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CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
August 29, 1989
Dear Vinyl Chloride Panel Members:
The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency is proposing a listing of air toxics within the State of Illinois. Listed chemicals will be subject to control requirements at a future date.
Vinyl Chloride is one of the chemicals proposed for regulation by the Illinois EPA.
Several groups within CMA are considering providing comments on this proposed listing of air toxics. If you would like to provide comments or need additional information, please call me at 202/887-1293.
Sincerely,
Susan R. Howe Manager Vinyl Chloride Panel
2501 M Street, NW, Washington. DC 20037 202-887-1100 Telex 89617 (CMA WSH)
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency P.0. Box 19276, sprinffwa, il 62794-9276
BASIS FOR SELECTION OF AIR TOXICS CANDIDATES
For Distribution by CMA .CHEMSTM DIVISION
From
A
Fe(. No. V Dag / Sq
Ch
C.
CONTESTS
Legend and Abbreviations ............................................................................ 1i
Selection Basis for 79 Air Toxics Candidates .................................... 1-10
Literature References for 33 Non-Carcinogenic Air Toxics Candidates........................................................................ 11-13
Distribution of Toxicity Endpoints ................. . ................................ 14
July 31, 1989 CMA 101349
Legend for Selection Basis Entries For carcinogens, the entries include:
- classification of carcinogenicity (source) classifications are either known or probable human carcinogens sources Include one or more of the following sources, NTP - National Toxicology Program 1ARC - International Agency for Research on Cancer EPA - U.S. EPA Carcinogen Assessment Group ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
For non-carcinogenlc air toxicants, the entries Include: - acute lethality value (lethality score) subacute value (subacute score) - systemic (toxic) effect (severity of effects score] lowest toxic dose value [lowest toxic dose score] (Integrated systemic toxicity score)
Abbreviations mg/kg * milligrams per kilogram
mg/cu m * milligrams per cubic meter ppm parts per million
mg/kg-day * milligrams per kilogram per day Cat * category
1i
CMA 101350
101351
Option 1111 X XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX
XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX
7/31/89
Basis for Selection of Air Toxics Candidates
Chemical Acrylamide Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile Alkylated lead compounds Aniline
Arsenic and compounds Asbestos Benzene Benzo(a)pyrene Biphenyl
Selection Basis
Probable Human Carcinogen (ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score = 7.00
Acute: 33.5 mg/kg (3)
.
Subacute: 30 mg/cu m (2)
Systemic: Lesions of nasal mucosa [mild effect on
Cat. Ill organ 2] 1 5 ppm [0.19 mg/kg-day
- 4] (2.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score * 9.25 Acute: 250 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 10 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Methemoglobinemia [definite effect on
Cat. I organ * 7] 9 5 ppm [6.3 mg/kg-day * 3] (5.25)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, 1ARC, EPA)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score * 10.75
Acute: 2400 mg/kg (1) Subacute: 1.5 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Central and peripheral nerve damage, liver
damage leading to acute yellow atrophy [severe effect on Cat. I organ 9] 8 5 mg/cu m [1.08 mg/kg-day * 3] (6.75)
-1-
C M A101352
Option 112 1 XXX
XX X X XX X X
X X XX X X XX
X X XX
XXX XXX XXX
X
Chemical Boron trifluoride
1,3-Butadiene n-Butyl alcohol
Cadmium and compounds Caprolactam
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride Chlordane Chlorinated dlbenzodloxlns
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 11.00 Acute: 1180 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: 3 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Pneumonitis [mild effect on Cat. 1 organ
= 6] 0 1.5 ppm [0.98 mg/kg-day * 4] (6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP)
t
Air Toxicant, score =6.50 Acute: 790 mg/kg (1)
Subacute: 150 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: Decreased hearing acuity [mild effect
on Cat. I organ = 6] HO ppm [7.5 mg/kg-day = 3] (4.50)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, 1ARC, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score = 6.00 Acute: 300 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 1 mg-dust/cu m (3) Systemic: none recognized (0.00)
Air Toxicant, score = 10.00 Acute: 25000 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 30 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Significant vascular, nervous system,
and biochemical changes [definite effects on Cat. I organs * 7J 0 9 ppm [0.87 mg/kg-day = 4] (7.00)
Probable Hunan Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Probable Human Carcinogen (EPA)
Listed by International Joint Commission
-2-
Option 1111 X X XX XXX X X XX X X XX XX
X deleted
X
Chemical Chlorinated dibenzofurans Chloroform Chromium and compounds Coal tar volatiles Cobalt and compounds
p-Cresidine Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyclohexanone
Selection Basis
Listed by International Joint Commission
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EP/t)
Known Human Carcinogen (ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 9.00 Acute: no data (0)
Subacute: 0.05 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Lung injury [mild effects on Cat. I organ
= 6] f 0.1 ppm [0.0036 mg/kg-day = 4]
(6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC)
Air Toxicant, score * 4.75 Acute: 1365 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: no data (1) Systemic: Pulmonary edema [definite effect on Cat. I
organ * 7] 9 304 mg/kg [304 mg/kg-day = 1] (1.75)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.25 Acute: 32111 mg/cu m (0)
Subacute: 100 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: Degenerative liver and kidney changes
[definite effects on Cat. 1 organs * 7] 0 190 ppm (4.4 mg/kg-day 3] (5.25)
Air Toxicant, score 7.75 Acute: 370 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 10 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Kidney injury [minor effect on Cat. 1
organ * 5] 0 5 mg/kg-day [5 mg/kg-day = 3] (3.75)
3-
vh/o
Option I2 3 4 XX X X X XX
XX X X XX X X XXX X X
XXX XXX XX
Chemical ODT 4,4*-Diami nodiphenyl ether DIbutyl phthalate
p-DIchlorobenzene Dleldrln D1(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate Dimethyl sulfate Dimethyl amine
1,4-Dloxane Eplchlorohydrln Ethyl acrylate
Selection 8asis Listed by International Joint Commission Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC)
Air Toxicant, score = 8.00
Acute: 8000 mg/kg (0)
Subacute: 5 mg/cu m (2)
Systemic: Polyneuritis [mild effect on Cat. I oran
= 6] 8 1.7 mg/cu m [0.11 mg/kg-day * 4]
(6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, 1ARC, EPA)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, 1ARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.50 Acute: 8371 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 18 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Liver damage [definite effect on Cat. I
organ * 6] 8 97 ppm [12 mg/kg-day * 2] (3.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score 6.00 Acute: 8925 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 20 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Drowsiness and headache [mild effects
of Cat. I organs = 6] 8 50 ppm [27 mg/kg-day 2] (3.00)
-4-
Option 12 3 4
XXXX
Chemical Ethylene
XXXX X X XX X
Ethylene dlchloride Ethylene oxide Fluorine
XXX XXX XXX
X X
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadlene
XXX XXX
X
Hydrazine Hydrogen fluoride
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant* score 8 8.00 Acute: 1090270 mg/cu m (0)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Cholinesterase Inhibition [definite effect
on Cat. I organ 7]13 mg/kg [0.24 mg/kg-day 8 4] (7.00) *
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.00 Acute: 144 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 2 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: none recognized (0.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score 8 13.00 Acute: 15 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 0.1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Degenerative changes of liver and kidneys
[definite effects on Cat. I organs * 7] 0 0.15 ppm [0.11 - 0.16 mg/kg-day 8 4] (7.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACGIH)
Air Toxicant, score 8 11.00 Acute: 1040 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: 2.5 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Lung injury [mild effects on Cat. 1 organ
8 6] 0 17 ppm [0.53 mg/kg-day 8 4] (6.00)
CMA 101355
-5-
Option 11 11
XX
_4
Chemical Isobutyraldehyde
XXX XXX
X X
Lead and compounds Naleic anhydride
XXX XX
X
Mercury Methyl methacrylate
XXX
XXX X
X
4,4'-Methyleneb1s (N,N*-dimethyl) benzeneamine
Methylene chloride
4,4*-Methylene dlanallne
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 6.50 Acute: 39500 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Hemoglominemia [mild effect on Cat. I
organ = 6] 0 50 mg/kg [2.7 mg/kg-day * 3] (4.50)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score * 6.50 Acute: 400 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Increased susceptablllty to lung infection
and bronchitis [mild effect on Cat. I organ = 6] 0 undefined concentration [? mg/kg-day = 1] (1.50)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score ~ 6.50 Acute: 15350 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 410 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: CNS effects (decreased neuronal firing
rate) [mild effect on Cat. I organ * 6] 0 400 ppm [2.3 mg/kg-day 3] (4.50)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA, ACGIH)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP)
CMA 101356
-6-
m
Option 12 3 4
XXXX
Chemical
Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) (MBI)
XX X X X
Hi rex Molybdenum trioxide
XX X X XX X X
Nickel and compounds Nitric acid
XXXX
2-N1trophenol
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 6.00 Acute: 178 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Pulmonary fibrosis [major effect on Cat. I
organ = 8] 0 undefined concentration [? mg/kg-day * 1] (2.00)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score =7.75 Acute: 125 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 5 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Pneumoconiosis [minor effect on Cat. I
organ = 5] 0 10 mg/m-* [1.3 mg/kg-day = 3] (3.75)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACG1K)
Air Toxicant, score = 6.50 Acute: 170 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 5 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Increased susceptablllty to pulmonary
Infection [mild effect on Cat. I organ = 6] 0 undefined concentration [? mg/kg-day - 1] (1.50)
Air Toxicant, score = 9.00 Acute: 334 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: CNS effects (disruption of reflexes) [mild
effect of Cat. 1 organ 6] 0.003 mg/kg-day [0.003 mg/kg-day = 4] (6.00)
CMA 101357
-7-
CM A101358
Option 12 3 4 XX
XX X X X
X XXX
XX
X X XX X
Chemical 4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropane Peracetic acid
Phenol
Phosphorus
PCBs Selenium and compounds
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 9.00 Acute: 250 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: CNS effects (disruption of reflexes) [mild
effects of Cat. I organ = 6] B 0.00125 mg/kg-day [0.001 mg/kg^day = 4] (6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC)
Air Toxicant, score = 9.25 Acute: 450 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: not listed (1) Systemic: Chemical bronchopneumonia [definite effect
on Cat. I organ ** 7] P 186 mg/cu m [3.2 mg/kg-day = 3] (5.25)
Air Toxicant, score = 11.75 Acute: 316 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 19 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Severe damage to lung, heart, liver, and
kidneys [severe effects on Cat. I organs = 9] B 25 ppm [1.3 mg/kg-day * 3] (6.75)
Air Toxicant, score * 9.00 Acute: 3.03 mg/kg (3)
Subacute: 0.1 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Bone changes [definite effects on Cat. Ill
organs * 3] B 0.05 mg/kg [0.05 mg/kg-day * 4] (3.00)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Air Toxicant, score s 8.00 Acute: 6700 mg/kg (0)
Subacute: 0.2 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: CNS effects (socio-psychiatric dlstrubance)
[minor effects of Cat. I organ * 5] B 0.2 mg/cu m [0.02 mg/kg-day = 4] (5.00)
-8-
Option 1 234 X
XXXX
XX X X XX X X
XXXX XXXX XXXX
Chemical Sodium fluoride
Sulfuric acid
Tetrachloroethylene Toluene 2,4dll socyanate (TDI)
Toxaphene Trlchioroethy1 ene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 8.00 Acute: 52 mg/kg (2)
Subacute: 2.5 {for F) mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Bone Injury (osteosclerosis) [definite effect
on Cat. HI organ 3] M mg/cu m [0.26mg/kg-day * 4] (3.00)
Air Toxicant, score = 11.00 Acute: 510 mg/cu m (2)
Subacute: 1 mg/cu at (3) Systemic: Slight pulmonary hlstopathology [mild
effect on Cat. 1 organ 6] 0 0.38 mg/cu m [0.061 mg/kg-day * 4] (6.00)
Probable Human Carcinogen (NTP, EPA)
Air Toxicant, score = 12.00 Acute: 95 mg/cu m (3)
Subacute: 0.04 mg/cu m (3) Systemic: Sensitizer leading to respiratory difficulty
[mild effect on Cat. 1 organ * 6] 0 0.01 ppm [0.0022 mg/kg-day * 4] (6.00)
Listed by International Joint Commission
Probable Human Carcinogen (EPA)
Air Toxicant, score *6.50 Acute: 18000 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 125 mg/cu m (1) Systemic: CNS (nervous anxiety) and respiratory
difficulty [mild effect on Cat. I organ * 6] 0 10 - 60 ppm total hydrocarbons [1.5 mg/kg-day * 3] (4.50)
CMA 101359
-9-
Option 112 1 XX
XX X X XX
Chemica1 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Vinyl chloride VinylIdene chloride
Selection Basis
Air Toxicant, score = 10.00 Acute: 795 mg/kg (1)
Subacute: 0.5 mg/kg (3) Systemic: Liver damage [mild effects on Cat. I organ
= 6] 0 2.38 mg/cu m [0.15 mg/kg-day = 4]
(6.00)
Known Human Carcinogen (NTP, IARC, EPA, ACG1H)
Air Toxicant, score =7.50 Acute: 25175 mg/cu m (1)
Subacute: 20 mg/cu m (2) Systemic: Liver and kidney damage [mild effects
on Cat. 1 organs * 6] 0 25 ppm [5.8 mg/kg-day * 3] (4.50)
LDM/A/014
CMA 101360
-10-
Chemical Acrylic acid Aniline Biphenyl
Boron trlfluoride
n-ButanoI
Carbon disulfide Cobalt
Cyclohexanone 2,4-D
Dibutyl phthalate
Dimethyl amine
References
Reference
Miller, R. R.; Fund Appl Toxicol 1:271-277 (1981)
Oberst, F. W.; Arch Ind Health 13:379 (1956)
Hakklnen, I., S. Hemberg, P. Karll, and . Vlkkula; "Diphenyl Poisoning In Fruit Paper Production", Arch Environ Health 26:70-74 (1973)
Torkelson, T. R., S. E. Sadek, V. K. Rowe; "The Toxicity of Boron Trlfluoride when Inhaled by Laboratory Animals", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 22:263-270 (1961)
Seitz, B.; Soc Med Hyg du Travail (April 10, 1972)
Velasquez, J.; Med del Trabajo 1:43 (1964)
Mihail, J.; Arch Mai Prof 29:109 (1968)
Kerfoot, E. J., W. 6. Fredrick, and E. Domeier; "Cobalt Metal Inhalation Studies on Miniature Swine", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 36:17-25 (1975)
Treon, J. F.; J Ind Hyg Tox 25:323 (1943)
Hazleton Laboratories, 1983 Document Accession Number 251473, U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.
Mllkov, L. E., et al^, "Health Status of Workers Exposed to Phthalate Plasticizers In the Manufacture of Artlflcal Leather and Films Based on PVC Resins", Env Health Persp pages 175-178 (January, 1973)
Dow Chemical Co., unpublished report (1964)
-11-
CMA 101361
Chemical Ethyl acrylate
Ethylene Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hydrogen fluoride Isobutyraldehyde
Maleic anhydride Methyl methacrylate Methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) Molybdenum trioxide
Nitric acid
2-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol Peracetic acid
Reference
Nemec, J. W., W. Bauer, Jr.; Klrk-Othmer Encycl Chem Tech, 3rd ed. Vol 1 pages 330-3547~John "Wl 1 ey and Sons, N.Y. (1978)
Krasovltskaya, M. L., L. Malyarova; Gig Sanlt 33(5), 7 (1958)
Treon, J. F.; Arch Env Hlth 11:459 (1955)
Largent, E. J.; FIuorosls, Ohio State University Press, Col unbus, OH (1961)
Svlntukhovskll, 0. A.; `Toxicological Characteristics of Iso Butyraldehyde", Tokslkol Gig Prod Neftekhlm Neftekhlm Prodlzvod 187 (1972)
Tanaka, S.; J Scl Labor page 117, Japan (February 1976)
Innes, D. L.; Neurotoxicol 2(3):515-522 (1981)
Ann Occup Hyg, 21(2):121 (1978)
Mogilevskaya, 0. Ya. (1963) In: Toxicology of Rare Metals, pages 12-27. Izrael'son, 77 I. (Ed.) (Sosudarstvennoelsdatel'stvo Medltslnskoi Llteratury, Moscow (Translated by Israely Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, 1967)
Fairhall, L. T.; Industrial Toxicology 2nd ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD (1957)
Trelger, P.; "Nitric Acid Fume Pneumonia", Ind Med 16:395 (1947)
Makhlnya (1969) abstract only
Ibid
Helnze, W.; "Peracetic Acid Aerosol Effect in Long-term Use of Germicidal Concentrations on Experimental Animals", Wlss, Z., Humbolt - Unlv. Berlin, Math - Naturwiss Reihe 33(S):513-517 (1984)
-12CMA 101362
Phenol
Chemical
Phosphorus
Selenium
*
Sodium fluoride
Sulfuric acid
Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate
1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Vinylidene chloride
LDM/A/020/psf
Reference
Deichmann, W. 6.; Am J Clin Path 14:273 (1944)
Fleming, R. 8. L.;J Ind Hyg Tox 24:154 (1942)
Glover, J. R., 8. Chir; "Selenium and Its Industrial Toxicology", Ind Med 39:50 (1970)
Williams, C. R.; J Ind Hyg Tox 24:277 (1942)
Alarle, Y., W. M. Busey, A. A. Krumm, C. E. Ulrich; "Long-term Continuous Exposure to Sulfuric Acid Mist In Cynomolgus Monkeys and Guinea Pigs", Arch Environ Health 27:16-24 (1973)
Elkins, H. 8., G. W. McCarl, H. G. Brugsch, J. P. Fahy; "Massachusetts Experience with Toluene 01-Isocyanate", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:265-272 (1962)
Battlg, K.; Z Prav Med 1:389 (1957)
Goodwin, J. W.; "Twenty Years Handling TNT in a Shell Loading Plant", Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 33:41-44 (1972)
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 3rd ed. Vol. 2B pages 3545-3550, Wiley and Sons N.Y., N.Y. (1981)
-13-
CMA 101363
Systemic Toxicity Score - Severity of Effects Scoring Distribution of Toxicity Endpoints
Score:
l
. subjective symptoms
2
lesions'of nasal mucosa flu symptoms dilation of blood vessels
34
bladder
. blood
stones
alteration
skin
abnormalities
osteoporosis
reduced
growth
osteo
sclerosis
minor blood
changes
5 6 7 89
. decreased RBC
. headache/
. narcotic
. decreased
effect
cholin
. histology of esterase
. bone marrow
suppression . Cat. 1 organ
damage to multiple organs
nausea/
liver
. hepato-
, necrosis
. hepatic
dizziness . fatty
. euphoria . susceptible
cellular
. pulmonary
vacuolization fibrosis
atrophy respirato
degeneration to pulmonary . significant . CNS
paralysis
of liver
infection
biochemical
deterior
. loss of
. depression
changes
ation
concentration . hearing loss . pulmonary
. reversible
. Cat. 1 organ . asthmatic
edema
teratogenesls
Injury
bronchitis . histology of . reproductive
. hepatic
. histology of brain
effects
porphorfa
lung
. decreased
. neuro-
. pneumo
. hepatomegally birth weight psychiatric
coniosis
. anemia
with mater
effects
. Cat. I organ . disruption
nal effects . fetal
dysfunction
of reflexes . asthmatic
toxicity
. increased
. hemoglob-
Cat. 1 organ 1HemIt
sensiti zation
. convulsions . sterility
weight
. decreased
. methemoglob . emphysema
. decreased
pulmonary
inemia
uptake of
compliance . kidney
norepi
. Cat. I organ tubular
nephrine
dengeratton
damage
. dyspnea
. polyneuritis . broncho
. exaggerated . pneumonltls
pneumonia
lung
. EK6 changes . hepatitis
markings
. jaundice
. fetal organ
.
. Cat. 1 organ . nephritis
weight change
congestion
. focal
. ulcers
emphysema
. polyneuro
pathy
. chromosome
aberration
. decreased
sperm production
Note: Reversible effects can lower score. Multiple organ effects can raise score.
CMA 101364
-14-