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FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1948 Feb DOC#: NSC018 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC - National Safety News - Fume and Dust Exposure Recognition and Control of i By V. J. CASTROP Re s p o n s ib il it y for employee health is delegated.by management to the medical director, while the safety director is charged with accident pre vention activities. For the smooth functioning of either department, it is necessary' that these individuals work' in harmony. The safety engineer spends much of hit time in the plant and usually is well informed about working condi tions. The doctor, on the other hand, must spend most of his time tending to the medical needs of the employee V. Castro p is Assistant Head, Indus trial Juygdene Department, Research Lab oratories Division, General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. This article has been con denser: from a paper presented at the Automotive and Machine Shop Section, 35th Rational Safety Congress. 2Q wm and to the administrative work of his department. 'As a result, he has in sufficient time for plant surveys. This is particularly true in plants where the doctor is employed on a part-time basis. A safety engineer who is capable of recognizing conditions which may be detrimental to health is an excel lent team mate for the doctor in a health maintenance program. The safety engineer need not be capable of actually sampling air in the envi ronment or designing a ventilation system for the control of toxic ma terials. He should, however, have knowledge of the materials which have been proved harmful, and should have some understanding of basic control measures. The safety engineer, as well as the or. should be informeiijjijA^f; .where-he can obtain the technical .h;,// sorrnel to do the sampling'and -.-lytailed study of the environment engineering personnel to rende sistance in the control of expc mSuch assistance may be obtained7T. the industrial hygiene division. either the health or labor depart; of many states. Some city g b 'k .i; ments likewise have industrials giene bureaus. In addition to these governing agencies, many insurance c, have on their staffs men .whoi capable of sampling and rendeS engineering assistance. Private sultants are also available,- op may find that an industrial hygfi is employed' by your own organ? tion. A'lSigfi;! National Safety New...s.,...Fe"b.r.uary, -::j7rFF PLAINTIFF'S: EXHIBIT .(tm rt!> t Iptii trial urn W7fyri!-l^, ps&&..._,. $ey$e.y$-y1 aed hnic g andfl nmerifri l'ender as- exp osti -lined frcffl ;p artm':#enSii J gy ^ striaMB carne who M hygien| orffantf ary, t 'Irte ur'd ou/s/c/e YaPor blasting i y W m e 'b ^'me *H`,c a an<^ w a*er u n d er p re s- ' ^ " re used. C a b in ets must be m aintained , that eakage of m ist does not o c c u r. --h Loca exhaust v e n tila tio n o f so ld e rin g operations. I'Xliis discussion will be limited to gjjgaic principles of industrial hygiene the'-7 relate to fume and dust ex|S.wurep to indicate what control %Seaflures are available or used' to ,'protect the employee's health, and to gill attention to operations and ma^ j a l s which are commonly used in Justr-y, at the same time indicating jSpjnerslly accepted opinion as to their effect on health, ..Vlat.y conditions are improved for SeasonE other than their effect upon pilth. Better products, better emiLpioyee relationship, reduction in ftintonance of equipment may be lied' js justification, for manageStent'? decisions for such correction. isfinifions jCiiymen frequently designate as Sne''.ariy vapor, fog, gas, etc.,, they g f j'encounter. In industry, the plat- gnjist over a. chrome tank, the va- a,iij|ii'Jj ^ Cl.fd. gases, at a: metal-cleaning B^SjXtsalibn or the exhaust gases .from P.fgwk are frequently referred' to as To the industrial hygienist, JtalViSenTi has a more definite- meanH p fi -lil 1V-I ing. For this discussion, fume may be considered to be particulate matter formed by the condensation of a va por. A molten bath of lead at a high temperature causes the metal to vola tilize and form a vapor. Upon contact with the cooler surrounding atmos phere condensation occurs and the physical state changes from vapor to a solid metallic particle. While dust is also a solid particle, it is formed by the- disintegration of solid materials by grinding, crushing, abrasion, or similar action. - Fume particles are generally small in diameter, with- the size dependent upon the type of fume, the extent offlocculation, and other' factors/ 'Dust particles-of hygienic significance are . those beteween one and' ten microns in size. (25,400 microns are equiva lent to one inch]. Generally speaking, there are two means of entrance of toxic com pounds into the human body--by in gestion or via the respiratory tract through inhalation of"fumes, dusts, mists or gases. Ingestion is of im portance if toxic materials which have a systemic effect are. used and adequate washing facilities'.are not provided, or, where the employees are slovenly .in personal- habits. ' Inhalation is considered the most important portal of entry of fumes or dusts and the' particle size1,.-there---.fore,, becomes,, significant 'in .evaluat ing exposure. The particleswhich- cause the physiological changes -are... those which are small enough to r main, suspended in the air and n.ot' those which immediately fall to the floor. Flying particles, which .maycause eye injuries are not of hygienic . significance since they are not of' respirable sie. To judge the serious ness of an exposure by the quantity of detritus adjacent to an operation is often misleading. This is especially true where mechanical ventilation re moves the fine material but is inade quate to trap or convey the larger particles. In evaluating an exposure it is nec essary to consider the toxicity of the material, the duration of the expo sure, the average concentration of the contaminant with special attention being paid to those operations which produce high concentrations at some phase of an operating cycle, and the measures which have been provided -- To page'52 Sa/efy News, February, 1948 27 -- From page 21 to control the exposure. Medical rec ords of the individuals subjected to the exposure may be of value if the examinations are thorough and fre quent and not of a cursory type. It must be remembered that occupa tional diseases are slow in develop ment and in some instances lasting in effect. Slow changes may not be detected, and the mere fact that cases have not occurred does not mean, that exposures to known toxic materials may be ignored. Determination of the concentration of the toxic material in the air is im portant in evaluating the exposure. Tests of this type are indicative not only of the degree of contamination but also, in some instances, which operation is the major offender. The apparatus used in collecting the contaminant and the method used in estimating the amount present in the atmosphere vary with the type of material. Tests of this type, are spec ialized in nature and are beset with many pitfalls which cart lead to er roneous conclusions if done by in experienced personnel. Permissible Limits In a discussion pertaining to toxic materials it is'generally necessary to quote permissible concentrations, or as it is sometimes expressed---maxi mum allowable concentrations--per missible limits, or threshold limits. These terms are used extensively by industrial hygienists to indicate con centrations of a substance in the air which are considered compatible with good health. The limit usually applies to exposures of eight hours duration for a prolonged period. The limits are, for the most part, advisory standards or bench marks which are practical to meet. In gen eral, these limits are derived from three types,of evidence all of which have value and limitations. 1. Animals have been exposed at dif ferent concentrations and the effects noted. 2. A few experiments have been made on human subjects for short periods of time. 3. Safe limits have been arrived at by measuring the concentrations of sub stance in the workroom air and cor relating this information with results of medical examinations of workmen. -n. The mere fact that these limits are exceeded docs not necessarily mean that someone will become definitely ill. But there is a good probability that someone will suffer ill effects if the limit is greatly exceeded for a considerable period. There remains much to be learned regarding the toxicity of many substances used in industry. So much for the general picture. Now let's look at some specific opera tions. W elding Welding processes most commonly used can be divided into three types, arc, gas, and resistance, The safety measures pertaining to clothing, gog gles, and helmets are of common knowledge and wall not be considered here. Arc welding when performed on uncoated steel does not produce a condition considered harmful to the welder, provided it is done in a comparatively large open area. The fumes which result from welding consist es sentially of the oxides of iron and oxides of metals which may come rise the steel or coating of the welding rod. Some investigators have found characteristic markings on chest x-rays of men who have welded under severe conditions, for long'periods of time. These markings are presumably due to the deposition of iron fumes within the lungs, but it has not been demonstrated that such fumes have caused physical impairment. A frequently suggested limit for welding fume is 15 milligrams of iron oxide per cubic meter of. air. Con centrations of this magnitude existing in the workroom would materially re duce visibility and thereby become a nuisance or an unsafe condition re quiring correction. Welding within' confined areas such as tanks, inside machinery or equip ment. or in small rooms presents a condition which can be of concern. Tire concentration of fume is materi ally higher under these conditions as there is little opportunity for dilution by natural air currents normally pres ent in a large shop. Nitrogen oxides formed by the electric arc when in haled in sufficient quantities causes fluids to form in the lung--edema-- with resultant failure of thefl tory system. While weldingjjf open areas these toxic gases! mally not present in sufficiejffl tities to cause harmful effects-,, ever, when- welding is done# fined areas, the nitrogen o x # reach a concentration whicS? harmful. Gas welding generally ductive of harmful fumes. Tfihowever, in brazing two pqj harmful exposures. While bff= or borates generally are usedf5" ing fluxes, some metals requnP containing significant quanta5 fluoride compounds and fume these fluxes have been knoy duce significant nasal " irn Fluorides in general are lodle'' with suspicion since they- nfit duee harmful effects upon- rfieiJ structure. A limit of 2,5. nr cubic meter has been sugges fluorides, but no standard iff, agreed upon. Most industriaE' ists attempt to keep them ajji practicable. Silver solder is one of-fit common alloys used in brazia ers of this type vary m comp and may in some instances cadmium which, if volatilized ficient quantities, is consideredfful. At present the suggested| cadmium fume in air is IT" per 10 cubic meters of air, ip Resistance, spot, or butt yf plain steel is .of no concernia physiological standpoint. -Tnf arising from such operations,g ly are caused by the volati which has come upon the met"' during previous operations1??* been placed upon the metal preventive, ' ^ The preceding discussion ofu ing operations has been base# the assumption that the metalif! welded are of plain steel. ' formance of welding operatf? ther arc, gas, or resistances metals which have been coat|: such toxic materials as leadp|| urn, or mercury may cause exposures. The heat of the S~ of the arc causes volatilizafi these metals. Welding i terne plate or other metals con significant quantities of lead,,,, suit in the volatilization of lead, which if inhaled for a sufficicffjl od of time, may result in le a d ty -- To # " >0- F f i nt r t f | PublSti ungtanjp cirnm for Ftiep a n d '. 'g Psir:|] sine. iSa >2.) on. Effects Engineer^ E i ns. Indifl p ..-6 2 p oi,. B ec3tJ I7orehg y -Thon lageraen ding. 5J3E$y exposure jf houffs^E TQ. invifo] 1 9 4 7 .^ man ~-n'ed immurS] -' M 650 erni *s as- o: mringv|jj manuiafi.1 rtru a ry rtb Ifr iin g ^ " Mills Corp. ay Bristol ]Vco.ving Co., Bristol, Taut. f l r ^ u a r y 19, 1940, to date; 360 emrT l s; 6.218,430 man-hours as of Inecr'mb 17,. 1947. A plaque and iffl D- are aw arded fo r each m illio n l ^ , . h o u r s without a disabling in- Wayy (Rayon w eaving). fp idrfee Firesfons anti Rubber Co, Ifeffcnw* Mechanical Shop--Novem& 12, 1946, to date; 2,000,000 man- ire as of December 22, 1947. Jew Orleans M lic Service Inc. If/Vow Orleans, La., -- Mechanical gptration Section, Power Division, Hectric Department--May 17, 1944, ffate; 51 employees; 500,000 manyrs as of December 31, 1947. Up ____________ fg p ie and Dust Sjffow page 52 piisand ultimate poisoning. The cutIjfybr welding, of surfaces which '(been coated with paint contain- llead'has caused lead poisoning. lEeldmg of cadmimn plated mater_|sW,ss. attributed as the cause of illS^and even death to a number of duals during the wrar. The refe itt cases indicated- that death oc- aim a comparatively short time -exposure. TwHing of galvanized metal causes Utilization'of the zinc coating. Ifio ra ty discomfort associated l'P-e!al fume fever may result ipgnch exposure. ^Bere warranted, control of weldl^tn es is generally- accomplished P8mding^a mechanical ventilation iffim. The type of ventilation used * dependent upon the nature of the welding. When the object to be weld'** Positioned in a fixture or jig it poss;;,h: to obtain effective control fames by the use of a grill, or flexible duct near the llp j6.0* fume. If the parts are large sm * *s necessary to weld more than m Am a fixed point, it is difficult | | S - g o o d control of the fume rEasuable air volumes through gWyem using flexible- ducts. Myce the effective range of most . eluE UCts approximately eight Atom the dust opening, it is SBfc'ify Ar the welder to move the -=7^ E? ever the arc is outside this f|||- practical result IS that KEEP SI CLEAN' Specialists in Powdered- Hand Cleaners SOPAC-- beaded soaps and vegetable scrubber STEROPAC---ph 7.Q / e LANOPAC-- contains lanolin r (# BORQPAC-- borax scrubber "A Wee Bit Goes a Long Way" WE INVITE AN OPPORTUNITY TO SERVE YOU SKOTCH PRODUCTS CORPORATION 2710-12 Detroit Ave. Cleveland 13, Ohio 73 niu.sl :ilioI;? .ire n o rm a lly noi rnovud weld inn. L ircu hating tans d ire c te d H "fispirib.-r. Y : miti ha 7-'in m a t ion r'-ffiiTim does not tro m th e side help to :tin te th e fum e veirii'A ;rw : l'Arno iumos. .Ao'iurriinir lo rz- w hich m ay be nonce; tira ted tn the ur riinary muhirin'; portffi . ui if? tv De of ffiv-ffitp.m h as boon -Tom`ively . used in .ffihipvardffi ior the b r e a th in g '/.one of the w elder. A n o th e r m ean s of c o n tro l is the VjU.'Stctiiiu ot rivu w thb* ouneinIrate?.! control of welding fumes in confined use of personal respiratory equip- . under the helmet. asrheoausl.d Inthevrieewforeof btehisa exspaetirsifeanccteoryit mreesnpti.raAtoirrs linheavreespibraeetonrs daenvdelofupmede Dry Grinding means of control for welning fumes which will provide adequate protec _ E'ust - ;H :in g frn.tr, ;ju in tanks. However, supervision and tion. Some manufacturers have on of non toxic metals which education are necessary to make such the market welders' helmets with ia- sand is generally consider systems effective. oiiities for providing fresh air to the .sauce and is Mtnfni r^ lf P Where the room volume per welder wearer. Use of this type of equip Despite thus fact aim st;i |: is large, natural ventilation, within ment has been limited. Since the1 quire grinding operations io C f the plant is usually sufficient to pre welder is already burdened with hel tilated. This requirement Un *' vent accumulation' ot excessive con- met, goggles, and protective clothing ably been a holdover from t|g ventration of fumes from plain steel he probably will not lie receptive to when sandstone wheels were lent and also to prevent tic rr,.J of a nuisance condition. Q,{|j wheels in. use in industry h heial abrasives, such as alimii ide or silicon carbide. Em urai Drootlet compose.' aluminum and magnetic iron, mav also be used. A p,.Ti,,,. limit ot 5b million particles per r toot or iit cot aluminum nxidtej silicon carbide was recently ,-icJ by the members of the Air.dfj Conierence of Governmental ffls trial Hygienists, Such a limit i|| sral and concentrations of such SAF5-H! has stra ig h t ridges m mixed cord and ru b b er in the Tread nitride are normally not encmmSS When lead, silica, or some sij| toxic material comes in cnntaotf For smooth, dry surfaces, you must have rubber . , , because rubber 1*:-#j holds firm ly on DRY surfaces, but the grinding wheel the expo#! the abrasive matter may be igfl and the exposure evaluated o'na would slip on wet surfaces. basis of the toxic material. latter material is controlled, thd For wet, slippery surfaces, you must have cord . , . because cord holds securely on wet surfoces. sauce will also be eliminated. ; Ventilation systems for griH wheels have been fairly well sfi ardized and generally are salisWJ to prevent a nuisance. Hoods For greasy, soapy surfaces, you must haye straight ridges . . . because b d aes sut thru and scrcce '/ f enclose the wheel as completelyJji practicable. Air volumes short! t^ r m M tne nooc .vnen using mo vrnepi. .. ,y.H is rffiouiuo].iv irof toxic materials are involved. for snowy, ic y `surfaces, you must have a spike -- and a sharp one . . . because dull spikes are a hazard. The SA rE -H I spike is selfsharpening . , . aiv/ays sharp. Ask your safafy decder or 'ivrlre its ROSE MANUFACTURING CO. ! 7 3 i A m pattoe St. D enver 2 , Coio. W et Grinding Baffles, hoods, and guards arc ! eraily located near wet gn U wheels io prevent dispersion Y f liquid used as a coolant. TheSC:J| vices are usually sufficient to the dust if it is nontoxic in o*Sj if the dust liberated is toxnh chanical exhaust ventilation rt*J5| required. M Buffing and Paiishing Buffing compounds apDi'fi'a l N a ti o n I ShtYtv N i 9bruary> ncientv ' o-^g rralll 3 as to'jffl irons " i the' ich aiefj sideredi rmful : state l i l ons to iff lent has; from till Is werefj; n t the cris tion. Gri stry hay? 3 alum iSt Emeryjfa tides pejSi mm oxftti cently ac| the *5 e exjKgg my .Keplf duatedifm ateriaLj rolled^ ninatedfe ; for-:;|^ rly w ej are satiail .H ood :ompTefc]| mes snort award flow g the s: illy true d t mlved1. :~ guards wet gri spersiontm laut. Thesj aient toori e la to xKj iio-.jon tom appl\| February; ,;-T/;: (-.d'jd<V( t,.',.y, fi ^-r ^- G [, used for buffing and polishing 3 composition. Waxes and vari- . type of abrasives are the major C a p o n e d T t - e materials, plus d r and fibers from the wheel, are ^ essential ingredients of the airS " dust- The toxicity is dependent (pe type of abrasive. Generally S i t i o n is provided to improve w^jjceping and reduce the number leomplaints and not because of the isSasd to health. T$y." pWning ||o k e from oily parts is the prellfug source of air contamination Machining operations. Illness has Ld g een attributed to this type of tsttre. As is the case with .most jjflpand dusts of the nuisance varilE ittle is known as to what effect materials have on existing cnl abnormalities, sjgiichining operations on steel pro^tllarge chips or turnings; conUntly, dust is not a problem. Op tion? involving the machining of :|||pead alloys have been studied, "'"^Significant quantities of airborne Have not been demonstrated, rap};its which becomes airborne fjjhthe machining of cast iron is JBidered physiologically signifi8rad: therefore, is classified as a icef, dust. Frequently manage"pjnsiders it advisable to pro- ^Jalation "for; the machines Eare productive of the- most jfegraphite on the clothing and and surrounding machinery, is Wive to many complaints. ]ye Cleaning silica is' recognized as the Mtannful of mineral dusts, an }iWventilation system is norProvided at the time of instal,,(inn 0[ commercially built sand *' j '1, e!lu`pment. Continuous usage lit Jack of maintenance result in a |down of adequate control. VisiftPSW6 of dust is the best evidence jjfths has occurred and it is adto correct such a condition |(tit undue delay. S p re e s who are stationed in |fcj.-rooms are dependent upon per^..tespiratory equipment. Devices jljgj: l'P e are of the supplied-air gSu. and it is necessary that the ^vrded be free of harmful congjats. Air compressors should be F1 ar>area free of oontamina,envise the contaminant will ^ . ^ 'riiUed to the helmet. wartiir.v. Help; I ,1- " '3fc .Br-Cf It'his H g u ife ;.-yfi | t e a r i n g I <' %nn P K rp T y ro p ro w ip ^ K: ; 11-- Audiometer -PM& The 16 ,5 0 0 o ccu patio nal d eal toll reported m 1946 by'ffSe National Safety Council: is;,inrVt dustry's challenge to provide w greater safety for its employees, -v W o rk in g hand in hand with-,,, science, industry can reduce this staggering figure. N e w scientific 'techniques for checking physical fitness of employees now include periodic hearing tests with a pure tone audiometer. Avoid accidents caused-by faulty hearing in your plant. Check your employees hearing regularly with a precision ARC. Audiometer. un e a r i..n g t. e s t.s w i t..h | ym m m tjA D C A u d itt ^ y e i- . i ill iirrrai$ M&iU w i *>t o-M irp.e-riih.anie"niseBeEO'Msv. fc0.m77^ve-`-i.*-o' jse- 1 b-empl`oymeQ>t^fa:ea,r.x,Bgt^tesrs- to*J tdetecm m erapp'hcantis'SjfitnessdoSvl :-specific jo b sl'a n c l'fp e rto d 'i c lte s -s J to d etect n e e d fo r o ccu p atio n re-adjustm ents. EQUIP your doctor, nurse o r clinic with the latest develop-' ment in scientific hearing-testing' -- an A R C Audiometer. Oper. af.iarr is: easy, with .factory-' -. provided instructions'- . . . ;.J " WRITE" TODAY for informative Bullotin D-l 00, /ia d lo - IP e u e io fe - X c IPali P AUDIO-q I 2833*13th Avenue So. Minneapolis Minn IffiSf HOSE DRYING MADE EASY WITH <f:ujy| m The Air Conc/ftJoning Hose Dryer Saves time -- saves space -- eliminates man hours -- keeps afl hose In service -- hose dries in a few hours. Makes good hose last Jongor -- prevents mildaw and rot. USED BY MOST OF AM ERICA'S LARGEST- INDUSTRIES THE ( iif u 575 East Milwaukee Ave. CO RPORATION Detroit S, Mldaigan- fjiSp. ... '"'VES I l Normally, ventilation within the it for silica. This leakage should be Vapor blasting, a va-- room is provided so as to improve corrected and the men should- not be sand blasting, is a compa , visibility and to help prevent the es required to use respirators,- cent development. This p ro , cape of dust to the surrounding areas, If the a r tic le s b e in g b la s t e d a r e fr e e v o lv e s th e u se o f f in e allies i not to reduce -the concentration of of silica or other toxic material, the under pressure. The aili, r si.ica dust to a safe level. dust resulting from grit or shot blast vapor blast units varies in. .'11 Tumblast or rotating table type of ing is classified in the nuisance cate may even be as small as sand blast units should be provided gory. It follows that the maintenance (approximately 10 micronafj! with sufficient ventilation to prevent of ventilating systems for grit blast generally believed that airbonnf S the escape of silica dust. Leakage due ing, although desirable, is not always particles below 5 microns to excessive wear should be remedied. so necessary as for sand blasting. significant in causing sib Small sandblast cabinets, where the The use of steel grit or shot in then follows" that operations : operator controls the blast nozzles blasting rooms produces excessively the use of silica abrasive from- outside the cabinet, frequently high concentrations of dust within the tial particle size approach! have faulty seals around the doors or enclosure. It is therefore, necessary order of magnitude are mores! the rubber gauntlets are loose or to protect the worker within the ous, and, require continual! torn. The dust which escapes from room. The remarks concerning sand in maintaining good control t e . the cabinet through these openings is blasting rooms are therefore, perti therefore, essential that ir close proximity to the breathing nent when considering rooms in blast cabinets be maintained zone of the employee and in. many which steel grit or shot are used as leakage of mist does not instances exceeds the permissible lim- the abrasive. Good housekeeping is tial as spillage of the sand ai sludge upon the floor will source for dust dissemination the water evaporates. Likewif tainers of the dried-sludge i be allowed to stand in the where they can be influenced currents of high velocity. Practically all industria have operations - which - ihyJ use of lead base bearing m Abrasive dusts irritate w orkm en and slow production. Elim inate them w ith DUST COLLECTORS TOR1T Dust Collectors are completely self-con tained units that are attached at the machine. Abrasive dusts pass through spark-proof filters and the cleaned air is recirculated. TORIT Dust Collectors are easy to install, eco nomical to operate, and may be moved as production layouts are changed. Sizes ranging from Va HP to 3 HP, and fitting all standard grind ing, cut-off and polishing wheels are availab le for immediate de livery. For details and latest TORIT catalog write: TORIT MANUFACTURING 00. 291 WALNUT ST. . ST. PAUL l , MINN. n si (visr flie r- B abbitt bearing, .metal contain- higher temperature; the metal is more approxim ately 75 per cent lead .-Ig been encountered. The com posi- yu;.ve 0f solder metal is variable and mu ^pendent upon the purpose for "'\ich h >s use|t, with ordinary soft -$>lder containing a comparatively readily oxidized to produce- a drossconsisting of a high percentage of lead oxide. The- dross may provide- a protective coating -to reduce the vola tilization of the lead; however, dis turbance of this coating will- create %ih percentage of lead. an exposure. Asgummg that the babbitt or solder As a safeguard against excessive Spntains a significant amount of lead, contamination, pots containing solder TMs question then arises as to whether or babbitt are usually ventilated. X not employees working with this Wherever possible, it is advisable to Material will become ill. The answer enclose the -pot as completely as pos be given by a qualified indus- sible and provide sufficient air vol "iB hygienist after be had seen the ume to overcome the thermal effects "gjration and considered such factors of the molten metal. Attempts have been made to use natural draft ven tilation systems to control these fumes and in those instances where the ducts were not of sufficient, diameter the system was inadequate. A preferable method- is the use of mechanical sys tems. The removal of excess solder with power-driven tools, such- as grinding wheels, discs, or wire wheels, creates airborne dust which may contamin ate large areas if the operation is ex tensive. Diligent use of abrasive cloth will also result in excessive concern ij"the temperature to which the metal the method of removing ex- fijjg: solder, the length, of exposure, -the effectiveness of the control WHENBANGER TIPS THE SCM. -pfgures provided. lit,'-is a well known fact that lead uses illness if absorbed in excessive -Mounts, and therefore operations ' Here lead is used have received conHgrable study. Out of this experilie- certain practices are known to WORKERS ARE SA FR: IN n lrii PROTECTIVE GARMENTS `Induce excessive exposure whereas Sr practices have been proved not |the. harmful. It is generally con'led that excessive concentrations pot result from operations where agr/is applied by means df an elecgfiqldering iron. This is. probably |tgyihe small amounts of solder nfand the comparatively low heat Dvrmititis, burns and injuries threaten, workers not properly protected frara the m aterials they use. StaSafe Pro tective Garm ents a re designed to give the worker maximum protection. , Oils and Grease- memthe iron is heated in a small led, furnace, the exposure may f f e greater consequence. ' Solder remains on- the- iron, coming Kcmtact with the flame or heat is Jjjorable- for volatilization. Small jurats of solder drop from the iron the- hot m ;.R is floor of the furnace readily volatilized or oxi- gS-The oxidized material may be- ;| -itHe airborne due to disturbances .created by the flame or by removing Acids and Caustics Tars and Creosote Paints and Lacquers Naphtha and Solvents Flame. Each of these represents a potential lost time accident. P r o te c t your workers against these hazards by standardizing on StaSafe Protective ^ p la c in g the soldering iron in the feoace. Garments. quently industrial hygienists Stock m odels solve .many problem s; Standard's ^w neud that ventilation be pro- free design service will develop a new m odel lf e .ior heating units of this type, or m odify an existing one to solve your special "Sp-'n refflovinS ' lead fumes and environment. This is ,|p<nuarly true in small room's or un^ are in use. contarnination occa- ^le USe` eh-het gas or jj> . f heated pots .containing f B dependent on a number of higher' temperatures ^ u la tiliz a tio n will occur and the -^e the exposure. With the safety problem. Write for Bulletin No. 106 StaSafe Products are manufactured by STANDARD SAFETY EQUIPMENT COMPANY ' 232 W est O ntario S treet, C hicago 10, Illinois NEWARK - - CLEVELAND - - LOS AMOELE5 Wuna/ c . , " News, F&bntary, I ? 48 77 Bk; I I4 vvepevep., , :jj ( iU t, ' .5... a trations of lead dust. Filing, however, is nol productive of small particles and is preferred over the use of power-dib'en tools. If filing is not practicable, it will be necessary to provide some type of mechanical ventilation system for the solder removal operations involving the use of power tools. Since the permissib.e limit generally accepted-for lead i= 1.5 milligrams per 10- cubic meter:; of air (353 cubic feet) it will be necessary to have an effective sys tem l(i provide adequate control. En gineers experienced in designing ven tilation systems to control toxic ma terials should be consulted, otherwise a costly system might be erected and later found entirely ineffective. . Frequently solder removal opera tions require the use of portable tools on large objects and a local exhaust system would not be effective, as Is the- case in the fabrication of auto mobile bodies. General contamination of the factory with lead dust has been eliminated by enclosing the entire op eration in a large booth and exhaust ing a sufficient quantity of air from the enclosure to insure a constant in- ward How of air from the the booth. Under these circurngfe no practical amount of ah ,,,1, removed from the booth; toGr^j the lead concentration to-a; sail? and therefore it is necessai men working therein be: prqtJ; with adequate personal protcctlyjl vices. Heat Treating High temperatures are a frgj source of complaint from |n in heat!treat" departments huM conditions and their control nig within the subject under dls(uj'ii||i Fumes from cyanide pots are""1 associated with cyanides use fumigants or as the lethal agl death chambers, and stipend -<Ti ;f jiT well as the employee becof i. '!'ru;11 prehensive. Fumes from such-ap are irritating and because. 561 property should be- adequateS tilated. The irritant nature fume is caused by alkali formed i< decomposition of the cyanidell Molten lead is sometimes^ . a hardening medium for m e 3 | quently charcoal or some sim:! 11 .= terial, is rplaced on, t,he surfaB -liiv.'-itifii!lii-.-J' metal to conserve- heat ane-b-ypps! v lil C bi i< i M i*i i f :L. )!^' W i' wI t N II THIS IS THE NEW ANTI-SKID TOE CLIP : "S A N K EY '^ Sp o f G uards are now available with a rubber anti-skid toa clip %-inch longer than formerly used. " S A N K E Y " F O O T G U A R D S consist essentially of a mefal shield fo be worn over the shoe whenever the foot is in danger of being either"crushed or cut. The metal shield is designed to furnish a maximum amount of pro tection to the entire front of the foot-- not merely the toes alone, bet also to the instep against hazards from falling, rolling ;or flying objects, or from . accidental tool blows. W rite for literature or a trial, pair- ELILWO0D SAFETY APPLIANCE COMPANY 2 i9 SIXTH STREET ELLWQQD CITY, PENNA. !F T !, ' Ifii - Combination Foot-Shin G uard New Ant-Skid Full Sole F ib re Shin G uard Handy-Jack STAIR STM is the answer to climbing probing speeds up work, reduces costs, rfjjjjjj work is more officiant with no 'jsf falling or strain. Stand is ideaj^ cleaning, servicing, reaching; handling stock In and out o f bln* M shelving. 1 Features include strength, light weipt ample platform space, waist Mi guard rail, stability, plus H A N J| JAC KS for a rigid stand. !~ steal tubing and solectad painted with two coats ma< anamel, with neoprene wheels, available in various models. Wr furth or mtormation. ^Patents appiod for R. w. FIER O ! co., iA 3401 S. Hoyne A vo ., Chicag o S, a fregili emplTo.iy-fiS ; K SI roi af&lg liscussiol ts are'To| i usecL LI ag en fl sryisi'o comi ch a soi se of"?L rmeduHi. dde. -Wr es usetf aetals'jfS .iraiiaffn ' of -&Jftl 1- 9 .m problems* osts,. fln4 o fosrVoi darti'' Fai ' :ng, birrs nel *w7^2 ai weigh? , isf hqhj HAND Bu'il .of )., in | | 8, minci jffi'Sia.' -tor reduces covering of this typevolatilization of lead |.y.-hyc the bath is quiescent, but has i f ' * 1 [feet while the bath is in use. no ventilation should th erefo re j"p*AjjgMprouaviiGded for baths of this type. As compiste an enclosure as is practical for tee operation being performed is Evitable with air quantities depend- jfppnt upon the open areas in the hood., '^ ''o nrevent contamination resulting --ifrow volatilization of lead accumu- datinl in the combustion chambers tjhe products of combustion from gas /red lead pots should be vented to the Iplfutdoors and not be allowed to dissi- Ifpite into the workroom. gA sK' sfo s Asbestos used in the formulation f i b rake lining is a potentially harm ful compound. This material .is the JHofferding agent in the production of gglhe lung ailment known as asbestosis. HThe harmful effect is comparable to |that of silica and a permissible limit jo 5,000,000 particles of asbestos dust '"`per cubic foot of air is generally Recognized. uJffDust exposures to asbestos and SiflitKe: ingredients of the brake lining Jpdst when the dry materials are piiandied and emptied into the mixers pnd in the subsequent operations of gilitiing, grinding,'or shrfacing. Com- Ippunds of lead are sometimes used tebrake linings, and contamination this source should not be ig- E. gifd. Local. exhaust. systems with fiSppsrly designed b oods or enclo- 'lire; are. used, to re the dust from these operations. Ilron Foundries |S;T-,e principal ingredients of foun- H&y' dusts are silica, sea coal, clays, g d parting compounds. The pre- |ominant material will be dependent Ig-ipon which phase of the foundry op- rtat on is being studied and what operation is being performed. The oomrol of dust is the major problem, sfi-whereas fume is of'secondary. imporgtence. A discussion of all the aspects of pie industrial hygiene problems in foci: plants would require a separate p,treatise. For the present discussion it Jg^O'dd be sufficient to state that all _ obv.ous sources of dust dispersion si should be reduced to a minimum by ~"adequate localized exhaust systems. c mechanized foundry such places ifAould be sand conditioning and mix- pilnE equipment, tumbling millsv.shakefots, core removal and knockout sta- tions, transfer points of dry. sand, abrasive blasting operations, and all grinding operations performed on castings containing appreciable quan tities of -sand'. Maintenance of ventilation equip ment is a- major item in foundries because of the abrasive action of: the dust. It is imperative that a. good program be maintained so as to keep the equipment functioning at maxi mum efficiency. Because of the heat associated with large scale foundry activities it is a common sight to see pedestal fans or air cooling ducts directed in such a manner as to create cross drafts which interfere with the efficient removal of dust. Better- placement of these fans or: ductswill go far in re ducing dust concentrations in the areas where they are used. Respiratory P rotective Devices After the obvious- has been correct ed, it is advisable that a survey of the foundry be made by an industrial hygienist so that an accurate evalua tion- of the exposure may be `ob tained. 1 As has been stated, the atmospheric Safe-T-vis: the goggles se tfieylr No d ra w e r? No back pocket? Xgt&kf No, the glamor gal's all and the upper right cache may be. full wi\ accumulation of year _ pocket `may bulge-- but you won't find lightweight Safi T-vis there. Not during wbrking; hours you won't l . - The w e ig h t of two Safe-T-vis lenses, made from a new ally], cast-1 ing resin, is approxim ately th e same as that of one case hardened glass lens of the same size. r 8-HOUR Comfort " Workers find- Safe-T-vis light-- weight, attractive and comfort able. What a change from old'type goggles whose weight causes work ers to remove them chancingoex- posure to hazard !. " ;-,v 8-HOUR Protection "Real protection comes only when goggles are worn throughout theperiod of exposure. And complete protection is the only function of any safety goggle. And th e y are:.SAFE - - Standard drop-ball tests prove Safe-T-vis', superiority over ordi nary eye protection. Safe-T-vis offers greater resistance to abrasion than do other plastic- lenses. It re sists the stresses of.high velocity im pact,, corrosion and other causes of industrial eye injury to the most exacting specifications. Write for booklet giving com plete details. Lightweight protective spectacles: A product at THE UNIVtS LENS C O M P A N Y, Dayton I, Ohio S a fe ty N ew s, F e b ru a ry . 1948 79 niTMmTOHW.V-UKWBM*n BBnrnWTTgr. J Ml -/. S:if. I #J K a' F.' [fi fi it M ''l it r IlSiw'.r, j] h kiiw ii ; if e f MIF 111 ; l'if : .l':! ^ 1 -4 1 WHERE TO GET THE PROTECTIVE AP PAREL DESIGNED to FIT THE MAN- AS. WELL AS THE NEED WHEN YOU WANT ITTM-- WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL Write or 'phone: BALTIMORE CAREY MCHY. & SUPPLY CO. BIRMINGHAM SAFETY ENG. & SUPPLY CO. BUFFALO THE ELWOOD COMPANY CAMBRIDGE, MASS. CUTTER, WOOD & SANDERSON CO. CHARLESTON, W . VA, SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY CO. C H IC A G O PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC. CINCINNATI THE E. A. KINSEY CO. CLEVELAND SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY COLUMBUS, O. THE E. A. KINSEY CO. DAYTON THE E. A. KINSEY CO . ' DENVER ' . D . BULLARD COMPANY HOUSTON ALLIED SAFETY EQUIPMENT CO. NDIANAPOUS '' ' THE E. A. KINSEY C O . LOS ANGELES D E D; BULLARD COMPANY MILWAUKEE ; ' " PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT INC. NEW YORK CITY . W...S. WILSON CORP. PHILADELPHIA -' : INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS COMPANY PITTSBURGH SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY ROCHESTER THE ELWOOD. COMPANY I T. LOUIS SAFETY INCORPORATED SALT LAKE CITY UNIVERSAL SAFETY APPLIANCE CO SAN FRANCISCO E. D. BULLARD COMPANY SEATTLE E. D. BULLARD COMPANY SYRACUSE SYRACUSE SUPPLY COMPANY ..WHEELING . SAFETY FIRST SUPPLY COMPANY WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL, Inc. Formerly known as F. H. Whoeler Mfg. Co. 224 W. Huron Si. C h ic a g o TO, III. wheeler: concentration of dust and fume and other materials way be reduced to a safe level by adequate exhaust ven tilation. In some cases it is possible to correct the condition by substitut ing a less toxic material. If these measures are not practical, respira tory protective devices may be used. .They may also prove valuable in giving protection during an emergen cy or to provide protection for in termittent exposures or to supplement other methods of control. They should, however, not be considered as the desirable means of controlling a health hazard. Ceramic Plant --From, page 37 Handling materials is recognized as a prolific source of accidents in in dustry; consequently it is a funda mental that handling should be kept at a minimum to avoid accidents 'as well as to keep down operating costs. 3. Nearly every ceramic plant must store large quantities of finely ground material. Many storage sys tems are of the deep bin type. Some of the materials do not flow freely, and because of forces developed in deep granular material, arching takes place. Often devices are not provided to keep material moving to the bot tom of the bin. As a result, a- worker must enter the bin from the top to get the material moving. This is a dan gerous operation but when necessary, safety harness and life lines should be used and attendants stationed where they can help in an emergency. 4. Silicates and' silica or quartz are primary materials in nearly all of the ceramic industries. Also, these materials are generally used in a finely ground state. As a result there are many dust problems. When the free silica in these dusts is finely di vided, workers exposed to them are potential victims of silicosis. Either workers must wear respirators or dust must be removed from the work place by exhaust ventilation with a system of dust collectors. Control of dust should be a major consideration in the ceramic plant. Not only is dust injurious to workers, but it is also harmful to machinery, complicates housekeeping, and pro duces generally unsatisfactory work ing conditions. 5. Operation of kilns, tanks and furnaces presents other hazards. Oft en there is the possibility of explo sions and refractory failures. All such- equipment must be "del and constructed for safety aiTy for processing requirements,, tective equipment should be prq| for use in case of power faiij faulty combustion conditions.-, 6. It is hardly necessary-'that moving parts of mac' should he guarded. Wherever1 ticahle, such guards should b in to the machinery. 7. In general, building s and equipment used in the ei industry are subjected to rigj use. Fumes, heat, dust andA4 loads create problems; conset a relatively high factor of sa factor of uncertainty shouliSl corporated in the design. The solution of many.-p: problems will- require the coopg| of the safety,' production eering' departments. Compromij required, should be those for process reasons, since' knowledged that the .procea prime reason for the plant. "A Planning the -original " I I layout and selecting equipmei the- safety angle in mind, guard the investment, as we. duce the accident risks.. DERMATITIS ' NEEDS; MEDICAL ;- CARE ! Strike at the Cause with SPUH~DERMA-C Hand Cleanser 3%8 Spun-Derma-C gals into those lin y cuts and abrasions to thoroughly cleans . . . removes grease, dirt, oil, paint, tar, all ink, and grit of hands. a the most delicate kinds withou It's chap-fro* cleanser carefully blended of 7 elomoj^ a specific' function: scrubbing skin, combating derm atitis, fesforing^r oils, "fluffing " to last up to hand Fedoral so a and p. State Passes e rsqu very lram tost en in t i' Q industrial plants. A va ila b le in 100r 3Qf cartons of twenty-four G-lb. bo*f^ information, ''Guarding the Hands of I 50? S. ROVE AYE, NafJorta/ Safety News,