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Monsanto industrial Hygiene Bulletin DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Industrial Hygiene Section St. Louis, Missouri Bulletin 81-2 MONSANTO RESPIRATOR c PROGRAM GUIDE This Industrial Hygiene Bulletin is prepared For internal Monsanto Company use only. The information contained herein represents the opinion of the Department of Medicine and Environmental Health as of the date of issuance. No warranty is expressed or implied regarding the accuracy of said information. R$V 0005124 Table of Contents Topic I. INTRODUCTION A. HISTORY B. DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATOR LEGISLATION C. BACKGROUND D. AGENCY APPROVALS II. KEY ELEMENTS OF AN ACCEPTABLE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM A. REQUIREMENTS FOR A MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM 1. WRITTEN STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES 2. RESPIRATOR SELECTION a. Classification of Respiratory Hazards (I) General Classes (II) Biological Effects (Table 1) (III) Physical Properties (Table 2) b. Respiratory Equipment Classification (I) Air Purifying (Figure 2 a,b,c) (II) Atmosphere-supplying (Figure 3 a,b,c) (III) Classification and Description by Mode of Operation (Table 3) (IV) Capabilities and Limitations of Respirators (Table 4) c. Respirator Selection (I) Decision Considerations (II) Additional Decision Criteria (III) Respirator Protection Factors (Table 5) 3. TRAINING AND FITTING a. Elements of an Adequate Training Program (I) Supervisor Training (II) Worker Instruction and Training Page 6 6 7 7 8 8 10 12 16 16 17 18 19 20 22 23 25 27 29 29 33 37 40 40 41 42 2 RSV 0005125 b. Respirator Fitting (I) Respirator Fitting Procedures (A) Fitting Tests for Initial Respirator Selection (1) Qualitative fitting irritant smoke test (2) Quantitative fitting tests (B) Fitting Tests for Field Testing of Respirator Seal (1) Irritant smoke test (2) Isoamyl acetate test (3) Negative pressure sealing test (4) Positive pressure sealing test c. Special Fitting Problems (I) Facial Hair (II) Dentures (III) Prescription Glasses (IV) Protective Headgear 4. ASSIGNMENT OF RESPIRATORS 5. CLEANING AND DISINFECTION a. Introduction b. Cleaning and Disinfection 6. INSPECTION FOR DEFECTS a. Inspection Schedules b. Inspection Procedures (I) Field Inspection (A) Air-Purifying Respirators (B) Atmosphere Supplying Respirators (C) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) (II) Inspection After Cleaning and Maintenance (III) Maintenance and Repair 7. STORAGE a. Air-purifying Respirators b. Air-supplying Respiratory Protective Equipment Page 44 45 45 46 .. 51 51 52 52 52 55 56 56 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 65 65 66 66 66 68 69 71 71 72 72 73 3 fcSV 0005426 8. SURVEILLANCE OF USE a. Random Inspection b. Employee Responsibility c. Determination of Wearer's Exposure to Hazards 9. PROGRAM EVALUATION 10. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE a. Medical Limitations b. Physiological Factors c. Psychological Factors d. Wearer Acceptance e. Claustrophobia f. Stress g. Periodic Medical Examinations h. Medical Approval Forms 11. APPROVED RESPIRATORS a. NIOSH/MSHA Approval b. BOM Approval III. APPENDICES A. OSHA REGULATION 1910.134 "RESPIRATORY PROTECTION" B. OSHA INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE MANUAL "OSHA STANDARD METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY" C. JOINT NIOSH/OSHA RESPIRATOR DECISION LOGIC D. EFFECT OF SOLVENT VAPOR ON RESPIRATOR CARTRIDGE EFFICIENCY E. SOP-RESPIRATOR FIT-. TESTING USING IRRITANT SMOKE F. SOP-DISASSEMBLY, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATORS G. RESPIRATOR DRYING CABINET H. RESPIRATOR PROGRAM EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE I. RESPIRATOR TERMINOLOGY J. OXYGEN DEFICIENCY - IDLH K. SELECTED REFERENCES Page 73 73 74 74 74 75 76 76 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 81 81 82 82 88 117 129 132 133 134 139 142 145 147 4 RSV 0005127 Acknowledgements Much of the material for this Bulletin was taken from the following1 publications: American National Standards Institute, "Practices for Respiratory Protection" Z8S.2-1980, ANSI - New York ERDA - Energy Research and Development Administration, Division of Safety, Standards, and Compliance, Respirator Manual, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Report No. LA-6370-M, August, 1976. NIOSH, "A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection", HEW Publications No. (NIOSH) 76-189. OSHA - Industrial Hygiene Field Operation Manual, "Chapter III - OSHA Standard Method for Determination of Respirator Protection Program Acceptability", April 2, 1979. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volumes I and III, Clayton (I), Cralley (III) ed's., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1978- RS V 0005128 I. INTRODUCTION Providing- respiratory protective equipment to the employees is only one aspect of Monsanto's responsibility pertaining to the use of respiratory protective equipment as a control measure. Respiratory protective equip ment can be effective in protecting Monsanto employees from the inhala tion of hazardous amounts of airborne contaminants. HOWEVER, THIS EFFECTIVENESS IS DEPENDENT ON THE RESPIRATOR BEING PROPERLY FITTED, MAINTAINED IN GOOD CONDITION, AND MOST IMPORTANTLY, ON THE USER KNOWING ITS PROPER USES AND LIMITATIONS. To assure the effectiveness of the respiratory protective equipment used through Monsanto, a RESPIRATOR PROGRAM must be established at each location using this type of protective equipment. Development of such a program involves eleven (11) key points as discussed in detail in this bulletin. It should be understood that CONTRACTORS must also meet OSHA 1910.134 respirator requirements outlined in this guide while operating in Monsanto plants. Finally, it is important to note that the main purpose of this document is to spell out in detail OSHA 29 CFR 1910.134 REGULATIONS dealing with the use of respiratory protection and to provide technical informa tion and recommendations which will assist locations in developing accept able respiratory protection programs. A. HISTORY The use of respirators has been known in history as early as Roman times. Scattered mention of them occurs in reports of industrial processes during the Middle Ages. Until the nineteenth century, all devices appear to be air-purifying devices intended to prevent the inhalation of aerosols. They were varied in design, ranging from animal bladders or rags wrapped around the nose and mouth to full face masks made of glass with air inlets covered by particulate RSV 0005129 filters. During* the 1800's, masks were produced that combined aersol filters with vapor sorbents. These advances were made primarily for fire fighters. When chemical warfare agents were introduced during World War I, attention was focused on the need for adequate masks to protect people from toxic gases and aerosols. In the United States this work was successfully carried out for the Amy under the direction of the Bureau of Mines. After the war, misuse of surplus Army gas masks by civilians highlighted the need for respiratory protection standards. Again the Bureau of Mines was given the responsibility of setting these standards. Out of this effort grew the federal respirator approval system that is still in effect. Many of the respirator developments made during the decade following 1920 remain in use today. DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATOR LEGISLATION Until the enactment of the Williams and Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act COSKA) in 1970, most guidance on respiratory protec tive device (respirator) use in hazardous environments was advisory rather than mandatory. Now, OSHA Section 1910.134 (Appendix A of this guide) sets forth specific legal requirements for selection, use, and maintenance of respirators, and gives guidelines for estab lishing a respirator program to meet those requirements. This guide is written to describe methods for meeting the OSHA requirements, especially for those whose knowledge of respirators is limited. It is meant to complement, not replace, other publications such as the NIOSH "Guide to -Industrial Respiratory Protection" publication 76-189, and the American National Standards Institute "Practices for Respiratory Protection", Z88.2 - 1969-1980. BACKGROUND American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Standard Z88.2-1969, "Practices for Respiratory Protection.", is the origin of the first 7 RSV 0005130 six sub-sections of OSHA Section 1910.134, ''Respiratory Protection". The seventh sub-section is a direct, complete inclusion of ANSI Standard K13.1-1969, "Identification of Gas Mask Canisters". Currently, Z38.2 is useful in explaining points in the OSHA stand ards, but it is an advisory document only, not a legal one. However, because insight into the OSHA standards may be gained by reading the corresponding parts of Z88.2, you are strongly urged to use a copy as a companion to this guide. It may be obtained from: American National Standards Institute, Inc. 1430 Broadway New York, NY 10018 D- AGENCY APPROVALS The Bureau of Mines (BOM) began approving self-contained breathing apparatus and gas masks for mine rescue work in 1919 and has added approval schedules for other types of respirators over the years until NIOSH and MESA (which assumed the BOM mine health and safe ty responsibilities) started the present approval program in 1971. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977 created in the LT.S. Department of Labor, the Mining Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) which replaced the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) of the U.S. Department of Interior. Respirator approvals are now issued jointly by NIOSH and MSHA. Contributing further to the confusion about respirator standards is the fact that still other federal regulations, military standards, advisory standards, etc. are made part of the OSHA requirements by reference. Figure 1 shows the interrelationship of all these stand ards . KEY ELEMENTS OF AN ACCEPTABLE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM In order to provide Monsanto employees with adequate respiratory protec tion in those situations requiring such, and to comply with the OSHA 8 RSV 0005131 Mrfeinq ai Ca* Mm* O'arnica! Cartndq* Caoinan and CanndqM ANSI SUrtOM K13.I FilW and EyWM Adat Sms GGG-M-l2Sd SnantM uu r*^ FarN Soc: TT-E-4SM figure / Sources of the OSHA standards. 9 RSV 0005132 standards pertaining to industrial respiratory protection, a program must be established to define and monitor the use of respiratory protection. Minimum Acceptable Program Requirements Summary Summarized below are DMEH rnypiimim general requirements for respira tor programs within Monsanto. Meeting these requirements will result in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.134 (Respiratory Protection). Details of these requirements are found in subsequent sections of this guide and in the legal requirements previously cited. A. REQUIREMENTS FOR A MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM Written SOP: 1. Written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respirators shall be established. Selection: 2. Respirators shall be selected on the basis of the hazards to which the worker is exposed. Training: 3. The user shall be instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations. Individual Assignment: 4. Where practicable, the respirators should be as signed to individual workers for their- exclusive use. Cleaning & 5. Disinfection: Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and dis infected. Those issued for the exclusive use of one worker should be cleaned after each day's use, or more often if necessary. Those used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. 10 RSV 0005133 Storage: 6. Respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean and sanitary location. Inspection: 7. Respirators used routinely shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Respirators for emergency use, such as self-contained devices, shall be thoroughly inspected at least once a month and after each use. Work Area Surveillance: 8.Appropriate surveillance of work area condi tions and degree of employee exposure or stress shall be maintained. Program 9. There shall be regular inspection and evalua Evaluation.: tion. to determine the continued effectiveness of the program. Medical 10. Persons should not be assigned to tasks requir Surveillance: ing use of respirators unless it has been deter mined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment. The local phy sician shall determine health and physical con ditions are pertinent. The respirator user's medical status should be reviewed periodically. Approved Equipment: 11. Approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are available. The respirator furn ished shall provide adequate respiratory protection against the particular hazard for which it was designed in accordance with stand ards established by competent authorities. 11 RSV 0005134 1. WRITTEN STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES Without a definite chain of supervision, there is no assurance that the procedures and requirements of the OSHA standard and DMEH Guideline will be followed. THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ENTIRE RESPIRATOR PROGRAM SHOULD BE ASSIGNED TO ONE PERSON; the plant industrial hygienist or location safety engineer is recommended. The person selected to head the respiratory protection program should be adequately trained in all aspects of respiratory pro tection, and have the ability to administer this often complex program. The administrator's technical and professional back ground should enable him/her to make sound judgments based on hazard evaluation, input from the workplace. At plant locations where large numbers of respirators are used, it may be practical to have a staff of personnel involved in the respirator program, each with an individual area of responsibil ity, such as purchasing, recordkeeping, cleaning and mainten ance, fitting, and training. Each of these people should report to one administrator who has overall responsibility for the pro gram. Each plant will have to decide how its own program will be administered. It must be emphasized, however, THAT THE PROGAMMATIC ADMINISTRATION OF A RESPIRATOR PROGRAM IS ESSENTIAL, AND THAT SUCH A PROGRAM WILL NOT OPER ATE EFFECTIVELY WITHOUT PROPER MANAGEMENT. Unfortunately, respirators sometimes are misused or taken too much on faith, primarily due to lack of knowledge. Such misuse can be avoided by establishing written procedures for respirator selection and use and through proper supervision of all aspects of the respirator program. THE WRITTEN STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES SHOULD CONTAIN ALL INFORMATION NEEDED TO MAINTAIN AN 12 RSV 0005135 EFFECTIVE RESPIRATOR PROGRAM TO MEET THE USER'S INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS. They should be written so as to be useful to those directly involved in the respirator program, the program administrator, those fitting the respirators and training the workers, respirator maintenance workers, and the supervisors responsible for overseeing respirator use on the job. It is not necessary that the operating procedures be written for the wearer himself, although in a very small program it may be desirable to direct their content to the wearer. The procedures should contain all information needed to ensure proper respiratory protection of a specific group of workers against a specific hazard or several particular hazards. The hazard(s) must have been assessed thoroughly; otherwise the written procedures will have only limited validity. Generally, the procedures should contain the following: a. Guidance for selection of the approved respirator(s) for protection against particular hazard(s). b. Detailed instructions for training workers in proper use of the respirator(s), including respirator fitting. c. Detailed maintenance procedures for: 1. Cleaning and disinfecting 2. Drying 3'. Inspection 4. Repair or - replacement of worn or defective components 5. Storage d. Administrative procedures for: 1. Purchase of approved or accepted respirator(s), control of inventory of spare parts, new respirators, and respi rators ready for reissue after maintenance. 13 ASV 0005136 2. Issuance of respirators to ensure use of the proper one for a given hazard. 3. Guidance of supervisory personnel in continued surveil lance of respirator use and determination of workers' exposure to respiratory hazards. 4. Recordkeeping relative to: (a) TRAINING AND FITTING RECORDS. Training and fitting records are necessary for all workers who might use respiratory protective equipment in order to schedule refresher courses and refitting, and to know what makes of masks each person can wear. In addition, it is recommended that each person be is sued a wallet-sized card listing those devices which adequately fit him. The wallet cards can save time in the field, particularly in the event of an emer gency, in checking for acceptable mask issuance. (b) EVALUATION OF ADEQUACY OF RESPIRATOR PROGRAM. Such analysis can only be made by periodic review of respirator usage including identification of the haz ard, specification and use of the respirators, and analysis of results of air sampling programs. (c) PURCHASING INFORMATION. Periodic review of respirator usage is needed to provide information for reordering of canisters and other replacement parts and to establish a replacement table for respirator components where needed. 5. Instructions for respirator use during emergencies, in cluding fire, which can create an atmosphere immediately hazardous to life and health. 14 RSV 0005137 6. Guidelines for medical surveillance of workers, including pre-employment physical examinations to restrict those physically or psychologically unable to wear respirators, and periodic physical examinations to review the overall effectiveness of the respirator program on the basis of physiological factors. 7. Procedures for evaluating the respirator program's effec tiveness . Obviously, the above list essentially restates the OSHA require ments for a minimal acceptable respirator program. THE POINT IS THAT ALL THE INFORMATION NEEDED TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN AN ADEQUATE RESPIRATOR PROGRAM MUST BE WRITTEN DOWN. The exact format of written standard operating procedures may vary widely. In general, the complexity of the procedures increases as respirator use increases. The procedures also become more extensive as the toxicity of the, respiratory hazard(s) increases, demanding better and more reliable protection. It is better to be overly detailed in developing written operating procedures than not detailed enough. Particularly important are procedures for respirator use during emergencies such as fire, large spillage of toxic material, acci dental release of a potentially lethal substance, or failure of a ventilation system. All possible emergencies must be consider ed in advance and prepared for in the written procedures because in the stress of an emergency, memories may be faulty, Further more, these emergency procedures should be used in training emergency response teams. 15 RSV 0005138 2. RESPIRATOR SELECTION The selection of the proper type of respirator shall be based upon: (a) the nature of the hazardous operation or process, (b) the type of respiratory hazard (including physical proper ties, physiological effects on the body, concentration of toxic material or airborne radioactivity level, current permissible time-weighted average concentration for the toxic material, and established immediately dangerous to life or health concentra tion for the toxic material), (c) the location of the hazardous area in relation to the nearest area having respirable air, (d) the period of time for which respiratory protection must be pro vided, (e) the activities of workers in the hazardous area, (f) the physical characteristics and functional capabilities and limitations of the various types of respirators, and (g) the respirator protection factor. Following are sections which discuss how respiratory hazards are classified, the various types and classes of respiratory equipment, and questions which have to be considered in selecting the correct respirator for the hazard. a. Classification of Respiratory Hazards The purpose of this section is to list and briefly describe various categories of respiratory hazards that might be encountered and which may require use of respirators. The information provides a general background for relating the guidance in subsequent sections to the type of hazard encoun tered. The respirator program administrator, however, may find it necessary to consult references on industrial hygiene and toxicology and your assigned DMEH industrial hygienist to develop the necessary comprehensive information on speci fic airborne contaminants. 16 0005139 (I) Respiratory hazards for the purpose of this guide are classified as follows: (A) Oxygen Deficiency (1) Immediately dangerous to life or health (2) Not immediately dangerous to life or health (B) Gas and Vapor Contaminants (1) Immediately dangerous to life or health (2) Not immediately dangerous to life or health (C) Particulate Contaminants (aerosols including dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and spray) (1) Immediately dangerous to life or health (2) Not immediately dangerous to life or health (D) Combination of Gas, Vapor, and Particulate Contaminant (1) Immediately dangerous to life or health (2) Not immediately dangerous to life or health Respirators may afford some protection against high tempera ture atmospheres. Information on the hazards of and use of respirators in high temperatures is presented in a National Fire Protection Association publication, Fire Officers Guide to Breathing Apparatus for the Fire Service, published in 1975. CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF RESPIRATORY HAZARDS Basic respiratory hazards are classified in Table 1 according to expected biological effects of the contaminants. Many respirators, particularly air-purifying respirators, are de signed and selected on the basis of chemical and physical properties of the air contaminants. Therefore, gas, vapor. 17 .* RSV 0005140 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-19S0 0005X42 NO'I I I See deliniliuii in A ]lp t for "oxygen deficiency - nol itninediuUly dungeroue lu life ui lieuiU'1und "oxygen deficiency - im nifduicly diingcfous lo life of IicjIiIi ," i fA(>pOlldtK Table 2 ClimiHcation of Respiratory Hazards According lo Tlieir Properties Which Influence Respirator Selection Gas and Vapor Contaminant! Particulate Contaminants Inert: Substances that do not react will: other substances under Put ticks are produced by mechanical means by disintegration most conditions, hut create a respiratory hazard by displacing air processes such as grinding, crushing, drilling, blasting, and and producing oxygen deficiency (fas example: helium, neon, spraying; or by phyiiochemicat reactions such as combustion, argon). vaporization, distillation, sublimation, calcination,and con Acidic: Substances that are acids or that react with water to pro densation. Particles arc classified ts follows: duce an acid. In water, they produce positively charged hydro Dust: A solid, mechanically produced particle with sites vary gen ions (II*1) and a pit of less than 7. They taste suui, and ing from submicroscopJc to visible or macroscopic. `V many ate corrosive to tissues (for example: hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, nitrogen dioxide, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrogen cyanide). Spray: A liquid, mechanically prudoccd particle with sizes generally in the visible or macroscopic range. Alkaline: Substances sisal are alkalies or that react with water lo produce an alkali, in water, they result in the production of Pume: A solid condensation particle of extremely small paricle size, generally ku than one micrometer in diameter. negatively charged hydroxyl ions |Ull"*) and a pit greater than Mist: A liquid condensation particle wilb sizes ranging from 7. They taste bitter, and many are corrosive lo tissues (lor submicroscopic lo visible os macroscopic. example: ammonia, amines, phosphine, arsine, and itibinc). Fog: a mist of sufficient concentration to perceptibly obscure Organic: The compounds of carbon. Examples arc saturated vision. hydrocarbons lincthane, ethane, butane), unsaluratcd hydro carbons '.ethylene, acetylene), alcohols (methyl ether, ethyl ether), aldehydes (formaldehyde), ketones (methyl ketone), organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid), halides (chloroform, carlum Iclruchhiridc), amides (formumhlc, acetamide), ni triles (acelonilrile), isocyanates (toluene dtisucyanale), Smoke; A system which Includes the products of combustion, pyrolysis, or chemical reaction of substances in the fuim of visible and invisible solid end liquid panicles and gaseous prod ucts In ah. Smoke it usually of sufficient cunccntiatiuii to per ceptibly obscure vision. amines (mcthyhintnc), epoxies (cjioxyclhaiic. propylene oxide), and afomalics (benzene, toluene, xylene). Organomeuilic: Compounds In which metals are chemically bonded to organic groups (for example: ethyl silicate, tetraethyl lead, and organic' phosphate). Hydrides: Compounds in which hydrogen Is chemically bunded to metals and curtain other elements (for example; diboraoc and Iclraboranc). AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZS8.2-1980 RSV 0 0 0 5 1 4 2 and particulate contaminants are presented in Table 2 accord ing to their physical and chemical properties. b. Respiratory Equipment Classification The basic purpose of any respirator is, very simply, to pro tect the respiratory system from harmful airborne physical or chemical agents. It provides this protection by removing the contaminant from the air before it is inhaled or by supplying an independent source of respirable air. Basical ly, a respirator is an enclosure (in 30 CFR Part 11 terms, a respiratory inlet covering) that covers the nose and mouth or the entire face or head. They are of two general types, tight fitting and loose fitting. Tight-fitting ones are generally a molded, impervious rubber or plastic facepiece that covers the nose and mouth or the entire face. In the latter case, the facepiece has a lens or eye-pieces. Some times these coverings are called "masks" or more technically, "oronasal masks". Loose-fitting respirators include hoods, helmets, blouses, or full suits, all of which cover the head completely. Their configuration varies widely depending on the use for which they are designed. Attached to the coverings are the elements for removing con taminants from the air (in tight-fitting facepieces only), or hoses to supply respirable air (in both tight- and loosefitting coverings). It is these accessories that divide res pirators into two major classes. If the device removes con taminants, it is an AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR (see Figure 2 a,b,c(). THESE DEVICES DO NOT SUPPLY OXYGEN, SO THEY CANNOT BE USED IN OXYGEN-DEFICIENT ATMO SPHERES. THIS POINT MUST NEVER BE FORGOTTEN, A wide variety of air-purifying elements are available to tailor 20 RSV 0005143 respirators for protection, against specific contaminants. These also fall into two subclasses; particulate removing elements that intercept particles before they enter the facepiece, and vapor- and gas-removing elements that entrap gas and vapor molecules. Here we call particulate-removing ele ments `'filters'* and vapor- and gas-removing elements either "chemical cartridges" or "canisters". Combination elements for protection against both particulates and vapors and gases are also available. If, instead of cleaning the air, the accessory attached to the respirator provides respirable air from a source other than the surrounding atmosphere, the respirator is called ATMOSPHERE-SUPPLYING (see Figure 3 a,b,c). These respirators are generally complex and come in many configurations. Because THEY SUPPLY BREATHABLE AIR THEY MAY BE USED IN OXYGEN-DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES (subject to some limitations) as well as against particu lates, vapors, and gases. Provided is a description of the various types of respira tors, including their limitations and capabilities, as a background for understanding their selection, use, and main tenance. This information is presented in two tables. Table 3 covers the classification and description of respi rators according to the general classifications concerning mode of operation. Table 4 covers capabilities and limita tions of respirators arranged to correspond to the subject headings in Table 3. Respirators fall into the following general classifications, according to mode of operation: (I) Atmosphere-supplying respirators (a) self-contained (b) supplied air 21 RSV 0005144 MMTtCULATl mmovmq ,eo--atom MMncumrfj--ovwa AMO VtfOH* AMO lUMDOVIM numaiuti s-- <W*- ttiat Figure' 2 (<*) Particulate removing respirators. MVTMI MiMTWI CD--HAT-- WWTICUUTtABOWB. n.ta-7 Figure 2(b). Combination particulate- and vapor- and gas-removing respirators. SV 0005X45 FUAWYM MMUTOM- runcuuTi_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nCMOVWM cnwiMTiOB <memAtt-itMQvw AWO VA#OA" AMO flMWOMOVUM <w. awo oa*. NCMOVIWO Figure 2(c). Vapor- and gas-removing respirators. MUT1IM AAMAATUO StlACCMTAMO W*nm awmatui sumjio am AI9MATOO nn.MnwM 4t plunma.mnuuMiUi iiact ioi Figure 3 'aj. Self-contained breathing apparatus. 23 RSV 0005146 aVKOMtAMID M1ATVUMO tfTAIUtUl' AimaniM mvhutom CBMIlWtTIOII ttL>-CQMTAJNCO NCATMMI AMA*ATUS AMO SUMIICO AM TMaCvCC MUMATOMB XLirtt hjom Figure 3 (b). Combination SCBA and supplied air respirators. tBU-CONTAMtCD IRUTMMQ AfTAAATUt atiw him amwwatohb acuo-McoBMintAAnmoco MCATHMO AMABATU* MOSWUO AM Amm sum.ito AM ACM1AATOK* Figure 3 rc). Supplied air respirators. RSV 0005147 SALMON!AUttO HtATMMta AAAAAATUt 'ATMosMfM aiwiriNQ auwhatom COMRJMATKM StLF<OWTAMCO bucatiwwi apparatus AMO Sl*ni(0 AIM rca SUPPLI10 AIM M91RATMU 1 HMmttv i>uKw~JST Figure 3 (b). Combination SCBA and supplied air respirators. AiMomu* Amyrno awiaatoaj | SfLP0NTAlMCO MtATMINO APPARATUS eoMMMnow L-C0NTAIM0 BACATHIMO APPARATUS ami jum.uo AM SUmitO AM acsirators n.nouMit TfM * u.na.irai Ttt At n.lTOUIIS TtM* 11.110<*lf4l !,*! TiwC Tt Figure 3 fe). Supplied air respirators. 24 RSV 0005146 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.2-1980 RSV 0 0 0 5 1 4 9 Table 3 Gasification and Description of Respirators by Mode of Operation Almmplicrc-Supplying Respirators Air-Purifying Kespiriluri A rvqiiratdc aimsphcrc inJcpcndciri of I lie ambient uir is supplied |o the wearer. Ambienl air, prior lo being Inhaled, is passed through a filler, caiitidgc.oi canister winch Sclf't'nnlaincd Ureatiling removes pat lick's, vapors, gases, or a combination of these cuntaminanls. The breathing Apparatus ISClfA) Supplied-Air Respirators action of llic wearer operates she nunpowered lypv of respirator. Tlie powered lype A supply ot air, oxygen, or uxygcu-gcncral- (I) Itose Mask contains a blower - stationary or carried by the wearer - which passes ambient uir f-j ut ing in.iien,il is carried by the wearer. Nor mally equipped wilh full fjecpioce. but may he equipped wilh a quarter-mask face- laplipped with a facepiece, biculldng lube, rugged salely harness, and iurgc-diamcici heavy-duty nonkinking air-supply hose. through an air-purifying component and ilieu supplies purified ait to the lespiraior-intet covering. Tins nunpowered type is equipped with a facepiece or mouthpiece and nose clamp. The powered type is equipped with a facepiece, helmet, hood, or suit. piece, Uali'-inask laccpiccc, helmet, hood, or inoiillipiece and nose clamp. (11 Closed Circuit St'IIA (oxygen only, negative pressure3 or positive pressure*')- (u) Compressed or lu/uiil oxygen lyin'. I.quipped wilh a facepiece or mouthpiece and nose cl,imp. High pressure oxygen Iruin a gas cylinder passes rlirough a liiglipressure reducing valve and, in some de signs, through a low-pressure admission valve (o a IncaUiiog lug or container Liquid oxygen is convened to tow-pres sure gaseous oxygen and delivered lo the liie.iliniig hag. I lie wearer inhales from the hag, iltnmgli a corrugated lube con nected to a nnmihpiccc or laccpiecc amt a one way check valve, Exhaled air passes through another check valve and tube into a coni,unci of carbon-dioxide icnniving 1 he bieaihing lube and air-supply hose are securely attached lo Hie harness. Tlie face piece is equipped wilh an exhalation valve. The harness lias ptovision for at taching a safely line. (uf //ore mask wilh blower. Air U sup plied by a motor-driven or hand-operated blower. The wearer can continue to in hale ilnuugh the hose if the blower fails, lip to 300 feet (91 meters) of hose length is permissible. (b) Hose musk withoul blower. The wearer provides motivating force to pull air through the hose, t he hose inlet is authored and filled with a funnel or like object covered with a line niesli screen lo prevent entrance of coarse particulate mallei. Up to 75 feel (23 meters) of Itose length is permissible. Vapor- and Ciai-Kcmovlng Respirators Equipped with carlridge(s) or canisterls) to remove a single vapor or gas (lor ex ample : chlorine gas), a single class of vapors or gases (for example: organicvapors), or a combination of two or more classes of vapors or gases (for example: or ganic vapors and acidic gases) from air. Paniculate-Removing Respirators Equipped wilh liheHs) to remove a single type of particulate matter (lot example: dust) or a combinaliuu of two ut more types uf particulate trial ter Hot example: dust and fume) from air. 1-iJtci may he a replaceable part ur a permanent part uf lire respirator, I liter may lie uf the single-use or llic reusable lype. Combination Particulate- and Vapor- and Gas-Removing Respirators Equipped with carlridgc(j) or cauisler(s) to remove paniculate matter, vapors, and gases from air. The filler may be a permanent part or a replaceable pail of a cartridge or canister. chemical and reenters Hie breathing hag. (2) Air l ine Respirator Make up oxygen enters the bag contin Respirable air is supplied through a small- uously or as the hag dellaies sufficiently diameter linsc Irnni a compressor ut com to at.male an admission valve. A piessure- pressed-air cylinders), 't he hose is at (c-licf system is provided, and a manual tsy tached to Hie wearer by a belt or other pass system arid saliva trap may he pro suitable means and can be delaclied rapid vided depending upon the design. ly in an emergency. A flow-control valve AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZSS.2- i! 51 * -3 II TT >\ 5I *u nIf 1i i^ 31 =.i 2 2*2 3-2 ^!!s! 1 = 2* mmg f111 ji iiiiinni ?.331.8 * |4 3-= 1=^3= 5-= J<;5:3,::1 s2S '5 i-ii! *-I II I 5.11 .1 1 II I I1 V * = 1 15 2 J I ill I 3^U i HHi i 3 3 S -| III 3 III a|j|i liSsI -S 1I1 i 5i .== ^5 J54 I= 1 i i =* III .1 a. 5 2 *% 1 f * 3* I i21l1-l4~ 1 3. > 3 = 1 4 -= ? 3^! iui ii i I1U 26 RSV 0005150 TStSOOO uniiaamid XmiFitrltai o| uopiipp* hi iniij*t aXa |*uir3r uoji.miojd *apuni,| 'IO|r|(J^3>| 3,VI|d33F.| ||l>.| (| J (S 3[f]r| aat) ttioisiAmd adnsa qti.w iniriidtai adXt-paiaMitd r ; aaiA r>p 3i|i stapim i|i|T-r>i| in aji| pi tnoiafliirp X|airrpauuuj snini|d*<'ui)r hi am in| |ofs| iindm pur sasrjt lttqrflr imiiaapoiil i*f>j X|iio tapiiird p|tlr|i*A non isutrSr imiinaioi<| :suntioinitij tinpendtay 8uiAoiti:*H-Kln`,IJ,,M tajnqdsounr up papioAr aq ppnmps a*n i\r. He'll n| lumi'j niripnunup inr tnijitbai pne MuIrA in <crtl pn iinitFipitaaiina qSpq r tain -ipui ajniFiaditiai qSpq Xpqruopuiyaun Y -Jtn paifdstii a>|| mnij paAouiai Jupaq i| iodrA in *r* n |ri|| tamtptii amtmaduiai ofpfiiim in iaistur.i up rsii v MiFtmiiF|iion airpnapiird isuprflr p.ipiAoitl *i iioilnaioid opq tiojrndsjy JimmuaytrQ put -jodt^ p'fi ri'F ( f, pur 5 npqr | aat| tuoiHpuna papinad* lapim snaiAap apjpaad* o| pat tuiip tp qipraq j a pip i| ittojaflurp Xiainpaimup saiai|tlsniuir up sjoiripdsaf HitiAprjnd-ipr pn asp) -itnfprindn up aptmis pur 'iq3q ' print Huiaq |u aSIrwrApr am a*p|p op taaiAap aaqi lp$ na*) sa*ua| Uopjdpias piiI ira.* o| paunbni qrnppAtpui o| *iiia|qniri priaadt nrataid inna|da.irj joiriidsay sio| Filil'M paiamnd up parpmiiipui tp iiin|qoid tpq p uoi|r|Pi|ii| op antirisptai niqraatinu r op "**(* lU'jtunmpp mtiri Xnu sminidsat 8upXitnwljpn pa)aA\odu<'N tuniiipuoa pur. ainqds -ninir irpmiiirri aqi inp paiaa|ai aq until laipip io `aflpiiiira 'inisftinn jo lX| ladmd aqj, in Xiniriprisai s.ipiraM aqt pur !oiai|dsniii|F Itinpquro ai|i ii| *|aAa| Xlppillinq'iurnniuni uoa pn uomnuaaunn'rnUl tatpj Jo'pUpinina jaisinn mi punpuadap tp papfAoid si unpinaimd q.aiqM laAO pnpjad mii|i aqp (p. amp a*rqra| piemui luaAaid m aarp t.iaira* ai|| nt pa|j|| X|pn|nirri t| tlimq.i atnu/a.vulqinniu lo aaapda.ifip aqi tia|ini papjpadt ttopi.a,i|njrf uflitap uimiipxrui aqi apiAOkt |ott ||tw fiuinpdsai fftqX|)ind-ipr paiaModttn^ sjaitrura pur tnSppiiir.i jo ijaqrp tin pa|*i( *t io taimaej ntnuii fH(| Xq paijfaatli if pauflisap n iiiamapa HuiXjiind-Jiti aqi qapi|M IOJ uoppRiiuaauoa uiniiitxriu aqt 'tmdr* pur tasrH m.p jasn aqi m> prat aatij-np-aaaidaari m|t pun inijip in iaisinr.a altpjipjr.a aqi jn Xiiantra pur Xaii.-'iappia ii9i*ap aqi Xq pauiuuaiap *| inatniri ppim iuirii(lai fliiiX|iMil iir ttr? i|.anp.* iMiirHir uniiniiiaaiina |unijtnr|U(ta iiiiitiipxriii ni|| MtiriMliirpun.i aiiioqitr `pn u;q nip I i|Snnli|| Hop idiot jn `Xq timtiniit) upqs |tuir3n mu faiai|dsoitt|r Itiapljnp-uaiiXxn |tii|r?r inainjd ton op sioiriidtai ?iijX|lind-iiV .ruufiufiiiip/ fi/JOti*') smirndtay HiriXjim,|-nv aoiAap |n uotira -i|ddr |o|i|sai Xriu qi3iin| atoip iiiiiniixrpn jiuu/i/.u yjflin am/; (q) iiol|rpri|ii| 3uiiii|i aaaidaarj aqi HI tlsivi ainstajd aAiirHau r i|3iinij||r 'iioinauud sapuojd ||||t inm aqi `t|ir| jaAsopi aqt p| ja.nojq r/ri.ii y.tnn# atu// (of 'aiaqdJOMi|r n|qrirdsai r tip painaat pur pairanp aq mini iamopq in lapit atoq aqi a*o|| (|) |po patpttid in paiaAat Hniaq n| mafqris | asnq aqj. Xnua jo ainm |t| STuiarjiai Xq aiaqiftomir a|qnidtai roi uimai itmii pur asoq aqi Xq KininaAmii ui pa|ai>it.u (I iairaat ai| | ioirildsai aqi jo pir aqi iiioqiiAA paiiiirqiin adr.i -ta ura lairam aqi qaiqM uu>i| saiaqdt snmir in asn o| pr>iriirp | stioiinlluii f a|diui5 pur. tqfliaMiqflq ait snnuap aqi ptir'Xiira ura |rnpiAipui aqi Xipiirnh aqi o| paipiiipp inn ip Xpddnr Jir a|<|rj|dsai aq j. aqf ill amstaid aAlirSaii r taanponl adXi aimsald aAllirHnu aq), |l|3laM pampal |ir aiq anAiat laHuop tnuiiad pur uailX'o' taAiasmia uiijinadu iin.iia |atiqi aq p Ptnait,-) patiqj 11 > avn a|rt pur a iuniamiriu iiaqi io| pajinh.K ^iijuini aqi pur 'a|t| a'lA jas pa|iuii| 'qioq in 'iqitq in iq^laAt iiaqi air saapAOp V1I,)S M' <uiM|v||niq Jaiq, p aiaqdtouiir a|<|nuKaiii lit: lump laimai-ips) adrata loj Xptm apqripnt air pur (sainuiiii g | trrqt ttapi a|ij aaiAias ini|t r aAi:q taaiAap VII.)S auii'S |*auiio| lad Sniaq qioM pn adXl aqi pur '{ajiixsaid a|aqdtiimii' aqi |n Hurpinop r Xq ip:q iu |ia i saaiAap iMinp.i-tladu |o ajlp aaiAiatl aintsaid nimqdMituir iuai<|iin: aqi `tin -rir<ldr aqi up iiaSXv> i" Jir |o iiiuomr aqt Xq |:a|llliq tl uoiiaaiold apjAi'id ||IAt 3'IA ap aqi qaiq jhao popiad aq [ .jiuM/niiuii / aiaqdt sntuir ?nii||raii| umo *ii| taiura iniraM ai| p *io|ri|dsay i|v pai|ddns Suiqiraiq paiurpioj jpas (I- fi l",,! t ft pur y apqr | aas) suoiiipuo.-* paijiaadt iapun taaiAap appaads oi pailiuq M qqraq m a|i| O) tnoiaHurp X|a|ripaiiiui; saiaqdsnuiir up m|ri|dtaJ 9iipA|ddnt-ajnipdsnui|r |<> at{p | aatp tasunp uopidpiataid jraat o| paiinbai qrnpiAipti] >i| tuta|c|i>jd |riaailt iiiataid sa.aaidaar-p 'lipqt aqi qSnoiqi tappaptad airqdtoqd aiuritio in ' in in I 11 `appurXa iiadmpXq tr qaus <|rna| rut jn uopidiot ituprSIr jo 'apju|T|a uaKoipXq pur r|iioiiMiir tr quit tprlla|rni Xq u<>pii:|liil Ul!|t Itlilfflc paj>|Aoid sr no|iaa|oid till 'ttint auq iir aumt mp idaix;,| ,timnonimj //h.iim*/ tuoillpuoa apiaqiKoiUir ma|quir jo inapliadapup si araqdtmiiir 3uiq|rai<) aq p taiaqdtxmir apxni pur Xauapa[pap uaSXxo isuirflr unpiaainid a|iiA<ijd tiuirjidsai HuiX|dd"t-aiaqdti>iuiv ( saiaqdsntuir aiqnidtai un ttiopimjiaadt t*p j-g aa^p tioij|iltay HiqXpddus aiaqdtutuiy AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z88.M980 uopBJidssy jo sxiotjC||uirj pue saj|||iqo<lpj V 3HX ) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZS8.2-1980 RSV 0 0 0 5 1 5 2 Table 4 Capabilities and Limitalions of Respirotors Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators Air-l'urifying Respirators (See 5.2 for specifications on respirable atmospheres.) Almosplieic-supplying rejpiiuiurt provide protection against oxygen deficiency and toxic atmospheres. The breathing atmosphere is independent of ambient atmospheric conditions. General limitations: Air-purifying respirators do not protect against oxygen-deficient atmospheres nor against skin irritations by, or sorption through the skin of. airborne contaminants. General limitations: Except for some air-line suits, no protection is provided against skin The maximum contaminant concentration against which an air-purifying respirator irritation by materials such as ammonia and hydrogen chloride, or against sorption of ma will protect is determined by the design efficiency and capacity of the cartridge, cuiihter, terials such as hydrogen cyanide, tritium, or organic phosphate pesticides through the skin. or filter and the faccpicce-to-face seal on the user. For gases and vapors, the maximum Facepieces present special problems (n individuals required to wear prescription lenses (sec concentration for which tha air-purifying element is designed is specified by the manu M -J 9.1). Use of aiinosphctc-stipplying respirators in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health is limited to speultc devices specified conditions (sec Table 5 and J.i and 9.4). facturer or is listed on labels of cartridges and canisters. Nonpowered alr pnrlfylnj respirators will not provide the maximum design protection specified unless the fuecpiece or inoutlipicce/nosc clump is carefully Titled to the Self Contained llrcathing wearer's face to prevent Inward leakage (see 7.4). The time period over which protection Apparatus (SCUM Supplicd-Air Respirators is provided Is dependent on Canister, cartridge, or Titter type; concentration of con The wearer carries his own breathing atmos- The respirable air supply Is not limited to taminant; humidity levels in the ambient aunosphcic; and the wearer's respiratory rale, sphcrc. the quantity the Individual cun carry, and The proper type of canister, cartridge, or filter must be selected foi the particular atmo I.imitations: The period over which Site de vice will provide piotecliim is limited by the amount of air or oxygen in the appara tus. the ambient atmospheric prcssuic (service tile of open-circuit devices is cut the devices ate lightweight and simple. Limitations: Limited to use In atmosspheres from which the wearer can es cape unharmed without the aid of the respirator. sphere and conditions. Nonpowered air-purifying respirators muy cause discomfort due to a noticeable resistance to inhalation. This problem is minimized in powered respira tors. Respirator facepieces present special problems to individuals required to wear pre scription lenses (see 9.1). Those devices do have (ho advantage of being small, light, and simple in operation. in half hy a doubling of the* almospliciic pressure), anil the type of wmk being per formed. Some SC'IIA devices have a short service life ilcss Ih.in IS miimrcs) ami arc suitable only for escape (self-rescue) from an irrcspir.ildc atniosplieie. The wearer is restricted in movement by the hose and must return to a respirable atmosphere hy retracing his route of entry. The hose is subject to being severed or pinched ulf. Use of air-purifying respirators in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health is limited to specific devices under specified conditions (see Table S and 9.3 and 9.4). Vapor- and Gas-Removing Respirators Limitations: No protection Is provided Particulate-Removing Respirators Limitations: Protection against non Chief limitations of St'liA devices arc their weight nr bulk, or both, limited ser vice lile. and the training required lor their maintenance and sale use. (|) Closed Circuit SCHA. The closed-circuit operation conserves oxygen and permits longer .service life :il reduced weigh). The negative-pressure (I) Hose Mask. The Imsc inlet or blower must be located and secured in a respirable atmosphere. (a) Hose mask with bbwer. If the blower fails, the unit still provides protection, although a negative pressure exists in the facepiece during tabulation, (b) Hose mask without blower. Maximum hose length may restrict appli uf.uliut particulate contaminants. A rite in canister or cartridge temperature indicates that a gas or vapor Is being removed from the inspired air. An uncomfortably high temperature indi cates a high concentration of gas or vapor and require* an immediate return to fresh air. volatile particle! only. No proteuion against gases and vapors. Not for use In atmospheres imnuJijicly dangerous to life or health unless the de vice is a poweied-iypc respirator with escape provision! (sl-c Table 5). (I) Full Facepiece Respirator. Provides protection against eye irritation type produces a negative pressure in the cation of device. Use should be avoided in atmosphores In addition to respiratory protection. ,-N S. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZM.M980 RSV 0 0 0 5 1 5 3 riftmp r tpn aiinliai p|itt' <niniiipiipr> i|*nr<|i iiu imiinado jo npoiu q| nluiup m |ir| cmsraj smut joj Xnu laira* tm|i aaiii* `inttiidsaj aqi jit stmiiriiimi pur 1lrr^<> nip antiiiiaiap Apiimi (||M ppnui JtuiAjrincf-iir> tmriPMiii(( lairail at|] 1|||m apoui oqj, UM*n* him pain Smaq unjirjndnjn ppniii aqi |<i *aAoqn pastaMxa '*:fltiiinApr*!p pur saffrntiTApir nq.f. tio|f|rfc*H pu lu|X|^ns-aiM|<lnuiiv unnunqwn^ X|drfr aAoqt paqfiasap fit ip| rndsai tioiinuiquma aqi jn inoipas itiauodutna pi|| jn tnlltiunAprfjp pun isFmurApr aqj, tioteiicffPH 0U|Aoui3))-fin put iod/\ put -aifftiafiwj tmfittrjqiuoj A|qa|nb ppuiiop aq ura |tti|| aapap |i|9(0M|itt!| (|ttut y (9 P|q.L aa<;) A|ddn* ifr paiunjuoa-iias Airqtirnn mii|iu-s | |SRf>f ir siqniiioa || uai|M Anna n| pasn aq Amu put! ndrun ioj paantd -d i| A|ddns ifr pau|riun>jp Ajri|ixiii! ipiM aapap siqj aiai|d*nui|r simiaflurp it limit arfrasa o| laiRam aqi sMn||i> aauap ju ndX| sji|| tm A|d<liis nr paiim'ina-ip* Atrri|rxnr aqj Xi'fPinH patiunp nq uct m|| aauap iq8pMM|*!f 'qrtut V -0U|1|lt!Olq |ITSrU |19A aid o| aarjd it; Apinaas aq tsniu iltnrp 9!tii|4 it'pn Aq lumtumuna jn noil aapp spiaAaid SuniiMJq qiun|<{ ttio|i raipldr adrasa inj Apia pasn aq ||njS -m|iinituHin!dt||iiii|f (|| iniciidsni ipiM sam ti\t paAnnldnssapin pasn aq tow ||i-q$ siainptpiiiRiti atuns inmj aiqirprAr (pj aar1]) anuaAn.i .-iijqrj y 'iiri|il*a)( aaaid at.I tpn-)|r|| put q|q-iatnnf) (j) Stutqiraiq |ru luasanf n| aaiqil u| Apinaas aq pntit dturp n*nn -jopn Aq lurujinrnina jn nnipaiap iiuaxaid fliitqtraiq t||nnp| sitni|ttai|d<lr adrasa inj Ajun pasn aq ||<U)S -misqdsa)| n|di||tiu|<| (f) 'pasn aq |nu imp J3lniaT!|nuritt aums itinij a|qr|jRAt (laiaarj) Pii|jAoa afiqrj y 'Joitqdfau a.xiidaat.f q*t|f-j|t|| pot qsep|-|>tnf) (j) iio|painid Amiriidfaf m unjiippr ti| uoiiciiiq aAa imirilr uojiaaiojd sap|t>ij 'iot*j|dsa}t aaafdaatj nn.| ||> (5 a|qr aas) tuopunid adn.asa qi| minntlsai adAi-pnJMod t s; aap -np at|l ssa|un qi|raq in a||| 01 tnniaSuRp Apirtp.nmn| saiaqdsmuit uf asn inj |np| ( saiiiadnnl Huiu/rM aimhapr q.ar| |ia|| sttiriiiiiininta inj pa*mdilr ton ajr sini rililsaJ aiiMniti.ii-srit ptm -nidi>AI aiusiHlxa apii'siiMJart aip a*itqr ;n |c j;r ui tmllitiMia.Mini r |r tio||rtMJ| jo 'aistl 'inpn :t| trim tatliarliud XutUirM pjafay jns fqaq (s)iunu|titit|uoa ai|| aJaqm A|d<ln<; i(v AtRf|i!<cny i|im *ju|*)idtn}| aui|nv uoiirinqiiHV) 'If affnnrp pur tin* aitl|-Jir tut |n irijairin ai|| ijiim A||rajiuatp pr.u Arm 'autjunu s* tpn* 'sjmtmmritioa latpo , ssaiiaA(t.iat|a Ml |Mii|( put lint auipiiR tilt to iruair.ui aqi ain| auad Arui `iihiiiiii sr ipns `siuRuimntioa amcs **1frJ Xiddn* nr atp ji urHtn.innd on aptAoid fiopiidsaJ atii|-itv jnono>n/7 U|qs uaqnjqim aqi i|SnnJt[| paqjnstp aq Arm |ri|| m uiqs aip airiini irqi sniaqds -solute imirSe listmd Arm j|ins miipiiy siuruiuiriima |o aSnqroi pitMUt iinund m |dr ssa| atr pur HutJaAo.i lapii-Atninidsm .ii|i u; mm laid aAiiisod r titritiinu tariX) piirutap anmaid pur moy rimnuiiima sraiai|M *r|ri|ti| no aa.iiiharj aqi in ainssaid aAjtrUau r saanpunl ailXl purmap aq.l, (sadXj^ pttliii9(| NRtl| pur `poruia(( *MU|;| fnnmi|Hio,7> loieiidsay ouiq-ijy ([) siuruiiitriiiiia |o a^iTqr.i| pirMiii Hltiiad n| )ilr ssa| <i pur itoiirfripti Jtiiunp uria*na iapn-Xitrnd*ai a|l ut ams said aAiqsinl r stiiriiiiriu adXi pmrmap -anissaid a<|i sraiaqM `tii'fir|ii<|it| Uiimip ttiiiiaaua latiii-Aiiitnidsat aq| m niu^anl aAtirjtau r saaupoid a<M| j'liriuap aq | 'vn.)s (ri siiiruiitiriiiM'i jn a!lrqra| pirMiii iimiad m nlr ssaj si pur 5utiaa<n ia|in Xmiriid<ai aqi tit anisvaid axiiisiul r sinriiiirm iArM|r arlX| aui'said -aAlltsnd nifi sralai|M :s|iiriiniirMMv< pi a^Rfrai pirMiii timiad Ann siqi ptir'imit f|ri|ii| 9uini|i fliifta^na |.-i|tii-AJ"|rtid'ai CODl (c) combination self-contained and supplied-air (2) Air-purifying respirators (a) gas and vapor (b) particulate (aerosols including dust, fog, fume, mist, smoke, and sprays) (c) combination, gas, vapor, and particulate (3) Combination atmosphere-supplying and air-purifying respirators Respirator Selection OSHA 1910.134 states that respirators shall be selected on the basis of the hazards to which workers are exposed and that ANSI Z88.2-1969 shall be used for guidance in their selection. OSHA also requires that approved or accepted respirators be used when available. For certain respiratory hazards, specific instructions about respirator use are given in other OSHA regulations. The trend seems to be toward regulations that specify the conditions of respirator use for each task. OSHA 1910.134 is then consulted for general instructions. Regardless of the regulations, respirators must be selected with the environment in which they will be used in mind. To do so requires certain basic information, so one should always ask the following questions before selecting a respirator. (I) Decision Considerations A. WHAT IS THE ESTIMATED CONTAMINANT CON CENTRATION WHERE THE RESPIRATOR WILL BE USED, as determined by industrial hygiene mon itoring information and/or reference to previous plant or DMEH surveys? 29 r$V 0005154 WHAT ARE THE PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF EXPO SURE TO THE CONTAMINANT(S) - threshold limit value (TLV) and short-term exposure limit (STEL)? This information is available from the most current listing of ACGIH TLV's, the OSHA standards (1910.1000 - Tables Zl, Z2, Z3) or from the industrial hygiene section of DMEH. IS THE CONTAMINANT A GAS, VAPOR, MIST, DUST OR FUME? This information can be determined by studying the manufacturing or maintenance process - ravr materials, intermediate products, by-products and the wastes. See Material Safety Data Sheets when available. COULD THE CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION BE TERMED IMMEDIATELY DANAGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH (IDLH)? This knowledge is derived from the manufacturer of raw materials, the industrial hygiene section of DMEH, the plant industrial hygienist, and Material Safety Data Sheets, when available. In addition, consideration should be given to the potential for contaminantion. of atmospheres under abnormal or emergency considerations. IF THE CONTAMINANT IS FLAMMABLE, DOES THE ESTIMATED CONCENTRATION APPROACH THE LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL), OR DO DUST CONCENTRATIONS CREATE A POTENTIAL EXPLOSION PROBLEM? 30 ft$v 0005155 Besides creating- a potential fire and explosion condition, in most situations flammable vapor or g-as concentrations exceeding the LEL are immediately dangerous to life and health. The LEL is specified on Material Safety Data Sheets. Gas or vapor levels can be determined with an explosion meter. Here, too, consideration should be given to emergency (such as spill) conditions. F. DOES THE CONTAMINANT HAVE ADEQUATE WARNING PROPERTIES? Manufacturers can supply such information, di rectly or.through Material Safety Data Sheets. Warning properties such as odor, irritation or taste should ideally be present at concentra tions at or below the TLV. G. WILL THE CONTAMINANT IRRITATE THE EYES AT THE ESTIMATED CONCENTRATION? Frequently, this will be self-evident if the operation is in progress. This information, too, is available from the Material Safety Data Sheets of raw materials. For irritating mater ials , a full facepiece respirator should be used. H. JF THE CONTAMINANT IS A GAS OR VAPOR, IS THERE ANY AVAILABLE SORBENT THAT TRAPS IT "EFFICIENTLY? Respirator manufacturers, the industrial hygiene section of DMEH and plant industrial hygienists can provide this information. 31 + rSV 0005156 I. CAN THE CONTAMINANT BE ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN AS A VAPOR OR LIQUID? IF SO, WILL IT SIGNIFICANTLY ADD TO THE EMPLOYEE'S EXPOSURE AND CAUSE INJURY? Skin absorption is indicated in the OSHA Standard 1910.1000, Table Z1 by the notation "skin" after the material name. Material Safety Data Sheets will also indicate skin absorption potential. REMINDER In all cases where OSHA has specified that a specific respirator be used for a specific task or exposure (such as in the asbestos, acrylonitrile, and carcinogen standards 1910.1001-1910.1045 or in future additions), that respirator or one providing equal or better protection must be used. This can be determined by reference to the specific health standard for the substance of concern. The answers to these questions can provide enough information for choosing a respirator for routine use. There is nothing strange or unique about these questions. They represent the factors that a good industrial hygiene/safety program would incorporate for respirator selection or any other type of control and form' the basis for the Respirator Decision Logic used in the Joint NIOSH and OSHA Standards Comple tion Program. You should review the Decision Logic when considering respirator selection because it incorporates the 32 #* RSV 0005157 above questions in an orderly sequence. By following: this logic, you will be able to choose a respirator that is satsifactory for the situation at hand and be assured that you have not overlooked any important factor (see Appendix C, Joint NIOSH/OSHA Respirator Decision Logic). (II) Additional Decision Criteria In addition, the following criteria are of particular interest: When respirators are used for protection against gases and vapor, it is commonly recommended that cartridges be changed when the wearer senses the vapor by either odor, taste or irritation. Section IV B of the Decision Logic states that A SUBSTANCE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED TO HAVE WARNING PROPER TIES IF THE ODOR OR IRRITATION THRESHOLD IS NOT MORE THAN THREE TIMES THE EXPOSURE LIMIT, and there is no ceiling limit. Consideration is given to whether undetected exposure in this concen tration range could cause serious or irreversible health effects. If not, the substance is considered to have adequate warning properties. Section IV C of the Decision Logic states that WHERE THERE IS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE OF VAPOR BREAKTHROUGH IN LESS THAN THREE MINUTES AT CONCENTRATIONS IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH OR BELOW, A CARTRIDGE OR CANISTER SORBENT AIR-PURIFYING DEVICE SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED FOR ANY USE. The principal sources of information on sorbent efficiencies are Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and 30 CFR-11 on cer tain specific materials on which cartridge tests are run. Users should be alert to any future information 33 * RSV 0005158 on sorbent efficiency as it will definitely affect choice of air-purifying respirators (see Appendix D). Section IV E concerns atmospheres immediately danger ous to life or health (IDLH). Opinions on the correct definition of IDLH differ, but this section gives several guidelines to assist you in defining it. Although not everyone will agree with all the guide lines given, this is the best information available for assessing IDLH problems, SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS FOR ROUTINE USE "Routine" use of a respirator is daily or frequent use on a regular basis. In such cases, a respirator of simple maintenance, minimal wearing discomfort, low resistance to breathing, light weight, and com pact construction should be considered. DMEH and S&PP recommend that locations DISCONTIN UE THE USE OF GAS MASKS within Monsanto. Many injuries and fatalities have been reported over the years through improper use of gas mask equipment. Where relatively high concentrations of organic va pors, alkaline or acid gases, etc. exist fullface supplied-air equipment is recommended. SELECTION OF RESPIRATORS FOR NONROUTINE AND EMERGENCY USE A respirator used "nonroucinely" is designed for hazardous situations that occur only occasionally. For such applications, initial costs and maintenance costs are less important than that for routine appli cations. The degree of protection and the useful service time provided are important. 34 r$V 0005159 Any respirator that protects adequately against a hazardous atmosphere which, occurs suddenly, may be used for escape purposes. If the hazardous atmosphere causes eye irritation, the respirator should have a full facepiece, or hood. Chemical goggles may also be used for escape purposes to protect against extreme eye irritation. Mouthbit/nose clip respirators are NOT recommended, even for use as a means of escape from emergency sit uations . A slip or fall could cause the wearer to lose a secure mouth seal and gasp a potentially lethal atmosphere. In addition, such a respirator provides no eye protection against potentially high concentra tions of materials which are irritating to the eye. * IF AN AREA CONTAINING AN UNKNOWN AIR CONTAM INANT CONCENTRATION MUST BE ENTERED, A PRESSURE DEMAND SCBA OR A COMBINATION SCBA AND AIR SUPPLIED AIRLINE RESPIRATOR, EITHER OF WHICH IS SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO MAIN TAIN POSITIVE AIR PRESSURE INSIDE THE FACEPIECE SHOULD BE USED. Plant fire situations routinely encountered by firefighters, require entry into unknown concentra tions of air contaminants. These atmospheres would reasonably be classified as Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) (see Appendix J). For this reason, A PRESSURE-DEMAND SCBA SHOULD BE USED IN FIRE-FIGHTING. All the questions that should be answered in select ing respirators for routine use should also be answered in selecting respirators for emergency use. 35 * R$V 0005160 RESPIRATOR PROTECTION FACTORS DEFINITION The respirator protection factor indicates how much protection a respirator provides. It is the ratio of the contaminant concentrations outside and inside the respirator. Determination of the protection factor requires quantitative performance tests of the respi rator worn in a test atmosphere during exercise simu lating1 motions made by workers, or worn by workers carrying out tasks in contaminated work areas. ASSIGNMENT Much research has been done recently on assigning protection factors in various types or respirators. Table 5 reproduced verbatim from the ANSI Z88.2 1980, "Practices for Respiratory Protection document, lists assigned respirator protection factors result ing from this research. When using Table 5 pay strict attention to its footnotes as they are essential in interpreting the table and assist in application of protection factors. APPLICATION To apply an assigned protection factor for a particu lar type of respirator, one must know both the actual contaminant concentration in the work area and the established time-weighted average concentration for the material. Multiplying the time-weighted average concentration by the respirator protection factor gives the maximum concentration of the contaminant against which the particular type of respirator may be used. If the actual concentration is less than the calculated maximum use concentration, the respi rator may be used. 36 ft$V 0005161 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZS8.2-1980 > Si m i U8rn i0 .i. sS 1 3*T fl1 J!X8 wi -- ^ -- 11 II5 3 3> 5--1 3 zzz >=. 37 RSV 0005162 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANOARD 188-2-1980 Table S (Continued) Respirator I'roleclion Factors* RSV 000516^ AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZSS.2-1980 38 RSV 0005164 Air-line, demand, quartermask or lull-musk finepiece, w iih ur without escape piuvisiome-c Yes1 No i 10 As measured on each peison, but limited to the use of the icspirulor in concertin' lions o f contaminants below the im* mcdlaicly-dangerous-lo-lifc-oi-hcallh (1UU1) values. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ZS8.M980 39 RSV 0005165 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Z38.2-1980 agent, it shall be acceptable procedure to equip an air* purifying respirator with a high-efficiency filter, (2) When carrying out a qualitative or quantitative respirator-fitting test which uses a vapor or gas as the test agent, it shall be acceptable procedure to equip an air-purifying respirator with an appropriate cartridge or canister which removes the vapor or gas from air. (3) When carrying out a quantitative respirator fitting test, it shall be acceptable procedure to attach a sampling probe to the respirator which is connected by flexible tubing to an instrument which measures the penetration of the test agent into the respirator. When carrying out quantitative respirator-fitting tests, it shall be an acceptable procedure to carry out a single test for each available make and model of respirator in order to select a respirator for use by a person. However, three additional quantitative respin* tor-fitting tests involving the wearing of the selected make and model of respirator by the person shall be carried out to determine a protection factor for that particular respirator and person. The lowest protec tion factor determined by these three tests shall be as signed to a particular person wearing a specific make and model of respirator. If a qualitative respirator-fitting test has been used in respirator selection, a person shall be allowed to use only the specific make(s) and model(s) of respirators) for which the person obtained a satisfactory fit, and the respirator protection factor listed under "qualita tive test" in Table 5 shall apply. Under no circum stances shall a penon be allowed to use any respirator if the results of the qualitative respirator-fitting test indicates rhat the person is unable to obtain a satisfac tory fit. If a quantitative respirator-fitting test has been used in selecting a respirator, the test results shall be used to assign a respirator protection factor to each person-for each specific make and model of respirator tested. The assigned respirator protection factor shall be applied when the person wears the specific respirator in a hazardous atmosphere, but it shall not exceed the respirator protection factor listed under '`quantitative test" in Table 5 for the particular type of respirator. 6.12 Respirator-Fitting-Test Records. Recordsof respirator-fitting tests shall be kept for at least the duration of employment. These records shall include the following information: {1) Type of respirator-fitting test used (2) Specific make and model of respirator tested (3) Name of person tested (4) Name of test operator if) Date of test (6) Results of respirator-fittmg tests 24 (a) Success or failure of person to obtain satis factory fit if a qualitative respirator-fitting test was carried out (b) Respirator protection factor based upon test results if a quantitative respirator-fitting test was carried out 6.13 Respirator Protection Factor Assignment. When a group of persons wear respirators in a given work area, a single respirator protection factor shall be as signed to all respirator wearers in the group. When negative-pressure respirators are being used, this respira tor protection factor shall correspond to the lowest value established by qualitative or quantitative respira tor-fitting tests for any person of the group with the specific make and model or respirator which that per son will wear in the given work area. 6.14 Face Dimensions and Facepiece Sizes, The wide range of face dimensions requires more than a single size of respirator facepiece to provide a proper fit to all respirator users. Therefore, respirator facepieces of more than one size shall be available in any respiratorselection program involving respirators equipped with facepieces. 6.15 Employee Acceptance. Employee acceptance of a particular respirator model within a class shall be considered in selecting a respirator since this may determine whether or not he wears the respirator prop erly. Acceptance factors to be considered Include dis comfort, breathing resistance, weight, and interference with vision or the work to be performed. If the results of respirator-fitting tests show that the person can ob tain an acceptable fit with two or more respirator models of the selected class of respirator, then the per son should be permitted to use the respirator model which he or she prefers. 7. Use of Respirators 7.1 Standard Operating Procedures. Written standard operating procedures shall cover a compiece respirator program isce 3.5.1) and shall include information necessary for the proper use of respirators, including training of respirator wearers, respirator sealing tests, issuance of respirators, inspection of respirators prior to use. monitoring respirator use, monitoring respira tory hazard, and planning tor routine, nonroutine. emergency, and rescue uses of respirators. The written standard operating procedures shall in clude plans necessary to ensure the safe routine use and nonroutine use of respirators. Emergency and res cue uses of respirators shall be anticipated, and the writ- RSV 0005166 In describing use of protection factors in respirator selection, it is assumed that a complete respirator program is in force. A PROTECTION FACTOR IS NOT APPLICABLE IF THE WEARER CANNOT SATIS FACTORILY SEAL THE RESPIRATOR TO HIS FACE OR HEAD. ANYTHING SUCH AS FACIAL HAIR OR SPECTACLES THAT PREVENTS SATISFACTORY SEAL ING OR FUNCTIONING OF A RESPIRATOR NULLIFIES APPLICATION OF A RESPIRATOR PROTECTION FAC TOR. A protection factor can be used only if the respirator is in good operating condition, so the respirator must be properly maintained. Other limi tations of various types of respirators discussed in Table 4, must also be considered in applying protec tion factors. 3. TRAINING AND FITTING a. Elements of an Adequate Training Program Selecting the respirator appropriate to a given hazard is important but equally important is using the selected device properly. Proper use can be ensured by carefully training both supervisors and workers in selection, use, and mainten ance of respirators. Like the overall respirator program, the content of the training program can vary widely, depending on circumstan ces . However,' OSHA 1910.134 requires that training on both workers and supervisors include the following, no matter what the circumstances: 1. An opportunity to handle therespirator, 2- Proper fitting, 3. Test of facepiece-to-face seal; 4. A familiarizing period of wear in normal air.I 40 RSV 000516? Furthermore, OSHA requires that the wearer receive fittinginstructions including demonstrations and practice in wear ing-, adjusting, and determining the fit of the respirator. These requirements originated in ANSI Standard Z88.2-1969. Section 7.4 of that Standard gives more details. DMEH recommends that the training of supervisors and work ers also include: 1. Discussion of the engineering and administrative controls in use and why respirators also are needed, 2. Explanation of the nature of the respiratory hazard and what happens if the respirator is not used properly, 3. Explanation of why a particular type of respirator has been selected, 4. Discussion of how to recognize and handle emergencies. The training requirements apply to large and small plants with no differentiation to meet individual needs. The training content the supervisor needs may differ however, from that for the individual worker, and both may differ markedly from that needed by members of emergency response teams. The exact format of the training program will vary widely, depending upon the organization. It should be emphasized however, that these training and fitting requirements apply to large and small locations alike. (I) Supervisor Training Supervisors, those who oversee the daily activities of one or more workers who wear respirators frequent ly, should have a reasonably comprehensive knowledge 41 RSV 0005168 f of respirators and respiratory protection practices. Their training' should include, but not necessarily be limited to, knowledge of the following: (a) Basic respiratory protection practices. (b) Selection and use of respirators to protect each worker against every respiratory hazard to which he may be exposed. (c) The nature and extent of the respiratory hazards to which the workers may be exposed. (d) The structure and operation of the entire respi rator program. The supervisor should under stand his responsibility to facilitate function ing of the program, including maintenance that the worker may be expected to do himself, issu ance of respirators, control of their use and evaluation of the program's effectiveness. (e) The legal requirements pertinent to use of respi rators in his situation. (II) Worker Instruction and Training The extent and frequency of the workers' training depends primarily on the nature and extent of the hazard. 'If the hazard is a nuisance particulate, for example, the danger from misuse of the respi rator is not likely to be serious. However, with highly toxic particulates, a single misuse may have serious consequences. The same holds true, ,, of course, for gases and vapors. If the respirator is to be used in an emergency, training in its use 42 ftSV 0005169 should be very thorough and complete. In any case, the worker should be given some instruction and train ing in respiratory protection practices. DMEH recommends as a minimum, both worker and supervisor should be trained in basic respiratory protection practices. Also each should be trained in use of the respirator selected for his particular sit uation. Because proper respirator use depends espe cially upon the wearer's motivation, it is important that the need for the respirator be explained fully. ANSI Standard Z88.2, Sec. 7.4 lists the following points to be included in a minimal acceptable respi rator program. (A) Instruction in the nature of the hazard, whether acute, chronic, or both, and an honest appraisal of what may happen if the respirator is not used (B) Explanation of why more positive control is not immediately feasible. This should include recog nition that every reasonable effort is being made to reduce or eliminate the need for respi rators . (C) Discussion of why this is the proper type of respirator for the particular purpose. (D) Discussion of the respirator's capabilities and limitations. \ (E) Instruction and training in actual use of the respirator (especially one for emergency use) and CLOSE, FREQUENT SUPERVISION to ensure that it continues to be used properly. 43 RSV 0005170 (F) Classroom and field training in recognizing and coping with emergencies. (G) Other special training as needed. A major thrust is toward explaining as much as poss ible about the reasons for wearing a respirator. This, of course, is to motivate the user to accept the fact that protection is necessary, and to instill in him/her the desire to wear and maintain the respi rator properly. Pitching a respirator at a ,, worker with orders that he/she wear it because OSHA says so is one of the easiest ways to ensure its misuse. At best, a respirator may cause discomfort and incon venience , so there is a natural resistance toward wearing it conscientiously. Recent field studies have pointed this out. Much of this natural resistance can be overcome by taking the time and effort to inform the wearer as thoroughly as possible why he needs the respirator. This effort will create easier acceptance of respirators and contribute to subsequent correct use. Respirator Fitting All the care that went into design and manufacture of a respirator to " give maximum efficiency will not protect the wearer if there is an improper match between face-piece and wearer or improper wearing practices. The problem is twofold ASSUMING THAT MORE THAN ONE BRAND OF A PARTICU LAR TYPE OF FACEPIECE IS AVAILABLE, the first problem is to determine which fits best. The second problem is to 44 RSv ooosm f ensure Chat the user knows when the respirator fits proper ly. Both problems can be solved by the use of fitting tests, which is an OSHA requirement. The following are fitting procedures which are currently recommended by DMEH. These procedures should be used in the selection of the BEST fitting respirator for each employee and also in the determination that the respirator is being worn correctly EACH TIME it is donned (i.e.f that it is consistently providing the user adequate protection relative to the hazard). NOTE: Just as every employee does not wear the same size safety shoe, employees DO NOT all wear the same standard size respirator (facial size, like foot size, varies with each individual, although like shoe sizes, most (approxi mately 95%) facial sizes can be fit properly utilizing a range of respirator sizes (small, medium, large). All the major respirator manufacturers now produce a given model respirator in two or three sizes permitting proper fit of most employees with one or two brands of respirators. (I) Respirator Fitting Procedures One point must be kept in mind throughout the follow ing procedures. The OSHA regulations require that workers be allowed to test the face-piece-to-face seal of the respirator and wear it in a test atmosphere. Note: During any fitting test, the respirator head straps must be as comfortable as possibLe. Tightening the straps will sometimes increase or reduce the facepiece leakage, but the wearer may be unable to toler ate the respirator for any length of time. (A) Fitting Tests for Initial Respirator Selection (i.e.. Selecting "Best Fit") 45 RSV 0005172 (1) Qualitative fitting - Irritant smoke test As a qualitative means of determining respirator fit, this test has a distinct advantage in that the wearer usually reacts involuntarily to leakage by coughing or sneezing. The likelihood of his giving a false indication of proper fit is reduced. On the other hand, the aerosol is irritat ing and must be used carefully. Also, it is advisable to have exhaust ventilation behind the subject to protect the person doing the testing. This test can be used for both airpurifying and atmosphere-supplying respira tors, but AN AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR MUST HAVE A HIGH-EFFICIENCY FILTER(S). AFTER THE TEST, IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO REPLACE THE HIGH-EEFICIENCY FIL TERS) ON THE AIR-PURIFYING ELEMENT(S), DEPENDING UPON THE HAZARD TO WHICH THE RESPIRATOR WEARER IS TO BE EXPOSED. This test can be used for worker training or respirator selection. The irritant smoke test must be performed with proper safeguards because the aerosol ' is irritating. A suggested procedure is as follows. (a) The wearer puts on the respirator nor mally , taking care not to tighten the headstraps uncomfortably. He stands with his back to a source of exhaust ventilation, such as a chemical ex haust hood. 46 RSV 0005173 RSV 0005174 Ideal qualitative respirator tic test employir.s large plastic bag inside which is dispersed test aerosol (organic vapor, irritant smoke, etc. } 43 RSV 0005175 I (b) The tester tells the wearer to CLOSE HIS EYES, even if he is wearing a full facepiece respirator, and to keep them closed until told to open them. (c) The tester lightly puffs smoke over the respirator, holding the smoke tube at least 2 feet from it. At this time, he should keep the amount of smoke mini mal and pause between puffs to note the wearer's reaction. (NOTE: If the wearer detects no leakage, the tester may increase the smoke density and move the smoke tube progressively closer to the subject, still remaining alert to his reactions.) (d) When the smoke tube has been brought to within about 6 inches of the respi rator with no leakage detected, the tester may start to direct smoke speci fically at the potential sources of leakage, around the sealing surface and exhalation valve, while the sub ject holds his head still. (e) At this point, if no leakage has been detected, the wearer may cautiously be gin the head movements outlined below. The tester should remain especially alert and be prepared to stop producing smoke immediately. During the test, the subject should make movements that approximate a normal working situation. These may include but not necessarily be limited to the following: 49 RSV 0005176 1. Normal breathing. 2. Deep breathing, as during heavy exertion. This should not be done long enough to cause hyperventila tion. 3. Side-to-side and up-and-down head movements. These movements should be exaggerated, but should approxi mate those that take place on the job. 4. Other exercises may be added de pending upon the situation. For example, if an employee spends a significant part of his time bent over at some task, it may be desi rable to include an exercise ap proximating this bending. Since this test will be used to both train the employee and select the respirator that fits him/her the best, the employee should perform the complete set of exercises. If leakage is detected at any time, the tester should stop the smoke and let the wearer readjust the face-piece or headstrap tension. The tester should then start the test at the second step. In all fairness, this test is not so timeconsuming as it sounds. Also, because of its greater sensitivity and lesser reliance on subjective response, it is considered more reliable than other qualitative fit ting tests (i.e., "banana oil" isoamyl acetate, talcum powder). If the wearer 50 RSV 0005177 keeps his eyes closed and the smoke is increased gradually there is little chance of discomfort (Appendix E contains a SOP for respirator fit testing using irritant smoke). (2) Quantitative fitting tests. All quantitative respirator performance tests involve placing the wearer in an atmosphere containing an easily detectable, relatively nontoxic gas, vapor, or aerosol. The atmosphere inside the respirator is sampled continuously through a probe in the respiratory-inlet covering. The leak age is expressed as a percentage of the challenge atmosphere outside the respirator, called "per cent of penetration," or simply "penetration". Currently DMEH is not recommending that plants employ this type fitting, unless required by specific OSHA regulation (1910.1045 acrylonitrile standard requires quantitative fitting). Those plants and labs covered by OSHA regulations requiring quantitative fitting have received appro priate information and training in the i# proper quantitative fitting procedures. (B) Fitting Tests for Field Testing of Respirator Seal. The seal of a respirator to a wearer can be tested in the field by procedures recommended 51 rSV 00051*? by respirator manufacturers or by any of the following1 tests: (1) Irritant smoke test The person wearing a respirator is exposed to an irritant smoke. (AN AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATOR MUST BE EQUIPPED WITH THE APPROPRIATE HIGH EFFICIENCY AIRPURIFYING ELEMENT.) If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the penetration of the test agent into the respirator, it can be reasonably assured that the seal of the respirator to the wearer is satisfac tory. (2) Isoamyl acetate test The person wearing a respirator is exposed to isoamyl acetate (Banana Oil). (An airpurifying respirator must be equipped with the appropriate organic vapor air-purifying element.) If the respirator wearer is unable to detect the penetration of the test agent into the respirator, it can be reasonably assured that the seal of the respirator to the wearer is satisfactory. C3) Negative pressure sealing test A negative air pressure respirator seal ing test can be used on air-purifying respirators equipped with tight-fitting respiratory-inlet coverings and breathing tubes which can be squeezed or blocked at the inlet to prevent the passage of air.* 52 *SV 00051?^ 3J RSV 0005180 54 RSV 0005181 Positive pressure test. Figure 8*1. This test may be difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless respirators. The test consists of closing off the inlet opening of the respirator's canister(s), cartridge(s), or filter(s) by covering with the palm of the hand(s), by replacing the inlet opening of the respirator's canister(s), cartridge(s), or filter(s) by covering with the plain of the hand(s), by replacing the inlet seal on a canister(s), or by squeezing a breathing tube or block ing its inlet so that it will not allow the passage of air, inhaling gently, and holding the breath for at least 10 seconds. If a facepiece collapses slightly and no inward leakage of air into the facepiece is detected, it can be reasonably assured that the fit of the respirator to the C: wearer is satisfactory. (4) Positive pressure sealing test A positive air pressure test can be used on respirators equipped with tight-fitting respiratory-inlet coverings which contain both inhalation, and exhalation valves. This test may be difficult or impossible to carry out on valveless respirators. The test is conducted by closing off the exha lation valve and/or breathing tube and exhaling gently. The fit of a respirator equipped with a facepiece is considered to be satsifactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up inside the facepiece without detection of any outward leakage of air between the sealing surface 55 RSV 0005182 of the facepiece and the respirator wear er's face. For some respirators, this test method requires that the respirator wearer first remove an exhalation cover from the respirator and then replace it after com pletion of the test and these tasks often are difficult to carry out without disturb ing; the fit of the respirator to the wearer. c. Special Fitting Problems In addition to the normal problems associated with properly fitting a group of workers with respiratory protection, there are a few specific problems which can be avoided by following a few basic guidelines. Among these are facial hair, den tures, prescription glasses, and the wearing of other types of protective headgear such as surgeons' caps, bumpcaps, hardhats, goggles, and faceshields. (I) Facial Hair An employee cannot consistently obtain an acceptable level of protection from a respirator if he has facial hair in the area where the respirator seals to the face. Any intrusion of facial hair into the sealing surface of the respirator results in an increase in leakage. Problem areas, other than full facial hair, are beards and moustaches with half-mask facepieces and long, wide sideburns on full facepieces. Due to the wide, variability of the facepiece-to-face seal (protection factor) for such an individual, adequate respiratory protection cannot be assured. In order to protect the health of Monsanto employees and comply with the provisions of the OSHA Standard 56 ft$V 0005163 29CFR191G.134(e)(5), ic is the position of the environ mental health specialists within the Department of Medicine and Environmental Health (DMEH) that: "ANY EMPLOYEE WHO HAS POTENTIAL NEED TO WEAR A TIGHT-FITTING RESPIRATOR IN THE PERFORMANCE OF JOB DUTIES MUST BE CLEAN SHAVEN IN THE AREA BETWEEN THE SEALING SURFACE OF THE RESPIRATOR AND THE FACE." This guideline is applicable to persons having facial hair which affects the safe and proper functioning of tight-fitting respirators; it does not prohibit facial hair in general. The Facial Hair Guideline also covers contractor employees working in Monsanto facilities. The guideline DOES NOT APPLY to loose fitting contin uous flow respirators such as hoods, blouses or air suits since this class of respirators, seal not to the face, but loosely to the shoulders or waist. Due to their design, facepiece-to-face seal is not a cri tical factor with regard to the protection afforded by this class of equipment. Individuals who have facial hair styles which might interfere with the sealing surface of a respirator must be closely supervised. Over a short period of time (even days), the facial hair could extend into the critical seal area. The above requirement does not mean that all facial hair must be forbidden when respirators are worn, as a modest moustache or sidebums may be permitted if they do not interfere with the sealing surface of the respirator. Each case must be considered individually. It is incumbent upon the supervisor to ensure that the respirator is sealing properly. 57 RSV 0005184 (II) Dentures Dentures, either partial or full, can be worn with respirators subject to certain restrictions. Full dentures generally present few problems other than some possible discomfort to the individual when wear ing half-mask or full facepiece respirator. In fact, it is recommended that full dentures not be removed because of the distortion of the jaw without them. This can cause leakage in the chin area. (Ill) Prescription Glasses Prescription or safety glasses may be worn with half mask respirators, although there is likely to be some interference with the mask at .the bridge of the nose. This interference can be minimized by careful choice of mask and proper fitting and training. GLASSES WITH STANDARD TEMPLE BARS SHALL NOT BE WORN WITH FULL FACEPIECE RESPIRATORS, AS THE EXTENSION OF THE TEMPLE BARS THROUGH THE SEALING SURFACE OF THE FACEPIECE WILL CAUSE LEAKAGE. If perscription glasses must be worn, all NIOSH approved full facepieces are required to provide for optional use of corrective spectacles or lenses without temple bars which break the facepiece-to-face seal or which shall not reduce the respiratory protection qualities of the facepiece. CONTACT LENSES SHALL NOT BE WORN WITH FULL FACEPIECE RESPIRATORS. These devices present a distinct hazard to the individual because of the possibility of the lenses slipping due to pressure on the outside corners of the eyes from a full-face mask or a speck of dirt getting under them while the 58 RSV 0005165 respirator is being worn. Corrective action would entail removing the respirator, which means the indi vidual would either have to leave the contaminated atmosphere or run the risk of exposure by removing the respirator in the contaminated area. (IV) Protective Headgear Use of other types of protective headgear is permitted with respirators but certain precautions shall be observed. THE ADDITIONAL HEADGEAR SHALL NOT INTERFERE WITH THE NORMAL METHOD OF WEARING THE RESPIRATOR. This means that the respirator head straps or head-harness will lie next to the head in their normal position, and other protective headgear will go over them. Goggles may be worn with half-masks only if they do not interfere with the normal sealing of the mask in the nasal bridge area. Goggles shall never be worn with full facepiece respirators. The strap holding the goggles to the face, out of necessity, will pass under the sealing edge in the temple area and cause leakage. A full-face-piece granted a NIOSH approval, must have an impact resistant, shatterproof lens or eyepieces. Faceshields can be worn with half-mask or full face- i* piece respirators depending on the individual design. The shield must not interfere with the normal posi tion of the respirator on the face. ASSIGNMENT OF RESPIRATORS Issuance of respirators seems simple, but issue of an incorrect respirator may injure or even kill a worker, so the matter cannot 59 RSV 0005186 be treated lightly. The person responsible for issuing respira tors must be adequately trained to make sure that he/she issues the correct respirator for each job. Plants may develop a system wherein each wearer is issued a card that specifies what type of respirator he/she can be issued for protection against a parti cular hazard. They are required to show this card to the issuer who can issue only the type of respirator listed. Such a card would list the particular brand and size (model number) of res pirator based on the results of initial fitting tests. When practical, a respirator should be assigned to each worker for their exclusive use, and should be permanently marked to indicate to whom it is assigned. Care must be taken to ensure that the marking does not hurt the respitator performance. If possible, records should be kept on the issuance and use of each respirator. To do so, each must be permanently identtfiedL CLEANING AND DISINFECTION a. Introduction Where respirators are used routinely (daily), they should be cleaned and inspected daily. In a small program involv ing only occasional respirator use, respirators should be cleaned and inspected after each use. If each worker is to maintain his own respirator, he should be thoroughly briefed on its cleaning and disinfecting. Although a worker may not be required to maintain his/her own respirator, briefings on the cleaning ''procedure will encourage his/her acceptance of the respirator by providing assurance that they always received a clean, disinfected, properly maintained device. This is particularly important where respirators are not individually assigned. Where respirators are individually assigned (a practice to be encouraged) they should be dur ably identified to ensure that the worker always receives the same device. Identification markers must not penetrate 60 0005167 the facepiece or block fEter or cartridge ports or exhala tion valves. In a small respirator program, or where each worker cleans his/her own respirator, washing with detergent in warm water using a brush, thorough rinsing in a clean place is generally accepted as sound procedure. Precautions should be taken to prevent damage from rough handling during this procedure. In a large program, there may be a centralized cleaning and maintenance facility with specialized equipment and personnel trained in respirator maintenance. A typical, hypothetical, large respirator maintenance facility should include features such as separate areas for disassembly of used respirators and assembly of freshly cleaned and maintained devices which ensure that the clean respirators do not become contaminated. Also, there should be ample storage space for the clean res pirators, and spare parts (fEters, exhalation valves, headbands, etc.) should be readily available. There should also be a test bench for checking the operation of SCBA regula tors as weE as a leak test system. A facility of this type would take about 500 sq. ft. b. Cleaning and Disinfection It is generaEy accepted that washing with a good detergent in warm water (by hand brushing or use of a speciaEy adapt ed washing machine), rinsing and air-drying in a clean place is a sound cleaning procedure. Care should be taken not to damage the respirator by excessive heating or agitation in the washing solution. The general procedure that may be foEowed in cleaning air-purifying respirators is described below: (1) Remove, when necessary, the foUowing components of respirator facepiece assemblies before cleaning and sanitizing: 61 RSV 0005188 RSV 0005X89 T yp ica l re s p ira to r handw ashing fa c ility , d irty re s p ira to r repos ito ry , re s p ira to r s tp -^ ^ e cabinet, and re s p ira to r m aintenance bench (a) filters, cartridges, canisters (b) speaking diaphragms (c) demand and pressure-demand valve assemblies (d) any components recommended by the respirator manufacturers (2) ' Wash respirator facepiece assemblies in warm (49C or 120F maximum temperature) cleaner-sanitizer solu tion. A stiff bristle (not wire) brush may be used to facilitate removel of dirt or other foreign material. (3) Rinse respirator facepiece assemblies in clean, warm (49C or 120F maximum temperature) water. (4) Drain all water and air dry respirator facepiece assemblies. (5) Clean and sanitize all parts removed from respirator facepiece as recommended by the manufacturers. (6) Hand wipe respirator facepiece assemblies, all parts, all gasket and valve sealing surfaces with damp, lintfree cloth as necessary to remove water residues and all foreign materials. (7) Inspect parts and replace any which are defective. (8) Reassemble parts on respirator facepiece assemblies. (9) Attach new filters, cartridges, and canisters to respirator facepiece. (10) Visually inspect, and where possible, test parts and respirator assemblies for proper function. 63 RSV 0005190 (11) Place assembled respirators in appropriate containers for storage. Machines may be used to expedite the cleaning, sanitizing, rinsing, and drying of large numbers of respirators. Extreme care must be taken to insure against tumbling, agitation, or exposure to temperatures above those recommended by the manufacturer (normally 49C or 120F maximum) as these conditions are likely to result in damage to the respirators. Ultra-sonic cleaners, clothes washing machines, dishwashers, and clothes dryers have been specially adapted and success fully used for cleaning and drying respirators. Cleaner-sanitizers that effectively clean the respirator and contain a bactericidal agent are commercially available. The bactericidal agent frequently used is a quaternary ammonium compound. Strong cleaning and sanitizing agents and many solvents can damage rubber or elastomeric respirator parts. These materials must be used with caution. Alternatively, respirators may be washed in a detergent solu tion and then sanitized by immersion in a sanitizing solution. Some sanitizing solutions which have proven effective are: 1) a hypochlorite solution (50 parts per million chlorine), 2-minute immersion; 2) an aqueous iodine solution (50 parts per million of iodine), 2-minute immersion; or 3) a quatern ary ammonium" solution (200 parts per million of quaternary ammonium compounds in water with less than 500 parts per million total hardness), 2-minute immersion. Different con centrations of quaternary ammonium salts are required to achieve a sanitizing solution with waters of varying hard ness. Inflammation of the skin, dermatitis, may occur on the respirator user if the quaternary ammonium compounds are not completely rinsed from the respirator. 64 RSV 0005191 The hypochlorite and iodine solutions are unstable and break down as time progresses, they may cause deterioration of rubber or other elastomeric parts and may be corrosive to metallic parts. Immersion times should not be extended beyond the mentioned time periods and the sanitizers must be thoroughly rinsed from the respirator parts. Respirators may be contaminated with toxic materials. If the contamination is light, normal cleaning procedures should provide satisfactory decontamination; otherwise separate decontamination step(s) may be required before cleaning. An example of a written standard operation procedure for disassembly, cleaning, and maintenance of respirators is found in Appendix F. INSPECTION FOR DEFECTS Probably the most important part of a respirator maintenance program is continual inspection of the devices. If conscien tiously performed, inspections will identify damaged or malfunc tioning respirators before they can be used. The OSHA require ments outline two primary types of inspection, that while the respirator is in use and that while it -is being cleaned. In a small operation where the worker probably maintains his own respirator, the two types of inspection become essentially one and the same. In a large organization with a central respira tor maintenance facility, the inspections differ. a. Inspection Schedules All respiratory protective equipment 1. before and after each use; and 2. during cleaning.* must be inspected: 65 *SV 0005192 Equipment designated for emergency use must be inspected: 1. after each use; 2. during cleaning; and 3. at least monthly. Self-contained breathing apparatus must be inspected 1. at least monthly; 2. a record must be kept of inspection dates and findings for RESPIRATORS MAINTAINED FOR EMERGENCY USE. b. Inspection Procedures Inspection procedures can be divided into those for "field" inspection and those for use during cleaning. (I) Field Inspection (A) Air-Purifying Respirators Routinely used air-purifying should be checked as follows after each use. respirators before and (1) Examine the facepiece for: (a) Excessive dirt; (b) Cracks, tears, holes, or distortion from improper storage; (c) Inflexibility (stretch and massage to - restore flexibility); . (d) Cracked or badly scratched lenses in full facepieces; (e) Cracked or broken, air-purifying element holder(s), badly worn threads, or miss ing gasket(s) (if required). (. 66 * RSV 0005193 (2) Examine the headstraps or head harness for: (a) Breaks; (b) Loss of elasticity; (c) Broken or malfuncitoning buckles and attachments, (full facepieces only); (d) Excessively worn serrations on the head harness which might permit slippage. (3) Examine the exhalation valve for the following after removing its cover: (a) Foreign material, such as detergent residue, dust particles, or human hair under the valve seat, cracks, tears, or distortion in the valve material, improper insertion of the valve body in the facepiece; (b) Cracks, breaks, or chips in the valve body, particularly in the sealing sur face ; (c) Missing or defective valve cover, (d) Improper installation of the valve in the valve body. \ (4) Examine the air-purifying elements for: (a) Incorrect cartridge, canister, or fil ter for the hazard; (b) Incorrect installation, loose connec' tions, missing or worn gaskets or cross threading in holder; (c) Expired shelf-life date on cartridge or canister; (d) Cracks or dents in outside case of filter, cartridge, or canister; 6? J*. RSV 0005194 (e) Evidence of prior use of sorbent car tridge or canister, indicated by ab sence of sealing material, tape, foil, etc -, over inlet. (5) If the device has a corrugated breathing tube, examine it for: (a) Broken or missing end connectors; (b) Missing or loose hose clamps; (c) Deterioration, determined by stretching the tube and looking for cracks. (6) Examine the harness of a front- and backback-mounted gas mask for: (a) Damage or wear to the canister holder which may prevent its being held secure ly in place; (b) Broken harness straps or fastenings. (B) Atmosphere Supplying Respirators For a routinely used atmosphere-supplying device, use the following procedures: (1) If the device has tight-fitting facepiece, use the procedures outlined above for air-purifying respirators, except those pertaining to the air-purifying elements. (2) If the device is a hood, helmet, blouse, or full suit, use the following procedures: (a) Examine the hood, blouse, or full suit for rips and tears, seam integrity, etc. 68 f RSV 0005195 (b) Examine the protective headgear, if required, for general condition, with emphasis on the suspension inside the headgear; (c) Examine the protective faceshield, if any, for cracks or breaks or impaired vision due to rebounding abrasive particles; (d) Make sure that the protective screen is intact and secured correctly over the faceshield of abrasive blasting hoods and blouses. (3) Examine the air supply system for: (a) Integrity and good condition of air supply lines and hoses, including attachements and end fittings; (b) Correct operation and condition of ail regulators, valves, or other air-flow regulators. (C) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) SCBA, the most complicated of respiratory protective devices, require more extensive inspection and testing than other devices. Owing to the intricacy of the parts of the SCBA, visual inspection is not sufficient to find defective units. Inspection and testing of SCBA must be done by individuals familiar with the particular device. FACEPIECE ASSEMBLIES Facepiece assemblies shall be inspected as out lined in Section 6(b)(1)(B) "Field Inspection", 69 R$V 0005196 with the addition of inspection of the breathingtube and the facepiece to regulator connector. Attention shall be given to the exhalation valves of those devices having a pressure demand mode of operation. REGULATORS AND ALARMS Regulators and alarms of SCBA shall be visually inspected and a simple test performed to check proper regulator function and integrity of the regulatory diaphragm. The alarm should be activated to test proper function. A method for testing regulator function and diaphragm integrity is described in a recent S&PP/DMEH Bulletin (#79-3), issued June 7, 1979, titled "SCBA Alert and Inspection Request". OTHER ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT Other parts of SCBA which must be checked are: 1. Cylinder-check pressure, check cylinder valve for leaks, inspect cylinder valve lock for presence and function. (If not fully charged, then recharge.) Z- Back-pack and harness assembly - inspect integrity of straps, buckles and fasteners, check back-pack cylinder lock assembly for function. While complete test and inspection procedures for each device available cannot be given in this guide, such tests and inspections should be made. Complete inspection procedures are 70 RSV 0005197 packed with most devices or are available from the manufacturer. (II) Inspection After Cleaning and Maintenance The procedures for inspection after cleaning and maintenance are the same as outlined in the preced ing "field inspection" section. (III) Maitenance and Repair The OSHA standards state that "replacement or re pairs shall be done by experienced persons with parts designed for the respirator." Besides being contrary to OSHA requirements, SUBSTITUTION OF PARTS FROM A DIFFERENT BRAND OR TYPE OF RESPIRATOR INVALIDATES APPROVAL OF THE DEVICE. Maintenance personnel must be thoroughly trained. They must be aware of their limitations and never try to replace components or make repairs and adjust ments beyond manufacturer's recommendations, unLess they have been specially trained by the manufacturer. These restrictions apply primarily to maintenance of the more complicated devices, especially opencircuit-' SCBA's, and even more specifically their reducing or admission valves (regulators) which "...shall be returned to the manufacturer or to a trained technician for adjustment or repair." The words "trained technician" permit on-site repair if the maintenance personnel are trained by the manufac turer. There should be no problems in repairing and maintaining most other respirators, particularly the most commonly used air-purifying types. 71 RSV 0005198 An important aspect of any maintenance program is having enough spare parts on hand. Only continual surveillance of replacement rate will determine what parts in what quantities must be kept in stock. It is desirable to have some sort of recordkeeping sys tem to indicate spare parts usage and the inventory on hand. 7. STORAGE All the care that has gone into cleaning and maintenance of a respirator can be negated by improper storage. Respiratory pro tective equipment must be stored so as to protect it from dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, and damaging chemicals. Leaving a respirator unprotected, as on a workbench or in a tool cabinet or tool box among heavy wrenches, can lead to damage of the working parts or permanent distortion of the facepiece, thus making it ineffective. AFTER CLEANING AND DISINFECTING THE RESPIRATORS, THEY SHOULD BE PLACED INDIVIDUALLY IN HEAT-SEALED OR RESEALABLE PLASTIC BAGS UNTIL REISSUE. They should be stored in a single layer with the facepiece and exhalation valve in a more or less normal position to prevent the rubber or plastic from taking a permanent distorted "set". a. Air-purifying Respirators Air-purifying respirators kept ready for nonroutine or emer gency use should be stored in a cabinet in individual compart ments. A steel wall-mounted cabinet can be used for this purpose. Each compartment should be clearly labeled with the user's name. A standard steel storage cabinet may also be used. Respira tors should be stored in a single layer only to prevent possible distortion. 72 RSV 0005199 b. Air-supplying Respiratory Protective Equipment A storage chest for self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be purchased from the respirator manufacturer. Storage cabinets should be located in noncontaminated, but readily accessible, areas. SURVEILLANCE OF USE a. Random Inspection Respirators in use shall be randomly inspected frequently to ensure that those selected for the job are being used and that they are in good condition. Respiratory protection is no better than the respirator in use. Periodic monitor ing of respirator use should include: (I) Determination that the proper respirators are being used. (II) Determination that respirators are being worn properly. (III) Consultation with wearers about: Discomfort Resistance to breathing Interference with vision Restriction of movement Interference with job performance Problems discovered during the random inspections must be rectified. 73 R$V 0005200 b. Employee Responsibility Proper supervision of respirator use should ensure that each worker understands that he has the following* responsiblities: (I) He shall use the respirator as instructed; (II) He shall guard against damaging the respirator; (III) He shall go immediately to an area having respir able air if the respirator fails to provide proper protection; (IV) He shall report any respirator malfunction to a person responsible for the respirator program. Determination of Wearer's Exposure to Hazards Appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and of work er exposure to respiratory hazards shall be carried out. This means that the concentration of the respiratory hazard to which workers are exposed shall be determined periodically and records shall be kept. The monitoring must cover condi tions throughout a full work shift as activities in the work may vary during the shift and change the hazard concentra tion. The time-weighted average concentration and ceiling (peak) concentration of the hazard during the workshift must be determined. Preferably, the air in the work area should be sampled in the workers' breathing zones. PROGRAM EVALUATION OSHA 1910.134 and Sec. 3.5.9 of ANSI Z88.2 state that respira tor program effectiveness shall be inspected and evaluated regularly. Periodic monitoring is necessary to ensure that workers are adequately protected. THE PROGRAM SHOULD BE EVALUATED AT LEAST ANNUALLY, and the written operating procedures should be modified to reflect the evaluation results if necessary. 74 RSV 0005201 Frequent inspection of respirator use will determine whether the correct respirators are being used and worn properly. Examina tion of respirators in use and in storage will indicate how well they are maintained. Wearers should be consulted periodically about their acceptance of respirators, including the discomfort, resistance to breathing, fatigue, interference with vision and communication, restriction of movement, and interference with job performance, and their confidence in the respirator's effec tiveness . The results of periodic inspections of respirator use, consulta tions with wearers, measurements of hazard levels in work areas, and medical surveillance of wearers should be reviewed, studied, and analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the respirator program. Evidence of excessive exposure to hazards should be followed up to determine why inadequate protection was provided, and action should be taken to remedy the problem. The results of the program evaluation should be presented in a written report that should list plans to correct faults and the target dates for their implementation. A questionnaire for evaluating the effectiveness of your respir ator program is found in Appendix H. It can be used, along with the OSHA Field Operations Manual Chapter III to give the respi rator program administrator and plant management the status of the program. 10. MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE- OSHA 1910.134 and Sec. 3.7 of ANSI Z88.2 state that no one should be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators unless he has been found physically able to do the work while wearing the .respirator. Both standards declare that a PHYSICIAN shall determine what health and physical conditions are perti nent, and that respirator wearers' medical status should be reviewed periodically. If the plant physician has questions 75 RSV 0005202 relating- to the appropriate medical surveillance for general or a specific respirator application, your respective DMEH Occupa tional Physician should be contacted. Pre-employment medical examinations should identify those who are physically or psychologically unfit to wear respirators. As another part of this examination, medical tests pertinent to the respiratory hazards that workers may encounter should be made to get baseline data against which to assess physiological changes in respirator wearers. Periodic medical examinations shall be made to determine if the employee has suffered any degradation in their respiratory status. Examination frequency should be tailored to particular situations. The results of the periodic examinations should be compared with those of the pre-employment examinations and previous periodic examinations to help determine whether the respirators used are adequate. a. Medical Limitations Workers must be evaluated by competent medical personnel to assure that they are physically and mentally able to wear the respirators. These evaluations should be an important part of the employee's periodic physical examinations rou tinely given in most industrial medical facilities. Adequate medical supervision of respirator users is indispensible in determining the extent of individual stress toler ance, and preventing potential physiological difficulties. b. Physiological Factors The AIHA/ACGIH Respiratory Protective Devices Manual devotes an entire chapter to the physiology of respiration 76 RSV 0005203 and the effects of respiratory protection on respiration. Much additional research is needed to correlate the effects of stress caused by breathing against some resistance while performing various types of work, including studies of energy expenditure, pulmonary ventilation, cardiovascular physiology, and potential for precipitating pulmonary dysfunctions. Because of . the additional stress placed on the cardio pulmonary system, some pathological conditions, especially those associated with hypoxemia, should preclude the use of respiratory protective devices. Other cardiovascular or systemic diseases may be aggravated or these diseases may limit the use of respiratory devices. The following clinical conditions are among those which are most likely to be investigated by the examining physician: 1. Chronic obstructive and restrictive lung disease; chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pneumoconioses, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, etc. 2. Ischemic heart disease; coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarction. 3. Benign and accelerated hypertension. 4. Hemorrhagic disorders; hemophilia, hypersplenism, thrombocytopenia, purpura, etc. 5. Thyroid enlargement 6. Epilepsy; grand raal, focal, etc. 7. Diabetes mellitus. i< RSV 0005204 8. Cerebrovascular accidents. 9. Facial abnormalities. 10. Serious defects in visual acuity. 11. Ruptured ear drum. 12. Other disabilities. c. Psychological Factors It is generally very difficult to evaluate a wearer's psychological limitations through a routine medical exam ination. The examining medical doctor should investigate any mental illness thoroughly to ascertain that the wearing of respiratory protective equipment will not aggravate the existing condition. Under the best conditions, a degree of anxiety is often encountered when wearing a respirator which may become exaggerated in emergency situations. Experienced personnel who fit and train respirator users should note unusual behavior patterns. d. Wearer Acceptance Wearer acceptance of a respirator can best be accomplished through proper training. Knowing the reason for using a device, the possible consequences of not wearing it, its capabilities, explaining why engineering controls are not used, relieving "fears of the unknown" or "only sissies use them" concepts, and any other preconceived notions, will greatly improve wearer acceptance. e. Claustrophobia Some people experience claustrophobia when wearing respira tors . Claustrophobic reactions may not be detected when a 78 RSV 0005205 device is first tried on or during the fitting phase. It usually does not appear until the wearer goes into an atmo sphere that is either hazardous or irritating. Use of a room, chamber, or "smoke house" filled with an irritating smoke, such as from burning wet straw, assists greatly in identifying those individuals who tend to develop claustro phobia. f. Stress Stress conditions generated in an emergency may completely incapacitate an individual, not only endangering himself, but others around him. Emergency personnel such as standby men who are observing workers in a tank or rescue team, should be trained using simulated conditions. Because there is no way to predict how an individual might react under actual stress conditions, every effort should be made to condition him physically, mentally and psychologically. This can only be accomplished by repeated and sufficient training. g. Periodic Medical Examinations Physical examinations are required FOR EACH USER BEFORE THEY WEAR ANY DEVICE AND PERIODICALLY THEREAFTER. The periodicity will be determined by the physician in conjunction with the industrial hygienist. h. Medical Approval Forms It is recommended that each location utilize medical approval forms for every individual who might use respirators. These forms are to be completed by the examining physician for the person in charge of the respirator program. The assessment of medical restrictions will facilitate the planning of train ing activities and the type of job assignments. 79 fcSV 0005206 11. APPROVED RESPIRATORS When purchasing' respiratory protective equipment, be sure to purchase APPROVED equipment for the particular contaminant. An approved respirator is one that has been found to meet minimum performance standards by the Mine Safety and Health Admin istration (MSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). OSHA requires that approved respirators be used if they are available. If only one brand of respirator is approved for a particular hazard, then that brand is considered to be ''available'' and must be used. a. NIOSH/MSHA Approval A NIOSH approved respirator contains the following: (I) (II) (III) An assigned identification number placed on each unit, e.g., TC-21C-101. A label identifying the type of hazard the respirator is approved to protect against. Additional information on the label which indicates limitations and identified the component parts approv ed for use with the basic unit. b. BQM Approval In the past, the Bureau of Mines (BOM) approved respirators. The BOM no longer grants approval; however, approvals may be valid for some older BOM respirators. Pressure-demand (+ pressure) SCBA Equipment has been demonstrated to provide significantly greater protection to the user than demand (- pressure) units. As SCBA equipment is often used in known or potentially hazardous situations, the maximum protection should be afforded the user. For 80 RSV 0005207 this reason, DMEH strongly recommends that the older BOM approved demand SCBA units be modified, if possible, to NIOSH/MSHA approved pressure demand units. Some older BOM approved SCBA equipment cannot be modified to a NIOSH approval due to design changes which have taken place over the past 15 years. If the BOM equipment cannot be modified to pressure-demand (+ pressure) then it should be placed on a retirement schedule and replaced with pressure-demand equipment. The SCBA manufacturer should be contacted as to the possibility of modification for each specific model. DMEH and S&PP have previously recommended that BOM approved gas mask use within Monsanto be discontinued, whenever feasible, and be replaced with either full-face chemical cartridge air-purifying or air supplied respiratory protection. 81 * RSV 0005200 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH APPENDIX A 1910.133UM3)4U> STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS (ii) Goggles that can be worn over correc tive spectacles without disturbing the adjustment of the spectacles. (iti) Goggles that incorporate corrective lenses mounted behind the protective lenses. (4) Every protector shall be distinctly marked to facilitate identification only of the manufacturer. (5) When limitations or precautions are indicated by the manufacturer, they shall be transmitted to the user and care taken to see that such limitations and precautions are strictly observed. (6) Design, construction, testing, and use of devices for eye and face protection shall be in accordance with American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, Z87.1-1968. 1910.134--RESPIRATORY PROTECTION (a) Permissible practice. <1) In the control of those occupational dis eases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs, fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, or vapors, the pri mary objective shall be to prevent at mospheric contamination. This shall be accomplished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the operation, general and local ventilation, and substitu tion of less toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while they are being instituted, appropriate respirators shall be used pursuant to the following requirements. i (2) Respirators shall be provided by the employer when such equipment is neces sary to protect the health of the employee. The employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable and suitable for the purpose intended. The employer shall be responsible for the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory protective program which shall include the require ments outlined in paragraph (b) of this sec tion. (3) The employee shall use the provided respiratory protection in accordance with instructions and training received. I (b) Requirements for a minimal acceptable program. (1) Written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respirators shall be established. (2) Respirators shall be selected on the basis of hazards to which the worker is exposed. (3) The user shall be instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations. (4) Where practicable, the respirators should be assigned to individual workers for their exclusive use. (5) Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Those issued for the exclu sive use of one worker should be cleaned after each day's use, or more often if neces sary. Those used by more than one worker shall be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. (4) Respirators shall be stored in a conven ient, clean, and sanitary location. (7) Respirators used routinely shall be inspected during cleaning. Worn or deteriorated parts shall be replaced. Res pirators for emergency use such as selfcontained devices shall be thoroughly inspected at least once a month and after each use. (8) Appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stress shall be maintained. 1910.134(4X8) 82 RSV 0005209 19l0.134(bK9) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (9) There shall be regular inspection and : evaluation to determine the continued ; effectiveness of the program. *. (2) Breathing air may be supplied to respirators from cylinders or air compres sors. {10) Persons should not be assigned to tasks ' requiring use of respirators unless it has been determined that they are physically \ able to perform the work and use the equip ment. The local physician shall determine what health and physical conditions are ; pertinent. The respirator user's medical s status should be reviewed periodically (for \ instance, annually). ; (11) Approved or accepted respirators shall * be used when they are available. The respirator furnished shall provide adequate j respiratory protection against the par- ? ticular hazard for which it is designed in accordance with standards established by ; competent authorities. The U.S. Depart- r ment of Interior. Bureau of Mines, and the i U.S. Department of Agriculture are recog- nized as such authorities. Although : respirators listed by the U.S. Department ` of Agriculture continue to be acceptable for i protection against specified pesticides, the : U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of ? Mines, is the agency now responsible for f testing and approving pesticide respirators. | ! (c) Selection of respirators. : ; Proper selection of respirators shall be \ made according to the guidance of American National Standard Practices for Respiratory ] ` Protection Z88.2-1969. (d) Air quality. (i) Cylinders shall be tested and main tained as prescribed in the Shipping Con tainer Specification Regulations of the Department of Transportation (49 CFR Part 178). (ii) The compressor for supplying air shall be equipped with necessary safety and standby devices. A breathing air-type compressor shall be used. Compressors shall be constructed and situated so as to avoid entry of contaminated air into the system and suitable in-line air purify ing sorbent beds and filters installed to further assure breathing air quality. A receiver of sufficient capacity to enable the respirator wearer to escape from a contaminated atmosphere in event of compressor failure, and alarms to indicate compressor failure and overheat ing shall be installed in the system. If an oil-lubricated compressor is used, it shall have a high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both. If only a hightemperature alarm is used, the air from the compressor shall be frequently tested for carbon monoxide to insure that it meets the specifications in subparagraph Cl) of this paragraph. (3) Air line couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for other gas systems to pre vent inadvertent servicing of air line respirators with nonrespirable gases or oxygen. ; (1) Compressed air, compressed oxygen, i (4) Breathing gas containers shall be liquid air. and liquid oxygen used for respi- marked in accordance with American ration shall be of high purity. Oxygen shall meet the requirements of the United States ' National Standard Method of Marking Port able Compressed Gas Containers to Identify Pharmacopoeia for medical or breathing oxygen. Breathing air shall meet at least the requirements of the specification for : the Material Contained, Z48.L-1954; Federal Specification BB-A-I034a, June 21. 1968, Air, Compressed for Breathing Pur Grade D breathing air as described in Com- : pressed Gas AssociationCommodity Specifi- - poses; or Interim Federal Specification GG-B-00675b, April 27, 1965, Breathing cation G-7.1-1966. Compressed oxygen shall Apparatus, Self-Contained. not be used in supplied-air respirators or in open circuit seif-contained breathing ' (e) Use of respirators. apparatus that have previously used com- 1 pressed air. Oxygen must never be used (1) Standard procedures shall be developed J with air line respirators. , for respirator use. These should include ail 1910.1344K1) 83 RSV 0005210 c iiiii OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH l10.1J4(Kl> STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS information and guidance necessary for ? contained breathing apparatus shall be their proper selection, use. and care. Possi ble emergency and routine uses of at the nearest fresh air base for emergency rescue. respirators should be anticipated and planned for. (4) Respiratory protection is no better than the respirator in use, even though it is worn (2) The correct respirator shall be specified conscientiously. Frequent random- inspec for each job. The respirator type is usually tions shall be conducted by a qualified specified in the work procedures by a qual individual to assure that respirators are ified individual supervising the respiratory properly selected, used, cleaned, and main protective program. The individual issuing them shall be adequately instructed to tained. insure that the correct respirator is issued. Each respirator permanently assigned to an individual should be durably marked to indicate to whom it was assigned. This mark shall not affect the respirator performance in any way. The date of issuance should be recorded. (5) For safe use of any respirator, it is essen tial that the user be properly instructed in its selection, use. and maintenance. Both supervisors and workers shall be so instructed by competent persons. Training shall provide the men an opportunity to handle the respirator, have it Fitted prop (3) Written procedures shall be prepared erly, test its face-piece-to-face seal, wear it in normal air for a long familiarity period, covering safe use of respirators in danger ous atmospheres that might be encountered * in normal operations or in emergencies. Per sonnel shall be familiar with these proce dures and the available respirators. and, finally, to wear it in a test atmosphere. (!) Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instructions including demonstra tions and practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how (j) In areas where the wearer, with failure of the respirator, could be overcome by a toxic or oxygen-deficient atmosphere, at least one additional man shall be pres ent. Communications (visual, voice, or signal line) shall be maintained between both or all individuals present. Planning shall be such that one individual will be unaffected by any likely incident and to determine if it fits properly. Res pirators shall not be worn when condi tions prevent a good face seal. Such condi tions may be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepiece. The worker's diligence in observing these have the proper rescue equipment to be factors shall be evaluated by periodic able to assist the otherts) in case of emer gency. check. To assure proper protection, the facepiece fit shall be checked by the (ii) When self-contained breathing apparatus or hose masks with blowers are used in atmospheres immediately dan gerous to life or health, standby men must be present with suitable rescue equip ment. wearer each time he puts on the respirator. This may be done by following the manufacturer's facepiece fitting instructions. (ii) Providing respiratory protection for individuals wearing corrective glasses is a serious problem. A proper seal cannot (iii) Persons using air line respirators in be established if the temple bars of eye atmospheres immediately hazardous to glasses extend through the sealing edge life or health shall be equipped with of the full facepiece. As a temporary i safety harnesses and safety lines for lift measure, glasses with short temple bars ing or removing persons from hazardous or without temple bars may be taped to atmospheres or other and equivalent pro the wearer's head. Wearing of contact visions for the rescue of persons from lenses in contaminated atmospheres with hazardous atmospheres shall be used. A a respirator shall not be allowed. Systems standby man or men with suitable self- i have been developed for mounting correc- 34 i9l0.134(eX5XU) * RSV 0005211 1910.1344 X&Mli) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS tive lenses inside full facepieces. When a workman must wear corrective lenses as part of the facepiece, the facepiece and lenses shall be fitted by qualified in dividuals to provide good vision, comfort, and a gas-tight seal. (iii) If corrective spectacles or goggles are required, they shall be worn so as not to affect the fit of the facepiece. Proper selection of equipment will minimize or avoid this problem. <*) Maintenance and care of respirators. (1) A program for maintenance and care of respirators shall be adjusted to the type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved, and shall include the following basic services: (!) Inspection for defects (including a leak check), (ii) Cleaning and disinfecting, (iii) Repair, (hr) Storage Equipment shall be property maintained to retain its original effectiveness. (2) (i) All respirators shall be inspected routinely before and after each use. A respirator that is not routinely used but is kept ready for emergency use shall be inspected after each use and* at least monthly to assure that it is in satisfactoryworking condition. (ii) Self-contained breathing apparatus shall be inspected monthly. Air and oxygen cylinders shall be fully charged according to the manufacturer's instruc tions. It shall be determined that the reg ulator and warning devices function prop erly. (iii) Respirator inspection shall include a check of the tightness of connections and the condition of the facepiece, head- 1910.134(0(5X1) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH bands, valves, connecting tube, and canis ters. Rubber or elastomer p^rts shall be inspected for pliability and signs of deterioration. Stretching and manipulat ing rubber or elastomer parts with a mas saging action will keep them pliable and flexible and prevent them from taking a set during storage. (iv) A record shall be kept of inspection dates and findings for respirators main tained for emergency use. (3) Routinely used respirators shall be col lected, cleaned, and disinfected as fre quently as necessary to insure that proper protection is provided for the wearer. Each worker should be briefed on the cleaning procedure and be assured that he will always receive a clean and disinfected respirator. Such assurances are of greatest significance when respirators are not individually assigned to workers. Res pirators maintained for emergency use shall be cleaned and disinfected after each use. (4) Replacement or repairs shall be done only by experienced persons with parts designed for the respirator. No attempt shall be made to replace components or to make adjustment or repairs beyond the manufacturer's recommendations. Reduc ing or admission valves or regulators shall be returned to the manufacturer or to a trained technician for adjustment or repair. (5) (i) After inspection, cleaning, and neces sary repair, respirators shall be stored to protect against dust, sunlight, heat, extreme cold, excessive moisture, or damaging chemicals. Respirators placed at stations and work areas for emergency . use should be quickly accessible at all times and should be stored in compart ments built for the purpose. The compart ments should be clearly marked. Routinely used respirators, such as dust respirators, may be placed in plastic bags. Respirators should not be stored in such places as lockers or tool boxes unless they are in carrying cases or cartons. RSV 0005212 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ' (ii) Respirators should be packed or stored o that the facepiece and exhalation valve will rest in a normal position and function will not be impaired by the elastomer settin? in an abnormal position. (iii) Instructions for proper storage of ; emergency respirators, such as gas masks and self-contained breathin? apparatus, are found in "use and care" instructions usually mounted inside the carrying case lid. (g) Identification of gas mask canisters. (!) The primary means of identifying a gas mask canister shall be by means of properly worded labels. The secondary means of iden tifying a gas mask canister shall be by a color code. (2) All who issue or use gas masks falling within the scope of this section shall see that all gas mask canisters purchased or used by them are properly labeled and colored in accordance with these requirements before they are placed in service and that the labels and colors are properly main tained at all times thereafter until the canisters have completely served their pur pose. (3) On each canister shall appear in bold let ters the following: (i) Canister for.................................................................................... (Name Tor atmospheric contaminant] or Tvpe S Gas Mask Canister (ii) In addition, essentially the following wording shall appear beneath the appro1 priate phase on the canister label: "For l9t9.1344D(5XU) STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS respiratory protection in atmospheres containing not more than ............... per cent by volume of................................................ (iii) All of the markings specified above should be placed on the most conspicuous surface or surfaces of the canister. (4) Canisters having a special high-effi ciency filter for protection against radionuclides and other highly toxic par ticulates shall be labeled with a statement of the type and degree of protection afforded by the filter. The label shall be affixed to the neck end of, or to the gray stripe which is around and near the top of, the canister. The degree of protection shall be marked as the percent of penetration of the canister by a 0.3-micron-diameter dioctyl phthaiate (DOP) smoke at a flow rate of 85 liters per minute. (5) Each canister shall have a label warning that gas masks should be used only in atmospheres containing sufficient oxygen to support life (at least 16 percent by volume), since gas mask canisters are only designed to neutralize or remove contami nants from the air. (6) Each gas mask canister shall be painted a distinctive color or combination of colors indicated in Table 1-1. All colors used shall be such that they are clearly identifiable by the user and clearly distinguishable from one another. The color coating used shall offer a high degree of resistance to chipping, scaling, peeling, blistering, fading, and the effects of the ordinary atmospheres to which they may be exposed under normal conditions of storage and use. Appro priately colored pressure sensitive tape may be used for the stripes. 1910.134<*X> 36 RSV 0005213 imiMtfMO STANDARDS AND INTERPRETATIONS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH Tablt 1-1 Atmospheric contaminants to be protected against Acid gases________________ ________ __ Hydrocyanic add gas..---------- ------ ------------- - Chlorine gas Organic vapors.._________ ____ ____ _ Ammonia gas___ ___ ___ ___________________ ____ Add gases and ammonia gas___________________ Carbon monoxide---------- ---------------------------------Add gases and organic vapors--- --------------------Hydrocyanic add gas and chloroplcrln vapor. Add gases, organic vapors, and ammonia gases. Radioactive materials, excepting tritium and noble gases. Particulates (dusts, fumes, mists, fogs, or smokes) in combination with any of the above gases or vapors. AU of the above atmospheric contaminants.. Colors assigned* White. White with %-lnch green stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. White with %-lnch yellow stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. Black. Green. Green with Va -inch white stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. Blue. Yellow. Yellow with V$-lnch blue stripe completely around the canister near the bottom. Brown. Purple (Magenta). Canister color for contaminant, as designated above, with Vi -Inch gray stripe completely around the canister near the top. Red with %-lnch gray stripe completely around the canister near the top. Gray shall not be assigned as the main color for a canister designed to remove acids or vapors. Nots: Orange shall be used ss a complete body, or stripe color to represent gases not Included in this table. The user will need to refer to the canister label to determine the degree of protection the canister will afford. 1910.135--OCCUPATIONAL HEAD PROTECTION Helmets for the protection of heads of occu pational workers from impact and penetration from falling and flying objects and' from limited electric shock and burn shall meet the requirements and specifications established in American National Standard Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection, Z39-1-1969. ^ 191 Oi l 36--OCCUPATIONAL FOOT PROTECTION Safetv-toe footwear for employees shall American National Standard for Men's meet the requirements and specifications in Safety-Toe Footwear. Z41.1-1967. 1910.136 HSV 000521** appendix b OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2. 1979 Office of Field Coordination CHAPTER III OSHA STANDARD METHOO FOR DETERMINATION OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY General. 1. Introduction. The QSHA General Industry standard on Respiratory protection, 29 CFR 1910.134, requires that a respiratory protection program be established by the employer and that respirators be provided and be effective when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee. a. An acceptable respiratory protective program will lower the probability that an employee will suffer 111 health from performing duties in contam inated or oxygen deficient atmospheres. b. However, OSHA health standards place primary emphasis on engineering, administrative and work practice controls in light of the Inherent deficien cies of respirators and respirator programs. 2. .Exposure. Exposure to a contaminant is determined by measuring the airborne concentrations of contaminants in the breathing zone of the employee. Procedures in Chapter I, General Industrial Hygiene Policy and Chapter II, Determination of-Compliance and Classification of Violations for Air Contaminants, establish the criteria to be used for determining whether an exposure occurs. 3. Oefinitions. -Foe purposes of this chapter, the terms ''exposure" and "overexposure" refer to concentrations in the breathing zone of the employee, outside of the respirator (i.e. the exposure of the employee if no respirator were being worn). 4. Citations. Citations shall be issued under 29 CFR 1910.134 as established in this chapter, and as otherwise specified in the Field Operations Manual (FOM) and this manual. ILI-i 88 RSV 00052X5 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination 5. 1 Situations Where Overexposure Does Not Occur. a. Where an overexposure has not been established but where an Improper respirator Is being used (e.g., a dust respirator being used to reduce exposure to organic vapors), a citation under 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(2) shall be issued as other than serious, provided the Industrial Hygienist documents that an overexposure Is possible. b. Where employee overexposure has not been established, and one or more of the other requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134 is not being met; e.g., an unapproved, nulsanceAis being used to reduce exposure to toxic dusts, a deminimis violation(s) shall be recorded in accord ance with OSHA procedures. (Note that this policy does not include emergency use respirators.) The Industrial Hygienist shall advise the employer of the elements of a good respirator program as required under 29 CFR 1910.134. 6. Respirator Standards. An acceptable respiratory protective program includes all of the elements of 29 CFR 1910.134; however, the standard is structured such that essentially the same requirement is often specified in more than one section. In these cases, the section which most adequately describes the violation shall be cited. Sections which are at least, in part, duplicative are: Written operating procedures - 29 GFR 1910.134(b)(1), (e)(1) and (e)(3). " Proper selection - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(2),(c), and (e)(2). Training and fitting - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(3), (e)(5) and (e)(5)(1-111). Exclusive employee use - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(4) (not specifically citable - see comments below) and (e)(2). Cleaning and disinfecting - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(5) and (f)(3). Storage - 20 CFR 1910.134(b)(6) and (f)(5}{f-iii}. III-2 89 R$V 0005216 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination Inspection and maintenance - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(7), (e)(4), (f)(2)(1-iv), and (f)(4). Work area surveillance - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(8) only. Inspection and evaluation of the program - 29 CFR 1910.134 (b)(9) only. Medical examinations - 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(10) only. Approved respirators - 29 CFR 191Q.134(b}(ll) only. 7. General Respirator Provision Standard. 29 CFR 1910.134(a)(2) Is the general section requiring employers to provide respirators "... when such equipment is necessary to protect the health of the employee" and requir ing the establishment and maintenance of a respiratory protective program which meets the requirements outlined in 29 CFR 1910.134(b). Thus, if no respiratory program has been established or If some, but not all of the requirements of 1910.134(b) are being met, paragraph 1910.134(a)(2) and the specific paragraphs under 1910.134(b) (or If preferred, alternative paragraphs as previously discussed) that are applicable will be cited and grouped as one Item. 8. ANSI Standards. A cross-reference between the OSHA and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards on respiratory protection (from which the standard was adopted) Is given In Figure III-l. Interpretations and Guidelines. The following are specific coiunents regarding selected provisions of the standard where explanations beyond the wording of the standard are necessary: 1. Written Operating Procedures. a. The employer must have written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respira tors. The procedures must include a discussion or explanation of all of the items specified in 29 CFR 1910.134(b). (1) The Industrial Hygienist shall inspect the written procedures for completeness and accuracy and shall record the details of the employer's program. 111--3 90 RSV 0005217 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination (2) If possible, the Industrial Hygienist shall obtain a copy of the written procedures for the case f il e. b. The determination of the adequacy of the written procedures is a professional judgment made by the Industrial Hygienist. (1) Complete lack of written procedures indicates a major flaw in the respiratory protective program; such a program is not acceptable and appropriate citations shall be issued. (2) Deficiencies in the written program which do not detract from the overall effectiveness of the program should be brought to the attention of the employer in the closing conference. c. If written procedures are established but not implemented, the citation should generally be based upon 29 CFR 1910.134 (e)(1). However, if written procedures are establ ished but do not cover the safe use of respirators in dangerous atmospheres that might be encountered fn normal operations or in emergencies, the citations should generally be based upon 29 CFR 1910.134(e)(3). 2. Proper Selection. a. A classification of respiratory hazards which relate to respirator selection may be found in Figure III--2. A guide for respirator selection is presented in Figure 111--3 * Respirator selection according to the type of hazard and appropriate approval schedules may be found in Figure III --4. b. In assessing whether an employer's procedures for the selection^of respirators are adequate, the Industrial Hygienist" shal 1: (1) Determine the physical state(s) of the substance as it is encountered and listed in Figure III-3 and place it into one of the following general categories: in-4 91 RSV 0005218 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination (a) Gas or vapor. (b) Particulate (dust, mist, fume, smoke or fog). (c) Combination of (a) and (b). If it is available, assemble and record toxicological and other pertinent information for the particular contaminant including: (a) Permissible exposure limits. (b) Exposure measurements. (c) Oxygen deficiency. Selectively examine a representative number of respirators being used to verify that proper selection of respirators has been made. If there is evidence of improper selection, the Industrial Hygienist shall record the type of respirator, manufacturer, model* contaminant and concentra tion, job description, name of employee, time, date, location and other information required in this chapter. Compare air contaminant exposure measurements collected during the inspection to the protection factor for the respirator device. Protection factors (PFs) should be considered as an element in determining compl iance with 29 CFR 1910.134(c). (a) A protection factor is the ratio of the ambient airborne concentration of the con taminant to the concentrat ion of that con taminant inside the facepiece. It is a measure of the facepiece fit of a respirator based on quantitative respirator fit tests. The-product of the PF and the permissible exposure limit (PEL) is the maximum use concentrat ion (MUC). (b) figures X11--5 and 111-6 list the PFs for particulate filter respirators, chemical car- 111-5 92 RSV 0005219 QSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination ( tridge respirators, gas masks, supplied-air respirators, and self-contained breathing apparatus. (c) For specific requirements of vinyl chloride, see 29 CFR 1910.1017; for asbestos, see 29 CFR 1910.1001; and for any substance regu lated after the promulgation of vinyl chlo ride, see the specific standard or program directive. c. Figure III--7* adapted from ANSI Z88.2-1969, lists the restrictions and limitations of respirators. The following information should be considered when eval uating respirator use: (1) Warning Properties. (a) It is important to realize that 30 CFR 11, NIOSH/MSHA approvals for respirators gen erally do not apply to gases or vapors with poor warning properties except where the device is equipped with an end-of-service life indicator (e.g., carbon monoxide). However, OSHA standards may permit such a use for a specific gas or vapor. (b) Warning properties dependent upon human senses are not foolproof. However, they do provide some indication to the employee of -possible sorbent exhaustion, or of poor facepiece fit, or of other respirator malfunction. Warning properties include odor, eye irritation and respiratory irritation. Z ' Adequate warning properties can be assumed when the odor, taste, or irrita tion effects of the substance are detectable and persistent at concentra tions at or below the PEL. (However, it must be realized that many substances cause olfactory fatigue and, therefore, cannot be cons idersd to have adequate warning properties.) Ill-6 93 RSV 0005220 OSHA Instruction CPI ? 'Z.ZO April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination (c) .If the odor or irritation threshold of a sub stance occurs at concentrations many times greater than the PEL. this substance should be considered to have poor warning properties. (d) If the odor or irritation threshold is somewhat above the PEL (but not in excess of three times the limit) and there is no ceiling limit, a determination should be made as to whether an undetected exposure in th is concentration range could cause serious or Irreversible health effects. (Refer to the Substance Toxicity Table of Chapter II.) If not. the substance is considered to have adequate warning properties. In such a situation, it is expected that environmental concentrations will vary, cons iderably and; therefore, warning of respirator failure vrtuld soon be perceived at contaminant concentrations somewhat above the PEL. (2) Toxicity. Contaminants may also have too great a toxicity to allow the use of chemical cartridge respirators or gas masks (e.g., carcinogens without a specific OSHA standard allowing their use, hydrogen sulfide or nickel carbonyl). (a) These situations must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and if, in the profes sional judgment of the Industrial Hygienist, a health hazard exists due to the high toxicity of the substance, the respirator . shall be deemed to not "provide adequate respiratory protection against the particular hazard". (b),, Consultation shall be sought from the ARA for Technical Support and this consultation shall be documented in the c-ase file. (3) Unapproved Respirators. Chemical cartridge respirators or gas masks shall be considered III-7 94 RSV 0005221 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination unacceptable or "unapproved" (i.e. a violation of 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(11}) for gaseous contaminants which have either inadequate warning properties or such a toxicity as described in the preceding paragraph (unless they have an end-of-serv ice l ife indicator and are approved by NIQSH, or are specified by an OSHA standard). (4) Suppl ied-Air Respirators. If there are no chemical cartridge respirators or gas masks available which satisfy the requirements specified in paragraphs B.2.c.(l) and (2) supplied air respirators shall be required unless Impractical (e.g., due to employee mabllity). (a) When supplied-air respirators are impractical an effective fit testing program must be ensured. (See paragraph B.3.) (b) The Industrial Hygienfst shall also determine the required frequency of cartridge or canister replacement which is dependent upon the breakthrough of the air contaminant. Consultation with the ARA for. Technical Support may be. necessary. (5) Quarter or half-mask chemical cartridge respirators should not be used to protect against any material present at concentrations which may be highly irritating to the eyes. d. A violation involving proper selection shall include in the citation wording a description of the particular deficiency (e.g., the contaminant concentration was not evaluated during respirator selection, resulting in an insufficient protection factor). 3. Training and Fitting for the Employees. a. 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(3) requires that "the user be instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations" and 1910.134(e)(5) requires that "the user be properly instructed in its selection, use and maintenance". According to ANSI this requires III-8 95 RSV 0005222 OSHA Instruction CPU 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination training in the nature of the hazard (i.e. the result ing health effect from overexposure). If it is deter mined that the employee has not been trained in the nature of the hazard, the employer is not in compl iance with this section. b. The training requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(e)(5) and. (e)(5)(i) include demonstrations on N... how the respirator should be worn, how to adjust it, and how to determine if it fits properly." 1910.134(e)(5) further requires that the respirator be worn in a "test atmo sphere"; e.g., isoamyl acetate, or irritant smoke as part of the training. Quantitative fit testing would also meet this requirement. c. The Industrial Hygienist shall ask the employer and/or employee to demonstrate famil iarity with the fitting technique and shall determine that the fitting has been performed properly. d. In evaluating whether an employer has taken precautions to ensure proper respirator fit, the Industrial Hygienist shall consider the following: (1) Whether the employee wears the respirator as it was originally intended. All of the following shall be considered: (a) The respirator and all functional parts including straps must be in place and worn in the appropriate positions. (b) All straps shall be secure. (c) Modification to the respirator or straps shall not be made; for example, replacing the straps with string or rubber bands indicates -an ineffective respirator. (d) Use of a facelet or a knitted covering over the rubber face seal voids the approval of the resp irator. (2) Whether the employee wearing the respirator tests it far fit each time it is worn. HI-9 96 + RSV 0005223 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination (a) In general, the manufacturer's instructions for fit test should be followed. These may include: 1_ A Positive Pressure Test. Close the exhalation valve and exhale gently into the facepiece. The facepiece fit is considered satisfactory if a slight positive pressure can be built up ins ide the facepiece without any evidence of outward leakage of air at the seal. For most respirators, this method of leak testing requires that the wearer first remove the exhalation valve cover and then carefully replace it after the test. 2_ A Negative Pressure Test. Close off the inlet opening of the canister or cartridge{s) by covering it with the palm of the hand(s) or by replacing the seal(s). Inhale gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly, and hold the breath for approximately .IQ seconds. If the facepiece rema ins slightly collapsed, the fit of the respirator is considered satisfactory. (b) The Industrial Hygienist may use any establ ished testing procedures to determine if the employee's respirator fits properly. CAUTION: IRRITANT SMOKE TUBES MAY ONLY BE USED TO EVALUATE FACE SEAL WHEN HIGHEFFICIENCY PARTICULATE CARTRIDGES ARE IN USE. (3) The-Industrial Hygienist shall examine during the inspection, selected employees wearing the respi rators to determine proper fitting. 4. Exclus ive Emoloyee Use. 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(4) states "Where practicable, the respirators should be assigned to individ ual workers for their exclusive use". Oue to the general wording of this requirement, 29 CFR 1910.134(b) (4) will not be cited. III-10 97 RSV 0005224 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination 5. Cleaning and 0 is infectinq. 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(5) states "Respirators ... issued for the exclusive use of one worker should be cleaned after each day's use, or more often if necessary." This is interpreted to apply only to those respirators that are "routinely used" throughout the day. Cleaning at a frequency less than each day is acceptable, if proper protection is still afforded to the employee. 6. Storage. The requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(6) are seTf-explana tory. 7. Inspect ion and Maintenance. The requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(7) are self-explanatory. 8. Work Area Surveillance. Although not specifically discussed in 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(8), the standard requires surveil lance. This is interpreted to include identification of the contain inant, nature of the hazard, concentration at the breathing zone, and if appropriate, biological monitoring. (See ANSI Z38.2.) The Industrial Hygienist must carefully and fully document this hazard. Citations shall not be issued under this paragraph for minor deficiencies in a monitoring program, but they shall be brought to the atten tion of the employer and not cited. 9. Inspection and Evaluation of the Program. a. Numerous factors affect the employee's acceptance of respirators including comfort, ability to breath without objectionable effort, adequate visibility under all conditions, provisions for wearing prescription glasses, if necessary, ab il ity to communicate, ability to perform all tasks without undue interference and confidence in the facepiece fit.. b. Failure to consider these factors is likely to reduce co-operat-ion of the users in prcmot ing a- sat isfactory program. How well these problems are resolved can be determined by employer observation of respirator users dur ing normal activities and employer solicitation of employee comments. c. In addition, under 29 CFR 1910.134(b)(9), regular inspections are required to ensure that respirators are !![-II 98 RSV 0005225 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination properly selected, used, cleaned and maintained. If the employer is not making any effort to ensure that the respirator program is effective, by observing respirator use, soliciting user cotments or conducting regular inspections, a citation shall be issued. 10. Medical Examination. 29 CFR 1910.134(b>(10) Is an enforceable requirement of the standard. A citation may be Issued under this paragraph If appropriate medical deter minations have not been provided. 11. Approved Respirators. a. 29 CFR 1910.134{b)(ll) states "Approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are available." A respirator Is approved as the whole unit with specific components. (1) Mixing of components between different types or makes of respirators nullifies the approval. (2} The use of nonapproved components nullifies the approval. (3) The use of an approved respirator In atmospheric concentrations for which It is not approved constitutes a violation. (4) Observation by the Industrial Hygienist that one or more employees are working in the contaminated area above the PEL without approved respiratory protection establishes a violation. (5) Use of nonapproved components such as Incorrect hoses or regulators on self-contained breathing apparatus or air-line respirators may result in serious harm to the user due to possible malfunc tion of the system. b. In general, for air contaminants listed in 29 CFR 1910.1000, Tables Z-l to Z-3, either joint Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and NIOSH, MSHA alone, or Bureau of Mines approved respirators are recognized by QSHA to be adequate. III-I2 99 RSV 0005226 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination (1) The Bureau of Mines approval schedule specifies that the following types of respirators are approved until the dates specified, if the respi rator was purchased on or before June 30, 1975: Expiration Oate Respirator Type Until March 31, 1979 r**o<r For self-conta ined breathing apparatus approved under Bureau of Mines Schedule 13-T3E. Until March 31, 1980 For suppl ied-a ir respirators approved under Bureau of Mines Schedule 19B. (2) In addition, gas masks approved in accordance with Bureau of Mines Schedule 14F are approved until further notice. The approval for all other Bureau of Mines respirators has expired and shall not be considered approved. (3) Specific standards for particular compounds may specify MSHA/NIOSH approval. The approval schedule: for Bureau of Mines approved respirators and the subparts of 30 CFR 11 for MSHA/ NIOSH approved respirators are listed in Figure III-8. A description of labels and markings of approved respirators is given in the same figure and examples are given, in Figures 111-9 and III-10. To determine if a respirator is approved, identify the type of respirator by brand name and model number. `An approval label is usually on the box or container or on the canister, or the approval can be found in ."NIOSH Certified Equipment (NCE) List". An updated copy should be available in each Area Office. MSHA/NIOSH will provide a test schedule for any resp irator 'aaa inst any specific contaminant. The use Of unapproved respirators, even in special use situa tions, is unacceptable unless approval is pend ing before NIOSH. 111-13 100 #SV 0005227 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination 12. Special Procedures For Supplied-Air Respirators. a. The Industrial Hygienist shall Inspect the sources of the supplied-alr as follows: (1) Compressed breathing air shall meet the quality specification for grade 0 breathing air as des cribed In "Compressed Gas Association Commodity Specification G-7.1-1966". Oxygen Content (v/v) 19 - 231 (atmosphere air) Balance predominately nitrogen Hydrocarbon (Condensed) 5 mg/M^ Carbon monoxide 20 ppm Carbon dioxide - 1,000 ppm (2) Where the Industrial Hygienist feels It is necessary to check-the quality of air, appropriate methods, shall be used to check for carbon mon oxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and oxygen. The results shall be recorded. b. The Industrial Hygienist must use professional judgment when evaluating the location of an air supply compressor. If the compressor is located in a con taminated atmosphere where the contaminants may enter the compressor, and there are no adequate filtering devices on the compressor, an ineffective supplied-air respirator program Is indicated. ( 111-14 101 RSV 0005226 OSHA Iftstmctlon C?t, 2*2.20 AoHl ?, 1979 Offlee of Field Coordination Flour* III-l -* Cross Reference Between 29 CFR 1910.134 ANSI Standard 238.2-1969 1910.134 . "Section (a) M) (2) (3) 188.2*1969 Chapter and Section 3.2 3.3 3.4.1 tb) nj (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) fc) (d) m (2) (3) (4) (D (H) fel (1) (2) (3) (3) ' 0) {11) (HD (4) (5) (S) (U (H) (Hi) (f) (1) (2) (1) (11) (Hi) (W) (3) (4) (5) (D (H) (Hi) ` 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.7 3.5.8 3.5.9 3.7 3.3 6 5.3 and 6.3.2.2 5.3 5.3 and 6.3.2.2 5.3 5.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 6.3.2.1 6.3.2.2 10.3 7.4 7.5 9.1 9.2 8.1 3.2 8.2 8.2 3.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.5 8.5 Source: ANSI Standard X13.1-1967 "American National Standard Identification of Gas Mask Canisters." n:-is 102 ASV 0005229 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 AorIT 2,1979 Office of Field Coordination Fiqure III-2 -- Classification Of Respiratory Hazards According To Their Properties Which Influence Respirator Selection { Gas Or Vapor Cantaminants Particulate Contaminants Inert: Thev do not react with other substances under most conditions and create a respiratory hazard by displacing air and producinq oxygen deficiency (for example, heliun, neon, argon). Acidic: Substances that are acids or that react with water to produce an acid. In water they produce positively charged hydrogen ions. They taste sour and many are corrosive to tissues (for example, hydroqen chloride, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, nitrogen dioxide, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydroqen cyanide). Alkaline: Substances that are alkalies or that react with water to produce an alkali. When in water solutions, they result in the oroduction of neqatively charged hydroxyl ion (0H-). They taste bitter, and many are corrosive to tissues [for example, armania, amines, phosohine, arsine, and stibine). Oroanie: These are the compounds of carbon. Fxamoles are saturated hydro carbons (methane, ethane, butane), unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene, acetylene), alcohols (methyl alcohol. Particles are produced by mechanical means by the disintegration processes of grinding, crushing, drilling, blasting and spraying; or by the physlochemlcal reactions such as confcustlon, vaporization, distillation, sublimation, calcination, and condensation. Particles are classified as fol lows: Oust: A solid mechanically produced particle with sizes varying from submicroscopic to visible or macroscopic. Spray: A liquid mechanically produced particle with size generally in the visible or macroscopic range. Fuse: A solid condensation particle of extremely small particle size, generally less than one micron In diameter. Mist: A liouid condensation particle with sizes ranging from submicroscopic to visible or macroscopic. Fog: A mist of sufficient concentrate to perceptibly obscure vision. Smoke: A system which includes the products of incomplete confcustion of ni-is 103 0005230 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-Z.ZQ April 2, 1979 Office af field Coordination Floure III-2 --Classification Of ftespfratory Hazards According To Their Properties Which Influence Respirator Selection--Continued Gas Or Vaoor Contaminants Particulate Contaminants proovt alcohol), ethers (methyl ether, ethyl ether), aldehydes (formaldehyde), ketones (dimethyl ketone), orqanic acids (formic acid, acetic acid), halides (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride), snides fformamlde, acetamide), nitriles (acetonitrile), isocyanates (toluene diisocyanate), snines (methylamine), esoxies (epoxyethane, propylene oxide), and aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene). Oraanometallic: Compounds in which metals are chemically bonded to oroanic croups (for examole, ethyl silicate, tetraethyl lead, and orqanic phosphates). Hydrides: Coiroounds in which hydrogen is chenically bonded to metals and certain other elements (for exancle, diborane and lithium hydride). organic substances in the form of solid and liquid particles and gaseous products in air. Smoke Is usually of sufficient concentration to perceptibly obscure vision. Source: ANSI ZP8.2-1969, "Practices for Respiratory Protection". riM7 104 RSV 0005231 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 Aoril 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination Fioure 111-3 -- Guide For The Selection Of Respirators Hazard CAS OP VAPOR CONTAHINANIS Oxyaen Deficiency Immediately danqerous to life or health Not immediately danoerous of life or heaIth PARTICULATE contaminants Immsdiately dangerous to life or health Not immediately danoerous to life or health. Respirator Self-contained breathing apparatus. Combination air-line respirator with auxiliary positive pressure self-contained air supply. Self-contained breathing apparatus in positive pressure mode. Air-purifying, full facepiece respirator with eheeica) canister {gas mask) for escape only. Self-rescue mouth piece respirator (for escape only). Combination air-line respirator with auxiliary positive pressure self-contained air supply. Air-1ine respirator Air-ourifying, half-mask of full facepiece respirator with chemical cartridge(s) or canister. Self-contained breathing apparatus in positive pressure mode, Air-purifying, full faceoiece respirator with appropriate filter (for escape only). Self-rescue mouthpiece respirator (for escape only). Combination air-line respirator with auxiliary positive oressure self-contained air supply. Air-purifying, half-mask or full facepiece respirator with filter oad or cartridqe(s). Air-line resoirator. Air-line abrasive-blasting respirator. III-18 105 RSV 0005232 OSHA Instruction C?L 2-2.20 April 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination Picture 111--3 --Guide For The Selection Of Respirators--Continued Hazard Respirator COMBINATION GAS, VAPOR, ANO PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS Immediately danqerous to life or health Self-contained breathing apparatus in positive pressure mode. Air-purifying full facepiece respirator with chemical canister and appropriate filter (gas mask with filter for escape only). Self-rescue mouthpiece respirator (for escape only). CoRblnatlon air-line respirator with auxi liary positive pressure self-contained air supply. Not immediately dangerous to life or health. Air-line resoirator. Air-purifying, half-mask or full facepiece respirator with chemical cartridge or canister and appropriate filter. Source: ANSI ZP8.2-1969 "Practices for Respiratory Protection". i11-19 106 RSV 0005233 QSHA In s tru c tio n CPU 2*2.20 A e rll 2 , 13779 O ffice o f F ield Coordination RSV 000523** Flyura HI 4 Outline tor selecting respiratory protective devices. o-j ll.ivi.l i>n Llii/b^ii ti( Mute* inlD<iaiMWi CkciiUi ItHI Ni.mtmo iti iM.onliMitui ivloi to Uuie J ol Mums* ScImmIuIo*. lellosi srt 30 CfH 11fbl< to Subpail ol HlOSM/MESA Pft/I Pi OSHA Instruction CP{. 2-2.20 April 2. 1979 Offlc* of Field Coordination Ffoure III-S -- Protection Factors For Particulate Filter Respirators Concentrations in multiples of permissible exposure limits Facepiece Pressure Permissible respirators 5X 10 X 90 X 1,000 X 2,000 X 10,000 X Emergency entry into unknown concentrations or fireflahtfnq. Escaoe only - Single use dust - Quarter-mask dust * Half mask dust - Half- or quarter mask, fine - Half- or quarter mask, high-efficiency - Ha If-mask supplied air _ Full facepiece, high-efficiency Full facepiece, supplied air Self-contained breathing apparatus (SC3A) Powered, hiqh-efficiency, all enclosures + Half-mask, supplied air. Type C positive pressure, demand mode Supplied air with full facepiece, hood, helmet or suit. Type C positive pressure. demand mode * Full faceoiece, SC8A Full faceoiece supplied air and auxiliary self-contained air supply Full 1 facepiece SC8A * Any SCBA * Any seif rescuer 1/ In an atmosphere which is iirmedfately danqerous to life or health. NftTFF: 1. Half-mask and auarter-mask respirators should not Qe used if the particulate natter causes eye irritation at the use concentra tions. Z. Full faceoiece suoplled-atr respirators should not be used in any atmosohere which is immediately danoerous to life or health unless it is equipped with an auxiliary air supply which can be ooerated in the positive pressure. Source: "Respirator Protection Factors," E. Hyatt. Los Alamos Scientific laooratory Publication LA - SOflA-MS, January, L976 . 11-21 108 RSV 0005235 OSHA Iattraction CH. 2-2.20 April 2. 1S7* .. Offleo of FUW Coordination Figure II1-6 -- Protection Factors For Gases Or Vapors Respirators Concentrations In multiples of permissible exposure limits Facepiece Pressure IQ X 50 X t,noo x 2.000 X 10.000 X Emergency entry Into unknown concentrations or firefiohtlnq. Escape only 1/ + * Permissible respirators Quarter or half-mask chemical cartridge respirator with "Hare" cartridges or canister half mask, supplied-air Full facepiece gas mask or chemical cartridge with "Name' cartridges or canister. Full facepiece SCSA Full facepiece supplied-air Half-mask supplied-air Supplied-air with full facepiece, hood, helmet or suit Full facepiece, SCBA Full facepiece supplied air with auxiliary self-contained air supply Ful1 facepiece SC3A Any full facepiece SCBA Gasmask with a "Nsne" canister Any self-rescuer 1/ In an atmosphere which Is Immediately dangerous to life or health. NOTES: 1. The "Name" means approved chemical canisters or cartridges against a specific contaminant or a contination of contaminants such as organic vapor, acid gases, organic vapor plus particulates or acid gases plus organic vapor. 2. Quarter or half-mask respirators should not be used if eye irritation occurs at the use concentration. 3. Full facepiec% supplied air respirators should not be used in any atmosphere which is irrmediately dangerous to life or health unless it is equipped with an auxiliary air tank which can be operated In the positive pressure mode. Source: `Respirator Protection Factors,". E. Haytt, los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Publication LA-608*-MS, January, 1976. UI-22 109 RSV 0003236 OSHA Instruction ' 2-2.20 Aoril 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination Hour* ia-7 -- Capabilities And (.imitations Of Respirators Atmosphere-St/oolyinq Respirators Air-Purifying Respirators (See 5,3 for specifications on respirable ataosofteres.l Atmosohere-suoplyina respirators provide protection aaainst oxygen deficiency ami most toxic atmospheres. Vne breathing atmosphere is moeoendent of ambient atmospheric conditions. General Limitations: Except for *the suopliedair suit, no orotection is provided aoiinst skin irritation by materials such as annonia and HC1, or joainst sorotion of materials such as HQt, tritiun, or organic phosphate pesticides throuoh tn skin. See 6.3.5,1. Facepieces present special orob Jems to Individuals reoulred to wear prescription lenses (see 9.1 and 9.2). Self-Contained Breathinq Apparatus (SCBA) Hose Haste or Air1 Ine Respirator The wearer carries The respirable air supply his own breathinq is not limited to the atmosphere, use is quantity the individual oermissfble in can carry, and the devices atmospheres immedi are liqtrt weiaht and single. ately danoerous to life or health. Limitations: The wearer is restricted in movement by Limitations: The the hose nr air-line and Period over which must return to a respirable the device will atmosphere by recracinq his orovide orotection route of entry. The hose is Iimited ay the or air-line is subject ta amount of air or being severed or pinched oxyoen in the aooar- off. atus. cne ambient atmospheric pressure (1) Hose Mask (service life >s cut in half ay a doubling of the atmospheric (a) Hose mask with ores sure 1, and war* blower. If the load. A werninq blower faiIs, the device shall be unit still provide* orovided to Indicate orotection, although to the wearer when the service life has teen reduced to a a negative pressure exists in the f acepiece durinq inhala low level. Seme SC3A tion. Use is oermis- devices nave a short siblt in atmospheres service life!few inmealately-danoerous rinotes! and are to life or health. su'taole only for General limitations: Air-purifying respirators oo not protect '.gainst oxygen-dtffeient atmospheres nor against skin Irritation by. or sorption through the skin of, airborne contaminants. See 6.3.1. and $.3.5.1. The maxima* contaminant concentration against which an air-purifying respirator will protect is determined by the designed efficiency and capacity of the cartridge, canister, or filter, for gases and vapors and for particles having a TLV of less than 0.1 **g/M3, the maximum concentration for which the air-purifying unit is designed is specified on Che label. Respirators without a blower to maintain a constant positive pressure within the facepiece will not provide the maximum design protection specified unless the facepiece is carefully fitted to the wearer's face to prevent In ward leakage. See 7.5. The time period over which protection is provided is depen dent on canister, cartridge, or filter type, concentration of contaminant, and the wearer's respiratory rate The proper type of canister, cartridge, or filter shall be selected for the particular atmosphere and conditions. Air-purifying respirators generally cause discomfort and objectionable resistance to breathing although these problems are minimized in blower-ooerated units. Respirator facepieces present special problems to individuals required to wear prescription lenses. {See 9.1 and 9.2.) These devices do have the advantage of bclnq small, light, and simple in operation. Gas- and Vacor-Removing Particulate-Removing Respirators Respirators Additional Limitations: ho protection is provided against particulate contamants, specified on the canister or cartridge 1abel. A rise in ean- ister or cartridge tem perature indicates that a gas or vaoor is beinq removed from the inspired air. This is not a reliable inoi- Addltional Limitations: Protect against nonvolacile particles only, ho protection against gases or vaoors. The fiIter shall be reolaced or cleaned nen breathing aeccems difficult due to plug ging by retained part;cles. llo RSV 000523? OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2, 137$ Office of field Coordination Figure IIJ-7 -- Capabilities And limitations Or Respirators--Continued Atmosphere-Suoplyinq Respirators Air-Purifying Respirators escape (self-rescue) (b) Hose mask without cator of canister per These respirators from an irresoirable blower, limited to formance. An uncom shall not be used atmosphere. Chief use in atmospheres fortably high temoera- during shot and sand limitations of SCBA from which the wearer ture indicates a high blasting operations. devices are their can escape unharmed concentration of gas Abrasive-blasting weirtt or bulk or without aid of the or vapor and requires respirators shall be both, limited service respirator. an irtmediate return to used. life, and the train fresh air. ing required for (2) Air-line Respira (1) Full Facepiece their maintenance and tors (Continuous-flow. (1) Full Facepiece Respirator safe use. Qemand and Pressure- Respirator (Sas Mask) Should avoid use 1ft Demand Types) Should avoid use in atmospheres ionediately atmospheres Immediately dangerous to life or (1) Closed-circuit The demand type dangerous to life or health if the contami- SCJU products a negative health if the con nant(s) lacks suffi pressure in the face- taminant^) lacks cient warning The closed circuit piece on inhalation sufficient warning pro properties (that is, ooeration conserves whereas continuous perties (that is, odor odor or irritation). oxvcen and permits flow and pressure- or irritation). Ionerr service life. (2) Open-circuit SC8A denand and oressure-daward. The demand type produces a neqative pressure in the facepiece on inhalation whereas the pressuredemand type iwaintains a positive pressure in the facepiece and is less apt to oemri t inward leak we of contaai nants. demand types main tain a positive pressure in the facepiece at all times and (2) Half-mask Respirator (Chaaicat Cartridge Respirator) are less apt to permit inward leakage of cent mainants. Shall not use in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or limitations: Air-line resol rators are Hmitec to use In atmospheres not immediately danger ous to life or health except under conditions soecified in 6.3.2 and 7.3. Air-line respir ators provide no protection if the air supply fails. health and should be limited to low con centrations of gases and vacors. A fabric covering shall not Be worn on the facepiece since it will permit gases and vapors to pass. No protection is provided far the eyes. (2) Half-Mask Respirator Shall not be used in atmospheres ismediacely dangerous to life or health. A fabric covering on the facepiece is permissible only in atmospheres of coarse dusts and mists of low toxi city. Ho protection is provided for the eyes. (3) Mouthpiece (3) Supplied AirSuit (3) Mouthoiece Res pirator (Chemical Cartridge) Respirator {FiIter) Shall not be used These suits pro tect aqainst atmo spheres that affect the skin or nucous meeoranes or that may be absorbed througn the unbroken skin. Shall not be used in atmospheres i/mediately dangerous to life or health. Mouth breath ing prevents detection of contaminants by odor. The nose dip in atmospheres itnwediately dangerous Co life or health. Mouth breathing pre vents detection of contaminants by odor. The nose clip shalI be limitations: S<yne shall be securely in place to prevent securely o place to prevent nasal contaminants, such nasal breathing. breathing. as tritium, may Pene No protection is trate the suit material and limit its effect iveness. Other conta- No protection is provided to the eyes. provided to tne eyes from irritat ing aerosols. III-24 111 RSV 0005236 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-Z.20 April 2, 1979 Office Of field Coordination figure IIf-7 ~ Capabilities And Limitations Of Respirators--Continued Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators Air-Purifying Respirators minants, such as fluorine, may react chemical ly witn the suit material and damage it. See 6.3.5.1. These suits are limited in use to atmospheres not immediately danger ous to 1tfe or health except under the conditions specified in 6.3.2 and 7.3. Combination Self-Contained and Air-Line Respirators The eouipoing of an air-line respirator with a small cylinder of compressed air to provide an emergency air supply qualifies the respirator for use in immediately dangerous atmospheres. See 6.3.2. (4) Self-Rescue Mouthoiece Respirator' Designed for self rescue from immediately dangerous atmospheres of gases and vapors. Mouth breathing pre vents detection of contaminants by odor. The nose clip shall be securely in place to prevent nasal breathing, ho protection is provided to the eyes. (4) Self-Rescue Moutnoiece Respirator (Filter) Designed for self rescue from atmospheres having imnediately dangerous concentra tions of toxic particles. Mouth breathing prevents detection of contami nants by odor. The nose clip shall be securely in place te prevent nasal breath ing. No protection is provided to the eyes from irritating aerosols. Combination Particulate and Yaporand Gas-Removing Respirators The advantages and disadvantages of the coflvonent parts of the contjlnation respirator as described above will apply. Coirbinatlon Atmosohere-Supplying and Air-Purifying Respirators The advantages and disadvantages, expressed above, of the mode of operation being used will govern. The mode with the qreater limitations (air-purifying mode) will mainly determine the overall capabilities and limitations of the respirator since the wearer may for some reason fail to change the mode of operation even chough conditions would require such change. HOTS: Only positive pressure atmosphere-supplying respirators (SC3A or Supplied-air plus SC3A) can be used in an atmosonere which is imnediately dangerous to life or health. Source: ANSI ZP8.2-1969, 'Practices for Respiratory Protection". nr-25 112 RSV 0005239 OSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 April 2. 1979 Office of Field Coordination Fioure 111*3 --The Approved Respirator Tvpe Device Bureau of Hines Approval Schedule ho. Marking*!/ 30 CFR Part 11 Approval Subpart Markings?/ Self-contained breathino apparatus 13, Mar. S, 1919 13A, Jan. 21, 1930 US, Aug. 12, 1935 13C, Jul. 9, 19*6 130, $eot. 22, 1956 13E, Jul. 19, 1986 SM-13-XXX BH-13A-XXX 8H-13B-XXX BH>13C-XXX BM-130* XXX BM-I3E-XXX H TC-13F-XX 5as <aasks Supplied-air respirators Filter type dust, flaw, and mist respirators Chemical cartridge resoirators Pesticide respirators Special use respirators 14F. Apr. 23, 1955 BM-KF-XXX 19B, Apr. 19, 19S5 SM-19&-XXX 213, Jan. 19, 1965 BH.218-XXX 238, Auo. , 1959 8H- 23B-XXX (No previous schedules) (No previous schedules) I TC-14S-XX J TC-19C-XX X TC-21C-XX L TC-23C-XX M TC-23C-XX N TC-W&-XX TC-23C-XI 1/ Usually found on the facepiece and on the approval label. 7l Found on the approval label only. NOH: See attachment. 111*25 113 WV 0005240 OSHA Instruction CPL 2-2.20 Aoril 2. 1979 Off.lea of field Coordination Figure [11-3 --Continued Description of Labels and Harking; of Approved Respirators If* CFR 11.33 1/ fb) Approval labels shall bear the emblem of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA and/or the Mining enforcement and Safety Administration and/or U.S. Bureau of Mines) and the seal of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, the applicant's none and address, an approval number assianed by the Institute, and, where appropriate, restrict ions or limitations placed upon the use of the respirator by the MSHA and the Institute (MIQSH). The aoproval nunber asslqned by the Institute shall be desionated by the prefix.TC and a serial .nunber. fc) MSHA and the Institute shall, where necessary, notify the applicant when additional labels, mariinqs, or instructions will be required. fd) Approval labels and markinqs shall only be used by the applicant to whom they were issued. (e) Leaible reproductions or abbreviated forms of the label approved by msha and the Institute for use on each respirator shall be attached to or printed at the following locations: Respirator Tvpe Self-contained breathing apparatus Label Type Entire Gas Mask Entire Suoolied-air respirator Oust, fune and mist respirator Entire Entire Abbreviated. Chari ca 1 -c artr 1 dge Entire respirator, including paint spray resolrator Abbreviated Pesticide respirator Entire Abbreviated Location Harness assembly and canister (where appli cable). Mask container and canister. Respirator container or instruction card. Respirator container and fiIter container. Filters. Respirator container, cartridge container, and filter containers (where applicable). Cartridges and filters and filter containers. Respirator container, and cartridge and fiIter containers. "Cartridges and filters. (f) The use of any MSHA and HI OSH approval label obliqates the aoplicant to whom it is issued to maintain or cause to be maintained the aooroved duality control sampling schedule and the acceptable level for each characteristic tested, and to assure that it is manu- fsetured aceordinq to the drswinos and specifications upon which the certificate of aooroval is based. Source: U_ ?edenl Aeeister, March 2S, 19*2. :r:-27 114 f RSV 0005241 OASfHlrAil In2s, trIPu7c9tion CPI 2-2.20 0/flce of F1*ie Coordinetlon PER?/iISSSBLH SUPFUED-A1R R2S?iRATCR TYPE CE COimNUOUS-FLOW CLASS IIM. SIMM OuMMIW < IN IMW U S Oi|u*i. a mam. Clem aa mm CiNMT &W-- c-- M10SH WM MMM fv OmSBUM SMlf ** MfMk MINING ENFORCEMENT AND SAFETY ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH APPROVAL NO. TC-15C-108 ISSUED TO MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. LIMITATIONS Approved for respiratory protection in any atmosphere not immediately dangerous to life or health and from which the wearer can escape without the aid of the respirator. This approval applies only when the respirator is supplied with respirable air through 15 to 50 feet of hose within the pressure range of 16 to 20 pounds per square inch as specified by the manufacturer. CAUTION This respirator must not be worn in any atmosphere immediately dangerous to life or health. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for providing a supply of respirable air. In making renewals or repairs, parts identical with those furnished by the manufacturer under the pertinent approval shall be maintained. This respirator shall be selected, fitted, used, and maintained in accordance with Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and other applicable regulations. [11-23 115 f RSV 0005242 GSHA Instruction CPI 2-2.20 AflrlT 2, 1979 Office of Field Coordination PERMISSIBLE CHEMlCAL-CARTIUDGc SESPIIUTCS F03 cm vAPCis a;-3d ?AiT, lacquer a:id ehamh mists U $ Cupinnnu* MK Mn N30SH Hum. Hr dwiip. MINING ENFORCEMENT AND SAFETY ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH APPROVAL NO. TC-23C-2Q1 ISSUED TO MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES COMPANY Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. LIMITATIONS Approved for respiratory protection against (1) mists of paints, lacquers, and enamels, (2) not more than 1,000 parts per million organic vapors by volume, or (3) any combination thereof. Not for use in atmospheres containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen. Do not wear for protection against organic vapors with poor warning properties or those which generate high heats of reaction with sorbent material in the cartridge. Maximum use concentrations will be lower than 1,000 parts per million where that concentration of organic vapors produces atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health. . CAUTION In making renewals or repairs, parts identical with those furnished by the manufacturer under the pertinent approval shall be maintained. This respirator shall be selected, fitted, used, and maintained in accordance with Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and other applicable regulations. II1--29 116 RSV 00052O APPENDIX C JOINT M03H/Q3H* STAN0AM03 COMPLETION FHQGRAH RESPIRATOR DECISION LOGIC 18 AUGUST H75 T-- t^TBUUIICTTn^ TW PuaPOSE OF THf RESPIRATOR DECISION LOGIC IS TO ASSURE TECHNICAL ACCURACY AND UNIFORNITY BET-EE* SUHSTanCES Jn tm SELECTION UF RESPIRATORS and TO PROVIDE nECFSSARY CRITERIA TO SUPPORT T*r3 SELECTION, THE OECISIO** LOGIC IS a STFP-RY-STEP Elimination OF InaP*0PNIATE RESPIRATORS UNTIL Only THOSE -nICH AE ACCEPTABLE **!*, JUDGEMENT 8T PERSONS KNOWLEDGEABLE nf INHALATION HAZARDS ANO RESPIRATORY PROTECTION EQUIPMENT IS ESStNTUL. TO t**SUR APPROPRIATE SELECTIUN OF RESPIRATORS, THE PnIHARY TECHNICAL CRITERIA FQR -HAT CONSTITUTES A PER"tS3laLE RESPIRATOR IS RASED ON THE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS UE 30 CFR PART H COEPARThEnT OF THf INTERIOR* BUREAU JR -INES* RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DEVICES AND TESTS FOR PERRrS31HIt ITYJ, THE PROPOSED SUBSTANCE HEALTH STANOaROS -ILL ALLO- ONLY RESPIRATORS APPROVED BY Th BUREAU OF HINES (OR hiMkg ENFORCEMENT ano SaFETY ADMINISTRATION (heSaJ) and NIOSH UNOfR JD CP* protection factors are criteria used in determining -rat limiting CONCENTRATIONS are to ME PERMITTED FUR FACH RESPIRATOR TYPE THAT -ILL AFFORD ADEQUATE PROTECTION ro THE NEARER, THE REFERENCED SUftPARTS OF JO CFR U GIVE TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS CONCERNING EACH TYPE OR CL*SS OF RESPIRATORS REFERENCED IN THE OECISION LOGIC. 30 CFR U SHOULO Be USED *TTH THE DECISION LOGIC IN ORDER TO PROPERLY UNOERSTAnq THE CRITERIA Fu THE SPCCIFICATION OF AlLQmABLE RESPIRATORS, rr, flAAiPBAL-ngrT.Ni.OAi..LZicip -Em--chart NTfP 1- A38afli_E. TiiFfiw -- atthu nil -RnijYihgFT assemble necessary TotIcological safety, hD research information FOR THE PARTICULAR CON(ah INAs T, TYPICALLY THE FOLLOWING ARE REQUIREO* U PERMISSIBLE EtPOSURE LIMITS SPECIFIED IN CF* 1*10,1000 (TABLES z-i. z-Zr and z*3j, these are the former 2# cfr 1*10,93 tables, 2) ARNInc PNOFFRTIES IF the substance IS A GaS OR A VAPOR, REFER To part rviai of this i^octt, J) EYE IRRITATION POTENTIAL UF THE SUBSTANCE REFER TO PART IV(0) OF This LOGIC, ) LFL (LO-ER FLAHMARLE 11*11) FOR TH SUBSTANCE, FCR TO PAT 1v CF j OF This LOGIC, 5) IOIh CONCENTRATION FOR Twf SUBSTANCE, REFER TO PART IV(E) QF THIS LOGIC, 6) PUSS 18IL IT Y OF PC1Q9 SORBENT EFFICIENCY AT IDLM CONCENTRATION AND 8k LUm, REFER rii PART iv(c) of ThJS lOOTC, 117 m**io i}. r? . io RSV 0005244 7) eviofc*cfc of possible 3srrc injury or death resulting prom abSURnanCE of SUNSTanCF (as a G*3 OR VaPQHI TmROuC* ThC Skin, BfeFfcP TO FAHT I v (*) OF t*lS LOGIC* 4) Th ViPOK PRESSURE Of Th $U4STanCE (ANO EQUIVALENT PPM), \lP-a-j_M-TganT?ir staTE-op si^stanci?, nETfMMisc 7"C physical STATCCS) UF the SUBSTANCE *3 IT IS LIKELY TO 8C FnCOUmTEmCO In TMg OCCUPATIONAL EnvIHUnmCnT, IT -III BE EIThgSi A) G*S OP VAPOR, B) "iPTfCULATE (OUST, FtjHf OR MIST), OP C) Cn-BINATION Of (A) AMO ((O, Tfp * - A T"'* r'y pffaiuuo^.fnrt aiiniinrfi QfAPTPiTnBY Tm13 IS U<JN USING The MATERIAL FRO* STEP 1 AND THE APPROPRIATE SPECIFIC oecisio** LOGIC CHABT FRO* PART III UF THIS LOGIC ANO THE RESPIRA-TOR PROTECTION FACTORS tN APPEND!* l. in,a, samrrr .nfrnrni PMfirrrTTnM _teitnT_ilim. ii9_iogntfS maiaas man mo* agificuo*.. iFfiwfnrr ROUTINE USE A) CONSIDER SKIN SORPTION - (SEE IV A), 4} POHM WARNING PROPERTIES * ELIMINATE ALL *IN PURIFTING RESPIRATORS CSCE IV 4), C) EYE IRRITATION ELIMINATE OR RESTRICT USE OF HALF MASK RESPIRATOR (SEE IV 0). 0) IDLM OR LFL ABOVE THIS COnCENTaTIflN CtIMI**ATE ALL BUT POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED BREaTMJMG APPARATUS ANO C0M4INATIQN POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED *RATMl*.G APPARATUS (SEE IV ANO F), FI LIST ALL ALLOWED RESPIRATORS 9Y COmOHION OF USE ANp TYPE, EmTRV ANO ESCAPE FRQm UNKNOWN CONCENTRATIONS FIREFIGHTING USE POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAI*Q BREaThInG APPARATUS OR COMBINATION POSITIVE PRESSURE SUPPLIEO *IR RESPIRATOR KITH POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONYiTHtO BREATHING APPARATUS, USE POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING' apparatus* ESCAPE GAS NasK or ESCAPE SELF-CONTAINED breathing APPARATUS (SEE IV C). I n. 9. 9 pfc r f r r nfrf^rnv \ nr.rr r_* * a t _rng_ap 3PT8 iinflv . PRnigeTTfTM_tr.ATNPT-PAi>trrm *t^ cntifimmi -9pa rCTtnKi. rp nnrA.gr ROUTINE USE *) consider skin Sorption * (SEE iv a), 4) EYE IRRITATION ELIMINATE OR RESTRICT USE <>F HALF MASK RESPIRATOR (SEE Iv 0], 118 rSV 0005245 Entry ANO ESCAPE FROM UNmnqmn CONCENTRATION FIREFIGHTING C) SYSTfcHlC POISON - ELIMINATE SINGLE-USE respirator, oj row permissible exposure Leas than 0,03 "G/cu,", tL IHI N A t Of** RESPIRATORS EXCEPT mITm HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE FILTER,- E) 10LH o LFL * abOvE THIS CONCENTRATION ELIhinATE all at it positive pressure scLF-cnhTAtNfp breathing APPARATUS AND cons INA fIOn POSITIVE PRESSURE self* contained breathing apparatus csee iv o, F) List ALL ALLO-EO RESPIRATORS BY CONOITION OF USE *H0 TYPE, use POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-COMTAIhfO BREaTMInG APPARATUS OR COMBINATION POSITIVE PRESSURE SuPPlIEO AIR RESPIRATOR * ITH POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAI*EO BREATHING APPARATUS, USE POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (SEE IV F), III.C, RPrrtfip_ncffr<rnN mc!f rwniT .tug. 8TSFtBiTflgt .HflTf rTfflM ieiTN..gflMRtMitTHM OF eA^_ua_v>pna imp PianeuLiTfR aiL.tcnna. isratifcce ROUTINE USE ENTRY ANO ESCAPE FROH UNKnqnn COncEnthatiqn FIREFIG'HT [NG ESCAPE A) CONSIDER SKIN SORPTION - (SEE IV A). 8} POOR MANNING PROPERTIES OR INADEQUATE SORHfiNT EFFICIENCY ELIMINATE *LL *1 PURIFYING RESPIRATUHS (SEE IV ft i C), C) ELTnTnaTE all MCSPlHATnRS EXCEPT nITm cohrinatton sorbent/particulate filter, 0) EYE IRRITATION - EL I*I NATE OR RESTRICT USE OF HALF has* RESPIRATOR (SEE IV OJ, El FOR PERhI3SILE EXPOSURES LESS THAN O.flS *G/CU,HP ELIMINATE ALL RESPIRATORS EXCEPT mITh SOPHtHT/HlGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE FILTER. F) IOLH OR LFL - ABOVE THIS CONCENTRATION EIJHINATC ALL but positive pressure SELF-CONTAINED breathing APPARATUS ANO COHBlNaTION POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CQNTaINEO BREATHING apparatus (SEE IV E), GJ LIST all ALLOHFO RESPIRATORS by CONOITION OF USE ANO TYPE, USE POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED BREaTMInG APPARATUS OR COKAIMaTION POSITIVE PRESSURE SUPFLUO *! ResPJffHOR HITm POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS, USE POJTTfVE PKCSSuRC 3ClFiC(JNTA7NC0" rSTATRlNff APPARATUS (SEE IV F) , GAS HAS* QR ESCAPE SELf-CON T AI n'ED BREATHING APPARATUS (SEE IV CJ, 119 RSV 0005246 iv im axia iH^rgPTtria PERSONAL PROTECTION RtGUiRE-ENTS F(|R PROTECTION AGAInST EXPOSURE to substances which way c*usc rnjurt r absorption through t*c s*ih fro* waTEIalS SPLAS^tf* n* SrLtEO ON Tm SI* ARf. CQVEHEO In SECTION (F) of aC* SOHSTANCE STANDARD, 9SP!flATnft MctCTlGR tum.Mk ARE BASED lMt8RY ON ThI INHALATION HAJASO ijf THE SUBSTANCE. a 3UPPLI10-AI* sun -AY Pnvt06 ROT* 3X1* AND RESPIRATORY PROTECTION F9 EXT9ENELV TOXIC 3U93TANCE3 WHICH **Y n ABSORBED THROUGH THE SM*. 3Uf*PLtE0*4IR SUITS Afl6 NOT COVERED {N JO CAR ||, DATA ARF NOT AVAILABLE UPON MICH TU naxE RECtlN*E NOAT 10*5 FOR SUPPl I tl>** I R3Ul T3 FOR ALL TYPES OP EXPOSURES. *HM INPORHATION is AVAILABLE INDICATING SYSTEMIC injury n DEATH PFSULTIN& f<|H 1HSONHANCE OF * GAS OH VAPOR TMHOuGM TmE 3*1*. T* XQLLOw l *G STATfeHfcNT IS INCLUDED !,v APPENDIX *, SECTION (VJ OP T*C SURSIANCE 3 T AND Aflii | nuUSE Of SuPPL Id*a l# SUITS OTwS ^PERvIOuS COVERINGS "`*T BE MfcCFJSAY TQ PREVENT 3*fN CONTACT tT * <*hN Th CONCgNTftaTIQN OF is UNKNOWN U GRPATfH TNAN * (IDLHl, SuPPLJEOwAlS SUITS 3*001.0 SELECTED, USED. AND HAINTAINEO UNDER t*E IMMEDIATE SUPERVISION OP PERSONS KNONLEO<!eALf In Tf Ll*tt4rjr|N3 ANo POTENTIAL LIFE CnOANGERInC CHARACTERISTICS C|F SUPPLIED-*)* SUITS,* E A SPnTPnC IS AOOEft TO ThC RESPIRATOR TABLE I* The ENTRY anO ESCAPE PRO* UNKNOWN CONCENTRATIONS SECTION AS SHOWN B6LUW| SElP*CumTaIn0 SREaThInG APPARATUS -ITH a PULL FACEPIECE OPERATED In PRCSSURE*0EnanO OR OTHER POSITIVE PRESSURE M(JOe, * COMBINATION RESPIRATOR wnICh INCLUDES A TYPE C 3U*PLI0A!R PESPIRaTQR wtf* A PULL FiCCPIfCE OPERATED IN PG6S3UftC-Oe*AN0 OP OTHER POSITIVE PRESSURE OR CONTINUOUS FLO" NOOE AND AN AUXILIARY SCLF-CQNTAt*0 BREATHING APPARATUS OPERATEO IN 33UflE0f-aho M(iO QR OTHER POSITIVE PRESSURE hooc, <supRliio*JR *uns *at ae nccessart.i u^a. Raas.,fcAR{itftfi..R0PEnj isIT tportant to ealI2C i*at jo cp n niosh/'nesa approvals for A IRuR IP y I *G (ORGANIC VAPOR) DEVICES PROHIBIT USE AGaInST ORGANIC VAPORS wIT* POO1* warning PfJP7 IE3, SPEC IP ICALL Y 50 CF 11.90(B) (NOTE *) COVERS GAS hasps (CANISTER ESP t R A T(jKS I AND 10 CF J1.150 (NOTE 7) COVERS C**ICAL CARTRIDGE f SPIRA TORS, THUS THESE APPROVALS ARE (JnLT FOR T-OSE ORGANIC VAPOPS WITH ADEQUATE warning PROPERTIES A0 NOT ALL ORGANIC VAPORS, waPnJnc PROPERTIES PPL * INC UPON wu*aN SENSES Afl NOT FOOLPROOF, HOwEVEH, They PROVIDE S*E INDICATION TO r*fc EMPLOYEE OP POSSIBLE SORBENT EXHAUSTION flR OF (X)ft FACEPIECE PIT OR OTHER RESPIRATOR MALFUNCTION. WARNING PROPERTIES INCLUDE CIOOR, CY IRRITATION, ANO RfSPIRAfORY IPR1f AT(ON, ADEQUATE WARNING PROPERTIES C*N RE AS3UMC0 h* THE SUBSTANCE ODOR, TASTE, OR IRRITATION EFFECTS* ARC OfTECTARLE AnO P|RS'ISTnT *T CONCENTRATIONS AT" OR PLO* THE PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE Ll*IT, IF THE ODOR OR 1RBIT a T10* THRESHOLD OF A SUBSTANCE IS many TI-ES GREATER Than Tm PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LI*IT, T*IS 3UBS7A*.C SHOULD 8E CONSIDERFO TO HAVE POUR wARnIng PROPERTIES, IP THE SUBSTANCE OOOR OR IRPTTATJ(tw THRESHOLD IS JOhEwhAT ABOVE TH PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE 11*17 (not in Excess of three tj*ss the limti ano there is no ceiling Li-tr, 00*51069*TIO IS GIVfN AS TO wweT*E OR not UNDETECTED ZtPQ3V*t tH T*ts CONCENTRATION RANGE CQULO CAUSE StRlUuj OR lRflvSlfl(E HEALTH EFFECTS * IF MOT, TN SUBSTANCE IS CONSIDERED TO *A V tDSQUHl WARNING PROPERTIES, 120 RSV 0005247 IT IS *lCTeD T*r e*`VIftONeNf*L CONCENTRATIONS ILL VARY CONSIDfPA*LY ANO, TKEf^Oe, aHNING OF * E3*TMaTO* FAILURE WOULD BE Pf.RCEIVfcO T CONTamInant CONCENTRATIONS SOME-HAT ABOVE TM PERMISSIBLE E*P03u LIMT, SOON IX, Lm ecftctf^tf^ ** supporting evidence exists on immediate (less than rM*ce HJNUTE3) BREAKTHROUGH TI Mg AT THE IO{.H CONCENTRATION ANO BEU'N FOR CARTRIDGE OR CANISTER SORBENT. AIRmPURTFYING DEVICES SHALL *01 ME ALLOwEO FOR any USE. ESCAPE OH QTm4mIse( A iv. ,n. izt titnuTinri FOR ROUtjNfe wOR* OPERATIONS, ANY PtHCEPTlBLC EYE IRRITATION IS eONSIOfcWEO UNACCEPTABLE, THEREFORE, n*j.Y FULL FACEPIECE RESPIRATORS AW fR-ISSIKE IN CONTAMINANT CONCEnTMATIonS WHICH PRODUCE EYE IRRITATION, NOTE THAT JO CFR t1,R0(R)(NOTE 6) SPECIFIES ThaT EYE PROTECTION HAY BE RFUUIREO IN CERTAIN CONCENTRATIONS OF ACID GASES ANO ORGANIC VAPTJRS, FOR ESCAPE, SOH grf IRRITATION J3 PERMISSIBLE IF'JT IS 0YE"!Nfco TH*T SUCH IRRITATION NOulO NOT INHIBIT ESCAPE ANO SUCH IRRITATION Is REVCRSIRte, HMfRE QUANTITATIVE YE IRRITATION DATA CANNOT Sf FOUNO IN LITERATURE REFERENCES. AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS INOICATC THe SUBSTANCE 3HQULO not be an eye IRRITANT, half FACEPIECE RESRIHaTORS ARE ALLOhEO. TV... F. ZULU THE OEFIMMON OF IDLH PROVIOEO IN JO. CFB U,JOl IS *S FOlLO*Sl ThmEOIaTely DANGEROUS TO LIFE or Health" HEANS CONDITIONS that pose an Immediate threat to life n health uR ci'nojtiuns that POSE AN ImmFOIATE threat OF SEVERE EXPOSURE TU COnTAHlNAnTS. SUCH AS RAOIOACTTVE MATERIALS. HtCH ARC Ll*FLY TO HAvfi A0VE9SE Cumulative n oelayeo EFFECTS On health, THE PURPOSE OF ESTABLISHING A IOLH EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION IS TO INSURE That the -PNxfcR CAN ESCAPE wITmquT InjuHY OR IRREVERSIBLE halTH EFFECTS FRQn An IOLh CONCENTRATION In The EvEnT OF FAILURE OF TH RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT, Th IOLh IS CONSIDERED A maximum CONCENTRATION ABOVE *\C ONLY HIGHLY RELIABLE BREATHING APPARATUS PROVIOING MAXIMUM WORKER PROTECTION IS PERMITTED, SINCE IOLH VALUES ARC CONSERVA1IVFLY SET, Ant APPROVED HESPlRATOR MAY BE USEO UP TO ITS MAXIMUM USE CUnCEnTMATION 8fLUH The IOLH, IN ESTABLISHING The IOLH CONCENTRATION Tm FOLLOlNG FACTOHS ARE considered* 1, ESCAPE -ITHOUT LOSS OP LIFE OR IRREVERSIBLE HEALTH EFFECTS, THIRTY -INUTES IS COnSIOEREO Th maxInuH PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE TIME FOR ESCAPE, 2, SEVERE EYE OR Me3PIaT0Ry IRRITATION OR OTHER REACTIONS which wOULO INHIBIT ESCAPE WITHOUT INJURY, IOIn JhQUIO BE OETERHInEO Fwoh Th FULLOwInG SUURCES* J, SPECIFIC IOLH R90VIOEO IN TN LITERATURE SUCH AS THE AIH A HYGIENIC GUIDES, 2, human EXPOSURE DATA, 121 ftSV 0005248 3. ACUTE anI*al E*PUSUE pat* , where sue* 0*74 are lacing toxicological data fro* ANALOGOUS SUBSTANCES, N0 CmN.jnIC ANInAL XP0SU*t DATA way BE CONSIDERED. TNE FOLLOWING GUIDELINES SHOULD BE USEO Tfl In T RPNfc 7 TOXICOLOGICAL n*TA RERQRTED IN Tm{ LlTfRATURF FUR ANtwAL SPECIES* I. icutf ePoa>t a*|hal oaTa AHg available (30 *1WUTES T<1 tt.-OUM EXPOSURES), THE LOWEST EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION CAUSING OEAfM U (MflevEOSISuE NEAUTH FFFc7S IN ANY SPECIES IS OETEBwtNEn TU BE TMf IOLH CONCENTRATIONt a, nhEof only CHOONtC EXPOSURE Data awe AVAILABLE ano THESE OATa OQ nut BEVEAU ANY EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION WHICH wOULO RESULT In IRREVERSIBLE nE*lTH EFFECTS, THEN THESE DATA WAVE no RELEVANCE ano SHOULD NOT BE USED In QCTEBmInInG THg IDLH CONCENTRATION, hPf THfR tS 6V10Nt OF AN IOLH CONCENTRATION ABOVE THAT ALLOWED ON THE BASIS OF A PROTECTION FACTOR, RESPIRATORS SHQULO BE SELECTEO ON THE BASIS OF THg PROTECTION FACTOR AFFORDED BY EACH DEVICE wpnlN Twf LIhITATIUnS OF THE DEVICE, U.. U I nwFR^LAWHABI F -LI T T_ _* Wrt KlSf r T SWT T Ng COnTA-INAnT CONCENTRATIONS In EXCESS OF THE lFL ARE CQn3I0ER0 TO BC IWHED1ATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE 0 HEALTH, AT OR ABOVE THE LFl, Th USE OF RF.SPIRATORS IS LlHtTtO TO THOSE 0EVICE3 -HlCH PROVIDE The waxIwun PPQTECTION, I, E , , POSITIVE-PRESSURE 3C8A, ano COMBINATION POSITIVEPRESSURE: 3UPPLIED-AIR RESPIRATOR WITH positive pressure scba, FInEFIGhTInG IS DEFIneo RY ans{ ZS,5-lR71 AS BEING InwEOUTELT DANGEROUS TO LIFE. FOR FIREFIGHTING, THE ONLT OEVJCE FBOVIOING ADEQUATE PROTECTION IS TMt POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CQnTAINfO BREATHING APPARATUS, tv - - ft PwMYgr r run nrtfittA protection factors akf a measure of the ovfrall effectiveness of a RESPIRATOR, FILTERING EFFICIENCY IS A PART OF THf PROTECTION FACTOR RFCOMES a SIGNIFICANT CONSIDERATION fOR LESS EFFICIENT U* PURIFYING PfSPIRlTUNS, ANO The PROTECTION FACTORS USED In THE PREPARATION OF THE STAN0AR03 ARC BASED ON UUANTITArive FIT TESTS PERFORMED A T LOS ALAMOS ano ELSExhERE, and in soHfe instances on professional judgment, in appendix i, the PROTECTION FACTORS FO* AfH CL*33 OF RESPIRATORS LISTCQ In THE CHECKLISTS AWE SNO-n, THg ENTRIES In F*CH LIST ARE FO A*. ENTIRE CLASS OF RESPIRATORS, AnO ARE ASSIGNED TH PROTECTION FACTOR OF THE LOWEST PERFORMTNG DEVICE wITmin EACH CLASS, JV. H. vahiaIthn^ith m rPR tt 1, THg TYPF A SUPPLI ED* T ESPIAT0 is AtLQwfcn r* 3fl CFR u Wo USE IN lH-fuiATELT DANGFROUS To LITE anO hFalTh ATMOSPHERES, HOWEVER, AIR SUPPLY P JUIR wf N T $ OF 50 L/NlN, IJ INSUFFICIENT TO MAINTAIN A POSITIVE PRESSURE IN ThF F*CPlCCt UNDER all nORhInG C0*0IT10ms, THERfFOPE, ThJS OEVICE 3HOUL0 have TH Sing PROTECTION FACTOR AS APPLIED rn-OTHER AIR-PURIFYING and AT-OSP-ERE SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS HAVING a NEGATIVE PRESSURE In Th FACEPIECE (SEE aPPnOIx D, JO CFR 122 RSV 0005249 l! "ILL KfUUtwe A REVISION TO ELI-IN4TE APPROVAL OF TYPE A FO I0LM *TM0aHtflC5, 2t an *"*>-0',eNr TO JO CFB 11 13 hI*G PROCESSED "ILL DELETE USE OF GAS MASKS POP EnTOy iNrt uS (N IDLn aT-USPm*P3, THEREFORE# IN THIS DECISION L^GIC G*3 **8*3 A NUT JLL'>"EO IN COnCFN TRa t 10*3 GREATER THAN The men OB ENTRY ANO ESCAPE FBU* unknown COnCEnTR*TIQN3, j# in 1h SA.Np anfhO-EnI oSClHo ABOVE, WAXIHIJH USE CONCENTRATIONS ("UC1 FOB GAS "AS*S ABE BEING DELETED, T*I3 DECISION LOGIC IS CONSISTENT -ITn this 4-EnOhEnT, HOwvE, C*Nt3TEH3 APBMUVCO PRTC1P TO THU AMl*tNT BILL HAVE Th *UC SPECIFIED UN THE LABEL which "ILL BE INCONSISTENT -ITm The SUBSTANCE STANDARDS FOB HOST SUBSTANCES, a, JO CFw tl OOFS NUT CONTAIN PBUTtCTIOH FACTOR mEuuIBE-EnTS, BBOTECTJON FaCTQhS ab USED In tm DECISION LOGIC, an AMENDMENT TO cfb ii is planned rn tncluof protection facto* peuuihenents FOB QFn HE3I BA TOPS, FUTURE AmENDhEnTS ABE CO"TEPLaTEO FOB OThEB TYPES OF B3pI9A TUBS, JO 5, JO CFB U 01JE3 NUT PEB-IT TmE USE an ESCAPE GAS "AS* AGAINST AC10 GASES 0 ORGANIC VAPORS "ITm PqOB -ASSInG BUFBTIE3, A CHANGE TO JO CFB |l 13 NECESSARY TO PERMIT Th USE OF AN ESCAPE GAS n*3k AGAINST SUBSTANCES ! Th POOR -aBnInG RROPEBTIES, tv T_ ESCAPE *Hf ESCAPE NFSPIBATliBS ABE PBOVtOED THEY SHALL Bf StLECTFO FROM THE ESCAPE CATFGUHY In TABLE 2, THE EMPLOYER SHALL PROVIDE AnO En$uH FHPLOTtES Cabby an escape respirator where exposure "ay occur to EXTBEhfly TOXIC Substances (an extremely toxic substance IS oefInED as a RAS OH VAPOR H*vlNR A RAT EXPOSURE MORTALITY LCSO UF LESS Than 10 PPn, THE FOLLO-ING STATEMENT IS AODEO TO THE INTRODUCTION TO The RESPIRATOR table for these substances* EHPLOTEHS shall PROVIDE Each Employee "ORRlNG In AREAS where NAME** hay RE RELEASED InTQ THE WORKPLACE * IB *ITH an APPROVED ESCAPE RESPIRATOR AS SPECIFIED IN Table 2, THE EHRLOYEH SMALL Ensure THAT EACH EMPLOYEE CARRY THE ESCAPE RESPIRATOR IN TNF AHfiA HCB **NAM*w HAY BE RELEASEO INTO THt WORKPLACE, IV, J, "ENTRY INTO TANKS 0 CLOSED VESSELS* OR , , ,# ITEM (O)IlHIV) IS A VARIABLE PROVISION In TH INTRODUCTORY STATEMENTS TO THE RESPIRATOR TABLES "MICH LISTS THE SPECIFIC OPERATIONS WHERE A RESPIRATOR IS CONSIDERED TO BE an ACCEPTABLE means OF CONTROL, EXAMPLES OF *HRE TwtS HAY OCCUR ARE FU* OPERATIONS WHICH REttUIRE OCCASSIONAL ENTRY INTO TANKS OB OTHER CLOStO VESSELS, . iPPENOIX I A, PROTECTION FACTORS FOR PARTICULATE FILTER RESPIRATORS PROTECTION FACTOR (MINIMAL) SX PERMISSIBLE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ANY OUST ANO h'IST RESPIRATOR CIO CFB 11,150) Any OUST AnO MtST RES* 1RAT|JR, EXCEPT SINGLE USE (JO CFb H,1J0), 123 RSV 0005250 J 0* 10* 10* so* toon* ANY OUST ANO mist RESPIRATOR. EXCEPT SlNGLE-USE OR OJANTfepMMASK RESRIRATofl (JO CFR U.IJO). ANY PUNE RESPIRATOR 0 MrcM EFFICIENCY PART JCULATf FILTER RESPIRATOR (30 CFR it.UO). any HIGH EFXICIfNTY PARTJCUAlTE FILTER RESPIRATOR (JO CFR 11,150) A nigh EFFICIENCY RARTICULATE FILTER RESPIRATOR KITH a full facepiece cso cfr u.isoi. A ROmCREO A IR*PuRIFyING RESPIRATOR mITH A HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE FILTER (30 CFR U.1J0J, S, PROTECTION FACTORS FOR CHEMICAL CARTRIDGES AND 543 MASKS PROTECT ION FACTOR (MINIUM.) 10* so* sox 50* permissible RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ANY CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR "ITM AN * name t CARTRIDGE ( 3) (30 CFR tt',150} A CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR UTM PULL FACEPIECE and NAME . CARTRIOCC(S) (JO CFR 11,130) A GAS MASK ITH A CHIN-STYLE NAMfi CANISTER (30 CFR | | , PC(A 1) A GAS MASK *ITM a FRONT OR RACKMOUNTED NAME * CANISTER (30 CFR 11,00 (A)) looox A PO-fiREO AIR-PURIFYING CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR mITm a ** name ** CARTRIDGE (UNLISTEO OEVICE), ESCAPE ANY CAS MASK PROVIDING PROTECTION AGAINST name VAPORS (30 CFR 11,901, NQTEi THE APPROVAL # NAME MAY CONSIST Of ACIO CASES OB ORGANIC VAPORS as A Ct*33 OR SPECIFIC ACIO GASES* ammonIA, OR ORGANIC VAPORS. IT may Al.30 CONSIST OF COMBINATIONS OF ACIO GASES. ORGANIC VAPORS. *N0 QTmER GASES ANO VAPORS. C, PROTECTION FACTORS FOR COMBINATION CHEMICAL CARTRIDGES ANQ PARTICULATE FILTERS AND G*S m4s*3 ano RaRTICULaTE FILTERS PROTECtton eactors (MINIMAL) 1 0* SOX 30* 50 X PERMISSIBLE RESPIRATORY protection ANY chemical CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR ITH * NAME C * *JR IOGE (S) ANO NAME * PILTER(S) (30 CFR U.150 ANO 11,130) a chemical cartridge respirator with a fuul facepiece n a Mg cARTSIDGE(3)# AND * TYPE FILTER(S) (30 CFR 11,130 AND 11.130) A GAS majk with a CHIN-JTYLE ** name * CANISTER ANO TYPf _ FILTER (30 CFR 11.00(A) ANO 11,130; A GA$ MASK WITH A FOUNT (1R SACK MOUNTED * NAME C*N(STrR AMO * Type * P1LTFR (50 CFR U,90(A) AND 1t , l 30 1 , 124 RSV 0005251 1000* * PO-EHED *[H PURIFYING CMeIC*L CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR -it* a * H4e ** cartridge and high effic, ncy a**TtCULA TF FILTER, ESCAPE ANY 543 MASK PROVIDING PROTECTION AGAINST * NAm AND PARTICULATES (30 CFR 11,90 4*0 11,130) RA*E REFERS TO AMY ACIO CAS, AKALINC GAS, ORGANIC VAPOR, Q* OTHER SPECIFIC GAS OR VAPOR, TYPE REFERS TO OUST AMO MT3T, FUMe, UR MlflH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE, 0, PROTECTION FACTORS FOR SUPPi. ItO-A IR RESPIRATORS PROTECTION FACTOR (minimal) 10* SOI 1000* 2000* PERMISSIBLE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION ANY 3UPPLIE0 AtR-RfcSPlRATOR (30 CFR 11,110(1)] ANY SUPPLIEO*AIH RESPtHATUN -ITM A FULL FACEPIECE# HELMET, OR Mono, (30 CFR 11,110(0) A TYPE C SUP*LIED-A1R RE3PtRATIJP OPERATED IN PRESSURE<)"anO OR OTHER POSITIVE PRESSURE OR CONTINUOUS FLO* MOOf <30 CFR 11.110(A)) A TYPE C SUPPLIEOmAIR RESPIRATOR mITH A FULL FACEPIECE (JPERATEO {M PR33U-0-*NO OR OTHER POSTTIVE PRESSURE HOOE or -ITM A FULL FACEPIECE, *000, OR HELMET OPERATED IN CONTINUOUS FlOh nQOC (30 CFR 11.119(A)) THIS CATEGORT is NOT full* COVERED SY PRECEOING CATEGORY, E, PROTECTION FACTORS FOR SELF-CONTAiNfo BNCATmING APPARATUS PROTECTION FACTOR (minimal) 10* 10,000*1 OR FIRE FIGHTING io,ooo*x ESCAPE ~ PERMISSIBLE RESPIRATOR* PROTECTION ANY SELF-CONTAINED RHEaTHInG APPARATUS (10 CFR (1.70(A)! ant SELF-CONTAINFO BREATHING APPARATUS "IT* A full facepiece (So cfR u.toca)) 3ELF-CnNTAINfO 9fl A TN TN(i APPARATUS NITM A FULL FACEPIECE OPFRATCD IN PRESSURE-OEMANO OR OTmCR POSITIVE PRESSURE mo0E (30 CFR 11.70(A)) A Cf'MPINATION RESPIRATOR "MICH InCLUOES a TYPE C SUPPLIED-*IN RESPIRATOR -IT" A FULL FACEPIECE OPEHATEn IN PRESSURE-OEMANO or OTHER POSITIVE PRESSURE QR CONTINUOUS FLO- -O0E anO an AUXILIARY SELF-CONTAINED SHEATHING APPARATUS OPERATED IN PRESSURE-OEmano dm POSITIVE PRESSURE MODE (30 CFR 11.70(B)) ANY' ESCAPE SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (30 CFR 11.70(A)) 125 ftsv 0005*52 * THE FOLLOWING ARE THE RBI-ARY REFERENCE SOURCES USEO In THIS DECISION LOGIC. L, CHEMICAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS. MANUFACTURING CHEnISTS ASSOCIATION. miSH,, O.C. 2, SAX. N.I.t 0ANf!J HUUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS. THIRD EDlTinN, VAM SUSTAANO REINHOLO COMPANY, Nm YORK, I960, 3, HYGIENIC GUIDE SFRIES. AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HTOIEME ASSOCIATION, OETBUIT, MICHIGAN, CHEMICA L Company GUlOESl A) ALL IFO CHEMICAL H ) CUmmeHIC*L SOLVENTS CO Cl 0U CHtHlCAL 1)) EASTMAN HUOAK C) E XIJN F ) FmC G ) H()N SANTO H) ULIn CHE-ICALS I) W(JMH X HAAS J) SHELL X ) UNION CARBIDE COMPANY s, AhCHICan NATIONAL STanOaPO ACCEPfAPLC CONCENTRAIONS. AMERICAN NATIONAL STAnOAHDS INSTITUTE, I**C,, N* YO, 6, AhOHHiNG, t,l TUXTCITt and hETahOLISN OF INDUSTRIAL SOLVENTS, ELSFvIFH PUBLISHING COMPANY, nh YQRK, 196S, BROHNlNG, E 1 TOXICITY OF tNflUSTHI iL METALS, 8UlTENOTM3, LONDON, 1961. 7, document at ion of the threshold limit values for substances in ORMROOH a IR , Th1o EDITION, American CONFERENCE OF governmental Industrial HYGIENISTS, CINCINNATI, 1971, , GLEASON, M,N,, GOSSELIN, ,E, HODGE. H,C,. Ano SMITH, R,P,r CLIMICAL TOXICOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS, THIRD EDITION, THE -ILLi*flS * -AL^InS CO,, BALTIMORE, 1969, 9, THlENgS, C,N, ano HALEY, T,J,| EDITION, la ano FEmigFR, 1972, CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY, FIFTH t8. SPECTOR, R.3. <VOL I.III. *EGMfcBON, *<,0, (VQL IIP, GREBE, R,M, (VOL IV>, ANO OITTHER, P,S, (VOL V) (EOITORSlt H4N0RQUM OF TOXICOLOGY, SAUNOEHS, PHILADELPHIA, !9S619$9. 11, RAGfT, G,E, (EDI TC*R) | METHODS JN TOXICOLOGY, bLaC*mCLL SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS,.OXFORD, 1970, 12, STOLman, *, (EDITOR!t PROGRESS IN CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY, vQL 2 and VOL R ACAOEmIC PRESS, HE* YQRR, 196$ AND 1969, 13, PATTy, F,A, (EOI TcjR ) J INDUSTRIAL hyGJENE ANO TOXICOLOGY, VOL 2, SECOND REVISED EDITION, jNTFRSCieNCE PUBLISHERS, Ngw yOR*. 1963, 19, munTCR. 0,| THE OISEASES OF OCCUPATIONS, LITTLE, SHORN ANO COMPANY, BOSTON, 1969, 15, StAUDEN, a, (F*ECUTtVE 01 TOR 11 XIRf-OThmcb ENCYCLQPEOIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY, 2ND COITION, JnTERSCIEnCE PUBLISHERS. n YOR, 1972, 16, GLICX 0, (EDITOR 51 METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS. INTERSCIENCE publishers, he* york, t9si969, 17, ALTMAN, P.L, AND 01T T Mgy, 0,S, (EOI TORSI 1 BIOLOGY OATA ROOF, FEDERATION OF 4M#ICAN SOCIETIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, 196, 126 RSV 0005253 18, OtIC""*"*# B, ANO GCAROf, M,,| TOXICOLOGY Of DRUGS AND CHEMICALS. *C*r>tC PRESS, nm rORR, 18*9, \9, srcc-efli f.o, CEoiTof) i the. *crck i**ox eighth enrno*# *e*c< * cn,, IHC, Ng JERSEY, ! 998 2, International LABOUR Off ICft ENCVCLOPiEOIA "F I.HTCUP * T IP*L health **o jarett, hccrah- hill boq* company, nek yg, irti, 21. HY61PMIC lNfrmH*ftON cutoff. CO*OMC*tTM Of PENNSYLVANIA, DEaprTmEnT Of nv IUQNMCMT4L RESOURCES. 3UREAU uf OCCUPATIONAL health, 22. CHftsrewse*, n,F. an0 IUGInryml, T.L.t ItOtTOR3)l N{03H roxrc SURSTAnCE LIST, 19T4 EDITION,.m* PUBLICATION *0. 7.13, 197. *3, JURVfr of COHPOUN03 -HTCH MAVfc BEEN TESTCO fO CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY, g,3, PUBLIC health SERVICE PUBLICATION nQ, l9, ORIGINAL, SUPPLEMENTS I A* Z* 19#1*|R*7, 1988-89, AND 19?0M, 23. SPNCgH, ,y, Guide TO the CHEMICALS US0 in COP PROTECTION, SIXTH EUtriOH (PUBLICATION t09Ai, RESEARCH iJHAmCh AGRICULTURE CanaOa-, 1973, 2?, NATIONAL SAfETY COUNCIL INDUSTRIAL Data SHEETS, national SAFETY council. Chicago, Illinois, 28, MASKIN' A,0, (0 1 TON)I HANDLING GU|n FUN POTENT IALLY HaZa0UU3 C0*n0!T2fS, HAILhAY SYSTEMS ANO nanaGhnT ASSOCIATION, CHICAGO, rtLlNOIS. 1972, 27, handbook Of aGA*rc industrial solvents, technical guide no, %, atm edition, AMgtticAM mutual insurance alliance, Chicago, Illinois, 18 72, 2B, CO-HITTEE oh NAZAPOOUS MATERIALS, DIVISION Of CHEMISTRY t CHEMICAL technology national RESEARCH COUNCIL, NATIONAL ACAOEhY Qf SCIEnCEj FIRE HAZARD CLASSIFICATION qf CMmICAL VAPO*S RELATIVE TO CXPLUSION-PHOOf ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT, REPORT tt(, A SUPPLENgNTARY REPORT PREPARED BY the ELECTRICAL HAZARDS PANEL, kaSMInGTON, D,C, hay 1873, 2-9, NATIONAL f?RE CODES, VOLUME 1 FLAMMABLE LISUIOJ. NfPi 323, NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, BOSTON. 18*8, 30, national fIE CODES, VOLUME 7 4LAR* ano SPECIAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS, NPPA 89, NATIONAL fIRg PROTECTION HiQCHTlQH, BOSTON, 1973, 31, NATIONAL FtE COOES, MANUAL Of HAZARDOUS CHgNlcAL REACTIONS, NfPA R91H. NATIONAL FIE PROtrcrlOH ASSOCIATION, BOSTON, 1971, 32, NATIONAL PIPE CODES, VOLUME 3 CUHbuSTIRLE SULtOS, OUSTS AND EXPLOSIVES, NfPA 89, NATIONAL fIHE, PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, BOSTON, 1973, 33, *UWm, CHARLES *,* NfPA fIRE OffICER`3 GUtOE to Emergency ACTION, APPCnDIX A, NATIONAL PI PROTECTION ASSOCIATION, BOSTON, 19?, ja, fACTHRT nyTUAL EnGInEF.hInG CORPORATION* - HANDBOOK Of NDUSTRIaL LOSS PREVENTION, SECOND EDITION, *CGUm--ILL 00 COMPANY. n YORK, 1987, 35. An13TE 40 * G, JR , t SAFETY IN PETROLEUM SgfInJNG AND RELATED InOUS TWIf 3 (APPENDIX A), 3EC0N0 EDITION, JUHN c. SImnONOS *nO CO,, INC,, n* YORK, i95R, 38. DOOLITTLE, A.K.i LAUUFR SOLVENTS Jh CUMHCMIC*L USE, IN0USTR1AL ANO ENGINEERING CHF-ISTRY, VQL 2?t U68-U79, 19JS, 37. GRANT, -,h,, T(T*rCOLOGY Of The EY. SECOnq tOITIUN, CHARLES C. THOMAS PUBLISHER, ILLINOIS. I87, 127 RSV 0005254 JR, TUXICOtOGlCU. fVI3. **60IC** *ETOUEU INSTITUTE, *" rOR*. 4, GL6A30*, GOSfLl. *,E,, *OOG6, *,C,r AMfi ,P,| RULl-EM* 0f SuRRUEHt4'f m4TC"UL fp* CU1C)1 TOUCHLOGY Of CO-^t^CUL RwoOuCfS* UmIvEHSITY of ROCf5TJi IRfrR-jRTS, 0t, **ir, J,j OOOR THRESHOLDS Of SOLVENTS fOR i9333"EMT Or SOLVENT OOCJ09 l TnE Altif 3TAUB, VOL 26* U-1S (SERf, t ENGL 13H TR4*3.) 42, J, (SEE EL3U) SU**ER, mtt 0f)n3 POLLUTION 00 MR, CRC PRESS. CLEVELAND, \*J\, 128 RSV 0005255 appendix d EFFECT OF SOLVENT VAPOR ON RESPIRATOR CARTRIDGE EFFICIENCY Gary 0. Nelson and Charles A. Harder The following cartridge pairs were tested at 1000 ppm, 50% relative humidity, 22*C, and 53.3 liters/min (equivalent to a moderately heavy work rate). The time to achieve a IS breakthrough is noted for each cartridge pair. Cartridges were preconditioned at room temperature and 50% relative humidity for at least 24 hours prior to testing. Solvent Aromatics (a) Benzene Toluene Ethyl benzene m-Xylene Cumene Mesitylene Alcohols (a) Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol Ally! alcohol n-Prcpanol Sec-Butanol Butanol 2-Methoxyethanol Isoamyl alcohol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Ethoxyethanol Amyl alcohol 2-Ethyl *1-butanol Monochlorides (a) Methyl chloride w Vinyl chloride Ethyl chloride Allyl chloride ' 1-chloropropane 1-chlorcbutane Chlorocyclopentane Chlorobenzene 1-chlorohexane 0-chlorotoluene 1-chlorcheptane 3-(chloromethyl heptane) Time to Reach 1% Breakthrough (10 ppm) (minutes) ' 73 94 84 99 81 86 0.2 28 54 ' 66 70 96 115 116 97 75 77 102 76.5 . .05 Q 3.8 5.6 31. 25. 72 78 107 77 102 82 63 129 RSV 0005256 Oichi orides (a) Dichloromethane Trans-1,2-0ichloroethylene 1,1-Dichloroethane cis-1,2-Oichloroethylene 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,4-Dichlorobutane o-Dichlorobenzene ilorides Chloroform Methyl chloroform Trichloroethylene 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,2,3-Trichloropropane O' and Pentachlorides (a) Carbon tetrachloride Perchloroethylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Pentachloroethane tes (a) Methyl acetate Vinyl acetate Ethyl acetate Isopropyl acetate Isopropenyl acetate Propyl acetate Ally! acetate sec-Butyl acetate 8utyl acetate Isopentyl acetate 2-Methoxyethyl acetate1,3-Dimethylbutyl acetate Amyl acetate 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Hexyl acetate les (b) Acetone 2-Butanone 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone 4-Methyl-2-Pentanone Mesityl oxide Cyclopentanone 3-!leptanone 2-Heptanone Cyclohexanone 5-Methyl-3-heptanone 3-Methyl cyclohexanone Diisobutyl ketone 4-Methyl cyclohexanone 130 10 33 23 30 54 65 108 109 33 40 55 72 111 77 107 104 93 33 55 67 65 81 79 76 83 77 71 93 61 73 80 67 37 82 104 94 96 722 141 91 101 126 86 101 71 111 ^voujo-vovmsvi RSV 0005257 Alkanes (b) Pentane Hexane Methylcyclopentane. Cyclohexane Cyclohexene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Heptane Methylcyclohexane .5-Ethylidene-2-norbornene Nonane Decane Amines (b) Methyl amine Ethyl amine Isopropyl amine Propyl amine Diethyl amine Butyl amine Triethyl amine Dipropyl amine Diisopropyl amine Cyclohexyl amine Dibutyl amine Miscellaneous Materials Acrylonitrile Pyridine 1-Nitropropane Methyl iodide Dibromomethane 1,2-Dibromoethane Acetic anhydride Bromobenzene (b) (a) MSA cartridges (b) AO cartridges 61 52 62 69 86 68 78 69 87 76 71 12 40.5 66 90 88 110 81 93 77 .112 76 49 .119 143 12 82 141 124 142 131 * ftSV 000525a APPENDIX E STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE RESPIRATOR FIT TESTING USING IRRITANT SMOKE FIELD TEST - PLASTIC BAG ENCLOSURE OR HARVARD HOOD Method No. 4 1. Respirators equipped with, highefficiency filters will be used for this test. 5. If a half-mask is being tested, THE SUBJECT SHALL BE INSTRUCTED TO CLOSE HIS 2. Both ends are broken on an MSA ventilation smoke tube. One end is inserted into the tube connec ted to the positive pressure end of a two-way respirator bulb and the other end covered by a 1-2" length of tygon, surgical or rubber tubing. The test aerosol is generated by squeezing the aspirator bulb. EYES FOR THE DURATION OF THE TEST. The test subject shall be instructed to enter the bag or hood and breathe shallowly during a short (30- 60 seconds) sedentary period. The subject shall be instruct ed to move their head from side-to-side and up and down to assure that the respirator has an adequate seal. Leakage 3. The test subject will don the respirator and a visual inspec tion of the facepiece to face seal made by the tester. An obvious leak in the facepiece to face seal shall be reason to abort the test and record that at any time shall be cause to terminate the test. Two or three minutes should be suffi cient to evoke a response to the irritant smoke even if the subject tries to "hold their breath"- mask as unsatisfactory. Expres sion of discomfort created by the mask shall also be reason to abort the test. 6. Any indication of detection of the smoke by the test subject, during fitting, indicates a failure of that 4- The smoke will be generated into respirator. If leakage is detected, the subject shall the input of the harvard hood or a hole punched in the top of the be removed from the test atmosphere and the facepiece plastic bag enclosure until a to fare seal visually inspected concentration can be detected for obvious leakage. If any throughout the bag or hood visually. doubt about the condition of the respirator or the filter exists, another like respira tor shall be tested to assure the leakage was due to face- piece to face seal. 132 RSV 0005259 APPENDIX F STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE DISASSEMBLY, CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATORS 1. Remove cartridges, canisters or filters and all gaskets that are not affixed to seats. 2. Visually inspect facepieces and parts; discard faulty items. 3. Remove all elastic headbands. 4. Remove exhalation valve cover. 5. Remove speaking diaphragm or speaking diaphragms-exhalation valve assem bly, or pressure-demand exhalation valve assembly. 6. Remove inhalation valves. 7. Wash, sanitize and rinse facepieces (see specific procedure for operation of washing equipment). (Maximum water temperature 140F). Parts removed from respirators may be washed separately as necessary. 8. Dry masks (see specific procedures for drying). (See Appendix G.) 9. Hand wipe facepieces, valves and valve seats with damp, lint-free cloth to remove any soap or water residues, mold release powders or foreign materials not removed by washing. 10. Disassemble and hand clean the pressure-demand and exhalation valve assembly, exercising care to avoid damage to the rubber diaphragm. 11. Visually inspect facepieces and all parts for deterioration, distortion, or other faults that might affect the performance of the respirators. 12. Replace any questionable or ..obviously faulty parts or assemblies includ ing rubber components that show weather checking when flexed or stretched, and distorted facepiece. Replace only with parts specifically designed for the particular respirator. 13. Reassemble mask and visually inspect completed assembly.. 14: Install new or retested and disinfected filters, cartridges or canisters. 15. Clean and apply fogproof to lens per fog-proof manufacturer's instructions (full facepieces only). 16. Install lens cover. 17. Fogproof outside of lens cover. 18. Individually seal each mask in plastic bag. 133 RSV 0005260 Appendix G Respirator Drying Cabinet 1 steel cabinet with double doors, 18 x 36 x 78 inches (Fig. 1) 3 shelves (furnished with cabinet} 3 pieces of 1/4 inch stainless steel mesh wire, 15*3/4 x 35-3/4 inches for shelves 1 piece of regular screen, 10 x 10 inches for exhaust port on top 1 small portable electric heater with fan, 115V, 1650W 32 eye bolts, size #10 32 clothes pins with metal hanging clips 1 thermometer, 0 to 180*F range miscellaneous bolts and nuts, size #10 CABINET MODIFICATION On one side, an 8 x 8 inch square hole 2 inches from the inside bottom is cut and the heater bolted in place (Fig. 2) . The two-wire heater power cable is removed and replaced with a three-wire cord for electrical safety. On top of the cabinet, an 8 x 8 inch exhaust port is cut and a piece of screen, wire placed over it. The center section of each shelf beginning 1-1/2 inch from the edges is removed, and stainless steel mesh is bolted in place. To this wire on the bottom and second shelves CFig. 21, the small eye bolts are screwed into place approximately 3 inches apart, and spaced so that eight masks can hang in a double row from each shelf without touching each other. The clothes pins are held to the eye bolts by metal clips. The spring 134 RSV 0005261 clips mounted on the shelves axe for identifying the origin of masks. The thermometer is suspended by a small clamp. The temperature inside the cabinet is maintained at 120 to -140F. After the cabinet has been loaded with masks, the temperature averages from about 125*P on the top shelf to 135*7 at the bottom of the low hanging masks (Fig. 3}. The unit is normally loaded at one time with 10 to 15 full face' and 24 half mask respirators and their filter holders. The practical capacity, using the hangers and shelves, is 30 full face masks or 0 half mask respirators. The average during time is from 1 to 1-1/2 hours. The total cost for materials and labor is less than $150.00. 135 *S\f OOQSztz 135 RSV 0005263 Fig. 3. Inside of cabinet loaded with tasks 133 RSV 0005265 APPENDIX H PROGRAM EVALUATION In general, the respirator program should be evaluated at least annually, with program adjustments, as appropriate, made to reflect the evaluation results. Program function can be separated into administration and operation. 1. Program Administration a. Is program responsibility vested in one individual who is knowledgeable and who can coordinate all aspects of the program? b. What is the present status of the implementation of engi neering controls, if feasible, to alleviate the need of respirators? c. Are there written procedures/statements covering the various aspects of the respirator program? -designation of administrator; -respirator selection; -purchase of approved equipment; -medical aspects of respirator usage? -issuance of equipment; -fitting; -maintenance, storage, repair; -inspection? and -use under special condition. 2. Program Operation a. Respiratory protective equipment selection * Are work area conditions and employe exposures properly surveyed? ' Are respirators selected on the basis of hazards to which the employe is exposed? * Are selections made by individuals knowledgeable of selection procedures? b. Are only approved respirators purchased and used and do they provide adequate protection for the specific hazard and concentration of the contaminant? c. Has a medical evaluation of the prospective user been made to determine their physical and psychological abil ity to wear respiratory protective equipment? 139 R<S V 0005266 d. Where practical, have respirators been issued to the users for their exclusive use, and are there records covering issuance? e. Respiratory protection equipment fitting * Are the users given the opportunity to try on several respirators to determine whether the respirator they will subsequently be wearing is the best fitting one? * is the fit tested at appropriate intervals? Are those users prohibited from wearing contact lenses when using respirators? Is the facepiece to face seal tested in a test atmos phere? f. Maintenance of respiratory protection equipment - Cleaning and Disinfecting * Are respirators cleaned and disinfected after each use when different people use the same device, or as frequently as necessary for devices issued to individ ual users? * Are proper methods of cleaning and disinfecting utilized? Storage * Are respirators stored in a manner so as to protect them from dust, sunlight, heat, excessive cold or moisture, or damaging chemicals? * Are respirators stored properly in a storage facility so as to prevent them from deforming? * Is storage in lockers and tool boxes permitted only if the respirator is in a carrying case or carton? Inspection * Are respirators inspected before and after each use and during cleaning? * Are qualified individuals/users instructed in inspection techniques? * Is respiratory protective equipment designated as "emer gency use" inspected at least monthly (in addition to after each use)? * Is. a record kept of the inspection of "emergency use" respiratory protective equipment? 14 0 RSM 000526? Repair * Are replacement parts used in repair those of the manufacturer of the respirator? * Are repairs made by knowledgeable individuals? " Are repairs of SCBA made only by certified personnel or by a manufacturer's representative? Special Use Conditions * Is a procedure developed for respiratory protective equipment usage in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life or health? * Is a procedure developed for equipment usage for entry into confined spaces? Training Are users trained in proper respirator usage? * Are users trained in the basis for selection of respirators? 141 RSV 0005268 appendix I RESPIRATOR TERMINOLOGY CONFINED SPACE An enclosure having limited means of egress; and poor natural ventilation which may contain hazardous contaminants or be oxygen deficient such as storage tank, process vessel, boiler, silo, tank car, pipeline, tube, duct, sewer, underground utility vault, tunnel, and pit. EMERGENCY RES PIRATOR USE Wearing a respirator when a hazardous atmos phere suddenly occurs which requires immediate use of a respirator either for escape only from the hazardous atmosphere or for entry into the hazardous atmosphere to carry out maintenance or some other task. EXHALATION VALVE A device that allows exhaled air to leave a respirator and prevents outside air from entering through the valve. FACEPIECE That portion of a respirator that covers the wearer's nose and mouth in a quarter-mask (above the chin) or half-mask (under the chin) facepiece or that covers the nose, mouth, and eyes in a full facepiece. It is designed to make a gas-tight or particle-tight fit with the face and includes the headbands, exhalation valve(s), and connections for an air-purifying device or respirable gas source or both. HAZARDOUS ATMOS PHERE HELMET Any atmosphere, either immediately or not imme diately dangerous to life or health, which is oxygen deficient or which contains a- toxic or disease-producing contaminant exceeding the legally established permissible exposure limit (PEL), or where applicable, the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) established by the American Confer ence of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) <0 That portion of a respirator which shields the eyes, face, neck, and other parts of the head. HIGH EFFICIENCY FILTER A filter which has an efficiency equal to or exceeding 99.97% for removal of monodisperse dioctyl phthalate CDOP) particles having a mean particle diameter of 0.3 micrometer from air. HOOD That portion of a respirator which completely covers the head, neck, and portions of the shoulders. 142 RSV 0005269 IMMEDIATELY DAN GEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH (IDLH) Any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or produces immediate irreversible effects on health that will be debilitating. MAXIMUM USE LIMIT OF FILTER, CARTRIDGE, OR CANISTER The maximum concentration of a contaminant for which an air-purifying filter, cartridge, or canister is approved for use. MPCa MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE AIR BORNE CONCENTRA TION These concentrations are set by the National Committee on Radiation Protection. They are recommended maximum average concentrations of radionuclides to which a worker may be exposed, assuming that he works 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, and 50 weeks a year. NEGATIVE PRES SURE RESPIRATOR A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory-inlet covering is positive during exhalation in relation to the air pres sure of the outside atmosphere and negative during inhalation in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere. NOT IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH Any hazardous atmosphere which may produce physical discomfort immediately, chronic poi soning after repeated exposure, or acute adverse physiological symptoms after prolonged exposure. ODOR THRESHOLD LIMIT The lowest concentration of a contaminant in air that can be detected by the olfactory sense. OXYGEN DEFICIEN CY- IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH An atmosphere which causes an oxygen partial pressure of 100 millimeters mercury column or less in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor. See Appendix I. OXYGEN DEFICIEN CY-NOT IMMEDIATE LY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH An atmosphere having an oxygen concentration below the minimum legal requirement (.see Table 1) but above that which is immediately dangerous to life or health. PERMISSIBLE EXPO The legally established time-weighted average SURE LIMIT (PEL) (TWA) concentration or ceiling concentration of a contaminant that shall not be exceeded. POSITIVE PRES SURE RESPIRATOR A respirator in which the air pressure inside the respiratory-inlet covering is positive during exhalation and inhalation in relation to the air pressure of the outside atmosphere. 143 ASV 0005270 PROTECTION FACTOR RESPIRATOR SERVICE LIFE TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA) The ratio of the ambient concentration of an airborne substance to the concentration of the substance inside the respirator at the breath ing zone of the wearer. The protection factor is a measure of the degree of protection pro vided by a respirator to the wearer. A device designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of harmful atmospheres. See Sec tion 5, Classification, Description, and Limi tations of Respirators, and Tables 3 and 4.' The period of time that a respirator provides adequate protection to the wearer, such as the period of time that an air-purifying device is effective for removing a harmful substance from inspired air. The average concentration of a contaminant in air during a specific time period. r 144 5V 0005271 APPENDIX J OXYGEN DEFICIENCY -- IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH An atmosphere which causes an oxygen partial pressure of 100 millimeters of mercury column or less in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor is classified as "oxygen deficiency -- immediately dangerous to life or health." The rationale for this classifi cation is that an oxygen partial pressure of 100 millimeters of mercury column in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs, which is saturated with water vapor, corresponds to an oxygen partial pressure of 60 millimeters of mercury column in the alveoli of the lungs with a carbon dioxide partial pressure .of 40 millimeters of mercury column is present in the alveoli of the lungs, and at these alveolar conditions the hemoglobih of the alveolar blood is 90% saturated, oxygen-deficiency symptoms become noticeable. Further details concerning oxygen deficiency will be found on pages 16 to 18 of "A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection," LA-6677-M, published by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; on pages 140-148 of Volume I of "Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology," published by John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated, 1978; and in "Physiology of Respiration," published by Yearbook Medical Publishers Incorporated, 1965. RSV 0 0 0 5 2 7 2 RSV 0 0 0 5 2 7 3 APPENDIX The oxygen partial pressure in the freshly inspired air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor is calculated using the following equation: Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly Inspired air in upper portion of lungs in units of millimeters of mercury column /Atmospheric / air pressure [ in units of l millimeters of y mercury \column 47.0 millimeters of mercury column Decimal fraction by volume of oxygen in X atmospheric air in workplace NOTE: 47.0 millimeter* of mercury column it the partial pressure of water vapor in the air in the upper portion of the lungs which is saturated with water vapor. The concentration of oxygen In normal atmospheric air U 20.95% by volume. Examples of Calculations^ (l) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen In the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a workplace at sea level when the atmospheric air in the workplace has a normal oxygen concentration. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level Is 760JD millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in normal atmospheric air is 20.95% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen In freshly inspired air in a upper portion of lungs (760.0 - 47.0) X 0.2095 149.37 millimeters of mercury column (2) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a workplace at an altitude of 5000 feet above sea level when the . atmospheric air has a normal oxygen concentration. The atmospheric air pressure at an altitude of 5000 feet above sea level is 632.7 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in norma) atmos* pheric air is 20.95% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in upper portion of lungs (632.7 - 47.0) X 0.2095 122.7 millimeters of mercury column (3) Determine the partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs uf a person in a work* place at an altitude of 10 000 feet above sea level when the atmospheric air has a normal oxygen concentration. The atmospheric air pressure at an altitude of 10 000 feet above sea level Is 522.7 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in normal atmospheric air is 20.95% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in upper portion of lungs (522.7 -47.0) X 0.2095 99.66 millimeters of mercury column (4) Determine (he partial pressure of oxygen in the upper portion of the lungs of a person in a work place at sea level when the concentration of oxygen in the atmospheric air in the workplace is 14.0% by vol ume. The atmospheric air pressure at sea level is 760.0 millimeters of mercury column. The concentration of oxygen in the atmospheric air in the workplace is 14.0% by volume. Partial pressure of oxygen in freshly inspired air in s upper portion of lungs 99.82 millimeters of (760.0 - 47.0) X 0,14 mercury column APPENDIX K SELECTED REFERENCES American Industrial Hygiene Association and American Conference of Govern mental Industrial Hygienists, Respiratory Protective Devices Manual, AIHAACGIH, 1963, pp. 16-17. American National Standards Institute, "Practices for Respiratory Protection" Z88.2-1969, Z88.2-1980, ANSI, New York. American National Standards Institute, "Commodity Specification for Air," Z86.1-1973, ANSI* New York, 1973. , ASTM, Compilation of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data, American Society for Testing and Materials, Faz2alari, F. A. ed ., ASTM Data Series DS 48A, 1916 Ra,ce St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, 1978. Douglass, Darrell, "Respiratory Protective Devices", Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volume I, Clayton, ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1978. E. C. Hyatt, J. A. Pritchard, C. P. Richards, and L. A. Geoffrion, "Effect of Facial Hair on Respirator Performance," American Industrial Hygiene Journal, 34, 4, 135-142. G. O. Nelson and C. A. Harder, "Respirator Cartridge Efficiency Studies", American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 35:7 491-510 (1974). Held, Bruce, "Personal Protection", Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Volume III, Cralley, ed., Wiley Interscience, New York, 1979. NIOSH, A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection, HEW Publication No. (NIOSH) 76-189. OSHA, General Industry Standards, U.S. Department of Labor Stock No. 029-015-00051-1. Revised January 1976 (see regulation 1910.134 "Respiratory Protection"). OSHA, Industrial Hygiene Manual, "OSHA Standard Method for Determination of Respiratory Protection Program Acceptability". RSV 0 0 0 5 2 7 4