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AIR HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, Inc.
Legal Series, Bulletin No. 1, Paris i anil ii
A Survey of the Statutes and Court Decisions Respecting Occupational Disease from Air Pollution
i For the Confidential Information of members. Not for re production, wholly or in part.)
PITTS DL'RGl 1. PEX XSYLVAXIA APRIL 1, 1936
\ir Hvgiene Foundation of America, Inc.
bulletin No. 1, Legal Series--Correction and Additions
Chap. I, Page 1--
Strike out last sentence and add: A separate chapter is then devoted to each state (including the District of Columbia) in alphabetical order, running from Chapter IV to Chapter 1.11 inclusive. Chapter LIII is then devoted to a review of medical examination under the various compensation acts. In Chapter LIV, there appears a brief summary.
Chap. II-- Page 3, Idaho.--Change last period to a comma and add: hut the courts have very liberally construed "accidental injury" and have gone very far in holding disease to be the result of "accidental injury" and therefore compensable.
Page 4, Iowa.--In fourth line, change "dicta" to "obiter dictum".
Page 4. Kansas.--Delete paragraph and substitute: Covers "personal injury by accident" only.
Page 4, Maine.--Change second sentence to read: Diseases are excluded by court construction, except such cases as are
caused by accident.
Page 5, Nebraska.--'This state to be transferred to page 8.
Page 5. .Nevada.--Change to read: Compensation is provid ed for "personal injuries by accident". Disease is not mentioned and is therefore excluded.
Page 5, New Hampshire.--Change second sentence to read : Occupational diseases are excluded, except such cases as are caused by accident.
Page 5, New Mexico.--Change second sentence to read: Occupational diseases are not covered.
Page 5, Oregon.--Change second sentence to read: Diseases are not mentioned and are therefore excluded, except such cases as may be caused by accident due to violent or ex ternal means.
Page 5. Rhode Island.--Transfer to page 9.
Page 6. Washington.--Change last sentence to read: Dis eases are not mentioned and are therefore excluded, except such physical condition as results from injury of a trau matic nature.
Page 6, Wyoming.--Change last part to read: * * * result from an injury incurred in the course of employment.
Page 7, Illinois.--Delete present paragraph and substitute:
Occupational disease is not compensable under the Work
men's Compensation Act. Silicosis and some other dust
diseases are not compensable under the old Occupational
Disease Act. which is effective until October 1. 193d. Under
the new Occupational Disease Act. effective October I, 1936,
all occupational diseases, including silicosis, arc comncn-
sahlc.
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CHAPTER I
SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF SURVEY
The presence of hazards in industry due to air pollution is a rrr.ttcr of great interest, both to employers and employees. The
which arise therefrom are at once recognized as legal a, well as medical and engineering. No solution which will benefit society as a whole can be reached without intensive 'tiidy of the manner in which the problem is affected by law. This survey is confined primarily to the laws as. they now are, with some additional comment as to pending or prospective leg islation where such information is obtainable. Such a study and analysis when made may be used as a starting point for future beneficial legislation.
It is manifest at the outset that this survey must be all too brief to discuss in detail all of the statutes and court decisions which bear upon the general subject. It is hoped, however, that it will be sufficiently comprehensive to indicate the general scope of the laws of each state and to facilitate a more inten sive study thereof by one interested in the laws of any par ticular state. Due to the predominance of occupational disease resulting from exposure to dust, that field will receive particu lar attention. Among the afflictions due to exposure to dust, silicosis will receive special mention.
All but two states of the Union now have Workmen's Compen sation Laws, and one major objective in this survey is to de termine the manner in which Compensation Laws cover oc cupational disease. In some states, laws governing the opera tion of workshops and factories contain regulations which must be studied; in some, mining laws are of particular interest. In addition to these, there are many statutes of general character, such as employers' liability acts, which will be noted in the individual chapters digesting the state laws.
For convenient reference. Chapter 2 is devoted to a sum mary of the Workmen's Compensation Laws of the various states: and Chapter 3 is devoted to the law as established by court decisions, as distinguished from statutory law, which law so established by court decisions is commonly referred to as the `common law." A separate chapter is then devoted to each state, in alphabetical order, beginning with Chapter 4.
1
CHAPTER II
KI-^U-ME OF WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION ` L UVS AS THEY AFFECT OCCUPATIONAL
DISEASE
T!;c following tabulation is not submitted as a sufficiently i xiiaustive treatment of the subject, and reference must be made : j the chapters covering the individual states tor more adequate t'.fnrmation.
Section 1. Arkansas Mississippi
Section 2.
States with No Compensation Acts:
States Having Compensation Acts Which Exclude Compensation for Occupational Disease, Either Expressly Or by Con struction of Court:
Alabama:
Expressly excludes disease unless the disease shall result proximately from the accident
Arizona:
Does not include a disease unless result ing from an injury by accident
Colorado:
Allows compensation "where the injury or death is proximately caused by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment" This would exclude oc cupational diseases, except any such cases as are proximately caused by accident
Delaware:
"Shall not include a disease or infec tion except as it shall result from the in jury when reasonably treated." Injury, as used in the Act means injury by ac cident.
Floiida:
Includes such diseases or infections as result from such injury by accident.
Georgia:
"Shall not include a disease in any form except as it results naturally or unavoid ably from the accident"
Idaho:
"Shall not include a disease except as it shall result from the injury." Injury must be the result of an accident
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New Jersey:
CHAPTER III
COMMON* LAW RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES
l. Definition of Common Law. What is the "common law"? Ti-.c Supreme Court of the United States has said:
"The common law is reason dealing by the light of experience with human affairs." 100 U. S. 584. Chancellor Kent has reierred to the common law as "those principles, usages, and rules of action applicable to the gov ernment and security of persons and of property, which do not rest ior their authority upon any express and positive declara tion of the will of the legislature." Roughly speaking, our common law is the law as defined and announced by court decisions, which decisions are not based upon any constitutional or legislative provisions and, ordinar ily. though not with entire accuracy, the term "common law" is used in contradistinction to statutory law. Where constitu tional provisions or statutory provisions exist, they govern, as construed and applied by the courts. A relatively small part of our law is, however, found in statutes; the great bulk of it is found only in court decisions. The field of common law is therefore measured only by the number of court decisions. To explore it thoroughly, requires unlimited time and patience; yet no one can say, with reasonable certainty, what the law as a whole is, on a given subject, without spending much time and energy in such study. To a large extent, the common law of America was inherited from England; and it is therefore a common possession of all of the states. For this reason, the decisions of the courts of one state are respected by the courts of another state, and there is a general tendency for the courts of all states to render harmonious decisions upon matters not covered by constitutional or statutory provision. Such uniformity however is not neces sary, as the Supreme Court of any state may refuse, if it so chooses, to follow the decision of the Supreme Court of an other state. This makes it necessary to study the decisions of the state in which a cause of action arises, but, if no decisions upon the point at issue can be found in that state, it should be assumed that the weight of authority as established by de cisions in other states will be followed. This is an important fact to be kept in mind when studying a question as to which the law is just now crystallizing as, for example, with respect to recovery for occupational disease. Even though occupational disease, including silicosis and
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chapter iv:v: > ' ; ^
ALABAMA
I Workmen's Compensation.
1. Statutes. The Workmen's Compensation Law is found
the Code of Alabama, eh. 287, Secs. 7334-7613. Ch. 127, Secs.
3992-4003 cover the subject of violations of the Workmen's
Compensation Act. Ch. 306, Secs. 8329 and 8330 relate to the
duties of the Superintendent of Insurance, as compensation commissioner ex officio.
2. Administration. The Act is administered by the courts
>upervised in some respects by the Superintendent oi Insurance. Inquiries may be addressed to the Superintendent of Insurance oi Birmingham, Alabama.
3. Scope of the Act. Sec. 7S34 provides in part: "When personal injury or death is caused to any
employee by an accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, of which injury the act ual or lawfully imputed negligence of the employer is the natural and proximate cause, he, or in case of his death, his personal representative, for the ex clusive benefit of the surviving spouse and next of kin, shall receive compensation by way of damages therefor from the employer, *" Sec. 7596 entitled "Words and phrases defined" contains the following pertinent definition:
"The word `accident' as used in the phrases `personal injuries due to accident' or `injuries or death caused by accident' * shall, unless a different meaning is clearly indicated by the con text, be construed to mean an unexpected or unfore seen event, happening suddenly and violently, with or without human fault, and producing at the time injury to the physical structure of the body, by ac cidental means." These definitions exclude occupational disease, except such disease as results proximately from an accident. Occupational
disease, as such, is therefore not covered by the Workmen's Compensation Law.
4. Court Construction.
In Chapman v. Railway Fuel Co., 101 So. 879 (1924), where
death was caused by breathing noxious gas in a mine, recovery at common law was denied on the ground that the accident which primarily caused the death brought the case under the Workmen's Compensation Law, and that the remedies under
that law were exclusive. This decision as reported does not describe the accident, but the record outside the reported de cision discloses that the noxious gas was inhaled suddenly
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.i .T
CHAPTER V ARIZONA
[. Workmen's Compensation.
1. Statutes. Revised Statutes of Arizona, Secs. 1391-1457.
2. Administration. The law is administered by the Indus
trial Commission of Arizona, consisting of three members ap
pointed by the governor by and with the advice of the senate tor a term of six years, and inquiries may be addressed to that
Commission at Phoenix, Arizona.
.
3. Scope of the Act In Sec. 1420, the following pertinent
definition appears:
"`Personal injury by accident arising out of, and in the course of employment' shall include an in jury caused by the wilful act of a third person di rected against an employee because of his employ ment, but does not include a disease unless re sulting from the injury; * * *"
Sec. 1421 provides that every employee designated in the
Act " who is injured, and the dependents of every such
employee who is killed, by accident arising out of and in the
course of his employment, wheresoever such injury has oc
curred. unless purposely self-inflicted, shall be entitled to re
ceive, and shall be paid such compensation * *
Occupational disease is therefore not covered by the Work
men's Compensation Law of this state.
This act was passed pursuant to the mandate of Sec. 8 of
Article XVIII of the state constitution. It is not limited in
its application to hazardous occupation, which distinguishes
it from the Employers' Liability Law, hereinafter discussed.
4. Court Construction.
In Pierce v. Phelps-Dodge, 26 P. (2d) 10X7 (1933), compen
sation was denied where a miner died from myocarditis, which
heart disease was accelerated by the ordinary and usual con
ditions of his occupation, namely, his usual work as a shift boss. The Court said in part:
''* when compensation is awarded in any
manner for a disease there must have been (a) an unexpected event which was (b) the cause of an in jury to the person, (c) which injury must have produced or aggravated a disease. Nor can the
disease itself be the injury produced by the un expected event, since the statute specifically says it must be the result of the injury."
_
This case was cited and the above statement affirmed in
Phelps-Dodge Corp. r. Industrial Commission, 49 P. (2d) 391
(1935).
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CHAPTER VI
ARKANSAS
; Workmen's Compensation.
There is no Workmen's Compensation Law in this state. - i>nc of two states in the Union not having such law, the li.er being Mississippi.
II. Other Statutes.
In a general way, it may be said that the other statutes of Arkansas relating to the liability of employers for injury to 'mployces are little more than a codification of the common law.
All references to statutes herein are to Crawford & Moses' Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas 1921 and Supplements thereto.
By Secs. 6535 to 6548, the Bureau of Labor and Statistics (address Little Rock, Arkansas) is given general supervisory control of commercial, social, educational, and sanitary condi tions of employees and places of employment
By Sec. 7137, a right of action is given to employees of rail road companies, all corporations of every kind and character, and all companies engaged in the mining of coat, for injuries or death resulting from the careless omission of duty or negligence of the employer or the agent, servant, or employee of such em ployer. By Sec. 7144, the cause of action is made to survive the death oi the employee. By Sec. 7145, contributory negligence is denied the employer as a defense, but the damages are to be diminished by the jury on account thereof, except however that the employee may not be deemed guilty of contributory negligence in case the accident results from the violation by the employer of any statute enacted for the safety of the employees. By Sec. 7146, the employer is denied the de.ense of assumed risk where the injury is caused by the em ployer's violation of a safety statute.
By Sec. 7263, every mine operator is required to provide and maintain sufficient ventilation, and the minimum is speci fied as 100 cu. ft. of air per man per minute, measured in the manner specified "so that said mine shall be free from standing gas of whatsoever kind." By Sec. 7269, a right of action is given for injury occasioned by wilful violation of the requirements to ventilate mines, which cause of action survives the employee in case of death. III. Common Law Liability.
Although no cases can be cited, it is assumed that the gen27
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UK HYGIENE foundation of AMERICA, Inc.
l egal Series. Bulletin t\o. 1. Part iii
\ Survey of the Statutes and Court Decisions Respecting Occupational Disease from Air Pollution
iKur the Confidential Information'of member*. Not for re production, wholly or in part.)
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA MAY 25. 1936
LEGAL SURVEY PART iii
With respect to Occupational Disease Resulting from Air Pol lution, Comprising a Study of the Statutes and Court Decisions
of States of the United States.
Prepared for the Legal Committee of
'AIR HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC by
WILLIAMS, EVERSMAN & MORGAN. ATTORNEYS.
TOLEDO. OHIO
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CHAPTER VIII
COLORADO
[. Workmen's Compensation. 1. Statutes. Compiled Laws of Colorado 1921. Secs. 4375
4525. 2. Administration. The law is administered by the Industrial
Commission oi Colorado consisting of three persons who devote tlnir entire time to such position. The Commissioners are appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent ,if the Senate, for terms of six years. Not more than two of the Commissioners can be members of the same political party and not more than one can be classed as a representative of employers or of employees. Inquiries may be addressed to that Commission at Denver, Colorado. The Commission is em powered to prescribe rules for the protection of the life, health, and safety of employees in the state; this will be treated later.
3. Scope of the Act Sec. 4389 provides:
"The right to the compensation provided for in this Act, in lieu of any other liability whatsoever to any and all persons whomsoever, for any per sonal injury accidentally sustained or death result ing therefrom, on and after August 1st, 1915, shall obtain in all cases where the following conditions occur: * ** * *
"(c) Where the injury or death is proximately caused by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, and is not intentionally selfinflicted."
.
Disability or death resulting from an occupational disease is therefore not covered by the Workmen's Compensation Law oi this state unless such results from an injury by accident within the contemplation of this section of the Act.
4. Court Construction. In Carroll v. Industrial Commission, 69 Colo. 473, 195 P. 1097 (1920), the Commission awarded compensation where the evi dence showed that strenuous work of pitching alfalfa hay in an inclosed building, combined with breathing dust-laden air. brought on an attack of heart trouble causing instant death, and also that the work would not have brought on a heart attack if it had been done in the open air.
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o
CHAPTER IX
CONNECTICUT
i Workmen's Compensation. I Statutes. General Statutes of Connecticut, Revision of
1 ojo. ch. 280, Secs. 5223-5291.
2. Administration. The law is administered by the Workmen's i 2, m pirn sation Commission, composed of five commissioners, one num each congressional district, who are appointed by the gov ernor. Inquiries may be addressed to the Commission at Hartiord, Connecticut.
j. Scope of the Act Sec. 5223 contains the following defi
nitions :
"The words `personal injury' or `injury' * * in
clude only accidental injury which may be defi
nitely located as to the time when and the place
where the accident occurred, and occupational
disease as herein defined. * * *" (Bold face type
ours)
.
"Occupational disease" is defined to mean:
"* * a disease peculiar to the occupation in
which the employee was engaged and due to causes
in excess of the ordinary hazards of employment as
such.
The words "arising out of and in the course of his employ ment" mean:
"* * an accidental injury happening to an em ployee or an occupational disease of such employee
originating while he shall have been engaged in the
line of his duty in the business or affairs of the em ployer upon the employer's premises, or while so engaged elsewhere upon the employer's business or affairs by the direction, express or implied, of the employer. *"
Due to the amendment of this section in lVi*. to substantially its present form, disability from occupational diseases caused by the inhalation of dust is expressly covered by the Work men's Compensation Law of this state.
Attention is here called to a brief statement of relevant sec tions of the Act:
1. The Act is divided into part A "Employers' Liability" (Secs. 5223 to 5225) and part B "Workmen's Compensation" (Secs. 5226 to 5291), and covers all public and private employ ments in the state. However certain employees are excluded: outworkers, casual employees, and members of the employer's
49
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CHAPTER XI
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
f. Workmen's Compensation.
]. Statutes. The original Compensation Act was entitled .iml is known as "Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Com pensation Act." It was approved March 4, 1927, and its lia bility provisions became effective July 1, 1927. This Act is now cited as TT.S.C.A^ Title 33, ch. is, Secs. 901-950. References herein will be made to the section numbers of the original Act. and the U.S.C.A. sections will follow in parentheses.
By Act of Congress approved May 17, 1928, and effective July 1. 1928, it is provided that the provisions of the Long shoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act shall apply
"* in respect to the injury or death of an em ployee of an employer carrying on any employment in the District of Columbia, irrespective of the place where the injury or death occurs; except that in applying such provisions the term `employer' shall be held to mean every person carrying on any employment in the District of Columbia, and the term `employee' shall be held to mean every em ployee of any such person."
There are four exceptions which are not material in this dis cussion. This Act of May 17, 1928, is quoted in full in the note under Sec. 901, ch. 18, Title 33, U.S.CJL
2. Administration. Both of the foregoing Acts are ad ministered by the United States Employees' Compensation Com mission. The office of the Deputy Commissioner in charge is at 805 C Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.
3. Scope of the Act. The Longshoremen's and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act provides, in Sec. 3 (a) (U.S.C.A., Title 33, Sec. 903):
"Compensation shall be payable under this Act in respect of disability or death of an employee, but only if the disability or death results from an in jury occurring upon the navigable waters of the United States (including any dry dock) and if re covery for the disability or death through workmen's compensation proceedings may not validly be pro vided by State law."
The Act of May, 1928. cited above, and which may be re ferred to as the "Workmen's Compensation Law of the Dis trict of Columbia," extends the scope of the Longshoremen's
67
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- I
CHAPTER XIII
GEORGIA
[. Workmen's Compensation. I. Statutes. Georgia Code of 1933, Sec. 114-101 through
<cc. 114-9902. and Sec. 54-101 through Sec. 54-107. J. Administration. The Act is administered by the Depart-
mi'Mt of Industrial Relations under the control and manage ment oi three directors, the Chairman of whom is the Com missioner of Commerce and Labor. Communications may be addressed to the Department of Industrial Relations at At lanta. Georgia.
3. Scope of the Act. By Sec. 114-102, "injury" or "personal injury" means "only injury by accident arising out of and in the course of employment and shall not include a disease in any form except where it results naturally and unavoidably from the accident, * *"
Under this section, disability resulting from occupational dis eases is excluded under the Act unless it results naturally and unavoidably from an accident.
4. Court Construction. A. When Disease is Compensable. If an injury is traceable to a definite time, place, and cause and disease results, the disease is compensable, as illustrated by three cases next following: In Employers' Liability Assurance Corp. v. Nerdwell, 142 S. E. ' 182 (Court of Appeals, 1928), compensation was granted where an employee operating a sawmill died from traumatic pneu monia resulting from an injury received in his chest while handling logs in the course of his duties. In Metropolitan Casualty Ins. Co. v. Croushaw, 161 S. E. 649 (Court of Appeals, 1931), death of an employee from a dis ease contracted by handling dead rabbits in the course of his employment while he had abrasions on his hands was held to be compensable as being a disease resulting naturally and un avoidably from an accident within the meaning of the act. In Maryland Casualty Co. v. Brown, 173, S. E. 92S (Court of Appeals, 1934), claimant had acute lung trouble, which was the result of his being sent into a close tank to assist in the removal of rivets. He became overheated and breathed foul air and dust. That evening he became sick and a physician's ex amination disclosed injury to the tissues of his lungs and bron-
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whom lie claims, lias hecit R iiilty of no fraud hy which the person injured has hceii debarred or det erred from iustituliiiR suit w ithin the period o f lim itation, mere iRiiorance o f the person injured of the
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CHAPTER XIV
IDAHO
[. Workmen's Compensation. 1. Statutes. Idaho Code, Annotated, 1932, Sec. 43*901
through Sec. 43-1903.
2. Administration. The Act is administered by the Indus
trial Accident Board, which is composed of three members, ap
pointed by the Governor for terms of six years. Not more
than one may be classed as a representative of employers or of employees and not more than two may be of the same political
party. Communications may be addressed to the Board at Boise, Idaho.
3. Scope of the Act. Sec. 43-902 declares that the common
law system governing the remedy of workmen against employ
ers for injuries received in industrial and public work is in consistent with modern industrial conditions. It then pro vides :
"* The state of Idaho, therefore, exercising herein its police and sovereign power, declares that all phases of the premises are withdrawn from priv ate controversy, and sure and certain relief for in jured workmen and their families and dependents is hereby provided regardless of questions of fault and to the exclusion of every other remedy, proceeding or compensation, except as is otherwise provided in this act, and to that end all civil actions and civil causes of action for such personal injuries, and all jurisdiction of the courts oi the state over such causes are hereby abolished, except as in this act provided."
See. 43-1003 provides: "The rights, and remedies herein granted to an
employee on account of a personal injury for which he is entitled to compensation under this act shall exclude all other rights and remedies of such em ployee, his personal representatives, dependents, or next of kin, at common law or otherwise, on ac count of such injury."
Among the definitions of terms used in the Act, we then find the following:
Sec. 43-1809:
`"Injur/ or 'personal injur/ includes death re sulting from injury within two years after the ac cident but is not to be construed as being synony mous with accident. An `injury' or `personal in-
83
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(he mine is put in proper condition."
CHAPTER XVIII
KANSAS
Workmen's Compensation Act. Statutes. Revised Statutes of Kansas, 1923, Sec. 44-501
:i:ough Sec. 44-565, Sec. 74-704 through Sec. 74-709. J. Administration. The Act is administered by the Com-
-;,,ion oi Labor and Industry, a board of three, appointed by ;:tf Governor for terms of four years each. The Governor ap ints one member as chairman, which chairman has active imrge oi the administration of the Workmen's Compensation
Communications may be addressed to the Commission at T peka, Kansas.
A Scope of the Act. By Sec. 44-501 of the Workmen's Com pensation Act, only personal injuries by accident are compen-
therein. Diseases in general, therefore, are not compenunder the Act. Court Construction. Although occupational diseases in ..::cral are not compensable under the Act, if an accident ac , A-ratcs a disease, the compensation is augmented by the .:y>ical condition due to the disease. Two cases in particular -miicate the liberality of construction adopted by the Kansas .urts. In Gilliland v. Cement Co., 104 Kan. 771, 180 P. 793 (1919), deceased employee worked in defendant's plant for a period three years in the sacking department where there was alvays a great deal of dust present. He was then transferred to the quarries, where he was employed in breaking rock with the ::.-e oi a heavy sledge. Death resulted suddenly from a hem orrhage with blood flowing from his mouth and nose. Shortly '.Lt'ore he was seen beating a rock with a sledge. The court, in .'ranting compensation on the ground that the death was the rc.-uit of an accident, said:
"* * * An `accident' is simply an undesigned, sud den. and unexpected event, usually of an afflictive or unfortunate character, * * *
<*
"The defendant insists that the workman died of disease: that is. the injupr did not arise out of the employment. The question was one of fact, and rhould have been submitted to the jury. It is not material that the workman's blood vessels were weakened hy disease, or that he was predisposed to hemorrhage because, for example, he had breathed
133
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55
UR HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, Inc.
Legal Series, Bulletin No. 1, Part iv
A Survey of the Statutes and Court Decisions Respecting Occupational Disease from Air Pollution
(For the Confidential Information of members. Not for re production, wholly or in part.)
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA JULY 3. 1936
LEGAL SURVFY
PART iv
\\ iih respect to Occupational Disease Resulting from Air PolComprising a Study of the Statutes and Court Decisions of all States of the United States.
Prepared for the Legal Committee of
AIR HYGIENE FOUNDATION OF AMERICA, INC. by
WILLIAMS, EVERSMAN & MORGAN ATTORNEYS
TOLEDO, OHIO
CRC-i
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2XXXXXXXXXX
CHAPTER XIX KENTUCKY
Vu-kses's Compensation Act. -:;:utes- Carroil's Kentucky Statutes, 1930, Secs. 4880-
.idmiaistration. The Act is administerc . by the Work
. . i ..mocnsation Board composed of three members ap
. ;:y the Governor for
of four years each. Com-
ns may be addressed to the Board at Frankfort, Ken-
Scope of the Act Sec. 4880 provides that compensation
. l>c granted for * personal injuries sustained by the em
ploye arising out of and in the course of his em ployment. or for death resulting from such ac cidental injury; provided, however, that personal in jury by accident as herein defined shall not include diseases except where the disease is the natural and direct result of a traumatic injury by accident, nor shall they include the results of a pre-existing dis ease (but shall include injuries or death due to in halation in mines of noxious gases or smoke, com monly known as 'bad air*, and also shall include the injuries or death due to the inhalation of any kind of gas.) Any employers and employes who are. by provisions of this section, excepted irom the provisions of this act, including employers having less than three employes, may subject themselves thereto by joint voluntary application to the board, in writing, for such period as may be stated in the application, which shall be irrevocable during such period and effective thereafter until a written re vocation be filed with the board or the employment be terminated, (and any employers and their em ployes engaged in the operation of glass manu facturing plants, quarries, sand mines or in the man ufacture, treating or handling of sand may, with respect to the disease of silicosis caused by the in halation of silica dust, in like manner voluntarily subject themselves thereto as to inch disease.)" (Bold face type and brackets ours.)
The bracketed part of this section dealing with "bad air" and
gas was added in 1924: the bracketed part dealing with sili
cosis was adtied and became effective June 14, 1934.
In the absence of an election by the employer with respect to
silicosis, where a disease results from the inhalation of dust
139
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|A
CHAPTER XX LOUISIANA
Workmen's Compensation Act.
I. Statutes. Louisiana General Statutes 1932, Secs. 4390 to 4412 inclusive.
j. Administration. There is no provision for the creation of
.i commission or board to administer the Workmen's Compen-
-atioii Act
Sees. 4406 and 4407 (Act--Secs. 17 and 13) provide for set-
:li`nc all matters of compensation between the employer and
employee by agreement reduced to writing which shall be sub
stantially in accord with the various provisions of the Act and
which shall be approved by the court (presumably the District
u>urt). Settlement so approved is entered as a judgment of
the court In the event of failure to agree, either party may
present a verified complaint to the judge of the District Court:
an answer is filed: and. upon the issues so made, the judge
hears evidence and decides the merits of the controversy. Right
><i appeal from the judge's decision to the appellate courts is
provided.
Information concerning the Act and its administration may be
procured by writing to the Secretary of State of Louisiana at
Baton Rouge.
.
5. Scope of the Act. Sec. 4390 (Act--Sec. 1) enumerates the persons and occupations to which the Act applies.
Paragraph 1 of this section makes the Act applicable to most public employments.
Paragraph 2 provides:
"Every person performing services arising out of and incidental to his employment in the course of his employer's trade, business or occupation in the fol lowing hazardous trades, businesses and occupa tions :" (are covered by the Act).
(Here follows an enumeration of almost all known occupations, including specifically mills, foundries and factories oi various kinds, mines, quarries, etc.)
Paragraph 3 then provides that any other trade, business or occupation may be determined to be hazardous and therefore covered by the Act, either by agreement of the parties or by order of the judge of the court after submission of that ques tion to the court.
153
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CHAPTER XXI
. MAINE
Workmen's Compensation Act.
Statutes. Revised Statutes of Maine 1930, ch. 33, Secs.
Administration. The Act is administered by the Indus,i ucident Commission, consisting of five persons, three of
must be attorneys at law. They are appointed by the , ,.i, r;inr. Communications may be addressed to the Commis-
,.!t ,.i Augusta, Maine.
Scope of the Act. The Act is elective as to private em:..\:-.-.vius. The procedure to be followed by the employer in -diking such election is stipulated in detail (Sec. 6). The com ..... |:*.\v defenses are denied an employer of more than five rr.,iiis. who has failed to elect to come under the Act. in any
>ii " * to recover damages for personal injuries sustained an employee by accident arising out of and in the course of :i. employment, or for death resuiting from such injuries. i sci-s. J. 4. and S). An employee of an employer who has asM-uted to become subject to the Act, "shall be held to have '.vaived his right of action at common law to recover damages ;..r she injuries,'* if he shall not have given his employer, at the am- os his contract of hiring, notice in writing that he claimed .uch right (Sec. 7).
Sec. 3 then provides:
"If an employee who has not given notice of his claim of common law or statutory rights of action, or who has given such notice and has waived the same, as provided in the preceding section, receives a personal injury by accident arising out of and in the course of his employment, he shall be paid compen sation and furnished medical and other services, as hereinafter provided, by the employer who shall have assented to become subject to the provisions of this act." (Bold face type ours.)
There is no mention in the Act of disease or occupational dis ease.
4. Court Construction. A. Injury by Accident. Cases involving occupational diseases arising from the breath-
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Workmen's Compensation Act.
; Statutes. Mitchie's Annotated laws of Massachusetts :ijj. Chape. 132, Secs. 1-75.
j Administration. The an is administered by the Depart....ii{ Industrial Accidents. By Section 1 of Chapter 24, it is
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"There shall be a department to be known as the department of industrial accidents, consisting of the industrial accident board hereinafter provided for."
rite Department of Industrial Accidents and the Industrial U-ehient Board are therefore identical. There are seven mem.i-rs on the Board, one of whom is a woman, and each of whom .. appointed for a term of five years by the Governor. Communiv.i.ns may be addressed to the Board at Boston, Massach*ctt5.
Scope of the Act Under the Massachusetts Workmen's "mpensation Act disability resulting from an occupational ii-t-ase is compensable. Section 9B oi the Act effective Oc'I't/r 14. 1935. provides that where a claim for compensation - made alleging an injury due to an industrial disease, the
iustrial accident board shall submit the claim to three r.i" .iciar.s selected by it. Even beiore such section became i ;:<.-c:ive. compensation was granted because of Section 26 iiich provides that a "personal injury arising out of and in the urse of employment" is compensable, thereby eliminating the x-cessity of an injury being "by accident" as is the case in "'any jurisdictions where compensation for disability resulting mnm an occupational disease is denied. This is further dis cussed in the section treating court construction.
a lection by an employer, to operate under the Act is made !> procuring insurance as required by the Act and by giving notice of such election to the employees (Sec. 21, 24, 26), but such election can subsequently be withdrawn by failing to re insure (.Sec. 22). The employer must also give notice of his election to each new employee (Sec. 22).
Each employee is automatically subject to the Act unless he gives notice, as prescribed in Section 24, that he claims his common law right of action instead of his right to compensat:on.
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CHAPTER XXV
MINNESOTA'
; Workmen's Compensation Act.
i. Statutes. Masons Minnesota Statutes 1927, Secs. 4261-
J. Administration. The Act is administered by the Indus trial Commission of Minnesota, composed of three persons ap pointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent
the Senate, for terms of six years each. Communications may be addressed to the Commission at St. Paul, Minnesota.
J. Scope of the Act The compensation feature of this act .. wholly elective. Both the employer and employees must elect to operate under it in order to entitle the employees to nimpensation. Such election will, however, be presumed from failure to elect not to operate under the Act. The Act is di vided into two "Parts''.
Part 1. (Sections 4261-4267). These sections do not provide for compensation, but for damages in an action at law in favor of any employee "when personal injury of death" is caused "by accident" arising out ..f and in the course of his employment, due to the negligence of the employer and, in case oi death, such right to recover dam.ices is given to the employee's personal representative. (Sec. *261). In such actions for damages the employer is denied the com mon law defenses of contributory negligence, negligence of teilow servant, and assumed risk. (Sec. 4262). It is then provided specifically that an employer, who elects not to come under Part 2, shall be denied the three defenses above named in any action brought under Part 1. (Sec. 4263). 3ut. if the employer elects to come under Part 2 and the employee does not so elect, the employer is not denied the common law defenses in an action brought under Part 1. (See. 4264).
Part 2. (Sections 4268 to 4337-5) By these sections, workmen's compensation is provided without regard to negligence of the employer, in every case of personal injury or death of his employee, caused by accident, arising out of and in the course of employment, "if both em-
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