicate technical information to customers? 12 A. Yes 13 Q. And then when you were director of 14 environmental operations, that's when you had the 15 staff. 16 A. Correct. 17 Q. That actually did the work under your 18 supervision. 19 A. Correct. 20 Q. In connection with Askarel while you were 21 lead manager of environmental control was Monsanto 22 still producing Askarel, still making it and 23 marketing? 2 4 A. Yes . 25 Q. When did they cease making and marketing WATER PCB-SD0000059556 21 1 Askarel? 2 A. They ceased manufacturing July, 1977; 3 ceased marketing in September, 1977. 4 Q. Between 1970 and 1900 and 77 were there 5 any restrictions that Monsanto placed on the sale of 6 Askarel? That is restricted to closed systems, that 7 sort of thing, that you're aware of? 8 A. I hesitate because by speaking of 9 Askarels it was limited to electrical equipment which 10 by definition is closed, sealed equipment. 11 Q. Okay. 12 A. There were Monsanto restrictions on the 13 sale of PCB's for other uses but not related to 14 Askarels. 15 Q. So by using the term Askarel I am 16 defining a product designed for a closed system. 17 A. That is correct. 18 Q. Were there restrictions in placebetween 19 '70 and '76 on Aroclor? 20 A. Yes there were. 21 Q. Did you deal with those in connection 22 with dealing with customers? 23 A. Yes. 24 Q. Generally what were thoserestrictions on 25 the Aroclor? WATER_PCB-SD0000059557 22 1 A. On the Aroclor line of products there 2 were restrictions based on perceived ease of entry 3 into the environment so if the use was let's say a 4 paint that's used to mark the traffic lanes on 5 highways that was discontinued in 1970. The use in 6 industrial heat transfer systems where the PCB is used 7 as a hot fluid that's used to perform some heating in 8 a remote location, that was continued through 1971 and 9 terminated late in '71. The use in the carbonless 10 copy paper as a solvent for the ink, that was 11 discontinued early 1971. Those are examples of the 12 kinds of -13 Q. Uh-huh. 14 A. So Monsanto's refusal to sell to these 15 uses varied through that period of time and different 16 dates were set up as targets. 17 Q. With respect to you personally did you 18 participate in any of the decisions to terminate sales 19 for particular uses? 20 A. Yes.. 2 1 Q. Who elsewould participate in those 22 decisions ? 23 A. Well -24 Q. I mean wasit a decision made completely 25 within the environmental control? WATER PCB-SD0000059558 23 1 A. No. All I could do was to strongly 2 advise certain approaches. The advice I was able to 3 give was considered by an informal group which 4 represented the marketing representatives of the group 5 that sold these products, the research people 6 associated with the product, the engineering people, 7 the medical department. I'm sure I didn't get them 8 all but it was a good size group, it's about 15, 20 9 people. We then took our collective thoughts and gave 10 them, passed them on with strong recommendations they 11 be adopted to the managers, the directors of these 12 businesses. That in turn was taken to the, what I 13 consider the top Monsanto, corporate Monsanto 14 committee composed of the president, chairman of the 15 board and his senior vice-presidents for their review 16 and support. 17 Q. The initial group in this decision making 18 process, the group of 15 or so, was that an ad hoc 19 group for the particular use of Aroclor? Or was it a 20 standing committee? 21 A. No. It's an ad hoc group addressing the 22 Aroclors in its many uses, not just one use. 23 Q. Okay. So this group of 15 was ad hoc for 24 the uses of the Aroclor. 25 A. Correct. WATER PCB-SD0000059559 ________________________________________________________________________________________24_ 1 Q. Did it essentially consist of the same 2 people more or less during the period '70 to '76? 3 A. Yes but I don't want to mislead you. The 4 group was very active in '70, '71 and as the company 5 withdrew from these sales many of those people were no 6 longer involved so the group kind of shrank in size to 7 the point where finally the use in electrical 8 equipment was the only use so that was limited then to 9 three or four people. 10 Q. The second level that you identified was 11 the directors or the managers of the particular 12 business groups. What do you mean by business groups? 13 A. Monsanto at the time was organized as far 14 as its marketing approach was concerned into business 15 groups. 16 Q. Defined by customers? 17 A. Defined by type of product sold. The two 18 groups in Monsanto that were involved with the PCB 19 products were the functional fluids group which tries 20 to describe the use of fluids in industry as 21 distinguished from a chemical that is changed and 22 converted to some other product. The second group was 23 known in Monsanto as the plasticizer group, they sold 24 chemicals primarily intended to add to plastic 25 materials to make them flexible instead of brittle. WATER_PCB-SD0000059560 25 1 The Aroclor PCB's were used for some of their 2 applications. 3 So those groups were headed by a director 4 and reporting to those directors were people that 5 represented research, manufacturing, marketing and 6 engineering. So they formed a team and addressed that 7 particular product line. 8 Q. And then the next level of decision would 9 be at the corporate officer level. 10 A. Yes. 11 Q. During this period of time was Monsanto 12 actually refusing to sell Aroclor to customers who 13 intended to use it for particular applications? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. If they wantedto use it forcarbonless 16 copy paper Monsanto would refuse to sell. 17 A. That's right. 18 Q. And that was the type of decision that 19 this decision making process ultimately resulted in. 20 A. Correct. 21 Q. The group of 15, without asking you to 22 list all the names when the group was at its most 23 active, generally what areas did they represent? 2 4 You, environmental control. 25 A. Correct. WATER PCB-SD0000059561 26 1 Q. I assume there was someone from 2 marketing? 3 A. There was two people from marketing, one 4 was from the plasticizer group, the other from the 5 functional fluids group. 6 Q. What other types? 7 A. Research directors from the two groups, a 8 representative from the medical department, at least 9 one, sometimes two would show up. Engineering 10 department, corporate engineering department. A 11 representative of corporate manufacturing and then we 12 had of course the press relations person and we had an 13 attorney. 14 Q. How - 15 A. I think that covers all. I have a 16 feeling I missed somebody. 17 Q. Without asking you to identify the people 18 those would roughly be the interests represented in 19 the group of 15. 20 A. Correct. 21 Q. How were specific applications addressed? 22 How did you decide to look at any particular 23 application? How would a question come up so to 24 speak? 25 A. Well the discussion of course was free WATER_PCB-SD0000059562 27 1 and moving throughout the room. Of course there had 2 been previous informal discussions about the need for 3 holding such a meeting and what should we do so by the 4 time the group got together they had already in 5 essence had defined what we eventually came to call 6 the open use and the closed use systems. By open use 7 we were referring to such applications as the 8 carbonless copy paper and the paint and sealant 9 applications, those are just examples. The sealed 10 systems we included such things as the use in 11 electrical equipment, the use as an industrial heating 12 fluid and the use as an industrial hydraulic fluid. 13 Those were considered to be closed systems. With that 14 base in mind the group decided that we had no control 15 over that open use. Once the product was manufactured 16 and used it hit the environment so that decision was 17 made to terminate sales to that as quickly as 18 possible. 19 The other uses involved decisions such as 20 educating the users for need for tight control, 21 prevent entering the environment, but we would 22 continue to sell to those uses barring any new 23 information. 24 That's really the gist of the discussion. 25 Q. When the group was formed then had the WATER_PCB-SD0000059563 28 1 decision been reached to restrict sales to open use of 2 PCB's? 3 Stated another way, would it be fair to 4 say that as of 1900 and 71 Monsanto had made the 5 decision not to sell PCB's or products containing 6 PCB's to any use defined as an open use? 7 A. That is correct. 8 Q. Did you participate in the decision of 9 the company to so restrict sales? 10 A. Yes . 11 Q. When was that particular decision made? 12 Roughly. 13 A. The ad hoc group had made that decision 14 by late February, 1970. In March we reviewed this 15 with the two directors of the business groups and they 16 in turn with their supervision and in April I was the 17 spokesman that went before this top corporate 18 committee and proposed a program for withdrawal from 19 these markets. 20 Q. And we know that the top corporate people 21 responded favorably to your proposal, accepted your 22 recommendations. 23 A. I don't want to mislead. They accepted 24 the overall plan but they were impatient with the 25 timing so we were asked to go back and hasten the WATER PCB-SD0000059564 29 1 program. 2 Q. They wanted you to move faster? 3 A. Which someone else went back later since 4 I was not available and proposed new target dates 5 which then the full proposal was acceptable, the 6 access plus the timing. 7 Q. Were the people at the top of the 8 corporation interested in moving faster or slower? 9 A. Faster. 10 Q. And so it was an accelerated timetable 11 that was presented the second time around? 12 A. Correct. 13 Q. And then in 1900 and 77 Monsanto ceased 14 to sell PCB' s even to the closed system or the closed 15 use; is that right? 16 A. To the remaining closed system 17 application which was electrical equipment. 18 Q. So Askarel would be the last to go? 19 A. Correct. 20 Q- Between 1900 and 70 and 1900 and 77 was 21 part of the program that you were describing making 22 certain that the customers of Askarel, other closed 23 system users, have as much information as possible? 24 A. .. That is correct. 25 Q. As much information as was available to WATER_PCB-SD0000059565 30 1 you? 2 A. Correct. 3 Q. From 1970 until 1977 was that program of 4 communicating information to the end users -- let me 5 ask the question another way. 6 From 1970 to 1977 was that program of 7 providing information to the customers followed by 8 your company? 9 A. Yes . 10 Q. Did that program include providing 11 information to the end user? 12 A. Not by Monsanto. 13 Q. I am aware that Monsanto sold Askarel 14 directly to customers such as utility companies. Is 15 that correct? 16 A. For a period of time. That was 17 terminated in 19, I think it was 1971 or 2, somewhere 18 in there. 19 Q- , Monsanto also sold Askarel to those 20 companies that manufactured transformers such as 21 General Electric. 22 A. Yes . 23 Q. And in fact permitted General Electric to 24 use its own trade name to describe the Askarel fluid. 25 A. Yes . WATER PCB-SD0000059566 31 1 Q. So when you would be communicating 2 information between '70 and '77 to customers you would 3 be communicating to people like General Electric for 4 the most part. 5 A. For the most part, yes. 6 Q. Particularly if you ceasedselling 7 directly to utility companies in 1972. 8 A. Correct. 9 Q. Did you understand that the information 10 you communicated to General Electric about Askarel 11 would have to be communicated by General Electric to 12 the end user? 13 A. Yes. Thatwas a strongunderstanding. 14 Q. . Were you aware then that General Electric 15 had to have enough information from Monsanto, the 16 manufacturer of the Askarel, in order to effectively 17 communicate sufficient information to its customers? 18 MR. HALL: Excuse me. Would you read 19 that back? 20 (WHEREUPON REPORTER READ FROM THE RECORD AS DIRECTED). 21 Q. (By Mr. Terry) And by that so there's no 22 confusion would be the customers of General Electric. 23 A . I understand that. 24 Q. Okay. 25 A. I hesitate becauseMonsanto prepared WATER PCB-SD0000059567 32 1 blends of fluids as specified by customers like 2 General Electric. That blend is the Askarel. One of 3 the ingredients is a PCB. Information relating to 4 PCB's was certainly available from Monsanto and was 5 conveyed to General Electric. Monsanto could not 6 relay information regarding other ingredients that 7 General Electric selected to put into that mixture so 8 General Electric would have to get that information 9 from other sources, other suppliers. 10 Q. I appreciate the clarification. So that 11 I understand, the Monsanto-manufactured element of a 12 fluid that would become Askarel would be the PCB's. 13 A. Correct. 14 Q. The other elements of the fluid would be 15 manufactured by people other than Monsanto? 16 A. Correct. 17 Q. And then Monsanto would blend the 18 components and produce the fluid known as Askarel. 19 A. Correct. 20 Q. Would General Electric specify the 21 components of the fluid as far as you know? 22 A. Yes . 23 Q. Would they specify the supplier for 24 components other than those manufactured by Monsanto? 25 A. There were times when they would specify WATER PCB-SD0000059568 33 1 supplier but that wasn't always the case. It depended 2 on their perception of the quality of the material 3 from given suppliers. 4 Q. Setting aside the question then of the 5 other components in the suit that made up the Askarel, 6 for a customer like General Electric the source of 7 information about PCB's would have to be Monsanto. 8 A. Definitely, yes. 9 Q. And Monsanto wouldhave to communicate 10 enough information about PCB's to its customers so 11 that they would be able to effectively communicate 12 enough information to their customers? 13 A. That is correct. 14 Q. And you would have recognized then that 15 with respect to the PCB that was a component in the 16 Askarel Monsanto was the source of information about 17 that component? 18 A. We were the primary source but General 19 Electric and others were able to get information from 20 other sources. Government agencies, the university 21 laboratories, private laboratories, so there's nothing 22 to prevent them from including that information in 23 their knowledge base to forward to their customers as 24 appropriate. 25 Q. I understand that Monsanto may not have WATER PCB-SD0000059569 34 1 been the exclusive source of information about PCB's 2 but it was the primary source? 3 A. Correct. 4 Q. Would you agree that in terms of 5 Monsanto's responsibility as the manufacturer of the 6 PCB Monsanto had the responsibility to communicate 7 adequate information to its customers such as General 8 Electric ? 9 A. Yes. 10 Q. And Monsanto had the responsibility to 11 communicate enough information to its customers. 12 General Electric, so that they would have enough 13 information to communicate to their own customers? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. Would it befair to say then that 16 Monsanto understood that the information that it 17 communicated to its customers would be the primary 18 source of information communicated to the end users? 19 A. As it relates to thatcomponent, PCB's, 20 yes . 21 Q. Yes. Would you agree with me that the 22 end users of the Askarel are generally speaking 23 utility companies such as Houston Light and Power, 24 Central Power and Light or would there be others that 25 you would consider to be the end users? WATER PCB-SD0000059570 35 1 A . There are many end users. I ha ve no 2 measure of the volumes or numbers of pieces o f 3 equipment. There are commercial buildings. Government 4 buildings, Holiday Inns. That's throughout our 5 society. 6 Q. I appreciate that, I don't mean to use 7 the utility companies as the sole member of the class 8 of end users but does the term end user as you 9 understand the term include the utility companies? 10 A. Yes. 11 Q. The reason that I ask the question is I 12 am not certain of the chain of distribution of the 13 Askarel. My perception is that the Askarel would be 14 supplied to General Electric, General Electric would 15 then supply a transformer containing Askarel or using 16 its own trade name to the end user which would be 17 someone like the utility company or the Holiday Inn, 18 that sort of thing. 19 A. That is correct. 20 Q. Do you know whether or not Monsanto 21 actually prepared for its own customers, say General 22 Electric as an example, information in a form that was 23 intended to be communicated to the end user? And 24 again so that we understand each other I'm still 25 talking about that period of time of '70 to '77 when WATER_PCB-SD0000059571 36 1 you personally were involved in that. 2 A. Monsanto did not prepare a document 3 intended for the customers of our customers. 4 Q. And in order to then get the information 5 to the end user Monsanto would be relying on the 6 intermediate at be it General Electric or someone at 7 Westinghouse or someone else to assemble the 8 information Monsanto provided in documents, booklets 9 or pamphlets that the intermediate would then give to 10 its customers? 11 A. That is correct. But in every case we 12 were told by our customers to stay away from their 13 customers. We were not allowed to communicate, so. 14 Q. I'll ask you about that but I don't mean 15 to imply any particular malfeasance or misfeasance, 16 I'm just interested in the fact that it is true that 17 Monsanto would have to rely on its customers to 18 assemble and publish the information to the customers 19 or end users. 20 A. That was done. 21 Q. So you, Monsanto, would have to rely on 22 Westinghouse or General Electric or one of your other 23 customers to assemble the information that you 2 4 provided them for transmission to the end user? 25 A. Correct. WATER_PCB-SD0000059572 37 1 Q. You had indicated that your customers, be 2 they Westinghouse, General Electric or others had 3 actually advised Monsanto not to deal directly with 4 the customers of customers. 5 A. That is correct. 6 Q. Was that informationcommunicated to you 7 personally by these customers? Westinghouse or 8 General Electric? 9 A. Informally, yes. 10 Q. Was that uniform from Monsanto'scustomer 11 base or was it just particular for some? 12 A. I would describe it as typical in 13 industry where each supplier prefers to communicate to 14 his customers in his way and his timing and all. 15 Doesn't want other parties bypassing them. That's my 16 understanding. 17 Q. In terms of questions or requests for 18 information from customers of customers, be it the 19 Holiday Inn or the utility company, would Monsanto 20 respond to information requests from them? 21 A. Certainly. 22 Q. Were there mechanisms in place to handle 23 those questions? 24 A. Yes. 25 Q. Were the mechanisms for handling those WATER_PCB-SD0000059573 38 1 questions part of your department as manager of 2 environmental control? Would those questions come to 3 you? 4 A. Someof them, yes. 5 Q. Where else would they go or where else 6 would they be routed? 7 A. They might go to the marketing 8 representatives located in the home office. Like this 9 technical person we talked about earlier or the 10 manager of that marketing department. 11 Q. I'm sorry, I apologize for interrupting. 12 I was of the impression that when you became manager 13 of the environmental control group the arrangement 14 with Mr., or with Paul, ceased. 15 A. No. 16 Q. It continued on? 17 A. There were key people in this 18 communication network. 19 Q. Okay. 20 A. I just sort of supplied support and I 21 coached and trained and communicated and they were 22 expected to carry their message forward. They were 23 part of the network. 24 Q. His function andhis contact with 25 customers and customers of customers still persisted WATER_PCB-SD0000059574 39 1 A. Very much so, yes. 2 Q. With respect to PCB's did his, did Mr. 3 Benignus, continue to deal directly with customers and 4 customers of customers in connection with Askarel 5 until the time that Monsanto ceased making it? 6 A. No. Until the time he retired in '74. 7 Q. Okay. Was he replaced by someone else? 8 A. Yes. He was replaced by David Wood. 9 Q. Did Mr. Wood continue to provide that 10 function? 11 A. Yes . 12 Q. And I assume because PCB's are so stable 13 and persistent that Mr. Wood is still providing that 14 function? 15 A. ' No. Mr. Wood is no longer involved with 16 PCB's . 17 Q. Is there someone who carries on? 18 A. Dr. John Craddock. 19 Q. How long did Mr. Wood fulfill that 20 function? 21 A. I'm going to have to rely on my memory 22 here on an awful lot. I would suggest he did this 23 from '74 through -- 24 Q. Just roughly, sir. 25 A. I'm trying to recall. WATER PCB-SD0000059575 40 1 Q. And I know I'm reaching for details. 2 A. I believe Mr. Wood was stil 1 in place 3 when the sales were terminated in '77. I don't know 4 when he was resigned following that. 5 Q. Now you had indicated, and I'm changing 6 subjects now, you had indicated that you r first 7 contact with PCB's, particularly Askarel , would have 8 been in '55 when you as part of your mai ntenance 9 supervisory responsibility became a supe rvisor of 10 electricians that would come in contact with 11 electrical equipment containing Askarel; is that 12 correct? 13 A. That is correct. 14 Q. And I assume that what you' re talking 15 about is equipment utilized by Monsanto in its own 16 plants or facilities. 17 A. That is correct. 18 Q. As apposed to electrical service provided 19 to outside people. 20 A. Yes. 21 Can we take a break? 22 Q. Absolutely. 23 - (RECESS TAKEN BY PARTIES.) 24 Q. (By Mr. Terry) The electrical equipment 25 on the Monsanto plants and facilities, was it at one WATER PCB-SD0000059576 41 1 particular plant or facility? This is in '55 to '58. 2 A. That was in one plant. 3 Q. In connection with your work as the 4 supervisor of the electricians you had indicated that 5 you had td make yourself knowledgeable about Askarel: 6 proper handling, proper disposal, proper cleanup. 7 A. That is correct. 8 Q. Had you had an opportunity to make 9 yourself knowledgeable about those subject matters 10 before or did you have a working knowledge before '55 11 about those subject matters? 12 A. I did not. 13 Q. How did you make yourself knowledgeable 14 about that subject matter, specifically the cleanup 15 and disposal aspect of Askarel? 16 A. Well cleanup and disposal was the 17 practices involving cleanup and disposal at the time 18 was that commonly used with all of our industrial 19 chemicals. The use of such things as saw dust to pick 20 up spills was rather common. All of this material was 21 taken to a place in the plant and it was generally 22 stored in some kind of container, steel drum or what 23 have you, and then we had a service that would pick it 24 up and take it across the Mississippi River to 25 Monsanto's landfill for industrial chemicals. WATER_PCB-SD0000059577 42 1 The information relating to employee 2 exposure I received from two principle sources, one is 3 reading the available documents in Monsanto, both the 4 kind that's sent out with the products and the type 5 that is available within Monsanto and associated with 6 manufacturing procedures and operating instructions 7 and the key source really was the plant physician, I 8 sat down with him and we talked not only about PCB's 9 but anything else that these people might be exposed 10 to. 11 Q. In connection with the disposal of 12 Askarel that your electricians would have picked up 13 after a spill or just simply because the Askarel had 14 to be discarded, if my understanding is correct your 15 responsibility as the supervisor would end once the 16 material was placed in the 55 gallon drums. 17 A. That is correct. 18 Q. Did you have any responsibility for 19 transport to the landfill or operation of the 20 landfill? 21 A. In 1955? 22 Q. Yes. 23 A. No. 24 Q. Have you had any responsibility in your 25 other positions for operation of the landfill or a WATER PCB-SD0000059578 43 1 landfill actually run by Monsanto? 2 A. I did not personally, no. 3 Q. At any time? 4 A. At any time. Correct. 5 Q. In terms of information communicated to 6 customers concerning disposal of discarded Askarel at 7 any time in your career what sort of information have 8 you communicated? 9 A. The information I was able to communicate 10 was primarily one of cautioning them about getting 11 into the environment. When asked specifically what 12 could be done I was able at that time to tell them you 13 find a properly authorized landfill and dispose of it 14 as described by the local authorities in that landfill 15 but assure yourself if you can that that landfill does 16 not come into contact with any water, surface water or 17 ground water. That was in the early stages. Later 18 when Monsanto designed and placed in operation an 19 incinerator I was able to tell the person with the 20 spent liquid that he could if he wished send his 21 material to Monsanto for destruction. 22 Q. When did the incinerator come on line? 23 A. 1971. 24 Q. Prior to 1900 and 71 did Monsanto offer 25 to its customers or any other entity a place to WATER_PCB-SD0000059579 44 1 dispose of spent Askarel? 2 A. No. 3 Q. You had indicated that you would caution 4 those that asked you or customers that you 5 communicated to about proper disposal in the sense of 6 avoid getting it into the environment, use a properly 7 authorized landfill, act in accordance with local 8 regulations. When were you communicating that sort of 9 information? Beginning when? 10 A. Beginning in 1970. 11 Q. It would be part of yourresponsibility 12 as manager of environmental control? 13 A. Correct. 14 Q. Do you know if there was any other person 15 or group within Monsanto that communicated such 16 information before you started doing it in 1970? 17 A. There was communicationregarding the 18 proper disposal of industrial chemicals but prior to 19 1970 the impact on the environment of PCB's was not 20 known so I don't know of anybody that would have been 2 1 in a position to give that kind of instruction like 22 prevent it from getting into the environment. It was 23 treated as an industrial chemical in the broad sense. 24 Q. In connection with treating it as an 25 industrial chemical in the broad sense would the WATER_PCB-SD0000059580 45 1 directions have been to use properly authorized 2 landfills ? 3 A. Yes. 4 Q. Who would have been communicating that 5 sort of information to customers of Monsanto? 6 A. Primarily the field salesmen. 7 Q. Was there an established or set piece of 8 information that would be communicated? That is, did 9 Monsanto say this is what you will tell them, in the 10 sense of use a properly authorized landfill? 11 A. Are you asking was there a piece of paper 12 on which this was distributed? 13 Q. I'll state it another way so that we 14 understand each other. 15 I am aware because Monsanto's lawyers 16 were kind enough to provide some technical information 17 that we looked at earlier that Monsanto had 18 established pamphlets or brochures about Askarel, its 19 components, its properties and that sort of thing and 20 I would assume that those were made available to the 21 sales representatives in the field and it would be the 22 source of information that would communicate to their 23 customers. 24 A. It would be a source. 25 Q. - Okay. And the field representative then WATER PCB-SD0000059581 46 1 would have a document that he could look at that would 2 give him a source of information to communicate to 3 customers. 4 A. Certainly. 5 Q. So the question I'm asking now is was 6 there an established piece of information or were 7 there documents available to the sales representatives 8 in the field that would contain information they would 9 communicate to customers about disposal of industrial 10 chemicals ? 11 A. I recall some documents that addressed 12 landfills. I do not recall specifically at what point 13 in time and which documents. But I also know that the 14 field salesmen would be brought to St. Louis and have 15 training courses in which topics of this nature would 16 be covered. This does not mean that he had in his 17 hands a paragraph that he read but he was expected to 18 learn something in these training courses and use that 19 knowledge as he made his calls and if the issue was 20 ever brought up during his discussions with the 21 customer representatives. 22 Q. Now the documents that you can recall, 23 are they before us here in the exhibits that we have 24 marked? 25 A. I haven't had a chance to look through WATER_PCB-SD0000059582 ______________________________________________________________________________________ 47 1 all of these to look for that specific wording. It's 2 that kind of document that I vaguely recall. 3 Q. Okay. The training courses that the 4 field representatives would receive, I assume that 5 they would be hosted by Monsanto, the teachers would 6 be Monsanto employees? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. And there would be a set topic or a set 9 agenda? 10 A. There was an agenda that covered a broad 11 range of topics. 12 Q. Was each field representative expected to 13 attend training courses such as this? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. Is it your information that in the course 16 of these training courses that the salesmen would 17 receive instruction, I'm sorry, the field 18 representatives would receive instructions on proper 19 disposal of industrial chemicals? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. And it would be expected then that the 22 field representative would have that information 23 available to communicate to the customers he would 24 deal with. 25 A. Yes. WATER PCB-SD0000059583 48 1 Q. Do you have any idea of how long Monsanto 2 would have been providing that information to its 3 field representatives in the training courses? 4 Forever or do you know? 5 A. From day one. 40, 50 years. 6 Q. All right. For as long as you havebeen 7 connected with Monsanto was there an accepted protocol 8 for dealing with industrial chemical waste in the 9 trade or profession? 10 A. Yes. 11 Q. And did that involve the use of 12 landfills, authorized landfills? 13 A. Yes. 14 Q. Do you know personally what it takes to 15 make an authorized landfill? 16 A. I certainly don't know the details. I do 17 know that prior to the establishment of the Federal 18 environmental agencies this was in the hands of the 19 local governments and most of them were, well they 20 were either municipalities or county approvals that 21 were obtained. Other than that I don't know the 22 details. I don't know what standards had to be met 23 but I do know that they had to have the local 24 authority's approval to dispose of certain kinds of 25 materials . WATER PCB-SD0000059584 49 1 Q. But with respect to the standards that 2 would be set for a landfill in terms of clay liners, 3 that sort of thing, would you know those details 4 personally? 5 A. Not for every state at that time, no. I 6 do know there was a summary in one of the trade 7 journals by state of what types of materials were 8 permitted but that was available in 1970, that's why I 9 remember that. 10 Q. But would it be fair to say that for as 11 long as you have been connected with Monsanto it has 12 been recognized that Askarel in terms of disposal 13 prior to 1970 was treated as an industrial chemical? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. To be disposed of as industrial chemicals 16 were to be disposed of? 17 A. Yes. 18 Q. And the primary method of disposal was 19 properly authorized landfill. 20 A. At that time, yes. 21 Q. And that information would have been 22 communicated to the field representatives of your 23 company either by documents such as the exhibits that 24 we have seen or as part of their training courses. 25 A. That is correct. WATER PCB-SD0000059585 50 1 Q. And it would be expected that they would 2 communicate that information to customers. 3 A. Yes. 4 Q. Are you aware of the chemical properties 5 or properties of Askarel? 6 A. I'm aware of some of them. 7 Q. Without going into a detailed discussion 8 of its properties is it fair to say that it has a high 9 order of stability? 10 A. I hesitate because I want to make certain 11 that we don't confuse Askarels with PCB's. There are 12 some components in the Askarels that don't have this 13 high order of stability. 14 Q. Well then specifically the PCB's. 15 A. PCB, many of the isomers, which are the 16 different related chemicals in that family, do exhibit 17 high order of stability. 18 Q. Is it essentially inert? 19 MR. HALL: Are PCB's inert, is that the 20 question? 21 A. I have a hard time answering that, it's a 22 little bit subjective. Under certain conditions you 23 might say it's not inert, that there are ways to 24 conduct some chemical reactions with them. One of the 25 obvious ones is just high temperature incineration. WATER_PCB-SD0000059586 51 1 that's a chemical reaction in itself. But I guess the 2 best way to describe them is they are resistant to 3 many chemical reactions that could take place in the 4 environment. 5 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Do they have low 6 volatility? 7 A. They do. 8 Q. And very low watersolubility? 9 A. They do. 10 Q. Would it befair to say that PCB's are 11 persistent in the environment? 12 A. Yes. That's been demonstrated. 13 Q. And the PCB's generally are persistent? 14 A. Some of the isomers. 15 Q. And that is one of the reasons that 16 Askarel was a desired or desirable fluid for 17 transformers. 18 A. I don't know that that was the driving 19 interest in them. The reason they were used in 20 transformers is twofold, one is their resistance to 21 flame, for fire and the other was their excellent 22 insulating property, they do not conduct electricity. 23 So those two characteristics are what made them so 24 good for this application. 25 Q. And the fact that they retain those WATER PCB-SD0000059587 52 1 properties because of their persistence. 2 A. I suppose one could describe it that way. 3 I don't know that it's because of their persistence, 4 it's their relative inactivity chemically. Their 5 stability. 6 Q. I'm sorry, perhaps we're not 7 communicating because you attach more significance to 8 the term persistence than I do. Not so much, I don't 9 mean to apply so much the persistence in the 0 environment but the chemical properties of Askarel are 1 maintained for a long time. 2 A. Under normal operating conditions, yes. 3 Q. And that is one of the reasons that 4 Askarel was such a desireable fluid for use in 5 transformers? 6 A. That is one of them, yes. .7 Q. Not only did it have low flame 8 properties, not only were the dielectric properties .9 desirable but the fluid was not subject to change ! 0 under normal operating conditions. !1 A. That is correct. ! 2 Q. And therefore had a very long life, long ! 3 useful life. >4 A. That's correct. >5 Q. And it is that long useful life of the WATER PCB-SD0000059588 53 1 property that in another sense causes it to persist in 2 the environment, it is not subject to change as other 3 components are. Is that fair? 4 A. I have a hard time relating the 5 environment with the many forces at play that are 6 available compared to a fluid that's in a sealed 7 container and about the only stress it undergoes is 8 internal arcing, there's no oxygen, no bacteria, no 9 other chemicals so I have a hard time comparing the 10 two. They're different. 11 Q. Would it be fair to say that Monsanto 12 recognized for as long as you had been aware that the 13 chemicals in Askarel had to be properly disposed of 14 whatever the standard for proper disposal was? 15 A. Yes. 16 Q. And that that was information 17 communicated to the customers of Askarel? 18 A. Yes. 19 Q. And intended to be communicated to the 20 customers of the customers of Askarel, be it General 21 Electric's customers - 22 A. That was myunderstanding, yes. 23 Q. Were directions for proper disposal 24 routinely communicated to customers of Monsanto? 25 A. Will you help me with the definition of WATER_PCB-SD0000059589 54 1 routinely? Is this once a week or with each shipment? 2 Q. Okay. We have not talked about the 3 methods whereby Monsanto would communicate information 4 to its customers and that's probably unfair. 5 I am aware that most of the customers of 6 Monsanto for this particular product would be 7 customers of long standing. General Electric, I 8 assume that the business relationship between Monsanto 9 and General Electric persisted for a long time. 10 A. Yes. 11 Q. So in terms of communicating information 12 to General Electric it was unlikely that Monsanto 13 would treat every sale as if it were the only sale. 14 A. That's a fair assumption, yes. 15 Q. And the same would be true with 16 Westinghouse; correct? 17 A. Yes. 18 Q. But would it be, also be fair to say that 19 at some point during the relationship that existed 20 between Monsanto and customers of Askarel that one of 21 the elements communicated to the customer would be 22 that the product has to be properly disposed of? 23 A. Yes. That's one of the elements. 24 Q. And it would be intended by Monsanto that 25 the customer then communicate that information to its WATER_PCB-SD0000059590 55 1 customers or end users of the Askarel. 2 A. Yes. 3 Q. Is it also fair to say that for as long 4 as you had been with Monsanto the term proper disposal 5 of Askarel meant authorized landfill, up until the 6 time Monsanto put in place or put on line its 7 incinerator? 8 A. Yes. And then later on of course the 9 regulatory agencies laid down some more stringent 10 guidelines. 11 Q. Setting aside the advent of the 12 regulatory agencies would it be fair to say that 13 during your time with Monsanto proper disposal of 14 Askarel has always meant use of an authorized 15 landfill? And that would be so that we understand 16 each other a landfill that is proper under the 17 governing rules of the particular jurisdiction? 18 A. Yes. But there was a period there where 19 with the availability of incinerators, not only 20 Monsanto's but commercial units, where the advice was 21 strongly if it's a liquid you take it to an 22 incinerator and only landfill solid waste contaminated 23 with PCB's such as the saw dust that we used to clean 24 up or the dirty coveralls the worker used and so on. 25 Q. When did, approximately, the notion that WATER PCB-SD0000059591 56 1 PCB fluids or fluids containing PCB should be 2 incinerated come in? 3 A. I would suggest that as far as Monsanto 4 was concerned it came in when we were able to 5 demonstrate that it was feasible to incinerate and 6 this happened in about the middle of 1970. 7 Q. When you say feasible to incinerate what 8 do you mean? 9 A. Well, up until then PCB's were looked 10 upon as fire resistant and it was assumed that 11 incineration might not be practical, might not be 12 doable, it's only when our laboratories start working 13 with different conditions of incineration they were 14 able to establish that indeed you can do it when you 15 reach the right temperature and the right amount of 16 oxygen and keep the material in those conditions for a 17 given period of time you can destroy it. So a burner 18 had to be designed to do those things which was 19 finally done in the middle of 1970 and Monsanto 20 constructed the first unit capable of destroying 21 PCB's. 22 Q. By combustion? 23 A. By combustion. 24 Q. Prior to that was it impossible to burn 25 Askarel? Or was it considered impossible to destroy WATER PCB-SD0000059592 57 1 PCB's by combustion? 2 A. It was considered that PCB's would resist 3 combustion. This does not mean that someone out there 4 didn't do it almost unknowingly if the right 5 temperature was reached. But we found that anything 6 less than about 1,600, 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit would 7 not destroy all the PCB's. 8 Q. My understanding is that Askarel is not, 9 is Askarel uniformly PCB's? 10 A. No. Askarels contain in some cases 11 chlorobenzenes -- 12 Q. Other components. 13 A. Other components. 14 Q. Now I understand when you're telling me 15 that it was determined that PCB's could not be 16 destroyed by combustion until the temperatures reached 17 1,600 to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit but the question is 18 could Askarel be burned or do you know? 19 A. I can only speak for the PCB component, 20 unless that temperature was reached the chances were 21 it couldn't. 22 Q. And escape into the atmosphere. 23 A. Up the stack. 24 Q. But would there be components in the 25 fluid whatever they might be that would actually WATER PCB-SD0000059593 58 1 combust, burn, as I would understand the term? 2 A. Yes.. It is possible to have components 3 that burn at lower temperatures. 4 Q. So while you could incinerate Askarel in 5 the sense if it would burn you would not be 6 incinerating or combusting or destroying the PCB's 7 until you reached the desired temperature and 8 conditions that Monsanto discovered in 1970? 9 A. That is my understanding, yes. 10 Q. Beginning then between '70 and '71 the 11 recommendation would be if feasible to incinerate 12 Askarel in order to destroy the PCB's using a properly 13 designed and operating incinerator? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. And if that was not available then you 16 would go to the authorized landfill. 17 A. Yes. 18 Q. Prior to 1970 would the directions to 19 customers then be to put it in an authorized landfill? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. And then after 1970 or '71 Monsanto 22 offered its own incinerator for those customers that 23 chose to use it whenever yours went on line. 24 A. After our unit was in operation, yes. 25 Q. And for a fee you would burn stuff for WATER PCB-SD0000059594 59 1 them. 2 A. Correct. And we were also in a position 3 to be able to point to commercial units that were 4 being erected or operated. 5 Q. Did you either personally or did Monsanto 6 after 1971 make specific recommendations for 7 particular commercial units? 8 A. After -- yes, starting about '72 or 9 thereabouts we were able to refer to units. 10 Q. How did Monsanto - 11 MR. HALL: Excuse me, we were able to do 12 what? 13 A. Refer to commercial units. 14 Q. (By Mr. Terry) How did Monsanto make the 15 determination that a commercial unit could be referred 16 to? Was there a certification process that you were 17 aware of? Did you make your own independent 18 assessment? 19 A. We made an assessment. I visited at 20 least two sites and had engineers with me and we 21 discussed the operation that was being offered and we 22 were satisfied that they had the resources, the 23 analytical laboratory and the unit to do the 24 incineration, that they could do a responsible job and 25 then we would be in a position to recommend that a WATER PCB-SD0000059595 60 1 customer consider using those commercial units. 2 Q. Can you identify the commercial units 3 that you assessed and discussed? 4 A. There was one up in Blasdell, New York, 5 up near Niagra, and there was another unit outside 6 Philadelphia in Gloster City. The one in New York I 7 think was operated by Chem-trol, C-h-e-m, dash, 8 t-r-o-1, and the one outside Philadelphia was the 9 Rollins unit as I remember. 10 Can I take a break? 11 Q. Sure. 12 (RECESS TAKEN BY PARTIES.) 13 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Do you remember if there 14 were any other commercial incineration units that 15 Monsanto would recommend by name other than Chem-trol 16 and Rollins? 17 A. In time we were able to recommend a unit 18 up in Chesterfield, Illinois, I believe it was 19 operated by a company known as Nuclear Engineering. 20 Then the Pearl Company was able to start units in 21 Baton Rouge, Louisiana and in Deer Park, Texas. 22 Those are the only commercial units that 23 come to mind at the moment. 24 Q. It would be accurate to say that for so 25 long as Ascholor was sold for use in transformers that WATER PCB-SD0000059596 61 1 there would be spent or scrap Ascholor? 2 MR. HALL: You you mean Askarel? 3 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Askarel, I'm sorry. 4 Askarel. 5 A. It was understood that after the liquid 6 served its useful function and could no longer do it a 7 decision had to be made whether it should be retreated 8 and try to recycle it or it was untreatable and had to 9 be disposed of. We understood that there would be 0 occasions when there would be material that had to be 1 disposed. 2 Q. Was it known -- excuse me. 3 (DISCUSSION HELD OFF THE RECORD.) 4 (WHEREUPON REPORTER READ FROM THE RECORD AS DIRECTED). 5 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Were you aware that there 6 would be PCB's or Askarel in solid scrap? 7 A. Certainly. 8 Q. And that the solid scrap had to be .9 handled in such a way that the PCB's were extracted ! 0 before disposal of the solid scrap. !1 MR. HALL: Did you say extracted? \2 MR. TERRY: Yes. ! 3 A. I'm not aware of any requirement in that \ 4 period of time in which solid material, an example >5 being saw dust with PCB's in it, had to be extracted WATER PCB-SD0000059597 62 1 before you could dispose of the saw dust. 2 Q. (By Mr. Terry) I'm thinking in terms of 3 transformer, if a transformer was going to be scrapped 4 the liquids had to be extracted before the transformer 5 was scrapped; is that right? 6 A. I am not familiar with the procedure used 7 in the scrapping salvaging operation. I'm aware that 8 the unit has to be drained and all the free fluid 9 collected and I'm aware that there are metals inside, 10 steel core and core windings and then occasionally 11 there are either plastic or wood blocks to support the 12 internal parts. 13 I forgot your question now. 14 Q. Okay. In connection with scrapping of 15 transformers were you of the opinion that the fluids 16 would be drained from the transformer before it was 17 scrapped? 18 A. You mean the user of the unit before he 19 transferred it to the salvage yard would drain it? 20 Q. Without discussing who was responsible 21 for draining the fluids. 22 A. Eventually if you're going to get to the 23 inside it has to be drained. 24 Q And that the fluids inside the 25 transformer had to be treated as an industrial WATER PCB-SD0000059598 63 1 chemical in terms of the method that they should be 2 disposed. 3 A. - That is correct. 4 Q. And that the same procedure for disposing 5 industrial chemicals had to be followed for the fluid 6 extracted from the transformer when it was scrapped. 7 A. Yes . 8 Q. Now - 9 MR. HALL: Excuse me. Would you mind 10 reading that last question back please? 11 (WHEREUPON REPORTER READ FROM THE RECORD AS DIRECTED). 12 Q. (By Mr. Terry) In terms of the method of 13 disposing of transformers, the proper method of 14 disposing transformers, Monsanto would not instruct 15 manufactures of transformers how to do that would you? 16 A. ^ No. We were not in a position to offer 17 any advice along those lines. 18 Q. But Monsanto did instruct people on how 19 to dispose of the fluids. 20 A. Of the PCB's. 21 Q. 22 the fluid. Okay. The PCB's that were a component of 23 A. In those units that had PCB's. There is 24 mineral oil also in transformers. 25 Q. I'm sorry, that was overly broad. WATER PCB-SD0000059599 64 1 In terms of those transformers that used 2 PCB's or Monsanto fluid that contained PCB's you would 3 instruct on the proper disposition of the fluids. 4 A. To the customer of Monsanto, yes. 5 Q. When did you become aware that there was 6 a health hazard associated with PCB's? 7 MR. HALL: Do you mean when did Mr. 8 Pappageorge individually become aware of that? 9 MR. TERRY: Yes. 10 A. I was made aware that the material could 11 affect the health of people starting in about 1955 12 when my workers had to be certain that they didn't get 13 their hands in it and kept it there too long or to 14 breathe any fumes, those kinds of things. I was aware 15 that there can be a health effect. 16 Q. (By Mr. Terry) You mentioned two methods 17 of absorption, one would be skin contact and the other 18 would be inhalation. 19 A. That is correct. Because there's 20 ingestion also but that would be unlikely. 21 Q. Unlikely your workers would be eating it. 22 A. There was some concerns about dirty 23 hands, eating a sandwich or a candy bar. 24 Q. Other than accidental ingestion? 25 A. Right. WATER PCB-SD0000059600 65 1 Q. Beginning in 1900 and 55 when you became 2 aware that there was a health hazard and that the 3 methods of absorption that you needed to be concerned 4 about were skin contact and inhalation what was the 5 nature of the health hazard that you were concerned 6 about ? 7 A. Depends on the degree of exposure, how 8 much material. I was tuned in really to the early 9 warning symptoms that would prevent serious harms and 10 the early warning symptoms were two: the one relating 11 to breathing is the feeling in the chest similar to a 12 severe chest cold with coughing and painful breathing. 13 That tells me the worker was exposed to too many 14 fumes, he should have been wearing his respirator when 15 he's performing whatever it was he was doing. 16 The other early warning symptom was the 17 chapped skin effect, the skin looked like chapped 18 hands from having the skin exposed to PCB's. That 19 told me that the worker should have worn protective 20 gloves and -- if I paid attention to those two early 21 warning symptoms it would avoid any serious effect 22 with over exposures of greater magnitude. 2 3 Q. What did you understand the serious 24 effect to be? 25 A. The ultimate one of course is death, WATER PCB-SD0000059601 66 1 liver damage. But that occurs at very, very high 2 exposure levels. 3 Q. Any other long term consequences of 4 exposure that you were aware of back in 1955? 5 A. Liver damage was the long term. There 6 was a secondary skin symptom that I personally never 7 saw and that's chloracne. That would have been 8 another checkpoint in terms of gauging over exposure. 9 But chloracne, I have the understanding that it's a 10 temporary condition, eventually when a worker is 11 withdrawn from that environment it clears up. 12 Q. Did you know in 1900 and 55 to '58 when 13 you were supervising the electricians whether or not 14 there were threshold limit values for PCB's? 15 A. Yes there were. In about '50's, yes. 16 Q. And did Monsanto have in place a system 17 for determining whether or not the workers were 18 exposed to threshold limit values? 19 A. We would check the amount of material - 20 and this has to do with amount in the breathing air - 21 we would check that on a random kind of basis by the 22 plant industrial hygienist and determine the amount of 23 PCB's in the air near the job site and unless the 24 practice is changed there was no need to remeasure it 25 as long as it was acceptable, low enough. WATER PCB-SD0000059602 67 1 Q. So in your capacity as a supervisor you 2 would rely both on the industrial hygienist who 3 advised you that the air quality was satisfactory by 4 the then established threshold limit values and you 5 would watch your own workers to see if there were any 6 of these signs that you mentioned, chapped hands or 7 breathing difficulty? 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. When did you or do you have an opinion as 0 to whether or not PCB's are carcinogenic? 1 A. I have an opinion, yes. 2 Q. And what is that opinion? 3 A. My opinion is that they are not human 4 carcinogens. 5 Q. Are you aware of any studies that 6 indicate they are? .7 A. I have never read a report that describes .8 such a study for human effect. .9 Q. Do you have an opinion or has your ! 0 opinion about the health hazards associated with the ! 1 PCB's changed at all from 1955 to the present? ! 2 A. No. ! 3 Q. So as far as you are concerned the state >4 of information available concerning PCB's effect on >5 the health of human beings exposed to it has remained WATER_PCB-SD0000059603 68 1 pretty constant since 1955? 2 A. Yes. 3 Q. And so the information at least in your 4 opinion that is presently available about the health 5 effects on human beings from exposure to PCB's is the 6 same as it was in 1955? 7 A. Correct. 8 Q. And in 1955 Monsanto knew as much as it 9 knows now about the health effects on human beings 10 from exposure to PCB's? 11 A. I have a hard time with knowing as much 12 now. We know more because more studies have been done 13 but the effects noted from these studies have not 14 changed the original premises that were based on 15 fairly limited studies back in the '50's. 16 Q. Okay. So while the base data is much 17 larger now than it was then the conclusion in terms of 18 what health hazard is actually posed to human beings 19 from exposure to PCB's is the same now as it was then. 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. And the significance of the health hazard 22 from human beings exposed to PCB's is the same now as 23 it was back in 1955. 24 A. That's my understanding. 25 Q. Has the level of concern about health WATER PCB-SD0000059604 69 1 hazards to human beings associated with PCB's changed 2 as far as you can tell? 3 MR. HALL: You mean generally or in 4 Monsanto or what? 5 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Well, I'm asking for your 6 perception and if you need to qualify it in terms of 7 generally or within Monsanto I can understand that. 8 A. The concern has always been there. I 9 don't know that we're any less concerned now or then. 10 We still say these are industrial chemicals, if abused 11 or misused you can hurt people, and if you follow our 12 instructions you will not see any health effects. 13 I don't know how else to put it. 14 Q. Okay. So at least as far as you 15 personally are concerned, or are aware, the level of 16 concern or worry about health hazards associated with 17 exposure to PCB's is the same within Monsanto now as 18 it was back in 1955? 19 A. Yes. 20 Q. Was that worry or concern about health 21 hazards associated with exposure to PCB'scommunicated 22 by Monsanto to its customers? 23 A. Well, the instructions regarding voidance 24 of vapors and skin contact were based on that concern. 25 I don't know that the word concern itself appeared in WATER_PCB-SD0000059605 70 1 any communication to the customers. 2 Q. I appreciate the heading would not be by 3 the way we're really worried about this, but if a 4 corporation is concerned about health hazards they 5 would communicate adequate instructions for safe use 6 of the product, warning concerned with improper use 7 about what could happen to customers. 8 A. That's right. This reflects the concern. 9 Q. Did Monsanto do that? 10 A. Yes. 11 Q. And in your opinion were the instructions 12 Monsanto communicated to its customers for safe use of 13 the product adequate? 14 A. Yes. 15 Q. And had they been adequate since 1955? 16 A. Yes. 17 Q. Were the warnings communicated by 18 Monsanto of risks associated with improper use in your 19 opinion adequate? 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. And were they adequatefrom 1955 until 22 Monsanto ceased selling the stuff? 23 A. Yes. 24 Q. And this informationwould be 25 communicated by Monsanto to its customers. WATER_PCB-SD0000059606 71 1 A. Yes . 2 Q. And as that information pertains to PCB' s 3 Monsanto would be aware that it was the primary source 4 of such information to its customers. 5 A. Yes. 6 Q. Because Monsanto was at least in this 7 country the sole supplier of PCB's. 8 A. Well I hesitate because there's some 9 indication that some PCB's were imported so can you 10 stick the word sole in there as the principle 11 supplier. 12 Q. I'm sorry. Within the continental United 13 States Monsanto was the sole domestic source of PCB's. 14 A. Correct. 15 Q. If there were any other PCB's 16 manufactured outside the country, imported into the 17 United States, you don't know particularly one way or 18 the other do you? 19 A. That is true. 20 Q. In terms of domestic supply, manufactured 21 in this country, Monsanto was the sole supplier? 22 A. As best as I could determine, yes. 23 Q. So in terms of information available, 24 instructions of safe use, warnings for the 25 consequences of improper use to the customers of WATER PCB-SD0000059607 72 1 Monsanto as it relates to PCB's Monsanto would be the 2 primary source. 3 A. Yes. 4 Q. Would Monsanto anticipate that its 5 customers would communicate that information to end 6 users ? 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. So that the end users wouldhave the 9 information necessary to know how to use the material 10 properly and the risks associated with improper use as 11 it pertains to health hazards? 12 A. That was the intent, yes. 13 Q. In your opinion didMonsanto have a 14 responsibility to see to it that the end users of PCB 15 products had information concerning safe use and 16 warnings of the consequences of improper use? 17 A. No. I don't believe Monsanto was in any 18 position to assume that kind of responsibility not 19 being involved in the distribution, the designing 20 equipment, whatever else might have been added to it 21 after it left our plant. 22 Q. Perhaps I'm not making myself clear. I 23 do not mean to imply that I am asking you whether or 24 not Monsanto had the responsibility to deal directly 25 with the end users to communicate the information WATER PCB-SD0000059608 _____________________________________________________________________73 1 because as we have discussed earlier you may not have 2 known who they were and your customers would rather 3 you not deal directly with their customers. 4 A. That's true. 5 Q. In terms of however Monsanto providing 6 information, instructions for safe use and warnings 7 concerning hazards to its customers and directing or 8 suggesting that its customers communicate that 9 information to the end users Monsanto recognized that 10 it was important that the end users had the 11 information; correct? 12 A. Certainly. 13 Q. And while you would not deal directly 14 with the end users Monsanto would take steps to see to 15 it that the information was available to your 16 customers and that they were urged to communicate it 17 to the end users. 18 A. That is true. 19 Q. Because when Monsanto as the sole 20 domestic supplier of PCB's recognized that they had 21 the responsibility for getting that information, 22 instructions and warnings, out to people. 23 A. That is true. 24 Q. And Monsanto relied on its customers to 25 communicate that information to end users. WATER PCB-SD0000059609 74 1 A. Yes . 2 Q. Do you know or have an opinion as to 3 whether or not your customers did in fact communicate 4 that information to end users? 5 A. I have an understanding based on some 6 observations and comments that I was exposed to 7 through the years, I was personally involved in 8 reviewing documents, drafts of documents prepared by 9 General Electric and Westinghouse in which this kind 0 of information was mentioned. I have no way of 1 knowing what the final draft looked like but there's 2 every reason for me to believe that something close to 3 the draft I saw was mailed or sent or delivered to the .4 customers of those two Monsanto customers. .5 Other than those two definite examples I .6 do not have any information regarding what other .7 Monsanto customers relayed to their customers. .8 Q. Okay. When did you do this work that you .9 have described with GE and Westinghouse? ! 0 A. It was in 1970. ! 1 Q. Prior to your work with General Electric ! 2 and Westinghouse are you aware of anyone else within 13 Monsanto that did the same kind of thing with > 4 customers? That is assist them in the preparation of >5 information? WATER PCB-SD0000059610 75 1 A. I am personally not aware. That doesn't 2 mean it didn't happen. I don't know. 3 Q. Are you aware of any attempt made by 4 Monsanto to determine if the customers of your 5 customers, that is the end users actually dealing with 6 the PCB's, were receiving the information that you 7 communicated to your customers in terms of 8 instructions for safety, use and warnings for the 9 consequences of improper use? 10 A. I do not know. 11 Q. Would you agree with me that it was 12 reasonably foreseeable for Monsanto that the end users 13 of the PCB's would need information about safe use or 14 warnings about the consequences of improper use? 15 A. Well, it depends on the situation. I can 16 see where if our customer, if Monsanto's customer -- 17 Q. I'm sorry, you're getting ahead of me. 18 I'm not asking about, I'm not asking you to evaluate 19 at this particular time right now whether or not the 20 customer, Monsanto customer, is actually communicating 21 or failing to communicate information. 22 A. I understand. 23 Q. Would you agree with me that Monsanto 24 could foresee that it was necessary for the end user 25 to have information about safe use, warnings for WATER PCB-SD0000059611 _____________________________________________________________________76 1 improper use without regard to source? 2 A. That would depend. There are situations 3 where the supplier of the electrical equipment also 4 provides services so that the ultimate owner of that 5 piece of equipment has nothing to do with it. 6 Q. Likethe Holiday Inn fellow. 7 A. Yes. 8 Q. Okay. 9 A. The GE Corporation has roving teams of 10 service people that pull up to the unit and do what's 11 appropriate. So I can see where the Holiday Inn 12 manager has nothing to do with that transformer 13 sitting outside the room that you're occupying. 14 Q. Apart from situations where the end user 15 is closer to a consumer as I would be a consumer of 16 electricity, and I don't have any earthly idea of what 17 happens on the other side of the wall plug, have 18 never, ever looked, of course it scarce me to death, 19 but in terms of a consumer, apart from an end user 20 who's essentially a consumer, there are other end 21 users who are not, who actually deal with the 22 equipment themselves. You understand that? 23 A. Yes. 24 Q. That class of end user who actually deals 25 with the equipment itself, for that class of end user WATER PCB-SD0000059612 77 1 is it fair to say that Monsanto was aware that that 2 class of end user needed information about 3 instructions for safe use or clarification for the 4 consequences of unsafe use of PCB's? 5 A. Yes. 6 Q. And Monsanto realized that the primary 7 source of that information was itself. 8 A. Yes. 9 Q. And Monsanto made thedecision to rely on 10 its customers to communicate that information. 11 A. Yes. 12 Q. Monsanto was aware that that kind of 13 information was riecessary not only for the equipment 14 containing PCB's while in operation but that kind of 15 information was necessary for disposal of PCB's. 16 A. Yes. 17 Q. And again Monsanto made the decision to 18 communicate that information to its customers and 19 relied on them to communicate it to the end users. 20 A. Yes. 21 Q. We have before us some literature -- 22 (DISCUSSION HELD OFF THE RECORD.) 23 (LUNCHEON RECESS TAKEN BY PARTIES.) 24 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Mr. Pappageorge, you were 25 identified by Monsanto as a person that I should WATER PCB-SD0000059613 78 1 request to take the deposition of and in connection 2 with that I served on the attorneys from Monsanto a 3 subpoena duces tecum or a request that certain 4 documents be provided. 5 Did you personally have anything to do 6 with the assembling of the documents that have been 7 provided? 8 A." No. 9 Q. I had asked Monsanto to produce all 10 documents relating to directions, instructions and/or 11 warnings supplied by Monsanto Company to customers, 12 known users and others concerning use, disposal of and 13 health hazards associated with the use and disposal of 14 dielectric fluids such as Askarel containing PCB's 15 from 1930 to the present. And this is the material 16 that they gave me. Okay? 17 A. Okay. 18 Q. Can you find for me the warnings and 19 instructions connected with disposal that Monsanto 20 supplied customers? 21 A.. I'll try. 22 Q. Okay. 23 A. (Reviewing Document). 24 Q. And by the way so the record is clear, by 25 this material it is the material that the court WATER_PCB-SD0000059614 79 1 reporter has previously marked as discovery exhibits 2 to your deposition. 3 A. - (Reviewing Document) . 4 MR. HALL: Mr. Terry, to be sure that 5 you're clear on this and I'm clear on it it's my 6 understanding that these documents were produced to 7 you by Mr. Ben McDonald; is that correct? 8 MR. TERRY: May we go off the record? 9 MR. HALL: Sure. 10 (DISCUSSION HELD OFF THE RECORD.) 11 (WHEREUPON REPORTER READ FROM THE RECORD AS DIRECTED). 12 A. I've looked through the -- wait a minute, 13 I've got to look through these yet. (Reviewing 14 Document). 15 In response to your question I have 16 looked through the documents that have been submitted, 17 I find no specific reference to the use of authorized 18 landfills. I do find in a few of these documents the 19 cautionary words that convey to the reader the fact 20 that these materials should not be introduced into the 21 environment. Those words appear on the copy of the 22 label. Exhibit -- 23 Q. (By Mr. Terry) Would you pull out the 24 ones where you find the words sir? 25 A. All right. WATER PCB-SD0000059615 80 1 Q. You don't have to tell me what they are 2 yet, just pull them out and set them aside. 3 A. All right. 4 These are the documents that I see. 5 Q. The first one you have identified as 6 Discovery Exhibit No. 5 which is a letter from you 7 entitled Dear Sir. And I assume that you're making 8 reference to the statement? 9 "We wish to strongly re-emphasize with 0 you the importance of avoiding direct or 1 .accidental PCB contamination of feed, food 2 and packaging material and of preventing 3 PCB' s from escaping into the environment." 4 A. Yes. 5 Q. And this was a letter prepared by you in 6 April, 1900 and 72? .7 A. Yes. .8 Q. To whom was itgiven? .9 A. To allcustomers on record with Monsanto 10 for the previous three year period or more. ! 1 Q. You make reference to extreme care as ! 2 taken in the handling, use, storage and disposal of ! 3 these materials in this letter. ! 4 A. I do. >5 Q. Prior to 1900 and 72 had Monsanto ever WATER PCB-SD0000059616 81 1 delivered to its customers that kind of direction or 2 warning? 3 A. Yes . 4 Q. When? 5 A. Starting in 1970 as best I recall. 6 Q. . And how was that done? 7 A. There was a letter addressed to the 8 customers on record mailed in February of 1970 and 9 starting in May of 1970 that information was included 10 on the labels of the products. 11 Q. But the letter from 1970, the other one 12 is not here? 13 A. I have not seen it here, no. 14 Q. Nor are the labels that contain the same 15 directions ? 16 A. There's a copy of a label here. 17 Q. Okay. We'll get to those later. 18 Were there any directions or 19 amplification or instructions given in connection with 20 the use of the term extreme care and disposal or any 21 reference to any accepted procedure or protocol for 22 extreme care and disposal? 23 A. No. That was left up to the judgment of 24 the owner of the liquid and his resources. 25 Q. Just use extreme care to avoid letting it WATER PCB-SD0000059617 82 1 into the environment. 2 A. Right. 3 Q. Anything in that letter that indicates 4 that extreme care should be used in disposal to avoid 5 injury or risk of injury to humans? 6 A. Not in those words, no. 7 Q. Any suggestion or indication that 8 improper disposal can result in injury to humans? 9 A. In thisletter? 10 Q. Yes. 11 A . No . , 12 Q. But it is true that improper disposal can 13 result in injury to humans? 14 A. Coupled with other actions by humans. 15 It's not just the disposal itself, something else must 16 take place to get the human in contact or exposed. 17 Q. But if the term improper disposal 18 includes disposal other than as is proper for an 19 industry chemical or other than is proper for PCB's 20 there is a risk of exposure to humans is there not? 21 A. There is a risk. I don't know how to 22 measure it. 23 Q. And when you have that risk of exposure 24 of the PCB's to humans there is a risk of injury. Is 25 there not? WATER PCB-SD0000059618 83 1 A. Yes. 2 Q. So it is fair to say that it is 3 foreseeable to Monsanto that if the material is 4 improperly disposed of there is a risk of injury to 5 humans. 6 A. Yes., As I said but I don't know how you 7 would measure that. The risk is not in my opinion 8 great. 9 Q. I understand that you mayquantify it as 10 a slight risk but there is a risk is there not? 11 A. Yes. 12 Q. And it is fair to say that it is 13 reasonably foreseeable to Monsanto that if the 14 material they sell is not properly disposed of that 15 there can be people who are hurt. 16 A. It's possible. 17 Q. And that is one of the reasons that you 18 advise your customers to dispose of the material 19 properly. 20 A. That's yes, one of the reasons. 21 Q. You have also selected Discovery Exhibit 22 No. 8 and folded it open to Page 18. 23 24 25 A. Yes. Q. What is Discovery Exhibit No. 8? A. This is a copy of a productbulletin, the WATER PCB-SD0000059619 84 1 title. The Aroclor Polychlorinated Polyphenvls. 2 Q. What is the date that was prepared? 3 A. As best as I can tell it's August, '71. 4 Q. Is there an earlier publication that 5 accomplished the same result? 6 A. There were publications describing the 7 use of these materials as dielectrics, some of them 8 we've looked at here. (Indicating). But there was no 9 publication that was exactly in the composition as 0 this document. This is a little more detailed. 1 Q. So the document that we are looking at is 2 not an update of an already published document. 3 A. Not to my knowledge, that's correct. 4 Q. But represents a new document created by .5 Monsanto in 1971.' .6 A. Yes. .7 Q. And it did not, so that I understand, it .8 did not replace an existing document that you were .9 using for the same purpose. ! 0 A. That is correct. ! 1 Q. Now what is it on Page 18 that you had ! 2 referred to? ! 3 A. Page 18 is devoted to the, subject matter >4 at the top: Proper Handling Of PCB's By The 25 Electrical Industry To Avoid Environmental WATER PCB-SD0000059620 85 1 Contamination. 2 Q. May I see that? 3 A. Sure. (Indicating). 4 Q. Are you referring to the entire substance 5 of this page? 6 A. As far as the title I just read, yes. 7 And I'm referring in terms of proper disposal the 8 precautions are here. 9 For example the fourth paragraph down it 10 starts off: ' 11 "Therefore it's essential to do all that 12 is possible to avoid environmental 13 .contamination with PCB's." 14 The next paragraph: 15 "PCB's must not be introduced in any 16 waters or marine areas. Spills or leakage 17 must be contained." 18 Then it goes on to describe the 19 availability of incineration for liquid waste and then 20 -- that's about it. 21 Then it says call Pappageorge if you have 22 questions. 23 Q. And .this would be distributed to the 24 customers ? 25 A. Yes. WATER PCB-SD0000059621 86 1 Q. And that, the reference to the 2 incinerator is, at the time of that publication you 3 have your incinerator on line and you will take care 4 of used fluids for customers. 5 A. True'. 6 Q. At the rate of three cents per pound. 7 A. At that point yes, three cents. 8 Q. , Isn't that what it says there? 9 A. (Reviewing Document). Yes. It does. 10 Q. Any specific directionsin that discovery 11 exhibit that you're looking at about how the customer 12 is supposed to dispose of used fluids containing PCB's 13 if they don't send it to Monsanto? 14 A. Well there is the reference to, the 15 expression several others provide facilities for 16 proper incineration and destruction so that would 17 indicate that there are other incinerators in addition 18 to Monsanto available. 19 Q. And they would be the two that you 20 identified earlier, I assume, Chem-trol in New York 21 and Rollins? 22 A. Those two come to mind. There may have 23 been others that I don't remember. 24 Q. Anything else that tells, in that 25 instrument, that tells the customer what he's supposed WATER PCB-SD0000059622 87 1 to do with used fluids if he doesn't send them to 2 Monsanto ? 3 A. That's all it says. 4 Q. Just don't let it into the environment. 5 A. Correct. 6 Q. You also pulled Discovery Exhibit No. 3 7 which says that Monsanto will burn it at the rate of 8 three cents per pound. 9 A. Yes. 10 Q. Then you have -- anything else in there 11 about disposal on that exhibit? 12 A. That's it. 13 Q. You gave me Discovery Exhibit No. 4 which 14 again says you all will burn it at the rate of three 15 cents per pound. 16 A. And also includes the reference to - 17 well, the sentence we talked about earlier, extreme 18 care should be taken to avoid entry, it's on that 19 label. 20 Q. When was that published? 21 A. This label? '71. 22 Q. And you gave me No. 2 which I assume is 23 the same. 24 A. It's the same except that No. 2 was used 25 with No. 3 because the incineration statement was not WATER PCB-SD0000059623 88 1 imprinted on this label. 2 Q. And it is on this. 3 A. It is on the subsequent printing. 4 Q. Okay. Anything that you can show me that 5 predates 1971 where Monsanto gave directions to its 6 customers about proper disposal? 7 A. I don't see them here and as I said 8 earlier I vividly recall reading some bulletins in the 9 1950, 1960 time frame but I just do not remember the 10 specific time nor the specific bulletin. But there 11 were references to, I remember a reference that's 12 implied, don't just spill this in the back yard kind 13 of statement, those aren't the exact words. There 14 were references to proper disposal in authorized 15 landfills, I remember those very vividly. 16 Q. Now do you know where those are today? 17 A. I can only assume they're at the law 18 department at Monsanto as the custodian of those 19 documents if they're still around. I don't know. 20 Q. The documents that you remember seeing 21 that are not here today, do you know to whom they were 22 given? 23 A. Just like the documents we saw, they were 24 given to the customers of Monsanto either by the sales 25 representative or by direct mailing or when they WATER PCB-SD0000059624 89 1 visited the offices of Monsanto or their clients they 2 would be given copies unless they already received 3 one. , 4 Q. Is it your testimony and can you testify 5 that publications that Monsanto has not produced 6 contained instructions about proper disposal of fluids 7 containing PCB's manufactured by Monsanto and were in 8 fact delivered to customers? 9 A. That's my understanding, yes. 10 Q. Do you have any personal knowledge that 11 that occurred? 12 A. Can you help me with the word personal? 13 In other words did I give the document to 14 a customer? No. 15 Q. For example did you say to the field 16 representatives make sure they get this or did you 17 participate in the training courses that said listen, 18 you guys make sure that the customer gets this. We 19 are concerned about these fluids escaping into the 20 environment, make sure then proper disposal is 21 required. Did you do anything like that? 22 A. I did all of those things starting in 23 1970 . 24 Q. 25 A. I understand that. But prior to that I was not involved. WATER PCB-SD0000059625 90 1 Q. Do you understand that that was done by 2 others ? 3 A. That is my understanding. 4 Q. Who might those others be that would do 5 that? 6 A. Well certainly all the field salesmen and 7 there were many, many of those. Mr. Benignus was the 8 key individual in all of this. I would suggest that 9 he might have even been the author of such a document 10 that I have in mind. 11 I don't know what else to add except that 12 in my involvement with the activity and Mr. Benignus I 13 was left with the vivid understanding that these 14 materials were supposed to be responsibly handled. At 15 no time was anybody instructed to dump it down the 16 sewer for example. 17 Q. Now in the material that you did extract 18 from the documents produced by Monsanto that we have 19 identified and set apart in a separate pile, in those 20 materials it is apparent that Monsanto is concerned 21 that the customers use extreme care in proper 22 disposal. 23 A. That is the intent behind the statement, 24 yes . 25 Q. And in fact the words extreme care are WATER PCB-SD0000059626 91 1 used. 2 A. Right. 3 Q. And I understand from our earlier 4 discussion that the same level of concern that existed 5 after 1971 existed before; is that correct? 6 A. Not quite. Until Monsanto had 7 information that PCB's could be an environmental 8 problem the material was perceived to be typical of 9 many industrial chemicals, treated with respect but it 10 doesn't require the extreme care, the terminology we 11 finally used after we learned more about presence in 12 the environment and potential harm to the environment. 13 Q. Would it be fair to say then that the 14 information communicated in 1970 or '71 represented a 15 departure from the information communicated earlier? 16 A. Yes. It was a departure. 17 Q. Did Monsanto have more concern about 18 PCB's after 1970 than they had had earlier? 19 A. Certainly. 20 Q. And was that heightened concern 21 communicated to customers? 22 A. Yes. 23 Q. When did Monsanto become aware that it 24 was necessary to communicate to its customers 25 heightened concern? WATER PCB-SD0000059627 92 1 A. I would suggest -- this is an evolving 2 kind of concern -- so I would suggest that it became a 3 consensus of the managers in Monsanto in late 1969 and 4 was accomplished by the February, 1970 letters. 5 Q. What was it that had caused this change 6 in the level of concern in 1969? 7 A. It was the identification of some of the 8 PCB's by reputable laboratories of small amounts of 9 PCB's in the environment in samples that were not 10 necessarily industrially related which was totally new 11 to Monsanto. We didn't expect that an industrial 12 chemical would end up in pine needles in Sweden for 13 example or in infants' hair in Stockholm where the 14 initial studies took place. Followed by that report 15 we got reports that some birds -- now these were 16 allegations as distinguished from proven scientific 17 data -- that some birds were being harmed by PCB's and 18 that their reproduction was being affected. That was 19 covered by several laboratories in '68, '69, '70. 20 Later it was demonstrated it was DDT that was the 21 culprit but not PCB's but anyway in 1970 we assumed 22 PCB's were the culprit therefore it heightened our 23 concern. 24 There were reports that fish were taken 25 out of the Great Lakes and analyzed and PCB's were WATER PCB-SD0000059628 ____________ ,_______________________________________________________ 93_ 1 found. There it was a matter of presence, there was 2 no reported connection between a harm and presence. 3 There was a report out of the Government laboratories 4 in Gulf Breeze, Florida that tests with juvenile 5 shrimp, young shrimp, showed that they were very 6 sensitive to PCB's in the water. 7 It's that kind of information that 8 heightened the concern on the part of Monsanto. 9 Q. Would it be fair to characterize that 10 kind of information as information that there was a 11 level of PCB's in the environment generally as apposed 12 to confined to industrial locations? 13 A. I don't know that PCB's have been -- 14 Q. I'm not saying - 15 A. -- determined as generally present. 16 There are spots. In most cases these spots I'm going 17 to call them are associated with industry. There are 18 a few examples like those I mentioned in Sweden that 19 we've never been able to associate with industry, 20 where one can speculate where the PCB's came from. 21 Q. Now the first report you mentioned was 22 the one coming out of Sweden that reported the 23 presence of PCB's in samples of human tissue or hair. 24 A. That was one of their studies, yes. 25 Q. That came to the attention of Monsanto WATER_PCB-SD0000059629 94 1 about 1968 or '69? 2 A. Let me think. I'm going to say 1967. 3 Q. Prior to the study from Sweden that came 4 to the attention of Monsanto in 1967 had Monsanto 5 received, to your knowledge, any information from any 6 source indicating the presence of PCB's in an 7 unexpected place? 8 A. No. 9 Q. The reports that you identified about the 10 birds, those were eventually determined to be the 11 result of exposure to DDT. 12 A. Yes. 13 Q. But the other reports that you mentioned, 14 the one coming out of the Great Lakes and the young 15 shrimp in Florida, those are PCB's. 16 A. Yes. 17 Q. Did those reports indicate thepresence 18 of PCB's in the fish or in the water? In the shrimp 19 or in the water? 20 A. The Great Lakessamples were PCB's in the 21 fish. No one could tell us where the fish had been, 22 up what streams and found their way into the Great 23 Lakes. No one knew what the fish had been exposed to. 24 The shrimp were done in a laboratory setting where the 25 water was deliberately contaminated and I guess the WATER PCB-SD0000059630 95 1 shrimp have eggs or whatever it is, anyway they 2 hatched the young shrimp and the young shrimp didn't 3 survive. 4 Q. The study on the Great Lakes, the fish, 5 about when was that that it came to the attention of 6 Monsanto? 7 A. We started hearing about those in 1969. 8 And there was a meeting held in Duluth, Minnesota in 9 March of 1970 at which all this was summarized. 10 Q. On the basis of information available to 11 Monsanto beginning in 1967 until 1900 and 70 of the 12 same character as the studies that you have identified 13 coming out of Sweden and the fish in the Great Lakes, 14 did Monsanto conclude it was necessary to advise its 15 customers to use extreme care in disposal? 16 A. That was an important factor, yes. 17 Q. Why did you conclude from studies in 18 Sweden and Great Lakes fish to advise customers to use 19 extreme care in disposal? 20 A. Well, we wanted to make certain that the 21 materials were handled responsibly and we believed by 22 using strong language like the use of the word extreme 23 was more likely to get the attention of the reader of 24 the label or the memoranda that he received and we 25 felt that this was one way to communicate and get some WATER_PCB-SD0000059631 96 1 responsible, favorable behavior, on the part of the 2 customer. 3 Q. Did you conclude or assume that improper 4 disposal or irresponsible handling had resulted in 5 contamination evidenced by the study in Sweden and the 6 fish in the Great Lakes and others? 7 A. We frankly speculated that it was the 8 PCB's that got out of control, that found their way 9 into these samples. Just which use contributed the 10 PCB's to the environment we at that time really didn't 11 know. So we felt that advising everyone who bought it 12 from us to do whatever they could to prevent it 13 getting in the environment would be a responsible and 14 important first step to controlling further 15 contamination of the environment. 16 Q. Did Monsanto conclude that improper 17 disposal was a likely or probable cause of 18 contamination in the environment as reflected by the 19 study in Sweden and the Great Lakes fish? 20 A. The study in Sweden was very difficult 21 for us to evaluate primarily because some of the 22 samples like those I talked about earlier we could not 23 associate with an industrial application and we really 24 didn't know enough about the Swedish industries to 25 make even a reasonable guess. WATER_PCB-SD0000059632 _____________________________________________________________________97 1 The Lake Michigan we did speculate that 2 some of those PCB's must be coming from some factory 3 somewhere. Not necessarily right up close to the 4 Great Lakes but on some water system that eventually 5 ended up in the Great Lakes. 6 Another thought was that the use in what 7 we eventually called the open uses, when finally 8 disposed and I have in mind as an example the 9 carbonless copy paper, when it hit the waste basket 10 and was sent to say a city incinerator we speculated 11 and to this day have no real scientific data that much 12 of the PCB's went up the stack into the atmosphere, 13 carried around the world almost and then rains, it 14 ends up in the pine forests of Sweden and this is how 15 it's conceivable that the pine needles shows a PCB. 16 I would emphasize this is all 17 speculation. No studies have ever been designed to 18 demonstrate this. 19 Q. I understand from your answer that 20 Monsanto concluded that if a product containing PCB 21 were incinerated in a normal fashion, in a regular 22 incinerator for paper for example, that that kind of 23 combustion would be inadequate to combust the PCB's. 24 A, That is correct. 25 Q. Because that kind of incineration would WATER_PCB-SD0000059633 98 1 not have the temperature, 1,600 degrees to 2,000 2 degrees Fahrenheit you mentioned. 3 A. Not normally. 4 Q. Probably not have the specific conditions 5 that Monsanto determined were necessary for 6 combustion. 7 A. That is correct. 8 Q. So normal incineration the PCB'swould 9 simply go up the exaust stack and be disbursed. 10 A. That's my understanding. 11 Q. It would appear to me then that Monsanto 12 concluded that improper disposal of PCB's was a likely 13 or probable explanation for PCB contamination found in 14 the place where you would not otherwise expect it. 15 A. Yes. 16 Q. And as a result Monsantomodified the 17 information communicated to customers who dealt with 18 PCB's. 19 A. Yes. 20 Q. Used the termextreme care asapposed to 21 care for example? 22 A. That's an example, yes. 23 Q. Would you agree with me then that the 24 instructions given before 1970 were not adequate? 25 A. Were not adequate for preventing PCB's WATER_PCB-SD0000059634 99 1 getting into the environment. 2 Q. Were not adequate to communicate to the 3 users the necessity for proper disposal of PCB's? 4 A. Well I have trouble with the word proper. 5 The word proper in 1960's was different than it is 6 today. The technology has changed, the knowledge has 7 changed. 8 Q. But with respect to Askarel the 9 technology has not changed beyond the use of an 0 incinerator designed by Monsanto; correct? 1 A. True. But the incinerator was not 2 available in the '60's. 3 Q. Right. 4 A. So we had to say use a landfill. 5 Q. That's right. And after 1970 to the 6 customers of Askarel you said use extreme care. .7 Correct? .8 A. To prevent it entering the environment .9 Q. Right. Use extreme care in disposal; ! 0 correct? ! 1 A. And use, handling, all the steps. ! 2 Shipping. Extreme care every step. 13 Q. - But with respect to disposal Monsanto >4 elected to exchange the information communicated and >5 said now, beginning in 1970, they said use extreme WATER PCB-SD0000059635 100 1 care did they not? 2 A. True. But not just disposal now. 3 Q. I understand that. 4 A. I know you're interested in disposal but 5 this applied to every step of the process of 6 manufacturing, shipping, using, and finally disposal. 7 Q. On the basis of that is it fair to 8 conclude that in 1970 Monsanto concluded that the 9 level or the kind of instructions given at that time 10 were not adequate? 11 A. For which period of time? 12 Q. Prior to 1970. Did you conclude that the 13 instructions you were then giving were not adequate 14 and needed to be changed? 15 A. They were adequate to satisfy the 16 knowledge available at that time. 17 Q. Why did you change them then? 18 A. Because new information came by that told 19 us review your practices and as we reviewed them we 20 decided more must be done. You can only act on 21 information. If there was no information in 1960 that 22 PCB's were a problem disposal and landfill is still 23 responsible, perceived to be responsible. 24 Q. Disposal in an approved landfill is still 25 responsible isn't it? WATER_PCB-SD0000059636 101 1 A. Not today I don't believe, no. 2 Q. Was it in 1970? 3 A. 1970? From Monsanto's viewpoint it was 4 limited to those materials that could not be 5 incinerated. In other words none liquid waste could 6 be sent to a landfill. 7 Q. But the liquid waste had to be 8 incinerated? 9 A. That was our strong recommendation. We 10 had no authority to enforce it. 11 Q. Where was that strong recommendation 12 communicated to the customers? Because the only thing 13 I've seen so far is Monsanto says we'll burn it if you 14 want at three cents a pound. Where was the strong 15 recommendation communicated to the customer? 16 A. I know I've told many a customer over the 17 phone, I know I wrote many a memo or letter in 18 response to a question in which I indicate that, the 19 conditions of burning and so on. I recall putting 20 together a document in which it listed some thoughts I 21 had on how to handle liquid waste, solid waste -- I 22 forget the third category, just some suggestions as 23 sort of a guideline to disposal. 24 Q. Where is the guideline to disposal? Do 25 you know? WATER_PCB-SD0000059637 102 1 A. I don't know where it is today. 2 Q. Was it communicated to customers? 3 A. Yes. 4 Q. Which customers was it communicated? 5 Those that asked or all of them? 6 A. I'm sorry? 7 Q. Who got the guidelines to disposal? 8 A. I can't tell you specifically but I do 9 know that stacks of these were sent to the field 10 representatives and he would as he made his calls 11 leave them. I do know that we went some in response 12 to self calls and letter inquiries. I don't remember 13 if a general mailing was made. I don't remember. 14 Q. And you prepared the guidelines to 15 disposal? 16 A. Yes . 17 Q. And when did you do that? 18 A. I'm going to say 1971. 19 Q. Had there been any prior guidelines 20 disposal that you're aware of? 21 A. Not of that type, no. 22 Q. Of any type dealing with PCB liquids? 23 A. As I said earlier I recall some bulletins 24 describing the Askarel use in which reference was made 25 to disposal in authorized landfills. That's the WATER_PCB-SD0000059638 103 1 closest thing that I recall that resembled a guideline 2 to disposal. 3 MR. TERRY: Mr. Hall, may I speak with 4 you for a moment? 5 MR. HALL: Sure. 6 (DISCUSSION HELD OFF THE RECORD.) 7 Q. (By Mr. Terry) I'm trying to ask you to 8 recreate for me the thought process that you and other 9 individuals in the company went through that led to 10 this change in emphasis that is identified in the 11 exhibits that we do have. Are you with me? 12 A. I think I am, yes. 13 Q. Where you went from care in disposal to 14 extreme care in disposal. Okay? 15 A. Yes. 16 Q. Now it would appear to me from that that 17 it was decided that the disposal of fluids containing 18 PCB's was not being done well enough or may not have 19 been done well enough that disposal of fluids 20 containing PCB's was a likely or probable explanation 21 for the presence of PCB's in the environment that you 22 were learning of at that time. Is that a fair 23 statement? 24 A. Yes. When you say probable source, yes. 25 Q. And you and I had discussed earlier and I WATER_PCB-SD0000059639 104 1 am aware that Monsanto did not conduct an 2 in-department investigation to determine the disposal 3 practices of the ultimate users of fluids containing 4 PCB's; correct? 5 A. That is correct. 6 Q. But Monsanto did make a determination 7 that it was necessary to emphasize more strongly than 8 they had in the past the necessity for proper disposal 9 of fluids containing PCB's. 10 A. Starting in 1970, yes. 11 Q. Is it fair to say that Monsanto made the 12 decision then that the instructions for disposal and 13 the warnings of risks associated with improper 14 disposal were not, that were being given at the time, 15 prior to the change, were not adequate to accomplish 16 the desired result, proper disposal? 17 A. Based on our new knowledge they were not 18 adequate. 19 Q. Would it be fair to say that in your 20 opinion the information that had been communicated 21 earlier was sufficient information to result in proper 22 disposal but simply lacked emphasis? 23 A. That is a highly probable contribution to 24 the PCB's being found in the environment is this lack 25 of emphasis, it's a highly probable source of the WATER PCB-SD0000059640 105 1 problem. 2 Q. All right. Now this lack of emphasis on 3 proper disposal techniques, do you have an opinion as 4 to whether or not generally speaking users of 5 industrial chemicals did not properly dispose of 6 chemicals ? 7 A. I'm in no position to know all of the 8 industrial chemical users. I can accept the concept 9 that there were some that did not handle industrial 10 chemicals in a manner I would call responsible. It 11 would not surprise me if some of that did not go on. 12 Q. Do you have an opinion as to whether or 13 not if the fluids containing PCB's used by or used for 14 transformers had been properly disposed of in 15 accordance with accepted practices existing from '55 16 to '70 that those practices would have prevented the 17 PCB's contained in those fluids from escaping into the 18 environment generally? 19 A. Yes . 20 Q. " And what is that opinion? 21 A. I'm sorry, you said that the practices -- 22 Q. The question was do you have an opinion 23 and you said yes. 24 MR. HALL: You do have an opinion, he's 25 asking what is the opinion. WATER PCB-SD0000059641 106 1 Q. (By Mr. Terry) I'm sorry, I remember the 2 beginning of the question. 3 A. If the user of these Askarel fluids 4 containing PCB's had exercised practices or handled 5 the material as we do for industrial chemicals 6 generally PCB's would not have entered the environment 7 to the extent that there would be an effect noted and 8 unless the sample is taken very, very close to the 9 site the chances are in my opinion they would not have 10 been detected in the general environment. 11 Q. Do you have an opinion as to whether or 12 not burning or causing the combustion of Askarel fluid 13 in any matter other than the Monsanto incinerator 14 variety effectively destroys the PCB's; burns them, 15 combusts them? 16 A. I have an opinion, yes. 17 Q. And what is that, sir? 18 A. It is my considered opinion that exposing 19 PCB's to temperatures less than the 1,600, 2,000 range 20 we talked about earlier and without enough oxygen 21 present and without keeping the material at that 22 temperature for the time period required, I would 23 suggest that a few of the PCB's might be destroyed, 24 especially those with very little chlorine attached 25 but the majority of the PCB's would be evaporated. WATER PCB-SD0000059642 107 1 volatilized and would end up with the stack gasses. 2 Q. And go the same place. 3 A. Go out into the atmosphere and I don't 4 know where they'll end up then. 5 Q. But you wouldn't want to be downwind 6 would you? 7 A. Not voluntarily, no. Depends again on 8 the concentrations. 9 Q. And inhalation of PCB's that escape from 10 stack gasses in the manner that I have described is a 11 way to absorb or come in contact with PCB's. 12 A. That is a way, yes. 13 Q. Do you have an opinion as to whether or 14 not incinerating Askarel in a conventional manner, 15 less than 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, is a method of 16 proper disposal? 17 A. I have an opinion, yes. 18 Q. What is that opinion? 19 A. I would not describe it as a method of 20 proper disposal. ' 21 Q. Has it ever been considered a method of 22 proper disposal? 23 A. , Not to my knowledge. 24 Q. If an end user is properly disposing of 25 Askarel or liquids containing PCB's would he burn it? WATER_PCB-SD0000059643 108 1 Would he burn the liquid to dispose of it? 2 A. Will you define burn for me because it's 3 so close to incinerate? 4 Q. Other than using the Monsanto technique? 5 A. Just ordinary burning as most of us would 6 understand it? 7 Q. Yes. 8 A. No. I would suggest that that would not 9 be acceptable. 10 Q. Prior to the invention by Monsanto of an 11 incinerator suitable for burning liquids containing 12 PCB's what was the method of disposing of liquid PCB's 13 other than approved landfills? 14 A. I cannot speak because I don't know what 15 methods were used. 16 q. I'm sorry, I'm not asking about methods 17 being used and forgive me because it was a poor 18 question. 19 Prior to 1900 and 71 when Monsanto put on 20 line its incinerator what would have been an 21 acceptable approved method of disposing of liquids 22 containing PCB's other than an approved landfill? 23 A. There was no other acceptable method of 24 disposal. 25 Q. When you were in charge of the WATER PCB-SD0000059644 109 1 maintenance electricians and actually dealing with - 2 and I get the impression that this is about as close 3 as you came to hands on dealings with transformers 4 containing PCB's? 5 A. I guess, yes, that's an accurate 6 description. 7 Q. Did you consider it your responsibility 8 to see to it to the proper disposal of liquids 9 containing PCB's? 10 A. Yes. 11 Q. Do you have an opinion as to whether or 12 not it is the responsibility of the end user of the 13 liquids containing PCB's to see to their proper 14 disposal? 15 A. I do have. 16 Q. And what is that? 17 A. It's up to the end user who's in 18 possession of the liquid that is no longer usable to 19 arrange for proper disposal because he's the one with 20 the most information regarding what the material is, 21 what use was it in, what contaminants it might 22 contain. In other words he knows more about that 23 material than anyone else does so the responsibility 24 is his to send it to the right place. 25 Q. Where it will be properly disposed of. WATER PCB-SD0000059645 110 1 A. Correct. 2 Q. Do you have an opinion as to whether or 3 not it is the responsibility of the end user to take 4 any steps to insure that the place he sends it is the 5 right place? 6 A. Certainly I do. 7 Q. What is that? 8 A. It's his responsibility to make sure that 9 the place he sends it to is appropriate forthat 10 particular material. 11 Q. In your opinion were the end users of 12 liquids containing PCB's for use in transformers other 13 than that class of user we defined earlier as 14 consumer, the Holiday Inn manager type. 15 A. I see. 16 Q. Are you of the opinion that that class of 17 end user had enough information prior to 1970 to know 18 and appreciate the necessity for the proper disposal 19 of liquids containing PCB's? 20 A. It's my opinion they did. 21 Q. And was that information generated by 22 Monsanto and communicated through its customer base or 23 was it information available to them from other 24 sources as well? 25 A. A good bit of that information originated WATER PCB-SD0000059646 111 1 with Monsanto. This does not preclude that Monsanto's 2 customers didn't have additional information and 3 relayed the total package of information on to their 4 customer regarding the product they sold them and 5 materials involved. 6 Q. Do you have any reason to believe that 7 customers of Monsanto that used your liquids or 8 liquids that you blended for them according to their 9 specifications in electrical transformers failed to 10 communicate to their customers sufficient information 11 concerning the need and the significance of proper 12 disposal? 13 A. First part of your question do I have 14 what? 15 Q. An opinion. 16 A. Yes , I do. 17 Q." And what isthat opinion? 18 A. It's my opinion that Monsanto's customers 19 who manufactured these transformers with PCB fluids 20 did a more than adequate job conveying information to 21 the purchaser of that apparatus. 22 Q. Specifically with respect to the need for 23 adequate disposal. Was that kind of information in 24 your opinion communicated to the ultimate user by 25 Monsanto's customers? WATER PCB-SD0000059647 112 1 A. In my opinion, yes. 2 Q. Just for informational purposes sir if I 3 may. These documents, and by these I'm referring to 4 Exhibits 5, 8, 4, 3 and 2, have all been identified as 5 being approved and distributed after 1970, '71. 6 A. Correct. 7 Q. Now the other documents that youhave 8 before you, the first one being Exhibit 18, Askarel 9 Inspection and Maintenance Guide. What is the 10 approximate date of that publication? 11 A. (Reviewing Document). I cannot tell 12 looking at this document. 13 Q. We have other documents that have the 14 same title, for example 19 I believe is one and 15 is 15 one, 16 is one and I can't tell if these things with 16 the pixies on them belong in the same category. Do 17 you know? 18 A. I'm sorry? 19 Q. These with the pixies on the cover, do 20 they belong to the same category of documents as this? 21 A. They're roughly the same kinds of 22 documents, addressing Askarel fluids in transformers. 23 Exhibit 14, 18 and 19 appear to have the 24 same look about them but unless we can look at almost 25 every word they appear to be reprintings or maybe even WATER_PCB-SD0000059648 113 1 some slight alterations or changes from publication to 2 publication. 3 Q. I guess the question I'm leading up to 4 sir is is there any way for you to arrange these in 5 chronological order? 6 A. I'm just not familiar -- 7 Q. '* Without reading each word. 8 A. I don't know that I can do that. I don't 9 know the cataloging system. 10 Q. That's all right. We'll get someone else 11 to do that. 12 Now the ones that are labeled Monsanto 13 Inspection and Maintenance Guide, what is the 14 distribution of these? Do they accompany an order? 15 A. If it's the first order generally the 16 salesman has been by and has left this document and 17 the order is placed -- 18 Q. Each customer gets one of these? 19 A. For sure one copy. They're of course 20 available at any time with requests. In fact copies 21 of these were also sent to some of Monsanto's 22 customers in big bundles and they were overlaid with 23 the customer's, Monsanto's customer's name and then 24 forwarded it to their customers. 25 Q. Now these here, do they get the same WATER PCB-SD0000059649 114 1 distribution? 2 A. ' Yes . 3 Q. And these here, that's 13 and 12. 4 A. Yes . 5 Q. How about these, which are 11 and -- 6 A. 10 and 11 . Yes . Same kind of situation 7 Every effort was made -- 8 Q. To give these to the customers? 9 A. Right. 10 Q. How about this one? 11 A. Number 7? 12 Q. Right. 13 A. That's a, this one happens to have a date 14 on it, that's I960, this is probably one of the 15 earliest ones we have here. a pre cursor to some of 16 these others. 17 Q. Okay. Thank you, sir and with the 18 understanding that in the event I am successful in my 19 request for additional paper I get a chance to meet 20 with you I pass the witness. 21 (RECESS TAKEN BY PARTIES.) 22 MR. HESTER: I have decided not to ask 23 any questions of Mr. Pappageorge but I would like to 24 reserve the opportunity to ask him questions if we 25 have a follow up .deposition. WATER PCB-SD0000059650 115 1 I pass the witness. 2 MS. ANOUILH: I also pass the witness 3 with the reservation of asking questions if we resume 4 at a later date. 5 MR. MCCAUL: Very few questions. 6 EXAMINATION 7 QUESTIONS BY MR. MCCAUL: 8 Q. My name is Mike McCaul, I'm with the 9 Justice Department and I represent the United States 10 in this lawsuit. We've been brought in as a third 11 party defendant by your corporation, Monsanto 12 Corporation. 13 Are you aware of that lawsuit first of 14 all? 15 A. This is the first I heard of it. 16 Q. Okay. Are you aware of any of the 17 allegations? 18 A. Allegations? 19 Q. 20 I take it. 21 A. That's the first you heard of the lawsuit , First I heard of it. 22 Q. In your subpoena duces tecum it asks you 23 to produce all documents related to the sale of fluids 24 containing PCB's by Monsanto. Do you have any 25 documents that would relate to the sale of PCB's to WATER PCB-SD0000059651 116 1 the United States or any of its agencies? 2 A. I don't have any documents of any kind. 3 Q. None in your possession. 4 A. That's correct. 5 Q. And you have no knowledge which forms the 6 basis of the allegations made by Monsanto Corporation 7 against the United States? 8 A. Since I don't know what theallegations 9 are. 10 Q. Why don't I go ahead and refer to the 11 third party complaint and see if you have any 12 knowledge of this. 13 In the third party complaint Monsanto 14 alleges that the United States through the Defense 15 Logistics Agency delivered or caused to be delivered 16 batteries containing led and used electrical 17 transformers containing PCB oil to the metals 18 recycling site referred to by the plaintiff. 19 ' Do you have any knowledge which forms the 20 basis for those allegations? 21 A. I do not. 22 Q. And you would not have any documents 23 which would substantiate these allegations I take it? 24 A. That is correct. 25 Q. Are you aware of any communications which WATER PCB-SD0000059652 117 1 were made between Monsanto and the United States as an 2 end user? 3 A. I'm aware that the United States through 4 its different departments and agencies was listed as a 5 customer of Monsanto's. 6 Q. Okay. 7 A. As a result they got the customer letters 8 that were mailed out at intervals. 9 Q. And let me specify the question even 10 more. In the Corpus Christi area are you aware of any 11 communications to the United States or any of its 12 agencies ? 13 A. Not specific to the area, no. 14 Q. And again you said you do not have any 15 documents which would reflect sale of PCB materials to 16 the United States ? 17 A. I don't have any, no. 18 Q. Does anyone from the Monsanto corporation 19 have those documents ? 20 A. I do not know. 21 Q. Who would be the proper person to talk to 22 if any documents exist? 23 A. I would ask the Monsanto legal 24 department 25 Q. Are you aware of any mandatory statutes WATER_PCB-SD0000059653 118 1 or regulation s which would prohibit the United States 2 from selling transformers or electrical equipment? 3 A. No I'm not. 4 Q. Again your legal department would be the 5 best contact person? 6 A. That's where I would go. 7 Q. As far as any documents which would 8 reflect the s ale of these type of materials to the 9 United States again the legal department would be the 10 best source? 11 A. If they're in existence I would go to the 12 legal department and ask. 13 MR. MCCAUL: That's all the questions I 14 have at this time. 15 MR. HALL: I don't have any questions for 16 you Mr. Pappageorge. 17 18 WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE 19 20 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my 21 and and seal. 22 -My commission expires . 23 24 25 [NOTARY PUBLIC] WATER PCB-SD0000059654 119 1 NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE 2 3 STATE OF MISSOURI ) 4) 5 CITY OF ST. LOUIS ) 6 I, SUZANNE BENOIST, a Registered 7 Professional Reporter and a duly commissioned Notary 8 Public within and for the State of Missouri, do hereby 9 certify that WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE, the witness whose 10 deposition is hereinbefore set forth, was duly sworn 11 by me and that this transcript of such deposition is a 12 true record of the testimony given by such witness. 13 I further certify that I am not related to 14 any of the parties to this action by blood or 15 marriage, and that I am in no way interested in the 16 outcome of this matter. 17 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my 18 hand and seal July 16, 1991. 19 My Commission expires October 7th, 1991. 20 21 22 23 24 25 NOTARY PUBLIC WATER PCB-SD0000059655 120 1 KARPOWICZ REPORTING COMPANY 316 Merchants Laclede Building 2 408 Olive Street St. Louis, MO 63102-2722 3 (314) 621-8883 4 5 July 16th, 1991 6 Woodard, Hall & Primm, P.C. 7000 Texas Commerce Tower 7 Houston, Texas 77002 ATTN: MR. ROBERT A. HALL 8 RE: HOLLAND VS. MONSANTO 9 Dear Mr. Hall, 10 This letter, incorporated as the last page of the deposition of WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE taken on June 27, 11 1991 will serve as notice to you that the testimony is now ready for reading and signing of same. 12 I have enclosed the original transcript along with an 13 errata sheet on which any necessary corrections should be made. 14 After the transcript has been reviewed and the 15 signature page signed and notarized please return it to Mr. Terry so that the original transcript can be 16 filed with court. 17 Sincerely yours, 18 19 SUZANNE BENOIST REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL REPORTER 20 21 22 23 24 25 WATER PCB-SD0000059656 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS CORPUS CHRISTI DIVISION ROGER DALE HOLLAND AND DRENDA SHEPARD HOLLAND, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS NEXT FRIENDS OF TAUSHA MARIE HOLLAND AND JESSICA NICOLE HOLLAND; WILLIE MAE HOLLAND AND J. SELMON HOLLAND Plaintiffs, vs. MONSANTO, INC.; CENTRAL POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY; AND HOUSTON LIGHTING & POWER COMPANY, Defendants. ) ) ) ) ) ) )) ) ) ) ) ) ) C. A. NO. C-91-78 DEPOSITION OF WILLIAM PAPPAGEORGE Taken behalf of the Plaintiffs June 27, 1991 EXHIBITS Reported by Suzanne Benoist, RPR, CSR ^a/ipourtcg cepo/tting Company (314) 621-8883 QegtsteJtecf ^nojesstonal! ^epontens WATER_PCB-SD0000059657 WATER PCB-SD0000059658 ILM_omnsantoJ # ASKAREL Inspection and Maintenance Guide HOL 000208 kji HOLLAN 7202-002062 WATER PCB-SD0000059659 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Page I. Introduction....................................................................................................................... I II. History of Trade Name Types....................................................................................... Table 1 -- The Composition of Transformer Askarels 1 HI. Table II - Official Transformer Askarel Shipping Specifications..................... A. General Electric Company's Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B B. Weslinghouse Transformer Jncrteen PPO (7336-9) 2-3 IV. Interchangeability and Stability................................................................................... 4 V.Directions For Handling and PersonalPrecautions................................................... 4 VI. Expected Service Life...................................................................................................... _5 VII. Dielectric Strength -- MoistureRelationship........................................................... A. Table III -- Dielectric Strength vs. Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral oil B. Table IV -- Approximate Solubility of Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil. 5 -- V111. Table V --Typical Values Found in Askarel Fluid Under Various Con ditions of Use................................................................................................................... 6 IX. Check Points For Maintaining Askarel Insulation............................................... A. General Considerations B. Modern Sealing Procedures C. The Older Sealing Arrangements 9 X. Periodic Fluid Inspection............................................................................................. A. Visual Inspection B. Dielectric Strength II XL Inspection Check List................................................................................................... 12 XII. Contamination in Transformers................................................................................ A. Table VI -- Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength B. Table Vll -- Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Volume* Resistivity 12 XIII. Refining Askarel For Re-Use..................................................................................... A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper To Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles. Table VIII -- Guide to Rale of Dissolved Water Removal By Filtration. B. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume-Resistivity ; 1. Procedure 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers - 3. Table IX -- Approximate Relationship Between Power Factor, Volume-Resistivity and Dielectric Strength of Transformer Askarel 14 XIV, Cleaning Arced Transformers.................................................................................... 15 XV. Sampling ASKAREL..................................................................................................... 17 HOL 000209 _|HJ HOL LAM 7202-002063 WATER_PCB-SD0000059660 SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS . Page I. Introduction..................................................................................................................... 18 II. Sources of Contamination........................................................................................... 18 III. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chambers................................................................ 19 IV. Askarcl-fillcd Switches' Maintenance........................................................................ 19 SECTION C Monsanto Analytical Services on Transformer Askarel...................................... 21 Appendix A. Askarel Stability and Composition of ArcFormed Gas...................................... 23 B. Solubility of Gas in Transformer Askarel................................................................ 23 C. Approximate Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature ForTransformer Askarel.... 24 D. Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Strengthof Askarel...................................... 24 E. Viscosity of Askarel and Mineral Oil........................................................................ 24 F. Density of Transformer Askarels............................................................................... 25 G. Thermal Conductivity.................................................................................................... 25 H. Heat Capacity.................................................................................................................. 25 I. Coefficient of Expansion............................................................................................... 25 J. Fire-Resistance................................................................................................................. 25 K. Seals, Properties and Procurement............................................................................ 26 HOL 000210 HOLLAN 7202-002064 WATER PCB-SD0000059661 1 .. > 1 1 ' 7 1 1 SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKAREL I. INTRODUCTION: This manual describes the operating characteristics of transformer ask areI liquid insulation and how it differs from mineral oil. The information given is based on facts gathered by Monsanto over 30 years as producer of askarel. plus knowledge gained from the experience of transformer manufacturers and users. This guide is provided to outline the very simple mainte nance required for askarel fluid in "modern" transformers and to offer suggestions for the sealing and maintaining of askarel in old units. By following this guide, users will obtain maximum service from askarel insulation with a reasonable minimum of maintenance. If questions arise relating to the designing and building of transformers -- these should be referred to regular transformer suppliers. Monsanto gratefully acknowledges the assistance, guidance, and the contributions of certain data by the following: Frank M. Clark....................................................General Electric Edward L. Raab................................................. General Electric James G. Ford.......................................... Westinghouse Electric George Shombert, Jr............................................. Allis Chalmers II. HISTORY OF TRADE NAME TYPES "Askarel" is the generic name for non-combustible (fire-resistant) liquid insulation. In this respect, the insulation is completely different from ordinary transformer mineral oils. Transformer askarel is marketed by Monsanto. Whatever the trade marked brand, the askarel contains Monsanto's Aroclor (chlorobiphenyl). . . one of the best liquid insulations developed by science. This inert compound is chemically stable, fire-resistant, heat stable, non-corrosive, and has high dielectric strength under the operating conditions encountered in transformers. T 1 HOL jjj HOL LAN 000211 7202-002065 WATER_PCB-SD0000059662 Askarel liquid insulation is made by thinning Aroclor 1260 with trichlorobenzene or tri-, tetrachlorobenzene mix. The first transformer askarel was made in 1932, in accordance with General Electric Company's patents, and was trademarked Pyranol 1488. Westinghouse, too, offered this askarel insulation in 1936 under their trademark lnerteen. In the mid-I940's, as shown in the following table, tin telraphenyl was added to General Electric's Pyranol to scavenge hydrogen chloride. Shortly thereafter, Westinghouse added phenoxy propene oxide to lnerteen for the same purpose. In 1963, General Electric replaced tin tetraphenyl with a diepoxide scavenger. This new formula, which replaces previous Pyranols, is called Transformer Pyranol A13B3B. 77ju.t, today the two commercial types offormulations are Genera! Electric's Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B type and Westinghouse lnerteen PPO (7336-9) type. The composition changes made in transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table I. Table 1 THE COMPOSITION OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS lnerteen Pyranol_______________________________ 1488 1467 1470 A13B3B lnerteen (7336-9) Year Introduced........................ 1932 1944 1952 1963 1936 1945 Ingredients: Aroclor 1260............................... 60 60 45 45 60 60 Trichlorobenzene........................ 40 40 40 40 40 40 Tetrachlorobenzene............... 15 15 Tin tetraphenyl....................... 0.125 0.125 Phenoxy propene oxide......... 0.20 Diepoxide.................. ............. 0.125 PPO OTHER BRAND NAMES Various electrical equipment manufacturers use other trade-marked names for askarel liquid insulation, such as Chlorextol (Allis-Chalmers); Noflamol (Wagner Electric); Saf-T-Kubl (Kuhlman Electric). These askarel insulating liquids are one or the other of the two standard formulations. Still other manufacturers, who designate their insulation only by its generic name, askarel, assign it a number or code. By this number, Monsanto knows whether to furnish Pyranol A13B3B or lnerteen PPO (7336-9) type formulation to the user. III. OFFICIAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS The official shipping specifications for the two modern transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table II.2 2 HGL 000212 m H0LLAN 7202-002066 WATER_PCB-SD0000059663 < Table II OFFICIAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS Geaerai Electric Co. 1 5 3 . - e 2 uf- 3 h <c rfsNf ? *Xn 1 O O S* 82c C ) *E 5 at3 5 E2 e a z ^3 8 8N Oq N rU. .So vr r-* rs| m (J o o o o it81 co n -- Q^ <q7> OvOr> \n c M fN (N n * sJ* 6c0 EE 6? v-> 1 E k^ e 11 s u ' E3 |85o 3 - a ^ a o S J jO 60 C ,3 e3 .S2 o_2 w3 |g 1-2 c rt tcu_> fil TME Eo v> sn s x| OS *o u 2- u u c ~~T ."2 U<-> -g 072?f Si .-2 c rt *foe C oo Eu ci T3 = 5! * eJ itg gu < s 5. - V"> . H W-I JG ^ U 2 ^ .*30 K*0OO W -- If^f J w -S Eug H ra * W U l5 Io tO_ '33 52 o 8 E g s oS 1 .s;i:.sS Eng ^-<n ll!|i c S-I 11 0 & II c 5f il 5 u8 I 5 1 HOL 000213 1 H0U.AN 7202-002067 ------- WATER PCB-SD0000059664 IV. INTERCHANGEABILITY AND STABILITY A. Interchangeability: The two general types of askare! insulation shown in Table II can be either mixed or interchanged and there will be no difference in the operation of the transformer. However, askarel insulation must never be mixed with mineral oil. Over 2% mineral oil in askarel begins to lower its fire resistance. Further, materials of construction in the transformer that are compatible with askarel may not be compatible with oil and vice-versa. For example: a significant amount of askarel in a transformer built for mineral oil will attack gaskets, adhesives, core bindings, impregnating varnishes, etc. B. Stability: Askarel liquid insulation is highly pure, fire-proof liquid made under close chemical control. It does not vary in composition like the commercial range of mineral oils. Askarel does not deteriorate when exposed to air, heat, hot metal; it does not break down over long use to form conducting or corrosive chemicals; it does not oxidize or sludge. Askarel will remain perfectly stable year after year unless broken down by exposure to severe arcing. The only real "enemy" of askare! is contamination by water. Keeping askarel water-free will insure long-time service. Askarel is heavier than water. If water gets into askarel insulation, only a tiny amount (125 ppm) dissolves -- the rest floats on top.V. V. DIRECTIONS FOR HANDLING A. Keep Dry: - In handling, storing, sampling, inspecting askarel -- and in operating askarel transformers -- take every precaution to guard the askarel insulation from exposure to high humidity and moisture contamination. Keep 5, 30, or 55 gallon drums of askarel dry; lay stored drums on their sides with the bung at the highest point from floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be sucked into the askarel by (he drum "breathing"). This precaution is not necessary when drums are stored indoors, which is the preferred way of - storing. B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions: Transformer askarel has been made, handled, and used for over 30 years .. without causing toxic or other ill effects. It can be handled with only minor precautions. If accidentally spilled on hands, no serious skin irritation will - occur. However, liquid askarel has a solvent action (similar to paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. 4 HOLLAN 7202-002068 HOL 000214 WATER_PCB-SD0000059665 In case of contact, wash off the skin with soap and water; remove and dry clean saturated clothing. Clean up spills with rags, sawdust or absorbent clay. Eye contact may result in painful irritation but no permanent damage to tissues. If askarel gets in the eyes, flush with large amounts of water. As with all eye first-aid, refer to a physician. To relieve irritation, physicians have used a 1% Pontocaine as well as opthalmic cortisone acetate solution, or castor oil. Infrequent exposure to askarel vapors will not cause ill effects. However, prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations should be avoided. Jf hot askarel must be handled in a closed or confined area, provide the area with ordinary exhaust ventilation -- or -- wear an organic cartridge respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. VI. EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE Properly designed and installed askarel transformers will give trouble-free service for a minimum of 30 years. Since their introduction in 1932, the manufacturers report finding the over-all failure rate to be less than 0.5% for all units under test and service conditions. The Edison Electric Institute's report (1956-1958) on their member utilities publishes the failure rate for askarel transformers as 0.13 per hundred banks per year. Even the rare reports of failure are invariably found to be due to improper sealing that allows moisture to enter. VII. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH -- MOISTURE RELATIONSHIP The dielectric strength of askarel is highly sensitive to excess moisture; not sensitive to ordinary dissolved contaminants. While the dielectric strength can also be lowered by severe arcing, askarel turns noticeably black or has particles of sooty carbon floating in it if arcing has occurred. Then the transformer should be repaired and the askarel replaced. New askarel has a minimum dielectric strength of 35 KV at 25; a maximum mois ture content of 30 ppm. If the dielectric strength is checked periodically and decreases significantly -- this indicates moisture pick-up, arcing, or both. When the dielectric strength has dropped to 26 KV or less, an analysis for water is necessary. If water is found in excess of 100 ppm at 25 C., its source should be located and corrections made. When the moisture content approaches 125 ppm (saturation level), the dielectric strength of askarel drops below the value required for efficient insulating. The moisture content should not be allowed to rise over 70 ppm; it should be held as near as possible to 30 ppm. Maintaining a low moisture level will assure high dielectric strength and top operating efficiency. Table III shows the relationship of dielectric strength vs. moisture and Table IV indicates the approximate water solubility limits in askarel and mineral oil. HQL 000215 H0LLAN 7202-002069 WATER PCB-SD0000059666 Table 111 RELATION OF "BREAKDOWN STRENGTH" TO AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED WATER IN ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Breakdown Voltage (ASTM) Water Content (PPM) Askarel Mineral Oil 0 70 KV 50 KV 20 55 39 40 47 30 60 40 26 80 38 22 110 10 5 Table IV APPROXIMATE SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Temperature Amount of Water (PPM) Dissolved c:. "F. Askarel Mineral OH --30 --20 -- 10 0 10 20 30 40 --22 --4 14 32 50 68 86 104 8 16 28 41 65 94 128 170 8 10 13 20 33 58 85 130 TURBIDITY . .. may be the visual sign of undissolved water, or may indicate contamination from core materials, dirt, or deteriorating construction materials. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin tetraphenyl "scavenger" that was used in the earlier Pyranols. This scavenger begins to come out of solution around 15F. above zero. To rcdissolve it requires heating to 150 - 200F. and agitation. High dielectric strength will quickly indicate that any turbidity present is not moisture; that the insulating efficiency of the askarel is still excellent. However, if the dielectric strength is below 26 KV, moisture should be determined, using (he Karl Fischer method (ASTM D1533-60). The dielectric strength test for askarel serves primarily as an indicator for moisture. It is by far the most important maintenance test for transformer askarel. VIII. TYPICAL VALUES FOUND IN ASKAREL FLUID UNDER VARIOUS USE CONDITIONS Table V gives the entire spectrum of properties that are typical for freshly-made transformer askarel as it goes through the various normal and abnormal conditions of use. The data in Table V are in terms of only the askarelfluid and do not refer to insulation resistance or power factor measurements on the over-all transformer insulation. Several utilities studying the power factor values of the over-all transformer insulation system indicate that the unit power factor of a new askarel transformer should range from 1% to not over 5%. This would generally correspond with the askarel fluid properties as given under heading ``B'\ HOL 000216 H HOLLAN 7202-002070 WATER_PCB-SD0000059667 >- \c<u w C/7 D lob co 2 Os Q Zo u to o > eudi za 3 > C2l 3 3 wos CO < T3 O C 8 u^ = 5* -3o cra -3 .-2 i s sl| J-s 5g Um r4 C V C 13 1 L3 h2 J2 g e 3vE olO l.fc tJ? .5 13 5 sj * o *6 8 -g h S *3 >s * a c >7 11 li l ^*2C S 3c V* ug ago .w2M ,*?n <U>A> wO Ou *u &fc* c so ' 33 f| S fi 2 , a survey o f its, most 2-5 Id; some 10. ?an have f hades, blu ed cast. c 5 o ra e So5 a-? "8 jO2 cp S 8u c 'g U,2 oTM. _X5 '3o aO z0 u 2 <\3 3 5 3-g ZSa > id *moo rjoc woo -ou 5 8 ,t&; .gScC3| U1?- OU xA* OV> Eo 8 *w3o nUS c^a. CQl. Oro >id VI i uUC3 U" \J <J> U c -C i.a ISl *g-> C3 E --U f9 =<E- 2^<? a-s o 6<N.-3O t*ow -- uv. 13 ct > S 8 *- JwJ> QE, -?O uU 1 w `p ns U CL 52 6--' .T23 ss8 8 'S 6a rut C p w? 1 ka./ uou., 8 Ui Eaa. roO > r5 3 > V-l Tvr7\ > id oo X ro ~~i 2 joz <b s,,nCS;j O8x-- iOe' K. VI E 11 o 22 E <--n -oa E V E x: - E I >7 &-- x 5 13 * 9E No l * 8r < 0 |0tv. Of VoO O--. O o 8" 2 |i? 0n -0rfl *--0 ^3 <3 1 P9 > g= o2 i2 * 2 I i3 P 8e 2 "<tSL3T gc c:. to Q. o U e aCl. O 5 & I- > 0=3 2E3 .9 *o o o* 2 vu* EL. U Q X fe.Uotros uo3> 00 ca ss to * o" C O >^ w0 .2 > u cs DC iJ s . >u* L> O sU s ., u. u u & wo s 1J Jls I"5 U Q 0rtos rs aO* 7 hOL 000217 JJ HLLAN 7202-002071 WATER_PCB-SD0000059668 Starting ideally with situation "B", it is normal to expect the power factor of the fluid in a satisfactorily operating askarel transformer to increase as shown under heading "C". The "over-all" power factor of the transformer in normal service is expected to rise, but preferably not much beyond 5%. In this normal situation, the moisture level of the askarel fluid and its dielectric strength will be satisfactory, as shown in heading "C". Occasionally the power factor of a non-arced, satisfactorily-operating askarel transformer is found to be relatively high, i.e., 15%. In this case, the power factor of the askarel fluid will also be high, perhaps as high as 50% at 20C. and 60 cycles. It is not good practice merely to note that high power factor of the askarel fluid is to be expected. The important step is to check dielectric strength and note whether there has been a downward trend. A downward trend in dielectric strength very likely indicates moisture entrance and should be confirmed by a Karl Fischer test for water. The importance of any abnormalities in dielectric strength and moisture content or the askarel fluid cannot be overemphasized! Where abnormal values for the dielec tric strength or moisture content occur, the power factor of the transformer can be expected to be abnormally high; the expected high power factor of the askarel fluid will induce this. The indication that a high power factor on the transformer and on the fluid is due to contamination can be verified by earth refining the askarel fluid and noting whether after refining the test results correspond with heading "E". Assuming no mechanical defect or arcing, if the power factor of a new askarel transformer is relatively high, the power factor of the fluid will also be high, giving the situation under heading "D". This reflects contamination that should have been removed by the manufacturer of the transformer. In absence of mechanical defect, where there are no abnormal losses in dielectric strength, and no moisture pick-up in non-arced askarel -- the use history shows that a relatively high power factor for the askarel fluid (as compared with mineral oil) is to be expected. Normally, high power factor is due to contamination and not deterioration of the askarel operation. As shown by F. M. Clark in his book, "Insulating Materials For Design and Engineering Practice," John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1962 -- activated alumina can be used in the circulating system to bring the power factor down and keep it as low as possible. H0L oqqzlq HU HOLLAN 7202-002072 WATER_PCB-SD0000059669 IX. CHECK POINTS FOR MAINTAINING ASKAREL INSULATION A. General Considerations: Modern askarel transformers with welded construction or silicone gaskets for hand hole-cover, switch and terminal compartment covers, with properly constructed bushings require little or no maintenance. With properly con structed transformers, annual or semi-annual visual inspection and dielectric strength test of the askarel fluid should suffice for routine maintenance checking over many years of service. However, many askarel units were installed in the early I930's -- before the development of some of the belter modern gasketing materials and before improved designs were developed for sealing out moisture. Such early units should be, and can be, modernized. Leaky or deteriorated gaskets should be replaced. If the askarel has become contaminated, it should be reconditioned. At the same time, a general clean-up of the unit and possible refinishing may be desirable. If it is not convenient to take an old transformer out of service for general repairs, leaky gaskets can be sealed temporarily by painting over the leaky area with epoxy cement. ' A survey of users indicates a good number of early-built askarel transformers (over 20 years old) are kept in continuous service in critical installations by the following steps (instead of modernization). - The operating units are equipped with compound pressure gauges for reading pressure above and below atmospheric. Positive pressure is maintained on the shell by introducing nitrogen at 2 to 3 pounds above atomspheric. Regular workmen in the area daily record the temperature and pressure. If a sudend pressure drop is noted more nitrogen is introduced and the gaskets are checked for leaks with soap solution. Leaks are sealed by applying epoxy cement. B. Modern Sealing Procedures: Transformer purchasers should specify the following modern techniques for sealing: 1. Welding Construction: Covers, radiator connections, switch and terminal housings, instrument connections, etc. should be welded. 2. Bushing Connections: The most satisfactory bushings are the type with rolled-on flanges and two ring seals rolled into a depression in the porcelain -- sealed with silicone rubber rings held under compression. Metal-to-glass or metal-to-porcclain sealed bushings are also satisfactory. IT for any reason the above type bushings cannot be used then use a por celain or glass bushing with a silicone or Viton gasket retained in a groove. The gasket can be either rectangular or circular cross section, usually Vi inch thick. 3. Small Size Connections: When not possible to weld, small size connection seals should be made with Flexitallic stainless steel rings. The surfaces must be machined and parallel. The filler between the steel laminations of the Flexitallic ring should be either silicone or Viton. 9 HOL 000219 HOLLAN 7202-002073 WATER_PCB-SD0000059670 4. Gaskets For Hand-Hole Covers: Modern design specifies silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained in a groove. The groove preferably is machined into the flange or cover. However, it can also be formed by welding concentric steel strips to the flange or the cover. Generally the gaskets should be yI6 to Vi inch thick for covers, depending on the depth of the groove. A rectangular section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow-Corning No. 50 Silastic or equivalent. This is a low compression set material. For best sealing 20 to 25f/(. compres sion is recommended, with ample clearance in the groove to allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable care the gasket is removable without damage and is reusable. Silastic 50 is slightly swelled by askarel which contributes to the tightness of (he seal. It is not deteriorated by askarel fluid or vapors. It resists weather ing and it is thermally stable and flexible at all operating temperatures. It is an excellent moisture barrier. Notes: a. Dow-Corning, Midland, Michigan will supply a list of Silastic 50 gasket fabricators to all transformer manufacturers or users. They will also furnish technical data. b. Any user of Pyranol transformers, made by General Electric Company at Rome, Ga., will receive prompt and generous help for converting to the modern silicone or Viton gaskets by contacting the General Electric Company's Service Engineering Department at Rome, Ga. Sec Appendix K: Seals, Properties and Procurements. C. The Older Scaling Arrangements: The older type gaskets consist of either cork or cork-nitrile rubber combinations or straight nitrile rubber. I. Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Covers for the main tank, hand-holes, switch and terminal chambers, relief diaphrams etc. are held in place by studs welded to the flange or by bolts. The gaskets are cut with openings and placed over the bolts. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or General Electric Company's Glyplal 1276) is used to cement the cork to the flanges. The following is recommended for sealing with the cork -- nitrile rubber combination: Use Armstrong NC-757 cork-nitrile material or equivalent. The gasket can be cut from a single sheet or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining strips is to make a Keystone Type joint. For this, Westinghouse, Sharon, Pa., offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 B614 G0I, (about $15). _ The joints should be cemented and the gasket also cemented to the (lange, using one of the above cements. Excess cement should not be allowed to reach the interior of the transformer. 10 HQL 0QQZZG | lj HOILAN 7202-002074 WATER_PCB-SD0000059671 After installation and bolting, the outside edge of the gasket should be coated thoroughly with epoxy cement to increase weather resistance. This epoxy cement is a paste to which a curing catalyst is added immediately before use. Typical are: a. Epoxy Patch Kit ffl-C Hysol Corporation, Olean, N. Y. b. Scotchcast Resin #4 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. St. Paul, Minnesota c. Adhesive A-l and Activator Type B Armstrong Products Company Argonne Rd., Warsaw, Ind. d. Adhesive 9860-1, Synthetics Organic Company, Cleveland, Ohio, used with activator diethylene triamine (Carbide and Carbon Chem. Co.) 2. Straight Nitrile Rubber: When straight nitrile rubber was originally used, invariably the gasket was recessed in a groove. This was to prevent gasket flow and to protect the material against excessive compression. Although this type seal was not cemented, the nitrile rubber gasket is not reuseable. Since grooves or stops have already been provided for the nitrile rubber seal, Silastic 50 can be easily substituted and is recommended. This conforms with modern practice. X. PERIODIC FLUID INSPECTION AND WHAT CHECKPOINTS MEAN On a regular schedule -- at six, nine, or twelve month intervals -- make a simple visual inspection of your askarel insulation and run a dielectric strength check. A. Visual Inspection: Askarel is a clear, faint-yellow liquid. After long-term use this color may gradually intensify to light brown. The fluid should remain clear and free from turbidity or cloudiness. Any color change -- such as to a green, red or blue cast -- indicates extraction of impurities from the solid insulation. If a distinct foreign color pick-up is noted, check the complete range of electrical characteristics and notify the transformer maker. The electrical characteristics may be found to be unim paired. Color change alone (except for black) is not a danger signal since the contamination is not likely to impair the dielectric strength. - B. Dielectric Strength: If the dielectric strength has decreased significantly from the last inspection, or if it has gradually decreased below 26 KV range (at 25C.) -- RUN A CHECK FOR MOISTURE. Use ASTM D901, D877 (Karl Fischer Method). The dielectric strength of askarel is the major indicator to the operating ' efficiency of your liquid insulation and of the askarel transformer itself. Besides - the "visual" inspection tests, dielectric strength is the only test necessary to run on a routine basis. Well-sealed askarel transformers have service records of 25 to 30 years on the original askarel. New askarel has a minimum dielectric strength of 35 KV at 35C., a maximum moisture content of 30 ppm. HOLLAN 7202-002075 11 H0L 000221 WATER_PCB-SD0000059672 XI. INSPECTION CHECK LIST 1. If askarcl is clear, even though darkened to light brown; has no sediment or turbidity; has dielectric strength over 26 KV . . . give it the inspection "OK". 2. If askarcl is clear; has foreign color of blue, green, red ... it is "extracting color" from internal materials. This is not, of itself, an operating hazard when the dielectric strength stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low. However, this rare occur rence calls for checking into condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. 3. If askare! is clear; but dielectric strength drops to 22 or lower KV, and moisture rises over 80 ppm . . . the askarel is ready for simple "refining". If the moisture is near the saturation level (about 125 ppm), a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and even for "globules" or water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid. 4. If askarel is dark brown to black; if black particles of carbon are seen; and dielectric strength is low . . . the askarel has been broken down by arcing. It cannot be refined and should be discarded. If any of these four simple inspection tests appear out of the ordinary, or the relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal--contact your transformer supplier for a complete analysis. Whenever a sample is to be shipped to Monsanto, please follow the directions shown under: "SAMPLING ASKAREL". XII. CONTAMINATION IN TRANSFORMERS Unlike mineral oil which can oxidize, sludge and deteriorate -- askarel breaks down in transformer use only when strongly arced. Thus, while askarel does not decompose in normal use -- it can be contaminated more readily than the relatively non-polar mineral oil. For example the following Table VI shows how a small amount of synthetic rubber or a bit of varnished cloth markedly increases the power factor of the askarel. Please note, however, that such minor contamination has no adverse effect on the dielectric strength. As explained, moisture entrance through faulty seals seems the only contaminant in normal use that lowers the dielectric strength of transformer askarel. 12 HOL 000222 j J HOLLAH 7202-002076 WATER_PCB-SD0000059673 SL -- i 1 Table VI EFFECT OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS ON POWER FACTOR AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (HEAT AGED 96 HOURS IN ASKAREL AT 100C.) Material Immersed None (control).......................................... ... Black varnished cloth.............................. . .. Copper..................................................... ... Pressboard.............................................. ... Manila paper.......................................... ... Phenol formaldehyde resins................... ... Shellac..................................................... ... Iron.......................................................... ... Synthetic rubber..................................... . .. Askarel After Exposure Power Factor, Percent at 60 eye., 100C. Dielectric Strength 25" C. 1.0 85.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.6 6.0 5.0 70.0 35 KV 42 40 37 39 41 36 39 39 Similarly, trace contaminants from commonly used construction materials can lower the volume - resistivity of askarel, without affecting its dielectric strength. Table VII shows this. Table VII EFFECT OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS ON VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF ASKAREL Sample 1. New askarel before heat aging................................... .. 2. New askarel after heat aging 96 hours at 100C.. . . .. 3. After heat aging with 1 sq. inch specimens of: a. Phenolic resin tap changer material...................... .. b. Paper......................................................................... .. c. Grade A press board (tan)..................................... .. d. Grade A press board (gray)................................... .. e. Grade A press board, laminated strip.................. .. f. Cotton wrapping..................................................... .. g, Glyptal 1276 cement, cured 48 hrs. at 110C........ ., Volume Resistivity x 10* ohm-cm (at 100C,, 500 Volts DC., 0.1' gap) 2,000 1,900 1,200 750 500 500 400 300 100 While trace contamination easily lowers volume resistivity from high levels, it is important as previously noted in Table V Case F, that heavy contamination (as when arced) does not lower the resistivity below the order of 10" ohm-cm. at 100C. -The different behavior of askarel vs. mineral oil in these respects can be summarized as follows: High power factor and low volume resistivity in transformer mineral oils are commonly regarded as "danger signals" that the oil has deteriorated and broken down chemically. This is NOT TRUE of askarel liquid insulation, unless the dielectric strength is low. 13 HQL 000223 | ' | HOILAM 7202-002077 -- WATER_PCB-SD0000059674 XIII. REFINING ASKAREL FOR RE-USE A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Partciles: Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate press fitted with a dolly, (available from Sparkler, Mundelein, 111., Westinghouse Main tenance and Repair Dept., Chicago, or General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.); or the earthen cartridge fillet type, (available from Industrial Filter Corp., Lebanon, Ind.). Filter paper liners for the plate press are available from Carl Schleicher and Schuell Company, Keane, New Hampshire and manufacturers of filter presses listed above. The filter paper must be dried immediately before use. For best results, spread the paper for maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and heat it for 4 to 6 hours at 110C. If possible do not take the transformer out of service until ready to filter the fluid. This will keep the transformer coils relatively hot and dry. Processing the fluid should start immediately after dc-cnergizing the unit. Circulate the askarel hot (but not over 55-60C.) through the filter fitted with the dry paper liners. After filtration the dielectric strength of the askarel should be 35 KV minimum. 1, Precautions: Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 75%. Any flexible hoses and gaskets on the refining equipment should be lined with or made of materials that will not be softened by contact with askarel fluid. (Silicone or Teflon-lined, or flexible metal materials are suitable.) Table VIII GUIDE TO RATE OF DISSOLVED WATER REMOVAL BY FILTERING ASKAREL THROUGH A PAPER PRESS Passes Through Paper Press 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water in Askarel PPM 115 35 22 18 12 10 10 HOL Q002.24* | . j HOL LAM 7202-002078 WATER_PCB-SD0000059675 B. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and" VolumeResistivity: 1. Procedure: (The askarel liquid should be relatively dry prior to the following earth filtration.) Use finely divided Attapulgus clay or Fuller's earth (dried and activated by heating for 12 hours at 300-350F. immediately prior to use) as a coating on the filter paper surface. The amount of earth used should be 0.1 to 0.2 per cent by weight on the weight of the askarel to be treated. (Askarel weighs about 13 pounds per gallon). To deposit the earth evenly, stir one-third of the earth with a small portion of askarel in a clean container. Pump the mixture through the filter and follow with two more one-third portions. Then circulate askarel taken from near the top of the transformer, pass it hot (not over 55-60C.) through the earth coated filter and feed back through the bottom transformer outlet. Continue circulation until the fluid is clear and test shows that the electrical properties are fully restored. ~ 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers: Only slight and insignificant loss (by selective absorption) of tintetraphenyl and epoxides occurs when askarel is refined by treatment with 0.1 to 0.2 per cent by weight of earth. To remove significant amounts of the scavengers requires repetitious treatment with much larger amounts of earth. 3. Table IX -- Approximate Relationship Between Power Factor, Volume Resistivity and Dielectric Strength of Transformer Askarel: Power Factor (60 eye.) 100C. 25C. 2% 5% 15% 20-25% 40-50% 0.05% 0.1% 0.7% 2.0% -- Volume Resistivity x 10 ohra-cm. (at 100C., 500 Volts DC., 0.1' gap) 1500 500 100 60-70 25 Dielectric Strength 25C., O.f gap 35 KV 35 35 35 35 If it is desired (although these factors are not generally considered important for askarel transformers), to keep the power factor as low as possible and the resistivity as high as possible, hang a container of anhydrous alumina or activated clay in the circulating system of the transformer. XIV. CLEANING ARCED TRANSFORMERS If a unit has arced so that the askarel is no longer fit for use, a thorough cleaning of the unit is necessary before refilling with new askarel insulation and returning it to service*. Follow this procedure: HOL | HOLLAH 000225 7202-002079 WATER PCB-SD0000059676 A. Drain out ail dark, carbon-contaminated askarei. (Discard by dumping or burying where it will not contaminate a water supply.) B. Carefully brush carbon deposits from internal parts and insulation, using a soft bristle brush making sure that insulation is not damaged. C. Flush thoroughly using new askarei (not an oil, not a cleaning solvent). D. Flush a second time with fresh askarei; drain; then fill to the proper level with new askarei. E. Energize transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours; then circulate the askarei through a filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. * This assumes that the cause of arcing has been established and corrections made. When severe arcing occurs, major repairs are usually necessary and the unit rebuilt. This procedure can be applied for flushing out repaired units. 16 HQL 000226 HOLLAN 7202-002080 WATER_PCB-SD0000059677 XV. SAMPLING ASKAREL Take a sample as close to the top of the liquid surface as possible. (Many large askarel transformers have a built-in sampling tube near the surface for convenient sampling). Then, to make sure that your SAMPLE truly represents your askarel insulation, take another sample from the bottom. If additional sampling tube connections are contrived on the valves for easier sampling, make the tubes of clean glass, stainless steel, aluminum or tin for rigid types; and silicone or Teflon tubing for flexible types. Use NEW containers for the askarel sample. A new and thoroughly pre-dried smallmouth quart glass bottle fitted with a Bakelite screw cap fitted with an aluminum or tin bottle cap liner is recommended for "quick on-the-site testing." (If complete analysis is to be made, a 5-pint size sample is required). Be sure that the new bottle does not stand open to collect dust or moisture. Rinse the sample bottle and cap lining two or three times with askarel from the transformer; then fill it. If the sample will be tested promptly, a clear glass bottle can be used. If sample is to be stored indefinitely, use an amber glass bottle or wrap clear glass with aluminum foil. - A. Select a dry day. Do not sample insulation on a warm, moist day when humidity exceeds 75%, and ... - B. Make sure that the askarel is at least as warm as the surrounding air. (Cold liquids can condense moisture from humid air.) C. When sampling askarel from transformers, it is best to take the sample when the unit is warm and operating at average or maximum load. Especially as a check on moisture (as reflected by a dielectric strength test), sampling the warm askarel more truly represents its condition during operation. Experience shows that water will migrate from a transformer's solid insulation to the askarel liquid and vice versa, depending on temperature. Therefore, when the transformer is hot, the moisture is most likely to be found in the liquid. This accounts largely for periodic variations in dielectric strength. For example: a relatively high dielectric strength may be found during winter months and a relatively low dielectric strength during the summer months on samples taken from the same unit. 17 UH HOLLAN 7202-002081 HOL 000227 WATER PCB-SD0000059678  SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS 1. INTRODUCTION: High voltage leads are usually connected to askarel or mineral oil-filled network transformers and power centers through terminal chambers and switches. In some cases terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads are connected directly to the switch terminals. They may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal element arranged for three-phase service. (A cutaway view of a typical terminal chamber-switch combination is shown for reference.) Askarel transformers with attached switches have been in use for about 30 years. When they were first introduced, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather limited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubber-and-cork particles were used. While satisfactory for a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended on for the expected long life of the equipment. The terminal chamber is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steel wall through which the bushings are inserted. When bushings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one compart ment to the other. With poor bushing seals, and the terminal chamber above the switch, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber.II. II. SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION There are three possible sources of contamination for askarel in switches and terminal chambers; they rank in this order of frequency: (1) water entering through poor gaskets; (2) decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magnetizing current; (3) entrance of pothead or cable compounds through leaky bushing seals. Unlike an askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likely to be very small (probably only trace amounts) in relation to the volume of askarel fluid -- in switches or terminal chambers with faulty seals, the amount of contamination can be relatively large. 18 HOL 000228 HOILAN 7202-002082 WATER_PCB-SD0000059679 Experience has shown (hat, based on the number of installed askarel-switch units, the percentage of failures is extremely small. When investigated, it has been found that most failures originate in the switch chamber. Water is the chief source of contamination. However, heavy contamination of askarel with petrolatum and asphalt material, due to leakage, have caused a few failures. Petrolatum is used frequently for filling terminal chambers. When either cable oil or petrolatum seeps into askarel, no great harm results. The fire resistance will be somewhat decreased and power factor of the askarel will increase with an accom panying drop in resistivity. While highly undesirable, it is doubtful that failure of the unit results. Where asphaltic compounds are used in place of petrolatum, the danger is increased somewhat because asphaltic contamination may cause exces sively high dielectric losses in the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch chamber, the potting compound can be contaminated by askarel if the bushing seals are leaky. This is undesirable because the askarel will increase the power factor and conductivity of the potting compound or cable oil and develop heat from dielectric loss. If this mixture is drawn into the cable insulation, a cable failure is likely. This again emphasizes the impor tance of tight bushing assemblies. 111. SEALING SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS Proper bushing construction, use of Silastic seals and welding wherever possible is highly desirable (as covered in Section A). Where an elastomeric seal is to be used in contact with both askarel and petroleum oil, DuPont's Viton is suggested. For new equipment the user should specify these modern sealing arrangements to keep out contaminants and minimize maintenance. JV. MAINTENANCE FOR ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES A. Switches used for grounding after power source has been de-energized will not undergo arcing. B. Switches interrupting magnetizing current will be subject to arcing; the amount of decomposition will depend on power interrupted, time and frequency of oper ation. As a general rule, the liquid should be checked after 5 to 10 operations. |^J HOLLAN 7202-002083 HOL 000229 1 WATER_PCB-SD0000059680 1 1 I I ' ) ) ! -| "!1 a i 'i i i. 1 1. On newly installed switches, check the askarel at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals; if found satisfactory, check once annually thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers and bushings, experience will probably indicate that less frequent inspection is warranted. 2. Check askarel for: a. Dielectric strength (ASTM D877): It should be 26 KV minimum. IT dielectric strength is low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fischer method ASTM D-1533. Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric strength should then be 30 KV minimum. b. Presence of carbon from arcing: Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and very black, replace fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration is recommended. Check power factor or liquid (should not be over 5% at 25C. and 60 cycles). Flush out switch chamber with several gallons of fresh askarel before refilling. 3. If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gravity or refractive index, or if fluid flashes below 250F., there is a possibility of seepage of potting compound into the switch compartment. In this case, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements and fill with new askarel. 4. If terminal chamber is below switch, check potting compound for presence of askarel (can usually be detected by odor or by an increase in specific gravity). If askarel is present, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements, and renew compounds. 5. Examine cover gaskets visually. Deterioration can be detected by swelling and cracking of the exposed edge. In cases of severe deterioration, liquid seepage is usually present. 6. Check for leakage at packing gland of switching shaft. If leaking, repack with a Silastic ring type gasket. 201 HOL 000230 HOLLAN 7202-002084 WATER PCB-SD0000059681 SECTION C ANALYTICAL SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AVAILABLE FROM MONSANTO Transformer users not wishing to make their own fluid analyses can obtain the service from Monsanto. Simply contact Monsanto and specify what analyses are wanted. You will be sent the proper-sized sample container filled with fresh askarel. When you receive this, empty it and carefully take your sample (following the procedure for sampling in this guide). Send the container to Monsanto's laboratory. Charges listed include sample container, shipping, handling and laboratory costs. Types of Analyses Available Analysis 1) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE CHECK Total Charge: $20.00 To determine the general condition of the fluid and find whether further analysis is neces sary. (one-quart sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Dielectric Strength Moisture - You will be notified of the results of this test. If further testing is indicated, and you want a complete analysis, you will be sent a five-pint sample container. This sample will be used for (he following series of tests: Analysis 2) COMPLETE ANALYSIS Total Charge: $50.00 (a) To determine the extent of fluid contamination, (b) earth refinement to determine what degree of restoration of electrical and insulating properties is possible, (c) check test to see how the fluid responded to earth treatment. a) Complete Analysis: to determine the extent of contamination Properties Tested Color and Condition Specific Gravity Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity 21 HOLLAM 7202-002085 HOL 000231 WATER PCB-SD0000059682 b) Earth Refinement Response: Consists of treatment for 2.5 hours at 50-60C. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of properly conditioned Attapulgus clay and then filtration through dry filter paper. c) Analysis After Laboratory Earth Refinement: Properties Tested Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity You will be notified of the results of this test series on your sample. Then aftei refining your entire transformer fluid fill you can check on the results by requesting the following analysis: Analysis 3) ANALYSIS AFTER EARTH REFINEMENT Total Charge: $30,00 (This charge will not apply when analyses 1 and 2 have already been made.) To determine whether the entire lot of the askarel fill responded to the same extent as the laboratory sample, (five-pint sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity To arrange for the tests described above write to the following address: Paul G. Benignus Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis 66, Missouri Samples to be tested should be clearly marked for identification and sent directly to: Monsanto Chemical Company W. G. Krummrich Laboratory Monsanto, Illinois Attention: R. Kuster 22 HOL 000232 |-.t| HOLLAN 7202-002086 WATER_PCB-SD0000059683 APPENDIX APPENDIX A -- Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas: Askarcl insulation is one of the most inert, chemically-stable heat resistant, non corrosive liquids known. It will not break down, oxidize or sludge when exposed to air and high temperatures, 150C. or even somewhat higher. Arcing, however, will break down the compound to liberate some hydrogen chloride and small amounts of carbon. APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION ARC FORMED GAS FROM TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Gag carbon monoxide........................... carbon dioxide............................... oxygen............................................... inert gases........................................ hydrogen chloride.......................... (note the absence of phosgene) Amount 0.3 per cent 0.3 0.6 1.5 97.3 This arc-formed gas is non-flammable and non-combustible. These requirements must be met in accordance with the Underwriters' Laboratory for permission to use the term askarel. r Mineral oil evolves combustible hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. For all practical purposes, the amount of gas liberated from mineral oil or askarel under a given set of conditions is about 100 cubic centimeters per kilowatt-second. APPENDIX B Carbon dioxide............... Air.................................... Nitrogen.......................... Hydrogen chloride1 .... I) In absence of scavenger SOLUBILITY OF GAS IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Percent of Gas By Volume _____ Corrected to; 25C. 760 mm (PC. 760 mm 25C. 100C. 25C. 100C. 71% 47%, -- -- 5.7 4.9 5.8 5.0 6.0 4.8 5.5 4.4 37.8 50.9 ---- HOL 000233 | 1 HOLLAH 7202-002087 WATER PCB-SD0000059684 APPENDIX C APPROXIMATE VAPOR PRESSURE v. TEMPERATURE FOR TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Temperature "C 40 60 80 100 120 140 Inerteen PPO, 7336-9 1 mm Hg. 5 9 30 60 90 Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B 0.9 mm Hg. 3.5 8.3 18 32 53 APPENDIX D EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF ASKAREL Temperature C. --60 --40 --20 0 20 40 60 80 Dielectric Strength 67 KV 63 57 55 30 50 48 45 APPENDIX E COMPARISON QF THE APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS AND MINERAL OIL Temp. C. --20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Traissformer Pyranol A13B3B 1,000 100 70 45 39 34 30 10-C Mineral Oil 1,000 150 85 49 40 34 30 Inerteen PPO. 7336-9 2,800 195 85 50 40 36 33 HOL 00023A J| HOL LAN 7202-002088 WATER_PCB-SD0000059685 APPENDIX F THE DENSITY OF INERTEEN PPO 7336-9 AND TRANSFORMER PYRANOL A13B3B Approx. Density gm jet. Temperature C Inerteen PPO, 7336-9 Transformer Pyranol AI3B3B 0 1.374 1.377 20 1.332 1.553 40 1.329 1.532 60 1.307 1.510 80 1.483 1.488 APPENDIX G The thermal conductivity values of transformer Pyranol A13B3B at 2VC. and 58C. are 26.2 and 25.8 x 10'5 calories centimeters'1, degrees centrigrade'1, second'1, respectively. Or, approximately 0.06 BTU per (hr.) (sq. ft.) (F.) per foot. This same approximation applies to Inerteen PPO (7336-9). APPENDIX H Heat Capacity Over the temperature range of 25 to I25C. the specific heat of transformer askarel is close to 0.30 calories per gram per degree. ~ APPENDIX I Coefficient of Expansion The average coefficient of expansion of transformer askarel over the temperature range 20 to 100C. is 0.007 cc/cc/C. One gallon would increase to 1.056 gallons on heating from 20 to I00C. APPENDIX J Fire-Resistance To use the generic name "askarel," the fluids must be approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories as possessing adequate fire-resistance and freedom from forming explosive gases when arced. These liquids do not have a bum point (ASTM D92-33) (Cleveland open cup method) up to about 205C., at which temperatures they begin to boil. The significance of this is that they do not burn or support combustion under conditions encountered in transformer operation. Thus the danger of secondary explosion (or fire) is eliminated. 25 H0L 000235 HOLLAM 7202-002089 WATER PCB-SD0000059686 APPENDIX K Seals, Properties and Procurement Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan with District's at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, Washington, D. C. and Toronto has available Bulletin 09-019, August 1962 entitled "Silastic Design Data". This lists the gasket fabricators throughout the country from whom the "Silastic 50" gasketing can be purchased in sheet, extrusions or molded shapes. Generally Silastic 50 sheet goods are stocked by local die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally. Usually, small quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type, used to cut other elastomers. Where the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow-Coming advises use of a scarved joint. This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (clear) or their RTV 731 (white) materials, which air cure. Dow Corning points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic 50 in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator must oven cure the Silastic 50 for 24 hours at 480F. SPECIFICATIONS* Color............................................ White Specific Gravity at 77F..............1.20 =*= 0.02 ASTM D676-- Hardness, Shore A. Scale..........45 to 60 ASTM D412 -- Tensile Strength, psi. min.......................... 800 ASTM D4I2 -- Elongation, percent, min............................250 ASTM D395 Compression Set after 22 hours at 300F., percent, max.............................. 30 * All physical properties measured on 0.075 inch thick samples molded 5 minutes at 240F., and oven cured 24 hours at 480F. General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., uses silicone or DuPont's Viton wherever it is not possible or desirable to weld. For some small seals, where good matching surfaces are provided, Flexitallic stainless steel rings are used. By contacting the Engineering Services Department of General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., users of Pyranol transformers made prior to develop ment of these modern seals will obtain prompt assistance for conversion. Users of askare! transformers made by other manufacturers should contact the original transformer manufacturer, or Monsanto for assistance in converting to these modern seals. 26 U HOLLAH 7202-002090 HOL 000236 WATER PCB-SD0000059687 NOTES 1 } 1 ! I 7 1 I 71 1 1 1 '1 1 1 HOL 000237 III hollam 7202-002091 WATER PCB-SD0000059688 Monsanto ___ tS MONSANTO FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS DEPT. 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63168 The information herein regarding obtaining optimum results from askarel fluids .in your transformer has been accumulated by Monsanto for over 30 years from the experience of makers and users of askarel transformers and it is believed wiH be helpful. Nothing herein shall be construed as applying to other thin askarel insulation. Data and maintenance suggestions herein do not apply to the other components of the transformer. All operating and maintenance suggestions recommended by the manufacturer of the transformer should also be carefully followed. Because these maintenance directions apply only to the askarel insulation, Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persona arising from transformer operation. 1 HOLLAX HOL 000238 7202-002092 WATER PCB-SD0000059689 when Specifying Transformers ' here's how to get more performance and save money Discovery Ex. No. 16 Cause No. C-91-78 Roger Holland v. Monsanto Monsanto "X O/FF-14 i 1 HOL 000352 1 HOLUN 7202-002206 WATER_PCB-SD0000059690 the fire-resistant dielectric preferred by specifiers who want to save money now and for years to come askarel fire-resistant transformers offer Lower Operating Costs due to lower power losses High Impulse Strength giving a margin of safety against transformer failure Low Maintenance Costs install them and leave 'em alone i Low Installation Costs place them where YOU want them placed Fire Resistance' askarel provides safety from fire Ouietness naturally4esigYied to be quieter than open dry types Reliability more than 30 years of trouble-1- e operation .. : i HOL 000353 i ; j. | HOL UN 7202-002207 WATER_PCB-SD0000059691 '1 3 oooo 'V o I-- 3O For additional information! Fill out the business reply in the back of this brochure and drop it in the mail . . . no postage required. in *om o o ir o a ! 1 jj HOUAN 7202-002208 WATER PCB-SD0000059692 why askarel For almost 40 years askarel transformers have served the commercial, industrial ajnd utility fields faithfully with safety, economy and reliability. They are built to exact specifications by all major electrical equipment manufacturers, Mineral oil transformers can catch fire. When used in confined or populated areas, they require fire walls, vaults, and sprinkling systems; or they must be lo cated at a more remote point requiring long expensive low-voltage lines. Open dry type transformers are limited in flexibility of location. Supplemental installation costs usually run much higher than with askarel units, especially if sound-deadening or enclosing from atmospheric con tamination and moisture is required. They are less de pendable than askarel units because they are affected by corrosive atmospheric conditions. Due to the na ture of open dry type units, they can require a great deal of maintenance; have a high noise level, and are expensive to operate because of higher load losses and frequent maintenance requirements. Askarel units deliver a steady power flow year after year, offering lower operating and maintenance costs, quietness and dependability. They are fire-resistant and allow you to place them where YOU want them placed, right at the point of use if you choose. Think of the savings in installation alone! Askarel will not oxidize or sludge; remains chemically stable when subjected to elevated temperatures and will not corrode metals. Monsanto has manufactured and s_cc ea askarel fluids since the asxarei tyce ra"sformer was first introduced Tue aska'e fluid insulation is supplied under vanc-s trademarks such as "PYRANOL" (Gs'-e'a Electric): "INERTEEN" (West!pdncus?' "CHLOREXTOL" (Aliis-Chaime'sf: ' NCFLAMOL" (Wagner Electric' Va-v ere' manufacturers such as l-T-E use re eric name. askarel. In all cases Vc's makes the askarel fluid fer these tr formers. id 'O HOL 000355 | , HOL LAN 7202-002209 WATER_PCB-SD0000059693 askarel fire-resistant transformers operate less expensively than other types due to lower core and coil losses its just like getting A FREE TRANSFORMER ' ' IN ABOUT 10 YEARS! I TYPICAL EXAMPLE t l 1,000 KVA, 3 phase, 60 cycle, 13,800 to 480 Y volts. I Transformer first cost assumed about $8,500. UNIT COIL LOSS CORE LOSS (at 100% Load) (Watts)' ' (Watts) Incorporate your own figures in the fol lowing example and prove this point to yourself. The figures shown assume the same first cost of an askarel transform er and an open dry type unit. (Askarel transformers are now quoted at the same price as 15CFC. open dry types.) Open Dry Type Askarel Unit 4,200 2,900 18.500 12.500 (A) Based on a 75% load factor, coil losses are ap proximately as follows: Open Dry Type. .18,500 x (.75)2 = 10,400 watts Askarel Type ... 12,500 x (.75)2 = 7,000 watts Coil Loss Difference.. .3,400 watts Total Core and Coil Loss Difference in favor of Askarel............................4,700 watts Based on an 8,700 hour year operation: 4,700 x 8,700 = 41,000 KWHR (Approx.) Assuming pow#f cost Is $0,015 per KWHR: the savings each year is $815.63 ... or the Askarel Transformer first cost Is paid for In about 10 y HTiis annual suwsgi compounded at fwr. H0L 000356 f] HOLLAN 7202-002210 WATER_PCB-SD0000059694 askarel fire-resistant 1 transformers offer easy maintenance LOW MAINTENANCE MEANS GREATER SAVINGS IN TIME AND MONEY! Askarel transformers are easiest to maintain. Proper sealing of modern as karel transformers has banished the threat of water contamination, the arch enemy of all transformers. No need to periodically shut down the system for cleaning ... the askarel fluid is sealed against moisture and atmospheric- con tamination. There are no exposed coi cores to gather dust and lint that must be periodically cleaned as with the open dry units. Other than an occasional fluid test, you install them and leave 'em alone. HGL 000357 ^ HOLLAN 7202-002211 WATER_PCB-SD0000059695 1 askarel fire-resistant ] transformers can give you lower . installation costs PLACE THE ASKAREL TRANSFORMER WHERE AND WHEN YOU WANT IT PLACED! Because of the unique features of askare! transformers, you can place them where and when YOU want them placed . . . right at the point of power usage if you desire. You do not have to wait un til other phases of construction are com pleted. No added expenses are neces sary to protect it from contamination, subdue the sound level or run expensive lines from distant locations. You pfabe it where your system dictates, not where the transformer dictates. The start-up costs for askarel transform ers are almost nil. Because they are sealed, there is no expensive clean-up and drying out required prior to starting. Just bring it in, hook it up and start op erating. This alone offers a big savings. 78 - askarel transformers offer fire safety :n a ASKAREL FLUIDS ARE FIRE-RESISTANT! The fluid is fire-resistant and does not support combustion. Just as important, the fluid will not carry or add burning oil hazards to fires which may start from other causes. The liquid does not de teriorate when exposed to heat or hot metal; it does not decompose over long periods of time. Municipal codes also tend to favor askarel transformer instal lations over other types. HOL 000353 ________________ J HOLLAN 7202-002212 WATER_PCB-SD0000059696 askarel fire-resistant , transformers are quieter CHECK THE STANDARDS! Open dry types produce a higher noise level, requiring expensive sound-sup pressing additions or location far from the point of power usage. Wherever the sound level is a factor, askarel trans formers rate quieter than comparable open dry type units ... 3 to 6 decibels is a major reduction in discernable sound level. askarel fire-resistant transformers are reliable THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES OF OVER 30 YEARS OF TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION! A properly designed and installed aska rel transformer will give long years of trouble-free service . . . many in opera tion for over 30 years. This fact has been proven in installations throughout the world. Even longer life can now be ex pected due to more modern design practices in sealing out moisture and eliminating leaks. 01 1 HOL 000359 1 holun 7202-002213 WATER_PCB-SD0000059697 askarel fluids `1 maintain high dielectric strengths : The most significant and reliable meas urement of transformer askarel electrical performance is its dielectric strength. Askarel will maintain its high dielectric strength unless there is a significant amount of moisture contamination or breakdown of the fluid from an unusually severe electrical discharge. Askarel fluids are manufactured by-Mon santo and shipped to transformer mak ers all over the world. They are manu factured and quality checked for con sistency and properly packaged for ship ment. Transformer makers, utilities, and speci fiers, in turn, handle askarel fluids under standard normal good housekeeping and personal precautions used with other industrial products. HOL 000360 j. j HOLLAN 7202-002214 WATER_PCB-SD0000059698 before you specify... consider askarel transformers Operating with askarel fire-resistant transformers is the safest, easiest and often the least expensive way to distribute elec trical power. Your transformer supplier can give you the com plete story on his askarel transformers. Be sure to check with him soon . . . specifying askarel transformers is your best bet when your plans call for transformer equipment in . . . industrial Unit Substations, Load Centers, Power Centers ... in factory areas where maximum safety from fire is re quired and where atmospheric contamination may exist. Utility Networks . . . where safety and space is a consider ation. Institutions and Office Buildings . . . schools, hospitals, ho tels, shopping centers, apartments, etc. where maximum safe ty, low noise levels and space is a prime factor. In any electrical system . . . where you are charged with the responsibility of providing the best installation available at the lowest overall installation and operational cost. 1 I"'!! ri! IE IX EX HQL 000361 I HOILAN 7202-002215 WATER PCB-SD0000059699 send for detailed information... Monsanto will be happy to supply you with a copy of "The Care and Grooming of Askarel Transformer Fluid" or "Mon santo Askarel Inspection and Mainte nance Guide." Ask your supplier to get your copy for you, or simply return the attached business reply card. HQL 000362 | j HOILAM 7202-002216 ____ WATER_PCB-SD0000059700 For Shopping Centers specify askarel for your next job! HOL 000363 'I | j HOLUM 7202-002217 WATER_PCB-SD0000059701 I "1 1 ?! . ;; < 1 1 "H B U S 1 N E s s R E P LY M A 1 L NO postage STAMP NECESSARY if mailEO iN TH UNITED STATES POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY Monsanto Functional Fluids Dept. 323 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 FIRST-CLASS PERMIT NO. 3016 ST. LOUIS. MO. ?1 % |^l HOLLAN 7202-002218 WATER_PCB-SD0000059702 i 1 1 1 Monsanto Company FunctionaL.Fluids Dept. 323 i 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis, Missouri 63166 Please send the literature checked The Care & Grooming of Askarel Transformer Fluid Askarel Inspection & Maintenance Guide Name/Title_______________________________________________________________ Company________________________________________________________________ Address__________________________________________________________________ City/State/Zip - hol o0365 HOLLAM 7202-002219 WATER PCB-SD0000059703 "1 I i 1 "1 i i. l s "n "Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with any patent. MONSANTO MAKES NO WARRANTIES AS TO THE FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT REFERRED TO, no guarantee of satisfactory results i tro~i reliance upon contained information or recommendations, and disclaims all liability for any resulting loss or damage." ts Monsanto 1 3 O/FF-1 Monsanto Company/Functional Fluids/8QC * " ndbergh Blvd./St. Louis, Missouri 63166 2 ji9*-:77: .o. 0QQ36o 7202-002220 I WATER_PCB-SD0000059704 Specifying Transformers here's how to get more performance and save money i \ 1 1 Discovery Ex. No. 17 Cause No. C-91-78 Roger Holland v. Monsant 1 1 1 1 1 1 Monsanto HOLLAN 7202-002158 1 . ________ O/FF-14 1 HL 000304 WATER_PCB-SD0000059705 the fire-resistant dielectric \jr A^ E5ET1 preferred by specifiers k\/sr\uL who want to save money now and for years to come askarel fire-resistant transformers offer Lower Operating Costs due to lower power losses High Impulse Strength giving a margin of safety against transformer failure Low Maintenance Costs install them and leave 'em alone Low Installation Costs place them where YOU want them placed Fire Resistance askarel provides safety from fire Quietness naturally designed to be quieter than open dry types Reliability more than 30 years of trouble-free operation HOL 000305 H01LAN 7702-002159 WATER_PCB-SD0000059706 HOLLAN stt 7202-002160 WATER PCB-SD0000059707 why askarel * a For almost 40 years askarel transformers have served the commercial, industrial and utility fields faithfully with safety, economy and reliability. They are built to exact specifications by all major electrical equipment manufacturers. Mineral oil transformers can catch fire. When used in confined or populated areas, they require fire walls, vaults, and sprinkling systems; or they must be lo cated at a more remote point requiring long expensive low-voltage lines. Open dry type transformers are limited in flexibility of location. Supplemental installation costs usually run much higher than with askarel units, especially if sound-deadening or enclosing from atmospheric con tamination and moisture is required. They are less de pendable than askarel units because they are affected by corrosive atmospheric conditions. Due to the na ture of open dry type'units, they can require a great deal of maintenance; have a high noise level, and are expensive to operate because of higher load losses and frequent maintenance requirements. Askarel units deliver a steady power flow year after year, offering lower operating and maintenance costs, quietness and dependability. They are fire-resistant and allow you to place them where YOU want them placed, right at the point of use if you choose. Think of the savings in installation alone! Askarel will not oxidize or sludge; remains chemically stable when subjected to elevated temperatures and will not corrode metals. 6 --. <f; >. Monsanto has manufactured and suDoiied askarel fluids since the askarel type trans former was first introduced. The askarel fluid insulation is supplied under various trademarks such as "PYRANOL" (General Electric); "INERTEEN" (Westinghouse): "CHLOREXTOL" (Allis-Chalmers); "NOFLAMOL" (Wagner Electric). Many ctnemanufacturers such as l-T-E use the gen eric name, askarel. In all cases. Monsanto makes the askarel fluid for these trans formers. HQL - 000307 ji] HOLLAN 7702-002161 WATER_PCB-SD0000059708 askarel fire-resistant transformers operate less expensively ^han other types due to lOwer core and coil losses its just like getting . A FREE TRANSFORMER 1 IN ABOUT 10 YEARS! ' V '-V ... TYPICAL EXAMPLE " " 1,000 KVA, 3 phase, 60 cycle. 13,600 to 480 Y volts. I 1~ Transformer first cost assumed about $8,500. p,y --'^COH. LOSS ' CORE LOSS (at 100% Load) UNIT - ; (Watts) . . (Watts) . Incorporate your own figures in the fol lowing example and prove this point to yourself. The figures shown assume the same first cost of an askarel transform er and an open dry type unit. (Askarel transformers are now quoted at the same price as 150C. open dry types.) fef:y ** ' . ' 'A> * ^ Open Dry Type \ 4,200 G.' 18,500 " ' Askarel Unit --2,900':. feL' ' 12.500- . . - : : ' j; (A) Based on a 75% toad factor, coil tosses are ap- Ijp' proximately as follows: -.-j-...... "* Open Dry Type.. 18.50)x(.75)* = 10,400watts I:. Askarel Type . 12,500 x (.75)* = 7,000 watts ;v v^C Coil Loss Difference. J.3,400 watts ^ 3T->o. osroepiss-'f2*': Total Core and Coil Lose'Difference in favor of Askarel . - .4,700 watts T. iV&SsssUv Based on an 8,700 hour year operation: 4,700 x 8,700 = 41,000 KWHR (Approx.) ^ _ Assuming power cost fe $0,015 per KWHR: . the savings each year is $615.00 . . . or fit a -Askarel Transformer first cost Is paid for in about 1i 'Tim annual asvtags compounded & _6% pm i H0L 000308 H HOLLAN 7202-002162 WATER_PCB-SD0000059709 askarel fire-resistant transformers offer easy maintenance LOW MAINTENANCE MEANS GREATER SAVINGS IN TIME AND MONEY! Askarel transformers are easiest to maintain. Proper sealing of modern as karel transformers has banished the threat of water contamination, the arch enemy of all transformers. No need to periodically shut down the system for cleaning ... the askarel fluid is sealed against moisture and atmospheric con tamination. There are no exposed coil cores to gather dust and lint that must be periodically cleaned as with the open dry units. Other than an occasional fluid test, you install them and leave 'em alone. HOL 000309 HOL LAM 7202-002163 WATER_PCB-SD0000059710 askarel fire-resistant transformers can give you lower installation costs PLACE THE ASKAREL TRANSFORMER WHERE AND WHEN YOU WANT IT PLACED! Because of the unique features of aska rel transformers, you can place them where and when YOU want them placed . . . right at the point of power usage if you desire. You do not have to wait un til other phases of construction are com pleted. No added expenses are neces sary to protect it from contamination, subdue the sound level or run expensive lines from distant locations. You place it where your system dictates, not where the transformer dictates. ' The start-up costs for askarel transform ers are almost nil. Because they are sealed, there is no expensive clean-up and drying out required prior to starting. Just bring it in, hook it up and start op erating. This alone offers a big savings. } i. . askarel transformers offer fire safety i % i' ASKAREL FLUIDS ARE FIRE-RESISTANT! The fluid is fire-resistant and does not support combustion. Just as important, the fluid will not carry or add burning oil hazards to fires which may start from other causes. The liquid does not de teriorate when exposed to heat or hot metal; it does not decompose over long periods of time. Municipal codes also tend to favor askarel transformer instal lations over other types. HOL 000310 HOL LAM 7202-002164 WATER_PCB-SD0000059711 1 askarel fire-resistant transformers are quieter . : ` j j i CHECK THE STANDARDS! Open dry types produce a higher noise level,, requiring expensive sound-sup pressing additions or location far from the point of power usage. Wherever the sound level is a factor, askarel trans formers rate quieter than comparable open dry type units ... 3 to 6 decibels is a major reduction in discernable sound level. ... askarel fire-resistant transformers are reliable THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES OF OVER 30 YEARS OF TROUBLE-FREE OPERATION! A properly designed and installed aska rel transformer will give long years of trouble-free service . . . many in opera tion for over 30 years. This fact has been proven in installations throughout the world. Even longer life can now be ex pected due to more modern design practices in sealing out moisture and eliminating leaks. HOL 000311 1 H0LLAN 7202-002165 WATER PCB-SD0000059712 ) askarel fluids maintain high dielectric strengths "1 1 ) The most significant and reliable meas urement of transformer askarel electrical performance is its dielectric strength. Askarel will maintain its high dielectric strength unless there is a significant amount of moisture contamination or 1 breakdown of the fluid from an unusually severe electrical discharge. Askarel fluids are manufactured by-Mon } santo and shipped to transformer mak ers all over the world. They are manu factured and quality checked for con ! sistency and properly packaged for ship i, ment. Transformer makers, utilities, and speci fiers, in turn, handle askarel fluids under standard normal good housekeeping and personal precautions used with 1 other industrial products. . i. -* - '-.Jr'' '.IS 71 m % i H0*- 000312 ;i HOLLAN 7202-002166 WATER PCB-SD0000059713 before you specify... consider askarel transformers Operating with askarel fire-resistant transformers is the safest, easiest and often the least expensive way to distribute elec trical power. Your transformer supplier can give you the com plete story on his askarel transformers. Be sure to check with him soon . . . specifying askarel transformers is your best bet when your plans call for transformer equipment in . . . Industrial Unit Substations, Load Centers, Power Centers ... in factory areas where maximum safety from fire is re quired and where atmospheric contamination may exist. Utility Networks ation. where safety and space is a consider- Institutions and Office Buildings . . . schools, hospitals, ho tels, shopping centers, apartments, etc. where maximum safe ty, low noise levels and space is a prime factor. In any electrical system . . . where you are charged with the responsibility of providing the best installation available at the lowest overall installation and operational cost. W\ HOL 000313 |" j HOILAN 7202-002167 WATER_PCB-SD0000059714 l "1 '! ) 1 send for detailed 1 information... 1 "1 "1 % T 1 .1 1 1 Monsanto will be happy to supply you with a copy of "The Care and Grooming of Askarel Transformer Fluid" or "Mon santo Askarel Inspection and Mainte nance Guide." Ask your supplier to get your copy for you, or simply return the attached business reply card. HQL 00031^ HOLLAN 7202-002168 WATER PCB-SD0000059715 For Shopping Centers specify askarel for your next job! For Schools HOL 000317 HOLLAN 7202-002171 WATER_PCB-SD0000059717 \ Monsanto Monsanto Company/Functional Fluids/800 North Lindbergh Blvd./St. Louis, Missouri 63166 O/FF-14 HOL 000318 j " ! HOLLAH 869-lGM-HA 7202-002172 WATER PCB-SD0000059718 WATER PCB-SD0000059719 ] 1 1 1 1 :s i i i i ASKAREL i Inspection and i Maintenance Guide i ii ;i j HOL 000- 73 HOL LAN 7202-002127 WATER PCB-SD0000059720 SECTION B askarel filled switches and terminal chambers d Page I. Introduction...................................................................................................................... 18 j II. Sources of Contamination.......................................................................................... 18 III. Sealing Switches andTerminalChambers..................................................................... 19 IV. Askarei-filledSwitches'Maintenance.............................................................................. 19 SECTION C Monsanto Analytical Services on Transformer Askarel...................................... 21 Appendix A. Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas..................................... 23 ^ B. Solubility of Gas in Transformer Askarel................................................................ 23 C. Approximate Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature For Transformer Askarel.... 24 I D. Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Strength of Askarel..................................... 24 E. Viscosity of Askarel and Mineral Oil....................................................................... 24 . ' F. Density of Transformer Askarels.............................................................................. 25 1 G. Thermal Conductivity.................................................................................................. 25 H. Heat Capacity................................................................................................................. 25 l I. Coefficient of Expansion............................................................................................... 25 J. Fire-Resistance............................................................................................................... 25 K. Seals, Properties andProcurement.............................................................................. 261 1;i I . I HGL 000275 J HOILAN 7202-002129 WATER PCB-SD0000059721 Askarel liquid insulation is made by thinning Aroclor 1260 with trichlorobenzene or tri-, tetrachlorobenzene mix. The first transformer askarel was made in 1932, in accordance with General Electric Company's patents, and was trademarked Pyranol 1488. Westinghouse, too, offered this askarel insulation in 1936 under their trademark Inerteen. In the mid-l940's, as shown in the following table, tin tetraphenyl was added to General Electric's Pyranol to scavenge hydrogen chloride. Shortly thereafter, Westinghouse added phenoxy propene oxide to Inerteen for the same purpose. In 1963, General Electric replaced tin tetraphenyl with a diepoxide scavenger. This new formula, which replaces previous Pyranols, is called Transformer Pyranol A13B3B. Thus, today the two commercial types offormulations are General Electric's Transformer Pyranol A13B3B type and Westinghouse Inerteen PPO (7336-9) type. The composition changes made in transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table I. Table I THE COMPOSITION OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS Inerteen Pyranol______________________________ 1488 1487 1470 A13B3B Inerteen (7338-9) Year Introduced........................ 1932 1944 1952 1963 1936 1945 Ingredients: Aroclor 1260 ............................... 60 60 45 45 60 60 Trichlorobenzene....................... 40 40 40 40 40 40 Tetrachlorobenzene............... 15 15 Tin tetraphenyl...................... 0.125 0.125 Phenoxy propene oxide......... 0.20 Diepoxide............................... 0.125 PPO OTHER BRAND NAMES Various electrical equipment manufacturers use other trade-marked names for askarel liquid insulation, such as Chlorextol (Allis-Chalmers); Noflamol (Wagner Electric); Saf-T-Kuhl (Kuhlman Electric). These askarel insulating liquids are one or the other of the two standard formulations. Still other manufacturers, who designate their insulation only by its generic name, askarel, assign it a number or code. By this number, Monsanto knows whether to furnish Pyranol A13B3B or Inerteen PPO (7336-9) type formulation to the user. HI. OFFICIAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS The official shipping specifications for the two modern transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table II. HOL 000277 j"! HOL LAM 7202-002131 WATER PCB-SD0000059722 IV. INTERCHANGEABILITY AND STABILITY KJ A. Interchangeability: The two general types of askarel insulation shown in Table II can be either mixed or interchanged and there will be no difference in the operation of the transformer. However, askarel insulation must never be mixed with mineral oil. Over Z'T mineral oil in askarel begins to lower its fire resistance. Further, materials of construction in the transformer that are compatible with askarel may not be compatible with oil and vice-versa. For example: a significant amount of askarel in a transformer built for mineral oil will attack gaskets, adhesives, core bindings, impregnating varnishes, etc. B. Stability: Askarel liquid insulation is highly pure, fire-proof liquid made under close chemical control. It does not vary in composition like the commercial range of mineral oils. Askarel does not deteriorate when exposed to air, heat, hot metal; it does not break down over long use to form conducting or corrosive chemicals; it does not oxidize or sludge. Askarel will remain perfectly stable year after year unless broken down by exposure to severe arcing. The only real "enemy" of askarel is contamination by water. Keeping askarel water-free will insure long-time service. Askarel is heavier than water. If water gets into askarel insulation, only a tiny amount (125 ppm) dissolves -- the rest floats on top. V. DIRECTIONS FOR HANDLING A. Keep Dry: In handling, storing, sampling, inspecting askarel -- and in operating askarel transformers -- take every precaution to guard the askarel insulation from exposure to high humidity and moisture contamination. Keep 5, 30, or 55 gallon drums of askarel dry; lay stored drums on their sides with the bung at the highest point from floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be sucked into the askarel by the drum "breathing"). This precaution is not necessary when drums are stored indoors, which is the preferred way of storing. B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions: Transformer askarel has been made, handled, and used for over 30 years without causing toxic or other ill effects. It can be handled with only minor precautions. If accidentally spilled on hands, no serious skin irritation will occur. However, liquid askarel has a solvent action (similar to paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. H0L 0002 79 llggj H01LAN 7202-002133 WATER PCB-SD0000059723 Table III RELATION OF "BREAKDOWN STRENGTH" TO AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED WATER IN ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Breakdown Voltage (ASTM) Water Content (PPM) 0 20 40 60 80 110 Askarel 70 KV 55 47 40 38 10 Mineral Oil 50 KV 39 30 26 22 5 Table IV APPROXIMATE SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Temperature Amount of Water (PPM) Dissolved C. F. Askarel Mineral Oil --30 --20 -- 10 0 10 20 30 40 --22 --4 14 32 50 68 86 104 8 16 28 41 65 94 128 170 8 10 13 20 33 58 85 130 TURBIDITY . . . may be the visual sign of undissolved water, or may indicate contamination from core materials, dirt, or deteriorating construction materials. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin tetraphenyl "scavenger" that was used in the earlier Pyranols. This scavenger begins to come out of solution around 15F. above zero. To redissolve it requires heating to 150 - 200F. and agitation. fli'gh dielectric strength will quickly indicate that any turbidity present is not moisture; that the insulating efficiency of the askarel is still excellent. However, if the dielectric strength is below 26 KV, moisture should be determined, using the Karl Fischer method (ASTM D1533-60). The dielectric strength test for askarel serves primarily as an indicator for moisture. It is by far the most important maintenance test for transformer askarel. VIII. TYPICAL VALUES FOUND IN ASKAREL FLUID UNDER VARIOUS USE CONDITIONS Table V gives the entire spectrum of properties that are typical for freshly-made transformer askarel as it goes through the various normal and abnormal conditions of use. The data in Table V are in terms of only the askarel fluid and do not refer to insulation resistance or power factor measurements on the over-all transformer insulation. Several utilities studying the power factor values of the over-all transformer insulation system indicate that the unit power factor of a new askarel transformer should range from 1% to not over 5%. This would generally correspond with the askarel fluid properties as given under heading "B". 6 HQL 000281 H0LLAN 7202-002135 WATER PCB-SD0000059724 Starting ideally with situation "B", it is normal to expect the power factor of the fluid in a satisfactorily operating askarel transformer to increase as shown under heading "C". The "over-all" power factor of the transformer in normal service is expected to rise, but preferably not much beyond 5%. In this normal situation, the moisture ) level of the askarel fluid and its dielectric strength will be satisfactory, as shown in heading "C". Occasionally the power factor of a non-arced, satisfactorily-operating askarel ) transformer is found to be relatively high, i.e., 159c- In this case, the power factor of the askarel fluid will also be high, perhaps as high as 50% at 20C. and 60 cycles. It is not good practice merely to note that high power factor of the askarel fluid is to be expected. The important step is to check dielectric strength and note whether there has been a downward trend. A downward trend in dielectric strength very likely indicates moisture entrance and should be confirmed by a Karl Fischer test for water. The importance of any abnormalities in dielectric strength and moisture content of ] the askarel fluid cannot be overemphasized! Where abnormal values for the dielec tric strength or moisture content occur, the power factor of the transformer can be expected to be abnormally high; the expected high power factor of the askarel '] fluid will induce this. The indication that a high power factor on the transformer and on the fluid is due to contamination can be verified by earth refining the askarel fluid and noting ] whether after refining the test results correspond with heading Assuming no mechanical defect or arcing, if the power factor of a new askarel ) transformer is relatively high, the power factor of the fluid will also be high, giving the situation under heading This reflects contamination that should have been removed by the manufacturer of the transformer. ~] In absence of mechanical defect, where there are no abnormal losses in dielectric strength, and no moisture pick-up in non-arced askarel -- the use history shows that a relatively high power factor for the askarel fluid (as compared with mineral I oil) is to be expected. Normally, high power factor is due to contamination and not deterioration of the askarel operation. As shown by F. M. Clark in his book, "Insulating Materials For Design and 1 Engineering Practice," John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1962 -- activated alumina can be used in the circulating system to bring the power factor down and keep it as low as 1 possible. . 1 1 1 HOL 000283 1 N0LLAM 7202-002137 WATER PCB-SD0000059725 4. Gaskets For Hand-Hole Covers: Modern design specifies silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained in a groove. The groove preferably is machined into the flange or cover. However, it can also be formed by welding concentric steel strips to the flange or the cover. - Generally the gaskets should be to (A inch thick for covers, depending on the depth of the groove. A rectangular section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow-Corning No. 50 Silastic or equivalent. This is a low compression set material. For best sealing 20 to 25^ compres sion is recommended, with ample clearance in the groove to allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable care the gasket is removable without damage and is reusable. Silastic 50 is slightly swelled by askarei which contributes to the tightness of the seal. It is not deteriorated by askarei fluid or vapors. It resists weather ing and it is thermally stable and flexible at all operating temperatures. It is an excellent moisture barrier. Notes: a. Dow-Corning, Midland, Michigan will supply a list of Silastic 50 gasket fabricators to all transformer manufacturers or users. They will also furnish technical data. b. Any user of Pyranol transformers, made by General Electric Company at Rome, Ga., will receive prompt and generous help for converting to the modern silicone or Viton gaskets by contacting the General Electric Company's Service Engineering Department at Rome, Ga. See Appendix K: Seals, Properties and Procurements. C. The Older Sealing Arrangements: The older type gaskets consist of either cork or cork-nitrile rubber combinations or straight nitrile rubber. 1. Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Covers for the main tank, hand-holes, switch and terminal chambers, relief diaphrams etc. are held in place by studs welded to the flange or by bolts. The gaskets are cut with openings and placed over the bolts. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or General Electric Company's Glyptal 1276) is used to cement the cork to the flanges. The following is recommended for sealing with the cork -- nitrile rubber combination: Use Armstrong NC-757 cork-nitrile material or equivalent. The gasket can be cut from a single sheet or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining strips is to make a Keystone Type joint. For this, Westinghouse, Sharon, Pa., offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 B614 G01, (about SI5). The joints should be cemented and the gasket also cemented to the flange, using one of the above cements. Excess cement should not be allowed to reach the interior of the transformer. HOL 000285 |^J HOUAN 7202-002139 WATER PCB-SD0000059726 XL INSPECTION CHECK LIST 1. If askarel is clear, even though darkened to light brown; has no sediment or turbidity; has dielectric strength over 26 KV . . . give it the inspection "OK". 2. If askarel is clear; has foreign color of blue, green, red ... it is "extracting color" from internal materials. This is not, of itself, an operating hazard when the dielectric strength stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low. However, this rare occur rence calls for checking into condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. 3. If askarel is clear; but dielectric strength drops to 22 or lower KV, and moisture rises over 80 ppm . . . the askarel is ready for simple "refining". If the moisture is near the saturation level (about 125 ppm), a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and even for "globules" or water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid. 4. If askarel is dark brown to black; if black particles of carbon are seen; and dielectric strength is low . . . the askarel has been broken down by arcing. It cannot be refined and should be discarded. If any of these four simple inspection tests appear out of the ordinary, or the relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal -- contact your transformer supplier for a complete analysis. Whenever a sample is to be shipped to Monsanto, please follow the directions shown under: "SAMPLING ASKAREL". XH. CONTAMINATION IN TRANSFORMERS Unlike mineral oil which can oxidize, sludge and deteriorate -- askarel breaks down in transformer use only when strongly arced. Thus, while askarel does not decompose in normal use -- it can be contaminated more readily than the relatively non-polar mineral oil. For example the following Table VI shows how a small amount of synthetic rubber or a bit of varnished cloth markedly increases the power factor of the askarel. Please note, however, that such minor contamination has no adverse effect on the dielectric strength. As explained, moisture entrance through faulty seals seems the only contaminant in normal use that lowers the dielectric strength of transformer askarel. HQL 00028? HH HOLLAM 7202-002141 WATER PCB-SD0000059727 Xffl. REFINING ASKAREL FOR RE-USE A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Partciles: Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate press fitted with a dolly, (available from Sparkler, Mundelein, 111., Westinghouse Main tenance and Repair Dept., Chicago, or General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.); or the earthen cartridge filter type, (available from Industrial Filter Corp., Lebanon, Ind.). Filter paper liners for the plate press are available from Carl Schleicher and Schuell Company, Keane, New Hampshire and manufacturers of filter presses listed above. The filter paper must be dried immediately before use. For best results, spread the paper for maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and heat it for 4 to 6 hours at 110C. If possible do not take the transformer out of service until ready to filter the fluid. This will keep the transformer coils relatively hot and dry. Processing the fluid should start immediately after de-energizing the unit. Circulate the askarel hot (but not over 55-60C.) through the filter fitted with the dry paper liners. After filtration the dielectric strength of the askarel should be 35 KV minimum. 1. Precautions: Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 75%. 2. Any flexible hoses and gaskets on the refining equipment should be lined with or made of materials that will not be softened by contact with askarel fluid. (Silicone or Teflon-lined, or flexible metal materials are suitable.) Table VIII GUIDE TO RATE OF DISSOLVED WATER REMOVAL BY FILTERING ASKAREL THROUGH A PAPER PRESS Passes Through Paper Press 0 1 2 3 4 3 6 - Water in Askarel PPM 113 33 22 18 12 10 10 HOL 000289 | j HOLLAN 7202-002143 WATER PCB-SD0000059728 A. Drain out all dark, carbon-contaminated askarel. (Discard b> dumping or. burying where it will not contaminate a water supply.) B. Carefully brush carbon deposits from internal parts and insulation, using a soft bristle brush making sure that insulation is not damaged. C. Flush thoroughly using new askarel (not an oil, not a cleaning solvent). D. Flush a second time with fresh askarel; drain; then fill to the proper level with new askarel. E. Energize transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours; then circulate the askarel through a filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. * This assumes that the cause of arcing has been established and corrections made. When severe arcing occurs, major repairs are usually necessary and the unit rebuilt. This procedure can be applied for flushing out repaired units. HOL 000291 16 HOLLAH 7202-002145 WATER PCB-SD0000059729 SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS I. INTRODUCTION: High voltage leads are usually connected to askarel or mineral oil-filled network transformers and power centers through terminal chambers and switches. In some cases terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads are connected directly to the switch terminals. They may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal element arranged for thre?-phase service. (A cutaway view of a typical terminal chamber-switch combination is shown for reference.) Askarel transformers with attached switches have been in use for about 30 years. When they were first introduced, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather limited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubber-and-cork particles were used. While satisfactory for a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended on for the expected long life of the equipment. The terminal chamber is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steel wall through which the bushings are inserted. When bushings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one compart ment to the other. With poor bushing seals, and the terminal chamber above the switch, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber. II. SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION There are three possible sources of contamination for askarel in switches and terminal.chambers; they rank in this order of frequency: (1) water entering through poor gaskets; (2) decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magnetizing current; (3) entrance of pothead or cable compounds through leaky bushing seals. Unlike an askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likely to be very small (probably only trace amounts) in relation to the volume of askarel fluid -- in switches or terminal chambers with faulty seals, the amount of contamination can be relatively large. HOL 000293 18 j HOLLAN 7202-002147 WATER PCB-SD0000059730 1. On newly installed switches, check the askarel at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals; if found satisfactory, check once annually thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers and bushings, experience will probably indicate that less frequent inspection is warranted. 2. Check askarel for: a. Dielectric strength (ASTM D877): It should be 26 KV minimum. If dielectric strength is low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fischer method ASTM D-1533, Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric strength should then be 30 KV minimum. b. Presence of carbon from arcing: Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and very black, replace fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration is recommended. Check power factor of liquid (should not be over 5^ at 25C. and 60 cycles). Flush out switch chamber with several gallons of fresh askarel before refilling. 3. If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gravity or refractive index, or if fluid flashes below 250F., there is a possibility of seepage of potting compound into the switch compartment. In this case, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements and fill with new askarel. 4. If terminal chamber is below switch, check potting compound for presence of askarel (can usually be detected by odor or by an increase in specific gravity). If askarel is present, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements, and renew compounds. 5. Examine cover gaskets visually. Deterioration can be detected by swelling and cracking of the exposed edge. In cases of severe deterioration, liquid seepage is usually present. 6. Check for leakage at packing gland of switching shaft. If leaking, repack with a Silastic ring type gasket. HOC 0002^ 20 H0LLAN 7202-002149 WATER PCB-SD0000059731 b) Earth Refinement Response: Consists of treatment for 2.5 hours at 50-60C. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of properly conditioned Attapulgus clay and then filtration through dry filter paper. c) Analysis After Laboratory Earth Refinement: Properties Tested Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity . You will be notified of the results of this test series on your sample. Then aftei refining your entire transformer fluid fill you can check on the results by requesting the following analysis: Analysis 3) ANALYSIS AFTER EARTH REFINEMENT Total Charge: $30.00 (This charge will not apply when analyses 1 and 2 have already been made.) To determine whether the entire lot of the askarel fill responded to the same extent as the laboratory sample, (five-pint sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity To arrange for the tests described above write to the following address: Paul G. Benignus Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis 66, Missouri Samples to be tested should be clearly marked for identification and sent directly to: Monsanto Chemical Company W. G. Krummrich Laboratory Monsanto, Illinois Attention: R. Ruster HOL 00029? 22 | HOLLAN 7202-002151 WATER PCB-SD0000059732 APPENDIX C APPROXIMATE VAPOR PRESSURE vs. TEMPERATURE FOR TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Temperature 3C 40 60 80 100 120 140 Inerteen PPO, 7336-9 1 mm Hg. 5 9 30 60 90 Transformer Pyranol A13B3B 0.9 mm Hg. 3.5 8.3 18 32 53 APPENDIX D EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF ASKAREL Temperature C. . --60 --40 --20 0 20 40 60 80 Dielectric Strength 67 KV 63 57 55 50 50 48 45 APPENDIX E COMPARISON OF THE APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS AND MINERAL OIL Temp. 0 C. --20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Transformer Pyranol A13B3B 1,000 100 70 45 39 34 30 10-C Mineral Oil 1,000 150 85 49 40 34 30 Inerteen PPO, 7336-9 2,800 195 85 50 40 36 33 HOL 000299 24 HOLLAN 7202-002153 WATER_PCB-SD0000059733 APPENDIX K Seals, Properties and Procurement Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan with District's at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, Washington, D. C. and Toronto has available Bulletin 09-019, August 1962 entitled "Silastic Design Data". This lists the gasket fabricators throughout the country from whom the "Silastic 50" gasketing can be purchased in sheet, extrusions or molded shapes. Generally Silastic 50 sheet goods are stocked by local die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally. Usually, small quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type used to cut other elastomers. Where the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow-Corning advises use of a scarved joint. This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (clear) or their RTV 731 (white) materials, which air cure. Dow Corning points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic 50 in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator must oven cure the Silastic 50 for 24 hours at 480F. SPECIFICATIONS* Color.................................................. White Specific Gravity at 77F............... 1.20 =*= 0.02 ASTM D676 -- Hardness, Shore A. Scale........... 45 to 60 ASTM D412 -- Tensile Strength, psi. min.............................. 800 ASTM D412 -- Elongation, percent, min............................... 250 ASTM D395 -- Compression Set after 22 hours at 300F., percent, max................................... 30 * All physical properties measured on 0.075 inch thick samples molded 5 minutes at 240F., and oven cured 24 hours at 480F. General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., uses silicone or DuPont's Vi ton wherever it is not possible or desirable to weld. For some small seals, where good matching surfaces are provided, Flexitallic stainless steel rings are used. By contacting the Engineering Services Department of General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., users of Pyranol transformers made prior to develop ment of these modem seals will obtain prompt assistance for conversion. Users of askarel transformers made by other manufacturers should contact the original transformer manufacturer, or Monsanto for assistance in converting to these modern seals. HQL 000301 26 I | HOUAN 7202-002155 WATER PCB-SD0000059734 I t I ! 3 > . * MONSANTO FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS DEPT. 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVD. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166 The information herein regarding obtaining optimum results from askarel fluids in your transformer has been accumulated by Monsanto for over 30 years from the experience of makers and users of askarel transformers and it is believed will be helpful Nothing herein shall be construed as applying to other than askarel insulation. Data and maintenance suggestions herein do not apply to the other components of the transformer. All operating and maintenance suggestions recommended by the manufacturer of the transformer should also be carefully followed. Because these maintenance directions apply only to the askarel insulation, Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persons arising from transformer operation. 2-2420-0567.44 HOL 000303 I HOLLAN 7202-002157 Lilho in U.SJ WATER PCB-SD0000059735 WATER_PCB-SD0000059736 t ') i Monsanto 1 ASKAREL 1 Inspection and Maintenance Guide a i HOL 0002^0 4 HOLLAM 7202-002094 WATER_PCB-SD0000059737 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Page I. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 II. History of Trade Name Types....................................................................................... Table I -- The Composition of Transformer Askarels 1 III. Table II -- Official Transformer Askarel Shipping Specifications..................... A. General Electric Company's Transformer Pyranol A13B3B B. Westinghouse Transformer Inerteen PPO (7336-9) 2-3 IV. Interchangeability and Stability................................................................................... 4 V.Directions For Handling and PersonalPrecautions................................................... 4 VI. Expected Service Life...................................................................................................... 5 VII. Dielectric Strength -- MoistureRelationship............................................................ A. Table III -- Dielectric Strength vs. Amount of Dissolved Water in Askarel and Mineral oil B. Table IV -- Approximate Solubility of Water in Askarel and Mineral Oil. 5 VIII. Table V -- Typical Values Found in Askarel Fluid Under Various Con ditions of Use............................. ;...................................................................... ............. 6 IX. Check Points For Maintaining Askarel Insulation........................................ A. General Considerations B. Modern Sealing Procedures C. The Older Sealing Arrangements 9 X. Periodic Fluid Inspection............................................................................................. A. Visual Inspection B. Dielectric Strength 11 XI. Inspection Check List.................................................................................................... 12 XII. Contamination in Transformers................................................................................ A. Table VI -- Effect of Common Insulation Materials on Power Factor and Dielectric Strength B. Table VII -- Effect of Common Insulation Materials on VolumeResistivity 12 XIII. Refining Askarel For Re-Use...................................................................................... A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper To Remove Moisture and Extraneous Particles. Table VIII -- Guide to Rate of Dissolved Water Removal By Filtration. B. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and Volume-Resistivity 1. Procedure -2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers 3. Table IX -- Approximate Relationship Between Power Factor, Volume-Resistivity and Dielectric Strength of Transformer Askarel 14 XIV. Cleaning Arced Transformers..................................................................................... 15 XV. Sampling ASKAREL..................... .............................................................................. 17 HOLLAN 7202-002095 HQL 000241 WATER_PCB-SD0000059738 SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS _ Page I. Introduction............... ...................................................................................................... 18 II. Sources of Contamination............................................................................................. 18 III. Sealing Switches and Terminal Chambers................................................................ 19 IV. Asku.'el-filled Switches' Maintenance......................................................................... 19 SECTION C Monsanto Analytical Services on Transformer Askarel....................................... 21 Appendix A. Askarel Stability and Composition of ArcFormed Gas...................................... 23 B. Solubility of Gas in Transformer Askarel................................................................ 23 C. Approximate Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature ForTransformer Askarel. ... 24 D. Effect of Temperature on Dielectric Strengthof Askarel...................................... 24 E. Viscosity of Askarel and Mineral Oil........................................................................ '24 F. Density of Transformer Askarels................................................................................ 25 G. Thermal Conductivity.................................................................................................... 25 H. Heat Capacity................................................................................................................. 25 I. Coefficient of Expansion................................................................................................ 25 J. Fire-Resistance................................................................................................................. 25 K. Seals, Properties and Procurement.............................................................................. 26 HOL 000242 "1 HOLLAM 7202-002096 WATER_PCB-SD0000059739 SECTION A TRANSFORMER ASKAREL I. INTRODUCTION: This manual describes the operating characteristics of transformer askarel liquid insulation and how it differs from mineral oil. The information given is based on facts gathered by Monsanto over 30 years as producer of askarel, plus knowledge gained from the experience of transformer manufacturers and users. This guide is provided to outline the very simple mainte nance required for askarel fluid in "modern" transformers and to offer suggestions for the sealing and maintaining of askarel in old units. By following this guide, users will obtain maximum service from askarel insulation with a reasonable minimum of maintenance. If questions arise relating to the designing and building of transformers -- these should be referred to regular transformer suppliers. Monsanto gratefully acknowledges the assistance, guidance, and the contributions of certain data by the following: - Frank M. Clark Edward L. Raab. . . . James G. Ford......... George Shombert, Jr General Electric General Electric Westinghouse Electric .............Allis Chalmers II. HISTORY OF TRADE NAME TYPES "Askarel" is the generic name for non-combustible (fire-resistant) liquid insulation. In this respect, the insulation is completely different from ordinary transformer mineral oils. Transformer askarel is marketed by Monsanto. Whatever the trade marked brand, the askarel contains Monsanto's Aroclor (chlorobiphenyl) . . . one of the best liquid insulations developed by science. This inert compound is chemically stable, fire-resistant, heat stable, non-corrosive, and has high dielectric strength under the operating conditions encountered in transformers. HOLLAN 7202-002097 HQL 0002^3 WATER PCB-SD0000059740 Askarel liquid insulation is made by thinning Aroclor 1260 with trichlorobenzene or tri-, tetrachlorobenzene mix. The first transformer askarel was made in 1932, in accordance with General Electric Company's patents, and was trademarked Pyranol 1488. Westinghouse, too, offered this askarel insulation in 1936 under their trademark Inerteen. In the mid-1940's, as shown in the following table, tin tetraphenyl was added to General Electric's Pyranol to scavenge hydrogen chloride. Shortly thereafter, Westinghouse added phenoxy propene oxide to Inerteen for the same purpose. In 1963, General Electric replaced tin tetraphenyl with a diepoxide scavenger. This new formula, which replaces previous Pyranols, is called Transformer Pyranol A13B3B. Thus, today the two commercial types offormulations are General Electric's Transformer Pyranol A13B3B type and Westinghouse Inerteen PPO (7336-9) type. The composition changes made in transformer askarel formulations are shown in Table I. Table I THE COMPOSITION OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS 1488 Year Introduced............................. 1932 Ingredients: Aroclor 1260 .................................... Trichloro benzene............................ Tetrachlorobenzene.................. Tin tetraphenyl.......................... Phenoxy propene oxide.......... Diepoxide..................................... 60 40 Pyranol 1467 1470 1944 1952 60 40 0.125 45 40 15 0.125 A13B3B 1963 Inerteen 1936 45 60 40 40 15 0.125* III. Inerteen PPO (7336-9) 1945 60 40 0.20 OTHER BRAND NAMES Various electrical equipment manufacturers use other trade-marked names for askarel liquid insulation, such as Chlorextol (Allis-Chalmers); Nofiamol (Wagner Electric); Saf-T-Kuhl (Kuhlman Electric). These askarel insulating liquids are one or the other of the two standard formulations. Still other manufacturers, who designate their insulation only by its generic name, askarel, assign it a number or code. By this number, Monsanto knows whether to furnish Pyranol A13B3B or Inerteen PPO (7336-9) type formulation to the user. III. OFFICIAL TRANSFORMER ASKAREL SHIPPING SPECIFICATIONS The official shipping specifications for the two modern transformer askarel formulations are shown in Tabic II. 2 HQL 000244 HOILAN 7202-002098 WATER PCB-SD0000059741 3 HOL 000245 HOLLAM 7202-002099 WATER_PCB-SD0000059742 IV. INTERCHANGEABILITY AND STABILITY A. Interchangeability: The two general types of askarel insulation shown in Table II can be either mixed or interchanged and there will be no difference in the operation of the transformer. However, askarel insulation must never be mixed with mineral oil. Over 2*^ mineral oil in askarel begins to lower its fire resistance. Further, materials of construction in the transformer that are compatible with askarel may not be compatible with oil and vice-versa. For example: a significant amount of askarel in a transformer built for mineral oil will attack gaskets, adhesives, core bindings, impregnating varnishes, etc. B. Stability: Askarel liquid insulation is highly pure, fire-proof liquid made under close chemical control. It does not vary in composition like the commercial range of mineral oils. Askarel does not deteriorate when exposed to air, heat, hot metal; it does not break down over long use to form conducting or corrosive chemicals; it does not oxidize or sludge. Askarel will remain perfectly stable year after year unless broken down by exposure to severe arcing. The only real "enemy" of askarel is contamination by water. Keeping askarel water-free will insure long-time service. Askarel is heavier than water. If water gets into askarel insulation, only a tiny amount (125 ppm) dissolves -- the rest floats on top. V. DIRECTIONS FOR HANDLING A. Keep Dry: In handling, storing, sampling, inspecting askarel -- and in operating askarel transformers -- take every precaution to guard the askarel insulation from exposure to high humidity and moisture contamination. Keep 5, 30, or 55 gallon drums of askarel dry; lay stored drums on their sides with the bung at the highest point from floor to keep water off the drum head (which can be sucked into the askarel by the drum "breathing"). This precaution is not necessary when drums are stored indoors, which is the preferred way of -storing. B. Use Ordinary Personal Precautions: Transformer askarel has been made, handled, and used for over 30 years ..without causing toxic or other ill effects. It can be handled with only minor precautions. If accidentally spilled on hands, no serious skin irritation will -occur. However, liquid askarel has a solvent action (similar to paint thinner) on the fats and oils of the skin and prolonged contact may lead to drying and chapping of the skin. ^ 4 HOL 0002^6 mi HOL LAM 7202-002100 WATER_PCB-SD0000059743 In case of contact, wash off the skin with soap and water; remove and dry clean saturated clothing. Clean up spills with rags, sawdust or absorbent clay. Eye contact may result in painful irritation but no permanent damage to tissues. If askarel gets in the eyes, flush with large amounts of water. As with all eye first-aid, refer to a physician. To relieve irritation, physicians have used a 1% Pontocaine as well as opthalmic cortisone acetate solution, or castor oil. ' Infrequent exposure to askarel vapors will not cause ill effects. However, prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations should be avoided. If hot askarel must be handled in a closed or confined area, provide the area with ordinary exhaust ventilation -- or -- wear an organic cartridge respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines. 1 VI, EXPECTED SERVICE LIFE Properly designed and installed askarel transformers will give trouble-free service for a minimum of 30 years. Since their introduction in 1932, the manufacturers report finding the over-all failure rate to be less than 0.5% for all units under test and service conditions. The Edison Electric Institute's report (1956-1958) on their member utilities publishes the failure rate for askarel transformers as 0.13 per hundred banks per year. Even the rare reports of failure are invariably found to be due to improper sealing that allows moisture to enter. 1 VII. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH -- MOISTURE RELATIONSHIP 1 The dielectric strength of askarel is highly sensitive to excess moisture; not sensitive to ordinary dissolved contaminants. While the dielectric strength can also be lowered ~i by severe arcing, askarel turns noticeably black or has particles of sooty carbon floating in it if arcing has occurred. Then the transformer should be repaired and the askarel replaced. 'i New askarel has a minimum dielectric strength of 35 KV at 25; a maximum mois ture content of 30 ppm. If the dielectric strength is checked periodically and decreases 1 significantly -- this indicates moisture pick-up, arcing, or both. When the dielectric strength has dropped to 26 KV or less, an analysis for water is necessary. If water is found in excess of 100 ppm at 25 C., its source should be located and corrections made. - When the moisture content approaches 125 ppm (saturation level), the dielectric strength of askarel drops below the value required for efficient insulating. The moisture content should not be allowed to rise over 70 ppm; it should be held as near as~. possible to 30 ppm. Maintaining a low moisture level will assure high dielectric strength and top operating efficiency. ! J Table III shows the relationship of dielectric strength vs. moisture and Table IV indicates the approximate water solubility limits in askarel and mineral oil.5 1 5 1 HOL 0002 H1 !,' ; j HOLLAM 7202-002101 WATER_PCB-SD0000059744 Table HI RELATION OF "BREAKDOWN STRENGTH" TO AMOUNT OF DISSOLVED WATER IN ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Breakdown Voltage (ASTM) Water Content (PPM) Askarel Mineral Oil 0 70 KV 50 KV 20 55 39 40 47 30 60 40 26 80 38 22 110 10 5 Table IV APPROXIMATE SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AND MINERAL OIL Temperature Amount of Water (PPM) Dissolved C. F. Askarel .Mineral Oil --30 --20 -- 10 0 10 20 30 40 --22 --4 14 32 50 68 86 104 8 16 28 41 65 94 128 170 8 10 13 20 33 58 85 130 TURBIDITY . . . may be the visual sign of undissolved water, or may indicate contamination from core materials, dirt, or deteriorating construction materials. Cloudiness may also result from cold precipitation of tin tetraphenyl "scavenger" that was used in the earlier Pyranols. This scavenger begins to come out of solution around 15F. above zero. To redissolve it requires heating to 150 - 200F. and agitation. High dielectric strength will quickly indicate that any turbidity present is not moisture; that the insulating efficiency of the askarel is still excellent. However, if the dielectric strength is below 26 KV, moisture should be determined, using the Karl Fischer method (ASTM D1533-60). The dielectric strength test for askarel serves primarily as an indicator for moisture. It is by far the most important maintenance test for transformer askarel. VIII. TYPICAL VALUES FOUND IN ASKAREL FLUID UNDER VARIOUS USE CONDITIONS Table V gives the entire spectrum of properties that are typical for freshly-made transformer askarel as it goes through the various normal and abnormal conditions , of use. The data in Table V are in terms of only the askarel fluid and do not refer to insulation resistance or power factor measurements on the over-all transformer insulation. Several utilities studying the power factor values of the over-all transformer insulation system indicate that the unit power factor of a new askarel transformer should range from 1% to not over 5%. This would generally correspond with the askarel fluid properties as given under heading "B".6 6 HOL IHOLLAN 000246 7202-002102 WATER_PCB-SD0000059745 WATER PCB-SD0000059746 7202-002103 oooz^9 HOLLAM HOL New askarel Askarel in prop- A fle r norm al oper- Non-arced but Same askarel as e rly* built new or alion; a survey o f slightly contam i- in Colum n D -- Heavily arced askarel due to I i I Starting ideally with situation "B", it is normal to expect the power factor of the fluid in a satisfactorily operating askarel Transformer to increase as shown under heading "C". The "over-all" power factor of the transformer in normal service is expected to rise, but preferably not much beyond 5^. In this normal situation, the moisture level of the askarel fluid and its dielectric strength will be satisfactory, as shown in ) heading "C". Occasionally the power factor of a non-arced, satisfactorily-operating askarel transformer is found to be relatively high, i.e.. 15^. In this case, the power factor i of the askarel fluid will also be high, perhaps as high as 50r'c at 20C. and 60 cycles. It is not good practice merely to note that high power' factor of the askarel fluid is 1 to be expected. The important step is to check dielectric strength and note whether there has been a downward trend. A downward trend in dielectric strength very likely indicates moisture entrance and should be confirmed by a Karl Fischer test 1 for water. The importance of any abnormalities in dielectric strength and moisture content of the askarel fluid cannot be overemphasized! Where abnormal values for the dielec 1 tric strength or moisture content occur, the power factor of the transformer can be expected to be abnormally high; the expected high power factor of the askarel fluid will induce this. 1 The indication that a high power factor on the transformer and on the fluid is due to contamination can be verified by earth refining the askarel fluid and noting whether after refining the test results correspond with heading "E". Assuming no mechanical defect or arcing, if the power factor of a new askarel transformer is relatively high, the power factor of the fluid will also be high, giving i the situation under heading "D". This reflects contamination that should have been removed by the manufacturer of the transformer. In absence of mechanical defect, where there are no abnormal losses in dielectric strength, and no moisture pick-up in non-arced askarel -- the use history shows that a relatively high power factor for the askarel fluid (as compared with mineral oil) is to be expected. Normally, high power factor is due to contamination and not deterioration of the askarel operation. As shown by F. M. Clark in his book, "Insulating Materials For Design and I Engineering Practice," John Wiley & Sons, N. Y., 1962 -- activated alumina can be used in the circulating system to bring the power factor down and keep it as low as possible.8 i 1 1 1 8 HQL 000250 i "j BOLLAN 7202-002104 WATER PCB-SD0000059747 IX. CHECK POINTS FOR MAINTAINING ASKAREL INSULATION A. General Considerations: Modern askarei transformers with welded construction or silicone gaskets for hand hole-cover, switch and terminal compartment covers, with properly constructed bushings require little or no maintenance. With properly con structed transformers, annual or semi-annual visual inspection and dielectric strength test of the askarei fluid should suffice for routine maintenance checking over many years of service. However, many.askarei units were installed in the early 1930's -- before the development of some of the better modern gasketing materials and before improved designs were developed for sealing out moisture. Such early units should be, and can be, modernized. Leaky or deteriorated gaskets should be replaced. If the askarei has become contaminated, it should be reconditioned. At the same time, a general clean-up of the unit and possible refinishing may be desirable. If it is not convenient to take an old transformer out of service for general _ repairs, leaky gaskets can be sealed temporarily by painting over the leaky area with epoxy cement. A survey of users indicates a good number of early-built askarei transformers (over 20 years old) are kept in continuous service in critical installations by the following steps (instead of modernization). The operating units are equipped with compound pressure gauges for reading pressure above and below atmospheric. Positive pressure is maintained on the shell by introducing nitrogen at 2 to 3 pounds above atomspheric. Regular workmen in the area daily record the temperature and pressure. If a sudend pressure drop is noted more nitrogen is introduced and the gaskets are checked for leaks with soap solution. Leaks are sealed by applying epoxy cement. B. Modern Sealing Procedures: Transformer purchasers should specify the following modern techniques for sealing: 1, Welding Construction: Covers, radiator connections, switch and terminal housings, instrument connections, etc. should be welded. 2, Bushing Connections: The most satisfactory bushings are the type with rolled-on flanges and two ring seals rolled into a depression in the porcelain -- sealed with silicone rubber rings held under compression. Metal-to-glass or metal-to-porcelain sealed bushings are also satisfactory. If for any reason the above type bushings cannot be used then use a por celain or glass bushing with a silicone or Viton gasket retained in a groove. The gasket can be either rectangular or circular cross section, usually lA inch thick. 3, Small Size Connections: When not possible to weld, small size connection seals should be made with Flexitallie stainless steel rings. The surfaces must be machined and parallel. The filler between the steel laminations of.the Flexitallic ring should be either silicone or Viton. HOLLAM 7202-002105 HOL 000251 WATER_PCB-SD0000059748 4. Gaskets For Hand-Hole Covers: Modern design specifies silicone gaskets. Such gaskets must be retained in a groove. The groove preferably is machined into the flange or cover. However, it can also be formed by welding concentric steel strips to the flange or the cover. Generally the gaskets should be y16 to */2 inch thick for covers, depending on the depth of the groove. A rectangular section is usually used. The silicone material should be Dow-Corning No. 50 Silastic or equivalent. This is a low compression set material. For best sealing 20 to 25^ compres sion is recommended, with ample clearance in the groove to allow for this compression. No cement is required. With reasonable care the gasket is removable without damage and is reusable. Silastic 50 is slightly swelled by askarel which contributes to the tightness of the seal. It is not deteriorated by askarel fluid or vapors. It resists weather ing and it is thermally stable and flexible at all operating temperatures. It is an excellent moisture barrier. Notes: a. Dow-Corning, Midland, Michigan will supply a list of Silastic 50 gasket fabricators to all transformer manufacturers or users. They will also furnish technical data. b. Any user of Pyranol transformers, made by General Electric Company at Rome, Ga., will receive prompt and generous help F>r converting to the modern silicone or Viton gaskets by contacting the General Electric Company's Service Engineering Department at Rome, Ga. ' See Appendix K: Seals, Properties and Procurements. C. The Older Sealing Arrangements: The older type gaskets consist of either cork or cork-nitrile rubber combinations or straight nitrile rubber. 1. Cork-Nitrile Combinations: Covers for the main tank, hand-holes, switch and terminal chambers, relief diaphrams etc. are held in place by studs welded to the flange or by bolts. The gaskets are cut with openings and placed over the bolts. Often Shellac (Westinghouse Style No. 1150419, or General Electric Company's Glyptal 1276) is used to cement the cork to the flanges. The following is recommended for sealing with the cork -- nitrile rubber combination: Use Armstrong NC-757 cork-nitrile material or equivalent. The gasket can be cut from a single sheet or by scarfing strips of the material. A convenient method for joining strips is to make a Keystone Type joint. For this. Westinghouse, Sharon, Pa., offers their gasket cutter Style No. 328 B6I4 G01, (about S15). - The joints should be cemented and the gasket also cemented to the flange, using one of the above cements. Excess cement should not be allowed ta> reach the interior of the transformer. 10 ^ >:j HOLLAN 7202-002106 HOL 000252 WATER PCB-SD0000059749 After installation and bolting, the outside edge of the gasket should becoated thoroughly with epoxy cement to increase weather resistance. This epoxy cement is a paste to which a curing catalyst is added immediately before use. Typical are: a. Epoxy Patch Kit #1-C Hysol Corporation, Olean, N. Y. b. Scotchcast Resin ft4 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co. St. Paul, Minnesota c. Adhesive A-l and Activator Type B Armstrong Products Company Argonne Rd., Warsaw, Ind. d. Adhesive 9860-1, Synthetics Organic Company, Cleveland, Ohio, used with activator diethylene triamine (Carbide and Carbon Chem. Co.) 2. Straight Nitrile Rubber: When straight nitrile rubber was originally used, invariably the gasket was recessed in a groove. This was to prevent gasket flow and to protect the material against excessive compression. Although this type seal was not cemented, the nitrile rubber gasket is not reuseable. Since grooves or stops have already been provided for the nitrile rubber seal, Silastic 50 can be easily substituted and is recommended. This conforms with modern practice. X. PERIODIC FLUID INSPECTION AND WHAT CHECKPOINTS MEAN On a regular schedule -- at six, nine, or twelve month intervals -- make a simple visual inspection of your askarel insulation and run a dielectric strength check. A. Visual Inspection: Askarel is a clear, faint-yellow liquid. After long-term use this color may gradually intensify to light brown. The fluid should remain clear and free from turbidity or cloudiness. Any color change -- such as to a green, red or blue cast -- indicates extraction of impurities from the solid insulation. If a distinct foreign color pick-up is noted, check the complete range of electrical characteristics and notify the transformer maker. The electrical characteristics may be found to be unim paired. Color change alone (except for black) is not a danger signal since the contamination is not likely to impair the dielectric strength. B. Dielectric Strength: If the dielectric strength has decreased significantly from the last inspection, or if it has gradually decreased below 26 KV range (at 25C.) -- RUN A CHECK FOR MOISTURE. Use ASTM D901, D877 (Karl Fischer Method). The dielectric strength of askarel is the major indicator to the operating efficiency of your liquid insulation and of the askarel transformer itself. Besides the "visual" inspection tests, dielectric strength is the only test necessary to run on -a routine basis. Well-sealed askarel transformers have service records of 25 to 30 years on the original askarel. New askarel has a minimum dielectric strength of 35 KV at 35C, a maximum moisture content of 30 ppm. HOL 000253 IHH HOL LAN 7202-002107 WATER_PCB-SD0000059750 XI. INSPECTION CHECK LIST 1. If askarel is clear, even though darkened to light brown; has no sediment or turbidity; has dielectric strength over 26 KV . . . give it the inspection "OK". 2. If askarel is clear; has foreign color of blue, green, red ... it is "extracting color" from internal materials. This is not. of itself, an operating hazard when the dielectric strength stays over 26 KV and moisture remains low'. However, this rare occur rence calls for checking into condition of the interior construction and consulting the transformer maker. 3. If askarel is clear; but dielectric strength drops to 22 or lower KV, and moisture rises over 80 ppm . . . the askarel is ready for simple "refining". If the moisture is near the saturation level (about 125 ppm), a thorough inspection should be made for water droplets in the transformer tank, and even for "globules" or water floating on the askarel surface. If found, the transformer manufacturer should be consulted for reconditioning both the transformer and the fluid. 4. If askarel is dark brown to black: if black particles of carbon are seen; and dielectric strength is low . . . the askarel has been broken down by arcing. It cannot be refined and should be discarded. If any of these four simple inspection tests appear out of the ordinary, or the relationship between appearance and test values is abnormal--contact your transformer supplier for a complete analysis. Whenever a sample is to be shipped to Monsanto, please follow the directions shown under: "SAMPLING ASKAREL". XU. CONTAMINATION IN TRANSFORMERS Unlike mineral oil which can oxidize, sludge and deteriorate -- askarel breaks down in transformer use only when strongly arced. Thus, while askarel does not decompose in normal use -- it can be contaminated more readily than the relatively non-polar mineral oil. For example the following Table VI shows how a small amount of synthetic rubber or a bit of varnished cloth markedly increases the power factor of the askarel. Please note, however, that such minor contamination has no adverse effect on the dielectric strength. As explained, moisture entrance through faulty seals seems the only contaminant in normal use that lowers the dielectric strength of transformer askarel. 12 7202-002108 HQL 000254 WATER PCB-SD0000059751 Table VI EFFECT OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS ON POWER FACTOR AND DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (HEAT AGED 96 HOURS IN ASKAREL AT 100C.) Material Immersed None (control)................................................ ... Black varnished cloth.................................. . . . Copper............................................................... ... Pressboard........................................................ ... Manila paper................................................... ... Phenol formaldehyde resins...................... ... . Shellac................................................................ ... Iron...................................................................... ... Synthetic rubber............................................. . . . Askarel After Exposure Power Factor, Percent at 60 eye.. 100C. Dielectric Strength 25 C. 1.0 85.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.6 6.0 5.0 70.0 35 KV 42 40 37 39 41 36 39 39 Similarly, trace contaminants from commonly used construction materials can lower the volume - resistivity of askarel, without affecting its dielectric strength. Table VII shows this. Table VII EFFECT OF COMMON INSULATION MATERIALS ON VOLUME RESISTIVITY OF ASKAREL Sample 1. New askarel before heat aging................................ 2. New askarel after heat aging 96 hours at 100C, 3. After heat aging with 1 sq. inch specimens of: a. Phenolic resin tap changer material................ b. Paper....................... '................................................... c. Grade A press board (tan).................................. d. Grade A press board (gray)................................ e. Grade A press board, laminated strip............ f. Cotton wrapping..................................................... g. Glyptal 1276 cement, cured 48 hrs. at 110C. Volume Resistivity x 109 ohm-cm (at 100C., 500 Volts DC., 0.1* gap) 2,000 1,900 1,200 750 500 500 400 300 100 While trace contamination easily lowers volume resistivity from high levels, it is important as previously noted in Table V Case F, that heavy contamination (as when arced) does not lower the resistivity below the order of 109 ohm-cm. at 100C. The different behavior of askarel vs. mineral oil in these respects can be summarized as follows: High power factor and low volume resistivity in transformer mineral oils are commonly regarded as "danger signals" that the oil has deteriorated and broken down chemically. This is NOT TRUE of askarel liquid insulation, unless the dielectric strength is low. 1 1 13 HOLLAN 7202-002109 HOL 000255 WATER PCB-SD0000059752 XIII. REFINING ASKAREL FOR RE-USE A. Filtering Through Dry Blotter Paper to Remove Moisture and Extraneous Partciles : Most operators prefer portable refining apparatus, such as a plate press fitted with a dolly, (available from Sparkler, Mundelein, 111., Westinghouse Main tenance and Repair Dept., Chicago, or General Electric Co., Pittsfield, Mass.); or the earthen cartridge filter type, (available from Industrial Filter Corp., Lebanon, Ind.). Filter paper liners for the plate press are available from Carl Schleicher and Schuell Company, Keane, New Hampshire and manufacturers of filter presses listed above. The filter paper must be dried immediately before use. For best results, spread the paper for maximum surface exposure in a hot air circulating oven and heat it for 4 to 6 hours at 110C. If possible do not take the transformer out of service until ready to filter the fluid. This will keep the transformer coils relatively hot and dry. Processing the fluid should start immediately after de-energizing the unit. - Circulate the askarel hot (but not over 55-60C.) through the filter fitted with the dry paper liners. After filtration the dielectric strength of the askarel should be 35 KV minimum. 1. Precautions: Filtering should not be done when the relative humidity exceeds 75%. Any flexible hoses and gaskets on the refining equipment should be lined with or made of materials that will not be softened by contact with askarel fluid. (Silicone or Teflon-lined, or flexible metal materials are suitable.) Table VIII GUIDE TO RATE OF DISSOLVED WATER REMOVAL BY FILTERING ASKAREL THROUGH A PAPER PRESS Passes Through Paper Press 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water in Askarel PPM 115 35 22 18 12 10 10 14 j HOLLAN 7202-002110 HOL 000256 WATER_PCB-SD0000059753 B. Earth Treatment for Maximum Improvement of Power Factor and VolumeResistivity : 1. Procedure: (The askarel liquid should be relatively dry prior to the following earth filtration.) Use finely divided Attapulgus clay or Fuller's earth (dried and activated by heating for 12 hours at 300-350F. immediately prior to use) as a coating on ^he filter paper surface. The amount of earth used should be 0.1 to 0.2 per cent by weight on the weight of the askarel to be treated. (Askarel weighs about 13 pounds per gallon). To deposit the earth evenly, stir one-third of the earth with a small portion of askarel in a clean container. Pump the mixture through the filter and follow with two more one-third portions. Then circulate askarel taken from near the top of the transformer, pass it hot (not over 55-60C.) through the earth coated filter and feed back through the bottom transformer outlet. Continue circulation until the fluid is clear and test shows that the electrical properties are fully restored. 2. Effect of Earth on Removal of Scavengers: Only slight and insignificant loss (by selective absorption) of tintetraphenyl and epoxides occurs when askarel is refined by treatment with 0.1 to 0.2 per cent by weight of earth. To remove significant amounts of the scavengers requires repetitious treatment with much larger amounts of earth. 3. Table IX -- Approximate Relationship Between Power Factor, Volume Resistivity and Dielectric Strength of Transformer Askarel: - Power Factor f60 eye.) 100C. 25C. 2% 5% 15 % 20-25% 40-50% 0.05% 0.1% 0.7% 2.0% -- Volume Resistivity x 109 ohm-cm. (at 100C.. 500 Volts DC.. 0.1' gap) 1500 500 100 60-70 25 Dielectric Strength 25C., 0.1' gap 35 KV 35 35 35 35 If it is desired (although these factors are not generally considered important for askarel transformers), to keep the power factor as low as possible and the resistivity as high as possible, hang a container of anhydrous alumina or activated clay in the circulating system of the transformer. XIV. CLEANING ARCED TRANSFORMERS If a unit has arced so that the askarel is no longer fit for use, a thorough cleaning of the unit is necessary before refilling with new askarel insulation and returning it to service*. Follow this procedure: 15 HOLLAN 7202-002111 HOL 000257 WATER PCB-SD0000059754 A. Drain out ail dark, carbon-contaminated askarel. (Discard by dumping or burying where it will not contaminate a water supply.) B. Carefully brush carbon deposits from internal parts and insulation, using a soft bristle brush making sure that insulation is not damaged. C. Flush thoroughly using new askarel (not an oil, not a cleaning solvent). D. Flush a second time with fresh askarel; drain; then fill to the proper level with new askarel. E. Energize transformer to warm the fluid for 24 to 48 hours; then circulate the askarel through a filter, returning it to the unit filtered and ready for use. * This assumes that the cause of arcing has been established and corrections made. When severe arcing occurs, major repairs are usually necessary and the unit rebuilt. This procedure can be applied for flushing out repaired units. 1 I 1 1 ! 1 1 i 1 1 1 I 16 1 HQL 000258 | "j HOILAN 7202-002112 WATER PCB-SD0000059755 XV. SAMPLING ASKAREL Take a sample as close to the top of the liquid surface as possible. (Many large askarel transformers have a built-in sampling tube near the surface for convenient sampling). Then, to make sure that your SAMPLE truly represents your askarel insulation, take another sample from the bottom. If additional sampling tube connections are contrived on the valves for easier sampling, make the tubes of clean glass, stainless steel, aluminum or tin for rigid types; and silicone or Teflon tubing for flexible types. Use NEW containers for the askarel sample. A new and thoroughly pre-dried smallmouth quart glass bottle fitted with a Bakelite screw cap fitted with an aluminum or tin bottle cap liner is recommended for "quick on-the-site testing." (If complete analysis is to be made, a 5-pint size sample is required). Be sure that the new bottle does not stand open to collect dust or moisture. Rinse the sample bottle and cap lining two or three times with askarel from the transformer; then fill it. If the sample will be tested promptly, a clear glass bottle can be used. If sample is to be stored indefinitely, use an amber glass bottle or wrap clear glass with aluminum foil. A. Select a dry day. Do not sample insulation on a warm, moist day when humidity exceeds 75^, and . . . B. Make sure that the askarel is at least as warm as the surrounding air. (Cold liquids can condense moisture from humid air.) C. When sampling askarel from transformers, it is best to take the sample when the unit is warm and operating at average or maximum load. Especially as a check on moisture (as reflected by a dielectric strength test), sampling the warm askarel more truly represents its condition during operation. Experience shows that water will migrate from a transformer's solid insulation to the askarel liquid and vice versa, depending on temperature. Therefore, when the transformer is hot, the moisture is most likely to be found in the liquid. This accounts largely for periodic variations in dielectric strength. For example: a relatively high dielectric strength may be found during winter months and a relatively low dielectric strength during the summer months on samples taken from the same unit. I17 HOILAN 7202-002113 HOL 000259 WATER_PCB-SD0000059756 SECTION B ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS I. INTRODUCTION: High voltage leads are usually connected to askarel or mineral oil-filled network transformers and power centers through terminal chambers and switches. In some cases terminal chambers are not used, and the high voltage leads are connected directly to the switch terminals. They may be filled with either askarel or mineral oil. Switches are usually rotary or drum type fitted with a revolving block and porcelain unit as the principal element arranged for three-phase service. (A cutaway view of a typical terminal chamber-switch combination is shown for reference.) Askarel transformers with attached switches have been in use for about 30 years. When they were first introduced, the availability of insulating and gasketing materials was rather limited and even the best materials at the time had no service history. As a result, inadequate gasketing materials such as cork, nitrile rubber, and nitrile rubber-and-cork particles were used. While satisfactory for a limited period of time, these materials cannot be depended on for the expected long life of the equipment. The terminal chamber is usually above or below the switch compartment and separated by a steel wall through which the bushings are inserted. When bushings are properly selected and correctly installed, there is no leakage from one compart ment to the other. With poor bushing seals, and the terminal chamber above the switch, potting compounds or cable oil can seep into the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch, askarel can drain into the terminal chamber. II. SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION There are three possible sources of contamination for askarel in switches and terminal chambers; they rank in this order of frequency: (1) water entering through poor gaskets; (2) decomposition products from arcing when switch is used to break magnetizing current; (3) entrance of pothead or cable compounds through leaky bushing seals. . Unlike an askarel transformer where the amount of contaminant is likely to be very small (probably only trace amounts) in relation to the volume of askarel fluid -- in switches or terminal chambers with faulty seals, the amount of contamination can be relatively large. im HOLLAJ4 7202-002114 HOL 000260 WATER_PCB-SD0000059757 Experience has shown that, based on the number of installed askarel-switch units, the percentage of failures is extremely small. When investigated, it has been found that most failures originate in the switch chamber. Water is the chief source of contamination. However, heavy contamination of askarel with petrolatum and asphalt material, due to leakage, have caused a few failures. Petrolatum is used frequently for filling terminal chambers. When either cable oil or petrolatum seeps into askarel, no great harm results. The fire resistance will be somewhat decreased and power factor of the askarel will increase with an accom panying drop in resistivity. While highly undesirable, it is doubtful that failure of the unit results. Where asphaltic compounds are used in place of petrolatum, the danger is increased somewhat because asphaltic contamination may cause exces sively high dielectric losses in the askarel. When the terminal chamber is below the switch chamber, the potting compound can be contaminated by askarel if the bushing seals are leaky. This is undesirable because the askarel will increase the power factor and conductivity of the potting compound or cable oil and develop heat from dielectric loss. If this mixture is drawn into the cable insulation, a cable failure is likely. This again emphasizes the impor tance of tight bushing assemblies. III. SEALING SWITCHES AND TERMINAL CHAMBERS Proper bushing construction, use of Silastic seals and welding wherever possible is highly desirable (as covered in Section A). Where an elastomeric seal is to be used in contact with both askarel and petroleum oil, DuPont's Viton is suggested. For new equipment the user should specify these modern sealing arrangements to keep out contaminants and minimize maintenance. IV. MAINTENANCE FOR ASKAREL FILLED SWITCHES A. Switches used for grounding after power source has been de-energized will not undergo arcing. B. Switches interrupting magnetizing current will be subject to arcing; the amount of decomposition will depend on power interrupted, time and frequency of oper ation. As a general rule, the liquid should be checked after 5 to 10 operations. 9 19 HOL 000261 i HOLLAN 7202-002115 WATER PCB-SD0000059758 1. On newly installed switches, check the askarel at 3, 6 and 12 month intervals; if found satisfactory, check once annually thereafter. With proper attention to the gasketing of covers and bushings, experience will probably indicate that less frequent inspection is warranted. 2. Check askarel for: a. Dielectric strength (ASTM D877): It should be 26 KV minimum. If dielectric strength is low, confirm presence of water by Karl Fischer method ASTM D-1533. Filter to remove moisture. Dielectric strength should then be 30 KV minimum. b. Presence of carbon from arcing: Fluid should be relatively free of carbon. If badly arced and very black, replace fluid. If only minute amounts of carbon are present, filtration is recommended. Check power factor of liquid (should not be over 5^ at 25CC. and 60 cycles). Flush out switch chamber with several gallons of fresh askarel before refilling. 3. If there is discoloration, high power factor, detectable change in specific gravity or refractive index, or if fluid flashes below 250QF., there is a possibility of seepage of potting compound into the switch compartment. In this case, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements and fill with new askarel. 4. If terminal chamber is below switch, check potting compound for presence of askarel (can usually be detected by odor or by an increase in specific gravity). If askarel is present, correct any leaky bushing seals with proper replacements, and renew compounds. 5. Examine cover gaskets visually. Deterioration can be detected by swelling and cracking of the exposed edge. In cases of severe deterioration, liquid seepage is usually present. 6. Check for leakage at packing gland of switching shaft. If leaking, repack with a Silastic ring type gasket. 20 HQL 000262 HOLLAH 7202-002116 WATER PCB-SD0000059759 SECTION C ANALYTICAL SERVICES ON TRANSFORMER ASKAREL AVAILABLE FROM MONSANTO Transformer users not wishing to make their own fluid analyses can obtain the service from Monsanto. Simply contact Monsanto and specify what analyses are wanted. You will be sent the proper-sized sample container filled with fresh askarel. When you receive this, empty it and carefully take your sample (following the procedure for sampling in this guide). Send the container to Monsanto's laboratory. Charges listed include sample container, shipping, handling and laboratory costs. Types of Analyses Available Analysis 1) ROUTINE MAINTENANCE CHECK Total Charge: S20.00 To determine the general condition of the fluid and find whether further analysis is neces sary. (one-quart sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Dielectric Strength Moisture You will be notified of the results of this test. If further testing is indicated, and you want a complete analysis, you will be sent a five-pint sample container. This sample will be used for the following series of tests: Analysis 2) COMPLETE ANALYSIS Total Charge: S50.00 (a) To determine the extent of fluid contamination, (b) earth refinement to determine what degree of restoration of electrical and insulating properties is possible, (c) check test to see how the fluid responded to earth treatment. a) Complete Analysis: to determine the extent of contamination Properties Tested Color and Condition Specific Gravity Refractive Index Water .. Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity HGL 000263 HOLLAN 7202-002117 _ WATER_PCB-SD0000059760 b) Earth Refinement Response: ' Consists of treatment for 2.5 hours at 50-60C. with 0.1 to 0.2 percent by weight of properly conditioned Attapulgus clay and then filtration through dry filter paper. c) Analysis After Laboratory Earth Refinement: Properties Tested Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity . You will be notified of the results of this test series on your sample. Then aftei refining your entire transformer fluid fill you can check on the results by requesting the following analysis: Analysis 3) ANALYSIS AFTER EARTH REFINEMENT Total Charge: S30.00 (This charge will not apply when analyses 1 and 2 have already been made.) To determine whether the entire lot of the askarel fill responded to the same extent as the laboratory sample, (five-pint sample required) Properties Tested Color and Condition Refractive Index Water Free Chlorides Acidity Dielectric Strength Power Factor, Dielectric Constant, and Resistivity To arrange for the tests described above write to the following address: Paul G. Benignus Monsanto Chemical Company 800 North Lindbergh Blvd. St. Louis 66, Missouri Samples ta be tested should be clearly marked for identification and sent directly to: Monsanto Chemical Company W. G. Krummrich Laboratory Monsanto, Illinois Attention: R. Kuster HOL IHOLLAN 000264 7202-002118 WATER PCB-SD0000059761 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX A -- Askarel Stability and Composition of Arc Formed Gas: Askarel insulation is one of the most inert, chemically-stable heat resistant, non corrosive liquids known. It will not break down, oxidize or sludge when exposed ) to air and high temperatures, 150C. or even somewhat higher. Arcing, however, will break down the compound to liberate some hydrogen chloride and small amounts of carbon. l APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION ARC FORMED GAS FROM TRANSFORMER ASKAREL *1 Gas Amount carbon monoxide............................. carbon dioxide.................................. i oxygen.................................................. inert gases........................................... hydrogen chloride............................ 0.3 per cent 0.3 0.6 . . 1.5 97.3 (note the absence of phosgene) This arc-formed gas is non-flammable and non-combustible. These requirements must be met in accordance with the Underwriters' Laboratory for permission to use the term askarel. Mineral oil evolves combustible hydrogen and hydrocarbon gases. 1 For all practical purposes, the amount of gas liberated from mineral oil or askarel under a given set of conditions is about 100 cubic centimeters per kilowatt-second. I APPENDIX B Carbon dioxide................. Air.......................................... Nitrogen............................... Hydrogen chloride1 .... 1) In absence of scavenger SOLUBILITY OF GAS IN TRANSFORMER ASKAREL Percent of Gas By Volume 25 C. 760 mm Corrected to: oc. 760 mm 25 C. 100C. 25 C. I00C. 71% 5.7 6.0 47% 4.9 4.8 -- 5.8 5.5 -- 5.0 4.4 37.8 50.9 -- -- -1 i 1 9 i 23 hol 000265 - j J HOLLAN 7202-002119 , WATER_PCB-SD0000059762 APPENDIX C APPROXIMATE VAPOR PRESSURE vs. TEMPERATURE FOR TRANSFORMER ASK.AREL Temperature C 40 60 80 100 120 140 Inerteen PPO. 7336-9 1 mm Hg. 5 9 30 60 90 Transformer Pyranol A13B3B 0.9 mm Hg. 3.5 8.3 18 32 53 APPENDIX D EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF ASK.AREL Temperature "C. --60 --40 --20 0 20 40 60 80 Dielectric Strength 67 KV 63 57 55 50 50 48 45 APPENDIX E COMPARISON QF THE APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY IN SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS OF TRANSFORMER ASKARELS AND MINERAL OIL Temp. 0 C. --20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Transformer Pyranol A13B3B 1,000 100 70 45 39 34 30 10-C Mineral Oil 1,000 150 85 49 40 34 30 Inerteen PPO. 7336-9 2,800 195 85 50 40 36 33 HQL 000266 . HOLLAN 7202-002120 WATER_PCB-SD0000059763 APPENDIX F THE DENSITY OF INERTEEN PPO 7336-9 AND TRANSFORMER PYRANOL A13B3B Approx. Density gm/cc. Temperature C. Inerteen PPO, 7336-9 Transformer Pyranol A13B3B 0 1.574 1.577 20 1.552 1.555 40 1.529 1.532 60 1.507 1.510 80 1.485 1.488 APPENDIX G The thermal conductivity values of transformer Pyranol A13B3B at 27C. and 58C. are 26.2 and 25.8 x 10'3 calories centimeters'1, degrees centrigradesecond'1, respectively. Or, approximately 0.06 BTU per (hr.) (sq. ft.) (F.) per foot. This same approximation applies to Inerteen PPO (7336-9). APPENDIX H Heat Capacity Over the temperature range of 253 to 125C. the specific heat of transformer askarel is close to 0.30 calories per gram per degree. APPENDIX I Coefficient of Expansion The average coefficient of expansion of transformer askarel over the temperature range 20 to 100C. is 0.007 cc/cc jC. One gallon would increase to 1.056 gallons on heating from 20 to 100C. APPENDIX J Fire-Resistance To use the generic name "askarel," the fluids must be approved by the Underwriters' Laboratories as possessing adequate fire-resistance and freedom from forming explosive gases when arced. These liquids do not have a burn point (ASTM D92-33) (Cleveland open cup method) up to about 205C., at which temperatures they begin to boil. The significance of this is that they do not burn or support combustion under conditions encountered in transformer operation. Thus the danger of secondary explosion (or fire) is eliminated. 25 hol HOILAN 7202-002121 WATER PCB-SD0000059764 APPENDIX K Seals, Properties and Procurement Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan with District's at Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Los Angeles, New York City, Washington, D. C. and Toronto has available Bulletin 09-019, August 1962 entitled "Silastic Design Data". This lists the gasket fabricators throughout the country from whom the "Silastic 50" gasketing can be purchased in sheet, extrusions or molded shapes. Generally Silastic 50 sheet goods are stocked by local die cutters, hence, could be generally purchased locally. Usually, small quantities of gaskets are die cut. If larger quantities are needed, tools are made of the same type used to cut other elastomersWhere the gasket is extruded for fitting into a machined groove or between gasket stops, Dow-Corning advises use of a scarved joint. This joint is then cemented using Dow Coming's Silastic 140 (clear) or their RTV 731 (white) materials, which air cure. Dow Corning points out that the local "rubber" fabricators purchase the Silastic 50 in billet form. This is worked on a roll mill in preparation for sheeting or extrusion. Then to obtain the desired physical properties the fabricator must oven cure the Silastic 50 for 24 hours at 480F. SPECIFICATIONS* Color................................................... White Specific Gravity at 77F................1.20 = 0.02 ASTM D676 -- Hardness. Shore A. Scale........... 45 to 60 ASTM D412 -- Tensile Strength, psi. min...............................800 ASTM D412 -- Elongation, percent, min................................ 250 ASTM D39S -- Compression Set after 22 hours at 30QF., percent, max................................... 30 * All physical properties measured on 0.075 inch thick samples molded 5 minutes at 240F., and oven cured 24 hours at 480F. General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., uses silicone or DuPont's Viton wherever it is not possible or desirable to weld. For some small seals, where good matching surfaces are provided, Flexitallic stainless steel rings are used. By contacting the Engineering Services Department of General Electric Company, Redmond Circle, Rome, Ga., users of Pyranol transformers made prior to develop ment of these modem seals will obtain prompt assistance for conversion. Users of askarel transformers made by other manufacturers should contact the original transformer manufacturer, or Monsanto for assistance in converting to these.modern seals. HOL 00C266 26 HOLLAM 7202-002122 WATER PCB-SD0000059765 NOTES 1 I I HOL 000270 Kgg HOI LAM 7202-002124 B WATER PCB-SD0000059766 "1 : MONSANTO 800 N. LINDBERGH BLVD. '1 FUNCTIONAL FLUIDS DEPT. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI 63166 1 The information herein regarding obtaining optimum results from askarel fluids in your transformer has been accumulated by Monsanto for over 30 . yean from the experience of makers and users of askarel transformers and it I is believed will be helpful. Nothing herein shall be construed as applying to other than askarel insulation. Data and maintenance suggestions herein do not apply to the other components of the transformer. All operating and maintenance suggestions recommended 1 by the manufacturer of the transformer should also be carefully followed. Because these maintenance directions apply only to the askarel insulation, Monsanto disclaims any liability for damage to property or injury to persons arising from transformer operation. I KM-CL8-1 500 HOL 000271 J HOLLAN 7202-002125 u Iho In U. S. A- WATER PCB-SD0000059767