Document wrLKQJQb1KeaO6M86R3Ynka2d

< *' ft' PITTS BUP.CH PLATE GLASS COMViPPAANNYY a.,nT RF.CORD OF THIS DOCUMENT ^SDyf.:0T COM'- FFOM THIS DOC' Ts_ fl^NDhi r-s 1 L E CANNOT BE AU1 HENT.CAV.D 0Y ppQ INDUSTRIES, INC. OCNEHAi. omen - ; O CMS OATtWAY CtNTC*. I^TT*auC*iJti HfeJ May 16, 1962 VO Hr* Karl Baualer Tic* President Pittsburgh-Carning Corporation 4th Floor -H* ^aX'-T -.Tv~, ' * ' V* -4 V . Stir Mr* Bmmlaar* V- V* art pleased te enclose the following items ralativa to your recent request about asbestos. 5 1 ' fL " ' ^ ' * '-p;-:* ** ! f_0- ': -ti -.-t. C\ O-. ;; +*^ -> % v<fc ^ r ajT r ,\ . ' v'n^ Toxic Properties - from "Sax" l'I V.v..;.Vv';74rticla on Asbestos - from a book by "Ladov** A quota on "Asbestos is" - from a book by "Patty" p diacaaaian about "Asbestosis" - from a book by "Drinker It Hatch" '^js t;*r Hygienic Gold* Sarla* on Asbastos E - vV Tbraahold Limit Value* far 1961 - as established by the American , Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ^p'&iySy'A chart from "Patty" on "Asbestos Warts" Wa asked the Library to tree*-down four articles on the subject If and y*y?ywhen they arrive* 1*11 forward them. . 'v 7' "7 : - e.* ' note that "Patty** quotas from a Dr. Carey P. McCord CM. D.). Dr. McCord is an authority and is retained by our company. Should you r4-' ' have any technical, medical or toxicological questions, we will be'pleased "y.-Sr r '<*$fJ v '< to write him about them, v'K V'-' r.^t* ' ^ > r -Of course* you know about our membership in the Industrial Hygiene . ri'^n CX> Foundation and ta services and advice are at ycur call. . V, , V^- ': **s.^r* '^3-* . ' > rf - 'V'. -- A rTpvfp- 5^, . r*T : -;x;y w- a ..V i-s-irs.- ** *w - A , -i ;y~f. LJ1?. - ' #1 ARSPHENAAQNE THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG' INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME r ROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTIC* i EQ BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. <322 resulting anemia is responsible 'Description: light yellow, hygro for the production of many of tho scopic powder, symptoms accompanying arsine Formula: CuHjjAsjNjOj * 2HC1 * 2H|0 poisoning; other symptoms re- Constant: suit from the hemolysis itself, Mol. WU 475.0 end occur during the excretion of Toxicity: See Arsenic Compounds. the hemoglobin. Hemoglobin nnd Disastsr Control; See Arsenic Com its degradation products ere pounds. commonly found in the urine* Ventilation Control (use moderate Less commonly whole blood mxy rate): Section 2 be passed* Occasionally, the Personnel Protection: Section 3 renal tubules may be plugged by debris, with resultant suppression of urine. Jaundice, which may he severe, is a common result of tho Personal Hygiene: Section 3 First Aid: Ssction 1 Storage and Handling; Section 7 i O <y /*"N L hemolysis. Frequently there is ASBESTOS PARTICLES edema of the lungs, which may be Synonym: Asbestos dust. accompanied by cyanosis. Kidney Toxic Hazard Rating; damage is common in patients Acute Local: Irritant 1; In s surviving acute affects of the gas. halation 2 Signs of poisoning usually Acute Systemic: 0 ' -f-ee develop within several hours of Chronic Local: Inhalation 3 exposure* Headache, diaxiness, nausea and vomiting, epigastric Chronic Systemic: D MAC: ACGXH (accepted); 5 million o pain and weakness occur early, particles per cubic foot of air. followed by tea-colored urine, or Toxicology: The essential lesion bloody urine in the more severe cases. Some time later, albumen and casts may appear in the urine, or, in serious eases, there may produced by asbestos dust is a diffuse fibrosis which probably begins as a "collar" about the terminal bronchioles. Usually, ; '-',j -m __ '".'j** . ". o be suppression of urine. Jaundice at least 4 to 7 years of exposure L<J and tanderness over the liver may are required before a eeri us appear about the same timo. BlOod examination shows an ane degree of fibrosis results, TheteT o is apparently less predisposition mia which may be marked, la . to tuberculosis than is the case fatal cases, the patient may with silicosis. develop delirium, followed by Clinically, the most striking coma and death. During the acuta sign is shortness of breath of - stage of poisoning and for some gradually increasing intensity, weeks after, arsenic may be often associated with a dry cough. demonstrated in the urine. See In the early stages physical signs also Arsenic and Arsenic Com are absent or. slight; in the later pounds. stages rales may be heard, and Fire Hasard: Moderate, when sot- - in long-standing cases there is' posed to flame (Section 6). frequently clubbing of the fingers. Sxplosion Hazard; Moderate whan In early stages of the disease the exposed to flame (Section 7). chest x-ray reveals a ground- Disaster Control: Dangerous; whan glass or granular change, chiefly heatsd to dacompoeiton, if emits in ths lower lung fields; as the highly toxie fumss of arsenic; can condition progresses the heart react vigorously, with oxidising outline becomes "shaggy" and mats rial*. irregular patches of mottled shad Ventilation Control (use moderate owing may be seen. Asbestos rate): Section 2 * bodies may be found in the sputum. Storage and Handling; Section 7 At autopsy, the pleurae are thickened and adherent and thick AKSPHENAMINE subpleural fibrous plaques are 1 Synonym: 3-Diamino*4-dihydroxy1-arsenobenzcne hydrochloride. often present. Where the disease is far advanced there are usually Toxic Rating Code: 0 Hone 1 Slight 2 - Moderate 3 Sigh U Unknown ffiuif *U/t4**w PtoMnrr &F Tr4 o-Ttv/Ac MArtittiT *pBB Sdy* M TTAfi'VJttiUnf*i SAX ?o|.By~ fctt-HHQin PozusHniA ----- > -14~) 4587 r F" 323 ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE Utgi trui of fibrosis. with ASPTDIUM emphysematous changes is tho Synonym: Male lorn. apices and bases. The alveolar Toxic Hazard Bating: mill arc thickened,' and the Acute Local? Irritant 1] Aller characteristic "asbestos bodies'* gen 1 are found. Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2 Ventilation Control (use normal rats): . Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Sect! n 2 Chronic Systemic: U P raonal Hygiene: Section 3 Fire Hazard: Slight; when heated. it emits acrid fumes (Section 6). ASCARIDOLE Descxipti n: liquid. Personal Hygiene: Section 3 Storage and Handling: Section 7 Formula: CuHuOj Constants: ASPIRIN. SosAcstoL Mol. Wt. 168.2 B. P. 115*C15mm ATABRINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE. Density 1.011 Q13*/15*C See "Atabrine" Hydrochloride. Toadcity: Details unknown. See ^ also Peroxides! Organic. "ATABRINE" HYDROCHLORIDE Fire Hazard: Moderate# by soon* Synonym: Quinacrine hydrochloride. taneous chemical reaction (Sec Description: Bright yellow crystals. tion 6). Formula: CuHx,CIN,0 * 2HC1 2H,0 Caution: An eoddixer. Constanta: Explosion Hazard: Explodes MoL Wu 508.9 at 250 *C* M. P. Decomposes 248 - 250*C Disaster Control: Dangerous; whsn Toxic Hazard Rating: bested, it emits toxic fumes and Acute Local? Allergen 1 may explode; it reacts with re Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2 ducing materials. Chronic Local: Allergen 1 Stomg and Handling: Section 7 Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2 Disaster Control: Dangerous; when ASPHALT heated to decomposition, it emits Synonyms: Bitumen; petrol* highly toxic fumes of chlorine.' pitch. Personal Hygiene: Section 3 Description: Black or dark brown Storage and Handling: Section 7 mass, _'. Constants: ATROPINE B. P.: < 470 *C Flash P. 400+*F (C. C.) Synonym: Daturiae. Description: Colorless. crystalline Density 0. 95 - 1. 1 Autoiga. Temp. 905*F Totmuli: CitHuNOj ; Toxic Hazard Bating: Constants: . - Acute Loral: Irritant 2 . MoL Wt. 289.4 Acute Syetemie: U P. 125. 5*C; sublimes at 118*C [v/ ; -' Chronic Local: Irritant 2 Toxic Hazard Rating: Chronic Systemic: O ;-':.'v5$v Acute Local: Allergen ] V Tire Hazard: Slight, when exposod Acuta Systemic: Ingestion 3; to beet or Dame. . v Inhalation 3 Spontaneous Heating: Ho Chronic Local: Allergen 1 - To Fight Firs: Foam, carbon diost. Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2 >_ ids. dry chemical or carbon v Fire Hazard: Slight; on decompoei- tetrachloride (Section 6). `k* j. tioa it smite tcodc fumes, . Personnel Protection: Section 3 ' ' Ventilation Control (use moderate Personal Hygiene: Section 3 ' : O' -* rate)? Section 2 St rage and Handling: Section 7 Shipping Regulations: Section 11. Coast Guard Classification: Personal Hygiene: Section 3 First Aid: Section 1 Storage and Handling: Section 7 Hazardous Article. ATROPINE METHYL BROMIDE. See Atropine. : For detailed discussion of Toxicology, see Section 1 O CO UJ Cji ,__j ::z ' ro I.-.1 ,-r ' *' V'! Fr- * .' 'L; .;*i:>,- -V: " - Li ~~ " r'-.*; .-THIS DOCUMENT. WAS NOT *A RECORD OF .wv iN0ySTRiES^c,tR-jyo^c^E ^ I BB ;, v - - -- - iLj' ------- -n-A*qaa ;.-F..BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. * , * -.,: - - l, - -*'?> g - '-A. r V - THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD 0?ir? `~'S'INC 010 N0T come FROM BE authenticated BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. . . :* V.dSi -- r...- - jt* ` T- . VI ; ASBESTOS * , r~$ c/x.. ' i -- eflnitioa.--The term "asbestos," as now used, !a not tbe name of afE'i__ distinct mineral, bat is a commercial tana applied to any mineral whidvT.; can be readily separated into mom or less flexible fibers. Tbe original--' was a 'variety of amphibole, of little present importance, but;j 3. now there are several important varieties of asbestos, of which chryso-' tQe is in mast common use. - Varieties of Asbestos and Their Ptopertiefc--ChryoEU is a fibrona^T-,' form of serpentine, with which it is always associated. It is a hydrous - ^ magnedum silicate,represented by the empirical formula HMgjSitOt,snd ^ 123 per cent of water of composition. It occurs in segregates . , of fine, crystalline silky fibers, which art flexible and have considerable p.'. tensile strength. These fibers usually range in length from leas than )4 '4.- in I or iyj inches, but fibers sa long as 5 to 0 inches are sometimes found 5TM-' and an extreme length of Si inches baa been noted.* Chrysotila fibers , ,' are nearly always brilliant white, but aggregates of fibers may vary from white and pink, through yellowish and yellowish-green to bGv^ green. Its Eardnen is 3 to 33; Sptdfit Graoilg 23 to 23; ZtiHter sob* 'p resinous to greasy, pearly and silky. CrvddoliU is a soda-iron, moaocltnic smphibole, having the formula NaFe (SiOi}aFeSiO It is highly fibrous, Eke chrysotile, but its fibers. have a higher tensile strength, add a much lower resistance to beat. Its' color is a characteristic lavtmder-bhie^and it is thus often called "bias . - asbestos" or "Cape Blue" (from Cape Province, South Africa). Fibers . commonly range m length from fern than H to iVi indies sod rarely 1 exceed 3 Inches. It has a specific gravity of 330 to 330 and a sSky AaOephySOs is an anhydrous iron-magnesium, riKcate, having tbe formula (Fe^fg)SiO. It belongs to the orthorhombic groupof the amphi- bolea. It occurs in rather coarse, fairly long end usually rather brittle fibers of low tensile strength. It is more resistant to heat and to adds than chrysotile, eo that anthophyfiita low hi iron ^especially suitable for making chemical filters. + AvioeiU is an iron-rich anthophyffite found chiefly In South Africa. It was thought originally to be a new spedes and was described by HaH* * *&au, A. L* "Asbestos hi tbe Tftrioa cf South Africa," Mtmeir Wo. 1^ p. II, Vooa 0/ South Africa, DspL of Mums aad Xodustrios, GacL Sumy, 191&. *Bau,A.L,woAtted,p.21. . . ^.-'V T T _ i. - . . . *v W.S * v>:.^ :".i` -* i .V. - * . *i. "5>.>..-s.r .-*v. , t : V V"** ... . . ~ . :v*T*p ... > . - `5.-7=? * a -ivg * ' .c. 'X " "T*. .* *m - .m M it`-V&A v-r ".v^i % -r I ** 1faI .-.s:. y . . ..JC i 'T x5 .*-!, ' . s* vJ tl ^ W A ** \ * ** <44 NON-USTALUC MINERALS a* a monocKnie amphibole. "Wherry* later examined amoeite both chemically and microecopically and found it practically identical with fciToanthophyllitc, an orthorhombic amphibole having the f rmula (Fe, Ca, Hi, Mn)O.SiOt. When amoaite contain! considerable eoda it approaches crocidolite in composition. Amosite ia eharacterised^by a well-developed fibrous structure, having fibers of unusual length. Lengths of 4 to 7 inches are common and an extreme length of a little over 11 inches has been obeerved. The fibers are flexible, but usually have less tensile strength than chrysotile. Amosite is harder and harsher than chrysotile and is said to cause excessive wear on the teeth of carding It vanes in oolor from'a pale dirty-brown through various shades of gray and pale yellowish-green to nearly white. Acids have little effect on amosite and it withstands beat better than crocidolite. Atbeeiot, "amphibole" asbestos, "hornblende" asbestos and "Italian" asbestos are various terms given to (he tnonodiaic amphibole*, tnemolite (formula CaMgi(SiOa}) and aetinolite (formula Ca(Mg,Fe)*(SiO*}) when they occur in fine silky fibers. This is the original type of material to which the mineralogies! name `'asbestos'* was given. The fibers may be fine, silky and of great length, but they usually have little tensile strength. A small amount of Italian amphibole asbestos has been used for spinning, but most of it is too weak. When pure tremolite asbestos is chemically table and may be used for making chemical filters. Mountain leather and mountain cork are, respectively, thin and thick flexible sheets made up of interlocked Ebert. The Moork" variety has the elasticity and lightness of cork. It is usually from light-brown to white in color and baa a specific gravity of 0.68 to 0.99. One analysis1 of mountain cork showed silica, 57.20 per cent; peroxide of iron, 4.37 per cent; magnesia, 22.85 per cent; lime, 13.39 per cent; and water, 2.43 per cent; total, 100.24 per cent. These substances have no valuers* tnJi'i sources of asbestos fiber*. TM- uj Mountain wood is a compact, fibrous substance made up of interlaced mineral fibers and closely resembling dry wood. It is usually gray"to brown in color. It is sometimes found in Canadian asbestos deposits^ but has no present economic value. Analyses of Asbestos.--The following table shows the avemgft composition of the principal types of asbestos: HT? * fum, 2. T, *Amosite," ia iffewobfut, vet 6, No. 12, p. 174, Decta^ 1 1Q71, * ^f;r' 1 Cmxsa, Fsm, `'Chryeotils-Asberios, Its Occurrence, ExploiUties, MiSiafeod Cm," Mimm Branch & 08, p. 21, Css. Dept, of Mine*, 1910, . ; *'!* .'*!, ` . ' 1 .t'-s. s ; '**?* K - <: o ** *, o *.# THlS'^^^riV- WAS NOT A 'RECORD'js,; PPG INDUSTRIES,INC. DID NOTCO^EftgWV IPS FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTftENB^Sfi: BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. : \i$, : *$* ** T.HIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD uT PPG INDUSTRIES. INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES*, INC. -*. 4SBBST03 -AS 1 334 8 Chr7*^ Ooeido- Aaoeite Aatho> AmphL tile Mta pbyUite beta ASti FfOeitooeoee*#** CAO ****** o*oo***oe yitlOteeeee eeteteei K|0 (Stt^)aeea*e***eeea* 40.48 1.37 3.83 41.41 eae m a eeeee 14.08 &QeeTMHeeMi ****** owow* 7btl2.*aeeeawow ****< 88.78 81.22 84.08 3.48 0.08 7.07 4.80 8.10 88.48 48.88 2.38 38.84 4.78 0.83 *o 3.18 88.88 87.13 -0.78 3.88 39.44 *o** *O0 3.47 . 37.73 0.83 3.80 33.81 18.84 0.80 o.n w 0.80 88.14 88.11 t, Canadian chryaoulc--Aver*** of dm> analyses by Cuixxu work cited, p> 81. ' 3. South African crocidoliu--Analysis quoted by Clam, work.cited. P- 22. 3. Amonte, Trtnsrsel, South Africa--Avert** of seven rather widely varying analyses quoted by Wnnurr, work cited, p. 174 4 AathophyQite, Georgia--Analysis quoted ia "Asbestos (1813-161B)," p. 4. Imperial Mineral Scsourcm Bureau (Greet Britain}, 182L . 4 Italian etnphibolr eibneoe Analysis quoted by Maacnag, 14, "The Marietta* of Aabretos," Xn. Afuung J***Pnu, vuL 114, No. 7, p. 278, Apr. 12,1822. Trra or S-raccro**1 Most asbestos minerals era fouad hi vein*, but some may make up (he whole mate of a rack. The want contain both cran-fiber and slip-fiber asbestos. Cross-fiber asbestos Gee perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the walla of the vein. QuyeotOe, eraddoUte and nmosite occur in this way. Slip-fiber asbestos Gee parallel to the walla of the vein. ChrysotGe, IremoGte, actinoGte and aathiK phyOito occur in this way. Much eGpGber chiyaotG* ia rather harsh. An bxobw irriy harah aGp-fiber ehryaotSe ta known aa PienliU. Aatbophytlite, treapBte and actinoGte may occur a* maee fiber, the minerals fanning iatoriodao* buadtai or radial group* of fibers. Gxouooic Ooconnamai ChrywWRc Chrysotita aabeatoo ia found in. two entirely distinct geologie ; alined peridotite, an igneoos rack very low in silica and high in i and iron, and in Gmwtone near its contact with rib or intrusive abeett 4f baric igneous rack. ' ChrTvotile occun in peridotite in vvina which either form a network in eeveral directions through the rack or kee commonly Go parallel. Tbe peridotite near the veins is altered to serpentina. Fow of the veins are more than ait inch wide. The ; ` * This actioq and the following eecttan on "Geologic Occurrence" ere taken froee Ssiawoa, Eowean, "Asbestos in 1820," Jfheet fiewrati tf <1* Created 3Wq pert 2, pp. 312-212, U- S. GeoL Surrey, 1830i . . .. f,_' v. J i .*rr t :U" | if i t.. If*-"* o J iI r< wv` , ra.__r }f ,vx*.\. . ;o {- z: }.*jf . -. * v 12. .<; - i ,. b. '*- .*** * 3."' * - 4- ** -4 . 1 .fa y r.-^p ft * ..... . Aw i W, ,vkiV*.l;h:.*. i uCU..' l!.l: 1 J;"*/vJ* n'*1 46 NON-MRTALUC MINERALS great deposit* of this land ere those of Quebec end of the UraJ Mountains, region* li that before the World War furnished nearly all-the world's supply of ssbeetoa. Deposit* are worked in California, Wyoming and Vermont. Deposits of chrysotSc in limestone are rather widely distributed, but compared' ! * to thn-- in peridotite they are small. The fiber may be rather harsh, but it is very long, unbroken fiber over 6 inches in length and of the finest quality having bsen found, whereas fiber over 2 inches in length is very rare in the deposits formed in peridotite. Chryeotile occurs with serpentine at or near its contact with sills of olivine diabase, usually the upper contact. The deposits in Arisoaa and in the Carolina district of the Transvaal are of this type. Deposits in lime* tone are found in Arisoaa, in southwestern Montana, and probably also in New Mexico. AnlhopkyRiU.--Deposits of mass-fiber anthophyQite occur in Georgia, North Carolina and Idaho. Tbs occurrence of aathophyQite has been most folly described by Hopkins.1 The anthophyQite in Georgia if a product of the alter* ation of peridotite. lbs altered reck comfits almost entirely of anthophyllite. Hopkins points out that the fiber in .the commercially valuable deposits has been greatly softened by weathering, which in this region has been very active. In fact, the anthophyllite appears to have been made fibrous by weathering, for the fresh anthophyllite, although it has a good prismatic cleavage, is splintery end of little or no value. Two interesting deposits of slip-fiber anthophyllite in Maryland and Cali fornia have recently been operated. Crocidolitt.--The only worked deposit* of crqddoEte and amosite are in the Chios of South Africa.* Both ooeur sa cron-fiber veins parallel to the bedding of an iron-rich siliceous argillite locally known as "ironstone.'' According to the published descriptions, the materiel of which the vein mineral* are composed has been derived from the indosing rocks ss a result of regional metemorphism. The deposits cover a wide area over which they occur at the same stratigraphic horieon. AetineiiU and TremdiU.--ActiooEle and tremofite usually occur in veins as sGp fiber, generally in highly magnesian recks. They appear to have bees formed by metsmorphie agencies, which have also extensively affected the country rode. , Geographical Distribution.--Tie only types of asbestos of any con siderable commercial value are those which occur in strong, fine, flexible fibers K inch or more in length, that is, fibers capable of being spun and woven into fabrics or matted into paper and similar products. The longer fibers, that is, those over inch, are by far the most valuable. Flexible fibers shorter than K inch are used extensively, but are of such low value that they usually are mined only in conjunction with the longer fibers. * Borrow, 0. B, A Report oc the Asbestos, Tale and Soapstone Deposits ef Georgia," SuR. 39, C*. GooL Survey, 1914. * H/tU, A. L* "Asbestos in the Union of South Africa," Ifcnow No. 12, Goal. Survey, 1914t- "On the Mode of Occurrence and Distribution of Asbestos in the Tramrrnal," ZVena, GmL Sec. S. Afrit*, voL 21, ppt 1-3, 191ft. * THIS DOCUMENT WA&.NOT PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT____v,,_,.. ...... . .IT'S FILES.AND CANNOT BE AUTHENWO^>`` -VI BrivY/ PorPtr-G% IiNmDiMUSTRIES, INC. * -1 ' -S AT * - **jTm`,.`,,*J;.I p/* `h.* **.,,** *** 4532 \ A -vV ........ ........ ..........:* :. :;.4 "1 V^ tws document ' ifr-s RLK WD CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATE ' ' BY PPG INDUSTRIES* INC. dSBSSTOa 47 While deposits of asbestiform minerals ere widely distributed w tbs world, there ere but few localities m which high-grade spinning fiber* are found is importantcommercial quantities. Before the World War, Canada (Quebec) and Russia furnished most of the world's supply of highbred* asbestos. At present Russian production is small and South Africa (including Rhodesia) is the only other large source besides Canada. 7b* United States ha* produced eotne spinning-fiber asbestos (Arisons chryeetDs), chiefiy during the past 10 yean, but moat of the domestic pro* duction has been nf noo-spinning anthophyQite. Other countries which an snail produces an Australia, Cyprus, Italy, China and India. Chanda. *--Canada is tbs largest produear of asbestos in the world, and Canadian spinning fiber is generally regarded aa of the highest grade marketed in important quantities. AS the asbestos now produced is of the chryaotDe variety. While asbestos occurs in n number of districts in Canada, the only deposits which have been of greatcommercial importance are located in an area of Cambrian serpentine rocks which extends from northern Vermont to the Gaspd Peninsula. Within this area in Quebec asbestos occur* in throe prominent belts. M> C5>. X. The SanviBe-Orfard-Boltoa arcs, which extend* into Vermont. 2. The Thctford-BIack lake aim. 3. The Gaspd Peninsula aim r.v* >.*i~*r-x*,** ,j*- . _ '-v t , . *? _ . f . _ The Doncille-Orfvrd-Bolim term consists of numerous, apparently dk connected outcrops of serpentine in n narrow belt about 62 miles long. The area is heavily wooded and the rock* are so deeply covered with soil and humus that prospecting and development are difficult. Them has been Ettle production from this belt. ^ <, . <v The Thstford-Bladk Lakt arm is the most important area in Quebec and is, at present, the most productive asbestos district in the world.* Xn this ana some of the mast productive mines are in Coleraine, Tbet- ford and Broughton townships. Xn the main area the total length of the chief serpentine belt is 23 mbes and tbs width varies from 100 to 8,000 feet is the Black Lake ana and* to ZH mBes in Coleraine Township. The serpentine forms knoQs and ridges from a few hundred to a thousand feet in bright above the surrounding country. ` The Broughton and the. central and eastern Tbetford anas contain mainly slip-fiber deposits.* The vrixv-fiber belt, which includes westers Tbetford, South Inland and 3*ortfa Coleraine townships, has a developed lengthcf about 12 miles and a maximum width cf about 3X mQm The vein-fiber belt produces the highestrgrsd* crude and spinning fiber. I ; .. , 1 TVs anmestswivs wedt oa Ckasdbus sabsstos b thatby Cunua, P, wedt ritsA i. 'if T t .-`4 -'C'-'T.-fl ** >.hJ - *- *, .if * f. -*. *;; -c- t *- ' 't" ' ; THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RLCOKU ur :. i !' ppg INnDUSTRIES, INC. Dio NOT COME FROM ' J I : IT'S FFUILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED 1 ! . by PPGjNDUSTRIES, INC. JKW-argrAUfC if/ 'iT =\- ^ =?tj, -* , - - *jv " ; * v vrrk -- -A * -.'W*- i_-. . *'*''i'Zg*T ~ -* .V- * T,, * ^ .'*^1**37. The chrycolile veins intersect portion* of the serpentine ia every diroo- tion, but they usually follow straight lines. The pom fiber veins vary la thicknme from mere threads up to 2 or 3 inches, but the bulk of the asbestos mined is from M to M inch ia length. The longer fiber is often * divided in the middle by a seam of serpentine carrying magnetite or ehn^ mite. Usually, the.asbestos eaa be easily separated from the rock. Slip fiber occurs along slickeasided fault planes and the fiber is arranged parallel to tha walls m thin films, or in layers up to H Inch or more in thicVnsea. The slip-fiber veins yield only aifi fiber; It is often of as good grade as . mill fiber prepared from gem fiber veins, but it is sometimes rather harsh. The Canadian deposits art very extensive'and the known ora lescrvaa are large. Apparently the quality or the percentage of fiber vanes little with depth. While the long fiberia the moetvaluable, it occurs in relatively small amounts and the chief production (by tonnage), is of the uuQ-fiber grades. In the Carpi Pemnrula area some asbestos has been found, butdiS* - culty of access has prevented the region from being adequately exp] red. A email amount of chrysotOe asbestos has been produced at Dekno, J near Porcupine, Ontario. The absestos is reported to occur in veins, up to 2H inches wide, in serpentine and to constitute is much as 12 per cent of the rock in places. Union ifSouth Africa.1--Important deposits ofssbestos occurinseveral localities in the Union of South Africa.. The principal types of asbestos which have bocn produced art croddoGte and amorite, but ehryvotOe is also worked and will probably become of increasing importance. Tnuttraal possesses important deposits of chrysotOe, croddoiite, amosite and tremobt*. Amosite is found only in a belt in northeastern Transvaal between Lydeoburg and Petersburg. This belt, which is about 60 miles long by an average of 6 miles wide, contains throe groups of iaterbedded, cross* fiber veins,varying in width to a maximum of about 12 inches. Theveins are worked fay underground mining. .The principal mines an the Egaep * and Amoea, situated near the farms Penge and Streathaa, which furnish about four-fifths of the total output. In ths Carolina district chrysotOe of good quality is mined principally ` in the Diepgcset and Gocdverwacht aroaa. - High-grade, pure-white chrysotOe occurs Bear Kaapschs Hoop about 2S mQes northwest of Barberton. Bere lbe percentageoffiberis veryhigh, averaging shout 40 per cent fiber and 60 par cent rock. Moreover, over . * - Ths best week om ths asbestos deposits cf the Uaioa of South Africa, it by Hitt, A. 2*. work riled, 182 pp. Sot siso Hsu. A. L **Oa the Asbestos Ociruirsucs awss Xsapsebe Hoop ia the Barberton District,** Ttunn. M Asa & Afritm, voL . 34, pp. Itt-ttl, 1981. (Abstract to gn$. />***, voL 113, No. U, p 34 ApeS 1.19ZL) TV* arcoeot bore pus p takes Urfsij (sow SslTs week as abstracted to "Asbestos* (190-1919), work riled, pp M-1A , ; fc> "* vfrj-wv>r . ' , - -T r . .. **- * ,7 *" - ' * -r. * - . * - ^ A* a** . ", - -V -V . V THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF * St 1. PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. e ASBZSTOS 49 25 per oent of the fiber is over 1 inch long, compared with less than Lfi per eeat in Canada. In Cape Province crocldotite is the only variety of asbestos worked. It occurs in interbedded cross-fiber veins in a belt extending from the firm Lovedolc, 20 miles soutbesst of Frieska, in s northerly direction ns ftr ss Mashowing River in British Bechuanaiand, with s possible exten sion into the districts of Vryburg end Mafekfag. In /fatal ehrysotile of inferior grade occurs somewhat sparingly. Rhodesia*1--Rhodesia is the most important source of asbestos in 'British South Africa. Both ehrysotile and'amphibole asbestos occur abundantly in many localities in southern Rhodesia. The largest pro duction comes from the Shabani fields in the Belingwe district and from the Msshaba area in the Victoria district. In both areas chrysotBe of excellent quality is found in veins of the cross-fiber type. The Shabani field, so far as it has been explored, is about 6 miles long by 1 mile wide. Tbe fiber varies from ^ to 2 inches in length. The Msshaba area seems to be smaller and the fiber is rarely over facb in length. Tbe yield of asbestos fiber in the Msshaba area is said to range from 1 to 1-5 per cent of the rock broken, and in the Shabani area from 1.5 to 3 per cent. Asbestos occurs, and bos been prospected to some extent, in tbc Xomagundt and Bulawayo districts. Russia.1--While Russia before the World War was the second largest producer of asbestos, recent detailed descriptions of Russian deposits sic not available. A general description of these deposits was given by Dfiler* in 1908, from which the following is token: asbestos is much harsher to the touch than Csntdisn, and less suit able for spinning, but before the World-War the production was Urge and growing. There sre two general districts in which ssbestos has been produced- Tbe first, and by far the largest sad most important, is in the Perm district of the Urals in whieh there were 25 miaes in operation in 1905. Tbe principal mines sre SI mflei north of Ekaterinburg, where a oone about 18 miles long by 2 to 3 miles wide has been developed, but other localities are known nearly to Orenburg. The other developed district is in the Minusinsk district on the Yenisei River in Siberia, but many other undeveloped deposits sre reported in the Altai mountains i and to the southward. Before the war most of the Russian asbestos was exported to Germany. For several yean after the Russian revolution no asbestos production was reported, but a small production woe noted fa 1922. * See Vxmfxu, F. T^S. Africa Soar. laA,veil, p.1411,1918. Also anonymous article* is S. Africa V>uf Znf. Jew,, *p- ed, pp. 82-89, December, 1920. The Jifriptiwn gives ben is from "Albertos" (1913-1919], work died, pp. il-H * See Ciastt, F,, work died, pp. 222-229. 4 * Dru.ro, J. &, "Asbestos," Uiacni Rctentnca V tie Utdlsi States, part 2, pja l 702-703, U. A GeoL Survey, 1901.. .* ... t ,( A*. ' r* j1 * rV 4 4 /. ' t S' .* E-*.*, J" ~'- v * .*^T V *v-r--v*-.-w IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY tMfiUSTftlESi IMS.-------------------- NOTE: T'-ho NOT COTiVii 1 0 H0N-UX7ALUC MntSXALS rv | m l/ iVu r/ci:J i, iii 4 .m i: Vetted Stoics.*--Both spinning-Eber chrysotOe and non-spinning anthophylliLe occur in the United States, but the former ie not found in Urge quantities and production, compared to that of Canada, haa been 'eery araalL While deposits of asbestos have been reported in many states production has resulted from but few deposits. Arizona has been the only important producer of chryaotile, but a small production has come at various times in the pest from Vermont, Wyoming end Call* forma. Anthophyllite has been produced mainly in Georgia* but Idaho, Maryland and Califoma have also been producers. Arizona.*---Chryaotile asbestos occun in'several localities in Arisons, but it is mined chiefly in two regions: in the Grand Canyon, and in the field 24 to 40 miles in a direct Gne north and east of Globe. The produo* tion in the Grand Canyon district has been small $nd not continuous. The Globe field is about 50 miles in length and 20 miles in width in a deeply cut mountainous region along Salt River and coven an area of of about 700 square miles. Most of the mines in the Globe region are in four districts; (1) near Chryaotile on Ash Creek, about 41 miles from the railroad shipping point; (2) near Salt Bank on Salt River; (3) near the summit of Coon Creek Butte, st the south end of the Sierra Ancha; and (4) near the head of Sloane Creek, a branch of Canyon Creek. The asbestos, which is of the cross-fiber type, occun in veins in Em* stone chiefly near the upper contact with intruded sheets of diabawe. Arizona chrysotfle differs chemically from Canadian chryaotile in the very small amount of iron oxide which the former contains (Arizona usually 1 per oent or less of FeO and Canada usually 2J per cent or more of FeO). A part of the Arizona fiber is very soft and silky and a part is harsh and splintery. These two phases often occur in the same vein with no visible boundary between, and are hard to distinguish. This necessitates very careful sorting and milling if a high-grade fiber is to be produced. While spinning fiber of good grade and length can be pro duced, users state that the highest grades are so fine and silky that there Is a high loss in spinning. Fiber lengths up to 4 inches sometimes occur but lengths less than 2K inches are most common. Vermont.*---Asbestos deposits occur at four localities near Lowell, In northern"Vermont, oonnerted with the serpentine belt which contains the great aabestos mines at Canada. The asbestos is chryaotile of both * Sm Dun, J. &, "Us Typm, Modes of Occurrence and Important Depowte of Asbestos la tho United Slates," SAL 470, pp. 805-434, U. S. GeoL Surrey, 19U. 8m also JfwMwsf Kmowrcu Ue V*tied Shim, U. 8L GeoL Surrey, annual, Car various putMirix 1907* * Sm iftwroi RmAmm sf Us United Stole*, U. 8. GaoL Survey, port 2, pp, 342-M7, 1913; pp. 96-99, 1914; pp. 197-301, 1917; pp. 646-851, 1913; pp. 300-304, 1919; pp. 313-316, 1930; pp. 136-138, 1931. * Sm HiCMAftBaoM, G. &* Somnik dnaeot Report, Vermont GaoL Surrey, pp. 318-3301 1009-1910. i ~:l i 'm mt S i .3 r3 -n '3 ;3 "3 1 THIS U&'CDMENT was NOT A 3>PG INDtlSTRIES, [NCf DID NOT.CO.M^#^* * *irs FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTW^TlOAT^p; ` BY PPG IND0STR1ES, tKC. AS8JSST0S WI tbc croaa-fibcr and the slip-fiber type*, but it is to abort that only null fiber can be produced. Seven! unsuccessful attempts have bees mad* to work these deposits at various times. ITyoming.--Dcposit* of cross- and slip-fiber chryeotiie asbestos occur ta Wyomisc is seven! localities and fiber bas been produced in small quantities at various times in the past. These deposits are .located (1) a Caspar Mountain, 8 miles south of Caspar; (2} on Smith Creek, 30 nuke southeast of Caspar; (3) 28 miles south of lander; (4) near Berry Creek in Xineoln County, on the north rids of ForeUen Peak, 35 miles from the nearest shipping point at Ashton, Idaho. Some of the Wyoming fiber is 1 inch long, but most of it is much shorter and but a vary small porportioa is of spinning grade. * Coli/omm.--While asbestos, of both the chryaotik sod amphibok varieties, has been found m at least twelve counties in California and * rn*fl production obtained from a few properties, no large deposits of highgrade spinning fiber have been developed. Most of the deposits are' apparently small or of low grade, and production has been only a few tons a year. GwyiaJ--Mass-fiber anthophyllite asbestos has been produced for many years in Georgia. While occurrences have been noted in many counties forming a belt across the northwestern part of the state from Babun to Bams counties, the mast important deposit* are in White and Habersham counties. The chief deposits that have been worked are 3 miles southwest of Sail Mountain in White County and near Bolly wood in Habersham County. In the best portions of the ieposita the whole rock is fibrous and as much as 95 per cent of the rock quarried is recovered as fiber. The rocks of the region in general an deeply weathered and the workings an confined to open cuts or quarries in the weathered rock. At greater depths the rock is harder and leas fibrous. While the fiber is long. It is so brittle that it is valueless for spuming purpose*. It has been used chiefly for making fireproof paints-and cements. IdaJuL.--Anthophyffit* aabesto*, similar to that at Sail Mountain, ' Georgia, occurs about 14 miles southeast of Kamiah, Lewis County/ Idaho. The fiber is short and brittle, and therefore suites only for low-grade uses. A small tonnage was produced annually for a few yean, and the fiber shipped to Spokane, Washington, when it was used for prints, cements, pipe'oovering, plaster and other local purposes. JfaryiaML~~Slip`bcr aathophyBits asbestos occurs hr the softened . and weathered portions of gnrimoid schists a few mile* north of PyioK ' vfile, Hartford County, Maryland. The veins an generally small and the usable portioxta limited to the disintegrating residual material within *&* Borrow, 0.1L, "The Ajbwtoa TU sad Soapstone Deposit* of Omega," ML 28, pp.'W-JM, G*. GmL Survey, IMA v - LU i* V. QJ .I i THIS DOCUMENT . PPG INDUSTRIES, PIT'S FILES AND BY PPG.* INDUSTRIES* -* *".*** < `X \ . ,, ....... *__ - * ?v*'** ',T -s- ' a.** **<**. i ' . " : . v* 4597; `"v* > .V ^iS9 : > * :`h' ' '* ^ .-w'V.;* *' /. . *: .. - - - ' , * * V~ iV NOT r. NOT r * * '< > .*" * ` i i i tm. i j j j/| r < i i !-1 S3 HON-UETALUC XINBEAUS 1 1 U f4 . 10 feet of (he surfaoe. A small annual tonnage baa been produced for several you*. The fiber bu been cleaned and prepare^ for filter purposes. OtAcr States.--Small depoeite of amphibole asbestos have boon reported aear Dalton, Mauachueetlt; New Hartford, Connedieut;' Cumberland, Rhode Island; Faleros, Washington; Bedford City and Rocky Mount, Virginia; Cane River, North Carolina; and Llano, Texas. A email output of low-grade asbeetoe (variety not noted) waa produoed in 1918 a few miles north of Mount Vernon, Grant County, Oregon. ChryeotOe ha* been reported oa the head waters of Hast MQe Creek, Montana; and near Great Falla, Virginia. Cyprus.--Large deposit* of asbeetoe occur on the Island of Cyprus and production ha* been important. Both chryeotile and aathophyllit* are found, the former at Amianoda, near Troodos in the Limaaol district. The best grades come from Paphos. Much of th material produced is ahort-fibered, but some U of a grade that may be mixed with Canadian fiber. /teh/.--Italy is a small producer of asbestos, most of which is appar ently of the amphibole variety. There are three asbestos district* in Italy: (1) in the Susa Valley near Mount Cenis; (2) in the Aosta Valley, from Ivrea to Ch&tfilon; (3) and is the Valldlina district of Lombardy near Sondrio. Italy docs not produce sufficient spinning fiber for bar own needs, but import* chiefly from Canada and Africa. Other Countries.'--Asbestos deposits, of both the chryeotil* and amphibole types, are known in many other countries, and from some of them have come small and irregular productions, but none of them axe of great present importance. This may be due to small rise of deposits, low grade of fiber or remoteness from transportation and market*. Some of the countries in which deposits of asbestos have been worked or have been reported are: Australia, China, Japan, India, Finland, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Francs, Germany, Norway and Great Britain. Production and Consumption. World Production.---The production of asbestos in the principal asbestos-producing countries in the world is shown in the following table prepared from statistics collected from. various official source*. It will be noted from this table that Canada is by far the largest pro ducer of asbestos. The figures given, however, are somewhat misleading, in that much of the Canadian production is of the lower grades of mill fiber, shingle stock, etc., while most of the asbestos produced in Rhodesia and in the Union of South Africa ia of high-grade spinning fiber. Tbe local consumption of asbestos in these latter countries is very small aad hence there is little local demand for the lower grades of fiber. , These lower grades command too low a price to justify the expense of transpor- * 3m Cwsxl, 7, work died. pp. 314-344. dtod, pp. 9- (1913-1919), 4 i Vi -* fc*A iv; * TIT L'. - -I" '* ' j"la - 1 ** + * v Jrv*- * * *: 4* W ` . J*.' . * *^ v. , Vi --> ; .. -**" O'*-V. * ~ - vT * . w ;i. . . :453Ss:>-i..-;: ** * ft 2 a' uo y oar -o< * *. <o?x ^^ HZ* .^S|, ** ft ^ w hi 2Smd ojg .5*aff9s, * fe g 5 /? U/ i? Q u S 3 ^ y,, Q ft fq=t5 < yu<j/f .-=Q2= W-" ** t . Hy5*-r-QCPL. trw-- ^> T"**- ,* l I ;i..r;^. ' ^P;- - *'.*' ^W<..iaw,. *.,<** :.'. - -. .-, y- , , _ ;.i . ,-j.-I-?^j>'- : ' . . -,' .- . - ' ' ; y.r* w ..y-v.-r-*.-. .. -**>*> * " -v; ,r- y-* ' ii' i,6 .'i _ v* : i r r-'% -r---,, ^ T r * .J Vi'y i vwi/ia. i iivT.i NON-UETALUC MINERALS - i i . w W,- . u,TM. r;"*s )i.L"O"i 'y '< Canada, South African tad Rhodesian asbestos is being used in important and increasing amounts. Hie following table pabliahed by the U. B. Geological Surrey ebowe the domestic production of asbestos in recent yean: Onwnc Auhtm Mxtum ix tvs Unm 8r*m 1913-1921 *1 <- . . CbTseUls AnphSbofci iWsl 'Talas TsJas 1 \l Tshas * iau . 1B14 uu iet . 1917 u 191* 1830 ; lam ee*e 33 319 909* 1,381* 393* 80S 1,343 433 Seesaeo t 3.430 63,143 187,033* 378,370* 101,038* 339,303 831,807* 813,338 1,100 1,223 1,413 830 337 303 838 403 883 811,000 13,313 11.9M 13,311 11,744 17,333 19,000 13,334 33,700 1,100 1.347 1,731 1,338* 1.938* 80S* 1,131 1,348 m 8 11,000 18,883 .- -*v 78,963 180,984* 391,014* 118,387* .. 348,385 . 878,331* 338,908 V r, *;* In recent yean most of the domestic ehryeotOe fiber produced bat earns from Arizona and most of the amphibole from Georgia. :V? Imports and exports of crude and manufactured asbestos art shorn fa the following table: * _ Verm Srans Zvroan am fimoan or Is loag i 4V r * *T'* 'i-%. d- Imports 'Exports : 2 Tsar Unmanufactursd Msee* hetatsd Unmseafsrtmed (setarsd . * * ,V V'"-v. QosaUtj Tales Talus Tales Tales ^ 1913 ;1913 1914 . 3 ms -- -- ,, h 1918 ^ 1817 1918 1918 ... 30 im 63,800 83,737 64,133 83,341 103,718 119,733 133,946 136,777 149,003 34,896 81,453,013 1,938,703 ' 1,407,738 1.831.483 3,301,470 4,831,173 8,337,388 7,339,683 9,130,353 3,913,803 8383,789 388,804 808.844 137,330 133,034 3,093 37,473 357,381 819,034 379,853 ** St* 370 633 333 899 * 549 . 404 ,z i *as* 3 801,701'' 4t 734,103 ` *13,037 **** 784,030 % 3,133 1,209,078 118,580' 1,933,331 81,053 3.403,335 137,413 3,529,3a 141,071 4,431,133 101,613 3,600,436 ijl TtmMM W Dwito I '*% ^ ' - '-ii;.rr-i-w-;r- * ~ ,, .. .- ; J- , . JkSBSSTOS 55 Creal Briiain.--Great Britain produces practically ao asbestos, but Js the second largest manufacturer of asbestos products. Raw asbestos is imported chiefly from Canada, Rhodesia and South Africa. Vinfny tad Milling. Canada.'---Afinirvy meihodt used in the Quebec districts may be divided into three general classes; (1) open pits; (2> glory holes" and shrinkage stopes; and (3) combined open and under ground workings. Methods used in mining slip-fiber differ from those at cross-fiber deposits, for in the latter type the long fiber ("crude") must be carefully separated from the mill fiber before milling, while in the slip-fiber deposits no such care is necessary and nearly the entire output of the mine is milled. The earliest workings were all of the open-pit type and such operations are still the most common today. The overburden, consisting of days, sands and gravels, varies from practically nothing to as much as 60 feet. Metbodsof strippiagvary from . tpmplg hand methods, where the overburden is light (5 to 10 feet, ss at . Broughton), to steam-shovel and hydraulic methods for very heavy over burden (up to 60 feet or more, as at the Sing mine at Tbetford). After the rock is stripped, the pits are carried downward in benches 20 to 75 feet high (average about 40 feet). Drilling is now usually done with compressed-air hammer or piston drills, ranging in size from light hammer drills to heavy submarine-type drills which will drill 3-inch boles to a depth of 75 feet. After the ore is shot down, it Is further reduced in size by block-holing or mud-capping. Slip-fiber rock is then loaded directly Into buckets, pans or quarry can by hand or by small steam shovels. Cross-fiber rock is first carefully sorted and rough-cobbed to remove all the crude grade, and the mill rock is then loaded into pans for hoisting. The crude grade is recobbed, re-sorted, graded and packed in bags for shipment. In small pits hoisting may be done by derricks, but in large operations very large cableway systems sre used. At one mine narrow-gsge cars are hoisted through an inclined tunnel to mill bins or waste-rock dumps. At the surface large bin storage for mill rock is often provided, to facilitate continuous mill operation during the winter months. "Where the open pits have become too deep for efficient operation, or .. 'where the overburden is too heavy to be removed economically, under*, ground or combination methods are used. In some mines tunnels are . driven under the pits and the ore milled down through raises into can . below (glory-hole system). A typical shrinkage-slope method is used by at least one company. Another mine is developed by a three-compart* meat, vertical shaft 515 feet deep. In this mins the ore ^recovered by * * On* of the hesl recent article* on asbestos mining tad raining is Canada is that ' by AnRrrsxx, W. A_, "Asbestos Mining and MDling ia Quebec;" Ent. Mining Jour.^rtM, voL 113, No*. 15 and 18, pp. S17-925 and C70-977, Apr. 14 and 22, 192X * ^ ***"'* *'l , * * f , , ' ,. V 'V *' ** ** *. *, * .** *,;' -'*** **.*,* ;** - i.- " `` ^W ** . ''"'*** -^j- , /.* - : ", '. v.. *7* THIS QOCUMENT WAS NOT A REOOfi^'jOFl. .PPG INDUSTRIES, INC.' QID N0T*C0M'.^0ftt.: *|T'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED' * . BY PPQ INDUSTRIES;iNC. -* * * v; i * ,v.'kA * 'W' : '* j BB 0023307 J j ' v';v% ' ' 460i ym 1 oy'os yQ . OOoSr wS?<ot ' ^a jt--> Hx- .: 9 o S27 m* o'- QfcS3 `Sgfgl uj "* r..v> S ; XDtoS CO ~~ ^ it *ta -56 NON-METALLIC MINERALS ,V glory holes extending to the surface or to the bottoms of old pits. Some mines are worked partly by ordinary open-pit methods and partly by glory*hole methods. Milling methods, used at the various mills, vary in detail, but they are nearly all identical in principle. The objects of milling are to recover as much of the fiber as possible free from dirt and adhering rock and to handle the ore as gently as possible in order to minimise the reduction of fiber length by attrition. The general methods used are: coano-cru*hing; dry ing; recrushing in stages, each stage being followed by screening, during n ^ i - -,r/-i V-w .* -*,.4 * * i :.' *, :i ha 2.--Sketch of **I<uino Crdwa* - .. which air suction effects the separation of the fiber from the rock gangue; collection of the fiber; cleaning of adhering dust and rock particles fay xescreening; grading; and, finally, bagging for shipment. Primary cruahing is usually done in jaw crushers, and drying in direct or indirect-heat rotary driers. Secondary crushers may be of either the * jaw or the gyratory type. The screening at this stage is usually done on long, fiat, shaking, screen tables, which serve to remove fine rockwaste and spread out the ore so that the freed fiber may be removed by suction. . v- The fin*l stages of crushing or grinding are done in special types of pul-. - Verizers, known as "Cyclones" and "Jumbos," developed in the asbestos ' industry. EuKeyser,1 in describing these machine, state*: - The desired effect in the reduction of the asbestos-bearing rock is one of straight impact and disintegration, permitting the freeing of the fiber and at the same time "fluffing" h. A minimum of grinding or shear action is desired. EcKiTsaa, 7T. A, wp* dtaL Pfc. Wt-WS. ; ; . ' ' -- ' r* 1 DID ' rT.C.'vjPPGFiLES -r-*,&> . ... . ... ... ... --"7. V* U-' ASBESTOS Z7 TT> "Cyclone" (see Tig. S) consist* ementially of two easWtcel impellere hspcd like a ship'* acrew, weighing approximately 1,000 pound* each and mads to revolve at a high speed (2,000 to 2,200 r.pim.) ia an indoeed chamber lined manganwc-rteel pistes to withstand the impact of the rock hurled against : i - it. If a Jcskt action ia desired, the impeller* may be made to revolve in the same ^jnsetion, but in the usual practice they are rotated in opposite direction to each i; Atbff. It i claimed by many that the "Cyclone" produces a great amount of -attrition, injuring the fiber; it of low capacity, wasteful of power and neceeai* ul3l frequent and costly repair*. The impeller* must often ba changed every to day*, owing to the high speed at which they are revolved, and must ubfe iDccd on their shafts with extreme ore. ---- o ia i . . : i.; # * * t * I- av01 * kr .! 4t .. i l r fc - the above considerations led to the development of the "Jumbo," a mac better mechanically, which has for some time replaced the "Cyclone" on Broughton rock. Within the past two yean much experimentation has --, dime uring the "Jumbo" on the harder Thetford and Black Lake rocks, and thefmachine is finding a great deal, of favor with some operators who have discarded the "Cyclone." The "Jumbo" (see Tig. 3) i> really a modification of the ordi nary pulveriser, consisting primarily of a horizontal shaft fitted with a series of anna, these in turn carrying "beater*." The whole Is caused to revolve at from tflO to S00 r.p-m. (as the nature of the rock dictates) in a cylindrical casing fined with suitable plates. The rock, fed from above at one end, is made to pam through the T- i ihcr cod. by a deflection of the beaters, and drops out at the --.r. From the "Jumbos" or "Cyclones" the ore again passes over a series of screen tables until the fiber is all removed from the rock by suction. ' i The fiber is collected ia conical steel-tank collectors, passed through a II srria of rotary or shaking-table screens, to remove dust and rock particles,, '' and then to graders. Graders are slowly revolving hexagonal oroctagonal - screens, which separate the asbestos into the commercial lengths of fiber. - Ti ll . The products from the grades go to their respective bins from which they axe packed, in 100-pound bags, by hand or by semi-mechanical packers.' EiV i li: it * i* If17i.' *. Wi'A r. ': , "' :. V ' : y\'X'.',&Wi'. *' '* '' i '. '*1, l1 V* fl I i '<- > */ ; * '.' *Y?: r t 'iA't- ''" '''** '. .* . ' ' * 1 , ; . 'V t ,* ... > ! * ^ KV:V-;.- -.^v-- 7. :fv--r. ;. .'S':- . iJ i i U. ; i t . '> I* f + I - A. t.wi i. ,J-II rHl$ Dn ' * , . .* .. j ; f 4 * ", '>' tv J ^- ,* *-'\v .V. =V.rJ,:f'v:r ; S '.,,v . ., .!. 7 1 is.';-.;-! ' , . '- S.'!N'. ? -\ .7 V *.->' x. v- r w":v- - :..{ v 1 s?v ; .:/ r^.'K. . ' . 'v V ." * ;- . ';v'' ' b fi)' ' *-- i ,V'7:v y^v> |7.:K ,m rf-.n foi ,-r !KI ;|7.; . jtl . ;-.i* ' .7 {*, ' ^.'h ;t .i.Vr ' i. , `ti " f ,. *'>.* i.:.'..rit`7r^*-v ''X 7* ,7* * -.** i fiberCafl*fbr*? \, Li AcM Cmtyor, fyft? wh'inwryflwAtr ft? hssWJ&irt ^ QiSvorr/U?n;iybO;wv^** fgc ^,BtHC*n<yar ^*rMry SbirigSirTmi .* ... V 1 W^TE: Tii'S DOCUa^MTf)!Q'. J:..*. - -> . 1. r*.4^-TnJ.lftair^MtW Ml ** * . ' ' ;}' 'r*:; :- rU- ft ; r i n ^ ;; I * ft /`/LL * :* * * iir;rliv;' i: * *\ *./ ^ , ' * . ' I 1 '* 1 Bmaamigasaigg.'g t* i _PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT-COME FROM IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. ASBSST08 48 Tie accompanying flow sheets (Tigs. -4 and 6) after RuKeyser are said to be typical, one of croxvfiber miffing at Tbetford and the other of alifhliber practice at Broughton. --- As approximate estimate of the proportions of the various _ fiber produced at a modern f!anad?*w mine and min as noted by. TMa aoos;M) [jv Cmihere '*" .v;** *" -a ,* Prri Hrr Sack Bt#, (tO0 Ts trammel w.. ' V\ t* r* .rrv - Smw Crasher 1 -Trawnel ' r- * - y... '-.v.ir - *1 ^ J-wAv." ` * TV ' * Ketary Bests* rPCetoSer, j Juab* Juaba i I AM _ ~fiheklTo.gKUS.ena > Collector CoD jJwnbo rH~f AJr UFm flakiTearot,,Soecrees. TJ3T55T CoHccior< F?*?. Drat 3_t*.k.>Ir NKo.3se- Serees Ii< .. lahie . ^fertoder Grinder* 'Grader v iW* Air Rotary Dsater *l3 Jasttog* * &! Traamsl ri v. : : li.^-r.' E.v r-* * .i i*?:*.fie ~ r i' -1,* >t.' * * . :. O.'v'y'r y =; - ' ' Ii green below. , He figures given art not averages and individual mills probably show considerable variations from these estimates; for example, the percentages of null fiber shown am higher than recent averages for all operations in Quebec. a*.''* :! *Bomzs* 2, "QuaeuW Corf. Jfwtuif 172, Sepl ISA *' *-* " "i.***.*?*'. !**. C",*v* .1r -. - V"''^ rv:-**-*"?-/V*- ^ .7 '..V`5-"* ,v. . r ~, , / .. . . ... .' * * - '7 *- - .4 **' j. M f :I i 0 NON-METALLIC uikbrals Ajshtoi Minx and Mill Pxooocn UamenufftCtured grade* sod their xpprojdmete peroestxgm is mine end mill rock Taoenci* in WiMt Ontin Ramvi *r PtiieiiiTAt^ fern Cnr From the rock mined: *1 Crude erhreliu Grade I (o*w 1 inch)*.................................................................... 0 to 0.2 Grade XZ (inrifr ^ imh)*(i.............0.2 to 0.0 Milling reek........................................................................... .......... 20 to 60 Mineweete........................................................................... 40 to 10 -*** From the reek milled: . ,, Mill itock................................................................ 6 40 12 Mill fiber, No. 1 (ewe** H iaebP...................................... 0.2 to 2 MiRiiber, No. 2 (vene hi ioehF............... -......................... 1.5 to 4.5 Paper etock (average H iaehP................J............ 4.0 to 8.0 Mill west* (or)................................................................. .88 to M Aabeitic powder end mod*................................................ ..--... 44 to 60 (end) Mill ................................................................................................... 84 to 44 i Content* of total e*be*toe: Crude aebosto* (grede* No*. 1 end 2)..,,,............................ .. 3.0 to 8.0 Mm etock: -- Mm fiber*, No*. 1 end 2............... .*.................................................. 20 to 40 Paper etoek...............................................................................................60 to 80 Total mine end mill produet from rock: Total eebestoe (ell grades except eaheetio).................. 3.8 to 7.4 Crude eebesto* (grades Noe. 1 end 2).............................. 0.3to 0.9 Mm etock (fiber* Noe. 1 and 2>*...................................... 1.5to 2.9 Paper stock (mill fiber No. 3P............ ................................................ 1-8 to 2.6 * Asbestie (powder and mndp....................'................-20 to 30 .. Total waste rock (mine and mill).......................................i-67 to 97 Spleeia* ewtOt* mla Iren M to ow 11 tQvitttr Miiubl* for viNfftCtM f pmp* ` SttiUblt foe piiiv p(Mit ml ^ United State*.--The chrysotilc asbestos in Arizona is obtained chiefly by underground mining methods, usually by tunneling along the asbestos veins. In 1918, the Ash Creek mine was reported to have about 10,000 feet of underground workings arranged in four levels, of which the longest tunnel reached a point about 600 feet into the mountain. Nearly all the Arizona asbestos has been marketed as hand-cobbed crude, as s mills have been erected. In California both underground and open-pit methods of mining have been used, but.production has been very small. In 1921 two mills were built, adopting the principles and machines used in Quebec. In Vermont, mining has been done by open-cut methods, but there has been no commercial production in recent yean. Several mills have " THIS, DOCUMENT - FP(1 INDUSTRIES, INC. DID tyQT CD~MliRCJM: IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE'AUTHENTICATED1. : BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC,- * L "* - *. ; . ; , ** * 7 BB~"oQ 23312 j 4&QS - 1 , * i, .*** ; ASBSSTQS X been built at various times, the latest completed in 1922, following the methods used in Canadian slip-fiber mills. South Africa and Rhodcria.--In the various sections of the Union end of Rhodesia both open-pit and underground mining methods are need. Often the open-pit workings are small and irregular, but in the larger and deeper underground mines more systematic methods are For example, in the southern sections of the crocidoiite area of Cape Province a system of overhand stoping is used without timber. The ore is roughly hand-cobbed underground and the waste is allowed to accumu late in the workings, so as to keep the floor within working distance of the roof. ^filling methods have usually been very simple in the past. In moat the ore has been hand-cobbed, screened in hand sieves or simple mechanical screens, graded and bagged. At some of the operations is Rhodesia more elaborate methods of preparation are reported to be in use, but no descriptions are available. Specifications, Grades and Tests.--Since, for most important com mercial uses, strong, flexible fiber is needed, the brittle anthophyllite type f asbestos needs little mention here. The chief exception is that of filter* fiber asbestos. For this purpose a fairly strong fiber is needed and the asbestos must be of such chemical composition that it is practically unaffected by common acids and alkalies. Tremolite is often' used far this purpose. .' Some of the physical properties which good asbestos fibers must possess for various uses are as follows; good fiber length, good flexibility, . fine fibers, silkiness, high* tensile strength, resistance to acids and alkalies, resistance to sea water and moist air, high melting point, resistance to heat, high beat-insulating value, high electrical-insulating value, good "spinnabHity" (that is, capable of being easily spun into products of good quality without undue loss and breakage of fiber). There are now eo many and such diversified uses for asbestos that not all of these properties are necessary for any single use. Thus, short fibers may be used for asbestos-paper and asbestos-cement shingles, while long fibers are needed for asbestos textiles. For some purposes two or more types of asbestos with different physical properties (for example, crocidoiite and ehrysotOe) may be mixed advantageously. A comparison of some of the physical properties of crocidoiite, chryso*. tile and amosite is given in the following table: / ......-v.. *s ;t s* i *** * ; ,, V /'*! v ' THIS DOCUMENT WAS'^OTA\RECORD rpE'' ... \r. 'PPG INDUSTRIES, ihlC,imp&T.CQM, FROM."' . * ,, rrSFILE'SAND C'ANNOTBE AUTHENTICATED , BY'PPG INDUSTRIES, .iftC/' V . * . . - r-v. r - t> * % pf ..v- k$? f i Bfv- V* r*'- * 5 * - *** *W****- , ^ a ^ ^ 1 -' >-;5i*-vr . -- ittj *:. * * ter r.-J-z |ji!-r * !<*' V? iter?**---"Pl y . t- *, v-- a I *t.**3 f-i- * **' * - ;:v*'*C* -' : t'T* . . * . . ' * ">; , . fjL. k V* ` , f * _' * ''* _ --'*?*'I- ^ ' " . IT'. 1.* * id, * '', -gr *'; ` * >' * . v yf:=4y,,y  ou5o ow J< . n ^ C * HSfe Ifc f*c'. -*. r".C* -*,''; -*=t.O(sU-- ^s/I--. s - v- j . -</> U, o --^o ' > y ^ w ?52U .1 ~ < 2 f'-Itse <3* OnW gsac.-j *2 fr a. saS^-'.i 1 * *'w; .3 * '>N j ^n'>s. ` -t1'*-^-i\vrrs"'vV'i^*UvCp^''''' ia4 t - ' -V i V -viv' 'v--. >3 +? "* - V1*'*'-*'$' *' j ^ V'--C-'*/#; r^V r-- - *4 '*%}-!'* .- *_ ;*,"* *.'* *-; * r *. f.- f * * 1 :l' s "CM7 >V &3AT r L^Ui l.-i;,..:- r,^ ni 2 NON-USTALUC UIXX&ALS CoxramsoN or Piornnct or CxsTaorma, CsocmaLm ax Axoens* .* .. CnriWM SMriX IKtoStMh* tM to* ImX Tims. SMMSS sxs Hi<W lk*i Ouri Ytorfto&tX- **ess*sssM*M**MMWM>*e* Hue K* M VwylM flat riu SMHiteM* hlttf********e ** Oaori. bat.W Tmn tmm to Oui Sul W MM MUX 1 tfMV mSMIi laiilMW U .nrli, atfciS* auriu* lMr......... ?<i Owri Ouri P--Mi--HmmUMm Tata*.........--............ rxupd M fr iHUwilillai *>........................... Ouri Qorniimwd* Mtot ^hwWjyimiwsMSseritstss saw ZmBmS r* Wr tltimita uU W*V0>r ! buri xri * i AaUatfitah aari xta atari. jg For spinning purposes, Canadian chrysotile is considered the best in !p the world- Arison* chrysotile is good, but is apt to be lacking in uni* .. {Id * ' formity and to contain harsh, brittle fibers. Some users state that the *'^ ip _ fiber a so fine and silky that there are large losses in spinning. Croddo- - |S ' - - / -; Ste is not in high favor in the United States, because it is rather difficult ' j to fiberixe properly; it is rather dirty and dusty compared with Canadian chrysotile; and its fusion point is low. Croddolite and aaosite, usually mixed with some chrysotile, however, are used much more extensively ' - in England and Europe. Amosite fibe^ is harsher than chrysotile, and b rather dirty and dusty to handle; it has been used but little in the United State*. C`. Asbestos b often erroneously called a refractory material, but it cannot properly be so classed. Croddolite fuses at a relatively low tempers- ture to a black glass, Both chrysotile and amosite lose their water of composition at a moderate temperature and become indexible and very . brittle- Nor has asbestos alone a high heat-insulating value, compared with such materials as basic magnesium carbonate. Asbestos b non* * * combustible and capable of being woven into fabrics, and these are the properties upon which much of the value of high-grade asbestos -T> depends. ' - A'-?-- The quality of asbestos and ita'suitsbSity for most uses may be easily . - .. determined by a few simple tests. Length, color, sQkineas, flexibility - - and, to some extent, fineness of fiber and tensile strength may be deter- - muted by inspection. A sample of asbestos should be Sberized by rub- 5.;V,*C' l"S f crushing between the finger*. Single fibers may then-be testedfor flexibility and tensile strength by bending and breaking. Several fiber* ' THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NO jjCOME FROM" otrength. IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT BE AU 'HENTICA^ED ASBESTOS BY PPG INDUSTRIES INC. ` a. i. gMj) Asbestos of good quality should be easily Eberired, soft, sDky, strong, flexible and easily twisted into a strong yarn. Fibers K inch or more in length and otherwise of good grade are of commercial interest. The grading of asbestos for market varies in different districts and at different plants. In Canada there are two main grades, crude and fiber, of which are divided into subgrades, in each case based on length of -r fiber. Crude, produced entirely by hand picking and cobbing, consists of all cross-fiber asbestos over H inch long. No. 1 crude consists of fiber over inch long (average 1 inch). No. 2 crude consists of fiber from to K inch long (average H inch). Mill-fiber grades have not been well standardised. They are based on screen tests, but different producers use different classifications. Screen tests are made in a standard testing machine, which consists of four trays, 24 by 14 by 4 inches, fitting one on top of another. The top or No. 1 tray is fitted with a screen bottom of 2 mesh (No. 11 wire); No.*2 screen is 4 meah (No. 17 wire); No. 3 screen' is 10 mesh (No. 18 wire); the bottom tray is a solid pan. The nest of screens is fastened to a frame, so arranged that it may be vibrated horizontally with a 1^-inch throw, by an eccentric revolving at 300 revolutions per minute. In making a test, 1 pound (16 ounces) of fiber is placed in the top tray and shaken for exactly 2 minutes. The residue on each screen and in the bottom pan is weighed separately and the weight recorded in ounces. Thus, a fiber testing O-S-6-2 (total 16 ounces) is one of which S ounces is retained an the second screen, .6 ounces on the third and 2 ounces of shorts is j;grco? TT* LiJ * . the pan. While grades made by different Canadian producers vary some* Li. what, Marcuse* states that the following fiber tests may be takes as avenges: k&tr,r'; O Xoag^piaatag fiber..y.. 3--8--4--3 Mediua-ipinaiag sad compreMed-eheet fiber............ 0-8-6-2 PSpe^coveoag fiben......................*.,..**.. Shingle stocks e4e*es>*4*** CMK-9K-* Piper sad millboard stock*..................... ........................... 0-0-10-6 CuMOtstocks.*......0-0-M1 Shorts are not sold on length but according to color and deanfinev. Color is of prime importance. Atbaiie is finely ground asbestos sand mifl taiTfnga. * Maacces, IL, "Th Marketing of Aabeotoa," Png. Mining Jovr.-Prtn, roL 114. Ko. 7, p. 278, Aug. 12,1922. ... ... . " - * ** - -'* -V - * *, /. ' V * ,4 '* V * V J Z` tvV-*__ . w ^"'4 -- / i.-. i'.-:-r`,t..&v%a*9*'#-** : * -i;*. . '* V- .*' - ^ m * : # .v;_'c . r *. ? > T''-'" / `.'.I. ^ ** . . ' - *. - A****--*-' -- *V^ * * f* . ' . * * . . Vn-v v--lI \ l -* -I .* ' v * V- - : J ` *\ ' '"TII .ft I I: :D < o: , , o Oyk O <; > W O lu c o x tS< eO S_ uj cq o.-ai o i-- 2 S? . o " >Zz t" * ' fc Ul" o f lap" 2 {S Q ^ |5 oay^ QZ~a!' a.o'co * fSrfcS :* \. -, f .-. - -. i X's' '.' -X ' ' .-i *1 "i -r- - - .* . . . *' * i *, ; *.~ ' it'' ' `r vs- / ' ' ; ' v" -vvi-.-i - V I i *-- x * i *.J ,, 0 KJ (? ; 5 ^ i! 1 NOT UUiv'ii: i'Kulvj FrJ r) -uC^f -64 VQN-MSTALUC MINSRALS Grades of South African and Rhodesian asbestos vary somewhat, but seem to range about as follows: Oaaaa D C B. A 8 X * DA DB Lawn er Vttaa Over IK to 2 inches IK to IK or 2 iaebni K to IK iaetas X to K inches tip to K meh Siftings Discolored fiber up to K laeh Discolored fiber longer than K inch Markets1 and Prices.--The United States is the largest consumer of asbestos and manufacturer of asbestos products, with the United King* dom standing second. Before the war the chief international market* ing point was Hamburg, but during and since the war New York has taken the lead. Much of the South African and Rhodesian asbestos Is marketed in London. Some of the largest manufacturers of asbestos products own mines in Canada or elsewhere which partly or wholly supply their needs for raw asbestos. Smaller consumers buy either directly from the producer* or from dealers and agents. Asbestos crudes and fibers are packed in 100-pound bags and sold at a price (including cost of bags) per 2,000-pound ton, usually f.o.b. can mines- Crudes bulk about 40 cubic feet per 2,000-pound ton and fibers GO to 90 cubic feet per ton. Sand and shorts are sold by the net ton and shipped either in bags or in bulk. Most producers have certain brand or grade marks (thus X, XX and C grades), but, while the same marks may be used by different producers, the grades do not necessarily correspond. Most asbestos is sold on sample and test. Prices os all grades of asbestos increased greatly during and after the war, reaching a peak early in 1921. Is 1913, No. 1, crude sold for 3320 to $350 per ton, and early In 1921 It was quoted at over $3,000 per ton. The average value of aO gr&des of Canadian asbestos sold increased from $26 in 1909 to $30 fn 1919. After the peak, reached in 1921, prices began to fall rapidly until pre-war levels were nearly reached. In May, 1923* the following prices were quoted in the Engineering and Mining Journal-Press; Ashale*.--Crude No. 1, $500; No. 2, $250 to $325; long-spinning fibers, $135 to $200; magnesia and oomprcsied sheet fiber, $100 to $150; shingle stock, $65 to $85; paper stock, $35 to $42; cement stock, $20 to $25; shorts, $9 to $14-- sQ per short too, f.o.b. mines, Quebec, Canada. Utilization.*--The uses for asbestos are so many and so varied that a simple enumeration of all of them cannot be given here. The main * See Maucdsc, B* "The Marketing of Asbestos," work dtad. * See Ciaxn, F, work cited, pp. 245-259; slse aoonyraoua, "Asbotoa," Tariff Information Survey N-20, 58 pp., U. 3. Tariff Commission, 1921. ir-i . PPG industries, inc, did not come from IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT 8E AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES,. INC. * . & JO: jlsbsstos w 0 uses for asbestos fall into a few fairly well-defined groups, namely: (1) asbestos yarns, cordage; doth and similar textile products; (2) asbestos .paper, compressed sheets, blocks, etc; (3) asbestos-cement products, such sa asbestos shingles, lumber, corrugated siding, etc.; (4) best- cements; (5) boiler sad pipe coverings (asbestos plus bade magnesium carbonate) and corrugated asbestos paper; (6) as.an ingredient is paints and roofing cements (shorts, aabeatic, ground anthopbyilite, etc.); (7) ssbestot fibers used ss such for filtering, packing, etc. From primary manufactured products, such ss ssbestot yarns, cordage and paper, a multitude of secondary finished products are pro duced, such as automobile brake-band linings, steam packing and pipe coverings. It should be noted that, while very long spinning fiber is ffrfT*1'** for some purposes, the bulk of the asbestos marketed is for usa is products in which much shorter mill fibers may be used. Brown1 has given a very good summary of the principal uses of asbestos. , KBUOGJUPST Li : f' U-J r: - it "K 1 II : * * * ' Xi .* i 7 --j i Tie literature dealing with asbestos and asbestos products is extensive and a complete bibliography cannot be given here. Tbs brief bibliography given below .' acme of the more important woriu, particularly those which have appeared iarecent yearn. Reference* marked thus (*) an ths moat detailed and comprebcow** . . and thoee marked thus (|> contain bibliographic. v jtdaWss, monthly mugssine published by Sseretariel Service, 248 North 17th St* Philadelphia, Pa, first issue July, IBIS. Jibaiot, periodical published intermittently by Turner Brothers Asbestos Company, ' Ltd, Rochdale, England. AtSiffc, K. &Vaa& Btmxa, G. Ml: "Asbestos," Bud 113,32 pp* Arisons Bureau of Minas, University of Arisons, 1821. . -*_v Sowuu, Ouvwc Chapter os "Asbestos," pp. 3S3--tOL, "PsIItieal and Commercial `` Cs^Dgy,* Sevan, J. E, Editor, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc* New York, f 1820. . . .......... . . ........ - .*'X * Bbowk, L Cocoon Notes on "Asbestos,"BA No. 20,31 pp* India* Ini. dm6**r, .Calcutta, 1822. 1 -- r _ * *~ *Owtn, Thtx: "ChryaotSe Asbestos, Its Oecurrsoes, Exploitation, MSCng and ' Hem," 2nd sd* 318 pp* JftM Branch, Csoada Dept. of Mines, 1910. fDoun, J.&: "The Types, Modes of Occurrence, and Important Deposits of Ashes ` tos in the United Statse," Bad 470; pp. 805-524, XT. B. GeoL Survey, 191L Sexsxait, B.J "Queensland Mineral Deposits, No. 3, Asbestos," Qxttnilotti OnA JTtefef/** voL 17, p. *72,1918. - * "Har*. A. X-t "Asbestos in the Union of South Africa," Utmoir No. X3, 183 pp* Dept, of Minot and Industries, Union of South Africa GeoL Surroy, 1913. Hut, A. I*: "On the Asbestos Occurrences user Keapscbe Boop in the Barberton District," Trout God See. & 4/rioe, voL 24, pp. 188-181,193L Sonsrs, 0. B.: "The Asbestos, Talc and Soapstone Deposit* of Georgia," Bad 29, pp. 75-189, Ga. GeoL Sumy* 1914. 'Sdnowa, 0. B.J "Asbestos Deposits of Georgia," from. Amar. IimC Jfuifc# Bag* vol.50,pp.964-973,1915. . , -r. . , , .. K '4; *Sao*w;X Cooom, work cited, pp.9-12, - *. v*v,-V-r' ---k--- _*h ` 0*1 ** ; "3 ; : *. x'%bono* oP V'b'. It % *r< t *- *. ai.a**) -rr'-(r' ' I n* ; ' v-. r* if*- *- Vt*V- ' ' A-'- Z ' . . . J*Vs / -v. *, , V -^*s. Jw5stn. - * a- ` . . _ _ -EiV-v^a '"*"125 -* - .-r.'.sxT;^ - V 'f- XikH . ' - -,s~> ^ ihW . ^ ,"t ** i r ' - r: -* . . -''*7** T#f>GljN6ljSTlif6sriN^v DW'NOT-CnOr\tMuiEc CFRDOrtMU *_nds^r : _ *" ..***_ w i > , . i , am" - _ fc* _ w "V v ^_ -- . -- _ ^ * " * * , _ pyr ^ I * ~ , -m. .v - r., % . V-11 ;>>'* Jj't.*/ <' *** . * t;r iV.--V rig. j. * .. . * -1s H! 1 - *.- .\ **".* . " - v -.s .. 1 t ri 6 NON-METALUC MINERALS Husaaen, W. D.: "The Black lake Aabeetoe Area," ffnp. Mining /r,,tL 112, No. 10, pp. 365-368, Bept. S, 192L , Eosaaan, W. D.: -MCIin* Aabeetoe Or* in Qusboe," Minify So. Prut, pp. >32-038, Dee. 41, 102L Uaecoes, B.: "The Marketing of Asbestos," Eng. Mining Jovr^Prcu, woL 114. No. 7, pp. 277-279, Au*. 12, 1922. Uuntu, G. P.: "The Noo-metallic Miner*!*," 2nd otL, pp. 183-197, John WH*7 A Sosa, Inc-, Now York, 1910. Sjoiakdmn, C. E.: R Aaboatoa is Vermont,** Seventh Annual Report, pp. 315-330, State Geologist of Vermont, 1909-1910. *B.cKrTc, W. A.: "Asbestos Minin* end MHIioc in Quebee," Eng. Mining Jour* Putt, -roL 113, Noe. 15 end 16, pp. 617-625 end 670-677, Apr. 15 end 22, 1922. SmtMEM, A. L.: "Aaboatoa end the Asbestos Industry," 107 pp., Pitmen end Bona, London, no date, probably 1921. *' Tense, Srxrao*: "Th* Genesis of Aabeetoa end Aabvtiform Minerals," franc Amar. IntL Mining. Eng,, woL 57, pp. 62-08, 1918. Veoran, P. JL: "A*bento*," S. African Jour. Ind., ooL % No. 2, pp. 251-270,1917. Yocwo, J. B.: "How Aabeaio^proteetad Metal waa Developed Commercially," Cktm. Met Eng., toL 28, No. 6, pp. 244-247, Feb. 7, 1923. Anonymous: "Asbeatoe Manufactured Products end Uses," Rate Material, pp. 108- 113, March, 192a tAnonymoua: "Aabestoa" (1913-1919), 34 pp., Imperial Mineral Resources Burma (Greet Britain), 192L Anonymous: "Aabeetoa,** Taiff Information Survey N-20, 56 pp., XT. & Tariff Commission, 192L Anonymous: Chapter on "Aabeetoa," Report on Mining Operations in the Province of Quebec, annual, Quebec Dept, of Colonisation, Minee and Fisheries, Bureea of Mines, Quebec, Canada. Various authors: Chapter on "Aabeetoa," Mineral Eeeovrue et Ota United Stott, annual tinea 1899, U. 8. GaoL Surrey. Various authors: Chapter on "Asbestos," Mineral Industry, iil UcGraw-HtS Book Company, Inc, New York. 1 * *,*. * WA#.,.f .J: * . ; i O ); , V ..A.--54 >. *. . A,, \* .K **\ Cin#.tl**" "v'I Trim r : ? JW f\ . Vu i'A- V: t f ,*"** arr -- * * , ta t, , f .`; T*HIS*D*0Q-UvWkEaN.T. '.WAS NOT A RECORD OF ' *. PPG' imOSTfCE&sINC. -DjD NOT COfvfe FROM ITS files' canno*t be authenticated -- ir.iri) rSTRls, INC. *' ' kOTtoa/rA/Al fJvAiitft Mi 7w*>^Uo**'y4 'fa. ... > 4 ' _ ' Y , i'iimiMiu fajatTnc.t.a/,K wr :'' ..................................** '*** .*... 4 .;. . I*-;;/' "; ^1 - h.j v~; wA**-.*-* ,, . . *. .. i , -- --:~nr----- ^-t*j%i 'Ui-r -- ^-'=- tV "'A !t *.^*1''^.' .00 C>.yj 1T23 -=n-.Ztx 'O . 2 m e , c g!- c/> 2. O > - O </> X. O 3J nOS 222 J'. V w * i, ', ' Sr * I** *.1, *' ..I'* * :; -' .-;. (7) ;/*;** . W^'ii'y . > i - - .'!v*.. > *..!** *- ? ;.v # 1 Cmbhm Eiltml Mark* *1 Occupation nt Occupational t>loea** Other Disease* (continued) Halarfi* ` I flkla, (enlinutd I ClUM s M Pathological sweating. Arick red (warm weather). Plum colored (cold weather). Puoijiaul fact a*d (read iuA* log. Lymphangitis.. '. * Karatool* (farmer's wart*). Asbestos wart*. Turnon (on (Via). * Ttuaors {beneath akla). Many eonlndu*trial cauae*, but sometime* aeto la lead poisoning. Polycythemia (pathologic Inerts** In number* of ted blood cell*). Chiefly aa*oclated with tha menu* pause, IhU typo chhiiefly limited to women 41C0 to 60. Infection. btwdn aurdtght, ultraviolet light, ota. Mechanical penetration by Sabeato* liber*: poesibly chemical action akin to production of - ailicotlo nodule*. Several type*, both benign and malignant. Commoncat variety, epithelioma. Frequently, harmlm*. tally tu mor* |lipoma*). Atlain la targa Unusual (Treating may b* locallied, odoriferous, colored, **ceaslva. Somolimc* found in heart disease, rickets, syphilis, palay, tuberculosis, goiter, etc. May bo a manifestation of re pealed HpMitrs to carbon mon oxide In relatively low concen trations. ft. M. I. In arsenic oe Wad poisoning, ab normal sweating usually local to parts involved In neuritis. Engorgement and congestion oi superficial blood vessels. Most prominent on fan. May in volve conjunctiva*. Hay be associated with mental depression, execrate* perspira tion, weakness, insomnia, emo tional instability. Hot occupational. Red xtresk up arm or leg. Alarm ing indication of axlenalon ol local)ted pyogenic Infection. n. m. f. Frequently associated with "ker nels" *ucb a* in axilla or groin. Represent warty, flat, or horny, pentitent overgrowth of outer layers of akin. Characteristic of fia.it middle age life; usually imiled to exposed part* ol skin; characteristic of many trade* Including farmers, sailor*, fish ermen, gardeners, trapper*. Rarely beooma cancerou*; readily removed by electroeauterisalion, by k-ray and by electrle needle; lese welt by heratls solvents. Quite common both In and out of Industry. Condition usually limited Ifl Un Similar conditio* with glam fiber gers and bands. worker*, but in thalcase always :hantcaL Apart from nongroarlna warts and obvious abteesne* of akin, any enlarging nuts* on or In akin ahould bn investIgatcd. It.M.f. Because of uncertainly, every Sum beneath IIts akin lumhl be Invest(gated by a phyalrlan. Pigmented mole* am prona t* become malignant. Skin over lipoma*, II aquecrcd, bccotncmliinplrd. "orange |nvf* ign. fVe Mi) Itrnt. I c C.`- I I' Y-- Co. varSrf oner Of m CA.viA.-non t occupational, bxsxasx 811 of aluminum by physicians for therapeutic or prophylactic purpoaes, makes ooly ' metallic aluminum available. Some investigators, notably Hannon,1* have reported marked success in the treatment of patients with severe disability. However, when purely objective criteria have been used to measure disability the results have been somewhat less striking. Gardner, Dworslri, and Delahant?4 have suggested that variations in response to aluminum therapy may be due in part to the nature of the' * dust that has caused the silicosis. They suggest that dust which is primarily free * silica may react with aluminum more readily than dust which contains high per- --. eentages of iron. The use of aluminum generally in industry for the therapy orl_^prophylaxis of silicosis should be contemplated only with the utmost caution.' L ASBESTOSES -* ' ;* *. c \ . rV?' i * 1 ^ - --. Mm r Asbestos is a hydrated magnesium riUcate. More than 90 per cent of the raw mineral used in this country and Great Britian is produced in the Canadian chtyso tile "inw. Asbestos is used in two general types of manufacturing processes. It may be used either by itself or mixed with other insulating materials such as diatomaeeous earth for fireproofing, packing, or insulating; or it may be combined with * cotton and woven as a textile for fireproof and heat-resistant clothing and other substances. Lansan estimates that there are about 10,000 persons exposed to aabee* - toe in the United States. Most observers feel that the incidence of asbestoeia in * American asbestos worken is quite low. Asbestastshas, however, been reported mare frequently in England and Canada. Lana, McConnell, and Febnel7* concluded from their study of asbestosis that; Prolonged exposure to asbestos dust causes pulmonary fibrosis different from that produced in sQieoris and demonstrable by roentgenogram. Clinically it appears * to be milder than sOicosiA ^ . Definite cardiac enlargement frequently was found to be associated with 'i asbestoeia. " A predisposition to tuberculosis due to asbestos dust, was not indicated al- though it was not known to what extent asbestosis may add to the mortality from ' pneumonia and acute nontuberculous pulmonary infections. - Symptom*. The onset at asbestosis, as of aSteoeis, is alow although symptoms are apt to be somewhat more marked than in stEcosia In silicosis there may be - marked x-ray findings with little complaint of symptoms, whereas the opposite is * . Hkdy to be the case in asbestosis. As in silicoeta, dyspnea is the cardinal symptom. ; Anorexia occurs frequently in advanced stages, and cyanosis and clubbing of the . fingers axe apt to appear'with greater constancy in asbestosis. Pathology. The fibrosis in asbestoeia is diffuse and tends to predominate in ths basal portions of the lungs in contrast to the general!red nodular fibrosis of sfiicosia -.f- G-Hsnaon,fm.Cm.IntUilutinf Jfet,*,U0 (19M). {' "Ik D. Gardner, M. Dwocaki, sad A.B. Delahsat, J.lni.Byg. ToxkaL, U, 2U (XMO* r- A. J.Lama,/.Am.Mod. Ajmc,ISC, 38S (1936). - a.JL Laiua, W. J. McCoaaeS, sad J. W. laW, VS. FtA. Smith Reptu , T (IMS). r' (' 0 !** V - .j? - ' >:^ - "k- *. -.'t *-* .a - + n /''?/;?*- 'V-,' 1- * r% . CA^\p?ee^TftNTlpAj3?D*-*. `" .' *0" - * ` ..SSL -- - -- -.4 v ? - -- iTHBMi-r. fyn I'lf-'-iiiTiii I hftrl jJtAintt AToit Colony X j BB 0023320 l * "^ATty ' / ^ '!'v' *'.... ';. ' .V-' 463,4 ; . 1 j* y vwjLSrjt; y. f " ! 12 %) jU S i ". XDWSJU) 8. DOST r**; f. 1 J rs ^ r ft i y- -- ; i ' ' , J * 't J j'*'';* i !\` , vl C i LCO with & predominance in the upper portions of the lung. Bronchiectasis and brunchio* lectnsis are frequent, especially in the more fibrous portions. Whereas the prolifera tion of fibrous tissue is caused by chemical action in silica exposure, it is induced by * mechanical action in asbestos exposures. Gardner" found that the fibrosis-producing character of asbestos could he almost eliminated by grinding the fibers so that no particles more than 2 p in length were present. As previously mentioned, asbestos is classified among the inert dusta. . Microtcopic Anatomy. Johnstone" described the microscopic appearance of the lungs somewhat as follows: in the early phases of the disease there is thickening of the alveolar septa which results from fibroblastic proliferation- The alveolar spaces contain numerous phagocytes. With progression of the -disease fibrosis be* comes more marked; the alveolar structure gradually disappears, and in its place there is now dense fibrous tissue. The few alveoli that remain tn the area of fibrani are lined with low cuboidal epithelium giving them an almost glandular appearance. Scattered throughout the lung in both the diseased and healthy porta are spindle-shaped structures described first by McDonald." These bodies are 20 to 100 n in length and are bulbous on one or both ends so that they appear dub* or *" dumbbell-shaped. They ore brownish in color, do not stain, and give a PrussisntWue reaction for iron. Simson** has produced these bodies in guinea pigs by experimental exposure to atmosphere containing asbestos. Lynch* concludes that these "curiam bodies" signify exposure to asbestos dust but do not necessarily indicate asbestosis. , X-Ray Examination. For on excellent review of roentgenographic findings in both silicosis and asbestosis the reader might well refer to Pendergrass." Character istic differences in the roentgenographic findings in silicosis and asbestosis ore -* tabulated below: 4 Fibrosis diffuse (film may have (round gloss appearance from pieiual involve meat). Finding* may be either bilateral or tint* lateral. Lesions largely in the lower om half or two thirds of the lung fields. "EmphyMgia in upper portioa of lung Fibrosis nodnisr. Findings characteristically bflatsreL Xenons predominately In the upper two* thirds of the lung fields. Empbyaema in lower portioa of lung Control Prevention of asbestosis depends entirely upon preventing exposure to concentrations of dust sufficiently high to produce the characteristic reaction. L.U. Gardner. /~ tf*L,, 45 (1840). "R.T. Johnstone, Occupational Dueate*. Sounders, Philadelphia, IMS. > 8. McDonald, BHi. MnL /,, Jt, 102J (1827). " F. W. Simson, BriL Jtfei J, l, 885 (1828). X. M. Lynch, /. Am. Mt<L Amoc, 101,1847 (1838). *E. P. Pesdergrasa Bnentgen-Ray Diagnosis in Silicosis and Asbestosis," m A. J. Lean, Silicon* and Atbalont. Oxford Uoiv. Press, New York, 1838. m- -mis'bocoMEm- R BE A^TICWU?; SySpTs wyfTRrEfc-'Nc. V';. - *w bust 01 thx CABftjunoif or oocotatiowal bissab #13 Drcesjcs, DallaValle, Edwards, Miller, sod Sayers" have found evidence to indicate (fast 5,000,000 particles per cubic foot of air is s satisfactory figure for the < _ maximum permissible atmospheric concentration of asbestos to which workers may be exposed. Definite permissible standards, however, have not been estabfiahod. - * * : * * VI* Duet Causing Minimal Fibrosis or No Fibrosis - * Gardner** has pointed out that any known inorganic dust other than free silica and the asbestos silicates may produce nonspecific dust reactions, is described on >1^. page 485. X-ray markings may be found in other conditions such as chronic infection *1 and heart disease. No interference with pulmonary function or disability is produced b*y dust of this type and there is no influence on susceptibility to tuberculosa JL SILICATES McCord,** from a number of sources, has compiled a list of the commonly used silicates, which is presented here: Olivia*--a magnesium riEcats widely present in lH base rocks. Many variatiaa of this stona unknown. *. Caldum tHicai*--nonexistent in nature. bot a common product of industry; may b fonadat . blast furnaces and in production of cement and hydrated Sawn Other silicates of caienua me * ~. iraz*3-n sine sOIcaUCrw^. '**'* v_ Sodium rittmfs (auto)--the writ-known wator-eolubte wHcate, commonly called water giam This is widely seed in industry, notably as n filler in soaps. This is the only crystefline ri&cate of sodium, the others being amorphous giam. Trewioiilr--a magnesium-calcium wbcata. Jtbatta Unmollte. actiaolita, ehryaotBs. or amianthus, eO of which are remnfisTly ms*, whim silirmtes . . tti. .* C" J.l Croridoffl* -"blue sshsstoa." It te n sodium iron oTieata. ToU--a hydrated magiw'ara siEcsie with extensive industrial application. . Soaptioot--a fora of tala. i',;-'-- -."iL-C -1 Again* e varied of talc wcsmWlng asbestos It is used in the coaling of paper, end ee n . . .. ....... JfWscfrmrw elm celled aepioBla. It is cfcerfy akin to min. '"*"* *. dWyeelMss -hydrated aflicate of rasgnasfum Itie a common building stone. ttilf\manil aluminum containing riltests. The seem of many stone tools of the atone age Wk Topes a asmipneiaus stone ef sHkate origin. Chemically ft is Att llunifluffl floodiflfiA y -sF J TvUtr't mxrik--a hydrated sHica-alumioum compound, seenefsted with ferric oxide. JCaelfa (JbefuriU)--many rulated riSenica ef mixed eonstitueocy. - r A?-c/Vr-.'ea d'-. . fC ^ i . Osya -hydmted aluminum riScntes hem Titanium, quarts and mica, an BWy 1^ tube prnaentin days. . . ' *W. C Dretmcn, J. M. DsHaValKT.'l. Edw^dsl ifw. M3ti and JL B. Sayesa. . - * .``'-s -r\ XJS.Pub.H*aIlh BvZ. Na.i<J US3S1. ;:.* "C.P.McCord./ad. ifad,!, 4 08381. V `V . v . . .. - *- *-*-----*---- 4r'v^ . .* %- I BB 0023322 | 461S \C *' .`w- I NO . t - 614 KDWABO X- DAXT Tin day--rafraetory clay*. low is alhelim, bat high is ires and titanium. VUramorint--% wheat* of aluminum. It k widely uaed u a pigment, and then on many warietiea, including bluet, rede, greeca, yellow*, violet, and whit*. J/icc--* large group of nUetlco of different chemical constituency. AH are ehamcterued by their well-known tendency for cleavage into thin aheet*. It k mctensTuiy used is industry, such as is eketriad work for insulation. .j tjonwif rnmpIcT silientes of aluminum, iron, calcium, and magneafum Breidca being a aear* precious gem stone, garnets are used aa watch bearing*, in gem cutting, polishing, ate. Tddrpar- a large group of aluminum silicates entering into many minerail, for catample, granite. 1 *''. - PtrmuiiU--a aodium-aluminum iillca.1* of complex atnietun, much used in water nflaning. Zorn mired silicalet of voicanie origin. pressure* in.tha earth. metamorphosed. It contains or may contain much free rilim. Slagt--Products of metal blast furnaces that contain native impurities as well ss minersla ueh as dolomite introduced as fluxes, etc. Aimoat ah forms of silicates may be included. Free silica may be present. Silicon carbide-- carborundum, a synthetic mineral. SSundum--another form of synthetic silicate, aids to carborundum is chemical structure. Fibres--riCcon oxycarbide. It closely resembles carborundum and k somewhat suzulariy [t may be stated with some certainty that none of these duets, unless in com bination with free silica, will produce nodular fibrosis; and proof of disability from " breathing such dusts is lacking. * B. NONSIUCEOU3 DUST NonsCiceous dusts such as calcite, calcium carbonate, gypsum, limestone, Portland cement, and pyrolusite dusts have been listed in the classification of Miller and Sayers11 as among those causing an absorptive tissue response and, ac cordingly, are not considered aa producers of pneumoconiosis. Apparent X-ray Modulation without Fibrowu. Only brief mention will be made of baritosia and siderosia. Pendergrass0 reports Having seen several patients ex posed to barium dust with widespread dense nodulation typical of that seen in simple silicosis. The individuals examined were symptom-free end not incapacitated. Sander0 has described a similar condition caused by the inhalation of iron oxide fumes at welding operations. Exposure to iron dust or fume may produce aa x-ray picture characterized by* generalized nodulation. Autopsy specimens Have revealed that the nodules are collections of iron with no tissue reaction or fibrosis. . "J. yf. Miller and R. IL Sayers, US. Pvb, Btallk Rcptt, St, 234 (1941). "0. A Sander, J.JiyLHyff. Toxicol, 3S, 7# (1944). '. . THIS `DOCUMENT -WAS NOT A RECORD 'OF- . ' 1 . PPG- HtoifSTRIES, INC. `DID NQt COM RRDM /; . IT'-S- FfLE'S. AND' CAN NQT ^`AUTHENTICATED; C: BY PPd INDUSTRIES, INQ..' . '; , >:'i //: mt- STFSCTS or DUSTS AND FUMES UPON MAN 46 ant treatment u good as anything that can be offered (or these tragic results of past ignorance. _____ _- -- _ Asbestosis. The pathologic changes produced by asbestos are sot like those of silicosis. The asbestos fibers group about the seek of an alveolus and stimulate the formation of a diffuse fibrosis. There is no definite migration or transportation of the dust particles to the lymph nodes and no formation of the fibrous nodules shown in Tig. 16a. As the fibrosis increases, the reduo* lion in lung area causes serious dyspnea. Lanza (273) suggested that the enlarged hearts noted frequently in his cases of second* stage asbestosis may be the result of the increased work of the heart resulting from this condition; it takes more work to pump blood through the asbestotic than through the normal lung. Gardner stated (175, 170): "On grinding these fibrous min* erals to a very fine state of subdivision they do not become more irritating but practically lose all power to provoke tissue reac tion . . . Yorwald et aL (433) continued the animal work initiated by Gardner and concluded: "The duration of exposure required to develop the pulmonary reaction to inhaled asbestos dust is inversely proportional to the concentration of long fibers in the atmosphere; as the concentration is increased, the reaction develops in shorter time." In silicosis it seems to be a general rule that, after a certain point, the victim's condition grows worse even if his exposure to dust bis ceased. But Wood and Gloyne (455) stated that they have seen patients with asbestosis "whose condition appears to have remained stationary since stopping work is the factory," but they advised definitely that the individual with asbestosis be removed from his dusty job. Merewether (311) and Lanza were les certain on this point. Asbestosis Bodies. In the lungs of patients who have died after prolonged exposure to asbestos dust and in the sputum of men with considerable asbestos-dust exposure are found what first were called cvriaut bodUt and later aabestosii bodies (Fig. 18) (140). While somewhat similar bodies can occur in the lungs of coal workers and even of normal persons, it is admitted that asbestosis bodies in sputum are characteristic of asbestosis. Stewart (402) gives considerable diagnostic weight to their pre^ enee as do Sparks (397) and Gloyne and Merewether (184), . A` * * .-V>_" t; O CO ^t * Ci l t ;ument wasJJfJoT comTfrom SKAUIHWnoSTB. INDUSTRIES, INC- , t ,f `k, m. ,, . I *>* > 0 * 7 bTo0 23324J 461S -46 2NDU8TBIAL DVST Albeitosis sad Lung Cancer. Tbe British require autopsies of persons who hsve allegedly died as a result of industrial exposures such as cause asbestosis or silicosis. The 1847 report of the Qiief Inspector of Factories (25) states that, of 235 cases of sisbestesaautopried between 1824 to 1846, 31 or 13.2 per cent were com-' . . plicated by carcinoma of the lungs or pleura. This figure should TH1S DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD -OF ; PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM IT'S FILES. AND CANNOT-BE. AUTHENTICATED BY PPG* INDUSTRIES, INC. , ' -.c ; 1 ! . r-`" ,"^r- -"''I'AV-**. > ' ' m*% *??<3 rv, It- t- .**' , , ' ^ er\ * . *. . *" *~ ; * *::*; .5 4 1- . *v s* <b--toi bodSm is sputwa. (JLflw XUmmm, Stf. 140; h*aM. Bni A compared with that of their cases of silicosis of whom 6SS4 were autopsied over the same period and in which 1.32 per cent cancer of the lungs. This latter is shout the rats ! in the 1046 census in the United States (13 per cent of were from cancer and 1 per cent from cancer of the respiratory tract). imply that our American pathologists and our i careful than the British in collecting data from Tor example, Yorwald and Karr (434) at the Saranac reviewed such data from their own experience and ' *v - -* *" '* ^ y;\.v* > --'*W . ` T:.C' i-rr .1 ' * furr, p#' ' ^ * r - ** w- . ` 4" -,T.V3^SvSL/!t - 1. > "* V * - - - , - * .t . , . _* . . -:.r- -T a* * * ' ' * *. '. ' r-v '' * 1 4619 THIS DOCUMENT WAS NOT A RECORD OF PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. DID NOT COME FROM Industrial Hygiene Journal IT'S FILES AND CANNOT BE AUTHENTICATED BY PPG INDUSTRIES, INC. 161 C. RECOMMENDED CONTROL PRO T. Literature References V.O CEDURES: To prevent exposure to high concentrations of amorphous silica <tust, process ventilation and/or en closure arc the best means of controL For some operations a dust respirator approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines may be satisfactory. TV. Specific Procedures A. FIRST AID: None. B. SPECIAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES:(1) Preplacement: Clinical and chest radiographic examinations should be made on all persons,j>rior to job assignment. (2) Periodic: Since there is only lim ited information about the harmful effects of amorphous silica in in dustry, exposed personnel should have careful periodic medical ex aminations, including chest x-ray. Pulmonary function testing may be useful. (3) Treatment: No satisfactory treat ment other than removal from ex. posure, and therapy for any com 1. Coopsft, W. C., et al: Industrial Hy J giene Foundation Transaction Bulletin--. No. 30,1S2-194. cn 2. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T.: Industriil* ^- Dust. McGraw-Hill Co., Inc. New Yor&' 1854. * . ;r 3. Fraser, D. A.: AMA Arch, of Ind. Byif. and Ocz. Med., S: 412, 1953. f 4. Lambie, J. S.: Ind. Med, 7: 470,1838. f : 5. Paljcard, A. and Collet, A.: AMA Arch, of Ind. Eyg. and Occ. Med, $} 3S9, 1954. 6. ScHBrsRs, G. W. H., et al. AMA Arch/'" of Ind. Health, 16: 125, 1957; ibid, 16C 203, 1957; ibid, 16: 2S0, 1957; ibid,16f 363, 1957; ibid, 16: 499, 1957. O 7. Smart, R. H. and Anderson, W. Ind. Med. and Surgn Si: 509, 1952. 8. Tebbens, B. D. and Beard, R. R.: AMA Arch. Ind. Health, 16: 55,1957. 9. U. S. Public Health Service; California Department of Public Health; Nevada State Health Department; Oregon State Board of Health: Progress Report of Study of Pneumoconiosis Hazards in the plicating infection. Diatomite Processing Industry. 1955. Asbestos I. Hygienic Standards A. RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM AT MOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION (8 hours): 5 million particles per cubic foot of air (MPPCF).* (1) Basis for Recommendation: Experi ence in industry,1- " and ani mal experiments,1* * B. SEVERITY OF HAZARDS: (1) Health; Long continued inhalation of asbestos dust results in a form of pneumoconiosis known as asbes tosis. The primary effect of inhala tion is an interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The disease is characterized by asbestos bodies in the lungs and sputum. Based on roentgenological examinations, asbestosis can be clas sified as minimal, moderate, and advanced. It is a serious disease in some instances, but more frequently it remains nondisabling for many years, even without appreciable symptoms, as long as some other serious disease does not supervene to cause death.1 Chie. symptoms of advanced asbestosis are variable cough, dyspnea, subi-iemal chest pains, decreased chest expansion, weakness, emaciation, clubbed,fin ger tips, and curved fingernails. Any appreciable decrease in the amount of asbestos dust in the. breathing atmosphere will cause a decrease in the incidence and severity of asbestosis. Individual suceptibility varies.* There have been reports of an increased incidence of lung can cer in persons with asbestosis.* (2) Fire: None. C. SHORT EXPOSURE TOLERANCE: Not applicable l m II. Significant Properties A fibrous magnesium calcium silicate which .1 occurs.in various combinations as white, greyish or greenish masses, either compact or of long silky fibers, flax-fike and readily separated. About 95 of commence! asbes tos is chrysotile, which is derived from serpentine, and is a hydrous magnesium ~\~ BB 0023327^2 * i ' 16B April, 1368 silicate containing from 12 to 14 per cent water of crystallization. rrr Industrial Hygiene Practice A. RECOGNITION: The spinning end weaving of asbestos, in combination with thar textiles for fixe proof end heat resistant cloth., results in dust exposure. It may be used by itself or combined with other materials for valve packings, gaskets, boiler lagging end pipe cover ing, protective clothing, shielding ma terials, and as automotive brake linings. In the building industry it is used in the manufacture of asbestos cement products, heat insulating, and fire proofing materials. B. EVALUATION OP EXPOSURES: As bestos dust may be sampled with the electrostatic precipitator or by the impinger methed using alcohol or alcohol and water, as the collecting medium,** and dust counts made by the standard fight field technique.* The recommended maximum atmospheric concentration of 5 MPPCF is based upon the impinger sampling procedure. a RECOMMENDED CONTROL PRO- - CEDURES: Prevention of ssbestoss V\; depends entirely upon preventing ex- * . <v i pasure to concentrations of dust suffi- ;/ dently high to produce the characterise tie reaction. Enclosure or local exhurst ventilation are the principal means of - ,i">v dust control. U. S. Bureau of Mines ap proved dust respirators may be worn as -- -" protection for some operations. TV. Specific Procedures ,, -v-JL FIRST AID: None. " ' ' B. SPECIAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES; (1) Preplacement: Clinical and radio .**V graphic chest examinations prior to job assignment. - T - (2) Periodic: Exposed personnel should have periodic clinical examinations 1 r signs and symptoms of asbeettyds These should include exami nation of the sputum for asbestosis O bodies,.and chest x-rays of good quality^ *. (3) Treatment: No satisfactory treat ment other than removal from ex-' t * posure and therapy for any com plicating infection. Y. literature References -L American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 16; 261, 1957. - Z Cartier, Paul: AM,A Arch, of Ind. Health, 11: 204, 1955. 3. Donn, .: Brit. J. Ind. Zfed, 13: 8, L> 1955. K- 4 Dreesen, W. C, et al; Public Health O Bulletin No. 241, Supt. of Doc, Wash ington, D. C, 1938. 5. Drinker, P. atm Hatch, Industrial Dust. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc, New Yoric, 1954. 6. FatKHAiUi, Lawrence T.: Industrial Toxicology. The Williams <k Wilkins Co^. Baltimore, Md, 1957. ;\7- Kino, E. J, et al: Thorox I, p. 188, 1946. Ltnch, K. M.: AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, 11: 185, 1955. 9. McPheeters, 8. B.; J. Ind. Hyg. <k Tos,, 18: 229, 1936. - .10 Page, R. T. anx> Bloom?jild, J. Pub. Health Repte. S3: 1713, 1937. :il Pattt, Frank A.: Industrial Hygiene v- and Toxicology, YoL L Intersrience Publishers, Inc, New York, 1948. --12. Smith, K. W, AMA Arch, of Ind. Health, It: 198, 1955. --13'. Vorwald, A. J, et al: AMA Arch. Ind. Hyg. and Occup, Med. 8: 1, 1951. . j-> 1 , .XKlS'. DOCUMENTWAS '. NOT- A ;REQRD OF ;.PPGJND.UTRIE$r ING.` DIO NOT COME FROM fT'S-T'iEES AND-CAI^NOT B AUTHENTICATD - B PPG INDUSTRIES^ INC.*. ..........~" .... v t.. , \.v. ' v.. .< '* +* T- * ' ,Lj- - - .y H. . 'V, f .V -"r-"'V? `"Jft v 4 .:*.v \ . r*` w, - "v A v , .* \f' ' r-* , `* -. , J + 9\` - < . BB 0023328 I.; . - * .V/'*"* ' 't`-? J*.! *' . ',*"0 Y?* '-war a. ^\ **''*-. ^