Document x154Ne72Vzp1qqrZLrEDVRBdy

7 ^ 7ft/U' THS HE3D YOh CC: j:n."D XT' OF fOLYCHIOniIATED b l HIS .71." A ; scrr.ic;. y;:suiA7ir:g liq u id s Why crj Polychlcri r:j '.c-d P: .,r '* The p rin c ip le use c:' PCB flu id in the eii ct r i c a l ind u stry is in tr a n s formers and cap a cito rs (both larg e and s:v.31) as an in su la to r end co o lan t. At the pr.;:.rivt tin e th e re is only one domestic m anufacturer of th is flu id - Monsanto Chemical Company, c a n in g i t s product A roclor. Westinghouse uses the tradename In ertcen and General rJlectric uses the name Fyranol. Throughout the transform er and capacitor in d u strie s i t i s g e n e ric a lly known as au Askarel f lu id . Whatever the name, th is fam ily of in su la n ts i s ch o racterized by s t a b i l i t y - high fla s h points and even higher combustion tem peratures e sse n tia l to safe operation. PCB's, A roclors, ar? e s s e n tia l as d ie le c tr ic flu id s for c ap acito rs and transform ers. T hey have been used fo r.ab o u t fo rty y e a rs. They possess a unique combination o f physical and chemical p ro p e rtie s which allow these devices to operate a t high voltages and high power le v e ls , fo r long period* of tir.e , under extremely varying conditions, and with r e l i a b i l i t y and s a fe ty . A b rie f description of the Aroclors is warranted to explain th e ir u sefu ln ess as an e le c t r i c a l in s u la to r . An Arcelor c o n sists of a mixture of variously chlorinated biphenyls, according to the formula: x + y ** 1, 2, 3, U, 5j (some 7, 8, 9, 10) w ith isomers of each c h lo rin a tio n le v e l. A ll the bonds in these mole cu les arc c o v alen t. They are p a rtic u la rly strong, being arom atic carbon-carbon, carbon-hydrogen, and carbon-chlorine bonds. Table 1 l i s t s some of th e compositions o f liq u id chlorinated biphenyls. GENP 002000 736750 Because of th e ir boac covitle.v.y and stre n g th s , Arcc.1 ors have a h ig h decree of thermal s to l: 3?ty and chemical in e rtn e s s , and they do not undergo ion ic d isso c ia tio n . T'.cse p ro p erties give to Aroclors,. with respect to t h e i r use in e le c tr ic s .3 power devices: (1 ) high voltage capabiM ty (2) good in su la tin g q u a lity (very low e le c t r i c a l conductivity) t 3) high thermal s t a b i l i t y , and (1<) co m p atib ility with various so lid d ie le c tr ic and m etallic components o f capacitors and transform ers . The chlorine atoms of Aroclors are s p e c if ic a lly b e n e fic ia l in th ree ways, because they give: (5) a re la tiv e ly high d ie le c tr ic co n stan t, e ' * lkO-5.8 which is particularly useful for capacitors. . 1 ( 6) good corona p ro p e rtie s (since .most o f-th e products of corona d i s charge are c h lo rin ated and are re a d ily absorbed by the d i e l e c t r ic , or reacted with re la tiv e ly littD e in e rt gas th a t remains as bubbles and su sta in s corona - so they nay be subjected to sporadic over voltages. (w on't supp o rt combustion by i t s e l f ) ( 7) the property non-flammability, wnxen occurs a t *+7, c n io n n a tio n and above (Aroclor 121*2 or M15 1016, average x + y = 3)> thereby th e devices with which t.ney are used w ill not support combustion. A roclors to 62 c h lo rin a tio n are liq u id s because of th e ir mixed m olecular composition, the iso lated individual isomers being c ry stallin e with r e l a ti v e ly high m elting poin*..e . This e f f e c t, to prevent c ry s ta lliz a tio n (an e f f e c t which would cause lo s s o f e le c t r i c s tre n g th ), extends to low tem peratures, where they go g rad u ally in to a g lassy s t a te . T herefore, they ( 8) a re e ffe c tiv e over a broad tem perature range, from as low as -60^ C t o I 5O0 C .(where th e i r vapor p ressu res are s t i l l r e la tiv e ly lo w ). No o th er in su la tin g flu id i s known th a t equals the A roclors, with respect to a ll these eight properties. I t i s especially GENP 002001 736751 -3- - \ Table 3 Alternato Insulating Fluids \ Some S ig n ific a n t P ro p e rtie s o f C ertain Candidate In su la tin g ______________ F luids to Bplace Aroclor 12U2 ______ Fluid D ie le c tric C onstant, C.l ^vc 1?.nc; Qpn Cuo P l a c a b i l i t y c ofso r C y | UC XwU 'w> i 1.vrh u. - 0 - Tire Point Cost. Aroclor l? t? 1 J- is* 333 1.39 13 A roclor f'Co 1016 **9 191 319 1.3^ I* 1 Aroclor ::C3 10U3 U.6 160 2U 1.23 J-Jl. V1JI (lower c h lo rin ate d diphenyl) 1 Wemco C O il (M ineral O il 2.1 2A5 150 9 3 736752 ZOOZOOdNHO Use of o il impregnated pnpur f. r c ap a c ito rs has i>-;-cn la rg e ly abandoned throughout the v c rld , jr. favor c f one or the other of the PCfi system s. The only s ig n ific a n t r.' -lufacturcr in the vcrld is Japan. F.ven during the recent most unfr.vvrfclc balance of trecie with Japan, th is product was never co aaiderei fc; export to the U.S. because of i t s cost (200kOO]; nore) and bemuse of the flarrr.able r a tin e of the iiapregnp.nt. i -S- 736753 GENP 002003 advl'RwT kff ts c? roi.yc:i.c<ra;:A,!,-:n BimssYi-s Chlorinated hi phenyl j , PJ.^r:, r i .r in `7, thv ru st two years hove been included ar.-:>t:y poc:M2 e p o llu t: vz of the c'cclcry, in a s s o c ia tio n with LOT'S. Tiii reined the question about th e ir continued use in the electrier.l s tr y , where they h;vc been serving ec in su la tin g fluids for : it o r r ar.rj transform ers for oLviort fo rty y e a rs. C hlorinated b. ihenyls wore f i r s t id e n tifie d in the environ nt along w ith DOT's ua.i the e o n trc ls on the lev e ls set by the FDA ere "Action L evels", which are the s:uie as fo r DDT. They are not le v e ls fo r which PCBs have shown to be hs.rr.iful to rv.Kf.:;ls. See Table U fo r "Action L ev e ls". Table 1 Medium Viator Butter f a t Milk Fish Egcs G enerally Permitted "Action" Levels of PC?s (same as these issued fo r DDT') Itirts per Million FCB Permitted .5 5.0 .2* 5.0 .5 for U-S butt i f u t . T ests by Mor.sanies and others of chlorinated bip h en y ls, PCBs, in toe environment h.ve id:own a concentration of higher ch lo rin ate d compounds and a reduced cr no presence of compounds w ith th re e chlorines or less. C hlorinated biphenyls ais considered about l/lO as to x ic as DDT fo r majicnals. White r a t s fee ip to 100 ppm of FC3s ia th e ir food s te a d ily over a period of 2U Dor.t v ./erg healthy (See Table 5 fo r accumulative l e v e l) . Dogs fed up to J( 1 ppm o f the PCBs over 2b months showed a slowed weight gain with the higher chlorinated compounds, but not with 736754 -7- GENP 002004 v the Aroclor 12h2 (Scc 'r b l c (> i't-r accumulative Devcl). There wore no d eath s. The higher cY' orin'-t-: u ro..n.:>our.'.is accumulated in th e ir f a tty tis s u e to on c c u j.litr: ;.m le v e l. are r.ort:.-J to C hlorinated biphenyls -..Tect the ceg sh e ll and hat-chability of some b ird s . Other breeds of b ird s have not shown any e ff e c ts . Birds are more susceptible to the lower c h lo rin ate d compounds, di and t r i c h lo rin ate d , 'f.iree ppm of PCB in chicken feed a ffe c ts the hatchab i l i t y 'o f Leghorn ch ick en s,-b u t not seme- other breeds of chicken. One in cid en t of in g estio n of PCBs by humans has been reported from Japan. In t u i s case, a ric e o i l w ith 2000 ppm of PCBs \/as consumed by 1000 people. Severe cas<; of chloracne, nausea, headaches, and weakness were experienced. S.ce babies of these people were born w ith brown pigmented skin, but the pifyientation luuer disappeared. There were no d eath s. ` I t is suspect;-! th a t the PCB involved contained a ch lo rin ated dibenxofuran e , a .to x ic im purity found in some European ch lorinated diphenyls. * A rtific a lly controlled studies of biodepredation using a serai-continuous a c tiv a te d sludge t e s t , SC.-'.d, and a ls o sin g le b a c te ria cu ltu re t e s ts have shown th a t the lower c h lo rin ate d compounds are biodegraded, but the r a te o f biodegradation decreases as the- percent ch lo rin atio n in c re a se s, ana i s very low fo r pentachloro compounds and higher (See Table 7 fo r r e s u lts o f these t e s t s ) . Monsanto s c ie n tis ts s ta ts th a t they do not know the c o rre la tio n of th e s . a r t i f i c i a l biocegradati-.a te s ts tn environmental conditions. Chlorinated biphenyls appear to diffu se very slowly through s o il. Monsanto fe e ls t h a t th e ir new grade o f c h lo rin ated biphenyl, MC3 1016, i s biodegradable, since i t contains only O.lo*- of penta and higher c h lo rin ated biphenyls. Th-v recommend i t : use over 12b2, which contains 6.7% penta -chlorobiphenyl, fo r c a p a c ito rs or wherever the waste m aterial is not s tric tly controlled. IGENP 002005"''' -6736755  .TAbl.L 5 " S t o r a g e " c>: ChIf. ; n.:ted i.i phenyls in Al b i n o K e t s , Af ' - ' r ?'t l':-:en su re ir. I c ed Note: Ccne-v::*-v.':.i i 0:1 in iip id be rn .c approv.i: \-.t c ly co n stan t a t abonf C- 32 Menths; exeopt for Aroclor 1254 and 12:0 exp: f'.re s :.t hi .-her conccnt i etic-r.s, not cd by , vhcre i t tenJed io increar.e conf i miously v ith tiia e, and the liv e r to br.iln weicht rn lio incrcnsed. A roclor - in Fc.'d 1242 1254 1260 Conce n tra tio n in Lipi d , pp;n, at J. 10 100 10 70 200 ppj in feed 50 200 ;i 1,500* 1 ? 5,000-10,000* TADLC 6 "Storage" 0 f J!ii;lo r inn ted Sip henyls in Dogs, _____ Afjtes _2 !S.1-i1 ki1)ts-1 hire in Teed A roclor - i n Feed 1242 1254 ' 1260 C'in'\c;nt_r_n1 i on in Li ru' d, pp?,_ _2 10 35 --10-0--- i npp:a feed 6 6 18 * 109 13 86* * 579 reduced weight gain, increase in liv e r to brain weight ra tio GENP 002006 -s- 736756 Tab.1c 7 r i i 0-1!-!;!7!:1' ' 1.*`j j_v v_ i f_i f r c i ^i t C'Oori m l eel gLnhcnvl; - Seni. Conti niuv.u Ac l i t -at od f.J.'.iJ' e Test , 7. x 10^ c e l l : ; / c e (ohi e i va t i e :s a f r e i Tecosu! : t i Oiling f>''.uJ^e to A r o c l o r t e s t e d ) Arcelor X Chlorine 1 7, DirapT'earance in Mouo-chlorob'i p h e n y l 18.5 100 1221 21 88 MCS 1043 30 55 MCS 1016 12 -fi2 41 35* | 42 25 . D i s t i l l a t e of MCS l 'j ' 6 51 ` 15 1254 15 DDT <10 Linear Alkyl Sulfonate-Standard 100 Noted co n cen tratin g of 4-, 5 -, and 6- c h lo rin a te d isomers / S ingle C u ltu re s, C--1* and C-3, w ith s p e c if ic isomers (Europe). Both c u ltu re s have ; ppro.xir.ately the sane e f f e c t.- Chi or i na t <. d _ ony_l d i and t r i tetra Time for 507, Pi sanpearancc %26 days *'*30 days GENP 002007 -10736757 Where are we tody/? In the past twelve y i.'r s 6l l T rillion pounds of Aroclors have been used by U.S. industry in n v i r products (See Table 3 fo r d e t a i l s ) . 231 m illio n pounds h -ve s : n used ir. product..". hat nay be c la s s if ie d as open systems, i . o . p a in t fc u r.u lu lirn s , s t i c i z e r s , hydroul.ic flu id s , and sc n i-clo s-d syster.s such as heat exchangers. During t h i s same period of time the e l e c t r i c a l in d u stry used 330 n i ll i o n pounds of the -Aroclors in elesud systems which are e s s e n tia lly capacitors and tra n s former's . In the elec*-ricol in d u stry the Aroclors are confined to equipment where the c o n tain ers are sealed and the system i s considered to have a "closed" e y rie . An estim ate of the t o t a l Aroclor used in the U.S. in closed system e le c t r i c a l usage since 193*' Is about 690 m illio n pounds. The closed systems can be broken Into two c a teg o ries estim ated a t UUO n i l l i o n pounds fo r c ap acito rs md 2^0 m illio n pounds fo r tra n sfo rm e rs. Most, of t h i s 69O n i ll i o n pounds i s s t i l l in use in closed systems today. Sane of th is amount hce escaped in to tne environment, and t h i s w ill be analyzed a l i t t l e l a t e r , .it th e major in p act on the environment has been through open s y s tem u ege, or sem i-closed system usage (heat exchangers). The r a t i o of usage in cr w. systems to usage in closed systems over the p a st twelve years was 61, . '.sing a conservative r a t i o o f 3O.0 fo r the e a r l i e r years, 193'*,*`19-'*\ v: vld add approxim ately 93 m illio n pounds in open systems p rio r to l',--.' f a t o t a l to date in or on systems o f 32U m illio n pounds maximum coma *d to 6?>0 m illio n pounds in d o s e d e le c tric a l systems. C alcu latio n s show, th a t th ft a ro in t of A roclor th a t has p o ssib ly escaped from the closed e l e c t r i c a l systems i s sm all. Based upon w orst case f a ilu r e inodes and f a i l u r e n s a maximum of . 02^ or 110,000 lb s . from 11 736758 GENP 002008 I c ap a cito r f a ilu r e s nt.d a r.a::L'..::n` of .(ft03! or 103,250 lb s . from t r a n s former f a ilu r e s ecu*./ have* K: introduced in to the environment sin ce , 193?;. This a:*o ::rt ;. . ccr.-v-red to to t; 3 introduced by open systems is very s m a l l __2 1 1 .:JC _ or O.Ci',U 32--,OjCt,C.:o I 'Locking a t the m'\*.-t i< c ;n t e l e c t r i c a l usage fig u res (Reference Table 7) and p ro je c tin g ahead,, the maximum emo;.nt of leakage th a t could be ex pected, from centinuin.-; use of A roclors-ir. c3osed e le c tr ic a l systems would be 0.03,? or S' >^ ; '1 lb s . per year assuming no increase in p re c a u tio n s, handling, uroendurcs, e tc . This amount when compared to what is already in t :: environment is very small 9,000 or .003^ . 32f t , 211,250 / GENP 002009 -1* 736759 -Xi,P -.Mo 8 Monsanto l'i t il-.i: i i ou ' S a l e s o A) ocloru for 1960-15 7J, vj h } : f.-.i::!- : S-to-./lr.'\ !'. !cr t r i c.al lrnjj** t r_ k _ I 2I?X__________ U.S. Produc t i vu Fig o'er. in shr :'i tern: _____ l^or:* t i c Sales_____ In su ]a l ; '.'.j iic u f 'Others^ Expo r is CO c TM. 1960 1961 1902 1963 19 6A 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 --1971e 20,786 20,333 20,985 22,36/ 25,A17 30,240 32,925 37,655 41,427 38,194 42,527 " 20,236 12,444 11,108 ' 11,683 11,448 13,769 16,203 18,897 20,387 20,568 18,564 20,268 4 14,417 5,163 7,661 7,33.9 i 7,618 8,666 9,695 1.0,642 10,846 11,990 15,034 16,263 4,401 1827 2076 1809 1824 2117 3426 4062 5312 5312 6826 4938 Q.1 0 Z 0 0 d N S O | c Kor closed e l e c t r i c a l systc-is - tra n sfo rr.e rs and c a p a c ito rs . ^ Includes h e a t-tra n s fe r system s, h y d rn u lic s/lu b ric a n ts, and p la s tic iz e rs e K stiuatcd. Source: Monsanto ---- I3 - 736760 Existing Controls Monsanto has already \ arten the holloaing a c tio n s: (a) Stepped so les to "..port" ur. (p ain t 'ormalito rs, p l a s t i c i s e r s , h y d rau lic flu id u .>. :fu etu r* 'rs, e t c .) (b) Stoppod sa le s fo r use in heat exchar, rts - p a rtic u la rly food processors. (c) A lerted a l l recip ien t manufacturers to exercise care in use of flu id s . (d) Provided fo r wast*. fluid:; i n c i n e r a t i o n . (e) Modified capacitor f lu id s , elim in atin g the no re highly chlorinated and environment;. 1ly more o b jectio n ab le fra c tio n s . A ll o f th ese actions. 1 eve g re a tly improved the co n tro l of PCBs to prevent fu tu re e n v irc m e n ta l damage by elim in atin g fu tu re open system -usage which has provi, e l over 9>i' of PCbs introduced in to the environment. i The e l e c t r i c a l in d u stry i s aware and has been a le rte d to the environm entally hazardous n ature of PCBs. The in d u stry in general exercises high standards of control ns i t incorporates the flu id in to i t s capacitors and tra n sfo rm e rs. Safe P r]a ctice Procedures fo r use and handling of FC3s have been in use fo r many y e a rs. The re c e n t (19-co) knowledge of PCEs being p o ssib le environm ental hazards has re s u lte d in warnings ana s p e c ia l in s tru c tio n s to customers and handling personnel about the hazardous n ature of PiBs. In a d d itio n , when scaled systems containing FC3 must be opened and drained fo r r e p a ir s , the in stru c tio n s c a ll fo r . c o lle c tio n o f a l l ta liq u id PCI! and ccnlaninatcd m aterials fo r sp e c ia l destructive incineration. 736761 GENP 0020 Recont'.endat i ons Although the e le c t r i c a l in d u stry has recognized and' is implementing control systems to dec:-, -so the arount of FCBs en terin g the environ ment from i t s handling or. i use, i t supports fed eral le g is la tio n designed to p ro te c t th e environm ent. The ind u stry i s working with ANSI and other standard o rg an isatio n s to prepare high standards fo r ,,the use, handling, and d isp o sa l of FCBs, however, i t is v i ta l ly concerned th a t FCBs net ho pre-em ptorily banned from manufacture and use in closed electric?] systems, since i t is f e lt th at the public can be adequately p ro t <-ted w ithout such actio n , and there are other hazards, p a rtic u la rly fi.re , a sso ciated with known s u b s titu te m a te ria l. ANSI C-107 committee'on the use* and d isp o sa l of FCBs in e le c t r i c a l equipment is working on a plan to co n tro l FCBs. The development of t h i s plan in conjunction w ith Federal le g is la tio n and re g u la tio n of th e m anufacture, u se, and d isp o sa l of FCBs should bring the FC3 s itu a tio n to a p o in t where re g u la te d e l e c t r i c a l in d u stry usage can rep resen t no more th re a t to the environment than th a t fo r numerous other necessary and b e n e fic ia l m a te ria ls likew ise req u irin g precautions in use, d i s trib u tio n , and d isp o sa l. E.R. Boquist 1/3/72 o o -15- 736762 o bo o