Document x1kkgeYMy1a6GD4GZMdB94qam

i T !Sf< Ratlin Bv A. IX Saoh5itt Modem heat insulation is a comparatively young art. TV,-,:-., were apt to notice the tiniest leak of live steam, or who would worry a!, their water bills, when a faucet dripped, felt perfectly at C-dsc and :v about the loss of heat from poorly insulated pipes. ' We all kn.v. .^attitude docs .nqt:prcvaj_ltpday,\and. the steady* growth of our i ,v ... manufacturing concents in the-past decades is 'ample proof!for ' . v. , . \Yhcn`.we speak of high grade heat insulation here' intf. S.' A. w'i. V. involve the so-called asbestos insulations; of which asbestos forms n*:v a small part (15% and less in the best insulations), and merely act? a- a fibrous binder for the real insulating material, which is primarily carWaic of magnesia, a very friable and* crumbling material. ' The more-asboh* these insulations contain, the heavier the)' become, and the power in *r-. sulatiog value. ' Of'other teat insulations used I may mention nfinrrJ! wool, slag, some-siliceo.us-earth tKiesclguhr), clay, paper preparati-mi.- cork, and so on. * . The demands made upon an ideal insulating material are sc exacting and manifold that the heat insulating materials on the market today arc only able to comply with a selected few of these specifications. Glass however has proved in practice as well as laboratory tests the closest tr being an ideal heat insulator. The following are the characteristics for an ideal heat insulation tnnU t-.A 1. Low conductivity 2. Low specific heat 3. Light weight 4. Withstand vibration 5. Withstand destruction by blows 6. Flexibility to (a) Conform to most any shape (b) Follow a surface, expanding under heat (c) Withstand rough handling without damage 7. Withstand alternate heating and cooliog S. Withstand alternate wetting and drying 9. Easy, dean installation, possible by unskilled labor JO. Installation possible without stopping production 11. Contain a maximum of dead air cells 12. Be non-bygroscopie 13. Withstand extreme temperatures 24. Be proof against damage by steam, water, chemicals, air, rodent? et* J5. Be comparatively cheap in cost and installation. The first successful tests with glass wool for insulation purpf* * made as earlv as 1004 in Bohemia (the present C2echo-Slo^aki.j ^ high qualities of glass wool as an insulating material were recognize '*' ` then, and even though the price, based on manufacturing jo vogue, was almo insulations. Bcfor of chemical, textile stations and steam Eastern Europe, of Moscow, which v perhealed steam of our boilers and vak dbl ot'thcir'tcsfc'v ^seated steam of- GC the drop in :c surface tempo surrounding ai: confirm th? their Diesel er full load, tl iding air teehas bed of our instil:; inches)....." the same towf, that .....ou is steadily vapors is Of th< tailed this ma ticu as sonrich Bayer 1919, t: t led in 1DI0 .frrenstcin & ing Factori January, >pel, whose j 1909, wci Jor almost 1 time to th ice, and w iJtave retaine. ^this wool we 1934 the tos impor atcr nccessh GLASS WOOL HEAT INSULATION' in vogue, was almost prohibitive, it sold on its sheer quality for special Sv[ insulations. Before the advent of the War there were already hundreds `of chemical, textile, rubber, paper factories, etc., as well as some power stations and steam ships using and specifying this material in Central and Eastern Europe. The list includes firms as the Okulowska Paper Company of Moscow, which wrote September, 191*1 "...AVc are using glass wool on suj^perheated steam of GS0*F, and also on saturated steam lines, as well as on Sr our boilers and vats, and it supersedes all other insulations wc used...." In *ooc of their tests with an S-inch glass wool insulated pipe, carrying suyer'heated steam of G30eF and with a temperature of the surrounding:, air of r'lW*F, the drop in temperature per yard of pipe .length was only ,46F. "Thesurface temperature of the insulation.remained only 9eF/highcr than, 'the surroundrcg,air. la December, lOlG^.the CkutChOuc Companyof Riga, rRnssra;-cohfirih.that they we^even* satisfied'wstH 'the glass woolinsulation foe their Diesel engine exhaust pipes, stating that *\v...with the motors 'tmder full.load, the temperature difference between the surface and the ~~~ liinnimrTing air was only. SoC, and-as you guaranteed oOtC, this 1 ffrirantee has been well met. The'thick- of our. insulation is 70 mm. (about finches)----** The Textile Company the same town asserts in the same that ".....our glass wool insulation, is steadily exposed to arid and vapors is st31 in perfect condiOf the German concerns who ed this material before the War, I nation as some of the largest ones jftfedrich Bayer & Company, who writes Fic. 1.--After 12 years' service. 1919, that ".....the insulations ed in 1910 are still in perfect order.... the large locomotive works Onmstein & Koppel, the elevated Railway of Hamburg, the Royal g Factories of Spandau, the Wilhclmina Mine and many others, a January, 1921, some steam hammers of the firm of Orenstein & Koppd, whose pipes had been insulated with glass wool way back in Au- 1909, were dismantled. Their insulation had been in continuous for almost 12 years, carrying steam of 470 to 5*30CF, being exposed all Jime to the shocks and vibration, coincident With steam hammer ___ rtice, and when this insulation was removed the glass wool was found ^ggfifcL'have retained all its good insulation qualities and resiliency. Samples wool were labeled and attested by notary public (Fig. 1)'. : 1914 the War started, and with it an immediate and entire lack of sl*||j5sbestas importations for Central Europe set in, aggravated by a still hose excellent wm ini itinsgi : xxil-.ik . ii.: Ii=lp it p2 l!8P insulation qualities were already recognized, was then called ;ij>*ii: ir: spcctivc of cost- * A firm of ship chandlers in Hamburg, who up to that tin-.;- had earned a line of asbestos insulations, started to supply the rapieik growing demand for glass wool, at first employing the crude manuiucim ing methods then available. Gradually as they found themselves unabh to comply with the steadily increasing demand, different methods. t<- in- prove the manufacture were repeatedly .tried., put irt-. production and abandoned again, when Ik tier v.;,\ were discovered. In this way they .covered the gr from the semi-manual making, of glass wool d...... rodsto.presentday'"automatic production directly- "a.vat of"molten glass, with scrap glass as-the raw iHau-rial. They finally succeeded m perfecting their machir.j rv Fwiicre2o.--etLocomotive.to . sucShW,a,nnoetxtmenetr,e,ltyhoant atoccdoau)n' g.t laost.s.itwsosoulpienrs.iuolr.aittyio. n,huist is being offered at competitive prices. Today, only four years since industries started to readjust their- to'peace-conditions, there are thousands of factories and power >tat;u::s specifying and buying glass insulation. Over 10,000 German govcrnnun; locomotives are already carrying glass wool insulation, which is csjH'mlly desirable for this service, and also countries as Spain, Holland, Denmark, Roumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Russia, Argentine, Brazil, and others are using it for the same purpose. (Figs. 2 and 3.) Due to its lightness and high quali ties this material is absolutely without peer for insulation on shipboard, and I may mention as the latest ships thus equipped the "Resolute"and "Reliance'* of the U. S. Line, the "Majestic,** the latest and largest (5S,OOOT.), White Star Liner, the "Hansa" Frc. 3.--Fire box wire net ituifre.^w. of the Hamburg-American Line, the "Xoordam" of the IIolland-Aiwrican Line, four ships of the German-Australian Line, at least six 5lc-:itm-r< " the South American Line, and many others. (Fig. 4.) Of the largest manufacturing enterprises using glass wool today 1 i the following names. Among Chemical Faetori German American O Dcssoucr Sugar Co., Wctfen Film Co., Bi Among Shipyards: Biohm S. Voss, Hae "Vulcan," Hamburg "Weser," Bremen and every other larj On Steam Hammers Maschinea Werkstii ' Bismarkhuctte. Sile .. Vulcaa.Weske, Har .,',-Oa Locomotives'and Ra ' Friedrich Krupp, L Borsig, Berlin Scbwartzkopf, Bcri and practically all la Mining: Laurahuette, Silesi ICoenigshuette Bismarkhuctte, etc ny laboratory' tes rities. Professor itemational author. ics, establish activity per cubi- swool, per one degr ace per hour, as C*C 60*c 100*C 200*C aoorc 0.03C o 037 0.04. 0.05-: o.o?( low figures ha- ,ed by any other on the market, an repeatedly l r-- and in differe .try Professor Mit unity of Mosc< ical University JLhumber of othc. institutions in Eu _____have also been jss^. laboratoric HEAT INSULATION IN EUROrE CT7 The factor of heat conductivity is the only scientific means f.<r ::: comparisons and a table of curves displaying the conductivity o{ difh materials shows glass wool insulation as the lowest cuJVe.-' (Fig. VII ii \ s:; 1-i :r l t : I' i 36f**r 13101 0 311 TO 204 39T1 tnKUTv30K3 42S*10 390. TT9 m Uf Fro. 5.--Conductivity of different materials Hn calories per cubic taster V' Centigrade-hour]. Curves 2 to 12 from "Forschungshc-fte" V.D.I. issue22S, p. Curve 13 as per terts of the University of Munich iProf. Dr. 0. Knoblauch]. LW cu. tt. 1. Asbestos-magnesia--loose mixture. 2G.3 2. Asbestos-magnesia--loose mixture. 22.2 3. Asbestos-magnesia---loose mixture. 15.3 4. Asbestos-magnesia--cm stabs. 5. Asbestos-magnesia--cast slabs. 6. Asbestos-kiesdguhr--loose mixture. 24.0 17.7 11.7 8. Asbcstos-ldeselguhr--loose mixture. 39 0 3S.0 9. Asbestos-luesdgur.r--loose mixture. 10. Asbestos-LitfSclguhr-cork--loose mixture. IM.3 20.9 11. Asbcstos-kiesclgvhr-cork--loos:- mixture-. 20.0 12. Kleselgubr--baked slab. 20.4 13. Glass wool--bar.d form. 13.7 Speaking practically and taking the average for the different tc!n;*<'-' lures, glass wool insulation of about 2ucl less thickness will repknv best grade asbestos insulations; and glass wool of about one-half the * ness will replace mineral wool. The above figures apply to plane sum- '' in insulating pipes or curved surfaces. However, this difference in inn* " * in. becomes wider activities stan- irer would re `jvfaccs. would diff result in the san above, examph pipe, giving cqt TO inches insulati The cause for ing material iple fact, the the outer increases* i moreinsulatio ie value of a ; of importar foot of 1 inc more for t weight means, itod fcv considhip of the lb! could save as r- using glass wool ii weight of abot 4 inches less dr; in a saving o: wool's mechc iting materials handled or saw esia, asbestos c means 1U0 lbs. to admit that i .h of glass woo] ftenply stepping o fibers into sho is being tram radiation. Glass ; fcy ;ts low condu cting circulation one of the siljit.*John? Murv.-illc Cat. f.*E. R. tVc-idlvln, Che HEAT INSULATION IN EUROPE 079 _ becomes wider and wider as the diameter decreases. Materials whose activities stand 1 to 2 for instance, and where double the thickness of <j would replace a single thickness of the better insulation on plane ces, would differ as much as 1 to 4, even 1 to 0 and more in thickness, " fossil in the same amount of insulation on a curved or round surface. above -example of 1 to G would apply to the extreme ease of a S.V cptpe. giving equal insulation with either 1 Y$-inch glass wool insulation'. j j0 inches insulation of the material having a heat conductivity twice as,. The cause for this steadily growing advantage ofthe higher grade ^slating material with the decreasing siie of the pipes used, is due to fthe simple fact,' that with the. necessary added thickness for the poorer; Catena], the'outer circumference, or surface exposed to-'Jhe surrounding ^lso increases, resulting in an additional loss of heat, and requiring a more insulation. As insulation is used more on pipes than anywhere the value of a high grade insulating material is obvious, fof importance is the lightness of glass wool, whose weight per "foot of 1 inch thickness is only 1.14 lbs., as compared with 1.47 if more for the best asbestos-magnesia insulations.1 What this jht means, and especially for carriers, mainly ships, may be apby considering that ships of the **SebastdpolM class (Russian of the 1914 period), for which I happen to have the figures at 'could save as much as 34S,450 kilograms, or about 3S0 tons in weight ~ ' glass wool insulation. These 3S0 tons, corresponding to the coraJfegbt of u1>out 4300 people, mean for this ship ef 400 feet length, inches less draft, which again by reducing the resistance in the water to a saving of coal. wool's mechanical strength and flexibility as compared with other tilng materials should not require scientific tests for anybody who lied or saw the materials. However it may be stated that So^c asbestos claims a crushing strength of 100 lbs. per cubic, inch,* means 100 lbs. gradually applied and without shock, and though l. admit that no laboratory figures are available cu'lhe crushing of glass wool, it may be comfortably tested by any heavyweight mpjy stepping or jumping on it. This test will break a few of the fibers into shorter pieces, without impairing the insulating quaJi- U Veing transmitted in three ways: by.conduction, convection radiation. Glass wool is the only insulator to meet all three. The Us low conductivity, the second by the millions of dead air cells, *g circulation, and the third by the reflection of the heat waves t*c*Loc of the silver)*, smooth and shiny threads of glass. .jlgjrg' * Manvilk- Catalog. Wcidlvin, Chem. o* iffto! Ef, vol. 7. /X ,s \M\m I* mi rj I; <-lC i As one cubic foot of glass wool weighs about 13.S lbs. and as the an r.i . glass may weigh about 15G lbs. per cubic foot, about 90^ of a gh\.n ume of glass wool is taken up by dead air cells. ' - Glass has been used long enough in chcraical industries so that its -V. able behavior in this respect docs not require further comment. ,\. *. also know, it is resistant to moisture and air, and is non-bygroscoph*- Surprising, however, is the resistance of glass wool insulation to tenij*-:.,, tures far over the melting temperature of glass, and where other high gnH. insulating materials deteriorate very quickly. Glass wool when so exj* >1 will bake and even melt for about1/* inch and sometimes l/ inch right v.vs: to the overheated surface, and whereit is in direct contact with the red . iron. The fibers, however, behind this baked wall will remain tinafiV* u si and continue to give perfect and permanent insulation. This baking t begin at temperatures as low as 1200 to loOQcF, depending on the hard ness of the glass used. A baking of this kind takes place for instana- .<n the exhaust pipes of heavy oil engines, where this material has proud to be the only suitable one. -These exhaust pipes are continuously red hot and burn out periodically. Whenever such a pipe had to be re placed, the glass wool was found to fie in perfect condition and pliable, with the exception of the thin baked layer right next to the pipe. IW confident the manufacturers of this gloss insulation are in this resistance-v high temperatures is shown by the fact that they are now recommend:::; it for the outside insulation of industrial furnaces for the melting o? i: ~. and metal. The early methods of manufacturing glass wool were very crude an-* simple. The workman melted the tip `of a glass rod over a gas flaw seized with another glass rod the forming drop, and threw it, with a qtiiA twist of his hand, over a rotating drum, foot-operated by himself. The first machines introduced, and those available when the War staru-d. held a number of glass rods clamped in a horizontal position, feeding xlwm gradually into a gas flame, at the same time turning them slowly, t p?* vide for an even heating. (Fig: G.) The work of the spinner consisted of drawing the forming drops over to the continuously rcvi-Au:drum, by means of a glass rod. He had to renew the tearing threadthe same manner, and also stop the machine to renew rods that had i"" consumed, except for the short stub remaining inside the clamp. The biggest advance in spinning was made by the very obvious long delayed improvement of placing the revolving drum underneath t`" falling glass drops, thus doing away with the labor of continuously veving and fastening glass drops to the drum. (Fig. 7.) This shnph' provement proved to be so basic in the art, that very strong patent? v *:< obtained on this feature. The drops now fell automatically, by on to the drum, drawing the glass threads after them, and also rent"*- ,f threads, wh _ Jg*by the ccntr l^a^ gure and light' wrods, when cons lo watch three n=*2<!rnm ahead of I Setcpted _ ithout Ui< tried ; |! iSS5a*!?a,n* f end i on u titreads, when any of them broke. The drops themselves were thrown centrifugal force of the turning drum, which retained only the i vSS*-- and light wool All the spinner had to do was to renew the glass when consumed, and regulate the flames. One spinner was now able ^j^tch three or four times the number of tJireads as before, with the ahead of him. Furte Fic.6 FtAMC Class wo*s m A W* rsof -=Ti Fig.8 Lfll the cost of thin glass rods in Europe in pre-war times was about per lb. whereas scrap glass had a market price of about 1 l/r c- it was very early to make glass wool directly from the molten glass, the necessity to produce or buy glass rods first. Many methods and abandoned, until at last the present way of usiug vats, eonmolten scrap glass, and provided with small openings at the *d was successful. From these openings the glass drops emerge, to the drum below, and drawing the threads after them. (Fig. $.) I I ,i-1 UilriU ?i ins i:i frk vil M }' i *: w&mi Oc.>j - - V &*?:: 5- C$2 SABORSKY--CLASS WOOL Sometimes these openings arc separately heated by an electric o.-i ,. gas flame, and sometimes air pressure is put above the molten m.-t. There are still smaller improvements possible no doubt, but these mai l?'::;, arc working now and producing continuously, and the ma^ing.of gla>- v. - from rods has been abandoned entirely about a year. 5fhc fact-:, though they can not be called large .establishments according to o;:r :;* ; ards, arc now producing an average of more than S lbs. of wool r :;: ployec-hour, mostly girl lalxir being employed. When one drum is loaded with class wool, it is stopped and the : cut off and removed. Tin* uct is then carded and up, a very simple process. Im: still performed by bane in z country where the nccc>'hy c.f economizing with labor has quite reached our stanri-i,-]> (Fig. 9.) Quite manifold are the wav jn which glass wool is applied a- in sulation. The most eomm<::!*. used form 3s in tlic shape of band' about V* iflCh to */: inch in thiol ness and a width of from tv.*.ten inches. This in>nS r. weighs about three to four p- per square yard. The loo-v a:: 5 carded-glass wool is put - table, mostly upon a sub-fi'u:; dation of paper, burlap, or Fig. 9.--"Cardins." mesh, and run through senir.c machines, which sew row? : stitches about l1 ; inches to 2 inches apart into the wool sheet. Tin glass mattress is then run through cutting machines, cutting the band* *r the desired width. In applying this insulation, these bands arc wound spiral!}' around the pipes in one or more layers. (Fig. 4.) insulation may lx* finished off On the-outside b}* bandaging and p.-nut:-'* in customary manner, if so desired. When larger surfaces and not pu'r' arc to be insulated by this nn-ihod, the mattresses arc not cut into hu:: .* but trimmed to the size required. (Fig. 10.) Larger pipe lines nrul objects arc often insulated by first surr`i:n--'-. them with eoar-c wire moh. di?'ant from the object, to represent line <>f the finished in>ulnii<-n. The glass wool is then simply : :` >e insulated. * The highest grade motives, boilers and ot intervals-to make :<tind repairs on the ma boilers, is made in thi nav. From a drawin: F two templates -are cut **"toh of the weave 5.chicken wire. Xext templates reach an o Whom also a certain wool, figured ii to the square ir la the above pr ?/* Ibs. per squa' ed, depending on pSalation desired, .tes the glass xv< over one of the the whole wit! inflate, and crimps large surfaces she wire staples th: cd to the object .will stand all kin- Fc. n. tunc. !*lptr ^"r t*3 ttaa per. 1 *Mfe: HEAT INSULATION* IN* EUROPE GS3 Tbc highest grade insulation, and the one used exclusively on loco- {BPtivrs, boilers and other objects, where the insulation has to lx* removed gt intervals to makc inspection "tad repairs on the machinery or `frylffc, is made in the following From a drawing or sketch ^t*o templates are cut out of wire JT^'ixxsh of the weave of narrow c^jekea wire. Next tliliCeSsCe twio templates reach an operator, to Whom also a certain amount oi rjwool, figured in so many ; to thesquaje inch, is allot- Jtd^in the above process about lbs. per square yard are dependingon the quality ^Satiation desired. The girl ; the glass wool received over one of the templates, the whole with the other ite, and crimps the edges, surfaces she may crimp F;u. JO.--Sneed Buttresses. 'Wire staples through the center. 'Hie mattress is now ready to be to the object to !>c insulated, can be removed whenever required, ! Will stand all kinds of rough usage. (Figs. 2 and 3.) Glass wool is now being manu factured in considerable quanti ties and economically. The Ger man factories in Hamburg, which have enlarged to several times their original size, have been working on three $-hour shifts since It)IS. A large new factory for the production of glass wool is under construction in Dresden, Saxony, where every furnace will feed three vats of two hundred openings each. It is estimated from prewnf production figures i.?*5- H.--"Steffiaf'' wool. that about lbs. of wool would bo produced in 24 hours __ time. The help required would be two spinners, one meltei and ,-f . ^ Per furnace, which would result in an output of almost 70 lbs. per hour. - -3L slilihi Sfllurlt rii t; l. ,ir.: : r:.ii. ft ills I ir . z . mMl mu mi It would be preposterous for me as a layman in glass generally, to at tempt estimating tie American costs for the manufacture o: glass wool. The more so as the German costs, with the constant rise and fall of tlmark, and the daily changing wages, can hardly be used as a base. Tm fact is that the German manufacturers themselves cai^afestablish tJj. fr present costs, nor can it be established for them by anyaccourting meth.** in captivity. The amount of lal^jor required to produce a pound of w...: has been stated above. The fuel consumption is 32 cubic ft of artificial gas per one pound of glass wool. The wastage of material in tie shape c.f drops, etc., amounts to about 10%, which waste is rcmelted in the mwt load or in a smaller furnace. The manufacturers of glass wool, setting their material as the most important item at 100 units, figure their latx* at 40 units, and their overhead again at 40 units of their total cost. Trail'' lated into our usage this means 100% overhead, based on labor. Faud by the impossibility of establishing his exact cost, the German manu facturer plays safe by fixing his selling price in foreign exchange, preferably dollars, and based on this dollar price makes his quotations in marks, ac cording to the exchange value on the day of sale, or still better, the day of delivery. Glass wool insulation is selling for 12 cents per lb. in compe tition with the highest grade imported insulations. From what I have seen and heard I would reservedly place the manufacturing cost today at about 2lft to 3Vs cents per pound. Several patents were obtained during the development of the manifi'M processes and machines. All thinkable possibilities were tried, out of w ;cch the present machines finally crystallized. This process of producing gb" wool directly from a molten mass of glass is new, and has been well pro tectcd in all civilized countries. The numberof the American patent cover ing this feature is 1,427,014. European glass manufacture of the type produced by machinery Id* never been able to gain a strong foothold in our country. As far as glas< wool is concerned, the German manufacturers realize that introducing a new line like theirs into the vast field of heat insulation could not be done in a small way in U. S. A., and .establishing branches, advertising, and p`v* ing for these and other, incidentals of pioneering in foreign currency, con stitutes an utter impossibility for them. Bom under the pressure of the past War, glass wool heat ia.mlaii'-u l' one of the very few inventions and substitutes of war times, which h:'< proved valuable, and therefore have survived peace. Now that px" wool is available in quantities and cheaply, new fields besides will probably be opened to this product as the vears go by. But a> i-*r a' insulation is concerned, there is no doubt to tnv mind, from what seen, heard and investigated as an engineer, that glass wool is th-. COl JGvm&r1' ^ brief review of described that caa presented to escours ^ decorated wares w Joseph F. Meyer, fhr almost thirty y. his heritage thus at ha: be develop years were a ] "St. Louis-Exp A procesi ik tliat des potters, or t xseler oc ceramic pro* to the modcr .The Glaze.--The red staixur in the manuf. [that arc so s ly inexpensive, /often interestii rdtiible for work ^Equipment z a good red _ A glass slab, sTany other ki fiody ground . tod some pitch _the glass slab d the p^te smo * *aount as sati