Document wroVOXyDQR8oD9R6JE46wGmgJ

PLAINTIFF'S I EXHIBIT pup-io i MEDICAL STOVE1UAKCS OF asbestos gaagsRs Preaented by Henry J. Trochiaowiej, Se.D. Chief, Phyeiology Section Heekell Leboracory for Toxicology and Induetrial Medicine at the Aabeetoe Seminar Du Pont Country Club June 2, 1972 DUP 0930538 A Standards Advisor/ Committee for Asbestos (OSHA) has recommended an exposure limit of wo fibers greater than five microns ia length per cubic centimeter. this proposal, based on a (National Institute of Occupational Safes/ and Health) KIOSK criteria document, would not be effective for wo /ears, in order to allow ehe installation of the necessary engineering controls. This advisory cos&ietae, representing governance, labor, and industry, also suggested that ehe future standard Include a program of comprehensive medical surveillance which will be the topic of tty discussion today. According to ehe proposed recommendations, medical surveillance is required, except where a variance from the medical requireaents of this proposed standard have been granted, for all workers who ere exposed' to asbestos as part of their work environment. SLIDE tfl for the purposes of this requirement, the term "exposed to asbestos" will be interpreted as referring to'Viseweighted average exposures above 1 fiber/ee or peak exposures above 5 fibers/cc." StIDE 2 The major objective of such surveillance will be to insure the proper medical management of individuals who show evidence of reaction to previous dust exposures, either due to excessive exposures or unusual susceptibility. Such medical management might include job placement, improved work practices, cessation of smoking, or specific therapy for asbescos-relaced disease or its complications. OOP 0930539 -3- However, medical surveillance cannot be a guide to adequacy of currer.c controls when environmental data and sedical examination* only cover recent vorks experience because of the prolonged latent period required for the development of asbestosis and neoplasms. According to HIQSK criteria, medical surveillance should include pre-employment medical examinations of applicants, periodic medical evaluations of exposed workers, and other reconaendatlons such as a comprehensive medical examination on termination of employment and the maintenance of medical records by the employer. First, let's calk about the components of the preplacement medical examination as recommended by NIOSH. In caking a medical history on a new employee, SLIDE #3 ie is of special interest to knew whether or not there was a pase exposure to asbestos or ocher J,fibrosis-producin*g" dust. Previous exposure, in eonjunction with a history of cardiopulmonary or gastro intestinal disease, might contraindicate the placement of a naw employee in an area of asbestos axpoaura. Smoking habits era also an integral part of a medical history and may influence job placement since the peril of lung cancer from asbestos axpoaura la increased by smoking. In fact, caeca conducted by Sclikoff and Hammond have shown chat aabestos insula tion workers who smoke have 90 times Che incidence of lung cancer compared to smokers with no tsbescoa exposure. The second pert of the preplaeemeac examination would include a complata physical with special attention to pulmonary rales, clubbing OP 0930540 -4- of che fingers, and ocher cardiopulmonary signs often essoeieted with fibrosis in the lung. Laboratory tests should incorporate routine clinical chemistry, a chest roentgenogram (PA 14" x 17"), and measure* mentt of pulmonary function. In the HXOSH criteria, che measurements of pulmonary function vhieh are required include: 1) forced vital capacity (PTC), i.e., the greatest amount of air that can be expired after a maximal Inspiratory effort, and 2) forced expired volume in one second (FZTj), i.e., the fraction of the vital capacity expired in one second. The vital capacity (FTC) may be normal but the timed vital capacity (FEV^) greatly reduced in diseases sueh as asbestosis, due to lower airway constriction and subsequent increased resistance to flow. Thus, if che results from a pre^eaployownc examination revealed a pre-existing lung disease, placement of that individual in an area of asbestos exposure should be discouraged. St-TDE <4 Zn addition to a comprehensive pre-employment examination, periodic medical surveillance of asbestos-exposed workers is also a recommendation in the proposed NXOSH criteria. History and physical examination will be similar to that of the pre-employment examination. However, HXOSH criteria specify the frequency of chest x-rays ana pulmonary function testa. These tests, to be performed at che employer's DUB 0930541 -5 - expense, will be done every wo veers on all employee* exposed to esbeatos end annually on chose Individuals: 1) who have a hiscory of 10 or nore years of employment Involving exposure eo asbestos or, 2) who show roentgenographie findings (such as small opacities, pleural plaques, pleural chickening, or pleural calcification) which suggest or Indicate pneumoconiosis or other reactions to asbestos, or 3) who have changes in pulmonary function which indicate restrictive or obstructive lung disease. SLIDE 3 Other proposed recossaendaeions in the NIOSH criteria entail a comprehensive medical examination on termination of employment. This examination is to be performed on all workers exposed to asbestos and should Include the previously mentioned components of the periodic medical examinations. Maintenance of all medical records of exposed employees is the responsibility of the employer; such records will be kept for a period to be determined by the Secretary of Labor in consultation with the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. However, the present emergency standard for asbestos specifies that all records be maintained for at lease 20 years. As far as aceess eo medical records is concerned, the proposed criteria state that these be made available only eo Health, Education, and Welfare and Deparsaane of Labor physicians and medical consultants, and physicians DUP 0930542 -6 - designated and Authorized by the employee. Whether or not the medical representative of the employer would have access to these records is aot elesr sc this time. SUDS #6 On the request of the Director of NIOSH, Dr. Marcus Key, the Aaericaa Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA.) has submitted its comments oa the proposed NIOSH recommendations which are to be incorporated into the proposed standard for asbestos. The AIHA had several reservations about the details of the medical surveillance program and has recommended the following changes: 1) Sourum cvtologv is of limited value and should not be incladed. 3ecaus of their sporadic appearance and, in the case of fibers, their relation to recent dust exposure, the AIHA vas of the opinion chat the quantitative assessment of asbestos bodies and fibers is sputum vas not, in the light of present knowledge, a very useful procedure. 2) X-rays should Include both e leteral and oosterioranterior view. The AIHA feels chat periodic x-rays can be extremely beneficial in detecting early lung structure changes if a lateral, as wall as a posterior-encarior view, is cakan. 3) Medical records should be made available to chose physicians to whom the employee releases the information, and to the employer's medical represencacjye. Since the employer la raaponslble for the health of tha employee, it was felt that his madical representative should have access to the medical raeords. In raference to the proposed NIOSH reeoeaendations on medical surveillance, the Industrial Union Departmanc of tha API-CIO has submiecad ies constants to the Occupational Safety and Health Admin istration. The NIOSH criteria on medical survelllanca are acceptable to Che union with the following qualifications: DUP 0930543 1) Medical examinations should be raid for bv she erralover and aerfcrged bv che chvslclan s the employee's cnoica. The union feels strongly chac che employee snould have his e.noice of phyalclans and chac examinations by a company physician night, In soae way, jeopardize che job security or job placement of ehe employee. 2) All medical records and results of such examinations should be the property of tne ea-Dlovee and released onlv co such persons as he chooses and Co HEW who nay not release then to che employer and wno snail hold them under conditions of series confidentiality. Again, che union seressee that an employer should not have access to such records in che event chac he (che employer) night use them against the employee. Should this right of workers to confidential handling of med ical information be incorporated Into law, nedical surveillance of exposed workers would be a difficult, if not impossible, problem. In summary, I have discussed ehe proposed recommendations on medical surveillance which may eventually be incorporated into the new standard for asbestos. Whether or noe all of eheae learns will be incorporated is not known. However, most of the recommendations -- such as periodic medical examinations which include chest x-rsys and pulmonary function tests -- ere sound end should be used is monitoring workers exposed co asbestos. HJT/Jtd 6/1/72 UP 0930544 i h #; .wtitftim mjhw mm a SLIDE 1 definition The term "exposed to asbestos" will be interpreted as "referring to time-weighted average exposures ABOVE 1 FIBER/CC OR. PEAKS ABOVE 5 FIBERS/CC." DUP 0930545 SLIDE n OBJECTIVE OF MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM 1. Proper medical management of individuals who SHOW EVIDENCE OF REACTION TO PAST DUST EXPOSURES DUE TO - EXCESSIVE EXPOSURES - UNUSUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY 2. Cannot be a guide to adequacy of current controls DUP 0930546 SLIDE #3 REPLACEMENT EXAMINATION History a, Past exposure to asbestos or other dusts b, History of cardiopulmonary or gastrointestinal DISEASE c, Smoking habits Physical Examination - Special attention to pulmonary rales, clubbing OF THE FINGERS, AND OTHER CARDIOPULMONARY SIGNS Laboratory Tests. a. Routine tests b. Chest X-ray (PA 14* x 17") c Pulmonary function tests (FVC and FEVi) DUP 0930547 SLIDE #4 PERIODIC MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE OF EXPOSED wnWFRS Chest X-ray and Pulmonary Function Tests a. PA - 14" x 17" B. FVC and FEVl c. Every two years on all exposed workers d. Annually on the following workers: - THOSE with > 10 YEARS EXPOSURE - THOSE WITH X-RAY CHANGES - THOSE WITH PULMONARY FUNCTION CHANGES History and Physical Examination At Cardiopulmonary signs or symptoms b. Smoking history c. Exposure history DUP 0930548 SLIDE #5 nTMcq RQpngrr; RgroMHF!inflTrnw<; 1. Comprehensive Terminal Medical Exam a. On all workers exposed to asbestos b. Should include components of periodic exams 2. Maintenance of Medical Records a, For a period to be determined b. Emergency standard states 20 years 3. Access to Medical Records Only by: a, HEW and Department of Labor physicians AND MEDICAL CONSULTANTS b, Physicians designated and authorized by the EMPLOYEE DUS 0930549 SLIDE #6 COMMENTS ON NICSH MEDICAL . SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM 1. AM a. Sputum cytology of limited value and should NOT BE INCLUDED. S. X-RAYS SHOULD INCLUDE BOTH A LATERAL AND POSTERIOR-ANTERIOR VIEW, c, Medical records should be made available to THOSE PHYSICIANS TO WHOM THE EMPLOYEE RELEASES THE INFORMATION, AND TO THE EMPLOYER'S MEDICAL REPRESENTATIVE,. 2, AELrCIO (Industrial Union Department) a. Medical examination should be paid for by EMPLOYER AND PERFORMED BY PHYSICIAN OF EMPLOYEE'S CHOICE. B, All MEDICAL RECORDS AND RESULTS SHOULD BE THE PROPERTY OF THE EMPLOYEE AND RELEASED ONLY TO: - DESIGNATES OF EMPLOYEE - HEW (UNDER STRICT CONFIDENTIALITY WITHOUT RELEASE TO EMPLOYER) DUP 0930550 ~ niinM-lrtiiijglBW'IHil^i^l; I'iSME* -fl';* MiM DISCISSICS CF P-ESUTAIICT Henry <7. ^ochimowicz ^ ^is standard is started, primarily for asbestos workers but what about other workers that have exposure to asbestos? I can see by the criteria what they are attesting to do, but how zany people are vt going to heep under nodical surveillance? A. Evidently it is going to be, at least the proposed recommendation says, an employee doesn't have to be a "so-called asbestos worker". If the employee had an exposure to asbestos greater than the definition (1 fiber/cc) or peak values above 5 > then he is an asbestos worker under the lav nr the medical surveillance part of this law will apply to Q If this occurs just one day over a ten-year period, does that keep bin under surveillance? A. 3r. Zant It's like, if you exceed the speed linit on one occasion only, if you don't get caught at that moment by radar, you're probebly all right. 3ut this is not defined as a man whose occupation statistically eposes him to asbestos, like en insulation applier, hut rather aay employee who is exposed to more than 1 fiber/cc time-weighted average. That, by definition, brings bin under this program. Q* What are some of the other dusts in addition to asbestos that you made reference ts in your speech that should be considered? A. Silica, coal dust, beryllium. Cr. Zspp X think the important thing to note here is the direct head-on collision between the labor point of view and the management point of view (the AIHA point of view) in respect to the confidentiality of medical records. DCJP 0930551 m* .We wouldn't take advantage of labor on this point. Z hope we can work out a satisfactory compromise because certainly in our own Ccspery, it is essential in the workings of our medical program to let the doctor know tbe condition of his employee. Z don't see how you can possibly justify having a plant doctor on the payroll if all of the labor people axe going out and haring their examinations done by someone else at the employer's expense, without any access by the plant doctor to those records, the whole system will hang or fall an bow they resolve this issue. The final decision will be made by the Department of Labor. Q. Is there any possibility of a dual standard along these lines of physical examinations, one far the transitory type taplcyee versus the permanent employee with Du ?ont? Has there been any discussion on it at all? A. I would interpret the proposed regulation to toy that if you put a man into a position where he is exposed to sore than 1 fiber/cc, that he has to come under the medical surveillance program. He has to be examined every two years on periodic examination until be has accumulated 10 years esQOSure, then he goes on an annual basis. I think that Is the only difference. Q. I'm interested in how you keep track of the asbestos worker who works with forty different contractors over a period of years. Are there axy guidelines to follow? A. Hr. Zsnt You will notice that on the pre-esgiloyment examination, you will have to take a history of past exposure. I think it would figure into that. If he tells you that he's never had an exposure in his life before nd you take him at hi word, I think you're justified. COP 0930553 iBf'B'i Hiii ~i ==: : :i*r $* How does this tine-weighted average of 1 fiber/cc relate to the 2 fibers/'cc previously, discussed in the reccsended standard? A. Ihr. Zap? Just like with noise, you have a noise lint tint is safe for dinar, exposure and you don't have to wear protection hut at a sosewbat lower level they will probably specify that you go into a conservation of hearing program which is medical surveillance, and that's what they're doing here. SJH/neh 7/18/72 DUP 0930554 .2- Th lave*cigetors recognized these Limica.cion* and statad, "5 ntppef may b regarded tentatively as the threshold value far asbestos-dust exposure until better data are available." What about the impinger collection technique that was used in this arudy to determine the degree of dustiness? The standard iapinger method was used because it was the accepted means for assessing the dusty trades. Although it still retains that function today, the trend is toward the respirable fraction and gravimetric means of assessment. In the impiager, air is drawn through a glass Jet set at a fixed distance from the bottom of a flask. The jet..is immersed ia water, alcohol, or a mixture of both. As the particles strike the bottom of the flask they became suspended in the liquid. Collection efficiencies very but ere generally on the order of 98Z for particles greater than 1 to 2 jaa. The sample must be counted within 24 hours of collection. This is to reduce the chance of the particles to flocculate or for some small particles to go into solution. A sample is withdrawn from the collecting flaak and placed into a counting cell. The counting cell should be no more chan 1 am and no less than 0.2S mm in depth. Settling times of the particles ia the cell vary depending on their size, density, and tha collecting madia. Tha period to allow for parcicla settling varies from 20 to 30 minutes. All of the particles will not settle in this time span. Once started, the count must ba completed within ten minutes. All of these factors have to ba recorded in order co reduce the known variabilities when comparing studies involving dust counting. DUB 0930556 .j.ayMaiBiasa -3 - The microscope used for the standard dust counting method car. be a laboratory grade optical unit with a 10 power objective lens. Counting is done under light field techniques at about 100 magnification. The area to be counted shall be defined preferably by an ocular grid or by rulings on the counting cell. This method requires very clean sampling and counting apparatus, a dust-free area for both preparation of equipment and for counting, experience with the techniques of dust counting, and patience. This is a very tedious procedure and experience with it is not gained overnight. What are soma of the inadequacies of this procedure when comparisons are made with the new method? In those studies very few fibers were seen in the counting cell. There are two reasons for this; they are: 1) the impinger is noe efficient for the collection of fine particles (fibers) and 2) the resolving power of the microscope is not adequate to detect smell particles. The impinger has a collection efficiency related to the aerodynamic sl2e of the particulace and is not efficient for particles with falling speeds leas ehan 1 ym unit density sphere. Electron micrographs reveal that many of tha airborne esbestos fibers ere on the order of hundredths to tenths of a micron in diametar. In comparisons with other methods, it wes noted that the impinger collected only about one out of every hundred airborne fibers. Of the total dust count, fibers made up usually less than ten pereent of the total count. DUP 0930557 i 1 **- ^ r--. .. . . . . . . ^ . . . . . . . :. . . . :. . - -;i In addition to net being able to resolve very small particles, the small fibers would not settle in the allotted time to chat plane in the call where particles are to be counted. This would also reduce the number seen during the counting period. Impinger samples are not handy for long personal samples. This is primarily due to both evaporation of the absorbing madia (alcohol) and the movement of the worker. The confidence limits of a dust count improve, as the number of particles counted increase. Because only a few fibers were seen in impinger samples, it was decided to count all particles in the counting cell at the established plana. This result gave an overall appraisal or dustiness rather chan associating a fiber count to a degree of hazard. The original investigators realized this point. It was felt by them end others that if this level of dustiness (TLV) was not exceeded, that the asbases* hazard would be reduced. The TLV of 5 mppcf,based on the early studies of Dreesien and others, was in effect from 1946 to 1970. However, in 1968 and 1969, tentative standards were proposed that were based on a new meehod of collection and counting. It was evident from the preceding discussion on the impinger meehod thae another procedure was needed to obtain a statistically useful index of airborne fiber concentrations. Interest in the fiber content arises from the need to measure that item in the.environment that is the most relevant to eha disease causing machanlsm. A correlation between fiber count and disease or exposure and health was needed. 0930558 DUP IEwEaV iitit}j i * ffUL IHlR j?r[;Lj|lW; i ; -5 - ks this aspect os asbestos fiber concentration so disease was reviewed, is wes made known chac the British were using e method whereb> esbescos fibers were counced in she workroom atmosphere. They had scarred ouc in 1951 wish a thermal precipitator. Bus because this unit did not count fibers longer than 10 tea, a better method was sought. In 1960, they started using a long-running thermal precipitator and were able to collect and count the long fibers. They made a second change in 1965 when they started collecting samples with cellulose membrane filters. As en informational note, in the standard thermal preeipitator, dust-laden air Is drawn vertically into the sampling head and down a narrow vertical channel between two glass covers lips. Halfway between these two covers lips is stretched a horizontal wire, heated electrically. Dust is deposited bye thermal effect, opposite the wire, in two strips on the covers lips. The covers lips ere then mounted, dust side down, on microscope slides and eha dust is chan counced. In the "long-running" thermal precipitator, the dust-laden air is drawn from a vertical passage end along e horizontal channel, the floor of which is formed by e glass coverlslp. At first particles settle out from the air by gravity end the remainder ere precipitated thermally beneath a heated wire. DUP 0930559 ' i fM/MBt jf-i'iHii .*:|-BI|- ^YPMSaS -6 - With the British already using a method to count asbestos fibers m the vorkroom atmosphere, ve felt it vas necessary to arrive at a similar procedure.. In 1968 and 1969, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists published notices of intended changes to lover the TLV from 5 mppcf to 2 appef based on light field counting techniques. In addition to this, a value of 12 fibers per milliliter of air vas suggested as an alternative for the 2 mppcf. the fiber count vas to be determined by the membrane filter method at 430 X magnification, phase contrast illumination. Only fibers greater than 5 urn in length vere to be counted. In 1970 and 1971, the light field technique TLV vas eliminated and only the fiber count technique vas recommended. Also in these years, the TLV vas lovered from 12 fibers per ml to 3 fibers per ml. This change in the sampling and counting .technique vas brought about by vork carried out by the Division of Occupational Health of the U.S. Public Health Service. Their study carried out in asbestos textile plants, vas concerned primarily with obtaining some relationship of dust counts by implnger sampling to fiber counts from membrane filters using a higher resolution microscope objective for the latter. The information they obtained vas net meant at that time to replace the standard implnger method. With the ratios they obtained they attempted to: 1) indicate an approximation of the reletionship of impinger counts to fiber counts from Britain, DUB 0930560 isr4 iirrfrjfr i i -0- Cfce definite.result of this study was that the estimate cf risk of disease should be based os fiber courts since this nethod ytelded a rare direct estimate of airborne asbestos concentrations. This leads us to the procedure reccamended by the National institute of Occupational Safety end Health to be used for airborne deterninations of asbestos concentrations. Collection of Sample The sample should be collected on a 37-ailliseter "Miiiipcre" Type AA filter aounted in an open face filter holder. The filters are contained in plastic filter holders and are supported on pads which also aid in controlling the distribution of air through the filter. To yield a more uniform sarple deposit, the filter-holder face-cups should be removed. The filters Just described are often referred to as Field Monitors. 2hey come preuitsblsd from the Millipore Corporation. The stated pare size of these filters is 0.6 us. Collection efficiency is very high for particles below the stated pore size. Particles axe collected on the surface of the filter. They do not penetrate into the filter structure. It must be esphasized that this procedure is only good for Ml 11ipore Corporation filters. If any other nsabrane filters are used a relationship has to be developed between both types of filters. There ate three choices of filters that can be ordered for the Field Monitors. The one reccsnesded is the white with no grid markings. This filter is selected over the one with grid markings for two reasons. DUP 0930562 :s'i# '<nrjM w m -ii abiMiiwgai-Bi:ffliiittiil.Ei!. -9- They ere as follows: 1) Che mounting media does not clear she grid markings on the filter, and 2) sometimes the grid markings may interfere with fibers that - are to be counted. The ocher choice, the black filter, is not able to be cleared. It is advisable to seal that portion of the filter holder chat is not removed during the sampling procedure. After sampling, the top section that is replaced to cover the face of the filter, should also be sealed. Sampling flow races may vary from 1 1pm to 2.5 lpo which is just about the maximum flow race obtainable by personal sampling pumps. In one Federal Government publication the racormendacion was to use 2 1pm as the flow race and a minimum sampling time of 15 minutes when an evaluation was needed to determine if there wes the possibility thee the excursion limit of 10 fibers/ml mighe be exceeded. There ere some definite problems with such e recommendation. They ere: 1) When it is evident that the TLV is being exceeded, a 15-minuee sample may be too long in duration. If too much material is collected on e filter, there may be sloughing-off of some of the heevy deposits of meceriel, there will be overlapping of fibers with some actually being hidden during the counting phase, end with heevy deposits, there may be some shifting of the fibers when the clearing materiel is used. DUP 0930563 BiBWaM aa^ii ES9 i ItawsBiMaattifa'aj-MaWtawM 2) The pump that may be used at this tine say nee have the capacity of 2 Lpc. Does this naan the sample car.r.cc be taker.? No. What is required though is the known flow rate and the length of sample time. Thia recommendation that it referred to above, probably is attempting to relate to the counting requirements that are needed in order to obtain a statistically acceptable sample. In order to have an accurate estimate of "he number of fibers, the statistical error resulting from the random distribution of the fibers must be kept reasonably low. To quote from the Criteria Document on Asbestos: "Sines fiber counts follow a Poisson distribution, a count of 100 fibers in a sample would have a standard deviation of /T73 or 10 fibers or m 10%. Thus the 95% confidence limits would be approximately 2 standard deviations or dr 20%. Since the 37 mm filter has an'effective collecting area of 853 cm2 2 and tha projected field area of the Porton reticle is 0.005 mra^, each field represents 1/171000 of the sample. Based on this ratio, the following number of fields muse be counted to measure che various limits in various sampling timaa:" DUP 0930564 Sampling Time (minutes) ?lev Pate {leal Number of fields for 100 "ibers 2 fibers/ml iO fliers'r.1 10 2 ^55 91 15 2 286 12 30 2 H3 2 90 1 ICO 20 90 2 22 10 2h0 1 26 7 2l0 2 18 k 180 1 18 k They do not recommend counting a field with sore than 20 fibers because particulates say be present that would interfere with the accuracy of the count. This restricts the sampling parameters that are recssnnerded to those underlined in the above table. It is suggested that at least 100 fibers be counted in a sample and that the number cf fields should be 20 and the maximum 100. Presently the sources we use for counting filter samples only count 20 fields. Some judgement is needed in terms of what we are looking for and how to apply this idea of statistical accuracy. We know that when we are in a high dust atmosphere that we are not going to sample for such a long period that we will overload the filter and make counting difficult. In this case 20 fields would probably be sufficient. When we are in a light dust atmosphere we will automatically sample for a longer period with the idea that enough fibers have to be collected to obtain a good count. Sven if very few fibers are collected on a long-running sample OUP 0930565 - 12 - and for which only 20 fields are counted, ic would still be possible to say chat the airborne concentration is less chan some value which would automatically be very low. Location of filter the filter should be located as near as possible to the breaching zone of the worker. The most logical place is on the worker's lapel. Normally either side would probably be acceptable. However, observations should be made of air currents in the area as the dust may be directed to one side or the ocher of the worker. Sampling Pump There are a number of battery-powered personal sampler pumps on Che market. Their sampling races as indicated earlier vary from 1 to about 2.5 1pm. These pumps usually are able to operate continuously for eight hours. The three manufacturers' pumps available are Mina Safety Appliances' Monieare, Bendlx's C-110 Personal Sampler and Casalla's Personal Sampler. Only the Casella pump does not have a visible rotameter. This is a definite disadvantage because as the charge decreases on the battery, the flow race could be reduced without it being noticed. With the ocher units it is possible to continuously check on the flow rece during semplisg and maka required adjustments to keep e uniform flew rece. However, keeping e uniform flow reee is not es critical as knowing the volume of air sampled. Knowing eccuretely the volume of air sampled is essential. The accurate calibration of a sampling device is necessery to the correct interpretation of an instrument'a reading. Personal sampling pumps DUP 0930566 13 should be calibrated prior to tr.eir being used. In she laboratory a vet zest meter is suggested and ir. the field a rotameter is convenient. The calibration chain is as follows: the flew rate standard instrument, the filter and the pusrp. Sample Preparation - (In addition, see article by Public Health Service Included vieh these proceedings.) The mounting medium used in this method is prepared by dissolving 0.05 gms of membrane filter per milliliter of a 1:1 solution of dimeehyl phthalate and diethyl oxalate. The index of refraction of the medium thus prepared is XT 1.47. It is desired to have some separation of the indices of refraction between the mounting media, the membrane filter, and the asbestos fibers. This is not as critical in phase contrast as in light field techniques. The index of refraction for chrysociie asbestos is 1.35 and for membrane filters is about 1.5. The filter as received from the field should have the face cups seeled in place. This is to assure unnecessary contamination and the prevention of damaging the filter. To prepare e sample for microscopic examination, a drop of the mounting medium is placed on a freshly cleaned, standard (25 asn x 75 im) microscopic slide. A wedge-shaped piece with an ere length of about 1 cm is excised from the filter with a scalpel and forceps and placed dust-side ug on the drop of mounting solution. If the mounting solution was placed on cop of the filter, air bubbles could be formed and it may be possible for displacement of the fibers on the filter surface. A No. 1-1/2 coverslip, carefully cleaned with lens eissue, is placed over the filter wedge. Slight pressure on the coverslip achieves DUP 0930567 - 11* - contact between it and the scenting medium. The sacple say be ejasined as soon as the mount is transparent, This usually requires about 15 minutes. The sample should be counted within 2 days after mounting. Evaluation of the ?llter Sample The filter samples mounted in the manner previously described are evaluated in terms of the concentration of asbestos fibers greater than 5 ya in length. A microscope equipped with phase-contrast optics and a it nn "high-dry" achromatic objective is suitable for this determination. 12 X eyepieces, one of which contains a calibrated reticle at the level of the field-limiting diaphragm, should be used. Two suggested reticles are the Fcrtcn or Patterson Globe and Circle. The Porton reticle is probably used more than the Patterson reticle. In the Porton reticle the left half of the field serves to define the counting area of the field. In referring to the counting accuracy, a of 20 fields or iOO fiber* should be counted. A fiber is any particle that has an aspect ratio of three or greater to one. All fibers longer than 5 u are counted. Sample Calculation The following formulae are used to determine tbe number of fibers per ml: 1) filter area fern3) , K ?lXd u& (anr) the effective area of the 37 mm filter is 855 n8 DUS 0930568 mMj'iwiiiimmHi-H f' . - j > ,pBfMwart rw*.?^***^. * ;jgfiiiagM8m';i wik 15 2) Average r.ec cat;.".: X X A1 ir volume samp.eo (.m lV; . --fibCe*.rds//Tm3 Xl The field arte used has to be calibrated prior to counting with a microscope stage micrometer. For rhis example, she assumption is made Therefore: 1) K ,, 355 (mm2) 0.005 (mo*) * 171,000 Assuming the average nee eoune per field of 20 fields was 5 fibers end the sample was collected at 2 liters per minute (2000 ml/min) for 90 Minutes: Then: 2) 5 (fibers) X 171,000 2000 (ml/air.) X 90 (min) t- Principles of Sampling - (This section is quoted from the Criteria Document on Asbestos; reviews the topic very concisely.) "A dust sampling procedure must be designed so that Semples of ectuel dust concentrations are collected accurately and consistently. The results of the analysis of these samples will reflect, realistically, the concentrations of dust at the place and time of sampling. In order to collect a sample representative of airborne dust, which is likely to enter the subject's respiratory system, it is necessary co position a collection apparatus near the nose end mouth of the subject or in his 'breathing cone'. Tha eoncancracion of dust in tha air co whieh a workar is exposed will vary, depending upon the nature of the operation and upon the type of work performed by the operator and the position of the operator relative to the source of the dust. The imounc of dust inhaled by c worker DUP 0930559 IS can vary daily, seansonally, and wish the weather. la ordar eo obcain represencacive samples of workers' exposures, it is necessary to collect samples under varying conditions of weather, on different days, and at different times during a shift. The percentage of working time spent on different tasks will affect the concentration of dust the worker inhales, since the different tasks usually result in exposure to different concentration*. The percentage can be determined from work schedules and by observe* tion of work routines. The dally average weighted exposure can be determined by using the following formula: (Hours X cone, task A) 4- (Hours X cone, cask B) + etc, 3 Hours (or actual hours worked) The concentration of any air contaminant result* ing from an industrial operation also varies with time. Therefore, a longer sampling time will better approximate the aecual average." Some information haa bean done on insulacori and the various casks that chay perform in their work. The jobs performed by the Insulating worker have been divided into six areas and are outlined at follows with the approximate time spent at each cask: 1) Prefabrieacion (10T) materials are pre-cut and shaped using hand or power saws 2) Application (40Z) materials are fitted, bannered, or carved and attached to the surface to be covered DUP 093057 jaaiiBSEB-J ^iiaaiaa - 17 - 3) Finishing (3C$) > materials are scared with assesses containing cements, resins, asbestos or certon cloth, or sealers 5) bearing Cut (10S) removal of old or unusable materials in the process of insulating or reinsulating 5) Mixing (5$) cements ere mixed separately or in combination in buckets or troughs 6) General (5#) cleaning '-53 of old insulation, transporting of materials, etc.' In one set of studies the following asbestos fiber concentrations were found at the various tasks: deration Prefabrieation Application Finishing Searing Cut Mixing General - Mean 9.0 5.3 2.9 9.2 2.6 5.0 Ccnoentration (fibers/ail) Range 0.1 - 25 0.1 - 65 0.1 - 25 0.2 - 27 0.2 - 18 0.1 - 23 SB"3 Z? Mean' 7.0 3.7 2.9 5.3 8.5 1.6 From the values in the range column, it will be noticed that there it a vide variability of airborne concentrations. It seems that there are tvo definite operations of significant exposure--prefabrication and tearing out. Du* 0930571 - 13 T'iis table is act neant tc indicate vast the specific prohlen areas are and the airbcrae concentrations that nay he expected. Every situation is different--tine spent on each operation, the environmental influences on the area (wind currents primarily), the worfc load, individual wars habits, etc. Every location must he evaluated individually. RJH/nen/jcd Jur.e 28, 1972 OUP 0930572 MWWBilWS^^ m SSwJSSICH 0T FHESZ3TATIC3 Richard J. Hubiak Q. If you take your dust sables, does the care and hanriv-g of them in a Millipcre capsule have any significant effect upon the quality of the fiber count? A. Sot really, unless, like I aentiened, you run into a situation where there is excessive buildup of fibers, it will not be retained. So that under noraal handling, there will be enough of the various collection paraaeters that the asbestos fibers will adhere to the filter holder. However, one thing I should caution you, there is an electrostatic charge built up in the plastic holders when saapling and a lot of tines you will notice a dust buildup around tha sides. It is usually wise to try to remove this as such as possible, otherwise you night knock this down upon the filter and ttls nigtut look like It slipped out of the filter; really you didn't collect this at all. This is one point to consider in collecting your nesbrane filter sample. Q, What techniques do you recosmend for taking 15-minute peak concentration deterninatisss ? The standard is five end the ms.nlmi-m lisit is tan fibers for a 15-minute period. How do you assess that 15-minute period because the'dust gets Into the air and stays there far a period of tine? Would you take Just this 15-minute sample and see how long the dust cloud passes? A. That would probably be as good as any. Because you are going to have different factors. ?or one thing, you might get too much of a buildup in 15 minutes and you couldn't collect a 15-minute sasple. So, in this case, you would have to collect a series of sazples right in line but if you're DUP 0930573 . . . . w iUBMf Is MiMM'ga nmiatiftiyK -2 - ranting about a situation where you Isaev that you're going to create excessive dust concentrations, where you thins you're going to exceed these values, vhat I have done is, set up & node procedure and go through this type of operation and see what range you're talking about. Heally try to get it under the verst conditions to see how such or what you're really doing. This way you can also break down the stapling period. You sight say 10 ainutes here and 1? minutes there. I'd be surprised if you can get 1? minutes at a high exposure. I think thut you'll have to break them down into shorter periods. Timing of this 15 minutes is critical. You have to consider that portion of your time involving opening the saa?le, getting into position, the time lag in dust generation, etc. so this is a point that you have to watch as close as possible to reduce the error. BJH/nefc 7/I0/72 DUP 0930574 Sr. Zaara We tallied about what is required in the way of sedisai surveilienc and aariremental surveillance so Z guess the next question is: you found too ssuch asbestos in the air; you bare exceeded the speed Unit; what are you going to do about it? Hbv can you control the dust and get it down to the legal liait? Maybe you csn't always do it, but there are ease things you can try and for this discussion we have brought in a non-Du Penter because of his experience and expertise in the field. I refer to Coaaander S. H. 3arboo, Jr. of the United States Navy. Caasaaader Barboo is the Head of the Industrial and Environmental Control Branch in the Division of Industrial and''2avironaental Health, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department. He is the Senior Industrial Hygienist in the Navy. He has been in the field of Preventive Medicine for approximately IS years and in the field of Industrial Hygiene for 10. Cosaander Barboo obtained his 3.S. and M.S. frea the University of California at Berkley and. his Doctorate in Public Health from the University of California in Los Angeles. He is also on the faculty at Georgs Washington University. DUP 0930575 MSANS OF OCST CONTROL ^7 Commander 5. X. Barhoo, Jr., U.S. Navy I'a going to_give you a brie? discussion on asbestos ccnrrol in naval shipyards. Let's go bads to prerecorded history when asbestos was known. Many commentators had written about it. It was used by the Homans as a cremation shroud. It was a plaything of the wealthy in the ancient world. They used it for tablecloths and in one case I read where one Homan superor threw it in the fire to clean it up and so astounded his guests that he was held in great reverence. Modern industry might be said to begin in lS68 in Italy where 200 tans of asbestos was produced. The North American mines opened in Quebec, Canada in the year i860. Coarse asbestos is a family of mineral silicates. You have to be a graduate in the field of geology to separate it out according to its genesis and molecular rtructura and molecular formula. Chrysotlie la a hydrous magnesium silicate which is a fibrous variety of the serpentine family. One of the only conaercial kinds in that family. The rest are asphiboles and amosite is the most prominent commercial member of that family--at least from U.S. Navy experience. The British have been prominent in the uae of croeidolite asbestos. Nov there ere four distinct pathologies related to the inhalation, or, if you vill, ingestion of asbestos. The first of course is asbestosis, which is singly a fibrous condition of the lungs; however, with those sisple words you begin to get into the great disputations that occur in this clinical field among radiologists, clinicians, pulmonary physiologists and so on. They say, what is the definition? What is the criteria far DUP 0910576 -2 - a. diagnosis cf asbestos is in an individual? I have sat with great ' attention with physicians and listened to their criteria for diagnosis and I do submit to you, there is ecse dispute in this area. Most physicians will sty they depend on at least three factors--one is T'wig function or vital capacity studies (lung function studies); the others are certain * systems such as basal rales, etc. Third, is a work history, and seme of course will use x-ray densities or x-ray readings. I think those that are the purists among clinicians would use, if they had access, the diffusion capacity of the lung to diagnosis asbestosis. I throw into this great pool of knowledge the first rock--the first wave. What is the diagnostic criteria for asbestosis? It slips nimbly off sy tongue, but when you want a diagnosis to cospars it with the airborne sasples, sometimes you will run into disputation, definitely. Is ubMtailf, v go into the pleural reactions. Again, very little is known. The physicians use such words as pleural plaques, pleural fibrosis, effusions. Most of these ere quite dramatic oa x-ray film, have little if no physiologic response, and most physicians do not alarm the patient if there is no other symptomatology present. The pleural reactions are, however, open to same question by investigators that perhaps are precursers or indicators of later pathology. Then we have the serosal tumors, those of the serous membranes. The two membranes that we are dealing vlth here are the peritoneum and that of the pleura or lung thorax. I know of none around the heart or pericardium. These are primary tumors of the pleura or peritoneum. If you can pronounce it, a mesotheliomata, of very recent vintage. Most eases of mesotheliomas are not listed in international DUP 0930577 statistics. I'm sere young resident pathologists today are locking at them. They are circulating among taeir slide sets of rare entities in aedicine, the aesothelioaas. The only ones I have seen of great authority were those presented to us in a recent visit to the British practices. They have, I think, presented this subject very veil to the vorld. When you get into the aesothelioaas, it is interesting as is any other disease csaplex vhich has a histological point of view. You find cany of these things because there are cany core pathologists that lmov hov to recognize it. In the past they probably recognized the pathology but they were unable to say vhat it vas. Nov they have a case. So alvays be aware that when you see a new nice, a new moniker, cry school, my colors, I know about this subject, you're going to see a greater amount of recording of it. However, it is a frightening situation in the clinical progress. The prognosis, is to say the least, poor--it's months. It's totally epidemiological relationship to asbestos--there is no proof. Thera is no pathogenesis; no way to describe bow asbestos may produce this rare tumor and rare indeed it is. Thers are the other malignant tumors, of course, those all again epidemiclogically related to increased incidence of malignancies of the lung and the gastrointestinal tract. Sverythlng Z have said so far in the way of pathology is speculative. Cancer is among, most authorities believe to be, a collage of diseases, probably associated with the cell systems of the disease. We have only one aasoeiatlon in industrial hygiene, occupational medicine and that is statistically--statistical association. DUP 0930578 . injg*Nn^wni Kmkms&AL&i* Wfc*t is the asbestcs-related disease history? :t follows & rather interesting sequence. About 15C6 a distinguished British epidemiologist, .Montague Murray, described at autopsy, a fibrotic condition of the lungs which he attributed to asbestos exposure of 33 years in a textile worker. Like aost playthings of the literature that remain dormant until it was finally, you might say cssaiseioned in 1938, as you say Dr. Kubiak, with a first, a recognized environmental standard that was put forth. Then it became the property of we, the industrial hygienists and we began to match our environmental airborne densities with those of the medical. Another area which has been obscured by one elemental problem, we began with millions of particles per cubic foot, not with fibers. I think there is no one that would dispute that the etiology is somehow related to fibers and fibrils and not to the other detritus and artifacts that appear under dhe microscope. We have had, how many years, since 1938, of environmental data that bear no relationship except retrospectively under the microscope to the suppositions of what the industrial hygienists thought was a fiber count at the time. Being a Navy shipyard man, I know that we have gone through many types of materials in this issuing period. We've used fiber glass and burlaps. We have bad all kinds of minerals, non-minerals, organic fibrils and so on. Many of them turned up in the lung end they were given the very fancy name of ferruginous bodies lately, or asbestos bodies. We have a great preponderant amount of literature based on a rather interesting subject under a' microscope. Not necessarily related to the epidemiology or to the industrial hygiene effects of asbestos. DUP 0930579 f 5l5iiiL:i^ S'iMMMllisiiijatisij! la 19^ something happened that was of great interest aad this does occasionally occur rather rare and, certainly, ia the case of asbestos, interesting. Flasher aad his associates wrote an article, an article as a result of a study of some 1,07^ shipyard worhers in naval shipbuilding activities. They found that only three of thea demonstrated what would he called asbestosis or a concensus of opinion what involved asbestosis. They immediately stated that the control measures in shipyards at that tine were sufficient to prevent asbestosis or the disease controversy. What was the problem? It was a rather simple problem--there is an incubation period in a chronic disease so to speak--a so-called latent period. We were dealing with people who had just '">'** frcm the rural areas who went to work in our shipyards. We had only given them four or five years experience in the shipyard. There is a great deal of mobility. Many of them went from the shipyard experience into the services. Some came out of the services and went into the shipyards. Many of them were ladies. So that our study was glaringly a defect in one respect--we simply didn't look at this thing from the chronislty point of view. Today, still the same thing, there are people that will say we can have instant asbestosis. There is no such thing nor Is there such a thing as a zero threshold limit value, which causes me to become cross-eyed and gag with scientific premonition of how can this be. We went along blithely since 19^6 and then an industrial hygienist who had returned to the Navy, now works with our shipyard in Mare Island, Mr. Bill Marr, did a study at Long Beach in 1965. Nov we have 20 years DUP 0930530 ......... ....................-.......... BHwrw -6- sines 19^6 and ha found five of seventy insulation workers had retired with a disability and a-rather brief cheek of their disability revealed dyspnea, the various signs--stigmata, etc. of asbas-sosis. That opened, I think that nost industrial hygienists will agree, the flood gates in 1965. Then speculation was raslant and people begen to take a very, very close look at airborne asbestos densities but they were still doing one thing--they were still counting aillions of psxticles per cubic foot. In that study they were collected in the Kcnimeter, which is the crabbiest of all grab samplers; it is not a time sequence by any means. The decade of the sixties, they stacked the deck here, epidemiologic descriptions of asbestos deaths related to malignant tumors of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. There was a great collection of literature in this area. Bronchogenic cancers--now you have an interesting study. If you want tc ret mosey and you want to get recognition, study an occupational carcinogen. But then stack the deck with a possibility of a domestic exposure; that is, daddy comes home Aram the shipyard and shakes out his overalls in front of everyone or the neighborhood e^osure which has to do with asbestos throughout the airborne community environment and you've got a full house. You've got the aee of hearts right on to the jack, no one can beat you. You can hold the cards moneyvise, politically, scientifically--scientific indignation, not always authenticity but indignation, and in the 1960's we have seen a plaphora of literature of speculation. There was something that professors, when I went to school, loved to step on and that was a hypothesis before you mouthed it. Yet DUP 0930581 awwMaw--MMli today, l see hypotheses put forth vtth so little statement of this, it = be speculative, or, let us further examine this, or, I'd like to see s=e grad student take it ca aad give it a little bit of aassagiag from a laboratory first band obaervatioa poiat of view. What have we led to today, the seventies? We know nothing about cancer. No one taows even the slightest thing about cancer except statistically, and X think chinaey sweeps were a statistical surety. Since than we have pltyed with them on a ? level of 0.01. We have these rare and nalignant timers which are being recognized for the first time going up on the graph and at the same time seme association with asbestos. The biestatistlcians don't even step in say whoa, let's look at this. Xt sight have to do with the spacing of the telephone poles in the tows or some other relationship. X will, catbird this; this is ay personal opinion and it does not represent the United States Navy's opinion, but why should-wa give over political expediency and pay the price of scientific authenticities? I would call a halt to a great deal of speculation because when it gets into the mass media, you ere misquoted, outquoted and quoted out of context. So allow me to do it with the Criteria Document. X presume, this morning, you were made acquainted with the Criteria Document. The first docvment to be presented to the United States government at the petition of the A7L-CI0 to the Department of Labor. Last December, they said, wa need a criteria document for asbestos. How could they lose? Carcinogenic, neighborhood, environmental and we have a number of people who epidemiologically relate to ashestosls and perhaps cancer. DUP 0930582 -8- I'U agree with their epidemiological relationships. 2ut listen to then quote it out of context. "To retire our knowledge of the biological action* of asbestos, it is iterative that the character of the exposure as to concentrations, size and type of fiber be taown. At present, data of this complexity, are scanty or often non-existent vith respect to human exposure." What is a criteria? Let's quote them out of context again. "Thus, the effect after several decades of a cne-tiae acute dose of limited duraticn vhich overwhelms the clesring nechanism and is retained is the lung may be as harmful as the emulative effect of a lower daily dose of exposure over many years of work." Therein lies one of the wisdoms or one of the vise observations X believe of the Criteria Document. We know nothing, epidemiologically of one massive doee that exceeds all of the clearance mechanisms physiologically and macro?hagically and all of the other points of clearing the lungs. , Finally, however as to be indicated, the development of the diseases has been proven in workers exposed to asbestos and environmental data does not exist for the last several years. So what X say in caution, to environmental data and translating it into medical facts is, the point of view that we do not have sound environmental data. We are translating fxem our past retrospectively and ve are not sure what that means from the medical point of view. Cb the recent bearings that were held on the emergency standard suggested in December and put forth in April or May, there were those proponents who have even more insidious a point of view and that is the 0930583 DU* 9 zero threshold limit valua. The ce^lete renegation of the idea char there is a dcse-response relationship ia the human body. I find this to be quite sinister ia effect. With the sera threshold limit value, there has bees put forth and shortly to be placed, I believe, before the Secretary of labor, a recrmredatian 2 year* hence, that the standard will be 2 fibers/ml greater than 5 micron* in length* Now two fibers, as an engineer, you sight suspect when I show you the slides is going to be rather difficult to exhaust ventilate 2 fibers. I would think of 2 fibers as sosewhat a background count in an asbestos shop. I would put forward this point of view, what is the standard deviation among, let's say 10 fiber count technicians for fiber counts. If it's one fiber er three . you can then play with the deviations between two and five. So playing with words, I find it rather deviant and rather low value and one that haa, according to all my wining put aside, one thing for us to do in the Navy. That is substitution and that begins what we must now undertake. Whether or not scientific authenticity reiis supreme in Washington, these standards- will hold and we is the United States Navy have always set a pace in occupational health and will continue to do it today. Let me further cespllcate the situation. Asbestos is an environ mental health hazard, not only when you shake out your overalls but what happens when you blow it out of the plant, down, in the sewer, how ere you going to collect it? I don't even tacw to this day what the National Emission Standard will be, nor have I found too much in the literature that tells me how 1 might collect it from the local exhaust ventilation. Asbestos fibrils and fiber* are very fine matting. They are DU? 09305S4 used for filters in various chemical situations. Can we use a bag? What is goiag to be the loss in a bag house across the face cf those collectors and hov sany will breah through or will they breah through? What hind of fabric? What hind of air moving equipment will we need? What hind of ducting will we need? What hind of fans will we need? Are fibers consistent with the hearings in the fans and this sort of thing? So we have a great number of problem from an engineering point of view. If someone would get sane designs along this line using fiber technology as their basis for ventilation design, X thiah they would be in a very fine position today to sell at least a textbooi. Substitution is the only alternative. We began the use of amosite in the United States Navy in 193^ aboard what we called then high-speed destroyers. Twelve hoots was high'speed in those days. Certainly hair felts didn't work around the high heata and high pressures we have today. Aaosite vas then later applied to our flanges and our valvea. In 1937 we used pipe covering for the first tine instead of band placing on n our pipes. We used pipe covering, bought pre-molded pipe which was of two varieties: nagneslua or nag pipe as we call them, magnesim oxide; the other was calcium silicate, silicate pipe. They were used with bindera in approximately weight ratios of 10 percent of chrysotile and amosite. We still here soma old destroyers laying in mothballs with pipe and amosite binders. Incidentally, in our rip-out operations, even with total substitution within two yesrs, which is tbs deadline, we are going to have amosite chrysotile aboard our destroyers and other ships for the next 20 yesrs. We'll be ripping it out in maintenance. DUP 0930535 So I say the- same chirr, you musu Xssp is mind here, you have thea is your steaa pipes, your steaa tunnels asd various other confined places, you are going to be ripping out assesses for 20 years, so susstirroe now asd wait until you are ready for retirement asd then you'll see the esd of the problea asd you css tell youngsters when they come aboard, we used to tear out amosite. la ljli2 we replaced, for sweat central as cold waterpipes, the hair felts asd put in aaosite there too. Cur first substitution was is 1558, sot for health reasons, but for sonar reasons, we began to use plastic elisteners for sub hulls. They were so nice in the sub hulls, we now use them for all antisweatisg applications for cool water pipes. In 1962 we began to use calcium pipe instead of pure amosite pipe. Let me show you what happened when I came to the Navy Department. We have cospletely substituted the aaosite pipe. Can you imagine a youngster, iJ v me, going Into the shipyard which has a rough and hushIs bunch of fellows (they have two beers for lunch) and tell thea we were quitting in five yeara with this amosite pipe. They ware in love with it. They waited until they could become supervisors to use it. They say it will be used and so oae will use anything else. We tell them by decree that they're going to use this. They don't llfcs it. That is one of the problems of substituticss you'll have. So what do you do, play then off against one another. You have to convince the next person la lime to use the sev better material. So that when ha becomes boss, he naturally carries through with your idsss. I t.hinic you too have that decentralized point of view. When you run into opposition, turn the other guy loose on the other. DUP 0930536 jgggfare n - fWfHia - 12 - Another thing is the hinder has been co^letely substituted and no one ever really Used it. It was a ness as you can see all over your deck. If you pidied it up aboard ship and it shed, it just did not go on too well. This led cccparies to develop fiber combs. They are rather expensive but they are very fine substitutes. I'm not a Johns-Mansville nan by any neans, but it just happens that they have seme substitutes of interest. When you get these combs vet, you can pads it around various objects. I lasow you're not going to buy pre-molded stuff so you're going to have to buy sane of these V'triru of things that are wetted tv will fit around various valves and flanges. These are usually easy to sell to personnel in insulation shops. One thing they most of all is the fiber glass. It is soft and easy to cut and it has very high tasparature applications, over 1200*7. It is a lot store accepted over aaosite. Then finally what do you do with the new requirements which say you must take care of the situation by placarding. Pointing out where they are doing asbestos rip-out. Asbestos rip-out is a very interesting subject. You have to get out of the classroom to see it. It is like an Indian raiding party, they go in and tomahavk this stuff off. Thara is no ballet, no time in motion stuff. Haw as to signs. I put down hare tha word "Hazards"; don't do that. That makes far extra pay and same other problems. People will believe the worst if you'll 1st them. Use "Restricted Access - Lagging" as possible wording for a sign. Leave that word "Hazardous" out because of the financial escalations. 0930587 0U7 SMF-l.'./Hfv; IiSalOlJaam - 13 - I'a going to skip the percentage of tine in shipyard work in the various aspects of asbestos vcrk because I thick that v&s very veil covered ia Dr. Hubiak's case. Caly to say that I would ecstasize the tire-weighted average counting that only about ktf of an insulation worker's tine is spent in working with asbestos or asbestos-containing products. Fifty-five percent of the tine he is working with other materials, today, such as fibrous glass, rubber elastomers, cork, mineral wool and various other things. So that when you do a TWA count, you must know what he does during the work day.because his exposure is somewhat dininuated by the aaount cf tine, except for the one thing that has always plagued re spideaiologically--what is the nearing of one nassive exposure? Sow I got into another hornet's nest with sane rather high-ranking Navy people. I said let's not allow our seamen, our nachinists' nates, boiler tenders and other various people to go rip out asbestos before they go into the shipyards. Sometimes for money's sake, they'll turn a crew loose on ripping out asbestos. Then they move right into the shipyard and then there is that much less of a bid because you've got bare pipes ready to be relapsed. Father than having the civilian civil service people go in and rip it out, its already been done. It been very difficult indeed to get this type of situation out and I tried to base it on one massive dose e^osure and bow to take care of it. (Data from overhead slides) The data is of airborne densities of asbestos, we're eaerieneirg both aboard chip and in our lagging shop. Look at those removal figures up on the top--lW fibers/ml. Now those DUP 0930588 i; "'IWS-!lnapt,g ; y JjfiSfIEHEj ssiianiii, jhsu -lo wers short counts I's sure. That filter paper would jam-up in no sore than 15 or 20 ninutes at that rate. Another interesting; figure there is right here. Forty-five ninutes after exposure we have a zero count of fibers. Many people will ash you, how long afterward? Ibis varies with the material. That is an interesting point of view. How looh at it frcn the 2 fiber Unit. These are all rip outs. What does this mean? Well, I can wear this hind of aash up until then. Now haw do you wear this hind of aash in the Charlestown Naval Shipyard, in July, down in the bowels of the ship which is cooling off. Feople are sweating at great rates down there, they're very confined and they don't anything around their bodies. So a young comarider cones down tells then to wear a respirator. ' If they have to wear glasses, they fog inaediately but the worst part about this is, in the ship, the huaidity builds tp to such an extent that water resistance through this filter is pretty high. If you have old leasers with 20 years of duration la the trade, their lungs are a little fibrotlc already and they are not going to breathe across water resistance. I would say rather that you should supply paver packed air supplied respirators. Bill Burgess at Harvard is working an one of these and we hope he will cane through. The British are using then but they have such a large miners pack on the back that you can't get around the steam pipes. These men get into same of the most extraordinary spots and they, by no means, have any phobias about close places. So when they have hoses on and pacha on in hot areas, it is going to be difficult to gat around. Have you ever tried to tell a civil servant to wear or we're going to fire you? DUP 0930589 tsmsaiL -naiigap ir-jn-Pif . i;;;a:;igiai ^wnaw!. _iil - 15 - Their grievance procedures are the most tortuous, byzantine, legalist! points of .viev you will have. I have always admired you of the civilian industry, proflt-mafrlrg industry, perhaps part of your employment with Du Pont is based on the fact that you'll wear personal protection. Thinh of that when you get excursions above 2 fibars/ml. Get the right hind of protection on these people and try out the little device I use--give then a choice of two or three and they'll develop factions and fight with each other over which cne is mare comfortable. (Slides of scae of the control neasures) This is a Navy lagging shop. Notice the great amount of ventilation provided in the shop. This is our showcase yard, Bremerton, Puget Sound, Seattle. All of that ventilation will be obsolete in 2 years if the 2 fiber limit goes into effect. I cannot maintain it below 2 fibers in that shop. This is side hood ventilation, ths hind that is the best for cutting asbestos containing product*. Till* also iiluatra-ea* a flna way to control, dust by upraying as you lay it out. Sane people put up rolls that are cowered 151 and as you pull on 11; water automatically sprays the material. But this problem will not be with us too much longer because we ere almost completely substituting with glass fiber. Sere is a man cutting sene of the glass fiber. The ventilation dees serve scoe purpose in cutting down the requirements of oartain nuisance dust standards we must meet. Hare we have exhaust ventilation on a hand saw and a somewhat general exhaust ventilation in bach of it. This does a grsat deal to reduce ths dustiest operation in the insulation shop, that is, cutting sny materials at that high rata. Those teeth go by at Just the right resonance quality to produce dust in high concentrations. DUP 0930590 This some of the nccer worn cney do# Chese soji a---- interesting artisans. T can watch then by the hour. They do it almost without looking at it. City can fit pipes they haven't seen yet because they have seen then already nany tines. This is a downdraft table in which asst of the dust is taken cut of the workers1 breathing zone. Canopy hoods don't work by the way. I saw a canopy hood in a Navy shipyard installed by a Navy industrial hygiene I'a afraid I lost a lot of respect for inm. Here is the dustiest operation, that is, cutting blocks for the sides of high temperature boilers. This exhaust is quite effective. I have no fiber counts for it. Z do hope it falls below the five fiber iiait. Here are the teeth that slab out the block and that is the dust taken off the top with this ventilation. Nov all of this aaterial goes into these ducts. Therein it resides or is blown out into the shipyard. We haven't even begun to think of what we do notv. X'n sure If you took an electron microscope and kicked upa little bit of'dustarouad-those shipyards, you'd find that environmentally we are an installation non grata. I don't know how we are going to clean up the amount of asbestos that resides right in our flower beds--right into the very soil of the shipyards. Here is an interesting thing, if you can get it done, this man is dipping in water, his pipe sections before he works on them--the dust suppression method. Look at that very fine downdraft table there. That costs the tax payers quite a bit of money but it Is a very fine way to control the dust from the work that these artisans do. Look at tha mitering up on the upper right hand comer, that is an art. You don't interfere with the DUP 0930591 memm 'X* - 17 - way that's dene. They have their awn ways, their awn markings, their own methods of doing it, and so on. it's always a partnership and suite a ballet to get it done right for both purposes. Here he is bagging the pieces, getting them ready to take aboard ship. This way they can go in, they are still a little dasp, and they saris thes what spaca they go into. If you're taking then into a tunnel, you can nark what tunnel they're going into. That is the only way we could get then to bag then. They would nark the sections, but I killed two birds with one stone. Here, I was able to get then to bag their various coagartments and nark then, yaw they found that they have a better handle on the situation. This slide shows the use of the respirator an a very dusty operation. This nan is bagging the various pipe sections and then sealing then in polyethylene hags. Oils la the insulation storage area and that is a set stage. They're not that clean. That was dene for the picture. Here is one area where you have a great deal of asbestos and sometimes it looks like a Christmas scene--asbestos on the rafters--asbestos all over. It looks like a snow blizzard. Here is the way we get around without having to fool around with abort elbow space or confined spaces. This shipyard brings in the pipes and then seta then vp on Jigs ready to place the pipe insulation material around then. Hare is a sewing machine of the percuaaion type. Oust production is very voluminous and he is using, as you see here, a local exhaust flaxy duct. This is essential with sewing machines. As with welding DUP 0930592 WMWitimn arty - 13 - operations, you have zo build a duct that is not permanent. You have to build one that allows '-bat nan to ncr/e that table. Qae nan will sit a different way with the wind from another *am. Two nen that are not speaking sit bach to bach. You have to have these ducta so that they can be fitted to their personal dispositions or indispositions. Again, a close-up of the exhaust ventilation here, ay the way, I know ve cannot meet the standards on this one. These men are seamstresses and they are quite prisa donnas about their work. This is the best I've been able to do for them. This is a very dusty operation aboard ship and the industrial hygienist showed an incredible amount of ingenuity when he built these downdraft tables. He put flexible pipes into them so that the man can stand there and saw at his leisure in the ship. This slide shows the vacuus cleaning that goes on. You can see the short spaces and all the narrow accesses. Insulation workers are not good housekeepers and they never will be, but this is one area in which you can hope that you can improve. These are barrel eductors. We have them out os the weather deck os the ship and these are the hoses that lead down to supply the various tables and vacuum cleaners which are located sometimes two or three decks below. If you're lifting air, as you do water, you have a head. You cannot go too far down in the ship. This is a jury-rigged design. We do these because we have yet to find good exhaust ventilation procedures for asbestos, as I earlier advocated. Notice the makeshift manifold there to control noise exposures Finally, I have a slide of a man wearing this single service asbestos respirator. He's wearing glasses. Those glasses will fog up and he'll have to change that respirator within two or three hours depending on OOP 0930593 WflfW t^WKLU_____ ir --11-- -*:j8BiiBii - 19 - "is relative hunidity la tie lagging shop. That ends tie slides and sons of tie control ae&sures. I teow they have been erode indeed, but they are erode because we ere not yet ready to aeet the probleas engireeringwise for the low levels of asbestos that we aust contend with. So, 1 leave you with this thought--substitute or drop out. In the hpt tine you can use as such ingenuity engineering as possible. The great challenge is to develop a respirator that people will wear when they rip out for the next 20 years. RJH/neh 7/10/72- DUP 0930594 The next speaker and the last speaker on oar program is Gears* Lang, the consultant on thermal insulation of the Tngineering Department. I think that this is such a logical continuation of what Cacaander Barhoo has talked ahout that v* won't nt*rtaia any questions of the Commander at this tine. 1 agree with Contender 3arbco that substitution is great. X think of the scap industry and how they quickly substituted for phosphates with mi sad got thrown out of that. Then they substituted for mi with silicates and finally the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service said you better go back to phosphates boys because the substitutes are worse than the things you're substituting for. So this is a great problem and because we don't hare 20 years of experience yet with some of the substitutes, we may be in for some surprises. DUP 0930595 srssmrrjgss ~ca as3stcs ssarxkg thzsmal ISS'JIA'r: cjimatss:als G. 2. Lang I-ocd afternoon gent lessen. The subject of ny brief talk is "Substitutes for Asbestos Hearinz Thermal Insulation Materials". I say brief because the very unique and accommodating physical and thermal characteristics of asbestos make it very difficult to replace. As asbestos is used in thermal insulations, as a fibrous binder, a filler, or a woven textile, we ask it to withstand very high temperatures, very high rates of change of temperature or thermal shock, and to resist chemical attack. Ve also say it must be compatible with the only high temperature adhesive we know of, sodium silicate. All of these conditions which asbestos meets so well are not met by any one of the potential substitutes for the asbestos fiber. Plant or animal fibers, polymeric fibers, and glass type fibers all fail in at least one of the re'quired characteristics. In thermal insulation systems our current areas of concern are the high temperature calcium silicate type basic insulations, and the woven asbestos or "An cloths. The asbestos-free calcium silicate situation is presently very dim with not much hope for the near future. The main reason for this is that the two largest manufacturers of calcium silicate DUP 0930596 -2 - insulations, which control SO# of the U.S. insulation business, have been the least progressive in developing an asbestos-free material. V.'e presently have available only two asbestos-free calcium silicate brands. One is Super Caltemp Type NA from the Fibreboard Corp. and the other is Careytemp 1500 from Philip Carey. Keene Corp., manufacturers of Thermasil, and Johns-Manviile, manufacturers of Thermabestos, state they expect to have asbestos-free calcium silicate products on the market by the end of 1972. Owens-Corning, manufacturers of Xaylo, don't expect their asbestos-free material to be on the market before mid-1973- Ve are presently investigating a new product of the U.S. Gypsum Co. known as K-fac. It is a high-grade mineral wool formed in rigid boards by the fourdrinier paper making process. It avoids many of the disadvantages of mineral wool in that it is a fairly clean material and is relatively water resistant. '.'e are presently getting elbow covers (such as this one) cut from this material with the promise of getting pipe section and block in the near future. Pricing is expected to be in the range of inhibited calcium silicate or slightly higher. The present fabricator cf this material is Starr Davis Co. of Charlotte and Greensboro, North Carolina; but it is certainly not limited to one fabricator. DUP 0930S97 -3 - There are a number of mineral wool products which have been and are on the market that are adaptable to insulating piping and equipment. These unfortunately have the disadvantages of this type material; poor damage resistance, prone to getting wet and holding moisture and insulator discomfort. However, we are fast getting in the position of a beggar that can't be a chooser. Eagle-Picher is about to put on the market the first U.S. manu factured, molded mineral wool pipe section insulation. This is a small sample of it. I might mention here that the mineral wools, including K-fac, can be dipped in sodium silicate, after being formed to final shape, to sake then acceptable for use on austenitic stainless steel. The manufacturer or fabricator can do this at a minimal cost compared with doing it in our plants. Of the asbestos-free calcium silicata insulations on or expected to come on the market, only one, Fibreboard's Super Caltemp Type NA, will be inhibited by the manufacturer for use on austenitic stainless steel. This is another facet of our thermal insulation problems which we don't have time to cover here. The insulating cements, Du Pont Code 502, and the insulating and finishing cements, Du Pont Code 502.1 listed in the April, 1972 issue of Engineering Standard SN50CK are all asbestos free. DUP 0930598 finishing cement, "u Pont Code 712, has been removed from Standards as it by nature was a high asbestos quantity material. Treated, woven glass cloths have been found, by lab tests and field trials, to be a satisfactory substitute for woven asbestos "A" cloths. The treated woven glass cloths showed no deterioration at temperatures of 1000 F, and they accepted the standard in sulation finish coatings very well. They even showed no deteri oration when cemented to calcium silicate insulation with a heavy coat of lagging adhesive or sodium silicate; and the insulation subsequently kept wet. The sodium silicate cemented glass cloths, however, did have an unsatisfactory rate of deterioration when placed against hot surfaces at 300 F and above. In applications of the sodium silicate cemented, treated glass cloths that do not contact hot surfaces we have found the follow ing materials satisfactory substitutes for asbestos "A" cloths: J. P. Stevens and Co., Inc. Style 1925/9351 "double coated" and Style $4205/9351 "double coated" DUP 0930599 "Nomex" woven cloth cemented to calcium silicate with sodium silicate, has also been found to be a satisfactory substitute for "A" clothes in contact surface temperatures up to 600F. The "Nomex" works well with the sodium silicate adhesive and accepts standard insulation finish coatings very well. It can be ordered fr Globe Albany Corp., Buffalo, N.T., in 100 yd. rolls and would be designated "Nomex" N-7304.  -gymirgyii i ,'-n^Rif>-.ri^u^.j.iiLi.--.. ^....... ai^S'SI: "- alWMLj a MMiSiMi. . c. It has the disadvantage of costing scoewhat more than under writers grade "A" cloth. However, since materials costs are running about one third of labc costs in thermal insulation projects, this may not be a real objection when you consider the many hidden costs of handling asbestos bearing materials. I believe we have time for a few questions. G. 2. Lang ESD, Materials Engineering Group Louviers 13W16, Ext. 3435 0930600 dup GE52HAL DISCUSSICT Q? PHESZ3T5D TCPICS Q, What was the Du ?ent standard that listed all of the asbestos-containing cements? A. Cements SN-JOOM. Q. What has Johns -Menville been doing la the tree of research? I certainly don't expect them to he going out of the insulation business. A. Johns-Murrille has been very quiet about this. We Jmov they are trying to develop an asbestos-free product but we've heard some adverse results of these aaterials in shipment. I might mention that all of the asbestosfree calcium silicates we've seen so far by appearance and ve can Imagine general characteristics are somewhat less than the previous asbestos bearing calcium silicates. They have lost something. We're going to have to learn to live with it. I don't know other than J-M's Thermo 12 which is a calcium silicate type insulation if they're using a glass fiber hinder. They mahe no prediction other than the end of 1972. In other products, I don't know what they're heading into. q, is Johns-Msnville doing anything in the way of research on better engineering controls? A. In their own shops, I knew nothing about. I can only assvme they'd have to be, because of the volume of aebestos they handle for msny products other than just thermal insulation. q, These substitutes, during fabrication or whatever,-produce fihroua materials that satisfy the geometry of this regulation. Will they be DUP 0930601 -a- nld out because they are made of a different substance or wouldn't it satisfy tta geometry requirements of the length aad diameter aspect of the fiber mentioned in the standard? A. The standard indicates a fiber greater than 5 microns, it doesn't say anything about the chemistry of the particles. I third the problem is that the asbestos fibers are ideal in that they have this tremendous aspect ratio. It is very difficult to grow any hind of synthetic crystal I" to come anywhere near it. You can get the diameter but you can't get the tremendous lengths. I thind people have gotten same degree of wt<*i resistance end some degree of diameter but to get this nice combination that asbestos does have, physically end chemically, is pretty hard. Q. I was inquiring about the fact concerning monitoring and not wby synthetic fibers cannot be found to replace the asbestoe fibers. What I'm interested in is, what if you use substitute Insulation with aea-eebeatoa fibers? What do you go by in terns of evaluating the air sespies? Will these fibers lood lids asbestos fibers sad could you distinguish between the two if they both existed an the plant at the same time in the insulation material? Would the sampling technique new stipulated tell whether you were indeed exceeding a fiber concentration? A. This is a point I'd lids to made, when we can get totally away from asbestos, which of course, has all the nasty things said about it in OSSA. We're going to have to monitor for diatcmaceous earth, glass fiber, mineral fibers, silica and what have you. So there is still going to be a monitoring program but I don't tacw what the law maders have up their sleeves. When we get avay from asbestos, this will tads a lot of teeth out of this thing that we're now wording an. DUP 0930602 3 5. I think vfcai you vers crying to refer to is as follows: if you ware doing fiier counting, can you discinguish these artificial fibers iron the asbestos fibers using the criteria of a 3:1 ratio? A. If you look at asbestos fibers under phase contrast, they win vary in disneter and length. You will recall that the fibers are made of fibrils and therefore each fiber will vary depending on the nuaber of fibrils ashing up the fiber. There will be differences in length end disneter of each fiber. If they go to these artificially manufactured fibers, aore than likely they will be fairly unifora and easily distinguishable frea the natural asbestos fibers. Q What 1 was wondering about in the analysis of the sables, would v laow by looking at it under the microscope whether we had asbestos or not? A. Probably one of the criteria that will come out and that I expect is that tha insulating material would be labeled that It does contain asbestos. Q. At the last conference it was indicated that chrysotile could be distinguished by its being comprised of a series of circumscribed circles. Can you tell that through a microscope? A. 3y an electron microscope, yes. But you won't be able to pick up these characteristics at the magnifying levels that you count at. You would also have to. get a cross-section of the fiber to detect this factor. Q. Let me rephrase sqr question. Let's say I had a Johns-Manville product with 10 percent asbestos fiber and 90 percent calcium silicate which I ran staples on end sent them in to be counted. They would report the densities snd include the fibers and the calcium silicate. How will they tell if the fibers are asbestos in the mixture? DUP 0930603 -4 - A- Oeorge Lana To the best of my knowledge, there are no other Types of fibers in the thermal insulation other than asbestos at this tiae. It is ay feeI log -chat vhea these people convert, they will convert to only one type of fiber in the insulation. A. There is another factor vhea determining fibers and that is refractive index. Slight changes in your refraction mechanism will change the viewing of your particles and I assuae that these other materials will have a slightly different refractive index. You might be able to pick it up in this way. Q* Are we ready to substitute now for asbestos thermal insulation? A. No sir, unfortunately as I said, it was the smaller outfits who the greatest gains in the manufacturing of non-asbeitos bearing materials. The one outfit I know of is a single production line and if they get a construction type order for a ccuple of carloads, they're just going to jo up is nolc. This is the problem. Our only hope here is that they I will lead the big onee and start frightening the big ones about hav such business they are losing or are'going to lose. The small cnas are clamoring in this direction and seem to be a little less encumbered with their investments. j Q, Dr. Zasrp This floor tile here may veil centals asbestos, pretty well locked in. Is there any hope iaj exploring nev methods in applying asbestos that will permit you to! use this material have It so applied that it will be locked in and bel no dust problem? Is that being looked at? A. George Lang I'm sure it is by JOhns-Manville but of course you end up cutting floor tile by a number of methods. I don't know vfaat they're j doing cn this but ve have the same problem in a sense in the mastics DUP 0930304 ! *msrmsi :i>; mtmHm je: - & gSflBU*'*WM^aB*aS^aBi mm 3- w* -iaish Ins*. 1 atloc. X don't iacw what percentage they csacain *by do contain a fair Mount of asbestos filler. We save reason to believe ve're on the safe side of the cola and manufacture this product vhica is rather reputable. I have done seme arouad it "m* apparently gotten a fairly clean bill of health because whan you spray this mastic, you don't have individual fibers. It's nv spraying tar and the fibers are totally captive and it is very unlikely that you could do anything to that mastic, even after it is cured or dried to free 19 the fibers. They are trapped. Dr. Zatp Hat's what I'm getting at. Perhaps we eaa still continue to use asbestos if ve used different techniques of applying and containing it after it is applied. Q. Does the lav now read that you shall not spray material containing asbestos' A. Yea, I think so. Q Why can't mineral wool be looked at if asbestos is being ruled out due to its toxicity? Why can't mineral wool be adopted by tbs asbestos processers A. They can. This is the direction that a lot of people will go in but due to the diversity, outdoor nature and geographic locations of most of our plants, mineral wool has very poor abuse resistance. If it gets wet, it pretty well stays vet. It will detariorats also in cyclic watting and drying. If ve could keep our thermal insulation dry, which would mean no damage and with satisfactory workmanship, our whole problea here is almost eliminated. Q* Srerybody is putting the ""kise of death" on asbestos, but who will put the "kiss of death" or blessing on a new product that will replace asbestos? oup 0930605 -irini i~ m fUMwa -6- A. I heard a rumor scxevhere that after they get the asbestos under their belt, they're going to start pithing oa some of the other materials. What theae ere, I don't know. Let's hope they let us get this one beatei down. Q. Is the January 12 issue of the Federal Register the latest oa the proposal for the public hearing? A. JSfflca Morgen That's the latest I know of in the Federal Register. Q. The 3HA Reporter has something else sad it is a little.confusing, cne aspect of the public hearing included the section on the warning signs. Do you know where that stands? The warning signs that the Casaander passed around wouldn't sett the speeifieatiecs of the January 12 issue of the Federal Register. A. The diamond sign was absconded from the national Fire Protection Association. Of course, asbestos has.nothing to do with fire. Of the three diamonds, two are zeros aad one is 1, tor the health hazard. Q* What I was concerned about was the one that says "dust hazard" oa it. It had to include such words as - "Asbestos dust - nay cause asbestos!*, a severe lung disease aad is isplicated with the development of certain cancers. Control of e^osure to asbestos dust helps to protect against the hazard." These would bare to be oa the signs. A. It seems like we're better off with the **"**** sign. Q, What about where to put these signs. We know the insulation ahap areas storage areas are probably same prime trees for placement, hut what about the guy 1m the field that applies the insulation? Co the Cosmander's signs meet the intent of the lav? DUP 0930606  '-siiar-_______, .'wipw :?f a MfB--______________Biiw-gi,i: ' BWl - 7- A- The placarding of areaa in -be field or daring rip out will be necessary I'a sure and will be a portion of tie law. Many investigators who did a thorough industrial hygiene surrey found that nany individuals who were suffering from asbestos-related diseases were not laggers but only worked in the area around the laggers. So placarding in the areas where they are applying or ripping out asbestos will probably bs part of the requirement. How whether these signs meet the intsnt of the law, we in the federal government will seet the intent of the law these are the signs that I intend to use at the present tine. Q Che other question regarding this same promulgated ruling or proposed rule. This has to do with nsdieal examinations. It says that they shall be provided in the way that it has been described. In tbe ease of any esployee who is exposed to asbestos dust and to limits specified la -the paragraph at -ms Section (a), a 5 tUomr ?.tails. 1 thlnic It waa indicated earlier that 1 fiber/ml would be a point to keep people under medical surveillance, is there any connotation here? A. One fiber is the proposed limit in tbe NIOSH Criteria Document which baa been forwarded to the Secretary of labor for his coassideratlon. Anyone exposed to more thsn 1 fiber/ml is, by definition, sxpoxed to asbestos and cooes under the surreillanee program. Presumably if tbat were adopted', the rules could be changed. DUP 0930607 A. There will be a final regulation sometime between now and June 7 and this will be effective in so many days. There is one thing that I think you might keep in mind. We talked about 1 fiber/ml or 5 or 10, these are very small numbers. But in terms of industrial hygiene the ml is a very unusual volume to talk about. We-talk about million particles per cubic foot for dust counts and for all tbe numbers tbat are listed -3 - -*ble of threebold 1 inl t values , we have usually two nmabtrs, ppm ?or volume or ag/n3 for air. let's take that 2 fib era/ni. When I p down the number for a cubic meter, It's up to two ?<*- xt's a --^ bigger auaber end if you figure that a worker is working for eight hours, consunes about or usee 10 a3 of air; he could be taking in something i '> 20 million fibers per day. This is the way Selikoff has bees stressing it. Two is not a saaU number--20 Billion fibers per day is a lot. Let's keep in aind that Just by choosing the British designation of fibers per ml, we're nakitg it look smaller than it would be if we were going by the 'usual American criteria of ag/a3. Q* I was interested in the Cosander' s consents about exhausting the asbestos fibers ffoa the insulating shops and scattering it about the countryside. I gather that there is not a great deal said about it. Will you consent a little about the disposal of the filtering media that you use for this exhausted air and the disposal of the tons of waste collected by the filters? How do you physically get rid of it? A. The hardest material to dispose of is the material from the asbestos insulation during rip. off rather than the exhaust wastes. 3oth of these present a disposal problem. We are now requiring large polyethylene begs for harvesting the material, picking it 19 as you rip it out placing it in bags Just like you'd pick oranges or apples. Ve also wet down seme of the areas to try and eut down on the dust. This is one area, where there is nothing, absolutely nothing In the literature shout the collection methods for asbestos. We have yet to get our national emission standards. First the standard will come out and then we can engineer for e collection method. Q. Bo you bury it at sea? DUP 0930608 9 A. No, first' it goes to a collector vie must be warned on what the hazards sight be to his. We do this for the launderers also. We recesses! eaaitary lard fill disposal. Q. There is this recast promulgation of esisslas lisits under the air pollution control art, it cal 1s for bag filters on the exhausts. It is very specific. A. Yes, it is and its istsreating because when you rip out, you don't bring the Job to the rip out sight end I've never heard of carrying bag filters to the rip out sight. I'a sure it can be done. Q. A 1st of our plants have shops that already have exhaust systems. Under the present regulation we're supposed to have bag filters on them. A. You have to see vbat the national emissions standard is. Rarolv They don't list that. A. In other wards, they don't have It. Reply What they're requiring axe the specifies of the hand! Ing system which is going to Halt the discharge and this will provide controls. For a fixed installation they are requiring a bag filter. Q. The considerable amount of information that was prasentad today was intended far Informational purposes for engineers and the malntananct people at the plants. Is there a c.-xparable amount of applicable material being sent to tbe plant physicians so that they ere aware and can cooperate with the maintenance people? Well, they should be aware of it and, in fact, we have several plant piysiciana hire today. , DUP 09306 09 Are there seminars given by the Medical Division hare in Wilmington expedaily for physicians? - 2.0 - A. Yes, there wsj t tri-annual medical neeting ot all the Du past piysicians vho could get to Wilmington and a presentation on asbestos was given at that aaeting. Q. One of the problcos nantioned here earlier concerns the test proceedings. We collect the asbestos staple and ship it to sobs unknown place at a fixed cost. You get the results anywhere frcs two to six weeks later. By this tisa we have either definitely closed somebody to severe doses of asbestos or we case out clean--one of the two. Unfortunately, it is too late at that point. The question was raised originally whether or not Du Pont can develop a local system where we can get quicker answers. Is there anybody that is working on a project that is quick and where you can take a sasple and run it through a device and get an answer in an hour or two so that you taow if you've got a problem? A. It would seem to me that the CSKA, people would like to toew the answer to that one. Counting staples with phase contrast microscope is nothing imthe way of the quickest method at the best. At the moment there has not been any acceptable alternative developed. I would like to ask Jim Morgen if he would comment on Bethlehem Steel's Central Laboratory. As I 'understand it, Jla, they have set up a sort of corporate center for industrial hygiene analysis "* the samples would be sent in there for analysis. Do you have any idea what their time schedule or turnover rate is? Dup 0530610 James Morgen They have a carpsny messenger service that gets samples to the laboratory the next morning. Then it depends on the laboratory schedule. Dr. Zano Am I correct in saying that although they have a corporate responsibility for these analyses toward the plants, they have no worry TnanilKiu ail. ss^^mx:~ :.:tea.sr:.aa:.: zi^tz. ;?aa-.i..: mm - 11 - sow abcut the i igr-^*-g burden under CSHA? James Ktargan That's correct. Before asbestos, they vent through many other things and never increased the number of help. 3omeone ashed this morning about assistance in tooling up far counting at the plant. Beplv Dick Hubiak said the procedure would be inMurf** in the package that each of us will get. That Is the article that describes the counting technique. jurnmg Morgan The technique will be given to you but I think you should go one step beyond that and arrange with them to count duplicate stepIts. Q. Earlier we were given some information shout average fiber counts on different operations. Is cseparable informatics available for calcium silicate with 8 or 10 percent asbeatos being used? A. Seorae tang I'm trying to recall on ay memory here, back to a test that Jim ffargan directed fox us over at the Test Center. We hoped to teat all of the calcium silicate insulations listed in the engineering standards. We hoped to put a hasard label on them and consider the possibility of dropping certain ones frsm the standards. The interesting thing was the fiber counts did sot parallel the percentage# of asbestos which ranges from 8 to 15 percent by weight, except for one material, which was 80 percent. How the 30 percent by weight material was very dramatically different. With the other you couldn't draw a line on fiber counts end asbestos-bearing percentage. Q, if you bad a material with only 10 percent asbestos, could you expect only 10 percent of what you determine en a filter to be asbestos? A. Ho, even for the same type of operation there are operator variations, wind currents, etc. DUP 0930611 Tuiaa iiiifflL^--..jag- - 12 - Q. I Judge then that the sinisua that a plant hat to do it one, establish a proper aethod of stapling and an analytical prograa for asbestos in all their areaa that have to do vlth the of aabeatoc. If, the HIGSH inapectar case in, I presume he 'would first ash for our data STaa that test prograa and therefore the that we vould have to have is a properly established prograa far asapling and analytical vorh. A. Dr. Zaps The mission of industrial hygiene is to recognize, evaluate end control hazards. How the reeognititon of the hazard is that asbestos is being vorhed with. The evaluation has got to be that point of phase one. Where do you stand? Are you within the limits or are you outside the limits? Of course, central is the important job. If you have an asbestos or a presumptive asbestos eaposure, you should have it analyzed. Q. I guest I have a little problem with that because of the fact that I'm all over the country is cssseetios with asbestos in its assy broad applications. I'm wandering if there is some way to get around this thing. If you categorize sane of the things that I've teen like sawing and other insulation shop wori, could these present hazardous situations and because of that, ths operation be automatically barred? Can you then apply only those control measures that are necessary without having to go through a full sampling program on that particular aapect? Can you cut down on the sampling by techniques such as this and only measure when in doubt? A. Dr. Zspp In your saving operation, you'll see dust; you know you hsve a problem of control. So certainly you have to apply control oeaaures. Then you'll have to chaeh on them.by analysis to tee whether you've brought them down to certain levels. OOP 09 30612 ram H i ill I'I :r * .sai-'fa M. tm-jfmmi- v.i. ? wwiniM-i :-..ai;.B*ifciMii I December 26/ 1975 K. K. WALTERS EMPLOYES RELATIONS DEPARTMENT SAFETY & PISS PROTECTION DIVISION MEDICAL EXAMINATION - ASBESTOS (DSI-WX Dttnllu to Karrh 12/19/75-attached) The Medical Division reconmends that all employes* whose occupation requires exposure to concentrations of airborne asbestos receive medical examinations. I interpret this to mean thorn employees whose job requires that they verb with asbestos, such as insulators or employees removing old insulation. Par these employees, there should be a pre-placement and annual exam consisting of. at least, a 14 x 17 posterio-antarior chest x-ray, a history to elicit symptoms of respiratory disease, and screening pulmonary function tests (Porced Vital Capacity and Porced Expiratory Volume in 1.0 second). Since we have discussed this problem before, Z believe you should respond to Detveiler. X have written to him indicating this. BWK/bn Attachments BROCS N. KARSH, M.D. ixi-hbits _fcarrh-WJ W. jATS JP-T .'ST8CIANM i i-'ORUMOU. ire. ro .CHOSTWiSn WFC57ERJ DUP 0930613 .]Srr_~i` f .. . ' /<: 2r /> THE PNEUMOCONIOSES Classification (H.S. VanOrdstrand, M.D.) A. Those that ara non-disabling (ao-callad "Benign"; dua to inarc non-fibregenic dusts): 1. Sidarosis 2. Stenosis 3. Earitosis B. Those that ara usually non-disabling and which may only ba temporary (such as soma of the occupational immunologic diseases): 1 die" Mup n 4 / (S .1. Byssinosia 2 Baggasosis C*Oit 3. Parmer's Lung 4. Mapla Bark Disease .5. Mushroom Pieker's Disease- 6 Pigeon Breeder's Disease 7. Ssqueiosis S. Furrier's Lung .y`. Coffee Worker's Lung 10 Vineyard Sprayer's Lung .11. Paprika Splitter's Lung 12 Cheese Worker's Lung 13. Malt Worker's Lung 14. Suberosis C. Those which may be disabling and even-fatal: 1. Silicosis 2. Asbestosis 3. Berylliosis 4. Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis 5. Shsvsr's Disease 6. Telcosis 7. Cristobalits Silicosis 8. Diatomaceous Earth Pneumoconiosis / DUP 0931922 Kuvised March 1973 H. S. VanOrdscrand, K.O. OCCUPATIONS POTENTIALLY ASSOCIATED WITH PNEUMOCONIOSES ASBESTOSIS Aubestos weaver Avco mechanic f.rake manufacturer C.irpantar Clutch manufacturer Filter makerFloor tilemaker - insulator 3 .'-Sger Mail worker Miner Roofer Shingle maker Shipbuilder S-isam fitter lur-Assosis Ccae worker Insulation maker Papamsaker Wallboard worker -- BARITOSIS 'Barite miner Barite miller' Ceramics worker Glassaakar Paint maker Rubber worker Well driller BERYLLIOSIS __ Alloy maker Bronoe maker Ceramics worker Electronic tube maker Extraction worker Fluorescent lamp maker Metallurgist Missile worker Neon sign maker Nuclear energy worker Phosphor maker Propellant maker Toxicologist X-ray tube maker 1YSSTM0SIS Workers exposed to cotton dust :OAL MINER'S PNEUMOCONIOSIS (See page 2 for complete das sii1cation) COFFEE WORKER'S LUNG SILICOSIS Abrasives worker DIATOMACEOUS EARTH - Bricklayer _ PNEUMOCONIOSIS Briekmaker Workers exposed to calcining Ceramics worker of diatomaceous earth Coal Miner Diatomic* worker FARMER'S LUNG Enamrllar Exposure to moldy forage Fattier FURRIER'S LUNG Workers with furs ^Filter maker Foundrymaa Classmaker KAOUNOSIS Brick maker ' Insulation worker Miner Motorman. Ceramics worker Chine maker Miner Paper maker Potter .MALT WORKER'S LUNG ' . _ MAPLE BARR DISEASE ` "'"Polisher Sandblaster Shot blester Stonecutter Stonedressar Stone driller Tunnel driver Quarry man - Lumbermen STAMS3I3 ' .. MUSHROOM PICKER'S DISEASE . Workers involved in`the selvage of tin PAPRIKA SPLITTER'S LUNG .. PIC50N BREEDER'S LDNC SEQUOIOSIS Lumbermen SHAVER'S DISEASE Abrasives makers exposed to the heat treatment of the ore bauxite SIDEROSIS Demolition man Fattier Flame cutter -- Foundrymaa - Grinder Metal worker Metalizer Polisher Scarfer Shipbreaker - Welder SUBEROSIS ' Workers with European oak . trees from which cork is obtained TALCOSIS Cable maker Ceramics worker . Cosmetic worker Miner Papermaker Plastics worker Rubber worker / DUP 0931923 OaS-S. AKjlsSL^. CLa^ ^ vXJ*<iSi -fcs- O-SJSLs-^ -tSksSs- VvJ^-nI 0s--or\X--2v. Cr-j^/'-^k Cfr V A>oj-vJi. -k^x_ ^\Aj& *---'--*--J^. .. ^> ^*o o^- 3-\ ^3^2l Su DUP 0931924 Ii (-^v-AJ^o-e^l^jO-^ $olsl o--c\p-''0^^- ^3&- v " J^. ^ A- ijSatiiiifdMiii; Mil ill.: JSiLSii ..lataa -^Jr'X CX. I r <_o >--% -0 i. ^ r> 'gm B)(/r7/kjc ASBESTOS DUST CONTROL PURPOSE This procedure outlines the measures to he taken and practices to be followed where personnel may be exposed to asbestos dust in the course of their work. Refer also tc Ou Pont Engineering Standard S4T, "Measurement and Control of Asbestos Dust Exposure", and OSHA Standard 1910.1001. OE.VERAL The policy of the Du Pont Company and 3elle Plant is not to purchase or use asbestos-containing materials if satis factory substitutes are available. The principle remaining potential source for airborne asbestos dust is during removal and disposal of existing asbestos-containing insulation from pipe lines and equipment and from the sawing of transite. Exposure to asbestos dust can be controlled by dampening or wetting the insulating materials, using respirators, employing good housekeeping, good personal hygiene and careful handling of materials. I. PROCEDURE 1. Removal and Repairing Asbestos-Containing Insulation Asbestos-containing insulation to be removed or requiring repairs should be wet down prior to removal and the wetting, down continued as insulation is removed. In addition, respirators must be worn. Consideration must be given to personnel working in the vicinity who are not directly involved but who may be exposed to asbestos dust. Scrap insulation is to be placed in sealed plastic bags for disposal. Specific caution labels (Stores Item 02-84-45-007) must be attached - See attachment "A". 2. Sawing Transite - Prior to sawing transite it shall be dampened whenever possible. In addition, because dampening does not completely satisfactorily control dust, respirators shall be worn. Scrap that can create airborne dust shall be carefully collected, placed in plastic bags and sealed. Considei'ation must he given to personnel who are not directly involved and precautions taken to avoid their exposure. REVISED 3/9/78 OOP 0932705 r - 2- II. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING FOR DUS? 1. Method - Samples will be taken with a oortable battery- operated air sampler equipped with a membrane filter of ' 0.3 micrometer porosity mounted in an open face filter holder. The sampler intake is to be attached to the employee's lapel within his normal breathing zone. The equipment is so be inspected by insulator supervision prior to each use. The air hose is to be purged with air before each sample is taken. All employees are to be instructed in the use of the equipment. NOTE: The sampler is not to be used in hazardous (explosive atmosphere) areas without first obtaining a permit to use a spark producing device. 2. Frequency and Duration - Initially, samples art taken to determine she S-hour time weighted average [(TWA) - the average concentration occurring over a period of 8 continuous hours] airborne concentration and the celling (or highest) concentration of asbestos fibers at a given location. Where results Indicate asbestos dust in excess of prescribed limits, the operation is to be reviewed to reduce exposure and resampled. Routinely, 1-2 samples will be taken each month. Each such sampling must be of at least 15 minutes' duration and be made in a pattern to accurately represent the employee's exposure to dust over his work day. 3. Sample Analysis and Record Keeping - Completed samples (exposed filters) are to be sealed in separate packages, individually Identified, and sent to the Development Lab with a copy of the sampling record (PB-228) far analysis. Records of monitoring and results are to be maintained for 20 years minimum. Custodian of these records will be the supervisor responsible for insulating. Permissible exposure limits of airborne asbestos dusc concentrations per OSHA Standards effective July 1, 1978, shall not exceed an 8-hour TWA of 2 fibers longer than 5 microns per cubic centimeter of air. At no time may the concentration exceed 10 fibers longer than 5 microns per cubic centimeter. Iir. RESPIRATOR PROGRAM A mechanical filter-type respirator is issued to each insulator on a permanent basis. Currently the NIOSH approved Dustfo 88 model is used. 1. Required Uso Respirators must be worn under the following conditions: When snwLnr: tivirus 1 to. KiiVliSKL) - 8/9/78 DU? 09327Q6 t III. RESPIRATOR PROGRAM (Con't.) When removing insulation from pipe, equipment or vessels where wetting down is impractical, such as from hot steam lines. When power sawing insulation in the Fabrication Shop. (even though only non-asbestos insulation is used now) When emptying dust from separators, vacuum systems and waste containers, cleaning floors, shelves, work benches, cartons, and any other places where wetting down of the area or contents is Impractical. 2. Testing and Care - Each employee provided with a respirator shall be instructed in testing for proper fit and is required to test the unit before each use. Pilter pads In the respirators are to be changed after each use. Cleaning stations equipped with cleaning solutions and wipers, and replacement filter pads are located in each insulator headquarters. It is the responsibility of the individual to keep his respirator clean. Respirators are to be cleaned and sterilised prior to reissue. IV. DISPOSAL OF1 AS3EST0S SCRAP AND WASTE Dumpsters are placed at strategic locations throughout the plant, painted an alert orange, and prominently marked "FOR ASBESTOS SCRAP ONLY." Scrap and waste must be placed in plastic bags and tied before being placed in the dumpsters. Asbestos-containing scrap insulation is disposed of via land fill. V. HOUSEKEEPING & HYGIENE 1. Housekeeping a. Fabricating Shoo and Insulation Storage - Dry sweeping or shop power sawing room, work bench areas and asbestos storage areas should be avoided even though no asbestos-containing insulation is worked or stored in the shop; vacuum cleanup is preferable. The shop work bench areas and storage areas should be vacuum cleaned dally; these include cleanup of ledges, shelves, floors and machines. Respirators shall be worn when cleaning. All scrap and waate is to be put in plastic hags, sealed and placed in appropriate containers provided therefore. REV I Slip 3/9/78 DU 0932707 V. HOUSEKEEPING i HYGIENE (Con't.) 1. Housekeeping (Con'S.) b. Job Site - Scrap and waste Is to be kept in plastic bags; Asbestos-containing insulation encountered at the Job site must be kept dampened down when worked. If not practical, then a respirator shall be worn. 2. Hygiene - The abrasive nature and manner of handling in sulating material is conducive to creating dust wnich accumulates on clothing and throughout the work area. To better control this condition the following hygienic rules are to be observed: a. The carrying on the person, storage or consumption of food, gum, tobacco or other material that is placed in the mouth are not permitted in the fabricating shop or asbestos storage areas. b. Before removing dust contaminated work clothes at quitting time, personnel are to vacuum the work clothes to remove as much dust as possible. c. Asbestos dust contaminated work clothes are to be kept in a locker separate from street clothes. d. When turning in asbestos dust contaminated coveralls to be laundered, the coveralls are to be placed in a plastic bag, tied and a caution label attached to the bag. The bag is then placed in the coverall locker for pickup in accordance with the coverall program. NOTE: Should coveralls become excessively dirty to the extent that more than one change a week is necessary, then additional coveralls are to be provided in accordance with the coverall program. 3. Medical Examination - All insulators are to have a chest X-ray and Pulmonary Function tests annually and at termination of employment. Their complete medical history is to be retained by Plant Medical for at least 20 years. VI. CAUTION SIGNS t LABELS Caution signs conforming to Engineering Standard S4T shall be posted at all approaches to areas where asbestos concentrations may be above permissible exposure limits. Caution labels con forming to S4T shall be used to identify contaminated clothing. REVISED BY AUTHORITY OF CENTRAL SAFETY COMMITTEE 8/9/78 TAK/mmk OUt 0932708. lili i CAUTION CONTAINS ASBESTOS FIBERS AVOID CREATING DUST BREATHING ASBESTOS DUST MAY CAUSE SERIOUS BODILY HARM DOS 09327OS ADDENDUM TO SAfgTT MANUAL PROCEDURE L-4 ASBESTOS DUST CONTROL AUDIT CHECK SHEET ^ f. PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS: Asbestos Dust Concentrations In al r sRaTl" (Tot exceed an 8-hour time-weighted averts* of 5 fibers longer than h microns par cubic centimeter of air. At no tins may the concentration exeeed a ceiling of 10 fibers longer than 5 microns par cubic eantimatar. Tha 8-hour time-weighted average is tha average concentration occurring over a period of 8 continuous hours. II. MONITORING 1. Are sampling records up-to-date? 2. Do these records Indicate a frequency and pattern of sampling representing accurately employees' exposure in their work? 3. Are samples actually taken in the employee's breathing zone? u. Are affected employees given an opportunity to observe sample monitoring? 5. Uo tney have aeeess to tha records thereof? 6. How long are environmental monitoring records kept? 7. Is each sampling of 15 minutes' duration or longer? 8. Do the results lndfcat# a level of asbestos dust within the control limits? 9. Are any sample results In exeesa of the permissible exposure limits? 10. If so, what has been done about the conditions that caused this? 11. Are samples taken of ventilation and vacuum systems dust collection discharges periodically to assure satisfactory performance of these systems? III. CONTROL OF ASBESTOS DUST 1. Are local exhaust ventilation and dust collection systems adequate? Caps or dampers provided In each Intake nose to maintain capacity of system? Any leakage to atmosphere or unflltered discharge air? Can collection hoppers be emptied without creating visible emissions? Any torn, ruptured, threadbare or improperly positioned bags? 2. Are all hand-operated and power-operatsd tools whieh may produce and release asbestos fibers in excess of prescribed exposure limits provided with exhaust ventilation systems? Saws? Scorers? Drills? 3. Insofar as practical, is aabeetos handled, mixed, applied, cut, scored, removed and otharwiae worked In a wet state sufficient to prevent the emission of air borne fibers in excess of the prescribed exposure limits? 4. Are any eementa, grout, coatings or similar materials currently in use which are not asbestos free? If so, is this mtterlsl wetted, or enclosed, or ventilated when it Is removed from bags, cartons, etc.? r.. Are cartons of new asbestos Insulation vacuumed upon opening prior r..,wl of in* materials? Is the insulation vacuumed as it is removed fror the carton? i*. Wnat about asbestos insulation cartons opened in the field? i. How are empty cartons disposed of so that exposure does not occur 1 from this source? Q932li0 r XT i , (< m 1 nud ) '(. An? nil major power-cutting machines Isolated In a separate wording area? what la the "wetting down" policy m this area? How effective la the adherence to thla policy? 9. Do the asbestos work areaa have a vacuum elean-up ayetem? Arc the ledgea, ahelvea, floors, machines vacuum-cleaned at leaat dally to prevent accumulations of dust? Is dry sweeping prohibited? la the uae of air hoaes for blowing down prohibited? 10. la Insulation which la being removed dampened prior to and during removal whenever possible? 11. Is aabeatoa waate, scraps, vacuum system collections, etc. collected and disposed of in sealed impermeable bags? Are "caution" labels affixed to the bags warning of the presence of asbestos fibers? 12. What procedure Is ussd for disposing of asbestos waste and debris to prevent exposure during disposal or afterwards? 13. Whit aro the procedures for controlling asbestos airborne oust when asbestos is cut, sawed and worked in the field? How rigorously are these procedures adhered to? 14. What Is done to avoid employee exposure whenever they empty or work on the duat collection systems on asbestos vacuum or ventilation equipment? lb. What Is done to protect groups other than the Insulators when they remove asbestos Insulation In the course of their work, such as pipefittsrs? lf>. What is being dene to eliminate the asbestos problem at the source such as by using nan-asbestos materials? IV. HYGIENE 1. Are two separate lockers provided for employees exposed to asbestos to prevent contamination of thair street clothes from their work clothes? 2. Is food, gum, tobacco or other materials placed in the mouth prohibited in work areaa where asbestos is being handled or fabricated? i. Do employees wear company-furnished coveralls whan exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers which excesd the prescribed ceiling levels? What about men exposed to asbestos who do not normally wear Company coveralls? 4. Are contaminated coveralls sealed in impermeable bags and "caution" labels affixed to the bags before the coveralls are given to the laundry for.claaning? b. What is done to prevent exposure during removal of asbestoseontsminstad clothing? V. .XSTtriKATORY EQUIPMENT 1. Has each employee been Instructed in the fit-up, tasting and uae of respirators? 2. Are facilities available to the employees for cleaning and disinfecting resplrstors? Are respirators available? Upare filters? 4. Are respirators cleaned and disinfected on a regular basis? What is the frequency? Who schedules this? U 09327H r "3. Who decides when respirator equipment is needed? 1. On what type of. Jobs are respirators nomuLUy always required? 7. Ar these Jobs listed somewhere so that the men lenow what they are? "no sees to it that they are worn when required? I. MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS AND RECORDS . 1. Are medleal examinations, including as a minimum, a chest X-ray and a pulmonary foreed vital capacity test, performed at time of hire, annually thereafter, and at time of termination for all employers in occupations exposed to airborne eoneentratlons of asbestos fibers? 2. Are complete and accurate records of such medical examinations retained for at least 20 years? rS?:orm W07/74 % V DCJP 0932T12 r