Document x4qeOEaeB9j99pqrRy1a9ZnJ

<t PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT t * ;rMa&i@3aa! Calefy m^Bress NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI OCTOBER 11 to OCTOBER 15, 1937 Municipal Auditorium Co*>Yh* *937, SMr Council, l*. oireword THE Transactions of tho Twenty-sixth National Safety Congress, 1937, are published by the National Safety Council in two volumes. This, ihe first, contains the general, the special subject, and the Industrial Section sessions. The second volume contains the sessions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street and Highway Traffic, Commercial Ve hicle and Transit Sections. * Atl'iuduMrial members of the Council automatically receive , Volume I. Volume II is sent to members believed to be inter ' estei,! chiefly in the sessions it covers. Other Council mcm " hers, however, may obtain it upon request. . Many members have found it worth while to distribute copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, and olliers in an administrative or supervisory position who may make practical use of them for reference purposes. The fol lowing quantily prices are quoted on extra copies: I to II) copies of the large volume (Volume I), $2 each; 11 copies ' or more, $1.75 each; copies of the smaller volume (Volume 11.I, 75 cents each. THE Transactions arc published as a condensed record of the proceedings at the National Congress. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been edited' carefully to eliminate extraneous matter and to abbreviate the less essential portions because of space limitations. Thus the material herein presented is not a verbatim report of all the speeches presented at the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as compact as possible, yet without injury to the technical aspects of any address. The original manuscripts are on file in the Council's Dureau of Informa tion, where they are available for additional reference. Where illustrations were sent by the speakers to the Council, these also arc on file. * The National Safely Council at its Congresses seeks to ' eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility for the views ex pressed either in the papers presented or in the discussions Itased upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, Inc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago _ Council Officers and Directors........................................ Council Purposes and Policies........................................ Annual Meeting of Members....................... .................. Annual Banquet............................................................... ' Subject Sessions- After Work Accidents............................................. Agricultural Safety....................................... ......... Community Safety Organization............................ Fire Prevention ................................................ . Healtfj.Servicc'in Industry......................... .............. Industrial Dusts....................................................... Imlusjyjal Fumes, Gases and Vapors....................... Industrial Safety Lectures................................. Maintaining Interest in Safety................................. Pressure Vessels ....................................................... Safety Fundamentals ................................................ Safety Inspectors ..................................................... Safety Training ......................................................... . Safe Use of Acids........................................... 7......... Aeronautical Section......................................................... .....A.S.S.E.--Engineering Section..................................... Automotive and Machine Shop--Power Press Sections. Cement and Quarry Sections............................................. Chemical Section .............................................................. ' Construction Section....... ................................................. Food Section.......................... .'......................................... i Industrial Nursing ............................................................ Marine Section ................................................................... Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section Metals Section........................................ .......................... Mining Section................................................................... Paper and Puip Section..................................................... Petroleum Section ............................................................ Power Press Section.......................... ............................... Public Utilities Section....................... ,............................ Quarry Section................................................................... Refrigeration Section....................................................... Rubber Section ...................................... .......................... Safety Equipment Section................................................. Steam Railroad Meeting...........................'........................ Textile Section ................................................................. . Wood Products Section..................................................... Index ...........................................................!.............. .. 4 .. ' 9 .. 11 .. 31 .. 33 .. 41 .. SI .. 59 .. 71 .. 85 .. 99 .109 ..141 .157 .173 .183 .193 .201 .211 .221 ; .225 .249 .271 .285 .307 .323 .341 .371 .381 , .401 .429 .489 .535 .537 5S7 .559 .577 .581 - .587 .601 611 .621 Il . FICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued ! I C. Jl. nout.LT, ASSE-Enginecring Section , 11. W. liouuo.x, Automotive & Machine Shop Section !'. S. IliamN, Standard Accident Insurance Co. W. A. Brown, Safely Department, Naslivilte Chamber of Commerce , W, T. Employees' I'ulilication Section S. W. lli'KCinti., Safety Department, Automobile Club of Rhode Island Harold S. lit;i rKNiirm. The American City Magazine II. J. C>i p.M.inN, Contra Costa County Safety Council W. If. Cameron. National Safety Council, Inc. R\V Carney, Kenosha Safety Council Koiuiir I. Catiix, Aetna Casualty & Surely Co.- R. A. Ciiaittn', Metals Section ' Kenneth It. Coi.max, Seattle Traliic & Safety Council J. E. Cut i.iney, lielldehcm Steel Co. . Lewis A. Di'.lit.ois. Consulting Engineer t' Jay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council ' C. \V. Dempesv, The I.itjuid Carbonic Corp. James 11. Doui.i.as, Tlte Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Da. I.olts I. Dum.tx, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. O. M. Edwards, Jk .iSafety Div., Syracuse Chamber of Commerce W. i\ F.usiux, Public Utilities Section 1). I). Fexxi.i.i, Consulting Engineer ' D. I.. Fexnei.i, Kau-a, City Safety Council Donald A. Fixkih:im:ii, Toledo Safety Cuuncil Dm. Hakt E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. . Chester C. Fisk, llerkeley Traffic Safety Commission IlmvAKU II. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. (U.S.A.) Inc. Alexander Foster, Jr, Quarry Section John 11. Gnisox, Western Electric Co. Howard E. Gimieht, Elizabeth Safety Council Onto M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co. W. A. Griffin, American Telephone Sc Telegraph Co. . I Iarky Guii.iii:kt, The Pullman Co. Isaiaii Hall, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc Ky. Co. C. If. IIvmtr, Refrigeration Section D. T. II xkKtxi.iriX, U. S. Rure.au oi Mines Frank II. Harrison, International Harvester ('>. P. I.. G. IIasskxri, I.ehiglt Valley Safety Council R. C. Hwlx. Commercial Vehicle Section G T Hruuciu, Clin ago. Ni.nli Shore & Milwaukee RK. Qo. ('.ns 1 llui. New \uih C\mial I .m , It... Ilw... nl. Gmtnu.r. State of .Vew Jersey I II....... . v In. M upiC SuImiii ' I 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Evkkctt Kokh, Madisuu County Safety Council S. 11. Horkei.i, Food Section . II. C. Hoivsasi, Power Press Section Fki:i> II. Hunt, Cement Section Majiik Norman A. I Mum, Columbus Safely Council R. I). Jewett, Springfield Safety Council Tiiomas P. Kearns, Industrial Commission of Ohio Tims. 1.. Kei.i.ey, Paterson Safety Council J. Xj. Kerrioan, Rubber Section WM.'d. Knoii.k, Milwaukee Safety Commission Wm^S. Knuusck, Detroit Industrial Safety Council C. L/CaFountaine, Great Northern Railway Co. Millard C. Leflf.k, Child Education Section Uarn'A- Levy, Jr., Rochester Safety Council '' A. Aucustus Low, Rrooklyn Safety Council . Titos. H. MacDonald, U. S. Department of Agriculture Walter B. Martin, Peoria'Association of Commerce Safety Council F. W. Matson, Minnesota Safely Council R. A. McArthur, Transit Section . Miller McCi.intock, Harvard University - I. W. Millard, Industrial Gloves Co. James K. Mh.i.kk, Grand Rapids Safety Council Harold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours & Co. R. 11. Moui.ey, Industrial Accident Prevention Assns. Prof. Roukr L. Morrison, Street & Highway Traliic Section Ernest Miirpiiv. Albany Safety Council E. J. O'Uhien, Jr, Louisville Safety Council Georhe C. A. Ol'P, The Detroit Edison Co. Walter S. Paine. Aetna Life Sc Affdijitcd Cos. Lnv R. Palmer, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the U. S. David A. Patton, Newark Safety Council . Mrs. G. if. Pki.ton, Evanston Safely Council Charles W. Penuock, Safety Div. Milwaukee Association of Commcrcc C. E. Plttioonk, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co. Gi n. George: II. 1'ii.i.sui'rv. United Slates Engineer Office AkTHUR Potierton, Hudson County Safely Council Albert S. Recui.a, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. Henry A. Rfxini.ek, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. Bestor Robinson, Eastbav Safely Council ' V|A. V. Roiiwedeh, Duluth, Missabc & Iron Range Ry. Co. Walter RoseniiauM, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council G,.E. Sanford, General Electric Co. | \ 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued Henry G. Sciiaffner. Eric Safely Council Karl G. Schof.fh.er. Rahway Safety Council Harry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. H. E. Seely, Wood Products Section ' Earl S. Shartzer, Utica Safety Council Gen. John H. Sherrurne. Massachusetts Safety Council Dr. L. A. Shouoy, Bethlehem Steel Co. ' Ernest L. Si.monds, Netv Haven Safely Council A. E. Sinclair, Meat Packing, Tanning S: Leather Industries Section .. Judge Lee E. Skeei, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. Smith. Standard Oil Company (Ind.) Edwin C Smith, Blackstonc Valley Safety Council Walter Dent Smith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. Snow, Construction Section R. T. Soi.ensten. Elliott Service Co. , E. C. Spring, Lansdalc. I'a. George R. Stephens, Safety Bureau, Buffalo Chamber of Commerce ?' -efJoiisfiSTiLWELi., Greater New York Safety Council . Arthur M. Tome, Consulting Marine Engineer George G. Traver. Greater Chicago Safely Council. Inc. ,, Major R. D. Tkimiile, Richmond Safety Council Prank E. Vitz, Superior Safety Council Dr. C. H. Watson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Harry M. Wewier, Wilmette, 111. I >k. David E. Weglein, Baltimore Safety Council S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual insurance Co. A. W. Whitney, National Conservation Bureau Howard R. Whitney, Worcester Safety Council T. A. Wilson, Textile Section W. H. Winans, L'nion Carbide & Carbon Corp. . I'. H. Winslow' Safety Div, Birmingham Qtamher of Commerce W. E. Worth, International Harvester Co. K. J. Zauft, Safety Bureau, Duluth Chamber of .Commerce C. L. Zwick, St Joseph Safety Council s Industrial Dusts / WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1937 The meeting was called to order by Chair man A. S. Kegula, Executive Secretary, In dustrial Relation* Counselors, Inc, New York City, and Vice-President for Engineer ing, National Safety Council, who intro duced the speakers. What Industrial Dusts Are Harmful? Why? By SENIOR SURGEON R. R. SAYERS Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, U. S. Public Health Service . While dusts exist everywhere in the at mosphere, it has been recognized for cen turies that workers in certain dusty occupation* are less healthy than those not so, .exposed, ^fhe number of persons ex poseddusty occupations comprises one of the largest industrial groups. The occu pational diseases of workers in dusty at mospheres have been found to be due to entrance of dust into the system by inhala tion, by ingestion, by direct absorption through the skin, by irritation of the skin, or by a combination of the foregoing. The suspensions of particulate matter in air have been broadly termed dusts, fumes, and smokes. Such a classification is neces sarily arbitrary, since'the line of demarca tion between them is not very sharp, anti the chief differentiation is based on the size of the particles. Investigations by the Pub lic Health Service in dusty industries' re vealed that about 70 per cent oi the dust particles examined were between I and 3 microns in size, only about 20 per cent were less than I micron, anti the median size was U microns. Industrial dusts arc mainly less than 10 microns in size. However, fibrous dust* in the air, such as asbestos, have been found to contain particles as large as 200 400 mircons in the greatest diameter. While, generally speaking, according to Collis, dusts arc more injurious as their chemical composition differs from that of the human body, or from the elements of which the Iiody is normally composed,' it is difficult to establish a comprehensive definition for toxic dusts. Sollmann,' after analysis of various definitions for poison, felt that it is very difficult to give a definition which will not be ambiguous in some cases, but believed that the following covers most of the points which must be considered in classing a substance as such: "A poison is any substance which, act ing directly through its inherent chemic properties, and by its ordinary action, is capable of destroying life, or of seriously endangering health, when it is applied to the hody, externally, or in moderate doses (to 30 Gin.) internally." Some dusts are known to be poisonous, while others, in the concentrations usually encountered, are comparatively harmless. However, it may be stated that breathing dust in high concentration is not desirable. According to Fairhall, the damage arising from the inhalation of toxic dust may be cither local or remote, and depends upon whether the material is a protoplasmic poi son. whether it is caustic in reaction, or whether it is absorbed into the blood stream and carried to other centers which arc in turn alTected.* It is now well established that exposure to certain kinds'of dusts, sucii as those con taining considerable quantities ot free silica, has increased the morbidity and mortality rate from respiratory diseases; while me tallic dusts, such as lead and it* compounds. below . lilliun particles. They seem will trical phenomena which bear upon dust h ing to graduate upward to 20 million (or vltavior. medium silica and 50 million lor low silica Those arc all principles of physics which percentages. Tivc million particles is virtually explain the behavior of dust':piul upon which dust tree, and is very difticnlt and expensive engineering practice must be based. They achieve and maintain. The declaration o( must he understood and be taken into account. safety of the installations must remain in the . Dust control is not a matter only of general hands of the medical and hygiene groups in ventilation; the engineer must study the pro whose hands now lies the responsibility for duction as well as tile dispersion. The problem determining the hazard. should he analyzed to determine the applica We now enlir the chapter of onr discussion bility of segregation, enclosure-, wetting, local intended to demonstrate that dost control is exhaust and general ventilation. an engineering job, that it must be given scentilic treatment, not guess work, applying engineering methods which arc based upon a knowledge of physical law, the behavior of lust, the perfegrmanre of air-moving machin ery, etc. lit some- instances, substitution of nun-haz ardous material, or non-t|ust-producing oper ations may have specific application, and they should be explurcd first. This implies plant engineering. 1 am convinced that many bad installations arc bail because plant engineering Prerequisite Knowledge was not used. In the designing of exhaust systems installed to capture the dust at the I.et me recite hriclly. a few of the tilings which, in my opinion, the engineer should know to do tin's joh correctly. He must know how in make a survey. Surveys depend upon sampling, ami sampling is not a catch-ascatch-can proposition. It involves the place, the lime, the frequency, the amount in a sam ple. and the miinbcr of samples so that maxi mum. minimum and average data mean some (mints of generation, the physical behavior of air ntuviug toward bond* and in duels must lie known, and that knowledge tisctl. latch system must consist of collection hoods, pip ing. air-cleaning plant and a source of suction. Before selecting a hood for a job the engineer must know- dust dispersion by dynamic pro jection as well as dust dispersion by air cur rents, and design the bond accordingly. thing. Ml that credibility can be given them. I-or the type ol sample involved he must Knowledge Needed know how to weigh or count respirable dun, Tire acro-dynamic characteristics of suction as distinguished front large masses of non- hoods appear to be little known because little respirablc dust which romplieate the picture. thought was given to them In designing I fe must know how to observe the sources of thousands of hoods which can he found every dust floods as distinguished from cmulitinus where in industry. All the possibility for of normal dustiness. He must know the entrapping dust and much of the efficiency oi sources of dust and the principles invtilvcd the system lies in this fartnr. Air velocity, in the dis|icrsioii of dust. He must determine static suction, and rate of air flow arc all how much dust enters the problem because it related, anil they must he known. It is essen is part of the material, and what dust is tial to use high velocity of air in certain types created in the process by the fracturing ol the of exhaust .systems to entrap dust projected material. at high velocities as in the case of a granite Any less survey cannot tell the engineer w hat his task of dust control is. To visualize that task intelligently he should know the physics of Ilrmvniaii motion, laws ol resist surfacing machine, and Ion- velocities must he used in others, as in the case of cleaning asbestos fibre of dust to prevent waiting material. ance to the mution of particles moving ill air. Quantity of air and its velocity must he both when the air is in turbulence and for determined, then the piping should he de stream-line motion. He should know terminal signed to take into account the behavior oi velocities, movements due to centrifugal inn- air-flow through pipes at low and high veloc limi; flocculation and the efferts of air motion ities. Where the problem is complicated by and the effects of humidification bn it. He tlic large sized particles which go along with must know all about the difficulties of wetting the fine dust, how these behave must be taken and wliat is known almut overcoming these into account. Pressure losses are very impor difliiiiliies. lie should know the several elec tant elements in the design of an exhaust .f system. I.oss at the hoods, loss at the bends, and loss in the ducts must not be guessed at. Pipe design must take into account the gage of die metal and reinforcing to withstand pressures and erosion, The selection of a fan and its motive power is a nutter of calculation, not guess work. Power consumption in the system is calcula ble. fans follow certain laws, so the engineer must know the behavior of axial flow, pro peller type, radial flow, paddle wheel and other fan performance. More physics and engineering calculation goes into the air-cleaning apparatus. The selection of gravitation, inertial or filtration method depends upon what the dust is, the calculation for any methods requires knowl edge of discharge through stacks, the deter mination of sizes of settling chambers; the behavior of cyclones. The use or non-use of a filter, and if so. what type, how it should perform, how big it slimild be. what kind of resistance and how much each kind offers, to say nothing of their proper location with relation to cleaning, accessibility, etc., are all items for accurate engineering determination. Apparatus to cheek the behavior of installa- V lions must be . . and used. I'cn"im cannot be left to guess work. Supplji"K - eient air to be exhausted is part of the p Iciu. The same may be said of heatin'-; Du f give the problem too sciere a In up? I think not. Remember .licsc two dm 1. Von are dealing with .laznrdmis m rial so small in size and so little of il weight that it is as invisible as the air i hears it. , 2. Physical laws involved in the helm of dii't and air do not permit incNP' n methuds of control. I am acquainted \ budgets set up for this purpose which aim to more than a rpiarter of a m:,U-m dull and l know of many where 60 Ic 80 ilium dollars is involved. The need for this much coginee "ing i< ngnized hy men who know. Ah inly in has been done toward getting the known into handbook shape. Perhaps the he-'t of this sort to date is "Fundamcirals Kcl.ii to the Design and Operation af l-l.xh. Systems" developed under Amer.can Sl.i ards Association procedure. The Doctor's Part in Controlling Dust Hazards By A. D. LAZENBY, M.D.. F.A.C.S. Chief Surgeon, Maryland Casualty Co., Baltimore, Maryland Considerable confusion has existed in the past as to just what is the physician's func tion in the prevention of dust diseases, and just what is \hc engineer's. It is very ob vious upon even casual thought that the tuo sciences must work hand in hand in their efforts to solve the problem. The physician through his special training must be able to tell the engineer what dusts are dangerous and what are not. He nmst know how those dusts enter the body and the manner in which they do their harm. He must be trained in tlic examination of per sons who are to be employed to work in dust, and to discover those who arc already diseased, or arc peculiarly susceptible to dust disease. He must be able to detect the first signs of disease in workers who arc exposed to dust, and must be prepared to recognize the disease when it is fully i vclopcd. . It is not necessarily- the physician's fm tion to analyze dust. That is a task for i chemist and the petrographer. It is not I physician's function to couiK the particles dust in a given industrial atmosphere. 'Hi in reality, is the function of the engineer, is nut the physician's function to dc\ ventilating equipment for the removal dust, nor even to he more Mian an .nlvi as to the means that must he adopted render the atmosphere safe. The physician nevertheless must corrvl. with his medical knowledge and with I studies of tlic industrial worker the fuulii- of the engineer. A diagnosis of silico-is. I example, requires not merely characteii' occupational history and characteristic phj ta. ,-s, but the knowledge a> ucll that We have no real krum ledge as to . the p.,..cnt has been exposed lu hazardous figures, but as a simple ride, we can adopt du-ls in dangerous concentrations. v for practical purposes the thought that the All dusts when inhaled in excessive human body can withstand successfully a quantities may be considered as harmful, lull concentration of dust ciml'h-ining 100 per cent only a few can be regarded as dangerous, l-'rom llie standpoint of their dangerous properties, they may he die ideal into three general groups. . 1. Tlmsc which arc dangerous because of their poisonous action, such as lead, arsenic, mcreuiy, and similar substances. silica dioxide in a particulate size less than 10 microns, hi a concentration not in excess of 5.000,000 paitides per cubic funt. If we decrease the percentage of silica dioxidepresent in the dust, we can correspondingly increase the conrculralinii with comparative safety. We must, of collide, take into ar count the portion of the worker's time spent 2. Those which cause only irritation in the in the dusty atmosphere. respiratory tract, resulting in such condi tions as bronchitis or local intlaiumatioii; such substances as vegetable fibre, cork dust, Hour, starch, and other relatively innocuous organic or inorganic materials. ' To arrive at a rough conception of a safe atmosphere, we multiply the percentage of free silica in a given dust by the total num ber of particles per cubic font. If the result is under 5,000,000 the condition may he con 3. 1 hose which tend to produce fibrosis sidered relatively safe. If the result is over of the lungs, thereby predisposing to respira 5,000,000 the condition must he regarded as tory infections, especially tuberculosis, such unsafe. dusts as asbestos, silica dioxide or mag Dear in mind too that silicosis is essentially nesium silicate. a disease of great chrnuicity. Except in a I shall confine my remarks chiefly to few exceptional instances it will require dusts occurring in the latter category. from seven to thirty years ior a worker to It has been generally believed that the harmful effects of dusts inhaled into the lungs depended more upon their physical structure than upon their chemical. It was believed, for example, that silica dioxide, or quart!, was particularly harmful because of its crystalline structure, and the hardness and sharpness of its particles. This concep tion is now known to be faulty. The dusts develop advanced silicosis. It is evident too that coincident dusts may either retard the development of silicosis or hasten it. Recent research seems to indicate that the admix ture of aluminum dust to a siliciotis dust will greatly inhibit the reaction of the latter; whereas a silicious dust combined with some alkaline coincident dusts may hasten the de velopment of silicosis. which cause their damage lv mechanical in Much research is now tinder wav in prob terference with function arc the dusts which lems such as tins. We have never learned how arc relatively innocuous, whose symptoms are transitory, and which subside upon re moval from exposure to the dust. Chemical Effect Is Harmful to cure silicosis, but we are learning rapidly how to prevent it. Our knowledge in this respect seems to he limited to the removal of dust from the breathing zone of the worker. Later discoveries may show us how to The disease of particular interest to us :modify existing dusts with contaminant today, silicosis, owes its harmful effects very dusts that will render silica dioxide innocu largely to a harmful chemical reaction oc ous. ' curring between silica dioxide and the body tissues. It so happens that silica dioxide is decidedly a tissue irritant to the body, re gardless of the part of the body it invades, it causes local irritation, local destruction of tissue, and the replacement of that tissue bv scars. Owing to its very great chronicily, it is only the rare ease who actually develops disabling silicosis during his industrial life time. It is realized, of course, that excep tional instances lake place, hut the coincident ravages of age usually keep pace with the effects of dust, so that much n` the dis Tims, given a dust containing silica diox ability usually ^ttrilmtcd to silicosis is often, ide in sufficient concentration, in sires small in fact, actually attributable to other dis enough to permit its entrance to the ultimate eases or incapacities which advancing years air spaces in the lungs, we have a situation bring in tbeir wake. To me the great peril of which offers danger to the worker. silicosis, th<* peril not only to the industrial worker himself, hut his family, co-workers and the public generally, is the accompany ing susceptibility to tuberculosis. Complicated by Tuberculosis Silicosis per sc does not kill. Tuberculosis as a complicating factor of silicosis rarely recovers despite treatment, and the indi vidual so afflicted is not only totally dis abled himself, but a definite menace to all with whom he comes in contact, particularly the fellow- worker who may have silieosis. So pci haps the most important places in which the services of the physician in a dusty trade are necessary arc--first, along lilies of discovering and barring from exposure to a silicious dust those persons who may al ready have arrested tuberculosis; and sec ondly. discovering those persons already ex posed to dust, possibly already silicotic, in whom tuberculous infectious may have de veloped. It is well recognized (hat no individual should be exposed to dust containing silica dioxide until lie has undergone a thorough physical. examination, including carefully made and interpreted x-ray films of his chest. It is likewise obvious to anyone fa miliar \ith silicosis that no person who is exposed to silicious dust should be denied the privilege of frequent physical examina tions and x-rays of the chest, not entirely to discover the existence of possible silicosis, but to discover a coincident tuberculosis if such exists. A man so diseased should, in protection to himself and to all with whom he conics in contact, he removed from industry. Let me emphasize the uselessness of a physical examination, unless it be accompanied by properly taken x-ray films, except in cases of gross tuberculosis. It is the function of the physician, there fore, to conduct in a thorough and an intelli gent maimer the prc-cmploymeiit examina tion of all persons who are to be engaged in a dusty trade. The purpose of this ex amination should he threefold. First, to discover and bar from employment in dust, any person who is suffering from tuber culosis in an active, a quiescent or an ar rested stale. A possible exception might be made in individuals suffering from a so called healed primary complex, or a healed childhood in fection. It is well known that exposure to silica dioxii cry lilaly tu . -.rjl ndivily a tm....culous h -nm vvhiih n ipiic-ccnl or arrested, and n- c siirh a is ruiclivated, the iliance- of icrmc- remote. _' The second problem which coiilnm physirian al the pre-employ mem ph> 'n aiiiliialioti is whether a given iutlivi.I. by reason of secondary physical th more susceptible to the development n eosis than a normal. Is lie sullerlivg, diseases of the nose or upper rrspi tract, such as chronic sinusitis, disease, lungs or air passages, or obstructions produce mouth breathing ? We must remember that siliia dio- not dangerous until it reaches the him that llie normal individual retains nose ami the upper air passages a quantity oi the dust inhaled from the ; pliere. In instances where this nasal tion is disturbed, exposure to silica i| dust may be dangerous to that hide where it would not he to another. It is believed that certain diseases heart and circulation, of the kidneys,' Idy syphilis, chronic coincident ili-ra the lungs, all may render a mail mol ceptible to silicosis than normal. Tlic cian at his pre-employment cxamiiiniini follow certain established criteria it respect, and liar from exposure lodanl dusts tlipsc persons who through c.v disease may be more ready prey to si or tuberculosis. Re-Examination Needed After the applicant for employmci successfully passed his physical vx.unp and is engaged in a dusty trade, tin of the physician is not yet ended. Tlii' man must be periodically re-examined to discover the early appearances ui moiiary fibrosis, but what is even moi portant. to detect the early evident complicating tuberculous infection. A man should not be dismissed froi ploymcut in a dusty trade merely l-ca has evidences oi non-disal tin;-, sil Workers in dusty trade*, especially cutters, moulders, pottery -withers similar craftsmen, ate usually . igldv ; and it seems unfortunate fi.n-i a .>ci; economic point of view to dn.y lIt* i ploymcut so long as they are phy'icall to carry on, especially since the nclu aiding qualities of silicosis arc in doul vs /'H'cntysixlh Xtilianal Safely Congress They should he denied employment in a dusty trade if that condition is found at pre-employment examination. hut they should not be barred from continuing an employment in which they arc already en gaged. Of course, in such instances yon. as engineers, must realize that you have failed, because if you had kept the breathing zone of the worker free from dangerous dusts, silicosis would not be present on physical examination. intervals, conferring with the physician in an effort to discover whether, in the light of their joint knowledge, working conditions arc dangerous. He must develop and install carefully designed ventilating equipment. He must arrange for modification of chemical and other industrial processes, where such modification is possible, and must bend his effort? toward removing from the danger zone of the worker the offending substance, whatever it may be. In this work of preventing dust diseases in industry, it should be evident that the closest and most intelligent cooperation between the physician and the engineer is necessary. The physician must, through his knowledge and research, tell the engineer what dusts, or. for that matter, what other substances used in industry are harmful. He must tell the engineer how such dusts or other materials cuter the i>ody, how they leave the body and what they do in their passages through or their residence in the body. Must Make Analyses The engineer must in turn tell the physi cian of the harmful''dusts and other sub stances surrounding his .workers. He must make chemical anti petrographic analyses of the dust*, and other indicated analyse? of the atmosphere in the workshop. He must make dust counts and check his counts at regular Too many engineers construe this function loosely. They pass on to the physician as his responsibility certain functions which cs?entially arc theirs: such functions as dust analyses, dust counts, and similar technical duties. All too often it is consideretl ade quate merely to install a fan. Ventilating devices in dusty work rooms must lie constructed only after careful en gineering study has given a knowledge of the physical properties of the air and of substances polluting it. It is possible to calculate to a very fine point the volume of air that must be removed from a given spot to-remove the dust originating at that place, and tlte engineer most approach his task 'from just as scientific an angle as the physi cian approaches his. j There i? no room in industry for" hap hazard methods on the part of either the pliv-ictnti or the engineer. ,!DJOURXMl:.XT Ci'iuciil inn! Quarry Srrtinns course. 'nmo similarity <>( procedure in di recting die work of any man on any joli: hut different industries employ such different types of people, under such a wide variety ill circumstances. and place Mich a diver gence of requirements tpsin them that the prnhlem of sti|>ervis<iry training in its mure comprehensive aspects is peculiar to each type of industry. The ecucral treatises on leadership Rive the "roundu-ork. but the subject matter for any supervisory training enur.sc fur any par ticular industry lies within that indu-try. We must go nut and -ep liuw nur job is being supervised now; analyze the procedure of every foreman and supervisor: compare them anil select the best: look tt|sui supervision as a process in itself, and sec how best to direct the work of the people. It is a tong. tedious, and costly process, hut one which, carried through to completion, will pay dividends in the end. WEDNESDAY LUNCHEON SESSION ' October 13, 1937 The Wednesday Luncheon session of the Cement and Quarry Sections was addressed by Isaiah Hale. Superintendent of Safety. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, who spoke on "The Common Sense of Safety." The address was substantially the ? same as another address by Mr. Hale before the Steam Railroad Meeting. The complete paper will he found in the Steam Railroad section of this volume. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1937 . Work of the National Silicosis Conference By R. CAMPBELL STARR Assistant Safety Engineer, U. S. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Standards, Washington, D. C. Silicosis is strictly an occupational disease. Medical science lias not reported silica dust as affecting any individuals except those who, over relatively long periods of. time, have worked in an atmosphere where the air which they breathe contained excessive con centrations of free silica. The interest of the U. S. Department of Labor in a broad social and economic prob lem such as this has its origin in the Organic Act, effective March 4, 191.1, which created the Department. This act, among other things, gives the Department of Labor the duty "to foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profit able employment." With this in mind, and believing that through joint effort of all concerned, much could be done to eliminate the harard, the Secretary of Lalior called together in Wash- 2CiQ I'ii'CHty-sixth A'nlimial Sit icl r Cmu/rrsx of the hazard, the fact must be recognized that until silicosis has been wiped out. workers who now have (lie disease, as well as those who may contract it. must receive workmen's compensation just as do those workers who nVc injured in accidents. Accordingly, the Committees of the silico sis conference were unanimous in presenting the following recommendations : Coverage for silicosis in the compensa tion acts of all States. This coverage should be compulsory. Because of competition between the same or similar industries in various States, the laws, rules, and regulations of the several States should be as uniform as practicable. Should Be Insured . The employer should insure his obliga tion for compensation either through self insurance subject to the posting of adc - quale funds, or with an authorized in surance institution. Insurance should not he denied any em ployer, provided the State authorities certi fy that lie complies with the State require ments as' to proper safe working condi tions. and pays the premiums involved. Workers having active pulmonary tuber culosis and silicosis should lie removed from employment. Such workers .should . he granted suitable compensation payments and medical care. Workers disabled from silicosis (hut with no tuberculosis) should ultimately he granted the same amount of compensa tion as those disabled by accidental in jury. Two years is- a reasonable minimum limitation period for tiling claims subse quent to the date of the last exposure. Further Activities of the Department of Labor In carrying out its duty as stated in the basic law, the V. S. Department of Labor has conceived that there is immediate need for the conversion of known facts in the medical and engineering fields working toward prevention, and in the legal, insurance ami regulatory phases looking toward ade quate workmen'* compensation, into a prac tical, readily understood program which will adequately take care of the silicosis prob lem. In its program of cooperation with the IS States, the Department of Labor has in cluded a section covering silicosis and simi lar dust diseases. This breaks down into three main sub-headings: (1) Assistance in the preparation of reasonable and adequate codes, rules, and regulations prescribing methods of prevention: (2) assistance in the establishment of equitable standards of workmen's compensation for those em ployees disabled as a result of the disease; (o) a general educational program among State ofncials. factory inspectors, etc. so that they will be equipped with adequate knowledge concerning the disease, its method of prevention, and its proper treat ment under the workmen's compensation lave. Follows Two Lines This application program, which is just now getting tinder wav has been commenced along two principal lines: (1) The compiling of practical information concerning actual dust control installations in typical silica hazardous plants, together with approxima tions as to cost, nut only of installation, but also of maintenance of dust control equip ment in such plants; (2) a program of visual education supplementing the summary and full committvv reports of the National Sili cosis Conference. It is contemplated that in tins held such media as lilui strips, lantern slides. jHisters, illustrated bulletins, etc. wilt he utilized. Further, in connection with the various exhibits of the department, show n at various large expositions, trade association meetings. labor and technical organization meetings, etc., it is contemplated that much factual information will he used, pointing toward ways and means of correcting the hazard and of establishing adequate stand ards of workmen's rniupcnsatinu. Following the address bv Mr. Starr a hazards in quarry operation took place. This round table discussion of outstanding concluded the Wednesday program. Steam Railroad Meeting WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . October 13, 1937 Tlic Nc.ssion was called to order ly \V, \V\ more, Xld., who presided. introducin'.; the Wood, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Balti .speakers ami directing the discussion. * The Past, Present and Future of Railroad Safety By J. M. SYMES Vice President, Operations and Maintenance Department, Association of American Railroads, Washington, D. C. No industry in the world requires more diversified study and more exacting applica tion of safety principles than the steam rail road industry. Picture a quarter of a million miles of railroad line covering in a virtual network the vast expanse of the United Stales. Over this network arc operated a billion train miles annually. Vast yard and terminal operations arc necessary* to make up the beginning of the journey of passengers ami poods, amt to break up at the end of that journey the 12 million trains that accumulate that billion miles. These trains carry 500 million passengers and one billion tons of freight annually. It requires more than one million railroad employees to run the trains, make them ready for road movement, su pervise and safeguard their movement and maintain the equipment and rnadhed, ns well ns perform the many other duties incidental to the production of railroad transportation. Safety lias in the past, is today, and always will he the first principle itt railroad opera tions. But it is within the past fifteen years that greatest advances have been made in railroad safety. During that period we have seen a complete remodeling and moderniza tion of railroad physical properties. Road beds have been strengthened: bridges, trestles and culverts rebuilt; tracks have I>ccn laid with heavier rail and with treated tics of greater service life and de pendability; grades and curves have been eliminated or reduced; signal systems have been modernized and extended; other safety devices have been installed; new and more powerful locomotives, embracing all modern safety devices, have been purchased; new cars, both freight and passenger, have been installed. This capital improvement program has cost the railroads altout eight billion dol lars since 1V2.I, and a large part, if not all, of that huge sum had a beneficial effect, di rectly or indirectly, on the safety of opera tions. But the engineer's job is never done. As soon as new equipment, new rail, or other devices at c installed the cmtiuccrs go to work to develop more efficient and safer units. The railroads spend millions of dollars annually in research and laboratory work e.vpe'iniciiting with engineering improve ments. In all this work safety is of primary importance. An invention which might mean great economics to the railroads would not find its way to a single locumotivc or car if its use in any way lessened the opportunity for safe operation. Conversely, any improve ment. mechanical or otherwise, promoting safety of operation immediately commends itself to railroad officers anti employees. The search for greater safety will continue so long as railroatl transportation is used. About a quarter of a century ago, the 5$7 Si cum lutUnmrl Mccliin/ ' THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 14, 1937 Safety, An Executive Operating Problem By R. C. WHITE Assistant General Manager, Missouri Pacific R. R., St. Louis, Mo. Safety is an obligation of management. Without the constructive leadership and dayto-day urge from the executive and_ operat ing heads, the movement would lapse into a perfuntory activity. The safety movement is recognized by executive and operating officers as a medium tor building up and maintaining that rela tionship, that fellowship, which broadens our views, enriches character, and brings the Gulden Rule into practical application. Management recognizes that our economic system must, enable mgu, to live on an. in creasingly high Tfiane. eft must enable them to fulfill their desires and satisfy their rea sonable wants, anergive them that feeling of security which is essential to happiness and efficiency. . Having made the decision that safety is an executive problem anil responsibility--that accidents must stop--it is then essential that management promulgate, and follow through, a plan that will definitely fix this decision in the minds of all the individuals who collectively comprise the industry. The follow through must be such that department heads, superintendents, and every member of the supervisory force will appreciate the need for a constant, active interest in safety; will understand that passive interest will no more produce results than would the same interest in production. Supervisors must be made to feci that the prevention of accidents demands the same type of hcnd-up super vision that is given to the other problems affecting cost and service. The executive must find a way to indicate directly that it is the responsibility of the department heads to carry out management's program, that authority is placed in each superintendent's hands to put accident pre vention on the same basis as production. A complete,factual ami descriptive report of each accident must be made. This must be followed by a thorough analysis to find the direct and underlying causes and the pro cedure necessary to prevent a recurrence. Proof of its sincerity will depend pri marily on whether management will make the first essential move in die program-- that is, authorize the expenditure of money necessary to make the maintenance and op erating plant a safe place to work. Safety and Efficiency Analysis of the underlying causes of in dustrial accidents and preventive measures to be applied has made it increasingly appar ent that those factors which are producing accidents arc very largely the same factors which tend to lower the quantity and quality of production. Expressed in another way, safety and efficiency are as inseparable as though one word. '* In coupling safety with efficiency I have not minimized it as an executive problem, but have endeavored to indicate that its solu tion is an executive responsibility, bulb to his individual industry and to the employees that make it a going concern. Rail transportation is a scientific business in which laboratory research, expert tnginccring, trained builders, ami skilled workers share a part. One of the main factors is a group of employees who are loyal--who appreciate that their railroad must give the kind of service that will stimulate and accelerate the development of the territory traversed. The successful solution of our problem de mands the type of aggressive individualism in executive leadership that will attract and command loyal, collective . cooperative effort on the part of all who produce rail transpor tation. . Our major concern is leadership--leader-