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A QUIET TRIUMPH Problem: To enjoy quiet relaxation on a patio overlooking a neighbor s large swimming pool about 10 ft. be low the patio level and frequented by crowds of screaming, visiting children. Solution: A barrier wall was erected between patio and swimming pool consisting of a wood framework to which 1-lb, sheet lead was applied with a staple gun. This was finished with vertical -1-in. tongue-and-groove cedar with a lead-lined reflecting pool at the base for appearance. Result: According to the ow ner. "Since the installation of the barrier we have had almost complete silence. The voices can be heard but seem to be away off in the distance." Xo bar rier, under these conditions, could be perfect because of leakage over and around the wall. However, a massive barrier will change the char acter of the noise reaching the patio by eliminating much of the high fre quency noise. Other types of barriers, such as solid masonry of equal or greater mass, could produce the same results, but lead employed as in this instance offers a simple, relatively in expensive baffle with attractive ap pearance which is easy to install with a minimum of mess and disturbance. i.4a* . . . but is concealed by cedar planking in the fin* ished wall. LIA26437 HISTORIC MERCtpi Destruction to our architectural is often realized, but too Not so in the City of Philadelu, where the Federal Government fJJV>ine time past, through the Na- Park Service has been engaged fc preserving and restoring historic {jglniarks. Independence National ICatorical Park is a project now unOne of the finest of these buildings being restored by the Na({goal Park Service is the old Phila delphia Exchange Building built in \S3L Regarded by many as one of the jjyfi creations of American archi tecture. the Exchange was built at a time when the pattern of American civilization as we know it today was being >' lblished. Industrialism was juat emerging in an agricultural so ciety and the change was reflected in this building. It was one of the first to provide a single meeting place here financiers and merchants could conduct business. Like many similar buildings with lengthy histories, it passed through various vicissitudes of ever dwindlIng fortune until it ended as a pro duce exchange with wooden sheds attached to what had been a beauti ful semi-circular colonnaded rotunda, visible in the accompanying photograph. These excrescences have now been erased. The original interior was completely remodeled in 1901 and tuu now been adapted for modern office use. The marble was cleaned and repaired, and the entire building generally renewed and refreshed to tecell the glory it once knew. Many of the changes wrought in the old building are today hard to explain. For example, changing the paving of the balcony under the ro tunda on the second floor level which was originally paved with marble. For some inexplicable reason, at some time in the past, this paving was re moved and asphaltus and ornamental pebbles were substituted. Later the pebbles were removed and repaved with asphalt at a date unknown. The paving has been removed recently and the marble paving restored. Though no records remain, there is precedent for the assumption on the part of the National Park Service architects that sheet lead underlayment may have provided waterproof ing protection for the original offices under the portico. Accordingly, before the new marble paving matching the original was laid, 3-lb. antimonial sheet lead was laid over the light weight fill and under the cement set ting bed to provide the base for the new stone floor. Photographs show how this membrane was handled with all joints soldered and the en tire surface of each sheet sloped toward drains at the outer perimeter of the balcony. These drains in turn were connected to leaders concealed in the piers below and eventually weeped into a drain. The original architect was Wil liam Strickland. Architectural work for the restoration was by the Eastern office, Design and Construction of the National Park Service, the General Contractor was Perry J. Goldman Construction Company, and the lead work was handled by the J. Edward Linck Company, all of Philadelphia. +j it *. g -3-- One of the most commonplace ap plications of lead, that of safety seals, rests almost entiiely on the metal's softness and ability to retain any shape it is mashed into. Once you start looking for them, lead seals seem to be everywhere. The little lead buttons clamped onto twisted wires guard almost all public utility gas and water meters, fire ex tinguishers, postage meters in offices, milk and cream cans from dairies, valves in factories, drums of valu able or dangerous chemicals in plants and laboratories and many other uses. Other types of lead seals have more exotic applications: for parachutes, aerial bomb fuses, post office mail bags and coin bags widely used by banks and express companies. Some 2000 kinds of seals are made by the E. J. Brooks Company, New ark. N'.J. There, seal production is a straightforward casting process. First, two wires of the proper gage are tw isted together and cut into the de sired length. Then a pair of wires is When mashed, lead member in this coin bag seal secures cords after they are drawn tight around bag top. positioned in each cavity of a multi cavity mold. Lead is poured directly into the mold and the buttons are cast around the wires. Some twenty seals at a time are made by this method. A single seal button weighs less than one ounce. Officials of the Brooks Company estimate that they consume about 400 tons each year of soft lead in seal production. ^ hen the seals are installed by an inspector, the free end of the twisted wires is threaded back through a second hole in the seal. The lead button is then clamped with pliers or a special tool until it securely grips the wire. Then the seal or wire must be broken to open the container be ing protected and the tampering be comes obvious. iw'-jih'-iar 4r ^ LIA26439 "Beep! Beep! Beep! Beep!" traffic jam in mid-town Manhatti ii Or rush hour on a Los Angeles ft * way? Wrong on both counts. Ac 1 ally, you are in the mammoth wa i house service center of Stix. Baer ' Fuller, St. Louis, and traffic is w, > under control. The "beeping," c trary to the usual, indicates a plana ; traffic pattern as an electronically ca trolled, lead-acid battery power*' truck signals for a stop. Stix, Baer & Fuller, an affiliate i Associated Dry Goods Corporatia 1 serves the St. Louis metropolitan art through three super outlets: W Roads, River Roads, and Downtowi Here in suburban Pagedale the se vice center not only receives and dii ' penses thousands of quality items I 1 the retail stores, but also acts as tf dispatching point for customer A ' liveries of everything from deterged j to yard goods to lawn furniture. Sti ' more, wrapping, packing, assembl and repairs are carried on by skill* workers in appropriate areas usic the most modern methods and equij ment. The entire system operates in ti 420,000 square foot complex a row J* ;,!Xhes. flying U ^ i,orn- Empty float Heading down Loop 3 for a pick-up passes truck turning on Loop 2. Tape-sensing light is clearly visible here. Hands Handling iiree loop center," as described by rill Montgomery, warehouse suntendent. The loops are oblong "tracks" laid out with white, ( sensitized tape glued to the floor. , cries;, battery powered trucks mg f wheeled floats, follow the stopping at pre-selected sta- for loading or unloading, and hnuing their journeys for about shifts before their batteries need charge. cops 1 and 3, on the outer perim- primarily handle bulk merchanreceived from manufacturers for king. Electric fork trucks unload box cars and trailers at receiving ks. shunt loads to roller tracks, ich in turn accommodate the three |>s to stock. hoop 2. in the center, is the main '. so to speak. Although it handles ne receiving merchandise it is ger than Loops 1 and 3 and ex ds from receiving through the en ' building to the delivery docks us, it can handle a dispatch di tlv from receiving to the delivery a by-passing stock altogether, in lition to its usual tasks of handling iers from stock to delivery. This loop also serves the repair and pack ing areas previously mentioned. The lead-acid battery trucks used in the S-B-F operation are marvels of electronics. Sixteen station selections are possible on the control panels, and stockmen and routers can select stop or by-pass switches as circumstances dictate. Stop stations are activated in the truck by short strips of the tape glued at right angles to the running track. A red warning light flashes con stantly when the vehicle is in mo tion, and the "beeping" is timed to warn stockmen of the approach of the truck even though it may still be out of sight. A spring steel bumper extending around the front of the truck stops it instantly if it strikes an object in its path, thus assuring that no accidents take place. Says Merrill Montgomery, "With single-floor warehouses exploding in size this type of equipment is becom ing more and more popular. e like the flexibility and the fact that our manpower can be used more effec tively. Maintenance is so minor that one man handles it along with other duties." --5-- LIA 2 64 4 0 Stock order heads into delivery dock area on Loop 2. Pre-seleetion switch will stop truck at proper station. Electronics and rider types line up for recharge of lead-acid power plants. Trucks operate up to 12 hours before needing replenishment. i ii t ! I; ii 4. :h f li C c p I HERE'S HIGHWAY BEAUI Of all the so-called "twin cities," Bristol is undoubtedly one of the most authentic. It lies astraddle the Yirginia-Tennessee state line and to all appearances is a single, typically American city of 40.000 people. But the center line of the main street is also the invisible state line. In community effort the line, more often than not, is truly invisible. It was when the two electricity sup pliers, the Bristol \ irginia Ltility Board and the Bristol Tennessee Elec tric System, joined forces to go un derground with their downtown elec trical distribution facilities. Actual planning began in 1958, a consultant was engaged, and through careful de sign and calculated stages of cutover from overhead to underground dis tribution, w ith a minimum of service interruptions, the installation is now 98Yc complete. Beautification was certainly a major consideration, and practicality and necessity were prime factors, too. To quote Managers W. E. Rutherford i Virginia) and E. W, Doggett (Ten nessee). "there was simply no place left to go in the narrow, congested streets and alleys." The unsightly "trees" of multiple-arm poles and web of wires cluttered the airways in all directions. There was no room for the additional facilities so badly needed in a growing community. From a power supply delivered by the Tennessee Valley Authority to the Shelby Street Substation the new un derground installation accommodates a 12.5 KY primary network and sec ondary at 216/125 volts. The primary cables are paper insulated, lead cov ered. neoprene jacketed, for the fol lowing reasons given bv the engineer ing consultant and power authorities: Why Cable Was Used 1. For long term economy thi~ is the most inexpensive cable that can be purchased. 2. It has the same or even greater current carrying capacity than any other cable available. 3. The lead is absolutely water proof, which makes it superior to anv rubber or rubber-like compound. 4. A neoprene serving, or jacket, was utilized to prevent corrosion and galvanic action and it also provided a smooth surface for pulling in the cable. The main cables in duct lines were three-conductor 350 MCM with three single conductor 350 MCM cables leading to transformers. All cables used were copper conductor. On the Virginia portion of the project, the secondary circuits con sisted of four single-core 500 MCM cables per phase from the trans formers to the network itself and three single-core 350 MCM ra phase between manholes. Th nessee system was installed so later and utilized a new in cable with higher operating : ture (902cl. Three conduct: phase of 500 MCM were me the transformers to the manlic three conductors per phas> MCM between manholes. Tn ondary connection? to tra-1 ` moles, and at limiter c" ** were all taped so that th. tem is waterproof. This was* important because this area ij ject to occasional flood.- ii-;: 2 feet above the pavement The conereti lining to: . and Boors of manholes and v.poured in one operation, foisuspended from 1 Inc street. ?. tei mined that this method Underground cables replaced LI62 64 A 1 CATION expensive than doing it in secend also was the most waterThe inside was coated with tproof paint so that the only coming in is seepage through * manhole cover or small amounts jfoagh the ducts. This minor ,nt is easily handled by sump ,ps discharging into the sewer *trm. Transformers are mounted two feet the vault floor which allows for tier accumulation without exposure rust. A secondary voltage outlet available in vaults and manholes Of permit lighting and utilization of nd tools for maintenance. The ducts are cement asbestos com*ition and are poured with apoximately 3 inches of cover and 3 hes of separation between the themselves. Sufficient ducts are ft in each instance to provide for iture loads. In the sidewalk areas nimum width excavating was done Ijxcent to the curb which allowed Irian and auto traffic to flowinterrupted during construction. The major portions of the system ive now been in operation for sev- years and both utilities agree that ir choice of design was a wise Outages and resultant customer nvenience have been practically [onexistent, and this, in the final jtttlysis, is the true test. Burnt fingers and "cold" joints are not likely with a new soldering tool developed recently at Westinghouse Electric Corp. Production line operators aren't complaining either about the ease with which the new . tool, called Positerm, operates with ; one hand. Eager to chop soldering costs-- and at the same time improve solder joint reliability--engineers at Westinghouse took a look at existing tech niques and decided a new approach was necessary. It was that or avoid soldering to get the needed gains. The result was a complete depart ure from the usual electric soldering tool which later tests showed could reduce average soldering time by 38%. Rather than heating a tip which in turn heats the workpiece, the new tool puts the heat where it counts--right at the joint. Like resistance soldering equip ment, it uses the workpiece to com plete an electrical circuit. However, there the similarity ends. The difference lies in Positerm's cool tips. They are metal blades which cut through ..urfact oxides and make positive contact with the metal workpiece. This completes an electrical circuit. The actual area of contact is tiny, however, which cre ates high electrical resistance in the workpiece. The same tiny contact area restricts heat flow back towards the tips which remain cool. Numerous engineering studies, as well as production-line tests went in to the tool's development. Burnt in sulation was no longer a problem, and a solder feed mechanism was made a part of the tool. This allows soldering with one hand. The selflocating action of the two blades tends to position the solder correctly . from joint to joint . Westinghouse found the new Positerm tool so successful on their own production lines that the decision was made to offer the unit commer cially. As one Westinghouse official put it, "This new equipment reduces the human element in producing a joint, improves the likelihood of mak ing a good joint, and still retains the versatility that has made soldering such a popular process." Three common types of soldering "irons11. The tool at top transfers heat by conduction from the copper tip to the workpiece. The resistance solder ing device (center) uses the metal workpiece to complete an electrical circuit, so that current flows through tips made of high-resistance metal, which heats up quickly and transfers the heat to the workpiece. With the Positerm (bottom), unique tips create contact resistance at the tip/work in terface, thus converting electrical energy to heat right on the surface of the workpiece. F-----V--^ --7-- LI A26AA2 Scanning radiation from a patient's kidney. The collimator is at the lower end of the moveable scanning head. The finished collimator. Lead Casting Solves Hole Problem Scientists at the Brookhaven Nationa) Laboratory were recently faced with a highly unusual lead fab rication problem. They needed a number of lead discs about one inch thick and 4 inches in diameter through which 1040 holes 0.054 inch in diameter were crowded into a 3 inch circle. These holes, separated from each other by walls only 0.015 inch thick also had to converge on a point some 3.5 inches from one face of the disc. The discs are to serve as colli mators to screen unwanted gamma radiation from a source such as some organ in a patient's body during ra dioactive tracer diagnosis. Use of the collimator enables an organ to be examined point bv point rather than as a whole. Base plate half loaded with pins. Base diameter is 4.25 inches. wmmggmmgr When scientists of the Hot Lab oratory Division of Brookhaven s Nuclear Engineering Department be gan to design the collimator it was immediately obvious that the discs could not be drilled; the thin lead walls could not stand up to successive drillings. Consequently the engineers decided on an unusual vacuum cast ing technique. Each disc is formed by casting lead around 1040 special tapered pins that are graphite coated and mounted in a brass base plate or "pin cush ion.'' The base plate is prepared by drilling and tapering holes in succes sive hexagonal arrays until the cir cular area of 1040 holes is com pleted. Two angles determining the direction of each hole were calcu lated by a computer. The specially tapered pins made of cold rolled steel were commercially made to Brookhaven specifications on precision screw machines. The head of each pin holds the proper align ment of the pins at the top, while holes in the base plate hold the align ment at the bottom. Each pin is coated with a thin film of graphite to assist separation from the com pleted casting. The fully loaded base plate is then surrounded bv a special casting of 4% antimonial lead. The base plate-pins assembly and lead are placed in a cup which, in turn, is placed in a pot from which almost all the air can be evacuated. The assembly is heated in a fur nace to a temperature well above th melting point of lead and maintaineij at temperature for approximately two hours. Vacuum casting is essentia to assure the flow of lead through of the small clearances between pinsl The assembly is cooled and the, base plate and casting is remove from the cup. The lead is then melted! away from the tops of the pins with a| hand torch. The pins can then bel driven from the base plate and the^ casting from the bottom. Both the i base plate and the pins are reuseable many times. The lower end of the disc is in a < finished condition as cast. The large end is carefully machined until the plate is the desired thickness. Small machining burrs are removed from the holes with a tapered reamer. Set up for casting operation. From left: half of the lead supply casting, other cast ing half positioned around pin-base as sembly, melting cup, and vacuum pot. LI 42 6443 Leaded Porcelain Saves a Hospital's Skin Peeling skin can be a problem--es pecially when it's made of more than one-and-a-half million bricks. That was the problem on the Veterans Administration Hospital in the Ja maica Plains district of Boston. The 16-storv hospital was com pleted in 1953, and shortly there after the brickwork began to bulge, crack and loosen. After nine years of failing repair efforts, the VA gave up and called in consulting engineers Weiskopf & Pickworth of New It ork City for advice on what to do. Weiskopf & Pickworth's engineers recommended that the building be sheathed in a metal skin--mostly leaded porcelain enamel on alumi num. Because of the deteriorating sit uation with the bricks, it was sug gested that they be removed first. Just acquiring enough metal scaf folding for the job required a threecity search. When it was erected, the general contractors, Gevyn Con struction Co., of White Plains, N.Y.. under the direction of the Corps of Engineers, began removing bricks from the top down. Once the removal operation was completed, workmen could proceed with the metal skin grafting task. Leaded porcelain enameled panels were chosen for this job as they are for so manv renovation jobs--be cause thev provide a quick, light weight. and permanent exterior finish at a labor- and time-saving cost. Attesting to the fact that such faceliftings with leaded porcelain panels need not be disruptive, the Jamaica Plains hospital was in full use the whole time. In fact, some workmer had to wear sterile robes while fasten ing in window frames to the new metal skin. `'Flexibility is another big feature in working with these leaded pom lain enameled aluminum panels, too' , savs Mrs. June Thomas, General .Man ager of Porce-Alum Co.. Alliance. Ohio, the enamelers. "Colorful panels with this durable glass finish can be both sawed and drilled right at the job site without fear of spalling or later unsightly corrosion stains form ing. These features offer the contrac tor considerably more latitude when working on a building of this size, and can mean a real cost savings.' Some of the 140,000 square feet of por celain enameled panels used to dress the hospital. Face-lifting such as this is be coming increasingly popular as a solution to the problem of high-cost rebuilding. LI *26^44 Numerous proper opplicotions for chrome yellow are depicted in the bro chure, FOLLOW THE SAFETY LINE WITH H CHROME YELLOW, recently published by % the Lead Industries Association, Inc. i Suggested formulations for yellow metal enamels ond for yellow traffic marking paints are included in the bro chure. To obtain a copy, or for further information on lead paint systems, write Pigments Department, Lead Industries Association, Inc., 292 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10017. COLOR ME SAFETY with chrome yellow paints Regardless of how much an em ployer cautions workers to be care ful. there are certain instances when it would have paid to have had a constant reminder there to shout "Ca u t io n '', and so save a life or pre vent an injury. Such "silent watchmen are avail able. Thev don't alwavs prevent an accident--hut there is ample proof that thev are doing a good job. Chrome vellow paints have been widely used to mark physical hazards for manv years in industry. Many prominent bodies concerned with public safety hare recommended vellow for specific plant hazards. One of the most widelv respected of these is the American Standards Associa tion. Inc., which lists lemon chrome vellow as the standard color for yel low safetv marking paints suggested in its `'Safety Color Code for Mark ing Physical Hazards and the Identi fication of Certain Equipment." Outside the plant, the U. S. De partment of Commerce. Bureau of Public Roads in its "`Manual on Uni form Traffic Control Devices" recog nizes yellow's safety value too. Double yellow barrier lines on roads and highways from coast to coast caution motorists not to pass--and numerous other applications for safetv vellow --10-- LIA26AA5 V *l fjtttenc&tutfy CctcU 7t S**U dkut dead This lead sarcophagus was made in about 200 AD, probably in Tyre, Lebanon. It resides today in the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts in Canada. Note how the fine detailed working (for scale, the casket is 66 inches long) has survived. The anal ysis of the lead used is fairly good and, except for high tin and bismuth content, it is comparable to lead sold today (see analysis) .The decorations include Corinthian columns, winged sphinx, and Medusa Heads. Analysis of Lead Silver Copper Antimony Arsenic Tin Zinc Bismuth Casket Alloy 0.01% .07 .004 less than .005 -2 less than .001 .01 Chemical Lead 0.02% mox. .08 max. .002 max. together .001 max. .005 max. for the AEC by the Martin Co. At last reports the novel marker is beep ing loud and lusty. Hot lead in your roof gutter--Roof gutters, of course, are supposed to be full of rain water when it rains. But sometimes they freeze solid. That's where the hot lead comes in: General Electric, polishing up an old idea, is now offering an improved heating cable sheathed in lead. It is suggested for frozen gutters, process piping, and pipe line heating. The new cable described in a news re lease now appearing in the industrial magazines, is offered in three sizes, is 20 per cent smaller in diameter and 40 per cent lighter in weight than its predecessors. If you've ever had the feeling, when soldering, that every connection was behind some part, or in a corner, this new soldering iron by estern Electric is for you. Actually, they developed it to fit women's hands and habits in production line work. Old soldiers never die but a new gen eration of kids is discovering the joy of the oW-fasbioned die casting of lead soldiers. A recent U all Street Journal article cite? a "surge" of sales in lead soldier casting sets and surmises this max mark a rebellion hv kids against intricate toys that break up in play. Beeps and barnacles! In July of 196! the Navy's Lnderwater Sound Lai lowered a sonic navigation aid into 13.000 feet of water near Bermuda. Power for the beeping marker come; from decaying radioisotopes and is converted to electric power bv lead telluride thermoelectric generators. This Snap-TE power plant was built CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NEW READER Use this side of the coupon if you have recently changed your address or if you would like to be added to the mailing list for LEAD ---------------------- -- -- -- ------------------------ -- -- ------------------- | CHANGE OF ADDBESS ADD ME TO YOUB MAILING LIST | (plo circl* on*) From_________________________ _______ -______ Name, title Company Street City, state, zip code To____________________________________ Name, title Company Street City, state, zip i LI A 2 64 46 PLEAS! CHECK INTEREST Architectural & building Design Engineer Ceramics -i j Radiation Other (please specify W fi LIBRARY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION' LiJJJUUJ\UJiX/ UJJiqjJLi \r^ The following publications are available free of charge unless otherwise noted. Send request t LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, 292 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. ig NEW LISTINGS CONSTRUCTION Modern chemical construction Follow the safety line with Lead to control sound and vibration Method of lining lead tanks chrome yellow Isolation of buildings from vibration Use epoxies to line tanks with lead Formulations and suggested applications for Three reprints discuss a number of case his tories of the use of lead-asbestos pads to Cleaning "hot" parts ultrasonically i chrome yellow safety paints. Eight pages. control ground-bome vibration. Piezoelectric transducers * * Lead Roofing '65 Illustrated description of lead roof installation on a modern laboratory building. Ways to reduce press vibration Isolating cooling tower vibrations Importance of lead in glass New electroceramic data Practical lead sound barriers Lead sheathing for power cable GENERAL Lead & zinc supply and demand Authoritative examination of the short and intermediate supply and demand prospects for lead and zinc. Thirty-five pages. Twelve page manual gives specific wall con structions and performances. Lead roofing and flashing Sixteen-page handbook gives all standard lead roofing systems. High-temperature lead joints Materials of construction review Corrosion data--lead & alloys Cutting press vibrations Nuclear materials Radiation protection Annual review--lead 1964 Detailed data and discussion of production, stocks and consumption. Waterproofing with sheet lead Pools and planters Silver anniversary roofs Anodes for cathodic protection Organo-lead job hunt New uses for lead Design engineering data BATTERIES Lead work for modern plumbing $2 per copy; $1.50 for 10 or more. Lead plumbing systems ENGINEERING FINISHES Lead paint systems for bridges Two reprints Decorative finishes for lead Something new to know about battery power Cathodic protection of offshore structures Red lead based paint systems New developments increase capabilities of Describes lead anode protective system for o Porcelain enamels: battery trucks and truck programs. large offshore mining complex. For aluminum tl Picture book of power batteries Where to use terne coated steel Four page reprint summarizes new industrial Low temperature steel Molybdate opacified enamel Industrial truck costs in a jiffy uses for feme, a lead coated steel. Glazes for brick UPON REQUEST, THE LEAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED. AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION OF YOUR LEAD PROBLEMS. ^S*>,e7 Reproduced by letterpress from lead type. PBINTED IK U.S-A. CClCB-KALKHOFP l'Dll, INC W1TW TOIK. K. T. n Mail to: Lead Industries Assn., Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 Name, Title | Company ! __________________ Street i City, State, Zip Code , Please send TO REQUEST LITERATURE LI A26A47