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UC 149-2
INTERNAL CORRESPONDENCE
tCEIVEL SEP 1 5 1977
METALS DIVISION
To (Nm) Hr. J. L. Myers oivinon UCC Metals Division Location Niagara Falls, NY 14302
Messrs. J. F. Collins R. F. X. Fusaro H. B. Rhodes W. C. Thurbar
File
P.0, BOX 579 - 4625 ROYAL AVE.. NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK 14302
Oat* Originating Oept.
September 13, 1977 "Calidria" Asbestos
Answering letter date
Subject
Customer Mai 1ing
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Attached is a copy of a letter with enclosures to be sent to each of our "Calidria" asbestos customers. As you know, we have been holding off our mailing pending changes in OSHA regulations. It now appears that we might have a long wait and it seems more prudent to send it promptly.
By copy of this letter, I am requesting the necessary legal and business approvals.
REB:cjb Attachment
UCC 013309
UCC 013312
Frankly Speaking
You certainly are im portant to your fam ily and loved ones, and you are im portant to the com pany. It makes good sense for the com pany to do everything possible to protect you in your w orking environment, and for you to take every precaution to
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These are the Facts
Exposure to asbestos fiber can increase the risk of developing certain diseases over a period of years. The four diseases associated w ith inhalation of asbestos fiber are: asbestosis -- a non-m alignant scarring lung condition; cancer of the lung, and
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IN TH E M E A N TIM E
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Regulations to Protect You
To insure the safety of all, occupational standards for exposure to asbestos dust h a ve been established by the O ccupational Safety and Health A dm inistration (OSHA) of the U.S. Departm ent of Labor. These standards are designed to protect
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UCC 013316
To: Executive Director Asbestos Information Association/North America 1835 K Street. N.W. Washington. D.C. 20006
(Date)
Please forward the information materials noted below. We understand that we will be billed for costs plus shipping charges:
"What You Should Know About Asbestos and Health." Employee infor mation pamphlet. 5"x7" 15c each.
Quantity.
"Recommended Practices for Handling Asbestos Fiber." Heavy coated stock poster, ll"xl4" printed blue on white for employee information boards. 25c each.
Q uantity
Also available in 33A"x9" pamphlet form suitable for mailing in #10 en velope. 10c each.
Quantity
Booklets--Recommended Work Practices--$1.35 each
"Fabrication and Use of Asbestos Paper Products" Quantity.______________
"Shop and Field Fabrication of Asbestos Sheet Products" Quantity_______________
"Molding and Fabrication of Asbestos Containing Plastic Products" Quantity______________
"Fabrication and Use of Asbestos Friction Materials" Quantity.
"Use and Handling of Asbestos Textile Products" Quantity
IREV. PPOF --8'76l
-OVER UCC 013317
Pamphlets--"Asbestos in the Atmosphere--A hazard to health?"
15c each
Quantity_____________
Asbestos in Water--A hazard to health?"
15c each
Quantity,
Handbook--"Federal Regulations--Asbestos"
$5.25 each
Q, uantity.
Poster Series --"Asbestos Health Hints for the Workplace." 15"x23" in various colors. Available at 40c each or complete series at $2.40.
i! 1I
\hcumn dust spills... neverdry sweep!
3 s'-:.
Quantity _______
Report unsafe conditions immediately!
&&C&-t ^ 11
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required. always use your respirator!
Quantity
Repair *. broken V;; bags immediately!
If you don't smoke now don't start. If you do
Quantity
rr^r.________ Use change rooms and lockers! Leave dusty
clothes "V at work!
r f `'
Quantity _______
Quantity ______
Quantity
Set of Six Posters ______________ (Quantity)
Special Mailing Instructions:
(Company)
UCC 013318
(Signature)
Material Safety Data
September 1,1976 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION 4625 ROYAL AVENUE NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK 14302
TELEPHONE: (71fll 27S-3378
PRODUCT: Chrysotile Asbestos TRADE NAMES: "Calidria" Asbestos
CHEMICAL FORMULA: Mg6(OH)8Si4O10
I. PHYSICAL DATA
BOILING POINT AND MELTING POINT: Not Pertinent SPECIFIC GRAVITY (HjO-l): 2.45 VOLATILE CONTENT: Absorbed Water 1 -- 4% By Weight. Structural Water Approximately 13% by Weight. APPEARANCE: Pellets or Fine White Powder. No odor. Very Slight Solubility in Water.
II. HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS
Asbestos contains no hazardous ingredients. However, the material itself can be hazardous under certain conditions. (See V below.)
III. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
NON-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL: No Fire or Explosion Hazard.
IV. REACTIVITY DATA
INERT MATERIAL: No Decomposition or Polymerization Conditions.
V. HEALTH HAZARD DATA
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION: The current Occupational Safety and Health Standard (CFR 29, 1910.1001) contains the following exposure limits: "The 8-hour time-weighted average airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed 2 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450 X magnification (4 millimeter objective) phase contrast illumination. No employee shall be exposed at any time to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in excess of 10 fibers, longer than 5 micrometers, per cubic centimeter of air, as determined by the method just noted."
EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE: CAUTION: Breathing asbestos may cause serious bodily harm.
EMERGENCY AND FIRST AID PROCEDURES: No acute toxicity. Use respirator if airborne asbestos fiber concentration exceeds OSHA limits.
VI. SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
STEPS TO BE TAKEN IF MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED: Avoid inhalation of dust. Remove spilled material by vacuum cleaner or by water wash.
WASTE DISPOSAL:
Bags and waste and scrap materials should be disposed of in a manner which will avoid airborne concentrations of asbestos, such as the use of dust-tight trash bags or containers. Ensure that disposal complies with all applicable federal, state or local regulations.
Union Carbide Corporation assumes no responsibility and makes no warranty, expressed or implied, repre sentation, promise, or statement as to completeness, accuracy, or currency of any data provided.
UCC 013319
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UCC 013321
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UCC 013322
Asbestos in Water
A hazard to health?
UCC 013323
Introduction
Water supplies m various sections of the world contain infinitesimal amounts of asbestos fiber, along with other particulate matter. The fibers come primarily from natural sources, and secondly from man's activities, including the mining and mil ling of asbestos-bearing rock and the manufac ture. use. and disposal of some asbestoscontaining materials.
Inhalation ot excessive quantities of airborne asbestos fiber in occupational sellings is known to increase the risk of respiratory disease and certa.n types of cancer among industrial workers. There is also sn indication ot an increased inci dence of gastrointestinal (Gl) cancer among these workers This has led to speculation as to whether the general public is subject to a health risk from the small amounts of asbestos fiber that may be found occasionally m water. In its report issued in 1 973. She Advisory Committee on Asbestos Can cers to the Director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, a division of the World Health Organization, stated that no evidence exists 'which would support the existence of an increased risk of cancer resulting from asbestos fibers present in water, beverages, food or in the fluids used in the administration ot drugs.1
Since the d'seovery of the risk to health from uncontrolled fiber, the asbestos industry has com mitted itself fo the safe handling of the remarkable m-no'-al in the workplace and to control its opera tions to eliminate the release of free fibers into the env ronment A separate AIA/NA pamphlet dis cusses asbestos in air. This pamphlet is ad dressed to the issue of asbestos in water.
Asbestos Serves the World Asbestos, used since antiquity, has widespread
and 'important applications in our modern tech nological society. Because of its remarkable re sistance to fire, heat, friction, and corrosion, ssprcx'motcly 3.000 different products containing asbestos, ranging from pot holders to brake linings, from asbestos-cement pipe and building
materials to packing and gaskets are in da ly use throughout the world, in the vast majority ol these products, the asbestos is "lockcc-in" w.tn cement, resins, or other binders which restrict fiber release during normal handling or use. In 1974, nearly 850,000 tons ot asbestos, primarily chrysotile from Canada, was used in the United States. Worldwide production >s about 5 million tons.
Gl Cancer and Asbestos Exposure Both human evidence and animal experimenta
tion regarding a possible relationship between excessive asbestos exposure and an increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer is scanty and con tradictory.-' Some researchers have reported higher-than-normal rates of Gl cancer among in dustry groups heavily exposed to airborne as bestos.1 Several mapr animal feeding experi ments, however, produced no tumors in the Gl tracts of the animals, even though the amounts of fiber fed to the animals were massive when com pared with human occupational exposures known to result in respiratory disease4
While some injection experiments have pro duced site and mesothelial tumors in test animals, the amount of fiber used in each case was so large as to render any attempted translation to human experience inappropriate. The studies strongly suggest that development of cancers in test animals is directly related to dose and, even more importantly, to the size of the fiber used in the experiment Electron microscope-sized fibers (less than 5 microns in length) did not produce tumors in test animals.' Medical opinion on the subject cf gastrointestinal cancer and heavy occupational exposure ,s divided Some experts consider the evidence in conclusive while others believe ihjt only a small risk" may exist,' '
Asbestos-Cement Pipe Asbestos-cement pipe has been used to
convey potable water for more than half a cenlury in North America, Europe and other parts of the world. The question has been raised as to the
UCC 013324
possible health nazard of drinking water conveyed through these oipes.
It can be assumed that, if there Is a relationship between gastrointestinal cancer and use of asbestos-cement pipe, there would be an increase in the cancer rate as use of the pipe has increased U S Public Health Service records show however, that incidence of Gl cancer in the Ur.ted States has steadily declined though the usage of asbestos-cement pipe has risen signifi cantly
In a study of drinking water in nine cities that used asbestos-cement pipe for periods ranging from 8 to 1 7 years, not one of the water samples, either before or after passing through the asbes tos-cement pipe, contained fibers that were visible under a light microscope. The highest asbestos content found n this study was 6 micrograms per gallon, about one five-millionth of an ounce. This means (ha! ;f a man were to drink eight glasses of water a day he might swallow a total of twentyseven ten-thousandths of an ounce (.0027) of asbestos in a lifetime of 70 years,"11
A special committee of asbestos-health experts convened by The American Water Works Associ ation Research Foundation reviewed all available data and concluded that the "risk to health from the use of (asbestos-cement water pipe) systems is small--approaching zero.'"'
Reserve Mining Case Perhaps the most widely publicized alleged
health hazard from asbestos in water is the case of the Environmental Protection Agency vs. Reserve Mining Company. The case, involving the disposal of waste (aconite tailings into Lake Superior, became a health issue when it was cla'med that the tailings contained cummingtonite, said tc be a form of asbestos.
Many experts were called for testimony during the proceedings. The court appointed witness, Arnold L. Brown, M.D., Chairman of the Depart ment of Pathology and Anatomy, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, stated that there is no evi dence of an excess of cancer in Duluth, Silver Bay or other North Shore communities and further
testified: "Scientifically and medically I see no evidence for an increased incidence of cancer in those communities that could be attributed to the presence of asbestos fibers in air or water."'"
Early in the trial, the court ordered an extensive study of tissues from deceased persons in the Duluth area to determine the presence of asbes tos fibers. The study failed to disclose any asbes{ tiform fibers which could have come from Reserve during the lifetimes of the subjects. The subjects ' had been selected by Court witnesses as repre sentatives. Only tissues from persons inhaling Duluth air and ingesting Duluth water in excess of 1 5 years were examined.1"
In a summary of medical testimony, before the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals, it was stated: "There is no evidence that ingestion of asbestos in any amount has ever caused disease in anyone. Thus, there is no evidence that Reserve's dis charge into Lake Superior (whether or not such discharge contains any asbestos) constitutes a present or future likelihood of disease " "
In March 1975, the Court in its final ruling ordered the company to comply with all air and water discharge regulations, but noted "the evi dence is insufficient to support the kind of demon strable danger to the public health that would jus tify the immediate closing" of the facility.
Asbestos Filters Minute amounts of fiber in some beverages and
parenteral (injectable) drugs filtered through asbestos-containing filters have also been detected. It is difficult to determine whether the minute asbestos fibers in some liquids come from the filter or are already in the water, There is evidence that asbestos filters remove asbestos material along with other particulates.
Asbestos-containing fillers have been in world wide use for many years. It is reasonable to inquire if beverages or food containing electron microscope-size mineral fibers, including asbes tos, might expose large populations to a potential health hazard. Numerous studies have shown that, despite their long-term use, there is no evidence that anyone has ever contracted gastrointestinal cancer or mesothelioma from beverages or injec-
UCC 013325
table drugs filtered through asbestos filters. A measurement of the normal ''background"
ievei of asbestos fibers provides a means of com paring the levels in beverages, and drugs filtered through asbestos containing filter pads. Studies in the United States and abroad have consistently shown that the asbestos content of various soft drinks, beers, wines, and parenteral drugs is no more than and, in many cases, less than the natural background level of asbestos detected in water.u
Preliminary results of a 1973 survey made for the Food and Drug Administration showed that the use of asbestos-containing filters bears no rela tionship to the presence of asbestos fibers in the finished product." Thus, it is unlikely that the elimi nation of asbestos filters in the production of par enteral drugs will result m any reduction in asbestos content of the finished product.
Governmental Action The Environmental Protection Agency has
promulgated national waste water effluent stan dards for asbestos manufacturing operations to control the potential discharge of asbestosbeanng waste into our nation's waterways and publicly owned treatment works. The asbestos manufacturing industry in the United States par ticipated in the development of these regulations.
In March 1975, the Food and Drug Administra tion published a regulation restricting the utiliza tion ct asbeslos filters in the manufacture, processing or packaging of components of drug products for parenteral injection in humans. At the same lime, however. FDA reaffirmed a previous decision made in September 1973 that "promulgut.on of regulations on the limitations or prohibi tion of the use of asbestos filters for the prepara tion of foods and non-parenteral drugs ... is unwai ranted until more reliable data can be ob tained concerning these matters.""
SUMMARY 1. Asbestos exists naturally in small though
detectable amounts in certain rock formations
throughout the world and for millions of years has been released into the environment through erosion by wind and water.
2. The Advisory Committee on Asbestos Cancers of the International Agency tor Research on Cancer has stated that evidence does not indi cate a risk of cancer resulting from asbestos fibers present in water, beverages, food or fluids used in the administration of drugs. Levels of asbestos found in beverages, drugs, etc., have not been demonstrated to be hazardous to human health.
3. The evidence for a relationship between heavy occupational asbestos inhalation and increased risk of gastrointestinal cancer is incon clusive.
4. There is no existing evidence of a relation ship between gastrointestinal cancer and drinking water carried through asbestos-cement pipe.
5. The asbestos content of various soft drinks, beer, wines and parenteral drugs filtered through asbestos containing filter pads is no more than and in many cases less than the natural back ground level of asbestos that may be found in the world's water sources.
REFERENCES 1. "Report ot the Advisory Committee on As
bestos Cancers to the Director of the Interna tional Agency for Research on Cancer," British Journal of Ind. Medicine, Vol 30, pp. 180-186, 1973. 2. "Report on Research at St. James' Hospital, Leeds. England' by L.M. Swinburne, Appen dix 4, including report from Asbestos Re search Council, October 1970-October 1971. 3. "Cancer Risk of Insulation Workers in the United States," a paper by I.J. Selikoff and E.C. Hammond presented at IARC Confer ence on the Biological Effects of Asbestos, Lyon, France, 1972. 4. "Feeding of Blue Asbestos to Rats" by F.M. Bonser and D.B. Clayton, 1967, Annual Re port, British Empire Cancer Campaign for Research, p. 242.
UCC 013326
5. "The Locus of Pathogenicity of Asbestos Dust" by P. Gross, Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 27, p. 240, 1973.
6. "Asbestos: The Need for and Feasibility of Air Pollution Controls," National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. ISBN 0-30901927-3,1971.
7. "Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe and Health" A/C Pipe Producers Association, Washing ton, D.C., p. 4, 1973.
8. "A Study of the Problem of Asbestos in Water," The American Water Works Re search Foundation, American Water Works ASssociation Journal, Sept. 1974, p. 5
9. "Asbestos-Cement Water Pipe and Health," A/C Pipe Producers Association, Washing ton, D C., p. 3, 1973.
10. From testimony by Dr. Arnold Brown m Federal District Court as quoted in Con gressional Record, Jan. 29, 1975, p. Si 179,
11 From testimony by Dr. Arnold Brown in Fed eral District Court as quoted in Congressional Record, Jan. 29, 1975, p. S11 79.
12 From testimony in Federal District Court as quoted in Congresdional Record, Jan. 29, 1975, P. S1180.
13. "Asbestos Fibers in Beverages and Drinking Water," by A.M. Cunningham and R. Ponte fract, Nature, Vol. 232, p. 332-333, 1971.
14. Report to Food and Drug Administration by Mr. Philip McGrath, July 10, ,1973.
15. Report to the Acting Director, Bureau of Drugs by Dr. J. Richard Crout, 1973
16 Federal Register, March 14, 1975, p. 1 1867.
North America
Additional copies of this pamphlet are available.
Asbestos Information Association/North America 1660 L Street. N.W.
M/nchinnton H C*. 'POO.'^R
UCC 013327
Handling Asbestos Fiber
m
UCC 013328
Handling
Asbestos Fiber
Protection from fire, absorption of heat from friction, high tensile strength as a reinforcing material, resis tance to corrosion and insulation from heat, cold and noise are among the properties of asbestos that result in its use in hundreds of industrial applications and home products.
Asbestos is the name given to a group of hydrated silicate minerals that are characterized by fibrous crystallization. Though asbestos is fairly common to the earth's crust, not all deposits are of commercial value. Because asbestos is fibrous and, in a certain range of sizes, can enter the lungs, maximum care should be taken to avoid exposure to asbestos dust and the hazards to health that can result.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS In all stages of handling -- packaging, transporting, unloading, storing, and in-part moving --asbestos fiber bags should be handled carefully and in such a manner as to prevent damage of bags and the generation of dust.
Damaged bags should be immediately repaired, re sealed or put into closed receptacles. Any spillage of asbestos fiber should be cleaned up immediately -- either by vacuum equipment' or, after thoroughly wetting, by sweeping -- and should be deposited in suitable closed receptacles.
Consult and observe OSHA regulations governing asbestos in the workplace: EPA rules on discharge to the ambient air; and other local codes, rules or regulations controlling the handling and use of asbestos fiber.
UNLOADING Unitized loads should be lifted intact to and from holds of ships, and off and on land transport by forklift trucks or other suitable handling equipment.
Care should be taken to avoid puncturing the asbestos fiber bags during unloading from ships, rail road cars, trucks or other modes of transportation. Hooks or other sharp instruments should not be used. Loose fiber accumulated during transit should be picked up by vacuum cleaner before unloading.
STORAGE
For storage, fiber bags should be stacked and moved with care to avoid breakage: protected from puncture by moving vehicles; and, if possible, should be isolated from traffic in the warehouse and covered to prevent dust generation. To prevent deterioration of stored bags, the principle of first-in, first-out should be followed.
HANDLING
Maximum possible enclosure and fully effective dust control systems should be provided at all stages of in-plant handling where dust is created, such as in bag opening, fiber dumping and bag disposal oper ations. Loose fiber should be cleaned from work areas by vacuum cleaner, or after thoroughly wetting, by sweeping, and then deposited in covered recep tacles.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Wearing of respiratory equipment approved for pro tection against asbestos dust should be required at all stages of asbestos fiber handling where quantities of dust are generated which cannot be kept within the permissible exposure limits by dust control equip ment or other methods.
TRANSPORT
Where the use of asbestos requires the transport of loose fiber in open carts or buggies, covers should be used to prevent spilling and dust generation.
WASTE MATERIALS
Waste materials, such as collected dust and empty fiber bags, should be placed in special closed receptacles and disposed of in such a manner as to prevent the release of dust. Safety practices outlined above in the HANDLING and PROTECTIVE EQUIP MENT sections should be followed during these operations.
All dust from exhaust systems should be collected and safely disposed of, being careful not to release dust into the outside air. Particular attention should be paid to the protection of employees whose job it is to dispose of collected dust from fabric filter dust collection and similar cleaning operations.
UCC 013329
Additional copies of this pamphlet and informational materials listed below are available from the Asbes tos Information Association/North America:
"What You Should Know About Asbestos and Health" -- an employee information pamphlet.
Recommended Work Practices -- Fabrication and Use of Asbestos Paper Products -- Shop and Field Fabrication of Asbestos Sheet Products -- Molding and Fabrication of Asbestos Containing Plastic Products -- Fabrication and Use of Asbestos Friction Materials -- Use and Handling of Asbestos Textile Products
"Federal Regulations -- Asbestos" -- a com prehensive handbook of regulations issued by Federal regulatory agencies.
"Asbestos in the Atmosphere -- A hazard to health"? -- a general information pamphlet.
"Asbestos in Water -- A hazard to health"? -- a general information pamphlet.
Poster Series -- Asbestos Health Hints for the Workplace -- 15" x 23" -- Vacuum dust spills... never dry sweep! -- When required, always use your respirator! -- If you don't smoke now, don't start. If you do smoke, quit! -- Report unsafe conditions immediately! -- Repair broken bags immediately! -- Use change rooms and lockers! Leave dusty clothes at work!
Poster -- Recommended Practices for Handling Asbestos Fiber -- 11 " x 14"
north amcaca
For further information: Asbestos Information Association/North America 1835 K Street, N.W. Washington, D C 20006
UCC 013330
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