Document xjdERzDQDBayoKNmJ91y3BjXm

FILE NAME: Asbestos in Hair Dryers (HD) DATE: 1979 Sept DOC#: HD028 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NIOSH Report to CPSC - Testing of Hair Dryers for Asbestos Emissions with Cover Memo memorandum d e p a r t m e n t o f h e a l t h ,education, AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE TO : Gale Wyer -- Science Directorate Consumer Product Safety Commission v DATE: October 18, 1979 health FROM : Director, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering National. Institute for Occupational SUBJECT: fSty 3nd Health Final Report - Interagency Agreement 79-29 Asbestos Emissions Testing of Hair Dryers for Attached is the final report of work nprfnrm^ . t 79-29 with the U .S . Consumer Product Safetv f-d ^ InJeraSerlc7 Agreement hair dryer effluent for asbess n f t f t u t . ^ " 10? C Z f'" tesC" study and thair contributions are: personnel involved with the Charles L. Geraci, Jr., Ph.D. - Overall project direction, dryer sampling, and reporting Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. - Design, construction and testing of test apparatus Donald J. Murdock - Design and construction of test system James W. Carter - TEM analysis of filter samples Michele Bolyard - " " " n M David L. Smith - Sampling of dryer effluent. Walter M. Haag 6PSA CLEARED for PU8UC i l k n -- NOMFRS/PRVT1.BU ^B R O D U CTS IDENTIFIED ^ L V ceptedBfTpETrafeN 2* RULEMAKIN^efrtfltPRCDQ -- WITH PORTIONS REMOVED:. TESTING OF HAIR DRYERS FOR ASBESTOS EMISSIONS Charles L. Geraci, Jr., Ph.D. Paul A. Baron, Ph.D. Janes U. Carter David L. Smith Interagency Agreement KIOSH IA-V9-29 with U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering Cincinnati, Ohio Sept ember, 19/9 REPORT TO THE U.S. COMSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY ' COMMISSION ON TESTING OF HAIR DRYERS FOR ASBESTOS EMISSIONS BY THE DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Background Beginning in April 1979, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) furnished to the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) the laboratory and other support services necessary to test the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers for asbestos fibers. The need to determine the possible release of asbestos fibers from hand-held hair dryers containing asbestos insulation materials was realized by CPSC as a result of news media disclosure o f asbestos release and a petition by the Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. (EDF). The petition presented by EDF requested that CPSC proceed under the Consumer Product Safety Act to remove hair dryers containing asbestos from the consumer marketplace. Preliminary evidence was presented by EDF which allegedly demonstrated the ability of several hair dryers containing asbestos insulation material to emit asbestos fibers. To fully evaluate th-e potential consumer exposure to asbestos from asbestos containing hand-held hair dryers CPSC determined that the identification and quantitation of fibers emitted by the dryers having lengths and diameters of as little as 1 micrometer (um) or less would be necessary. To accomplish this task any samples generated would require analysis by a transmission electron microscope (TEH) capable of performing energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The actual sampling of effluent air from the hair dryers would also require expertise and capabilities in the area of ir sampling and the fabrication of controlled atmosphere test systems. Both the samp ling and analysis experience necess.ry to perform a study of this type reside ithin the Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering (DPSE) of HIOSH. On April 12, 1979, HIOS and CPSC entered into an interagency Agreement to accomplish the task of evaluating potential consumer exposure to asbestos released by hair dryers. Ob ie ctive The primary objective of the project was to quantitate and identify asbestos structures in the effluent air of hand-held hair dryers during operation. Making this determination would require the following: 1. A count of asbestos structures and fibers sampled during operation of the product. 2. Qualitative identification by EDAX or SAED of fibers sampled as being asbestos or non--asbestos. 3. Determination of the size distribution of sampled asbestos fiber lengths and diameters. . 4. Determination of fiber count and fiber mass per cubic meter of effluent air. To meet the needs of the project a system to determine asbestos emissions from hair dryers was fabricated and validated by NIOSH. A sampling of hair dryers, new and used, that contained asbestos was collected by CPSC and submitted to NIOSH for testing. All dryers were -2- tested as received fron CPSC. Test System The valid determination of asbestos release from the hair dryers demanded the test system meet several requirements. Previous tests (1-4) indicated that a valid determination of the amount of asbestos emitted by various hair dryers would require a clean sampling system capable of accurately determining asbestos concentrations over a wide range. Therefore, the air entering the hair dryers in the test system was filtered to eliminate the possibility of external asbestos contamination and to reduce the amount of background particulate that might interfere with the electron microscope analysis of the samples. The high flowrate of air through many of the dryers precluded complete collection of the effluent. Therefore, . the test system was designed to obtain an accurate represent ative sample of the hair dryer effluent. The hair dryer test system consisted of several components including a clean air source, a sampling duct assembly, several types of monitoring equipment and filter samplers. A schematic of the test system is shown in F igur e 1 . 3 The high flowrate (up to 2 m /min) produced by some hair dryers required a high flowrate, clean air source to eliminate background interferences during testing. A test tunnel in the NIOSH dust laboratory was adapted for these tests. Two 60 cm x 60 cm high efficiency particulate air (KEPA) filters in series were used to remove ambient particulate. The ducting around the high flowrate blower was sealed to prevent -3- recontamination of the air introduced into the specially constructed clean air test chamber (volume 1 m^). The airstream entering the test chamber was deflected by a metal plate and diffused through a punched-hole screen. Excess air exhausted from the test chamber via a 25 cm square port through which the sampling duct entered. With the entire system operational and a hair dryer operating, a positive pressure in the hood of approximately 0.15 cm H20 was obtained. This pressure'vas low enough to preclude any significant effect on hair dryer operation. The air velocity through the exit port was high enough ( 100 cm/sec) to prevent turbulent back diffusion of ambient air into the hood. That portion of the test system in which the dryer was placed is herein referred to as the clean air hood. A dry box glove was fitted to the manipulation of the hair dryer controls contaminating the hood with ambient air. side of the hood to permit during a test run without The air exhausting from the sampling duct was fed back into the inlet of the test tunnel HEPA filter to prevent potential the laboratory. asbestos escape into A velocity profile was obtained in the return air duct in order to estimate the total air flow through the clean air supply. The velocity in the 12.7 cm diameter duct was uniformly 762 cm/sec indicating a flowrate of 5.78 n^/min. .The sampling duct assembly consisted of a one meter length of 18 cm diameter duct and various tapered adapters which allowed direct connection to the outlet of various shaped hair dryers. The duct was selected to be -4- large enough to easily contain three side by side 37 mm filter cassette samplers. The sampling protocol was subsequently changed to use a single Hillipore aerosol open-type 47 mo filter holder with a stainless steel body and support screen. The walls of the duct and tapered sections were coated with oil to prevent reentrainment of particles from the surface of the duct, thereby assuring that particulate from any one dryer would not be detected during subsequent tests. Based on work by Liu and Agarwal (5) the losses in the duct of part icles smaller than 5 urn aerodynamic diameter were expected to be less than 10% for the flowrates of all the hair dryers tested. The air flow thro,ugh the duct for these flowrates was in the turbulent regime indicating that the potential source of any primary particle losses expected would be turbulent impaction on the of the duct rather than gravitational setteling of the particles. Sampling the hair dryer air supply and effluent was accomplished by using 37 mm and 47 mm filter cassettes, respectively, and 0.8 urn pore size mixed cellulose ester membrane filters. These filters have greater than 99% efficiency for all particles of interest (6). A vacuum pump was used to draw 69.4 liters per minute of air through the 47 mm filter cassettee. The sampling system was calibrated using an American Meter Company 150 liter spirometer. An MSA Model G pump was used to sample the supply air at 2 liters per minute with a 37 mm open-face cassette. Calibration of this system was accomplished with a soap film bubble meter. -5 Sampling at 69.4 L/min allowed collection of a sufficient volume of effluent in a reasonable amount of time to allow an accurate determination of airborne particulate concentrations. Any possible error because of the resulting anisokinetic sampling was judged negligible since the major source of error lies with particles larger and heavier than those expected from the hair dryers. Also, most treatments of anisokinetic sampling error assume laminar flow in the sample stream. As stated previously, the flow in the sampling duct was turbulent and not laminar. Three different real time particle monitors assembly and initial testing of the hair dryer were test used during the system. These instruments included a Royco Model 225 connected to a multichannel analyzer, a Particle Measuring Systems (PMS) ASAS-X particle spectrometer and a' GCA Fibrous Aerosol Monitor (FAM). All of these instruments detect particles by their light scattering properties. The Royco Model 225 was used to determine the uniformity of distribution of particles across the sampling duct. Monodisperse, 12 urn potassium biphthalate particles were generated using a TS1, Berglund-Liu generator. These particles were injected into the duct just downstream of an operating hair dryer which produced a duct air velocity of 58 cm/sec. A probe connected -to the Royco particle counter was inserted into the duct at the sampling location and nine representative locations across the duct were sampled. The coefficient of variation at these nine traverse point locations was less than 0.08, indicating acceptably uniform distribution of particles within the duct. Sampling the hair dryer effluent at various locations within the duct was thus expected to be representative of the -6- entire effluent. The PHS ASAS-X aerosol spectrometer was used to monitor the effectiveness of the air cleaning system. range were monitored with the ASAS-X Particles in the 0.15 to 0.30 um since this size produced a rapid instrument response and was expected to have the highest penetration into the clean air system. Ambient particle concentrations (0.15 - 0.30 urn) were reduced by a factor of AO in the clean air hood (see Table 1). Background filter samples were found to be quite clean by electron microscopy, so no further effort was made to reduce this concentration. The production of particles by some of the hair dryers was also noted with the ASAS-X. TABLE I Particles Larger than 0.15 urn Using ASAS-X Spectrometer Ambient air 35-50 particles/cn^ . 3 Clean air hood 1-2 particles/cm . Test duct, dryer on 3 2-4 particles/cm These particles were apparently generated by motor bearing or electrical brush wear, although these concentrations were barely above the clean air background. The clean air system was found to be entirely adequate to supply air to all the dryers. Using the ASAS-X, it was found that the particle concentration in the hood was brought down to its baseline level less than one minute after the high volume blower was turned on. The third monitoring instrument used was the FAM. This device was used -7- to indicate the fiber concentration in the hair dryer effluent, The FAM responds only to the larger fibers (and not just to asbestos) visible by light microscopy. The FAM was used with several hair dryers. In some cases. a single fiber was noted in a two hour period, and in others, none were detected. A one fiber count in a two hour period indicated approximately 0.01 fibers/cc The statistical significance of one fiber counted in the size, range limitations of the FAM was questionable for this study. Use of the FAM on this study was discontinued because of its lack of sensitivity at such low concentrations. It should be noted that the FAM was designed to operate primarily in the 0.1 to 20 fiber/cc range to meet the requirements of the OSHA standard for asbestos (7). Sampling Procedure Before positioning^ the dryer to be tested in the clean air hood, the appropriate reducer wasattached to the sampling duct. Various size reducers were fabricated to ensure the best interface possible between the dryer and sampling duct. The dryer was firmly clamped into position and sealed to the sampling duct reducer with duct tape. The dryer was then plugged into the power supply located inside the clean air hood. The clean air supply blower was then turned on and allowed to flush the clean air hood for 15 minutes and the dryer was then turned on. An air velocity profile was determined in the sampling duct using a Sierra Instruments Model 4AO thermo-anemometer. A uniform velocity profile indicated a good placement of the dryer. If the velocity profile indicated nonhomogeneous flow, the dryer was repositioned to produce uniform flow. Dryer velocities -8- were determined with a Taylor rotating vane anemometer. Dryer flow rates were also checked by interfacing a 2 inch plastic pipe to the dryer inlet and determining the air velocity with the thermo-anemometer. A 47 mm diameter filter, Millipore AAWP, was placed in the stainless steel filter holder and the assembly placed in the sampling duct. Also, a 3/ ram filter, Millipore AAWP preloaded in a styrene open-faced cassette was positioned inside the clean air hood near the dryer inlet. Pumps for both filter samplers were started and the dryer effluent was sampled for 2 hours. The dryer was accessed when necessary during the high-heat-low-heat cycle via the glove port in the clean air hood wall. At the end of the sampling period the 47 mm filter sample was removed from the filter holder and carefully placed in a 47 mm petri dish and brought to the TEM laboratory for examination. Background samples were obtained both in the clean air hood and at the end of the sampling tunnel while operated without a dryer in the test chamber. TEM Analysis The asbestos analyses for the study were performed on a JEOL 100B electron microscope equipped with both selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX). The microscope magnification was calibrated using 0.5 um Latex spheres, and during the course of the study individual fibers were identified on a random basis by diffraction patterns and metal content. Due to the light loading of fibers seen on samples obtained early in the study, the decision was made to scan the entire grid in order to -9- to acquire a representative sample. Each grid contained approximately 200 fields each measuring 80 x 80 un. Counting time varied from 2 hours for lightly loaded samples to 3.5 days for the most heavily loaded samples. Background samples of the supply air showed very clean, fiber free filters. A detection limit of one fiber per grid would result in a sensitivity of 9 x 10 5 fiber/cc. Representative photomicrographs are presented in Appendix I. Sample Preparation The Millipore AA filters used in sampling the effluent from the hair dryers were prepared for analysis following the standard NIOSH procedure described in Technical Information Bulletin //77-204 (8). A disk was removed from the center of each filter with a No. 5 cork bore. The sample disks were affixed to a clean glass slide and allowed to clear in acetone vapor for 5 minutes. The samples were then coated with a thin carbon film in a vacuum evaporator to provide an electron beam transparent surface to which the collected particles could adhere. After coating, the cleared filter disks were cut out and placed upside down on pre-coated 200 mesh copper grids which had been placed in a petri dish on absorbent Whatman if 41 filters. The Whatman filters were carefully saturated with acetone and left to sit overnight to allow complete dissolution of the sample filters. When dry, the preparations were ready for analysis by electron microscopy. Fiber Count The sample grids were scanned initially to ensure that at least 70% of the preparation remained intact. A fiber search was carried out at a magnification of 1700X and fibers were sized and counted at a magnification of 10,00OX. Fiber clumps and bundles which exhibited unequal or ambiguous -10- dimensions were sized in segments or were assigned an average diameter based on 3 or more measurements. In all cases, multiple measurements taken on fiber bundles, clumps, and clusters were bracketed in the data record to indicate that they be treated as a single airborne structure in calculating air concentrations. The length and diameter of each individual fiber was determined to allow calculation of the volume of each fiber. Calculating the volume of each fiber allowed an accurate estimation of fiber mass. The only assumption made was that each fiber approximated a solid cylinder. All recorded data were reduced by computer to obtain air concentrations and fiber size distributions. A description of the calculation can be found in Appendix I, Test Data. Summary During the testing program conducted for CPSC, 30 dryers were tested. Of these, 25 were home use hand-held appliances, 3 were table-top hooded models, one was a hobby heat gun, and one was a heavy duty commercial salon style dryer. Airborne asbestos concentrations generated by these dryers ranged from 0 to 0.11 structures/cc and the mass concentrations ranged from 0 to 7652 ng/m3. During the test program, one asbestos fiber was detected in the entire group of background samples. The pooled results of these background samples resulted in a background concentration of 3 x 10**3 fibers/cc. The pairs of results obtained by running each hair dryer on high heat versus cycled heat were used to determine an upper limit on the variability of the sampling and analysis. The geometric mean of the ratios of the -11- structures/cc concentrations of high heat to cycled heat for 21 pairs of non-zero results was 1.19 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.S2 to 1.73. Thus, the successive sample ratio for each dryer cannot be considered significantly different from unity, indicating no significant differance between samples taken at high' heat or at cycled heat. The paired samples were evaluated to find the variability due to sampling and analysis techniques. The geometric standard deviation was used to determine the upper and lower 95% confidence limits on any measurement, N. These limits can be determined by respectively multiplying and dividing N by the factor 3.4. In other words, at a 95% confidence the true value for any measurement, N, is between N X 3.4 and N/3.4. Figures 2 and 3 show frequency distribution graphs of the hair dryer test results as a function of the number of asbestos structures emitted and th*e mass of asbestos emitted, respectively. In each figure, the bar on the extreme left indicates the number of dryers from which zero emissions were observed. . -12- REFERENCES 1. "Asbestos Discharge from Six Kair Dryers in a Two-Hour Test". EHV Associates, March 19, 1979. 2. "Hair Dryer Asbestos Emissions". Health, Safety and Environment Department, Johns-Manville Corporation, April 10, 1979* 3. "Asbestos Analyses: Son-of-a-Gun Hair Dryers Model TD-1 and TD-2". Report to Clairol, Inc. by Walter C. McCrone Asssociates, Inc., April 30, 1979. 4. "Examination of Hair Dryers from CPSC (#7166 and #7267) for Asbestos". Memorandum to Consumer Product Safety Commission from U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, May 2, 197'9. 5. Liu, B. and Agarwal, J. Experimental Observations of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flow. Aerosol Science, 5:145, 1974 6. AirSampling Instruments from Evaluation of Atmospheric Contaminants, 5th Edition. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, p N-6, Cincinnati, Ohio 1978. 7. OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Federal Regulations, Part 1910.1001, Asbestos. Title 29, Code of 8. Zumwalde, R.D. and Dement, J.M. Review and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Environmental Studies of Fibrous Particulate Exposures. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-204. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio. Figure 1. Schematic of Test System -14- N um ber Concentration Frequency Number of Fiber Structures per cc Figure 2 -15- M ass Concentration Frequency Figure 3 -16- APPENDIX I TEST DATA AND SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS INFORMATION 1. Sampling rate: 69.4 L/min (2.45 cfm) . 2. Sampling time: 2 hours / 3. Fiber counts are presented as follows: I = Individual fibers not part of a clump or bundle B/C " Number of bundles or clumps T - Number of individual fibers (I) plus the number of fibers contained in each clump or bundle 4. The structures/cc calculation treats each bundle or clump as one airborne structure e.g.: from a count of I 5, B/C /, and T <= 45 the number used to calculate structures'/cc would be I + B/C = 12. Structures/cc = (FC/TEM) x ECA VOL . FC * Total structures counted (I + B/C) . TEM TEM grid area examined (mm; ECA - Effective filter collecting area (960 mm2) VOL = Sample volume in cc Example Calculation: If: I - 55 B/C * 30 TEM - 1.22 mm2 VOL * 8328000 cc Then: Airborne structures/cc * (85/1.22)960 - 0.008 . (8328000) If effluent volume is 170 m , total airborne structures in effluent = (0.008 structures/cc) x (1.7 x 10 cc) = 1.36 X 10 structures5 5. The volume of each fiber counted, both individual fibers and those in clumps (T value), is calculated and its mass determined using a density of 2.4 grams/cc for chrysotile asbestos. Total fiber mass as reported is a sum of individual mass ess. -17- Sample Number: D-870-5361 Manufacturer/Distributor: . Dryer Name: Mode1/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): .Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 673 8.1 X 104 8328 1-171 B/C-4 T-181 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 673 8.1 X 10A 8328 1= 23 B/C = l T-25 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m 3) Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fie ^ield Area Examined (mm ): 1.6 X 10" 2 1.3 X 106 13.9 1121 0.6-26 3.7 0.05-1.2 0.21 1.24 _ 7.1 X 10-3 5.7 X 105 ! 8.8 709 0.8-23 4.1 0.005-0.8 0.22 0.39 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-- Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -18- Sample Number: D-835-3535 . Manufacturer/Distribu tor: Dryer Name: Mode 1/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Hate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 2632 3.16 X 105 8328 1-6 B/C-0 T-6 High--Heat--Low-Heat Cycle 2632 3.16 X 15 8328 1-13 B/C-2 T-20 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/i^): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (un): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): Total TEM Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 5.2 X' 10."4 1.6 X 105 0.22 71 0.8-13.2 5.0 0.06-0.3 0.2 1.32 1.3 X 10-3 4.1 X 105 2.2 693 0.7-9.0 3.5 0.05-1.2 0.2 1.3 1=Individual Fibers B/C=undles or Clumps I+B/C--Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in .Bundles or Clumps -19- Sample Number: CPSC-8 Manufacturer/Distributor : D ry er i<ame : Mode 1/Series : Asbestos Use. and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. xhe asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Sate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: --^ 8 A 9 Heat 95880 8328 1-18 B/C-6 T-30 High--Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 849 95880 8328 1-21 B/C-6 T-56 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 2.5 X 10~3 2.4 X 105 15 1438 0.5-12 3.4 0.05-2 0.31 1 .2 2.7 XIO" 2.6 X 10 8.6 1822 0.7-22 3.2 0.05-1.2 0.23 1.25 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Eundles or Clumps -20- Sample Humber: E-100-352 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: llode 1/Series : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1284 154080 8328 1 = 1 B/C-0 T-l High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 1= 4 B/C = 0 T = 4 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent : 3 Fiber Hass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 1.15 X 10~4 1.77 X 104 0.096 14.7 no range 7 .1 no range 0.25 ' 1.0 4.2 X 10~4 ' 6.5 X 104 7.7 1.2 X 103 3.8-36 12.9 0.05-1 0.5 1.05 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C*Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -21- Sample Number: E-100-377 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dry er The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Kate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1035 124200 8328 1-16 B/C-l T-18 Hiah-Heat-Low-Heat Cvcl 1035 124200 8328 1-92 B/C-6 T-108 Airborne Structures/cc: 1.7 X 10"3 Total Structures in Effluent : 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): 2.1 X 105 2.9 Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): 361 Fiber Length Range (um): 0.8-25 Mean Fiber Length (um): 6.9 Fiber Diameter Range (um): 0.03-0.7 Mean Fiber Diameter (um): 0.25 . Total TEM Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 1.17 9.3 X 10"3 1.2 X 106 17 2148 0.7-45 5.2 0.05-1.0 0.22 1.2 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -22- Sample Number: E-840-5924 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Mode1/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 418 170160 8328 1= 7 B/C-l T-13 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 416 170160 8328 ' 1= 1 B/C=0 T=1 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/ra ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEN FielcJ Area Examined (mm ): 7 X 10~4 1.2 X 105 39 6609 1.0-25 8.6 0.03-3.0 0.8 1.31 1.1 X 10~4 1.8 X 104 0.098 16 no range 5.3 no range 0.3 1.06 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -23- Sample Number: E-1G0-380A Manufacturer/Distributor: . Dryer Name: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Lse and Comments: Hand-held hair dryer No asbestos was visible. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1219 1.5 X 105 8328 1 = 0 B/C-0 T = 0 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1219 1.5 X 105 8328 1 = 0 B/C = 0 T = 0 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Hass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (urn),: Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (urn): Total TEM Fiel Area . Examined (mm ): 1.35 1.35 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -24- Sample Number: E-100-361 Kanufacturer/Distributor: . Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer. The asbestos was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 184 19017 8328 1= 7 B/C = 3 T = 1 7 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle Dryer has only one' settin 8328 Airb.orne Strue tur es /cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn) : Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel| Area Examined (mm ): 1.1 X io"3 2.1 r io4 2.2 42 1-21 6.4 0.05-0.8 0.25 1.06 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -25- iI Sanpie Number: -100-376 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: ; Mode 1/Seri es : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle r 1104 1104 ! 132480 132480 8328 8328 1-2 i 1-5 B/C-l B/C-0 T-4 T-5 Airborne Structures/ce : Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 3.0 X 10~4 4.0 X 104 0.22 29 3.5-17 9.75 0.08-0.3 0.17 1.16 4.6 X 10"4 6.1 X 104 0.16 21 1.5-5.5 3.44 0.07-0.4 0.2 1.25 I-Individual Fibers B /C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -26- Sample Kumber: E-100-360 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: ' llode1/Series : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer The asbestos was present as a component of the support for the heating element Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 618 74160 8328 / 1 = 3 14 B/C=24 T = 386 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 618 . 74160 8328 1= 177 B/C = 8 T-206 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel| Area Examined (mm ): 3.4 X 10"2 2.5 X 106 34 2.5 X 103 0.3-50 4.1 0.05-1.3 0.2 1.23 0 -p* 1 P o 2.0 X 1C-2 1.5 X 106 21 1.6 X 103 3.5 0.05-1 .1 0.2 1. 22 I=Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Kumber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -27- Sample Number: E-100-390 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: . Mode 1/S eries: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer. The asbestos was present as a conical lining around the heating element. * Uncountable due to high background level of amorphous,opaque material from the dryer. Insulation material in dryer was identified as chrysotile asbestos. ** Low speed inoperative; therefore, only high heat test conducted. High Heat High-Keat-Low-Heat Cycle Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): 99 A A Effluent Volume (L) : 11880 Sample Volume (L): 8328 Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures, in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): . Total Fibef Mass in Effluent (ng) : Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel Area Examined (mm ): I*Individual Fibers E/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -28- Sample Humber: E-100-355 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Kane: Model/Series: ' Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): i, Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1417 1.7 X 105 8328 1 = 2 8 B/C-5 T-41 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1417 1.7 X 105 8328 1= 8 3/C = 4 T-30 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (am): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fielg Area Examined (ram ): 3.1 X 10-3 5.3 X 105 3 5.15 X 102 0.5-48 4.9 0.03-0.7 0.19 1.18 1.1 X io"3 1.9 X 105 0.35 60 0.7-10.5 2.9 0.02-0.4 0.12 1.16 IIndividua1 Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -29- Sample Number: E-100-375 manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer* The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min) Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1398 1697760 8328 1-37 B/C-0 T-37 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1398 1697760 8328 1= 6 B/C-l T = 1 0 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fielcj Area Examined (mm ): 3..6 X 10"3 6 X 105 0.44 740 0.8-23 4.7 0.05-8 0.2 1.19 1.1 X 1G-3 1.8 X 105 0.69 1179 1.8-13 5.7 0.15-1.4 0.4 0.95 I-Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Humber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -30- Sample Number: E-805-1292 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: liodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held comb type dryer The dryer was of a configuration such that the inside could not be inspected for asbestos position. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 98.7 11844 8328 1 = 0 B/C0 T = 0 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 98.7 11844 8328 1= 1 B/C=0 T-l ID >-- -- o 1 Ln Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 . Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEK FielcJ Area Examined (mm ): 0.98 1.1 X 103 0.02 0.25 no range 20 no range 0.25 1.27 ^Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T" Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -31- Sample 15umber: CPSC-3 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Kane: Kodel/Series : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 863 103560 8328 1= 2 67 B/C-16 T-304 Hich-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 863 103560 8328 1= 139 B/C-10 T= 16 3 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um) : Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM FielcJ Area Examined (mm ): o 0 NJ 1 O 0.031 3.2 X 106 16 1.6 X 103 0.3-55 3.5 0.12 1.15 0.016 1.6 X 106 1.9 2 X 102 0.4-24 2.5 0.02-0.5 0.1 1.11 1" Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -32- Sample Number: E-100-354 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 696 8 3 A 00 8328 1-32 B/C-8 T-64 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle . 696 83400 8328 1-9 B/C-5 T-2 7 Airborne Struetures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 4.4 X 10-3 3.7 X 105 5.3 439 0.8-12 3.3 0.05-1.4 0.22 1.13 1.5 X 10" 3 1.3 X 105 1.4 118 0.4-14 3.2 0.05-1..0 0.18 1 .13 I-Individual Fibers B/CBundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -33- Sample Number: CPSC-2 Kanufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Hodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: HiRh Heat 1089 39960 8328 1*8 B/C-4 T-29 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1089 39960 8328 1-5 B/C-l T-9 Airborne Struetures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Hass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEK Fielg Area Examined (mm ): 1.4 X 10"3 5.6 X 105 15 604 0.6-15 3.8 0.05-1 0.25 0.98 6.5 X 10~4 2.6 X 105 13 536 1.3-11 .5 3.8 0.1-1. 3 0.31 1.07 I=Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -34- Sample Humber; E - 100-359 Manufacturer/Distributor; Dryer Name: Uodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments; Used, hand-held hair dryer The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1064 127680 8328 1-1 B/C-l T*3 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1064 127680 8328 1-0 B/C-0 T = 0 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Hass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (umj: Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um); Total TEM Fiel^ Area Examined (mm ): 1.9 X 10-4 2.4 X 104 0.23 29 1.5-9.5 4.5 0.15-0.6 0.35 1.2 1.24 T=Individual Fibers B/C=Eundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -35- Sample Number: CPSC-1 i^anufacturer/Dis tri butor: Dryer Name: nodel/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos insulation was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L) : Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1104 132480 8328 1 = 256 B/C-27 T-318 Hi gh-Heat-Low-Hea t 1104 132480 8328 1 = 141 B/C=15 T-1S1 Airborne Struetures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Hass (ng/m2): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm): 2.9 X 10~2 3.8 X 106 8.7 1200 0.5-42 2.6 0.G1-1 0.14 1.25 1.5 X 10"2 2.0 X 106 4.3 560 0.3-35 3.0 0.03-7 0.14 1.23 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C"Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -36- Sample Number: CPSC-9 llanufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer* The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. * Fiber dimensions could not be determined Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1398 167760 8328 1=0 B/C=l T = 2 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1398 167760 8328 1 = 0 B/C = l T= 1 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber.Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fielcj Area Examined (mm ): 1 x io-4 1 .7 X 104 1.1 X IO-2 1.9 1.5-2.5 2.0 0.05-.15 0.1 1.17 1 x io-4 1.7 X 10 * 0.96 I"Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C'Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Humber of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -37- Sample Number: E-100-353 Manufacturer/Dis tribu tor: Dryer Name: Mo del/Seri es : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer. The asbestos was present as a tubular lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Sate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 987 11S440 8328 1-1 B/C-0 T-l High-Heat-Low-' 987 1 18440 8328 1= 1 B/C = 0 T-l Cycle Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): 1.1 X 10"4 1.3 X 104 1.5 X 10 1.8 X 1.0 Total Fiber Ma ss in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 1 7 no range 4.6 no range 0.4 1.09 3.1 no range . 4.1 ' no range 0.15 0.75 ^" Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -38- Sample Number: E-100-358 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held, comb type dryer. The asbestos was present at both ends of the outlet duct. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume CL): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Rich Heat 618 74160 8328 1*2 B/C*0 T-2 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 618 74160 8328 1*0 B/C-0 T*0 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m^): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM FielcJ Area Examined (mm ): I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps 2 X 10 1.5 X 104 0.14 10 4-17 10.5 0.15-0.3 0.22 1.18 I+B/C*Airborne Structures Counted T*Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -39- Sample Number: E-100-374 Manufacturer/Dis tribu tor : Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer, The asbestos insulation was present as a sheet under the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: -- -- --?aE 1302 8328 1*12 B/C-0 T-12 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1302 8328 1-15 B/C-0 T-12 Airborne Structures/cc: 1.12' 10~3 Total Structures in Effluent: ) Fiber Mass (ng/m ): 1.7 X 105 19.8 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): 3104 Fiber Length Range (um): 1.3-48 Mean Fiber Length (um): 7.5 Fiber Diameter Range (um): 0.1-1.5 Mean Fiber Diameter (um): 0.3 Total TEK Fielg Area Examined (mm ): 1.22 1.4 X 10"3 2.2 X 105 0.278 43 1.1-6 2.8 0.05-0.3 0.17 1.21 I--Individua1 Fibers B/CBundles or Clumps I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -40- Sample Number: CPSC-26 Manufacturer/Distributor: ' Dryer Dane: Mode1/Seri es: Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top bonnet type dryer* The position of any asbestos insulation was not noted* Dryer Flow hate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 277 33240 8328 1-0 B/C-0 T-0 Hich-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 277 33240 8328 1=0 B/C-0 T-0 Airborne Struetures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber liass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Hass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEH Field Area Examined (mm ): 1.23 1*1 I-Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B /C-Airborne Structures Counted ^ T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -41- Sample Number: CPSC-22 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Seri es : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, table top hood type dryer, The asbestos was present as a pad under the heating element. Dryer Flow Rate (L/ain): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos ' Structures Counted: High Heat 2207 264840 8328 1 = 0 B/OO T0 Hip-h-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 2207 264840 8328 1=0 B/C = 0 T = 0 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: Fiber Mass (ng/m3): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng) : . Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 1.23 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted ^ I n d i v i d u a l Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -42- Sample Number: E-850-5327 t-Ianufacturer /Distributor: Dryer Name: mode1/Series : Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, stand mounted professional dryer, asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: Rich Heat 1 0 A A 125312 8328 1-650 B/C-137 T-1375 His h-Heat-Low-Hear 10AA 125312 8328 I-A50 B/C-72 T-720 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Mass (ng/ia )! Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (um): Mean Fiber Length (urn): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel Area Examined (mm ): I"Individua1 Fibers B /C=Eundles or Clumps 0.11 1.3 X 107 7652 918211 0.15-95 7. 1 O.OA-15 0. A 0.83 0.08 9.6 X 106 651 78088 0.2-95 6.1 0.01-3.5 0.3 0.73 I+B/C-Airborne Structures Counted T-Individual Fibers Plus Estimated : of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -A3- Sample Number: E-860-1440 Manufacturer/Distri butor: Dryer Name: liodel/Series : ' Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held hair dryer, The insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L) : Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 687 82440 8328 1= 18 B/C-l T*20 Hich-Heat-Low-Heat i 687 82440 8328 1 = 17 B/C =5 T-37 Airborne Structures/cc: Total Structures -in Effluent: O Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (urn): Mean Tiber Length (um): Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 2 X 10" 3 1.6 X 105 1 .1 89 .1.0-11.5 3.5 0.05-0.7 0.2 1.08 1.9 X 10"3 1.6 X 105 9.6 789 0.9-31.5 * 5.0 0.7-1.4 0.25 1.3 I=Individua1 Fibers E/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/CAirborne Structures Counted " Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -44- Sample Number: E-805-1291 Manu facturer/D istributor: ' Dryer Name: ' Mode1/Series: ' Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held dryer. Its asbestos insulation was present as a lining to the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 829 99480 8328 - 1-360 B/C-l7 T = 4 10 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 829 99480 8328 1 = 148 B/C = 8 T= 174 Airborne Structures/cc : Total Structures in Effluent: 3 Fiber Hass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng) : Fiber Length Range (um) : Mean Fiber Length (um) : Fiber Diameter Range (um): Mean Fiber Diameter (um): Total TEM Fiel Area Exami ned (mm ): 3.3 X 10" 2 3.6 X 106 26 2627 0.3-43 3.2 0.03-1.2 0. 18 1.3 1.4 X 10-2 1.5 X 105 30 . 29 75 0.1-95 '4.9 0.05-1.5 0.2 1.32 I=Individual Fibers B/C-Bundles or Clumps I+B/C"Airborne Structures Counted TIndividual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -45- Sample Number: D-815-0580 Manufacturer/Distributor: Dryer Name: Model/Series: Asbestos Use and Comments: Hand-held hobby heat gun. The asbestos insulation was present as a lining of the barrel. Dryer Flow Rate (L/min): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 182 21840 8328 1= 324 B/C-20 T = 439 High-Heat-Low-Heat 182 21840 8328 1= 100 B/C-6 T-121 Airborne Structures/cc: 3.8 X 10"2 Total Structures in Effluent: 8.4 X 105 Fiber Mass (ng/m2): 4154 Total Fiber Mass in Effluent (ng): 91395 Fiber Length Range (urn): 0.8-90 Mean Fiber Length (um): _ 6.3 Fiber.Diameter Range (um): 0.05-13 Mean Fiber Diameter (um): 0.36 Total TEM FielfJ Area ' Examined (nun ): 1.05 1.3 X 10~2 2.9 X 105 168 3700 0.4-60 6.2 O'. 03-3.5 0.33 0.93 ^Individual Fibers 3/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T =Individual. Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in Bundles or Clumps -A 6- Sample number: E-840-4024 Manufacturer/Distributor: ' I.ryer Lane: Mo del/Seri es : j Asbestos Use and Comments: Used, hand-held dryer, ho asbestos was present in the dryer. It was run as a control. Dryer Flow Rate (L/nin): Effluent Volume (L): Sample Volume (L): Airborne Asbestos Structures Counted: High Heat 1284 154080 8328 1=0 B/C-0 T-0 High-Heat-Low-Heat Cycle 1284 154080 8328 1 = 0 B/C = 0 T = 0 Airborne Struetures/cc: . Total Structures in Effluent: _ 3 Fiber Mass (ng/m ): Total Fiber Mass in Ef fluent (ng): Fiber Length Range (un): Mean Fiber Length (un) : Fiber Diameter Range (urn): Mean Fiber Diameter (un): Total TEM Field Area Examined (mm ): 0.83 1.29 I=Individual Fibers B/C=Bundles or Clumps I+B/C=Airborne Structures Counted T=Individual Fibers Plus Estimated Number of Fibers in 3undles or Clumps -47- APPENDIX II photomicrographs 1. . i " ( h M . s: ? lo o r saBPle 8 h o " l n s absene f > i . 2. ( " *- 2000X>: ery l0nS aSbest0B associated in a loose cluster 3. " m i i ' i f . ' . I 2 i . " : : " t r70; : r bndle sho"in8 spiayed 4. (Plate 555) -Typical asbestos clump/bundle association showinc random orientation of some fibril. (Mag. 5000X). snowing random 5. (Plate 551) - A large cluster of individual fibers, large bundles, and clumps deposited as a single structure on filter (Mag. = 3300X). 6. (Piate 562) - Numerous asbestos fibers and bundle structures deposited m close proximity on filter (Mag 1300X). y 7. . 2000X) .~ Typical sma11 chrysotile fiber bundle deposited singly 8 (Plate 556) - Extremely large chrysotile bundle 15 to 25 um in diameter deposited on filter. (Mag = 1700X). 9. (Plate 552) - Asbestos fiber bundles with organic globular particulates adhering to surface (Mag - 6700X). 1 0 . (Plate . filter 1 1 (Plate (Mag = 563) Large asbestos bundles deposited as a single structure on (Mag 1700X). 560) 1200X ) . Large asbestos fibers associated in a single cluster. 1 2 . (Plate 560) - Large asbestos bundle and fibrils associated as a single structure. (Mag 2000X). 13. (Plate 557) (Mag * 1000X). Typical heavy loading of asbestos structures on filter. 14. (Plate 465) - Sample of bulk insulation material taken from a dryer. 15. Example EDAX spectrum from a dryer air sample. -48- * APPENDIX III PHOTOGRAPHS OF TEST SYSTEM Test set-up for hair dryers insurinq a clean a ir supply Chemist id e n tify in g & analyzing the fibers from a h a ir dryer te st on a transmission electron microscope F i l t e r samples in petrl dishes showing size o f portion removed and TEM grid (left)