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TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated TWENTY-TH1RD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS Cleveland, Ohio October l to October 5, 1934 The Cleveland, Carter and Statler Hotels Copyn^t. 1935. National .Wet? Coiitu.il. In-'- **> -- +^+ V vf> v*> O O O* 9* ^ON ^N* ''l ^N *vN^*l'<oN?< OTNJ' ^ (*i n i*) n >0 35 -- _. , cn H U O) Z faJ cU 3 H V 319 Z O Cu*>SV?* S| s% o _ M *Sw v~ "C3 a*3 o-g C w . 5w Council O fficers and Dii 111 5u Z O * 9o2 O 21 O'Z3oC J" ,} J3 .5 3 0 2ffl <e"33<~e3C 2c.OSao' - C3 . 3 c 0c 5 1 0. 3 s CM mc '5! 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" ; -- 2? X " o r = g .a 'i i --. 5s ----i "*5 y- .. s is. w5 X f * < Zm 2 .? =:^ < ' <~ >TT.TH.-rrwt?m>rr>v o 'sth it*** ^i'ii Twenty-third /luninil Safety Cou</rrxs--National Safety C outtai Dr. F. M. Sui.zma.v, Troy Safety Council. Alfred H. Swayne. General Motors Corporation. Ct.AitF.vcF P. Taylor, Massachusetts Safety Council. Arthur M. Took. Consulting Marine Engineer. W. \V. T-sr.sctt. Schenectady Safety Council. W. D. T'jarv.vrt.f.e. San Antonio Safety Council. ]. A. Voss, Metals Section. H. A. Wai.keb. Rubber Section. Georoe H. Wareel. Union Pacific Railroad Company. Da. C.\sstus H. Watson, American Telephone 5c Telegraph Company. Harry M. Werher, Illinois Hell Tclcpitoiic Company. Albert C. White, jn.. Springfield Safety Council. S. E. Whiting. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company. A. W. Whitney, Mational Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. W. H. Winans. Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. Dr. C.-E. A. WtNSLow. Yale Medical School. . ' Marry Wise. Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council. ]. M. Woltz. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company. W. E. Worth. International Harvester Company. E. J. Zauft. Safety Bureau. Duluth Giamhcr oi Commerce. Earl W. Zimmer atan. Safety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce. unal `:"ii to ;.\it 1 nuncil renors ot ti.e . to lay beH developed <1 action :n rograni for . legates and i from the 27, 1934 . in session i;s and my .it you are program to -.adv taken h, because ' with the o solution citizens is 'in* toll ot grim that hway com . .ure. aiul nd disaster, nend your ..:ion with upon our . .LT. Hoffman. Tistmnstcr. . k. of New -urpassed, America.'' ilar monov- evening: no Council TIV iiXTV-T U( Kh ANNUAL S A /' /: T V C 0 ,V G R ti S S n at io ;V, [ l s a r /: r v c o u ,v l i l i?.-5 Dust in Industry . FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION - . October 5, 1934 The session devoted to a discussion of Oust in industry was called to order liy Dr. E. G. Mcitcr, Director. Industrial Hygiene Laboratory, Employers Mutual ina bility Insurance Co., Milwaukee, who presided. Dr. .Mcitcr brictiy welcomed the delegates and then introduced the first speaker. Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases W -r. By LEROY U. GARDNER, M.D. >H Director, Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis, of the Edward L Trudeau Foundation. Saranac Lafee, N. Y. ' Tlie speaker said in part: Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can tolermc very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious interference with function. The lung may he intensely pigmented by colored dusts with no evidence that respiration is impaired. But dusts composed, in whole or in part, ot silica have heett shown to he dangerous because they stimulate the growth of the connective tissues of the lungs and bring about the formation of scar tissue. This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respiration and it thickens the delicate membranes so that a free interchange ot gasses is impeded. Fortunately, these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very large quantities of silica. Experiments have demonstrated that the injection,of siltrr. into the twMirs-.it animals kills the cells where the substance lodges and excites an inflaijiumi..n. When healing takes place a very dense and characteristic kind of scar tissue forms. Most noii-siliceous dusts produce no inflammation ami very little scar. It has been shown that such changes do not follow ihe injection of silica unless the particles arc very line, three microns or less in diameter, and unless enough of them localize in one area. With larger particles the rate of reaction is so slow that little change occurs within a year. As a genera! rule, the fitter the particles, the more ratdd the cellular response. The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours ami it continues for a period of years. If the silica is combined with bases in the form of silicates, it rarely produces such active and progressive changes. The silicate of magnesium, asbestos, dues cause the formation of scar tissue in experimental animals and in tlte human lung, but most other silicates are not eeuerallv recognized as irritating. Recently it has been claimed that a hydrated silicate of aluminum and imtassimn, called'seriate, is responsible for most of the cases of silicosis. This silicate, a transformed feldspar, is often associated with quartz and it lias !>cen identified in the lungs of persons suf- *' 23 f*i 181 24 1 xaily-z/iin! .tnniuil .V(;/V/v Cu'iyi'-''-''--iVuiiiiiiul Sttfciv C'hihuI ierhig from silicuvis. Hmvcvcr, :U least two types of <i:rteile have failed to excite significant changes when injected into animals. Itxporiment* with '.his -ubstaucc arc still in progress. Kaolin, an ahmiiiio-silicatc of potash. lias also produced unite characteristic chances in the lungs of rabbits. Hut our present knowledge docs nut permit us to assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage. Most observers nmv believe that nnoirnhiucd silica, or quartz, is poisonous to the tissue! Ixtcnnsc it is slowly dissolved in the thuds of the Ivniy. Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury, but it is diffi cult to underhand how enough of sneii an iii'ohmle substance as quartz could he dissolved within eight hours to produce a well marked, acute indammatunv II sniiihiiity were the only factor cue should discover a more active response after the injection m the more readily soluble silicates, but such i< not the ease, h'ormcrly it was belt! 'hat silica produced its effect mechanically. The hard sharp quartz particles w: believed to abraid the Itiutr surfaces and excite the forma tion of scar tissue a; a manifestation of healing. This theory is no hunter tenable for when animals arc injected with other hard, sharp particles like diamond, carbo rundum or aluminum oxide, there is no inHammatiou and practically no formation of scar tissue. Ultimately it may he shown that the irritation of silica is due to some unrecognized property possibly related to its atomic structure. When quart? particles are inhaled they produce three specific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust vet studied. They alter the behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes; they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue; and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection, espe cially tuberculous infection. Phagocytes that ingest too many quart* particles are killed by this irritating substance. As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new phagocytes come out to take it up attain. I'y a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so- that many of them ingest only a few particles. Under such circum stances the stimulus is tmt strong enough to kill hut merely accelerates'tin- motility of the cells. They naturally tend to lenve'tlic air spaces, enter the lymphatic ves sels and accumulate itt the lymph nodes. This process Ivcmncs more rapid under /" the influence of' the irritating silica ami very considerable numbers ut particles arc consequently localized in the nodes. After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marker! over growth of the fibrous elements in these structures. Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by. a mass of enar.'c. gla^y scar tissue fibres, often several times as large as the original nixie. Such imdnics en croach upon ami compress the lymphatic vessels. The drainage system of the lung is choked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually diminished. Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessel* and sheets of scar tissue develop in this location. These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease, silicosis: ih.-. nvnlvc only the lymphatic system. The respiratory tissues arc not apprccialm affected. In good stern X-ray films these preliminary changes may be visualized as a thick ening and leading of the shadow* cast hy the blood vessels together with a widen ing of the shadow of the. root of the lung. The blond vessels arc thickened because the most important lymphatic vessels course through their walls, 'flu* leading is due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar (issue in the lymph nodes within the lung. The root shadow is widened Ixtcause of tlw silicotic reaction in the lymph m'xics in (his location. If still more dust is inhaled it can no lunger Ik* effectively carried off through the lymph vessels. The phagocytes now carry it into the wails of the air space*. Often the cells group themselves in nodules Imt sometimes they arc scattered. In these Incatitm* the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue. The result is a general thickening of the septa lietwcen the space* attd nodulatiun throughout the functional portion of the lung. This change seriously interferes with function a* interchange of gas cannot lake place through the thickened wall* of the air space* and the (issue* lose their normal elasticity. I.css involved air spaces dilate and their walls stretch, producing the condition known as emphysema, which is also incom patible with effective respiration. With the formation of silicotic nodules in (he functioning parts of the lung the C'Jmh.,' '.tiled 10 excite this ui.tanre produced quite knowledge does tissue damage. poisonous ;o . Certainly :iic . hut it is difhy.tartz conic! he .limitation. If response titter the ease. For :e hard sharp ite the forma lunge* tenable amond, carbo; no formation -ilica is due to i-ts which are Vhavior of the nrxltjlcs of scar infection, espe- this irritating phagocytes :clt phagocytes r such cireum:r$ the n>tiiity lymphatic ves- rapid under r> of particles marked overictton develops -e. glassy scar h nodules etimi of tiie lung .My diroini>hctl. t'ssue develop : they involve 'ably affected. - 1 as a thickwith a. widen ' `Vetted because s nc beading is les within the in the lymph I off through the air spaces. Ottered. In . The result '-n throughout with function he air spaces date and their t-.also tncoui- ; the lung the fhtsl ill hiilus/i'v 25 disease, silicosis, is said to I teem. On dig S-ray film such nodules cast dear cut. rotmci shadows. As they increase m miinher and size tltgv bb-t mit the lurmcrly accentuated linear shadows of the htoo<l vessels. In a well marked ease. Imili lung fields may he thickly seeded with hundreds of Midi sharply defined. rounded, m-dular shadows. Where there is cmph><cia. often at the bases, no markings arc visible and the 1*11111 appears black. The condition of silicosis is a progressive one and it continues to develop after a man ins leu his dusty occupation. Serious results only iullow, however, when he. ieaves wtth many nodules in the lung tissue itself. As such nodules increase in size they replace important functional elements. Obviously the continued growth ol only a tew noduies situated in the lymphatic system could have little citect other than to increase die obstruction already present. 1 he serious part Ol silicosis is its frequent complication bv lulierculosis. Tin's may arise from reactivation of a pre-oxistam latent infection or it may result from a new infection from without. The danger of infection increases with the amount of silicosis present. The course of the infection in the silicotic is usually chronic ami it often fails to produce characteristic symptoms for months or years after its onset. Many times it is accidentally discovered routine X-ray examination of groups of active workmen. However, evidences of disability arc much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease. Occa sionally tuberculosis may ruct a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is also true in other persons. The cause of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood, hut it would scent that the action of the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria. The tubercle bacilli multiply ant! a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues, but the usual clinical symptoms of tuberculosis arc often held in abeyance for a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection arg mini mized by the obstructed lymphatic system. It is also possible that some <*f these poisons may lie absorbed on tltc silica particles, as Cummins has suggested. Ulti mately the infection gains the upper hand, symptoms develop and death ifont tuber culosis ensues. 1 The only other, type of dul which is generally revnguiavd as a cause >f -evert pulmonary injury is asbestos, a -ilicatc of magnesium. This -uli-tanec is iibrous in character and is more readily soluble than quart*. Apparently the (Vntectivc tipper respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation many such fibres and even quite long ties may penetrate into the finer bronchial tuiies. Thee structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts. In this location the asbestos particles are surrounded and ingested by phago cytes. The cells tic not seem to he particularly irritated tor they tire not espe cially numerous nor <lo they migrate rapidly into clumps as in the case of phago cytes dealing with quart*. Apparently must ot them carry their burden of asbestos fragments directly into the waifs of the tubes in which they lie. The mildly irri tating tiust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in the walls result ing in coliar-likc thickening of the tubes. Contraction m die new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube 'anti thereby shuts ol? the ingress oi air to the more peripheral air spaces. These spaces then collapse, a condition known as atelectasis. This in itself is a cause of fibrosis nr scarring of lung tissue. The result is a fibrosis o{ mmiernm relatively small areas lit the lung due to the collnr-likc constricting fibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes. Tlig lymphatic system seems to play little part in disposing of asiwstos dust aml^^/-"msigmt!cnnt amounts oi this dust are found in the lymph nodes. X'if a few cases of ashestoxii die of Udxrcutosis i>t brcmehtqmeumonin but the prevalence of the former infection is probably much less common titan lit silicosis. Surveys of large groups of asliomis workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers. The inhalation of umtsttsl amounts of non-siliccflu* dusts apparently falls to pro. fitter significant alterations in tlte lung. It is of course imssihk- that injurious ones may ultimately be discovered, but none are recognized today. The non-siliccous particles enter the lung ami arc ingested by phagocytes as in tlte case of quart*. The cells are not" stimulated to move very rapidly ami as a consequence many of them remain within the air spaces for a long time. Some, particularly those con- / m SBC? m.w-f? A* $81 iM f.vjiv JTt7 m v:m* 26 '1 xocnty-tiiird Annual Safety Congress--National Safety Council taming relatively few particles. make their way into tlic lymphatic system anti accu mulate in the iyinph nodes. In sufficient concentration. or perhaps because they arc mixed with small Amounts of silica, they set up a low grade, mut-progressivc chronic inflammation. But this reaction results only in a little thickening m the lymph nodes and about the lymphatic vessels. The lung tissue may lie variously pigmented, black troin coal or reel front iron, hut there is no formation of scar tissue that inter feres with function. The susceptibility to tuberculosis of the ','crsou with such pig mentation is not increased hut it is apparently quite definite that pneumonia is unduly prevalent in coal miners ami that chronic bronchitis results from the inhala tion of cement. The X-ray films of men working in uon-siiiccous dusts shows cither nothing at all or a more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows cast by the blood vessels. This, of course, is due to the chronic inflammatory changes about the lymphatic trunks in wails ot blood vessels. The effects of mixtures of free silica and nun-siliceous materials are less clearly defined and should receive more serious attention. It would seem unwise to assume, as lias been done itt the past, that the non-siliceou* substances serve only as inert diluents and that only the quartz component of a dust is of significance. Experi mental and clinical data are accumulating which surest that at least >omc other fliists may materially modify the action of quartz, both in its capacity to produce nodular fibrosis in the lungs and to increase the susceptibility to tuberculosis. Tor example, animals inhaling heavy concentrations of a mixture of equal parts of pure silica and hematite dust for eight hours a day over a period ol 14 mouths have shown not even the .slightest indication of nodule formation in the lung, whereas pure quartz dust, inhaled for only two hours a day. produces definite Modulation, ft also seems to lie true that animals inhaling such a mixture arc much less susceptible to tuberculosis than those exposed to pure quartz. In the case of the human iron miner, some lungs show definite silicotic Modulation, others only a very few nodules and many no nodules at all. All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles with 3 i>`ceiifar ioimccttve tissue reaction. When these liutliugj can lie correlated with ` chtmrica!'analysis of the lung tissues and the approximate amount of rock work which these miners have performed, some relationship !t\vecu the exposure to silica and the fibrous nodule formation may he established. Tuberculosis in these iron miners is apparently less prevalent and much less severe than in own cxptxed to pure silica. What ha* been said of iron miners is also probably true <*f ftmmlrt workers anti coal miners. It is generally accepted that men in the latter nccttimtioii have less tuberculosis than the average for the age period: Cummins U-licvcs that ihoy have the infection but that it is so atypical and benign in its manifestations that it escapes diagnosis. Mention should also be made of mixed dusts like certain slates and granite containing large amounts of free silica in combination with silicates. Experimentally these substances behave atypically and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there is complicating infection. The saute tnav also He true in human beings. Unques tionably such dusts are capable of producing typical silicotic nodules am; they pre dispose tuberculosis. From a theoretical standpoint they should receive much more intensive study to clarify ottr views on the whole subject. At the present time it appears that the action of their quartz component is modified and partially neu tralized by the other substances which they contain. Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust- ' By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston The speaker said in part: A number of our states Iiavc had references to dust elimination in their labor laws for a good many years, hut no state ha> as yet thoroughly enforced these laws. The codes of live states which we investigated provide that grinding, buffing and polishing wheels should be exhausted, although two of the states exempt from these provisions wheels on which water is used. s' 5 3 Hurd A nnual S afety Congress-- N ational Safety Council V m l m InJuury Q o aX o _x 52 s. >. 3 GO *<3 a *5 v V J3 H >o I * 5> C 33s 3 "3 -3 2 30 T'vcnty-third .Itiuiutl Safety Cntujrcxs--National Safety Council large front's 'if workers I>y discovering early not only occupational diseases, hut many other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is acutely ill or he* comes disabled. If the various rtmtagiuns conditions go imrcengui/vd others t>c- come imcaetl, '.hereby causing serious economic loss, as well as endangering the health of a group of ivuiiiiduais. The information obtained from physical examinations alTords the medical super visor the opportunity to make certain that employees arc engaged in suitable work out of which they are getting maximum results, to correct the effects of undue ex posure to harmful environmental venditions, and generally to lessen all occupa tional hazards. As a public health measure, it is impossible to over-estimate the value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness prevention. The set-up of a proper program for medical control of workers exposed to dust depends upon the mmik-r of employees involved and individual plant conditions. A senes of articles under the title of "The Medical Department Manual" by Dr. Hart T. Fisher, appearing in current numbers of "Industrial Medicine.' gives a com prehensive account of the organization and operation ni a medical department. 1. The-establishment of a medical department with adequate facilities and med ical personnel who have qualified in the field of industrial medicine. A process attalvsis of all operations in the plant should he made and the medical supervisor should list all possible health hazards and familiarize himself with their physio logical effects. If necessary, he should conduct research studies to determine the harmful effects of new substances introduced into plant processes about which little is known. In cooperation with other departments, he should investigate the extent of the hazards and devise measures of control. 2. Thu routine examination of all applicants for employment. The procedure should include a detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accidents classified under fa) diseases of childhood, fh) general infectious diseases. (g) respiratory diseases, fd) venereal diseases, and (c) accidents and resulting physical detects. A detailed imtorv of previous occupations engaged in is very important. A mere statement of the type ni imhistfyin whirls the applicant was engaged has slight value, if any. The exact duties performed in each nccnpntion should !>c noted and information ascertained as to the probable length of exposure to hazard' ms substances. After the history lias Ik*ch taken ami a photograph for identifica tion purposes (if part of routine) is made, the applicant should U- directed to the examining room where he is instructed to remove his clothing for physical exam ination. This examination should hr made as complete as is considered necessary to determine the applicant's physical condition. It the applicant, has been or will hr exposed to dusts which induce lung dis eases. an X-ray picture of the chest is an important part of the examination. Tins part of the examination may he referred to an experienced rncntge.nciogist. a< the- value of this method of diagnosis depends it|*on the type of pictures taken and the experience of the reader who interprets them. The examining physician also may need additional information obtained hv lalmratorv :inalvi-- the blood, snttluiti. and the urine. These aids to diagnosis should be provided .*r made a\:ol- able when desirable. _ ,_ .1. The rating anti placement of applicants. In cooperation with the personnel department, the applicant should he rated and placed, not only on bis training ami past experiences, but a!o on his physical anti mental abilities to fill vacancies occur ring from time ft* time. The record of his nhysicat and mental examination should he the confidential property of the medical department. 4. Periodical physical examinations. The frequency of periodical examinations necessarily must depend upon individual circumstances arrortling to the need for such examinations as determined hv tlie sniHwvtsing phvsician. Where physical examinations arc made for the first time, the employees of long standing should ic given ample explanation of the benefits of such examinations anti be given assur ances that their jobs are secure. . a. Provision for the disabled. TTnployrcs who develop disabilities thiring the course of employment should lie reassigned to occupations which win not interfere with or aggravate the disability, or they should !*c provided for in other ways. .//Wf'tftV.V/I.VT Quarry Section = ijT 5 ,C_= ^ r s ---5 ~ i :. Ji?J 5 . -2 ?.* = --i tiiliU' *.* iHi^s -; i - - ,s : ; u : . .= i - : S rj^' ^-s :-:* * >-- 5 ~ a x :^-5;:,S5 r4Z3l2*-M-l -I f If i` " ---''-5 * >. z i? i-2 ,, : l , a s. gf-f5 sf S 3 s!3 s\y-~- * z ? * ' v. j* .*t ' ,* * - S Jj _J'3^5.sj - .5 * ,, 5 S-s = *'* ? ! 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J^si:s?a!|S|| js.N.*NSIS'5e*_`l.li^l nw <U U E c o U ta c rs .s C 44 *g o =i Z: JZ o a5 u o a ~z a = 5* - -i .t .t i allowed y satisMcmbers ' his arm he naked c by Or. or days any such i x-rays. k* Rubber in x-ray are used (.clinicians ir-fetched NAT l 0 iV ,-l L S A V F T V CO U N C / L Safety Section, A R A -- Steam Railroad Section, NSC ^^Jioirmrtii--C. I.. LaFoustmnk, Great Northern Railway Co., St. Paul, Minn. First .1 'iee-Chainnan--H. A. P.uustt. Chicnco & North Western Railway. Chicago. Second I'ieC'Chainnau--W. H. F.\tt.txt;. Central Railroad of Mew Jersey. Secretary--J. C. Cavisto.v, American Railway Association. New York City. ** r. r. -y ^ i m .. .1 complete report of these sessions is published t>y the .luieriran Railway /tssaeuitian in ,/ booklet entitled, "I'rorecdmns of the Fourteenth .faunalMeriinti of theSafety Seetinn, Cleveland, Ohio,October 2-t. JOJI" Copiesof the booklet areavailable from the Association atAmerican Railroads, ,V. C. The following is (l condensed' record. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 2, 1934 The opening session of the Safety Section. American Railway Association-- Steam Railroail Section. National Safety Council was caited to order by Chaim ..a i..i('(iuii(aiiitf. Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, .Uitmesoia. who prvNidcd. Tlie invocation was delivered by L. G. Bentley, Chesapeake and Ohio Railwav. The report of the Secretary. J. C. Cavistou, New York City, in which he outline'! briefly the activities of officers and standing committees during the last year, was read and approved. The Chairman then presented his annual report. Annual Report of the Chairman - By C. L. LA FOUNTAINS ` Great Northern Railway, St. PauC Minn. The speaker said in part: Let us go hack for a moment to the resolution adopted at our annual meeting iu 1924, which set a goal calling for reduction, based on the 1923 record, of 33 per cent in casualties to employees on duty, Class I railroads, by 3S3 .. gave' a fcTcat the re vving on ntatiized V safety down* ;i('t know at period. ,r>\7 to a that date iiicft year r accom- A in the '.I'd. On ':ml>cr of ''J3 under to' speak, .n during analogous the years when itnuachinerv, 'it in tine im- thc nccil>ossihlc : of the last ten Not- ;rrad betlng that -.r->ng the in 1933 ns 10.02. *<). the - nted "to opinion* . .* causes mpiuyecs :wfvisory is, from ve is to . title l>e* r. is not liouid he ust first flie diffi- way to milliner, and dtsrases of : <ject on Safety Section, .IRA--Stemn Rnilmml Section. :\'SC j.sy which one is to train another. Hi safely.- it is knowledge of safe practices. These arc shown hy ihe cau>c* of acciik-nts and hy ;i>l> analysis. W hen .safe practices arc reduced to writing they arc HMiady called rules, or at least they are equivalent to rules. Thcrcicre, u ail safe practices in any occupation were reduced P> rules and if complete obedience to such rules were i-ecured. it would insure complete immunity from accidents from nun lailure. This means that the first step m safety is to l>cnvide adcij'.iate ruU's; the second step is foe !><al oillccrs and supervisors (the teachers) to knmv and understand the rules: ami the third step is to see that the cinpiovecj know, understand and obey the rules, fn consonance with these oh. .scrvatious, :hc following items are presented foe the consideration of the Safety Section as some <>t the essential elements in an effective safety program: 1. A comprehensive set of safety rules coilining the safe wavs m' work-ins. 2. A practical, working understanding of the rules or safe practices hy ail local officers, supervisors awl employees, to he assured hy suitable examinations. 3. Invariable obedience to all rules, violations not resulting in accidents repre sentin': the same decree of culpability as when accidents do result from such violations. '' 4. Definite anti not perfunctory observations by local officers awl supervisors to detect violations of safety rules and formal report of violations detected as a requirement of management. 5. Formal disciplinary action on proven violations, with entry on discipline record covering every ease. . ^^0. A monthly anil cumulative record of the violations of rules or unsafe prac tices detected hv cadi local officer and supervisor, and a monthly summary hy dcoarttnetni^for divisions and system. 7. .-yfaccidents. regardless of how trivial, shall he rcjmrted and investigated promptly to determine cause, responsibility and disciplinary action to he taken where responsibility is shown. 8. ...Tnvestigntiflj.i should invnriablv develop an answer to these two i|nc<tions: fa) ^Vkas-^ccidgm due to the violations of a rule? fh) If not, should a rule he provided ? '. TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 2. 1934 ' - The "Green Book" By LEW R. PALMER Secretary. Committee of Award, Railroad Employees' National Safety Contest and Conservation Engineer. Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City The sneaker aid in nart: The year 1933 ended the ten year period m' the Railroad Kmployecs' .National Safety Contest as set up hy the National Safety Council and recorded in toe respective issues of the "Green Hook.''. A constant study of railroad saiety contest records during a [icriod of ten years has established what I believe to lie a fundamental fact: that it is necessary to break down ottr entire Class I railroad exposure into a sufficient number of competing groups so that there will not he too wide a variation !>ctwccn the matt-hour cxi>osurt? of the largest group contender as compared with the man-hours of the smaller contenders in the same group: otherwise, the larger unit, with ils> more uniform casualty rate, will he liaudicnpped l>v the more.widely fluctuating rates of the smaller contenders: for it is generally recognized that under normal conditions the greater the man-hour exposure die more uniform the casualty rates are year hy year. For that reason, the revised plan suggested for tlte 1934 Railroad Kmpinyces' National Safety Contest includes six crouos for standard Class I railroads and two RTonps for switching and terminal road*, it ixing a matter of record in connection with switching ami terminal roads, that a great deal more interest has been dcveiojwd in our annual contest since these roads were given what was considered a fighting chance for competitive honors. * m 'in, i/, tapped ligilfjy i joints may ''is lice:) I.ikJ die light raj) trick Ur-jc- . hler ditnates. ft is scarcely tome />i .'>!)] J.iteralJy fen tlie frost -.nifonnly. -a hane to tlie 'ixjusible tor - ilroads. there b in a period han three tort <en-foot flood. sv-ways 'H*oden bridge Refuse at ay. Adequate he provided. not only to lc of the sub * daiutcr. dmdenser, mure 'ipportiittf toil cause of the of a train, 'hod of drain*. Tnlfa or Cer- 'ahfe drifting ir* off sidings her obstacle* is. imperially V.*m die (rack ;>ctial hazard `as, iiifine <t vegetation ..re - steel hut on iii- to come. In til to prevent -1 away from n this item i* U fire In tics a single panel or to depress : add lie taken nl underneath wv. or other due to snow due to vehicles " Here it cont- Safi'ly YYtV/on, AR. !-t~.YiVnnr Riiilronti Xrctimi, NSC il;5 pacts under traffic. as more and more is deposited. until eventually the wheels of a passing tram arc lifted v.n and me: :hc rad. Highway repairmen operatin'' road- scrapers are sometimes careless or ignorant of these dangers. Track foremen should make it their duty to advise all <ucii persons of the possible consequences of tins dangerous practice. So far very 'idle lias liccit -aid about inspections. It is. however, by regular and careful track inspections '.hat incipient dancers may best he found and cor rected. The trackmen, the foremen and the supervisors should train most carefully tlie men upon whom ;hey are to rely. With sections rapidly becoming louver and lunger, it is not always possible for the foreman to supervise his gang and also patrol his track. The track inspector therefore Ivtcoincs the first line of defense. He must he able to think clearly and rapidly in whatever emergency may arise, always remembering that the safety of the train service rests in his hands. Moreover, the foreman himself must he ready at all times of high wind, heavy rain, or any unusual weather conditions to patrol his track, anti to him Is given the power to preserve the lives of passengers anti trainmen, and to him is given the privilege of speeding up the wings of transportation. WEDNESDAY MORNING-SESSION ' October 3, 1934 Report of Committee on Prevention of Highway -cy r ft. Crossing Accidents "" By H. 'A. ROWE Manager. Claims Department, Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. New York City The .speaker said in part: The report of this committee (or the vear 1933 again shows a slight reduction in the number of accidents and fatalities at railroatl highwav crossings and a substantial reduction in tlie ntnnlxT of injuries for the filth consecutive war since tlie vear 1923. The record is as follows: Year 192*....................... 1933..................... . Accidents 3.23a totalities 2.5t,H 1,511 Injuries 4//>7 3.697 Reduction ... 2.545-(44%) 13)57 (4l7e) 2.97H f449; > Casualties during the four mouths of June. Julv, August and September in the Careful Crossing Campaign, compared with the same period, 1923 to 1933, inclusive. were as follows: Year I92X..................... 1929..................... 1930..................... 1931................ 1932..................... 1933..................... Accidents . 1.799 . 1.327 . 1.371 . 1.103 . 399 . 990 - Fatalities 358 749 440 494 432 491 Injuries 2.0'<2 2.140 1.505 . 1.194 1.022 ' 1.124 It will he noted that automobile registration in 1933 was 23.S37.20fl. and repre sents an increase of 1.4 per cent over the preceding year; this is finite comparable with the number of automobiles registered in the peak year of crossing accident casualties. Gasoline consumption. which is a lair barometer of automobile use. was lfi.023.- 562.000 gallons during the year 1933; which is an increase of a trifle less than 2 per cent over the preceding year. The increasing-use of smaller cars with greater mileage per gallon of gasoline, indicates that the Iraflic over and across . railroad tracks was fully equal to that of 1932. I  Co'r'l- >i .J ;sings .. Mo. hi the railroad# nm over, not at .or can he e'.asmut first looking when he conid . i tar in ; live . dy telling them. .%* shouldn't do a hen ail of them in that way last .nsiver is. in an .. >ved no problem must inclmic that atinn ot the men. supervision. In i wiihont goggles i:n for five days r. rather, a part .Hows. family was in *vs a month at rinii; his. g-weles. vr little children. id in that lmue ivy had was one and took up a thanked me with that we had not il never find me .cest influence mi .ml was itiven id* . the other day. .vas not wearing tin down iot the vs. that he was what the fellow's our home, eleven to pot her feet .re of that invalid nr wife that you at you were no .r in the strucislc king to him. He . r lteen talked to as a lot of hooey .Sci/tly .Si'dimt, . f i\- Sh'niit Rtulrtuid Siilicjn, NSC 403 in this atety ttmvement. Dut l'now realize what it-means to me, aud jou can rest asutred that "ever attain will I do time kind of work without my guggles on." That is some more Mipvrvi'i'.m. Notice the results. Don't think tor a moment that I am deprecating punishment lur mm .enforcement of rules. Safety ruk> should he adopted and they should he rigidly enforced hy whatever methods arc necessary to cause the employee to comply with them. Lint enforcement Is only a part of supervision. ilerc is some more supervision that brought good results. On tlic Wabash Railway tin's >car we laid oil miles of new 110-pound steel. W'e had a gang of lie ur 140 section men engaged in that work. About the time they started this work we happened to have a division safety meeting within [our or five miles ot where this camp was. The supervisor, a Mr. Watkins by name. loaded his fellows up and brought them in to the safety meeting. I was there and I told them just how to do U'cir job without anybody getting hurt. About three months later, they completed that job. and not a single man had been injured. " WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1934 . Interesting Employees in Looking After Their Own Safety __ y* * * By J. CLYDE MIXON .>* CViiei Clerk to General Superintendent, Northern Division, Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company, Savannah, Ga. The speaker said in part: Oms of our South Carolina philosophers, Rob tjnillan, mice said: Tf wc would pmv more often fur cumutoii sense, wc would not have to pray fur rain." Expand that thought for yourselves. Safety is common sense in action. Interesting employees in looking after their own safely" is hut another way of saying. "Sell the idea of safely to your men." Jletore one can sell anything to Sumcuoc else mie must sell oneself. You tuny he sure tluit in a section where there is a poor safety record it is primarily the result of the imlitferenee of a supervisory officer, or the result of his inability to sell die idea to Iiis men unci keep them sold on it. We must keep everlastingly at this protmsition of safety. A wise man who lived in the Orient once said: "Nothing is ever definitely finished among men. fur each thing stops only to begin again." Wg can put that down as a law of nature. It has been said that `eternal vigilance is-the price of saiety". and that is unite true. We must constantly drive home the doctrine of safety miudedness. If the supervisor is indifferent, there isn't anything to do about it but "decapitate'* him. and the sooner the better, hecau.-c il is an indication not only of narrowness but of his unworthiitess to be a leader of men and a representative of enlightened management. It should not be difiieuh to get men interested in looking after their own safety. The first law of nature, the law of the jungle, the law of self-preservation, is or should he invoked hy every worker, ft requires some time, however, for men to he sold on this idea--that they must look niter themselves. There is also, of course, the appeal to a man's higher nature, the duty he'owes to Iiis family, then to his fellow workers and tlic public whom he serves. Uut I want to approach this subject largely front the angle <C responsibility and the opportunity of the supervising officer. It thrills me sometimes when I think of the opportunities the supervising olficcrs--the foreman, the master mcrbnnie. the trainmaster, the superintendent--have if they exert lltcmselve* as tlic teaders of the men working under their supervision. What an opportunity this man has to acconi- I