Document wrDepeYyb71M64G7g53YLg4RJ

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1957 - 1958 DOC#: NSC080 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Officers of the National Safety Council 1 Itili Sii a ttMl fl I/.-.SV JUfW )B|8slH88itjfe O FFICERS ^O F 1 St | ' ir<fi P 5 F j'r w*r Slfi! NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1957-58 way: General Chairman--J. E. A PPEL, safety engineer, Commonwealth Edison co., Chicago, 111. Vid'C hairm an--E. M. CHASE, safety director. Central Vermont Public Sen-ice corp,-,-., Rutland, Vt. Second Vice-Chairman--R. S. LOWE, plant training & safety supervisor, Northwestern. Bell Telephone co., Omaha, Neb. Secretary--R. E. McELDOWNEY, |R,, saietv director. United Fuel Gas co., Charleston, W. Va. ' ` . ,.,'C Program Committee Chairman--L. CLANCY XANRY, director of saietv. The Detroit Edison c<>,, Detroit, Mich. Ifice-Chairman-- Electric--M. M. MEHRING, safety >uj>crvisor. Consumers Public Power District, Columbus,, Neb. -A i'icc-Chairman--Gas--F. P. MUELLER, assistant director of safety. The Peoples Gas. Light and Coke co., Chicago, 111. Vice-Chairman--Water--W. R. La DUE, superintendent & chief engineer city of Akron. Bureau of W ater, Akron, Ohio. Vice-Ckainnan--Commum'rafum.j'--SAMUEL McKAY, JR., area safety supervisor, The Bell Telephone co. of Penna., Philadelphia. Pa. Engineering. Committee Chairman--V; L. W OMELDORFF, safety director, Illinois Power co., Decatur, 111.. Pici--Chairman--Electric--W. F. BACHMAN, safety director, Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, Neb. ; ROY BEITH, manager & secretary-treasurer. Electrical E m ployers assn.. Toronto. Canada; I. L. RIPLEY, director of safety, Central Maine Power co., Augusta, Maine; D. B. MOORE, safetv director, Duke Power co., C har lotte. N. C. Vice-Chairman--Gas-- W. J. EASTON, director of accident prevention, The Cincinnati Gas & Electric co., Cincinnati, Ohio; R. G. CLAAR,' safety director, The Ohio: Fuel Gas co., Columbus, Ohio; E. D, JON ES, safety director, City Utilities of Springfield, Missouri, Springfield,,Mo.; W. D. COLLINS, safety director, Rockland Light 4c Power co., Boston, Mass. . v';; F ,/ VicCe-oCmhmaiirsmsiaonn--er'Ws aOteffric--e,1.CiFty. AofLLCEhNica, gsoa,feCtyhiceanggoi,ne1e1r1,.; DVe.paArt.mAenPtPoLfEWYAatRerD&, cSheiewferosf, i > , water operations, City of Philadelphia, !Water Department, Philadelphia, ;Pa. ; IO. ,V. BROCKWAY, safety inspector, Board |of Water Commissioners, :Denvcr, . Colo.y : Vice-Chairman--Communications--N. W. TEM PLE, plant safety supervisor. Pacific Tele-, phone 4c Telegraph co., Seattle, Wash. ; 'JO H N BIRD, administrative supervisor. The Western Union Telegraph co., Nets' York.1N'. Y* `a-'i'sK y%c -t-.'i?!.. VS;.. frmi [ 'iet-Qhainiianr-Special 7Vo;Vc/xr^J&M.;iEALLS;^asjrfsttm?>to,i''manager'i;Ot tions. .Northern Indiana Pabhc Service.'co.fc.Hammond,Jnd. ; CHARMI ART, safety director. tear lidueatioiI and Training ''?-v i " v Hi < ,1<i Chairman--ERROI.L DUNBAR, safety engineer,.Potomac..Electric Power co., Wash-y 'f J, ington, D. C. 1 < , <, ( ; . Jl t v' ' * 4. r I T li 6/J I 'ice-Chairman--/ `asters--F. D. NORBEKC, safety director, Utah Power 4. Light co., . Salt Lake City, U tah; M. J. BENDEKOVIC. manager of safety claims. Public Service t ^ \ co. of Colorado, Denver, Colo.; J. B. SCH EERER. supervisor, inspections,' safety de- ti K partmem, Philadelphia Electric co., Philadelphia, Pa , i , { Jak1/ 'h i , ' ' V: i' VitN' 5 , ^ / l 1# ! 'ice-Chairman-- Vual Aids--H. C. PO TTH A ST, supervising" instructor,W isconsin Rural Electric, job training & safety, Mcnomonie, Wis.; C. H. GUM, safety supervisor, City 'of Jacksonville Utilities, Jacksonville, Fla. ; K. G. CREGAR,' safety-director, , vt,.\ Metropolitan Edison co., Reading, Pa.: ( ,1 < ^ 11 !' ice-Chairman-- Training Plans--A. B. LARSEN', supervisor^ construction:training,!Corn-' monwealth Edison co..iChicago, 111. ; W. ; L ; CL1 FTON, technical assistant,' accident prevention 'div.j nrhe Hydro-Electric Power Comra-of;Ontario, Toronto, Canada;7J.- G.* DALTON, general .safety engineer. Southern- Bell :Telephone' k Telegraph coi Atlantailili Ga.; HER B ER T HOLMES', safety director, iMichigan Wisconsin Pipe Line co.,` : Detroit, Mich. : R. X. PA PICH , safety consultant.: American? Gas Assn., New York.';.:-; X. Y .; C. E. HAMMO.V, safety director, Columbus & Southern Ohio Electric co.', ' ; Columbus, Ohio. :uv C;C.C 'C :j- -'>CC JiCCC ; - y .; :'T r;;:yV;y PublicityCommittee ' : >i. ; p.V- . '- ' ( hairman--T. F. W IC K FO R t). safety-supervisor, Commonwealth Edison co.;-Chicago,"-Ml. :e-Chairman-- Public Relations--R. R. CONN, .supervisor, of trainings & safety, Power-!: Station Ltcpartment, Dixjuesne Liglit co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. gii A. B. S H E H E E . safety engineer, R. E A., Electric Engineering div., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. D C. r |1 *t 1 MoiirtiVx & Contests Committee i llii Twilit* rAofrn<jn---C. A. FISCHBACK, safety Supervisor. Southern California, Edison co.yLos; 'j; Angeles, Calif. iSifllf I'iee-Ckairman--D. E. HUSK, safety director. New Jersey Power & Light co;,; Dover, X. J. ; J. VN'. GRONBECK, safety manager. New England Electric System, Boston, Mass. Membership Committee Chairman--S. T. ROBESON, safety supervisor, Carolina Telephone & -Telegraph co.,-; Tarboro, X. C .. ;; . i ' , : -v - T y ; : -- ,.y 'CCd : i I'ict-Chairman--H. W. MASTERS, safety director, Asphundh Tree Expert co. & Utilities1 Line Const, co., Inc., Jenkintown, Pa.; J.; E HICKM AN, safety engineer, Los1Angeles; Department of W ater..& Power. Los Angeles. Calif.: J. R. H EIM j-safety director,' Monongahela Power co., Fairmont, W. V a.; E B. BELL, assistant safety director, The Ohio Power co.. Canton, Ohio. 45 :ii$ :S|llIs isa ifill i&njt's itm 1111 jIA& '{K"wj s;V?.-- P/.,,roVje,c?ts''Cc -o^m.'mf.iTtt,e-e: : !.'J i; X, Chain"`,"~ 0 LESi^^^a(ct/^ -^ .w /a .v w a B ^ s r^ i^ ir F p im ^ ' Telephone & Telegraph co.| New York, N. Y.; W. S. KITCHEN, s>stem safety super visor, Appalachian; Electric Power co., Koanokc, Va.; J. ;E.|H ICKX1AN, csa fety.engineer Los Angeles Department of `W ater. & .1'osver/jLoa -Angeles, C alif.iH O W A R D COOK;1 assistant manager, safety department,''Philadelphia Electric co., Philadelphia, Pa.: '';>:' :"'. " ' .' ' ", ", ,.'' "' ' '.'T' ^(.-\ ',-!' ";: ;j'fl VsAtY7.-rj'Y-. p':'^'' '-Y Xominating Committee ' Genera! Chairman--\V, S. KITCHEN, system safety: supervisor, Appalachian Electric Power co., Roanoke, Va. - . Spcno! Representalk'cs: ' K. .1, FAUST, assistant executive secretary, American W'ater Works Association. New York, .X. Y .; E. . BAUMANN (chairman, 'Accident Prevention Committee; A.G.A.).' ` safety engineer, Gas Department, Public;'Service Electric & Gas co.. Newark,' X. J; ; I. R. DOHR (chairman, Accident Prevention. Committee. Edison Electric Institute), general safety sujicrvi.sor, Consumers Power co,, Jackson, Mich, Stoff Representative--PAUL E. SH EPPA R , National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. & fa WifM k,. m $l i1mW-:-'' iill&Kv li *1 ce V IS TW m AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY,ENGINEERS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1957-58 `resident-- IOHX .!'. IULI, s.iiety manager, Consolidated Western Steel dtv.. I . S Steri corp... Lus Angele, Calif. lirst 1'iee President--ROBERT CLAIR,* assistant vice president. Liberty Mutual Insur ance Co., Iostru. Mass. .Venni;' I'i.t /'resident--DON ALI ) <i. YAIG K A N '.* manager, engineering &: inspection dept.. Aetna Casualty & Surety co.. Hart foni. Conn, V errii.'rv and Managing 1ireelor - I. B. 1(')11XSOX. An'en can -Society of Safety Engineers, On'caco. 111. Treasurer--GEORGE l-\ XUEKXRER( >KK. safety de]>arnnem. Kaiser Steel corp.. Fontana. Calif. M riiih t 'r s-a i-L a rg e L e n i i - . t i d i n g J9.V--M ICH AEL F. BIAXC'AKDI. manat'er. safety, sera ices department. Alli>-t "iialnuTS Manufacturing o>.. Milwaukee, Wis.; H. \V. H E IN R IC H , chairman. I ni tomi Roiltr and Frescure 'Vessel leaves Society. Inc.. New York. X. Y.; FRED 11. K (BKLY. manager. Safety & Casualty, Colxnnbia-Geneva Steel iiv., U. S. Steel . corp.. San Francisco. Calif. 7 fru i:tiding I99--FRED CLAIBORNE, safety assistant. Fan American Petroleum corp., Tulsa. Okla. : FRANK K. LADE.RER, assedate director of safety. Nation wide Insurance. Columbus. Ohic. E. 1', MARCONI, manager, Safety Branch Aro, if Inc., Tullahoma, Tenti. Term Ending W60--C,'FORGE M. KIN'TZ, chief accident prevention & health ;div.. G. S. Bureau of Mines. Region VI. Dallas. Tex.; CLYDE F. SCHLUE1 ER, accident prevention manager. Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Wis.; YTRGIl. L. WOMHLDOKFF', safety director, Illinois Power co., Decatur, 11!. Regional Life `residents Eastern Region--ARTHUR H. C H R ISTIA N , Viscose corp., Philadelphia, Pa. corporate safety engineer, American Xortheast Region--W ARREN I. PETER S, engineer,The Travelers Ins. co., Rochester, N. Y. .\outhsast Region --!'. W. LOGAN. divvOn manager, Engineering department. Lilwrtv . Mutual Insurance co.. Atlanta, Ga. ' Centra,' Region--JOHN F. JO N ES, safety sti|>ervisnr. Commonwealth Edison coChicago, III. East Centra! Region--M YRON L. M II.LER, supervisor of ai'cty, Westinghouse Electric corp.. Eat Pittsburgh, Pa. ROBERT CLAIR resigned due to illness. He wa- replaced by DONALD G; VAUGHAN on Jan. 14, 1958. JO H N E". JON ES, safety supervisor, Commonwealth Edison co,, Chi cago, 111., was made second vice president. 108 ' A /JJ '\if ' v-?i# / Av Mv,vs'r f>is{^,*f' ,, ; , ' * q b y;* * . v ^ 's ^ . v . ; . ;' i% g*v HtjJ "'ICesC Ccntal~'Regton--HOLLLY l1'rllRAf:)LEY'A5tipm isotf-of' safetvrGsentec- Liite co,, Tulsa. Okla. ' '" " .. ' . 1 ` '* ^ . f^:'f fieffHi Aoutkwest, /fepion-r-ED.WIX |3. LOCK E, manager engineering department,- Texasfitanivfeii plovers Insurance Assn., Dallas, T c \ 1 i ' I*v:;jj-'-/,''rv>k'>,>?s.*,uiMtifi1imii:!'i1' H'estem Region--S. K1RKLE.X' COLl-INS/impenmcndcnt,accident..Loss & l 'rew ljh.-pt,s Fireman's Fund Group,' S,..an;..Fr,anci.-eo, C;ilif. : : ... . . .^'.J{i'-?'^ i ; ` ` * ; ;'. '.- - :| . Ivi Presidents:' \Y. X. COX, JR.. Professor p? Safely and Industrial EnginCering.-School ` a.," nt .industrial Engineering. 'Georgia''Institute! of Technology,' Atlama, Cia.j; EDW ARD - ' ' * ' A n H. LAXDR Y ,Benjamin Franklin Station/ Washington, D. C. ; HEX'R V 13,: administrator. Accident Prevention.. Westinghouse Electric corp., Pittsburgh,1 I'a 1 'i.wifiiii; Committee Chairmen Committee on Huvrds '& Honors-- PIERRE E. DER.Y, MijicrviLor of safetvvDottiimun Rubier Co., Ltd.,, Montreal, Quebec, Canada . . ' 1' ' ' :.' ,. .V. t ,F1' F \,y C,;' l'',i.,' l ;S'VCYHdiiQy'iS {.'<*?iimj7/ev. on Chapters--OTTO O HAlKRi. .aten* director, Standard Oil Ajo of > i*. 5 ; Cleveland, Ohio ...................... !S;Si8? f L /..cf ` `FM*.: Ciinmittee on Cooperation zvilh Engineering Colleges-- FRANK E. LADh.RRK>RR, tais-sio- i"",! ciate-director of safety, .Nationwide insurance, Columbus, Ohio t ommittee on Cooperation zeith Engineering ' Societies--JOHN' V, (RI.MALI.) 1, <cotisultant in safety services, General ..Electric ro.. Nets' York, X'. Y. ', * " Committee m -'inanee--G FORGE F, XUERNBERGKR. safety .department, Kat-cr Steel corp., Fontana, Calif. ' i A "d r. C|i; Committee on General Publications--F R KD HF KORF.LY, manager; of safety and ; casualty. Columbia-Geneva Steel div., IV S. Steel corp', San Francisco,1; Calif, j , 1 _ r `f Committee' on Membership--GEORGE L. GORRELL, !safety director, jrsonnel rela tions dejarnnent, Monsanto' Cbemical co... St. Lottis, Mo. : : ' c F ,l:A'vYAS5Y||5i||[ nu Committee on Public RelatUms--'RO l.A'SD \C. ' HAUKR.j safety supervisor,.'Koppers co,, 7 Pittsburgh, Pa , . !1 , Committee on Research --M.ICH A EL F. BiAX'CARDI, manager, safety [services dept.. * Allis-Chalmers M.ananfacturing cb.. Milwaukee, Wis. . , - . Committee on Safety Lazes [and Regulations--THOM A S R. LEA DB LA TER, director, Todd Shipyards corp., X'ew York. X'. Y. Committee 0 Safety Standards--CLYDE F. SCHLUKTER. accident prevention ger, Employers Mutuals of Wausau. W) au'1sau,' Wis-. : Committee on Technical Publications--HEN'RY G. LAMB Bronxvillc, X'. Y. safety !m-ana i -M A i IT(pMM ; " '! 11# *Y.:" ': : mi '0l{ Special Committee on Congress Pragratiis-yVQS.W A ) G. \ `AUGHAX', manager, engi neering & inspection dept., Aetna Casualty & Surety co., Hartford, (.otiti. | i...t Special Committee on Helton Program--J. (... SXh-XX'hTT, director, accident ,& tire,:.;' prevention div., National AsssKriaiion. of Mutual Casualty Cos.. Chicago, III,.: IG'V.-YFi Special Committee on Junior .-Ichie'einenl--HOMER k . 1.AMB1E. K1 Cerrito,jiLtdif Special Committee on Membership Senneet-- E. PF.TKR ' MARCONI, .manager, :sttt\ ' branch Arci, Tultahoma. Tenn.. , F !. ^ U m ' ^ || /~ n l'lr- i- p ir: - ' *V PSSii s--S-sttTS . Special Committee on Motor Vchtcle Operation--AMOS Eli-NEYHART,"administrative head, Institute of Public.; Safety, The Pennsylvania' State ;Univ.,' .General. . Extension Annex University Park, Pa. - (' Special Committee on NSC Society Relationship--DR. W ILLIAM P. Y A N T, director of research & development,. Mine, S afe ty 'Appliances co., John T. Ryan Memorial Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa. Special Committee on. Review of the Constitution and By-Lancs--W ILLIAM Ni COX. JR., Professor of safety & Industrial Engineering, School of Industrial Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. Special Committee on Society Exhibit at Museum o f Science and Industry--ARTHUR R. GRAHAM Safety Engineer Bituminous Casualty Co. Insurance Exchaunge Bldg.. Rm. A-917 Chicago, Illinois Historian--EDW ARD B. LAN'DRY. Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, D. C. National Safety Council Representative--DAVID L. ARM, manager, Industrial department. ; National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. J i, H3 no liig j7tV>' *tr n A S M * * e 11 r ' ' 957 National Safety Congress h]{ \ _____ _ VIIt;e'lts '*' iV* lifSlW - 1 ----T]us is""51)ccr galn7" KuT'"t!icseTlaws still , on our roads rather than being contentwith focus on doing something to r the man who picking up the pieces after the w orst has has met with an accident, rather than on happened. driving-full steam into eliminating causes; tor accidents. When a ship is sinking, then the whole weight of responsibility rests on manning'-the life b o n a n d getting the pas sengers and crew off the vessel. When an auto has gone hurtling off a thntway then, the weight of moral responsibility is to rush medical care. Total security is a goal that is beyond our reach, but great progress can be nude when men of competence and good will and -devo tion join together to help each other in every way possible to promote safety mea sures against accident hazards. The symbol of this step is, I su p p o se.th e ; National Safety Congress itself. It stands for moral But neither life boats nor ambulances arc responsibility toward these hazards at its the full measure of moral responsibility that best, for our deepest responsibility toward rests upon ns today when ships still sail the the victim of accidents is to see to it that high seas and cars ride the-highways. Qur all is done to keep him from becoming a moral sense has grown up beyond that level victim. Arid that is a worthy cause for all of moral satisfaction. In its modem con , of us, wherever we are--in labor and in cept moral TCi>onsibility stresses preventing management, in education and in govern the worst from happening on the oceans and ment tk. K LABOR'S STAKE IN SAFETY Ic W by A. J. HAYES international president, International Association of Machinists; vice president, AFL-CIO, Washington, D. C. I don't intend to stay within the limits of That is why ,1 say that labor's stake in Mi this title because 1 am certain little new in safety is pretty obvious. Therefore ! will formation could be said about "Labor's |touch, upon aspects of tile subject th a t'a rc Slake in Safety. It is obvious that no one not often discus set)--aspects that arc some- could have a greater stake itt industrial what , controversial. Perhaps the.' art: not safety than the men and women who are the discussed because they arc controversial. direct victims of industrial accidents. To art employer -- matters of industrial ETHICS IN SAFETY safety, occupational disease, accident pre Since my views and public statements on vention .and workmen's compensation--are (the "corruption in unions'' issue have Aseen all tied tip with economic considerations. as frank and honest as I can make them, They are important insofar as they affect-- I see no reason to be any less candid in m and can lie made to reduce--insurance rosis, stating niy views about matters of indus .training costs, and material costs. But these trial safety. I assure you, however, that I are all money costs--cash costs--costs that am not injecting controversy for its own are measured in dollars and cents. sake, but because these are matters that con To a worker, on the other hand, an in dustrial. accident, is a matter of something that is even more tangible than money. It cern the men and women who run the daily, risk of being injured, diseased or killed on their jobs. y'dv.,' CSs S is a matter of a man's blood, bones and Safety---and accident prevention--have an sinew--of tragedy, suffering and sorrow. ethical as well as an economic sidei I think And sometimes, in fact, more than 50 times none of us--whether we represent labor or a day--on every working day--it is a mat management -- would disagree w ith certain ter of life itself to someone, somewhere, in basic, ethical principles in the field of indus . this trial safety. We would all agree, for ex- L. . 16 R lli would further agree that an'employer lias places: 'Il the ^legislation a moral ^responsibility to protect his workers .aimed at: thisiobjectiye^wj-gkmen'sscompen-'t; mat against distease, accidents, mental stress and satio n w as ':?,thie>kcy,,'i FoiO until,'employers^ -./',,'- infections from the conditions of e.mempploloyy- ; >wye:rce 'made direccttllyy:and financially responn--J-', "T We all profess to agree that human life is not cheap; that man is not something to Ik sacrificed to a machine And yet. these ethical principles are not always applied in lay to-day life nor are they self-enforcing, in practical application they come into con flict with individual economic interests, and thus must l>e enforced either through group action, or by society as a whole through -political action. As--*.-rule,'-society docs not move as fast as the need would indicate. We all know, for example, tliat the first industrial revolu- tion had run its course for more than 1Op vears before society' got 3round to adopting and enforcing rules and regulations of in- dust ria l'-safety. For more than !(X) years industrial workers were given no legal pro tection against the risks and hazards of in dustrial employment. ; Here and there, a lone individual employer might attempt to provide decent and health ful working conditions for his workers. But: 1 the whole, the story of factory, '.employ-: <ent in the 19th century--and through the : earlly 20th century--was a preuy i ghastly one. - I don't need to go into the details that are indicative of tile cold indifference with which human life was held in American mines and factories. Suffice.to say. it did not .seem'to . m atter how many men, women and children were killed or crippled in the course-of a day. There were always more w aiting at th e gates the next morning--driven; by raw poverty to plead for a-chance to jeopardize their lives, and limbs. J .slid e ..fori- the .results;.of vtorkers'.accidents, .*>->r tfi`T had no economic, r'ason to prevent accidents. The whole' pattern and fabric of our industrial' safety.vpnfgtamj:throughout htloiew neaftfieocntsivree;s,tos;uren;t.wiroerlkyntip*tnr'sbocwomgpoeondsa.tainodn I I m and our occupational; disease laws are.1 ; f. =y--- - - I ' -s! ECONOMIC REASONS ---'-e'Wsilisi i Oh, o f course,'''-you', ic$n point. to many .-'r: Other good economic rationalizations for in- i ' ciustrial .safety. ?You can fsayindustrial ac-'.it cidents addfall 'kinds of ilir.ect and 'indirect,','v costs to production. You. can ppint .to the ,r '.."fo**. of. hiring and training amewi'. employee, p equipment damaged in a work accident, / fif the_ time lost by othdr employees when ,fn accident occurs.; , t <' 1 j But I will- throw thetr{ all right back to ; you and. say -that these c'attsideratioan were `` present 'lor^-ibeiore-;>*e; industrial acn- ( dent prpgrams--and th at^ti wasn't until ac-' * - cidcnt prevention was reiyforced w ith fw o rk ^g l men's compensation.and tfcqipatiqnal disease 1(pi legislation |th a t employers 1really, hecaxne 1, conscious ` { ',1 .j So it?''seems that the j thing that counts v?i i\ hi",re is how good our <-rkmen'si compensa tion and i occupational disease j legislation realIv are. W Hf | And that's a good question1 I've spent (my whole adult life in the labor movement As a matter of fact, I' Jwaj projected into jit. bv the iycr)' thing W'd are talking about f l(. here, today--an industriijl accident. I went i to work? at; 17,/ years ' qi age' because my 1 *,1 father was 'totally disabled bv a work in- jitry--ap: in ju ry th a t' e \^ tu a lly jk d jl^ fh .im .i,^ |^ !*" SOCIETY BROUGHT CHANGES The point 1 am getting at, of -course, is. that change--when it came--was not the result of any regeneration of moral and ethical conviction on the part of employer?. It came rather because society : as a Whole was thoroughly:.revolted. It esunef because the American people ;were finally shocked enough to correct a condition that had pre vailed--and. grown worse--Tor 100 years. j. -'in the'course of 'many years of studying and dealing with the problems; of . my, union , j{ --which arf, of course, the... problems- ?of; the members of my union, }l realized;that our *;j present i system of- workmen's .-compensation iand occupational discastj;legislation s' com-^ jM, I'pictely land wholly!inao<y[uate t o `meet, t h e - ^ s ^ i^ 1 'jnecds. qf our complex ufdustrial society, ? ."4 ; 1 am; not alone in thai conclusion. There','. ,V-m|T are, in fact, many men i in the labor move- ment today v,'ho fed j-ven more strongly 1 17 S i l l l l l l S l l i l S l f i l l i 1S Wi iBl i jjfcU&k :* $ 19j/ A tilioHtif S u ftiy Congress ihail 1 do---men who arc firmly convinced that workmen's compensation has been a jii^r.vtilic swindle on the American worker. This nation has tried.' to deal with a national problem by having 48 sepcratc. con flicting-- and in ;t sense -- competing state statutes. And. there*is no doubt but that workmen's compensation is one kind of labor legislation that states'use to compete with one another to attract industry. In fact, whenever we go into the state legislatures to get improvement or expan sion of existing laws, we invariably meet ' employer counter-arguments to the effect that any further improvement in coverage or benefit structure will shove industry into the waiting and sympathetic arms of stales which are more concerned with payrolls--- than with the people on those payrolls. SAPETy INTEREST LACKING Certainly the health and safety of the nation's work force should not be a pawn in any state's bid for new industry. But that is just what it is under a svstem that allows Mississippi or Arkansas or Georgia to compete for industry by offering low workmen's compensation laments and a mini mum of safety regulation at the plant level. Why should an employer pay $40 a week for a temporary total disability jn Illinois-- w hen. he can go to Arkansas and pay S25 a week tor the same injury? The .situation in workmen's'compensation legislation is so had. in fact, that the Secre tary of'Labor, Mr. Mitchell, although speak ing for an administration that normally fol lows a hands-off policy in state legislation, has been, constrained to ' speak ont and to plead with the states to bring their laws imp line with modern conditions. But Ivccausc employers can play off one state against another in. this matter, the re sults have been somewhat negligible. There is no indication that the. remedy will ever catch upwvith the need, untu there is broader recognition that industrial accidents arc a national problem--one that is truly solvable only on the national level. The lack of a strong and equitable work men's com[>ensatiou system leads to a cor responding lack of interest in enforcement of safety codes and regulations. In many states the Bureau of Factory Inspection-- by whatever name it goes under--is little more titan a sop to the conscience of the . 1 . tf f > Sf1' ,s<v state legislature.,: In fact, the itisjHtction serv. ice in such states is not onlyi understaffed.' but the staff is underpaid, untrained 'ansi technically unqualified to do a competent job in a field that needs a high degree of competency. But as bad as .the situation in workmen's compensation and factory inspection . may.f*e. the situation itt occupational disease cov erage verges on the criminal. And this is a matter of more than just j>oc>r legislation It is- incredible .to think that in the second half of the 20th century 20 states still either have no coverage or limited coverage of occupational disease. But the greater problem is that there i* too little understanding of the nature and complexity of occupational disease.. The range anil source of occupational disease ita modern industry is practically limitless. None of the ways by which-m an'm akes a living is completely free of some hazard to lihvsical, or mental health. The risk -o f'o c cupational disease grows greater every day as industrial processes become more and more dependent upon and saturated with toxic .dusts, fumes, vators,'gases, acids and alkalies. Every day thousands of workers are cx- osexl to everything from arsenic '.to.-mercury lioisoning, from benzine compounds to mag nesium poisoning, from sulphuric acid to chromium poisoning, Thousands liave no physical or legal protection whatsoever against the chemicals and poisons that are slowly killing them. . UNAWARE OF RISKS In tact, many are not even aware of the ri>k. They will find out when it is too late. In many states they will also find out that they have no right to compensation under the occupational disease law. I wonder how you tell a man who has contracted carbon tetrachloride poisoning, for example, that he isn't entitled to benefits under the occupa tional disease law because the legislature of his state hasn't seen fit to'-recognize that carlxtn tetrachloride poisoning is an occupa tional disease? I recently read a statement tec the effect that "the sco|>e of occupational disease is almost beyond calculation" 'and "it comes, in fact, unpleasantly close to Ixting the major public health problem of our time." lehr time that tnc-ri IlOW iWvf chan \CTT< Thin illisl * .. llv'. MllC, I V I'-. :If and ,'lUilM letns hut I Now lisilU ;. a n n -t! work of m Ca t `.',1a oi *1 adcqi cel i expo- I'c: -.iL.vtjs rote radia . |'rote iisea' tions :' pueur. fa jliu .comp: '.is nnanc lead e.crjtos ;KcL iijR'as has rt on. in - nienta about workshabite -We . are ai 1; dial is so--and 1 for one am inclined to broken dovsu under the stress of life in V ' 1 V `W 1 , -Jelicve-. it--it .is tragic commentary on our complicated, impersonal and.' high!} I indue- ime--on the ethics of a business community5 tnalizgcl society Hut we d^n'i know how t- hat has done so little about it. It is even tnuchi<more stress people. caii take, or what iriorc tragic in view of the fact that we arc effect * automat ion will havejon a worker's now entering a new phase in our industrial nervous system. At what point does the development--a phase of such sweeping human mind crack up from |heer loneliness, change that some commentators have re lack of contact w ith fellow* workers, from ferred to it as a new industrial revolution. uninterrupted rcjictition an-s'brainwashing Think of that--we arc entering a new in: boredjptn ? . . ' * 1 duunal revolution without ever having fully -nlyrd the problems that attended the old : .I ;.jjm . not just tossing <i;ie.shoiis out at :j random, here. All of the things I am talking one. aUiiu-- from workmen's compensation and I wonder if it wili again take us 10U tears occupational disease -to radiajtton and mental j.t make even a decent start on the health distress--have a-valid relatj'in to industrial and safety problems that will arise out of .ititumation and atomic energy. These prob lems are not a part of a distant tomorrow Inti are already a ja rt c/f the world today. health and safety--and arc;proper o$f l;dux>r interest. s*s i' . LOOK fOR DANGERS subjects, I ' /t ISffS Now more than 1,500 industrial plants are using atomic materials in one form or another---in 1,500 establishments American workers arc already exposed to the hazards {f -atomic radiation. Can We say the state laws in existence today--indeed can we sav that anv system i*f !-tatc. inspection and compensation-- arc adequate to care tor the workers who will el leukemia or lone cancer because of exposure to atomic radiation? For safety is a broad icrfn. iIt is -define.}4 a>: ( 1) the state. or cot&Htion of: being; safe; (2) frqedom from -Linger or. risk ; and ijj) freedom from mjujy 1 Saleiv means, freedom ftfom any kind of . danger. risk or injury. When we apply that :: idefinition to industrial ronjlitions wc-must think mi terms of hidden 'Ungers as well,-iWe .must change our ..attitude toward oc.y -cutaiioual dtscases-rgo out booking .-for them .i instead- of trying to prtien<{ they don't exist,-.: r-sSfe, 4 fte , ,*M| m. s ii OON7 KNOW PROTECTIONS i'crMiitally, I feel somewhat discouraged al.-out the prosjiects. How can the states nrotcct and care for victims of industrial radiation when they haven't yet learned to protect and care for victims of occujiational diseases that have been prevalent for genera- or implying if they <lo- exist, that -they have no relation to mdu-urul causes. 1 jam not exaggerating ijwhen I say-that* industry has taken a "hea-vm-ithe-sand'Vai*- titmk- up .to now. It lias Tried to cover, up i>ccujQtional diseases r;uhrV than to-isolate, prevent and-care tor them.- t - tioins? We need only look at silicosis'and There ,has l*een .little*: research--either, fmeumoconiosis to see the failure. And governmental-: or private--sn tiic field. The failure to provide adequate treatment land Public Health Service spends less than one. compensation for these dreadful dust diseases cent for each worker each year- on the pre ifin|apnacrealleplreodgrabmy stheof farielsueraercohf -tihnadtustwryoutlod tvieonntaiol nInosfti-t-uotcecuopfatiHoneaallthd:,isweahsiecsh.;rhTahse mNadae j 1 lead to their prevention at the source of hundreds of: research gcantii during -the evil sure. pasr three-nr four years, lias made less than i Related to the problems of occupational half- a dozen in the tielih of occupational diptase and radiation is another matter that health. There is an iron rurtain.of: secrecy lias received almost no attention in industry, . arcitind tins whole subject.; ' or; in government. That is the matter .of 1 Not only -does industry fail to : support mental disease. We already know enough and subsidize research ir* oec,`upatiotial dis-: aln.iut automation to know that it will throw cases, itself, hut men wIk have tried to-do workers into a lonely and eerie .world in- : independent research-find that-it is virtually, habited by monster mechanical devices. mijsissiblc to get facts, information, or co- We also know that our mental hospitals operaiion from the people in industry who arc already crowded with people who have are-iin a position to help; W orse still, it a ` 10 \i\ S MW ,,, S'fiMV- , " - 1 i' h? if^vk U J. s 'Ji jI,imt,m ill * y > * ` ' .- '!; we cannot get decent 'factory ,inspec-;` ; licit) from the state governient,;; then',we in :; the labor movement must resort1to self-he ip. Many unions are thinking -1in terms of col; f . Sect1ve bargaining clauses which would re- i quire , the employer to adopt- the safety sAtasnsodcairadtisonsetas bythethme inAimmuemricaancceSpttaanbdleardins ; odeurrelibcutsiinnesmsy cdoumtymuanndityf.a1lsIeIlitto ,1myw. otruulsdt, base, i f i i l l ! m jhir shop.. , rani .elected yofliccr,;; of-wonc cot.:. America'si ...... m LABOR FIGHTS FOR SELF greatest unions Uf I did not say:'frankly.s u n d ^ v ./T < | candidly that we in.the laliori movementiare;: We are also prepared to'bargain for more not satisfied with present legislation relating vtipplememal injury benefits w hen the com to industrial health and safety, workmen's 1 1 \ \ j^A1 pensation provided by state laws is not ade comjien>jtiion and occupational diseases. | quate to sustain a worker and his family. Although our efforts, will directly benefit only the, 17 million organized workers, per haps they will release new pressures that null eventually result in improved legisla tion benefiting all workers. 11 In a sense this is a grchi challer'e.to / j * .the National Safety Council---a cha..enge ., * ,that can be met only if all facts a re rsquarely T?;';," 'ifacsdJt If we in the labor movementscould^: count on your assistance in the fight *for 1 .-Iietter legislation and more rcsearchiOn .both, The American labor movement has but .the state and federal levels ' wq might, to- one purpose--one reason for existence in gethcr, make this a far happier; h e a l t h i e r ; , ; s American life--to serve and .protect 'Amcri- and safer-nation in which to live and woitlejj^ r.oi workers. There arc times when we H" 'ij,, iftSl GOOD COMMUNICATIONS HELP SAFETY by GEORGE SCRIYEK public relations director, United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America, AFL-CIO, Akron, Ohio Our organization has been safety minded , besides good. And there `certainly is. i I for many years. The record on that score think! there is a lot of bad and: fuzzy com- speaks for itself in a loud and clear manner. munkationstgoing an in all f|.*lds. The results of our efforts,' in cooperation; with enlightened managements, tell the sto ry ; of how we have seen the number of acci-' dents reduced in the plants in which pur members work. I shall not go into sped he figures on frequency rates and such. i Within the subject mat.er ;at hand,t" I would say the word good means that type which gets some concrete fraction and resuits,. In the Unit! Rubber Workers, We think our communications jhave been good lecattsc we have the, results! to show for it. t don't supirose any of you would dispute the flat statement that good communications MUST HAVE RECEIVER j help safety. But I'd like to try and give Now for the word comi|mfcaf{otu in.the . yi.ti some of the; techniques, the how and the phrase. You can't have tiimmunications-- why of that statement. trie good type that is--unless: someone is First, let's do a little word analyiting. I sending the message l and $someone is re-hi; certainly don't want to sound like the pon cciving it. I was in the Aiy Force;in W orld/ ')' tifical. professor'lecturing his class on semut- W ar II, and I served as fa radio.-operator ..; ics. But when w e say good in our topic, in the Pacific aboard a B-fi9 Superfortress. "Good Communications Help Safety," we When I sent a message and no one received ... immediately infer that there is another kind it, I didn't have communications.1 I was- ,. 21 ..'v;(';ii;:; .iiWiCK' 195' National Safety Congress 1; 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. V 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. FILMS Mechanisms of Breathing (E B F) 612.2-1, Pettnyslvama State University, AudioVisual Aids Library, State College, Pa. or Encyc. Brit. Filins, Inc. 1150 W il mette Ave., Wilmette, 111., (16mm sound. 11 min). Oxygen, 16mm sound. 10 min., B&W and color. Coronet Films, Coronet Bldg. Chicago 1, 111. The A ir IIY Breathe, 16mm sound, 26 min., B&W; Mine Safety Appliance Co., 5-45 49th Ave., Long Island City, X. Y. or local sales office. The City That Disappears (Los Angeles), 16mm sound, color, 30 min., (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. A Report on Smog, 16mm sound, color, 20 min. (same source as 4). You Bet Your Life, 25 min., 16mm sound' B&W, available same source as 3. Use of Oxygen in Aviation, TF1-4595, 22 min., 1(mm sound, color, same source as 8. Oxygen, In-Flight Requirements, TF-1-5038A, 25 min., 16mm sound, color. Air Force Training Films, Eastern Film Exchange, 1356 Film Library blight (A PC S) (M A T S ), Marietta Air Force Station, Marietta, Pa. Oxygen-In-Flight Equipment, T F 1-5038B, 30 min.. 16mm sound color, same source as 8. The Physiology o f Anoxia, 30 min., 16mm sound, B&W, same source as It. The Breath of Life, 10 min., 16mnt sound color, H. J. Polk, Oxygen Therapy Dept., Linde Air Prod. Div., U.C.&C., 30 E. 42nd St., New York 17, X. Y. Safe and Efficient Oxygen Therapy, 20 min.. 16mm sound color, avail, same source as 11. Nitrogen Inhalation Therapy, 10 min., 16mm silent color, Dr. H. E. Himwich, Galesburg State Research Hospital, Galesburg, 111. So Ivey Chlorine Emergency Deznees, 16mm silent color, 40 min., Research Dept., Solvcv Process Div., Allied Chem. & Dye Corp., Solvcy, X. Y. or local Solvessales branch off. Use of the Air-Chem Suit, 16mm sound, 30 min. color, Cost Reduction Section, Chamber Works, Organic Chemicals Dept,, E. 3. DuPont deXcmours & Co., Inc. (Penns Grove, X. J.) avail, both with magnetic .sound tract & regular optical sound tract. Breathing Apparatus, Fire Dept. Training Film, !6mm sound B&W, 30 min.. Public Relations sect. Los Angeles Fire Dept.. Los Angeles, Calif., also avail, as Xavy Train. Film Breath o f Life, 16mm sound, color, 10 min., Scott Avia. Corp., Lancaster, X. Y. .Vo. 2 Training Film, 16 sound B&W, 20 min., Scott distributors. Damage Control. Oxygen Breathing Apparatus, MX-6931A, 16mm sound, B&W, 22 min., X aw Train. Film, U. S. Xaval Train. Aids Center, E. Coast, 207 W. 24th St., X. Y. 11, X. Y. Rescue Companies, 16mm sound 30 min., by Warwick & Tompkin, Public Rela tions section, Los Angeles Fire Dept., Los Angeles, Calif. Nerve Gas Casualties & Their Treatment, 36mm sound color, 30 min., State CD Offices, or thru the Federal CD Admin., Battle Creek, Mich, on Fed. contribu tions prog, or thru W. B. lacques, E. R. Squibb & Co.. 745-Sth Ave., Xew York, X. Y. Gas .Obstacle Course, TF-14440, 16mm sound, B&W, 19 min., 3943 (A ir Force) same source as 8. The Effects of Weather ok the Travel of Smoke & Gas Clouds, TF-1-4666, 16mm sound, B&W, 21 min., 1949, avail, same as 8. 214 A regular' compressor and a standby com pressor were provided on the air line. Over a week-end. both compressors were out of service, so battled nitrogen was manifolded into the line by a temporary jumper con nection to maintain instrument air pressure. An emp'oyee, aware of the circumstances, was told to wear a filter-type mask. By habit, however, he entered the area and was found dead several minutes later due to nitrogen inhalation in the air-line ropirator he had wont instead of the filter-type mask. Breathing air systems, using an approved compressor or tank system, should dtc closely supervised and used only for breathing. Employees whose-work takes them out of contact (visual or audiable) with others should lie closely supervised. Human error caused this fatality.' CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AGAIN Bunker C oil leak* had sprayed oil over the walls and ceiling of a small boiler room. Fearing the fire hazard which might result from using kerosene on the electrical equip ment, the plant engineer had four men use a bucket of carl>on tetrachloride with a long-handled brush. Respirators of the proper type were pro vided and worn, but due to a missing part and jioor fitting cm one mask, one of the men became ill and was hospitalized three weeks with typical carbon tetrachloride .poi soning symptoms. A properly adjusted respirator, a less toxic solvent (such as 1,1.1-trichloroeihane), and ventilation--any combination of these measures would have prevented this injury. It was also noted that the injured man occasionally consumed alcoholic beverages-- a contra-indicated action in solvent areas. PHOSGENE A chemist suffered a major injury when phosgene gas containing dissolved HC1 es caped from a cylinder too fast for the cap acity of the hood. The chemist was wearing a Type X universal canister mask,, but he noticed that his eyes were irritated when he took the mask off moments later in the fresh air. Two men who worked alongside him were wearing air-line respirators and did not smell phosgene nor notice any eye or throat irritation. The chemist was hospitalized for H) days from a toxic exposure to phogenc fumes, and was absent from work for about one month. -The two other men suf fered no ill effects whatsoever.! XO RESPIRATO RS PROTECTION A chemist was decomposing a reaction mixture containing phosphorous oxychloride t> in a'hood by pouring it over ice onto a four-liter 1icakcr. While his back was turned, the reaction became violent and the mixture overflowed onto the hood floor. A small amount also spilled onto the laboratory floor, since lie did not have a catchpan under the beaker. He directed his Inloratory assistant to leave tlte room promptly, but stayed behind to throw some ice on the spill on the floor and open windows. He re-entered the labo ratory after 10 minutes, when the fumes had subsided considerably, and cleaned the spilled material oft the floor. This required 10 minutes, during which period he inhaled some cif the fumes, chiefly H Cl. He did not use any respiratory protection, although it was available. j lie did not notice any ill effects that day, other than eye and throat irritation, but be was hospitalized on the following day for bronchial and pulmonary congestion. He was in the hospital for four days. A vertical catalyst ted was living rpdded out to remove solids. Dust and tnines from the solids Icing discharged at the Iwttom of the reactor were .sufficient to cause coughing and discomfort to the operator, although sjiot ventilation was being used at the top of the column. - : The operator continued to Iwork out his shift, but that night he had! an attack of nausea and vomifting, accompanied by per- -istent coughing. Following- a recurrence of the original attack, he was admitted to a hospital for four days. i An air line respirator was! readily avail able, although the magnitude of the dust hazard was not fully,appreciated at the time. During the ojieration 'o f a small scale reactor housed in a barricade, it was nec essary to enter the barricaded area and with draw condensate every half-hour. This re moval consisted of opening a valve at the 1957 National Safety Congress bottom of a condenser to check for and re move any unconverted by-products. In per forming this operation it was necessary to discharge some vapors to insure complete withdrawal of the condensate. The injured had been doing this during his shift without using the air-line respi rator which was prcscrilred protection equip ment for -this operation. In addition to this exposure, he had entered the barricade during the early part of the shift to make minor repairs to a leaky blower. The injured worked for several days with no apparent ill effects. While at home he., developed a fever and shortness of breath which was subsequently diagnosed as acute bronchial asthma. He was home for three days. In this case, the injured failed to obey written and verbal instructions to wear an air-line respirator, an d . the injured's shift leader failed to enforce this rule. Since then, all operators in this group have been reinstructcd in `the necessity for observing regulations regarding barricade en try ,. and have been informed that repeated violation of safety regulations .may constitute grounds for dismissal. WRONG TYPE MASK An employee washing out a chlorine tank car passed out due to insufficient oxygen. A fellow employee put on a Type N uni versal canister gas mask and entered the car for rescue purposes. He, too, passed out and it was necessary to use sell-con tained breathing apparatus to rescue both. Fortunately, both men recovered. * * Fire was located in a drying-storage room oi steel construction, measuring 8 feet x 50 feet x 30 feet closed by an absestos curtain at one end. There was no possibility of ventilating. The room was located on the sixth floor of a factory and contained a large quantity of "wood flour" (pulverized saw dust), used in casting ornaments, con tained in 100# bags. Fire was' started by an electric motor in the rear-most portion of the room. The fire had smoldered for some time and this room was heavily loaded with smoke, and obviously a high CO and CO> content. Alarm was sounded when the heat finally built up enough to activate a sprinkler head, which transmitted an A, D. T . alarm. Since very little smoke was visible external to the drying room (which was held at approx. 150P) the first firemen went in without any protection. They were quickly over come. Mcml>ers of the rescue company followed closely behind using Type NT universal can ister masks. These functioned w e ll on the sixth flexor outside the drying- rcom, but in side, one of these five men was overcome. The other four heeded the warning sign of "overbreathing" and retreated tc> fresh air before being overcome. These same men returned to the room after donning selfcontained breathing apparatus. In all, 30 men were overcome in this multiple alarm fire--multiple only because all men from the first companies were overcome. All the firemen recovered. NO RESPIRATO RY PROTECTION A chemist was preparing to use hydrogen sulfide for a determination and when the vaivc was opened, a leak developed Ixtcause a washer did not seat properly. Before the employee could dose the valve, the hydrogen sulfide was ignited by the flame from a hunsen burner located in the same hood. In an attempt to close valve, the employee rc-cntcrcd the room, without wearing protective equipment, was overcome, and struck his head on the edge of a bench as he fell to the floor. He was res cued by another employee who was wearing a. demand self-contained breathing appara tus. He was hospitalized for three months and as a. result of this incident lost his sense of smell. ANOTHER SOLI'ENT INCIDENT Two electricians, journeyman and appren tice, were working in a concrete pit-- four by six foot top opening and standing on the bottom, the ground level was in the proximity of their eyes, nose and mouth. Repair of the small motor involved using a solvent an inhibited grade of 1, 1,1-trichlorocthane. Approximately 10 minutes after en tering the pit, the one electrician appeared to be swaying, somewhat in a stupor and somewhat incoherent. A combination of lifting and pushing forced the man out of the pit. The other electrician used the lad der in leaving the pit. ------ 4'-~~kemical Industrie A few minutes .exposure to fresh sir and ihc "overcome'' electrician stood up and walked to the dispensary. Examination re vealed him to Ik coherent and no signs of narcosis. He rested for'about half an hour and returned to his job--by this time the job in the pit was completed. A few pertinent tacts are in order: sol vent was not spilled on the floor of the p it.. the "overcome" electrician had returned to work that morning after being otT tor sev eral days due to a bronchial inflammation, and the other electrician never demonstrated or mentioned 'any ill effects. IXERT GAS IX TAXK CAR A tank cleaner entered a tank car (which had previously contained caustic soda) and -.arted to wash it down with a hose with ihc bottom outlet 0[Kn. After failing to reappear in a normal time, investigation re vealed the man lying in the 1attom of the car. Upon removal and attempts at resus citation, it was determined that he had died as a result of -weak alkali solution having been taken into the respiratory tract. This is strong evidence that the inert gas used to unload the car was a byproduct of chemical operations, low in oxygen and could have contained carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and other constituents. I 'poo checking the air oxygen and 2000 pjim of reducing gases, which would commonly be reported as carbon monoxide. Inasmuch as the crucial coroner's report stated that the man tell to the bottom of the car apparently due' to heat exhaustion, there was no significant publicity-concerning this incident. Corrective measures have been taken to avoid any recurrence. T A X K JOB CLAI MS LIFE. A maintenance mechanic lost his life, and his assistant narrowly escaped in tank inci dent.. Repair work had been scheduled inside the tank to begin after lunch, and two. men as-' signed to the job. The mechanic decided to look over the job about 11 :30 a.m. and went into the tank after sending his helper tor certain supplies. The inert gas (which con tained essentially nitrogen with small per centages of CO and COO supply to the tank had not been shut off. since the me chanic had not informed anyone of his entry. The mechanic was quickly overcome. His helper returned a few minutes later, shouted for help, then went- into the tank to aid the first man who was unconscious. Before help arrived, the helper was also overcome, but both men were promptly re moved to fresh air. The helper was suc cessfully revived, but the mechanic could not be brought tack to life. Failure to follow established tank-entry procedures was the reason given for this fatality. IXERT GAS Two men entered a kettle to repair an agitator, which is normally a two day job. On the first day nothing unusual happened. On. the second day the men ,went into the kettle, worked for an hour, and came up for a coffee break. When they re-entered kettle, they began to feel weak. They were actually too-weak to climb out of (li man hole after 15 minutes, but finally crawled out. They came to as they stepped, out into the air. After investigation, it was discovered that one of the men had opened an inert gas line instead of an air line. Close to the top of the kettle was a section for a hose line to be piped to outside the building. The hose was only half-way down into the kettle. The inert gas was heavier than air, .when they bent -over to pick up tools, they would get inert gas until they eventually were nude ill. * An engineer went down to inspect a kettle. He began to feel sick and came out. Upon investigation later they found the kettle had been "blown-out" with enert gas and did not iollow through by removing the gas with .proper me ventilation. (The engi neer recovered immediately upon leaving the kettle) * * * A man went into a non-enameled kettle. The' complete kettle was blanked orT with exception of entrance. The kettle had been "blown-out" with inert gas. He was over come,. It was necessary to resuscitate the man quite a while before he recovered. I L I . U MI X A T I X G CAS I X TR E X CM . Two men were, working in a scries of three by seven by seven foot -trenches' dug along a 75-foot length of a street. ' While tapping a high pressure illuminating gas main to install a jumper line into a low 195? National Safety Cempress pressure- main, a drill slipjied and ojtcncd a valve in the tapping machine. Gas was re leased into the trench. One man immediately left the trench, hut the other was overcome. A laliorcr standing-, on the hank ohscryed this, and immediately descended into the trench. He tied a rope around the waist of the unconscious man before he, too, was overcome. Meanwhile the foreman-of the job put on an air-line 'respirator and went into the trench to dose the valve. By the time the two unconscious men were brought to the surface by the foreman, one was sufficiently ill that itihalato'rs could not revive the laliorcr even after a. half-hour of resuscitation. The other un conscious man was revived The final score: three men treated at hospital for gas. inhalation while one man was dead on arrival. MASK IMPROPERLY ADJUSTED A near fatality occurred when .an oper ator went to tighten a chlorine line in the Waste Treatment Plant and the line disin tegrated, thus exposing him to a full blast of chlorine. He had .his face mask on; but due to maladjustment, he was hospitalized for twenty-four hours. NARROIY ESCAPE A plant protection officer entered man hole to inspect water valves, collapsed after about.-three minutes, was unconscious for three and one-half hours, revived by artifi cial respiration. If there had. not tieen another officer watching and a truck with a rope on it nearby, this would likely have been a fatality. A six inch artificial gas main 30 feet away had broken ami the pas had seeped into the hold, No respirator was worn. METHYL CHLORIDE A leak developed in the methyl chloride compressor which was being used to transfer methyl chloride from the drier through a tank to storage. The leak was -first dis covered by a foreman who had heard the compressor pounding and who entered the area to investigate. Two men inhaled excessive, quantities of methyl chloride. An ojierator entered the area with a filter'type respirator, hut left when he detected methyl chloride through his respirator. Shortly afterward lie was 28 observed staggering and shouting outside. He was wearing a dust respirator. Roth' men were given oxygen and sent to the dispensary, Each of the men hail a pale white complexion with a bright red over tone. An examination of the compressor after the incident showed a crack along the base of the compressor housing. This was caused by liquid methyl chloride in the compressor. .The tank had been lull for three days and had been frosted over, indicating the presence of liquid- The incident was caused by attempting to transfer through the full tank. OXYGEX IYAS.VT THERE! During degreasing operations involving the use of Freon-113 (Tritluor.otriehlorocthnne), it appears that one operator tel! into the tank while attempting to disengage the bas ket, The other operator, without calling fur help, immediately entered the tank to go to his assistance. Both men lost their lives due to suffocation in the oxygen-defi cient atmosphere. In fire safety, we have long hammered at the point of calling assistance lefore tack ling any fire alone. The. same point should be reiterated again and again in training personnel where' the hazards of suffocation or entrapment exist. In .many large chemi cal plants, personnel are often widely spaced and telephones are not always readily avail able at all locations. In practically all plants, however, a fire alarm l>ox is located quite conveniently to all operating stations. Full ing the fire alarm box summons trained assistance and supervision in a matter of seconds. Where feasible, employees should )>e trained to use the fire alarm' tx>x instinc tively to summon assistance lefore attempt ing on their own. In'any case where hazard evaluation dis closes the [lossibtlity of suffocation or en trapment. tersonnel should tie thoroughly trained to overcome the instinctive reaction to go immediately to the victim's assistance and t o ' summon help first by the fastest available means. HYDROGEN SCLEWli! One man suffocated and two escaped death when exposed to HiS. This accident was caused when a precipi tation tank overflowed and spilled add- 'EMAfi'MNk ,, m Ip IlfPifr "wnt'i -^-f'C hcm icaM ndusIrtcs bearing1 Ikjuot on the floor. The liquor drained into a sump near the leach station and was then pumped;into a reserve holding tank. Later, pipes from a reserve sulfide holding tank were disconnected, allowing the contents to drain on the llcxtr. The sulfide, during clean-up was washed into the sump and then pumped into the sime reserved holding tank.. An immediate . reaction generated large .quantities of 11,?. filling the area surrounding the tank. Una ware of this,'three employees entered the area. The first employee collapsed just as he passed the tank, The remaining two men walked a few feet further: one collapsed and the other reached a window and called for help. Other members arrived and gave artificial respiration while the ambulance was -ummoned. On arrival at the hospital, the first employee was pronounced dead. Processing plants and laboratories in the program nnuain the elements to produce not only gases like IPS hut disastrous fires and plosions as well. These can occur from an uncontrolled chemical process reaction or. as in this case, from improper mixture :f two chemicals. Infrequently, storage of incompatible chemicals, can be separated physically for safety, which was done here afterward. More reliably, however, the em ployees should be instructed fully in the adverse effects of chemical combinations I-tissiblc in the operation. ALIPHATIC HVDROCARSONS A pipe-fitter, aged 26, was gassed by aliphatic hydrocarbon fumes in a pit 20 feel by 10 feet- by 6 feet deep in an oil re finery while he and another man were in-ening a blank in a pipeline which had been Unut off. Both men were wearing breathing apparatus supplies with air from a handpump, a V piece being used to supply the two sets of apparatus. from a single pump. While working in the pit. the pipe fitter, who was apprehensive and difficult to reas sure, was seen to remove his mask. The safety attendant, who. with the foreman, was watching from ground level, replaced the mask and assured him that it was work ing projicrly. Vilien the joint was opened, -m e hquid escaped owing to residual pres' .ire. and the pipefitter endeavored to come away, but was persuaded to return. Later, when he again attempted to leave the pit, his airline caught on the bottom of;g the handrail and impeded h isex it.U T h is, caused him to panic.and he took `off his ; mask: The foreman and the safety attendant running to his assistance, pulled him to safety .as he collapsed. His workmate, con tinued to work in the pit without, any trouble. A lter being given artificial respiration and an injection of coramine, the pipe-fitter was removed to hospital where he recovered. The apparatus which he had been wearing was subsequently found to 1 in good order, but it'w as unwise to compel him to work under circumstances of which he was obvi- ouslv afraid. J A M H O S'!A One afternoon, while the engine-room foreman of an ice-cream factory was stand ing near an oil separating unit, there was a retort and ammonia liquid and gas issued front the sump. It was later found that the rubber sea! between the sighting glass hous ing and the sump had "blown." The engine room was immediately evacuated, the fore man taking with him a canister respirator from a rack. The fire brigade was called and warning given to all employees in the factory. As the concentration of gas was too high for the canister respirator, the foreman was unable to re-enter the engine room to reach the ammonia isolating valve. The gas spread rapidly through the factory area and many of the 100 employees, most of them women, were affected. There was some degree of panic and. some women were rescued from the canteen by firemen. Sixteen women employees and two firemen were admitted to hospital but only three persons were detained overnight. Seven of the women were suificiently affected to require notification. Occupants of houses within a radius of 50 yards of the factory were also affected. The firm had already been advised to provide self-contained breathing apparatus and they were again advised to keep apparatus of this kind out side the engine room as well as the canister respirators. TITO FATAL ACCIDENTS WITH BENZENE VAPOR In one accident a laborer, aged 23, was fatally gassed and an ambulance room atten dant and a fireman were also gassed while Iliii .i,i ii'A mm3 a tfi1" i-usm caslilwl r fill , .-I A U tliili iiu a iiltf * ( `<' , %! i, af|?,;,,{'.S'' ` H si My?: pv 1fcps& y - ,,, * ' 1 1957 National Safety Congress /.>" > *jrri it, 1 <f ^ ,,,njiramtWjgUa-XC&cucJiini.,i,T.ht..fGr,eman^ha4^ given instructions for four of a series of 16 benzol tanks to be cleaned after they had been steamed out, tested and declared free from gas. While the laborer with his workmate was preparing to start work on a tank which had been steamed out, he en quired about another tank which had not been steamed and was told they were not instructed to clean that tank. W hen the workmate returned-after fetch ing a respirator and a lifeline he saw that a ladder and hose pipe had been lowered into the unsteamed tank and that the laborer had unaccountably entered without a lifeline or respirator. After shouting for help he at tempted to enter the tank, at the lottom e.i which there was about 12 inches of liquid, but was forced to come out because of the f tunes. During the rescue operations a fireman, who. in his hurry entered the tank without a mask, was gassed, as was the ambulance room attendant who had donned a fresh-air mask and a lifeline but dislodged his face mask while in the tanks and lost conscious ness. The laborer was given artificial respi ration and oxygen bu' failed to recover. The other fatal case was a benzol bouse attendant aged 47, who was found lying prone and unconscious on the floor, which was saturated with benzol. He .was im mediately dragged into the open air and artificial respiration was started at once,'this l>cing continued with the aid of a rocking stretcher,'oxygen .also l>eing given. Despite this treatment, he was found to be dead on arrival in hospital. When the distillation temperature had been reached it was the attendant's duty to reduce the steam sufficiently to allow distil lation to proceed in th e . normal manner. If this was not done, the crude motor spirit would boil rapidly and would eventually overflow on to the floor. After the accident, the plant was found to be in order, and it was assumed that the accident was due to the use of too much steam. CARBON DISULPHIDE Following the discovery of a leak at a rotary valve on an electric arc furnace used, for the preparation of carbon bisulphide, the manager decided that breathing appara tus was necessary while repairs were being effected--snd--he---issued--a-., pennit-to-work certificate accordingly, Without being in structed to do so, a laborer-climbed up a ladder to the top of the furnace. He was not wearing breathing apparatus and, being overcome by escaping gas, he fell to the ground about 10 feet below. After recovering consciousness he was able to walk to the ambulance room. FOUR CASES OF CHLORI NE POISONING In (our cases in which only slight expo sure to chorine gas occurred, the effects were stated to have been aggravated by the. existence of a previous chest condition One of these cases was a plant operator who inhaled a whiff of chlorine -when adding hydrochloric acid to a reaction vessel under negative nressurc, after having put in a slurry of sodium chlorite. The doctor who treated him in hospital considered that the inhalation of a small arnoun' of chlorine had ''triggered off" an acute attack in a man subject to asthma. A process operator, aged 32. whose expo sure to chlorine from a leak in a plant for the chlorination of dimethvlacetal was slight, suffered from cough, breathlessness and pair, in the chest. The chest phi'sician, who found a lesion in the left upper zone and kept him under observation at rest at home to a-.ess the activity of the tuberculosh lesion,' thought "the infection was a factor greatsr than chlorine exposure in this case A night watchman, aged 58. said to haw had a previous chest condition, suffered from a sensation of choking, cough and respirator)' tightness following a slight leak' i,t chlorine from a control valve The fetinh case in this group was a fitter, aged 57. who, with other men was cleaning an air-cooler plant from which some water containing four p.p.m. of chlorine was leak ing. The other men were unaffected by the small amount of chlorine, but the fitter, who was stated to be a heavy smoker, which caused him to cough continuously, became uncciNcious and suffered from lachrymation and cough. IMPROPER VENTILATION \ laboratory technician was cleaning a vessel with a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids. The work was being done at a sink in front of an open window. How- 30 if * ever, there was not s^c^i^j;n^tjlaii.Q n to " -prevent 'thc'woflcer. from inhaling fumes to make him sick to. his stomach. The proper type Canister Respirator was nailable on . the lower floor but :the rson was not familiar with its use. .VO R E S P IR A T O R Y P R O T E C T IO N . Several specific instances are known where 'personnel should have worn protective equip ment and did not although it was available and the specific personnel were familiar with 'use. For the most part these instances involved professional grade personnel of the 'iitTiculi personality*' category engaged in Research and Development. Injuries were in. all o? these cases from volatile vesicants, and though injuries were serious enough to have resulted in lost time, there was. in : act. no lost time. In one instance the employee t o con vinced to use recommended safety proce dures by a combination of greatly increased supervisory pressure and alarmist industrial hygiene propaganda. In another instance such stresses produced no apparent effect. RESPIRATORY- PROBLEMS We have had people injured while they were wearing respiratory equipment and also we have them injured by not wearing them even though they were available. Some of the latter arc the "Smoke E ater" type who think they can get along without the stand-by equipment. A basic problem with any respiratory protective equipment is knowing the limita tions of a particular device. Actually, the popularity of the self-contained breathing apparatus can be attributed to the fact that its limitations are far less. than any of those that depend on chemicals for air purification. In addition, the operator does not have to be concerned in knowing whether there is sufficient'oxygen in the air. In one particular process we were con fronted with a number of stages in which reactants were more or less open to the atmosphere. In spite of a number of spot ventilators there was a prevalence of noxious odors, most-.free chlorine. Chlorine is considered here for its nui sance and noxious characteristics rather than for its toxicity. Even small amounts have a definite odor 'and they usually cause Chemical indusettrnies ..... { . .. an,,,.operator-ta-get-out-o f~)thc~contaminatcd*v area. This latter incidcntl.y provided -cause si for an additional problem and usually ended in a lost time injury Many times the in* . dividual would go outside for fresh air where it was too cold for his condition. He would catch cold and would come near to developing into pneumonia? ;, , ' During the time this particular process was being developed, operators got used to the chlorine tyytc odor. At this same time the self-contained breathing apparatus was not the popular item it is today. A chemical cartridge respirator was what they gener ally carried draped about.their neck. Proltably many times the trouble was located and the mask removed after the contami nated area was under control without the operators' liaving an exposure. A number of times though, the capacity of the cartridge was unknowingly depleted by prior uses. Then again, the general con- lamination would instil! in the operator the idea..that his mask was 0.K- when it really wasn't. The operator would then prolong his trip beyond limits and have an exposure. To suns up then art operator: a. would not know the conditions of his mask because he was generally conditioned to the contaminant; b. would Inot know the remaining: capa city of the mask. . ! c. would realize that the mask was not working but would remain in the area thinking he could get by or hold his breath a moment: longer in order to complete the job. The. second part of the problem refers to the people that do not use the equipment that is available. Thesejare. the ``Smoke Eaters" or the ones that think they can chance it. Even . today with the self-con tained breathing apparatus available,1 this practice continues. I witnessed an entry to a contaminated area (F H tog). This particular entry was made for no good reason at all; Two men were putting their self-contained breathing apparatus on and this fellow decided 'to go in With a handkerchief over his .nose. It turned out that the men wearing self-contained breath ing apparatus made the necessary emergency shutdown, ventilators soon decontaminated the area, and normal entry could be made. * ' ffM pJ Sfr&v;' mx-- ^ .National Safety Congress SOAP DUST Our operation is essentially a soap manu facturing plant and the air in our factory is frequently contaminated with soap dust from detergents and dust arising from fine woodfiour and cornmcal. We issue our em ployees a dust mask (not Bureau of Mines ap proved).The filter clement consists of a honey comb construction of whipped foam latex. rBjvf 1 Ilil'IS P fP F lS P : -fwSkAB'SSS S f e s ' T A ;v t ;v.W t - i >' ;)i);ffti` H lg T T T h is device docs a modest job of filtering, however, we have^nwM Sbesn cornpleteiy satisfied. Despite th e T a d -"that wc have issued masks to all jxtrsonnel about halt of our' personnel prefer to use an ordinary! handkerchief wrapjxM about their face which appears to do a satisfactory job without the unpleasantness of the dust mask.-Jk OUTUHt FO* SELECTING RESRIIUTORT PROTECTIVE DEVICES HAZARD Oryftn $*lf-containd br*thinf tpptratut How m tik with biowtr Im m td itU ljr d inftro ei to lit* SM-contiined brotthinf tppafittii Host m tik with blowei Toiic ' contaminant. Gtwom nG jl m tsi r-- A irlin t rn p in to r NOT im m d iitely d tflftfO u l to lift Hott m ilk without blow/ Gtuotii and particulat Dutt. m iit. Of fum* reipirator I Partieolata -- |-- -- y Air.lilt Abrauw rwptratef blitting mpintor cartridge rtspirator Im m tdiataly d tnftio ui to lit* I------ i $*tf>cenUin*d Host milk C t i m tik breathing. with with apparatus blower w w citl filler NOT im iM diaU ty dangoroui to life A ir-lin * raipiratof How mtik without b>ow*r Chemical cartridge rwpr*to< V tlb spaciil fifttr ''R tp rin ttd from 8u*tau of Mmei Information Circular 7 7 $ 2 . " 32 SfSS 'h *f " 4 a*ih**!/*.*ivi>>>.'iVvi . J l i ............ h i H ih / * ........i j h,,RRENT SAFETY TOPICS Volume 8 ilfiil .. mmm I ' iitf ii Ili i'H l Ilf ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT and .#M PUBLIC UTILITIES INDUSTRIES Transaction* of the Mm li M*M 45th N ational Safety Congress (October 21-25, 1957, Chicago, 111)1 ..t r r '- n r T 'i' J fA T M O X A n S A F E T T X ^ C m iX cS i' 5 N. MICHIGAN AVENUE, CHICAGO 11. ILUNOIS M-- -- M -- 11111............... .............................. firn,-rii! Chairman--E. E. GERHART, supervisor of safety,- Frigidaire Div,, Generili Motors corp., Dayton, Ohio. Counsel > Scettri. Secretary--G. W. KOCH, supervisor of safety, Western Electric co., Kearney Works. Kearney, X. J. Staff Representative--PAUL E. SH EPPARO. National Safety Council, Chicago, III. I'ici'-Chainnan for Electronics Dizision--FRANK J. STORMEK, Mgr., Safety & Plant Protection, Hot point Co.. Cliicago, 111. / I 'icc-Ciicirman for Heavy Apparatus Diz-ieion--E. J. TURTON*, supervisor of safety, Westinghonse corp.. Buffalo, N. V. 1 see-Chairman fo r Light Apparatus Division-- Y.. L. GERD1XG, Leeds A Northrup ro , Philadelphia, Pa. I 'ice-Chainnan for Electrical H'iVy and Cable i 'Evirion-- H. E. YOUX'G, safety director. Rome Cable Co,. Rome, X. Y. .Yczcsletier Committee: .1. J. MARIX'ER (Chairman), safety-director. Federal Telephone iN Radio co., Clifton. X'. J ; M. I. GJERIlE, senior, engineer, American Mutual Liability Ins. co,, Hackensack, X'. !.; F. G. COFFEY, safety director. I.T.E. Circuit Breaker co., Philadelphia, Pa. ; M. M. RHULAX'D, safety director, lenders. Frarv & Clark. New Britain, Conn.; K. P SX'YDER, safety engineer. Sylvania Electric Product Inc., Altoona, Pa. Research and Engineering Committee: W, F. McCHESX'EY. Chairman, safety director. W- Airborne Computer La1oratory, International Business Machines corp., 'vestal, X'; Y.; M. E. KULBERG, division safety engineer. Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Woburn, Mass. ; C. A. SLAUGHTER, supervisor. Piani Protection & Safety, Jack & Heintz, Inc,, Cleveland, Olito; W. G. MOORHEAD, Administrator, S afety-& Health Dept.. Aircraft-Marine Products, Harrisburg, Pa.; C H. BOW LIN, safety director. Anaconda Wire & Cable co., Anderson, Ind. ; F. G, PEREGOY, supervisor of safety, Air-Arm Diyi. Wcstinghouse Electric.corp., Baltimore, Md. I 'rogram Committee : K. B. MARSHALL. Chairman, safety director, Traiimubile, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio; G. MacDOX'ALD, Self Insurers Services, Inc., Cliicago, 111.-, S. j. CURTIS, safety director, Burroughs Corp., Detroit, M idi.; R. A. W RIG HT, manager. Safety & Security Dept., Farnsworth Electronics co.. Fort Wayne, Ind. ; R. L. BART LETT, supervisor of nifty, Allis-Chalmers. M ig. Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ' Membership Committer: G. R. SM ITH, Chairman, safety director, Champion Lamp Works, Lynn, Mas.; H. j. JENNINGS, supervisor of safety, General Electric co., Lynn. M a s s .; E. T. SCHRECK, safety director, Sunbeam corp., Chicago, 111.; D. LEONARD, safety engineer, Simplex Wire & Cable ro., Cambridge, Mass,; R. i. FERRARI, sales manager & engineer. Excel Electric Service co., Chicago, III. ? 42 ----- . . M .IJ- . ' 1 rV<1V U -- *|,lVl VPr*M-',^!V ....1 tf*t '?r Training and Publicatiims Committer: K-'STNT, ChTOan,^fty-(Br.i^^r^M^i^,<(r.^ ; Inc., Butler, Pa. ; J/;.Ry DAVIS, chief-of planv.protcctiptVi^Thc' HaUicraitc^|cp;^Oii- | v cago, I!i.: L. j. LCKNER, dirt-cior of rrM nncl>'safety^}^Whitc^^wmiM^hinc , ! co., Cleveland. Ohio ; CiSLAXG. supervisor of safety, Westinghouse Electric corp..: i Meter Div., Newark, X. J.; J. V.; BEECHEK^chairman,^Industrial,Relations.i;;S ^ .,.i^ ^ (^ ! i ' '''F Stromberg-Carlson .Co., Div. of General Dynamics Corp,, .Rochester,'-X.: Y. 'unselors and Association Committee : Past Chairmen--J .M . i'TRAN'SUE, Chairman Security director, Philco corp., Philadelphia, Pa. ; M. L. MlLLEiCfSupcrvisor of : Westinghouse Electric corp., Pittsburgh, Pa.:; E. K. T.\YLOR, safety director, Zenith Radio corp., Chicago, 111.; H. B. DU FFUS, administrator, accident prevention,'.West-; inghoti.se Electric, corp., Pittsburgh. Pa.; C. F. SCHLUETER,' accidentt:prevention manager, Employers'Mutual of Wausau, Wausau, F. BI A NCARDl, manager, Safety Services dept;., Allis-Chalmcrs Mfgi co,,, Milwaukee, Wis. ; C.' XU FOGG, safety M TT/, `CJlyAiSi''-'d t? A1\i 111 In director, Simplex Wire & Cable co., Cambridge,'Massi ; J. A. EDMONDS, vice-president, Daniel Woedhead co.. Chicago, 111.;: J. .1. LAWYER, division safety engineer. Radio Tutx- iir, ., Sylvania Electric Products'Inc., Emporium, 1`a. . m ' .SB I ikgr; V mm liti 111 hM r 43, by t- . ......... ..........- ....... ....... .................'.0 ,.... ^ T ! Ulti  Ui-l; ; iiftlll: 3fe*, : t fe 'ifeto"; irt- M,b v m jfyl'.' ' ]'/; ! ! ii WtWaWlWii'l s i M l fI iI r ~ ---* _ | - . w u i v t f WM W M II* W IV rfVWI V W M1U M |/|/W H \JV [rlV .1 ` underwater or toJtravel <in ' high1altitudes. i^jtja$rapiratop$P!robl^^ ?;;?.Unfortunately, pure, air1is a.relatively* rare1'^manyNidiverseactivitieisESp^ ; commodity,, and is rmuch harder to obtain edge <<andj, action, in-advance,} is itessentialVif J pure-'than many chemical elements and com* !stKh.m jari^n<^^fptwm ttd,lt i 'it I Kaunas. It is someUmessglamorous or unusual, in -. Some variations of the air arc caused by cidents which produce serious >results jnfailr;; ji natural forces (such as moisture from rain -sure -o f;a pressure systemin?an airplane,; at.a or dust from winds on dry earth),' while: `high altitudes will cause. bbckout$'uih|sec- soinc are due to, man ( suclias combustioni.tonds above 43,000feet/ eyen brrathingiptire products,unburned or incompletely burned oxygen i s :not adequate---.salpreasures'suit*or fuels, solvents, vapors, dusts, fumes, inert a pressurized cabin'is essential. "On* the and toxic gases). When these variations are other hand, no less serious are the problems small, we say that the air is "pure," but when commonplace materials, such as a .f ilw when the variations, either alone or in com sausages overheating ,and;`tbuming`.ona;, fry bination, exceed our ability to adapt to them, ing pan on a kitchen range!produced isul.fi- or our ability to tolerate them,: we say the cient smoke and toxic gases ,to' overcome the air is "bad." occupants; firemen:required; respiratory pro AIR POLLUTION tective apparatus to effect a rescue of the unconscious victims. ';No simple yardstick has yet been devised Gases and smokes resulting from''fires to tell us when air ceases to be "pure," have been studied ijorsyears, and excellent although numerous air pollution .studies are reports are available,"but. it,is impossible to , underway, and threshold limit values (maxi predict what gases may be encountered or mum allowable concentrations for industrial:, inw hat concentrations in \ given fire; A exposures) arc. available as . a guide, i We large number of different .flammable chemi have just begun to realise that air pollution cal compositions or chemical combinations control may be even more important than that diangc with'heati :such as plastics,1,fab- stream pollution control. AW ien . extreme, rics, insulation,.refrigerants,'solvents, paints, '-conditions exist, : as in London, Meuse, insecticides and .building materials, play im i Donora or Los ;Angeles, we-know tliat portant roles in our'daily lives.J1.;' , -..human,life is more difficult than other times when smog is not present. VARIETY O F GASES IN RU ES ' 1 On a minor scale, every' year a serious problem exists from dust or pollen (such as rose fever, hay fever, or ragweed fever) for allergic persons, and we have found that respirators are frequently considered, a; a welcome supplement to medication for the relief of such conditions. " \ Most breathing air supply problems can be controlled with adequate ventilation. If air could be properly treated to remove par ticulate matter, noxious vapors, and toxic gases, heated or cooled, and then distributed: as required, breathing can be reduced to a minor problem insofar as purity of air is concerned. Unfortunately, adequate ventila-. 4 ion and air treatment is sometimes impos sible or impractical where emergency action must be taken to preserve life and property. In addition to carbon monoxide,.carbon dioxide, and water (present in nearly sail fires), one may ex pcct ammonia;from burn-, ing wool, cyanogen* from burning;silk, ,ac- rolein from burning;fats, sulfur-containing, gases from burning rubber and leather; and chlorine-containing-gases from, burning' or, smouldering chlorinated plastics. :From,piled newspapers smouldering in ^limited oxygen, 41 per cent of the total gases given off was found to be carbon monoxide, and 43 jer cent was carbon, dioxide.' I A pile of newspapers in a large open hall way would give an entirely? different concen tration of carbon monoxide and ` carbon 1 dioxide within .the breathing'zone than the :same'pile burning in a small enclosed base ment. Determinations' ranging from 1two per cent to four per ctTit carbon monoxide Therefore, we must provide man with have been made using recognized CO, de: respiratory protection if we expect him to tectors in the smoke' of building fires in.the survive. A glance at the case histories of same room in which firemen; were ,engaged ; incidents collected at random from many in extinguishment, by a medical doctor - limte A. 12 Mil / silica/?such as: The ..conventional classification of air con halite./; Many; ... taminants follows: <:involvement ;such; M A. Aerosols ; (dispersoids) (particulate ttsTcarbori, ___ , ;VI'fcontanunaMs):---<lu$ts,'.fumes and mists. Other dusts:cause;chaxiical;i.. A better classification of aerosols is based on :a s 'the:;idds,i;all(ah|lwt^e^!|f . physiological effects: r ^ t v i . : chromates.';A3]ergic;rcactidns,^ ` A. Nuisance and Inert: produce no known by'vcommon dustsAsuch:as(! ;jinjuries: .calcium carbonate, magnesium'. ! resins/,'plastics,:, felt, fur, L carbonate, gypsum * - baccof taper, rubber, wood] s.. ;jw o^|'^ie|B ureauiqf|biiness 54yu^Ct i*4J,|[:UIC.r B. Inert ` pulmonary reactions':";;-produce? .yf'd>ove'lfld u stsja s ^ non-specific; pvjlmonary reactions sili- a^d::Nuisance::^>usts."'"-,' - cates, carbon, aluminum . TS lS il-p Sp' 7 C Minimal pulmonary fibrosis-producing TOXIC DUSTS ;. Abarium compounds, tin, ire oxides D. Extensive pulmonary fibrous-producing ' silica, asbestos ' "- " ' AnotherJclasrificathm:\pi du$ts ``Toxic hold hmst*oi)3jaax^ E. Chemical, Irritants: produce inflamma tion than.l:d<*gi|lea;^ |^ .t^ c m ^ t^ i:i^ iiS g |8 i^ | i^ ^ `|E .tio_n ..o..r. ulce--r-a-t--ion--7 alkalrienaectiroenasc/tfi.oAn'sAmphMgi'nfaeesr.colKasislsifiimcaqtrioeJnioumsecsf lead as a reference.' j f e f f;if ; plwQrnat|;fv;, -E/Toxic^ystemic.: poisons:. produce.;path* `logical reactions :dcad, manganese, ami- ' yellow ' phosphorus, ? picrif:;, acid, -cl^urn,-., . .... ' tmnoonnyv,. ' arsenic *'T(nnontt'-m.'owr~e t--oxic .t1h--an tellurium, calcium arsenate.::. :;-,;] P b ), arsenates, f organic-phosphates, cadmium, radioactive, beryllium (more toxic than.lead) ; i Respirators. approvedJjiorf 'al).;tijl.cI'a b w e | dusts: (both toxic and pneumoconiosis-pro ducing and nuisance dusts) are icall-dedust" ;.G. .(Allergic, manifestations: produce aller- respimtors.^A'few,:subistances,:',such;as}lryI-;K Tgic'reactions: pollens. ' - .Irumjfjan.d/i-r-a--d-i-o-actiyel substances^ -arete'notM * y :; -7:.- ccuurrrreennttllyy crnovveerrefidt by BRu,,reau .0 : VvMr:i--nes . ,-H{-Fey-prIiicu>g-/.reartion:. action \un- , .'schediUesteS'^if .7, known:.ot;.a-allleerrggen: metal fumes, cetrr- vs) . tain textile dust, (hemp, Cotton,; ju tc T ^ 'nliS^bacasse-) -: . condensatioti of \-apors Trom hcatefijm** . , A^AE RO SO LS A1 elting17 aitting,-a;^;yvclding';'of.fr tic*'' caidnunm and other metals, produce1 Formerly called dispersoids or particulate lumcs- ` ' _ -.. " ' i contaminants,1 these are substances present in "Mists" and "Sprays" include liquid ^ ^ .'.'thelaii^'^'lnunute/particlesf as d u s t s ) , , whenfliquids,ye/.carh ed `into 7:as7funiKstichfasfmetal;Ttn);.qr:asjniistsjff,^e|.^ T ior!''art'foreie^',by,; ^ /-r a c p } w th (such? asschromic-acid mists), :In grouping moisture:in the?air, ftAn; mter^ting' ex-: these together, it - is recogniieti that they ' ample is 0.3 parts per million sulfur, dioxide, - may. be physically filtered, screcned/ or ad- W1t^ sunli8r h f o r r n s 7|^r sorbed?frpm5.th,./ur1wth,properly designed b^sulluric acid mist I f) f | q if| mu j m Sfli m m filter^)fAen*)s|may,|range.*in-jsiae from-? `'i'.'-Xhe;a^hMlity."or^ltera>^OTtihl)bj>re|8u ^ jfe......c ,150 microns to a'itliousandth of a micron in from. d O |m U }i^ o tm ;l ':(appro^im i` 'size ; ( 1 imicron equals 3W 7 millionths of an size of tlie polio yirus) to;five'microns;:(the;;(i l i i f incli or 1 x 10-4 centimeter). Many dusts size o f .,. common: c--o-n-t-a-minants- m liqiuds) f | are also fire and explosion hazards. ' , ?' hhaass ggrreeaattllyy iinminprroovveedd aanndd ssnpeeeedd^eddiumpanalyses'!^;' ffi P . VNJ ! rfi : M 1957i^ationai:Safety C w ^ r r | HI of aerosols ' ' , such 'a-sv-a'ci.'dV,*m1*.is;t-s'v,;irmiAe!',t'-a>l;p'f;fur-m.'Wes,f' JiIo' xUi/d.e',','a'h' 'y?d"r'ogen'cyanide;j{ hydn^en^sulfide;'y'JS - smokcsr*aud't radioactivity; ,'r n.*c<e<ton.it,,r,i.l,e.Pi-aromatic^nitrtoipiSao' d-.-aminoVco.r'nf--,s.iv41 4^^h"^Iri`;'recenti'years^liudyjand' measurements,!>f poi^Js'flike'anihnei,'nimobwen'and!deriva-vp of even smaller particle^ in fair than'Ve- 1fives) r which combine "'with8the hemoglobin viously 'observed, .known as condensation , f l^e blood,to prevent oxygen-carbon diox- nuclei, have contributed'greatly to our under- I,dc i standing of the nature and number of. parti- , , The insidious nature of the action'of the cles in air The particles in the airon ;w'hiidi e|*$imple\iasphyxiants,* and >the* 'speed" with water, will condenscpare called condensation 1which they can act, is still not widely'appre- n u cleiu n d er natural ?conditions only the rdated whereas most people havesa .healthy ; larger? particles are so effective. When the | respect;for?the chemical asphyxiants^!:;;Under , air insufficiently super-saturated apparently i proper medical supervision,' pure .nitrogen any particle will serve as a condensation , may be breathed for several seconds and this' center. 1technique has been used clinically ,by* Him- Particles from such diverse substances as ...wich and others. However, nitrogen and the , platinum, .silver, stearic acid,;; glycerin and 1other simple asphyxiants' give almost' no lubricating oil will all form droplets at a warning between the time' breathing air is i sufficiently 'high supersaturation 1of water replaced with the asphyxiant and, uncon- vaporh Practical methods are now available : i sciousness overtakes the subject., Afj1'.Vi i.: wMB& to measure the . number of,;.?particles in ;;an/. aerosol in free air. A wider use of the ! j PHYSICAL' REACTIONS' * i j.! 1;I'.'t'Niil1)> "**' k,,. ft technique already.-; available for size and [ < A. loss of mental, facilities begins,'within numbers of an aerosol would not only throw ! a few seconds,' and., unconsciousness;! may light ,on some of the problems of air pol occur shortly after with,no' warning, i The lution!"but vwould certainly lead to further. | brair. is the first organ.iof*the body to,, be improyanei)ts in our:knowledgeo- aerosols. , affected seriously, by-oxygen want, andjlhc Respirators for insecticides are -tested and subject "blacks out"''quickly. Mention is I B listed jby; the U.. S. Department of -Agricul ' made of tinslittle-appreciated iphenomenon;; ture. 1 not only because asphyxiints can be rdcased . m a room or tank with'inadequate warning B. G A SE S A S 'D V A P O R S - j from the action, of a "fixed, carbon dioxide In this major group may be included most of the air, contaminants which arc not classi fied ais aerosols. '. . I. Irritant gases are those which produce infiammaticin of tissue, such as the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory .tract membranes. They; are. divided into two general groups: a. action is limited to ir rat ion ( such, as hydrogen choridc) b. action extends to systemic effect (such as oxides of nitrogen) fire extinguishing'system, from a large >ptU of liquid nitrogen, from a leaking gas sys. tern, from;an inert-gas,producer. or from a leaking ;cylinder, but also because ainlinei; supplied respirators,..hoods- and, , suits are 1 ficqucntly attached to a plant, air supply with little appreciation of the hazard. . . ; For example, at ,thc 1Acids and,.Heavy Chemicals 1sub-sect ion meeting, Chemical section,- National ..Safety - Council, '>October . 25. 1956, no company present: reported ;!tise ! of a special air .system for respiratqry equip- ; Some; of these gases and vapors have pro .ment. If a cross-connection should occur` Imf &m wf e`t e : nounced odors, but the nose cannot be . anyw-here in .th e a ir? system w h ich 1would depended upon as a reliable method of es permit an asphyxiant, toxic, or flammable? timating concentrations. gas to enter the air used for breathing,' she . 2. Asphyxiants are substances which de results can easily and rapidly, be fatal, lj prive. the body tissues of oxygen, causing . O xygen,used indiscriminately, may' also hypoxia (oxygen starvation). Two general be a hazard, since serious .fires, have been ; methods of action are known: sintf>!e reported where oxygen,*either trom.a O'hn- asphyxiants (such as nitrogen, hydrogen, der;or an airline,, or ;a. leaking hose or pipe, helium, and methane), which dilute or re :.was -used -for.breathing. ipurp<jR.:in ian.fair-;' place the oxygen partial pressure in a ir; and line, respirator or," hood 'where welding' or chemical asphyxiants (such as carbon mon- 'other flames .`-were involved. .Only'a1com-,': Wif-:- i t" ,, f' !c c:' tr , li , c' , V ij.fi jiiJt.tc s r.Ci;( C: r. 'tic n\ 14 8* sitffnm U, n- ie th \y v it , st is v ie : o IS l* : n >' e c e s i i": i ; V " pletely., separate' air ^supply, surwilird1hv a lii'*>4. < ..coniprcssor^wh^ .evo . ............................^_______ m $sSii?S dioxidCrloiK mister other un- <*whose^faction^clfj ;wantedlfkimpunties;forV from, -- `:1-- testedi known ,purity ishouldi line' respirators,^ hoods ori event, .^regardless ' of X'supply, the`l'system';!?!d ridS ^ o^ h i^ |hyS fl^ ^ T O lfiiS a^ |^ h e vshhfoYuljlldd,include HprreMsstullrfei ;frelief Vv*akl1vue*.se, -AfilUte*rrcs 1suvUti^.rutkltAiwAil <li and absorbents as recommended. I ` 2. Anaesthetics are gases and vapors ' whose action (is primarily; by inducing the * , symptoms ^of i anaesthesia.^hen 'iinhaled; in % Ijisu/ficimti^quandticsJ i^njesei include the sub-:/ - stances "which come"to(mind when the word .i Ii.:;the above,(cIsificari(msiiappear(,cm I s f l l "anaesthetics" is "mentioned^ "such as the plicated, ,it must ^be *remembered ;that|these , . >ethers,-chloroform, methyl chloroform (1,1,1- . air contaminants^ seldom occurs alarne,'-''' and j trichlorocthanc), trichloroethylene,' ethylene that even;less is 'known, about ,tiie^<^mibuiniced owxeildl e aasndhynditrroocuasrbooxnisd,e a(lldaeuhgyhdiensg, gkaesto),neass, .-uacttiohney\ofairtewom. driitftfneorernetssgurbosutapnsc,ei&th'aknsi-poefa(athlley to,, rfchl* 1 others halogenated ,hydrocarbons,;;the aro-;y individual substances- Even itsparticleSAin matic hydrocarbons, alcohols, enters, and the air are non-toxic` in theraselvt^s, thv If carbon disulfide T- are known tojact as carriers of condensable { 1 ' > , j'i toxic! vapors~forma!dehyde<-can!;,,,have'jlits m - DECOMPOSITION OCCURS : j| *>( r ,, t toxicity increased five times by ithe; present t 1 In addition to the physiological action of of an aerosol. these >materials alone and .un -combination, i It is little wonder, then, that respiratory! decomposition products are produced in -a &protection can become,a highly; complicated! fire or when they ate otherwise subjected subject, and that the *practical application; SSI ito heat.sEvat relatively harmless substances' di. rcspiraors,i!gas,;.masks,!iand'.self-contained! such as the Freons and the Genctrons, ; breathing apparatus (all with their!; limit a-/ (widely used as non-flammable refrigerants tions), even by persons (thoroughly[trained,, of...Jow.wtoxicity, as replacements for. am- in tlieir-use, is not cut-and-dried or-'fpolv monia, sulfur and ethane), will evolve toxic :. : r>- decomposition products; if vthey arc. heated | Relatively untrained ;persons m an;,emer ;; above;their deccmpcisition ,temperatures. This t gency ...situation/ arc-in'especially .vulnerable lias; occurred where Freons and -Genctrons j positions.' Many'.of the'case histories'at; were"used as'.cleaning solvents. | tachcd to this paper clearly point ;to jthej 4 Metal-parts, after cleaning, were heated;;; need, for,,,more widespread appreciation', of -above the `safe limits in order to dry and ;i the Lnnaattuurrec^oofi!I'thce/'hawzaird, as :wwecll .as otf the 1llashr-off-the remaining solvent. ((Several > lim tists>.o-f' *t'he J'^-ri'ous .'iTc-spira*toryj't-rote-ctive 1 persons ;were hospitalized with ,pulmonary f equipment; used.'- congestion, ' Trichloroethylene degreasers, , RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE DE properly, installed, maintained and operated, :.t lid . are,safe,yet the failure or misuse of these A. AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS,, . ! .avradpsorinidcleugdrienags;ebrosthhafsiriecsr;aenadtedto;.xsiecriitoyu. s/haz- ,,<( p, uTrihfyei,nfgunddeavmiceentaarle;,litmhiattahtkthoen,s,a^io^i|{ma nusytf^{baei/Wrj-I^&Rv-t fMiW! , - Mass'hysteria and unconsciousness due to ; within ;the. limits 'for -'whichi;the?s;respirator;- the -little-appreciated anaesthetic action of was design!', (for example, the,,-oxygen - the -1trichloroethylene. has ( occurred in see- . content must.l?e more than 16.per.;cent) ;^`thc^i^" ends; in oneincident; 72 persons were over--.-.' particular unit-iwdll .oniyivprotectri against come.' and in another,(26,'': Fortunately, all the specific substance ' or combinations recovered after: removal to fresh air and oxygcniinhahtion/'j.Tlte hazards of carbon ; wsohlic[hdisipt ewrsaos;id!dles[ifginltecdr,-;;t(yfpoer]i(erxesapmirpalteo, rj.ssewri-l^li' l l ( tetrachlpride,'mixtures in fire"fighting and in give no pribtection against' gases'^and ;i other .'applications 'are well documented. vapors) ; andithe icanister.orifiltcrimusti'"bbee,l ;i( 'v : K ;i-:. ' -.I-;- ;V f f :i -;(i v , i- v; - --?t.- V ,U.i v; ;! 'Y-jiS wm ( S;-y'-i-iWiS'i I-''iri>'ltS iiaB iiB iii IplS J"' H ' 1,! gte; i maintained .in proper,tworking? condition'(on >1 reduced ^here. htgherlcoticetitrattons ofcmer-iiH a properly* maintained t facepiece ' that fits leuryt from^elevated'ftrapcraturaVaml'IpVcs-,)! snugly,enough to exclude'leakage).,, <'f .',71' , sure/ are.present.l,' (There. ts norBureausof. " , , Aerosol ( filter 'type)`' respirators require =::frequent .changes : in filters .`.when breathing resistance becomes uncomfortable when used :i,',where ;cxcessive dust or .fumes arc involved. - Chemical cartridge : respirators will safely . protect only against .the specific vapors and Mines "approvalSchedule for 'mercury* res pirators). Combination cartridges' have the limitation of a shorter service life when used with one particular type, of hazard than the equivalent specific, single-purpose 'canister would liave for the, same" hazard.*,'1 gases: in non-emergency .situations where no FACEPIECE TyPES more'than 0.1 per cent is encountered. Normally, respirators use a "half-mask" Extremely toxic materials, such as acro facepiece, covering, the nose and mouih. lein, ,.acrylonitrile, aniline, dimcthylamline, while gas masks, use both full-masks and . arsine, '.-..bromine, ;:carbon disulfide, carbon, full facepieces. (Only full facepieces on monoxide, dimethylsulfate, hydrogen1cyan- , gas masks arc approved by the'Bureau/of - ide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sclenide, Mines),- R e c e n t ly ,t h e '`sell-rescue":'.or .hydrogen sulfide, "iodine,' methyl bromide, "pocket" respirator, nonnally used-with a methyl chloride, nickel and iron carbonyl, cartridge containing ;Hopcahte- w'ith -a-idryer. nitrobenzene, nitroglycerine, -nitromethanc, and designed for escape-.from mines, sh a s,, . oxides of nitrogen, ozone, phosgene.phos- been,extended into other cartridges. phine, phosphorus, trichloride, stibine, .sulfur chloride, the boron hydrides-and: others are The mouthpiece of this style respirator is: 1,0 0 toxic even in low' concentrations for re * held lightly by.lhe front..teetlocd the wearer, liance to be placed on simple cartridge type and 'the ' breathing is.accomplished through, respirators. the mouth. A nose clamp blocks off the openings of the nostrils, and prevents' irri NOT FOR ODORLESS GASES tation of the membranes'of the nose. A : Chemical cartridge respirators should not be, used against gases which are odorless or whose odor threshold is high, since the only warning of failure of the respirator or : of, concentrations which are above the ability of the respirator is odor. .Methyl chloride is an example of such a gas whose warning . properties are too slight for practical purposes. Substances which are highly irritat ing to the eyes, such as sulfur dioxide, re quire eye protection (such as a gaslight neckband permits the respirator to be worn ready for instant use. Twelve different filter cartridges w ill fit thcibasic holder and mouthpiece , , Indu.stnal canister-t.vpe ; gas.,,masks/; with canisters designed for siiecific ;substances or combinations,- have tlic same ;limitations , in general as cbtmica! cartridge respirators, . except they arc effectivc in concentrations of any speci fic gas or members of the:same; group of gases for which they are designed goggle, an air-supplied hood, or a full-faccpicce). Several lacrimatory (tcar-produong) sub of not more than two per cent in air or a two per. cent total -for a mixture 'of ;gases for which the canister is designed. stances, such as benzyl chloride,' are in the same classification,' and a respirator alone The ammonia canister is approved- for three per cent ammonia.. For shorter periods is clearly inadequate. Some substances, such of time,1 industrial canister-type gas; masks, as carbon monoxide, cannot be stopped by can 1 used in higher concentrations,-but , a chemical cartridge (except by the Hop- the time of . service life w ill. be reduced. calite in the Type N universal gas mask and in ' the ; miner's -, pocket y sel f-rescuer ). Ammonia cartridge respirators w ill protect Depending on the sizeo f.ilieca m ster, and the!sendee for which it was designed,; the service time varies, j , .1 against ammonia up to 1,000 p.p.m.,- w'hile Protection for a combination; of yarioas: eye irritation from ammonia begins at about gases, such as acid-gases,' organic vapors,;, 700 p.p.m. and i ammonia can allf be,'obtained in none Mercury cartridge respirators are eflec- canister, but the service li fe of"'such'" a tive against concentrations of mercury vapor combination is shorter in the combined can normally encountered at ambient tempera ister when used iwith;bne;spccific substance, tures, but service life is proportionately than is the life of an equivalent canist 16 V Sil ii^ a s i iiii ii . `f ttif c p i ,, t *i .JrnV11.5 ' l i' ' " fit : J r i ^ git Ify ' *' ? ..esigncd'`for specific substance-alone-.t1The1 only^wariiing that a, canistcm-or cartridge preventicxcsive'brrathing;resistanceiiroin is "cxhauslcd'b is the detection of odor of , developing as.'the' dryer 'bwomesrirwistliill vapor or gas passing through the, canister 1 L- ` mh or cartridge. , .. . m1o',nTcehethseh`cealfndisifteer ohfastheb*cejumntLavttearcshael$dcamstcr v p l B j Persons who need corrective lenses in facepiece is one year,'1if Vstored'-iwi|l(i;ihe,^^^^fflpP order to .work properly when wearing the :v bottom seal in place,--:even though the^m'ajsk ^ ^ ^ ^ M ^ E respiratory protection, especially .full face , 1has not3be<m':nsed^Tf.%ori^;t-irith'i.both^oo ^ ^ ^ ^ P |^ H pieces,": may find of interest two methods of and .bpttorn.'seiils unopcned.'as received -from; incorporating lenses inside a facepiece. 'One the manufacturer,'the shelf-1 method ;consists of wire frames 'which fit by some to fie four,-: and - around the circumference of the sight lenses, ' years. and hold a :iO-mm round prescription lens. . .With 'an.'respirator ;dr PRESCRIPTIONS IN FACEPIECES -.! lent- 'of rproper fittm g /< > f> "iVtbfaec^elpatoe^cetiow^^assSlP^'^W^W^ ^ls : .A second .method consists of- a center critical..;.^ In;'addition to the ltirmnee?: honored post built inside the mask, onto which can :technique-iof -holding the hand be attached 40mm rimless glasses. Such opening in, the bottom of the canister arrangements -.seldom .allow .perfect align ; inhaling gently to sec that the facepiece ment of the prescription lenses to the view . collapse; on.:,:tbc, 'face,' another .tecbniqo^xi^^^^M B W B er's eyes, but, with adjustment, 'a'-sufficiently ;cimtlyi, suggested - by - the , A.E.C.j ss/Tp^iuseiil^M feljl^y accurate fitting can lie achieved for most ; isoamyl acetate; i f i ]i purposes for reasonably long periods of . bince isoamyl acetate (which smells .stm- <a - L*-**MI ., time T ;' i 'i" i-1'-' : ilar to `bananas) can be detected in .a The typo N . universal gas mask canister ; isconstructed of several Livers including activated .carbon.( to; remove organic vapors), *"*Mai lim e:( to remove'acid1gases and carbon v xide), copper sulfate (to protect 'against ;uirnbniajgas), silica -gel and other dryers . (tore-move moisture both before and after the Hopcalitc), and Hopcalite itself (a mix ture oi metallic oxides- which catalyzes the ; - conversion ; of carlwn monoxide to carbon ; dioxide), plus a filter for smokes. -This .canister fcanhbe used as protection centration of as low as. one part .per. ............ ' lion,la.; small;;leak will;be|?detecteid \ if the 1 *faj ; acetate;? -placed;on^cotton and (the! cotton ft lliiM p w fil : passed "slowly larqund without; [touchingtVeitheri.the|^wearerfs| or 'thcpmsk-TTf the,: wearerfean';;detect odor, a leak is indicated and ' the mask'- 'i'i'1""1' should. be further adjusted until -thei odor, - can no longer be detected. ;;Un CIVIL DEFENSE MASKS ` 1 As pan of its chemical warfare defense program, the Federal C ivilD etense Ad against smoke..'and gases which, do not-ex*, cced; two per cent by volume total, where adequate, amounts of oxygen arc present. Sixteen per cent oxygen is cited as the practical;minimum, but life is not actually in danger until about 14 per cent or less oxygen is present. A timer is used to count the number {.of inhalations, .and indicates about two hours total use. ministration ;is stockpiling.-i,'a$ masJc^<lesg:*^^^| r.ated as CD V-8QQ organizational mask fo r .. ' ,,1 use by'civil defense personnel. 1The canister ...,! V'.dm.thisjidim-iiyk.<;txvask is the same as used V ':,;. in the U. S,-Army Assault Mask. " This ' ' mask is reported ; to v;giveji"excellent1'prpvil||^^ V tection against CW, (Chemical , Warfare) --.'V' .'and BW:i(Biological .Warfare).'agents^;as;5|;|v| v'cl! a s ! against "the inhalation ' of ";rai|io-J;;5|||ffli DISPOSE OP CANISTERS logical particles,' or CBR "(chemical, bio logical 'and radiological)''. , | . v' A : canister, .should be discarded^ at least as soon as the timer indicates the pointer Designccl to be used in; conjunctioni`with----. has completed one revolution, if not sooner. . a detection kiu CD. V-SlO. which .w'ill detect 11 ; One a uthority . recoinmends ' that `universal -'.and disungtuslt between themerve. gases-and I carti ste r sb e - weighed ' immediately'; on re the musurd gases,, the .V-800 mask is a - ` ceipt irom the manufacturer, and that'they specific .mask;; f o r '.war . gases (including , ; be ^discarded?assoon as tiiey have gained nerve gases) and will not protect against i 45 grams. This 45 grams limit was imposed carl>on monoxide, ammonia and cither gases. , ,, ' since . it :represent^ the;; limit, of-.the. dryers . The Army.; Chemical Corps recently an- V - i, i.EJtr II u\ p ii p i: fe ll m mm m radioactive fallout particles,' but'"does not /. protect against direct radiation.'* 'Die new mask does not have tlic pro truding . canister - used in: current -'masks. This was made possible through develop ment by the Chemical Corps of a new light-weight, pliable gas-aerosol filter ma terial. Pads of this material are enclosed within cavities molded into the rubber facepiece of the mask. Lower ' breathing? re sistance, superior vision, better speech trans mission, and greater comfort are claimed. It should be noted that the CD V-800, the existing and the new Army :gas masks ..should be used for purposes for which .they were designed only. After bothWorld'.War 1 I and II, several instances;were reported where "surplus" Army masks were used for ; protection against gases for' which' they were not designed, with , serious conse quences. It is important that gas masks are not misused. . 4 W ^ 1 4 M k V t A .144 '.VM1 IW V Ui-lSlVW ^Vn VJ . ,*.jv .-.I.^ the continuous flow type^and-( b) sthe/demand or intermituntr.denundifio'w type;j'(a};/is 1 ustially'used 'with' a powered- compressor, or ; blower, !while'1' (b) is/u su ally- used/with breathing air supplied from cylindersA.The use. of such equipment in^.atmospheres im-. mediately hazardous to-'life ;is noti-recom mended since failure of'.the fair, supply, or fouling of the hose would, be; serious;, and further, it is absolutely-' necessary, to/ have respirable air of unquestioned quality.' \<> y * * fl V ' V j* - . J ` i *, "tU fi<`` j'f .W e have previously noted'the hazard of using *a >plant ' a ir1supply, for'air-supplied breathing equipment. / .It r is.- recommended that a separate air , system' bo used', exclu sively for breathing air."<Depending, on the pressure available'and`the'diameter of the hose, there is a limit to the length of hose which is practical t'<-' "5r 1^ f ^/ / J i 1 Wherever possible, such systems should be piped as close to the outlet as- possible, so possibility of fouling'of the hose "and B. AIR-SUPPLIED RESPIRATORS Since the simplest solution to all respira tory problems is to supply pure air to the breather, the use of an air supply from some remote source where the air is not contaminated is :both simple and logical. For many applications, air-supplied equip ment has real advantages, but" this equip cutting off the air supplyWill be minimized. Exit from areas;whereair-line respirators <.are, used must, o f ' course, jbe -the same as the route in. If a compressor or tank sup ply is used, sufficient;pressure, relief control must!' be available - to, protect the wearer against pressureiin ptcess o f that prescribed ;for the;e q u i | !iW 1"~ ment is subject to definite limitations. The simplest type' is the Bureau o f `Mines Type ,B hose mask,-which is a facepiece to which AlR-INFlATED SUITS . ,, . JV r helmets, air. hooks, an, air-supphed is attached a hose without V blower' which /A u,t? ,har* * *.*" ***1Hmitauoi. as must extend to a respirable source of air. / / for vaif-Ixne respirators. A n interesting <{- Tlns mask dejiends on the breathing action yclopmcnt in this field is the use of air- of the wearer';to >move';'.the:- air/fF or 'this : "* {t* ' protecuon o f the whole reason, a. maximum hose length of 75 feet a&a,nst hazardous materials, has been established for the hose mask with- 1 In one form, the large impcirviocs plastic out blower. tunnel. or pipe allows a ,man, -to:, work in Low pressure blowers, operated cither by one room while using, air from another-- hand or by power (power blowers do not the slight air pressure supplied'giving both carry Bureau of Mines approval) are used breathing;air: and -..inflation..'.(or '_body).^qls*h to supply Bureau of Mines T ype'A''hose suit. /The front of the suit i s ,.^Ipred/intX) masks up to 150 feet. All hoses should a facepiece, and arms w ith ,gloves are at- originate at the blower. ^ tached. ...Mobility is reported good within , ' . ,, . , *V,,. Kv-1-! 1trr,1(c V... 1 . A respirable source 'of air must be as sured, and a safety man must be present , at the blower at all times.'Fouling of the ' I n 1an oth e/|fp roi^ *^ ic^ p !ete|:ait';{^witlv?-jj; hose may cut off the air supply, and the built-in' arms aid legs is supplied with air ; exit route must be the same as the entrance for Iinflation;and :a^ho<xi,ialso/aii/^upplixLV/ 18 j-M f !:!f'p'p l i l l l l Chemical Industries is used for head, face and respirator)' pro tection. Depending,jm.,thc.miciilar-4iibrici" plistic, or composition use<l in its construc tion, this suit allows work inside tanks, reaction vessels and other confined space which still contain a hazardous atmosphere. Properly used, together with safeguards to insure that the wearer's air supply and life line are always in proper position and work ing order, this suit has increased safety and decreased operating costs in maintenance work inside tanks containing materials which arc corrosive or arc easily absorbed through the skin such ns aromatic amino and nitro compounds. The same limitations noted above for air-line respirators should be noted. Regardless of the type "respirator" used, a definite program of control is necessary to insure the device is used properly, is propv erty maintained, and that it is doing what: is expected of it. After the Canadian Chalk' River atomic reactor incident, respirators were used to prevent inhalation of radio active contaminants'. This program was suc cessful only after a respirator official was appointed to control the use and mainte nance of respirators, regular urine-samples were analyzed to show definitely the degree o f absorption, and an improved respirator was made available. C SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING ; APPARATUS . Seif-contained breathing apparatus supply complete respiratory protection in any con centration of toxic gases and under any oxygen deficient atmosphere. However, cer tain gases and vapor will cause systemic poisoning by skin absorption. Although a small group, these exceptions are highly important, including hydrogen cyanide, nitro and amino aromatic compounds, ethylene mine, phenols and a few others. These gases and vapors require complete skin protection of an impervious type in addi tion to respiratory protection. EARLY RIBREATHING APPARATUS The early self-contained rebreathing ap paratus, which was imported from Europe, had serious deficiencies. Loss of life was reported by users in this country; 19 acci dents are reported involving 26 facilities between 1911 and 1940, due partly to equip ment failure and partly to improper use. Where life-lines and standby rescue squads -nvere-^mplctyidrilT^ wargoneraBjr"' satisfactory in. the hands of well-trained users. The first self-contained breathing appa ratus to be approved by the U. S. Bureau of Mines was of the two-hour rebreathing type. The oxygen rebreathing type apparatus is relatively heavy (39# for the two-hour type) and is bulky. Most self-contained (closed circuit) oxygen breathing appara tus in use today require mouth breathing' with a nose clip, but a full facepiece has recently been approved. Careful training is required in use and in maintenance of this apparatus. A minimum of 20 hours initial training is recommended by the Bu reau of Mines. RESTRICTS MOVEMENT Demand-h-pc air and. demand-type oxygen breathing apparatus is available in half-hour, quarter-hour and 7yi minute ratings. Only the half-hour demand apparatus is Bureau of Mines approved;; the Bureau lias no approval schedule at present for any selfcontained apparatus of less titan a half-hour. Although the schedule of work on which the Bureau's half-hour rating is exhaust ing, large men under extreme stress ,have : exhausted a half-hour (40 cu. ft.) cylinder in significantly less titan a half-hour.' . Differing only in whether it is supplied with compressed oxygen or compressed air, the apparatus weighs nearly 30 pounds fo r, the lull-hour type, with the large cylinder, (40 cubic feet) on the back. It is relatively awkward to put on and it restricts action in confined spaces. With practice, ir may be put on and into operation from a mounted backboard in less than 20 seconds. The back position of the cylinder makes it difficult to crawl under equipment. Climb ing in and out of small opening.'!, such as manholes, requires care when wearing this type apparatus. Operation of a motor ve hicle is awkward when wearing a cylinder on the back. (15-minute and /'J^-mmute demand apparatus use smaller cylinders slung on the side of the wearer, which overcomes this objection to some extent.) The purity of the air or oxygen ? with which the cylinder has been charged should always be questioned since other gases such 1957 National S afely Congress ;i.s nitrogen, acetylene ami carbon dioxide and gas mixtures other than air have ac tually been found in "breathing air" cylin ders. Errors in compressed air used for breathing may be rapidly fatal, and every newly-filled cylinder should be checked to insure it actually contains "breathing air," regardless of the source of supply. Unless the user has his own compressor producing air of an unquestioned purity, no cylinder should lie put on a demand breath ing apparatus or air-supplied respirator, hood or suit until the contents have been checked for purity. The Orsat gas analyzer or the Beckman paramagnetic oxygen ana lyzer are often used in analyzing oxygen percentage while cartwn monoxide may be checked with the National Bureau of Stand ards colormctric tester available from two manufacturers. High pressure cylinders may. leak, and frequent, inspection is necessary to insure that the air or oxygen is actually available for use in an emergency. High pressure valve, gauge, and demand regulator must Ite maintained in top ojierating condition by insjiection and a regular preventative maintenance schedule as recommended by. the manufacturer. ATMOSPHERE CUTS SERVICE If demand-type apparatus is. worn in environments where pressure above one at mosphere is present (as in caissons or tun nels under higher than atmospheric pres sure), the service lime is reduced as the pressure increases. This is also true of un derwater use of the regular demand-type apparatus; a special adaption is available for underwater swimming. Other peculiar effects have been reported when demand and closed circuit oxygen breathing apparatus was worn tinder pressure. The use of oxygen in atmospheres above two atmospheres absolute pressure should be avoided since oxygen produces a toxic effect under such conditions. For periods up to 12 hours at normal atmosphere pres sures, however, oxygen may be used without apparent ill effects by healthy persons-- persons in questionable physical condition should n o /1wear any emergency breathing equipment, hut should remain away from contaminated air and underwater. When the supply of air or oxygen has been depleted, the supply in the demand type apparatus cuts otT abruptly, and the facepiece must be removed immediately or : asphyxia' can occur. One '.British half-hour breathing apparatus has available as op tional e q u ip m e n t an automatic warning whistle (Bat. No. 6+4105) which will start to blow when the cylinder pressure falls to 300 pound/square inch, to aid in warning the wearer to return to fresh air at once. The seal around the facepiece must be 'absolutely gas-tight in a toxic atmosphere since in the demand-type apparatus the face piece is under slight negative pressure momentarily during the beginning of the inspiration phase o f the cycle. ,-V recent revision by one manufacturer eliminates this negative pressure part of the cycle Another novel feature of another, demand mask (5-4 cubic feet of air o r oxygen di vided between two 26 cubic foot cylinders for balance) is a plug-in attachment car ried with the ma.sk for administering re suscitation to an overcome-person on-the-spot while still in a toxic atmosphere. In the alovc discussions, no mention has been made of the fire and explosion hazard of air which is richer than 21 per cent in oxygen, or of pure oxygen itself. Certainly air should not be replaced with oxygen, either in a breathing apparatus, in a ventila tion technique, or for any other purpose, without full consideration ot the increased potential hazards from fire, as She oxygen, concentration' increases above the 21 per cent oxygen content of air. A flammable vapor-oxygen mixture requires only about one thousandth the energy to ignite it as does a corresponding flammable vapor-air mixture. The resulting fire or explosion is many times more 'violent. Failure to appreciate .these facts (which have'been .published'and well documented for years) has cost many lives. For this reason, it is as important to analyze a suspected atmosphere for oxy gen concentration as for flammable vapors and gases, and tor toxic gases. By. using either the lime-honored mine safely lamp as an oxygen indicator, or the more re cently available Beckman paramagnetic oxy gen analyzer, it is possible to obtain fast and sufficiently accurate oxygen analyses for practical purposes. Combine such oxygen analysis (which will reflect inert gases or oxygen deficient a t mospheres as well as excessively high oxv-  Chemical Industries i 'gen concentrations) with a check for flam mable vapors and gases (using one of the many instruments commercially available), and a check for whatever toxic gas is suspected (for CO. for example, the Na tional Bureau of Standards glass tubes con taining palladium chloride which changes color with CO). To ignore any one of these fundamentals is to run risk of trouble. SAFE <15 MINUTES The s e l f - c o n t a i n e d oxygen-generating breathing apparatus is approved by the Bureau of Mines, and is rated tor 45 min utes. Some, mi the models produced for the military are nr.it Bureau of Mines ap proved, however. The weight of 14#, car ried ott the chest and stomach, gives it a decided -advantage lx>th in weight and con venience over the demand-type apparatus, although the chest position creates limita tions in use under some conditions. The highly exothermic reaction which generates oxygen from the potassium superoxide (KjOt) evolves significant hern, which .might serve as an auto-ignition source to carbon-disulhde or nickel carbonyl vapors' under extreme conditions. This tempera ture of. the canister surface may reach 250 F, and is equivalent to the hazard pre sented by unshielded incandescent lamps, hot plates and steam pipes in such an atmosphere..' When worn in hot areas, or while work ing hard in the heat, the oxygen generated may o c c u p y a vol ume! which requires "dumping" of surplus oxygen to maintain comfort. Tlie apparatus requires care in starting, especially in sub-freezing tempera tures--for this reason it is considered good practice that both the apparatus and the canisters lie stored inside or in a heated truck cab or automobile, and that the ap paratus be thoroughly started above freez i n g temperatures, if possible. Unless the sub-freezing starting is thor ough, the wearer may be aw arq.of insuflii ient oxygen during the first lew minutes, oy a feeling of "light headedness" arid diffi culty in coordination.' If such a condition is noted, lie should return to fresh air, deflate the bags and -re-start the apparatus, until the breathing- rate and the generating rate balance before re-entry. In inserting the canister in the canister holder (canister is stored separately), care nftisf- be exercised to avoid cuts from the torn top seal when removing it, and the . canister, brought, securely into place after," it has Itccn punctured by the. sharp point designed into the apparatus for that purpose. . The facepiece should not lie donned. until the canister is completely seated. A fresh canister should always be used i t ' any emergency. , .. . Once opened, a canister will continue to evolve oxygen even when removed! from the apparatus and re-capped. To enter a hazardous atmosphere with a used canister is a highly dangerous practice--a ; fresh canister must 1 employed to insure safety. In view of the relatively high cost of, these canisters, the temptation to rc-usc canisters is great, but. should be avoided, and canisters promptly 'disposed of to insure: the safety of the next user. D'ON'T RE-USE CANISTERS , T ' ' The disposal of the'self-contained oxygengenerating canisters must..be performed ac cording to the instructions. Oil. grease, gaso line, or other flammable or combustible liquids must be kept from the canister mouth, or an explosion will occur; Only dclcan water in large quantities should be used to destroy a canister. The canisters should be promptly disposed of, find not be left sitting, around where they could contact combustibles. For reasons noted under discussion of demand-type breathing apparatus, the selfcontained o x y g e n - g e n e r a t i n g apparatus should not be worn tinder pressures greater than two atmospheres absolute. Snuiller Selj'Contained Breathing and Oxygen In fla tio n Dexdces V. S Bureau of Mines1approval for selfcontained breathing a p p a r a t u s currently makes no provision for apparatus rated for less than .30 minutes. In emergencies where a smaller,', less cumbersome device with a shorter 14: e would give adequate protection, the only available devices until recently were regular demand masks with smaller cylinders for 20, 15, .and 7K> minutes: serv ice, using the same facepiece, reducers and regulators as on the larger approved devices. Recognizing that many (perhaps most) breathing emergencies can be brought under control in 10 minutes, and that the first 130<:c of expired air contains relatively lit- 1 2i 1957 National Safety Conyrexs tie CO, there is now available a light weight device in which oxygen from small cylinders, supplemented by the: first lQOcc of the previous exhaled breath, is used for breathing at a rate of seven liters per min ute. The device is still too new for exten sive field experience, but represents a novel and new approach to the weight, bulk and cost of presently approved equipment. Another recent development is a small portable anaesthesia and oxygen breathing device which is designed for use by medical personnel primarily, but which has obvious application as a "self-rescuer" for escaping toxic atmospheres. The device consists of a face piece With pressure limiting valve, ain aluminum central body, a soda lime canister in volumes of lOOcc to SOOcc, two aluminum cylinders, each containing three liters of oxygen, and a six liter rubber rebreathing bag. Using the device for escape, it is claimed a young male adult, walking three mph can travel safely for 1100 yards using a 200cc soda lime canister, and 1800 yards using a SOOcc canister. Since the complete unit weighs less than two pounds, and the oxy gen cylinders are pocket-size, the device may rightly be called pocket-size, and. in the hands of trained personnel, should be useful for self-rescue oxygen inhalation or resuscitation. M aintenancc, Training and Medical Precautions In discussing respiratory protection, we have shown the importance of breathing "good" air, briefly reviewed the major air contaminants, and discussed briefly appara tus available, We have stressed the limita tions of ea;ch type, rather than the advan tages, since we believe that limitations were not as widely appreciated as' advantages. The ideal breathing apparatus has vet to be developed. We have tried to create the im pression that a thorough knowledge of the particular apparatus used is essential for its safe use under various conditions. Maintenance of the apparatus in first-class condition so it is immediately ready for use at any time is likewise important. Meta! parts of apparatus will wear, tarnish or corrode; rubber parts will slowly "age." Facepieces will take a "set" and must be discarded. Cylinders, regulators and salves 22 on demand-type apparatus must be checked frequently for leaks; canisters on industrial .', or universal service masks or chemical cart- ' ridge respirators must be replaced. Washing the facepiece with an antiseptic solution or soap, rinsing in clear water, and drying will assure that sanitation and clean liness is not neglected. This also prolongs the useful life of the facepieces. Proper storage conditions and frequent checking for deterioration arc as important with respira tory protective equipment as with fire ex tinguishers, parachutes and life-lines. TRAINING DEFICIENT Training, is the third, and perhaps nxwt important k g of the triangle of respiratory safety. There is serious deficiency in this phase of the respiratory program. Putting on a device for a few minutes once a year is not adequate training. .The U. S. Bureau of Mines Health and Safety Activities, through its district and sub-district offices, conducts training'courses in first-aid, and also in the use of various emergency breath ing apparatus. , The course can be modified to meet spe cial needs on request. Addresses of offices which offer these courses may be obtained by contacting the Health and Safety Divi sion, of the Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes St., Pittsburgh 13, Pa. This service of the Bureau is available to the mineral and allied industries, as well as to governmental agencies. The Bureau has at each of its Health' and Safety field offices throughout the country mine-rescue equipment, and will tnake it available to trained personnel in any emergency. _ During training, breathing apparatus should be worn for relatively long periods, in dark and confined spaces, climbing hills or-stairs, duplicating all manual labor ex pected, and in smokc-fillcd atmospheres by hand-carried lights while performing work. Smoke generators are available, which will quickly fill a room, a basement, a tunnel or a small building wi`h a stnokc that is real istic, but which is relatively harmless and can be ventilated out without any damage. The "buddy" system and team drill should be practiced, as in. a real emergency. The use of life lines should be a part of this training, and should be a standard part of any underground, tank or smoky operation. . b '/`-Chemical Industries " J 'i`,;% Signals as used by mine rescue teams based CASE HISTORIES - : *< i j.q h, ' h on OATH ( 0 = 0 K = 1 pull; A = advance=2 pulls; T-take-up --3 pulls; H-=^ AMM ONIA ! hclp= 4 pulls) should be employe! and! The .incident in :question took : place in v: stand-by men, ready to enter the area for Singapore, Malaya, during the early: days rescue, should always be on hand of the war 1942, just prior to the fall of the., Hand-carried short-wave two-way radios city to the Japanese. may also prove useful for communication 'Our ship was tied-alongside the docks, between base and field party. W ien used haying just completed a mission. The city if in atmospheres which may contain flammable was under air attack continually, so that we. vapors or gases, any electrical devices sliould maintained a full scale Battle Watch, ready have a ``permissible" rating by the Bureau for any emergency. It was after one of of Mines for the gases or vapors involved. these raids that a strong odor- of ammonia, was observed on our ship; our blower venti :l! PHYSICAL EXAMS LACKING lating system was picking it up. .Investiga The need for. proper physical examina tions for persons wearing emergency equip ment has not always been appreciated in the past. A regular program of physical check ups with particular attention to the respira tory and circulatory system as well as general physical ccwiition probably would have prevented some cases where inhalation of a smoke combined with physical exertion with or without respiratory protection, has pnxluced serious illness. Pulse rates before, during and after ex ercise, genera! physical condition, moderate weight, good eyesight and proper teeth alinement (where mouthpiece breathing is in volved) are considered vital to pre-training bv the Bureau of Mines instructors. A practice of not permitting persons to return unprotected to smoke or fumes after they have been overcome and revived, would help prevent more serious inhalation effects. tion by our shore patrol informed, us that a - large cold storage plan*, had been hit and-; that the local, fire department was attempting to rescue several membersW ho were trapped inside the buildings. : ; Our fire and rescue section wras dis patched to the scene at once; w t were equipped for such work with demand-type breathing apparatus, with proper protective equipment and safety lines. Upon arrival we were briefed as to the plant layout and the possible location of 10 men inside the build ing witli a British type canister mask for protection. We entered the area working in pairs, and during the next 20 minutes removed 10 firemen, who had been; well trained by th e,best of British methods, but unfortunately ill equipped for such violent conditions, , When found, all men were unconscious and upon removal from the building, were rushed to the hospital, oxygen being admin 3 M Such restraining action may require physi istered enroute by a fine Australian medical cal force to implement it in practice, since team. Of the 10 men rescued, six died: from a patient who is partially recovered from the effects of ammonia inhalation, four men tunic or smoke inhalation may display highly irregular behavior. One recommendation is that persons sufficiently exposed to smoke and carlxin monoxide to require treatment should not return to active duty in less than four to six hours, while those who have been rendered semiconscious or unconscious should rest 24 to 4-8 hours. recovered completely. During the entire operation none of our team experienced any breathing difficulty; the teaching of damage control, fire and rescue work by Naval standards arc very good. Their careful selection of reliable equipment has been the result of careful re search and experience. j v b ffc $ | it lilf Properly maintained breathing apparatus, used with full appreciation of its limita tions, by healthy persons, properly and ade NITROGEN IN AIR-LINE R E SP IR A T O R quately trained, will eliminate most ``fume" Employees in an area were required to disabilities in the future. However, the idea! breathing apparatus for all applications has not been developed, and may not be devel oped until there is sufficient demand for it. use air-line respirators as a precaution against inhalation of radioactive particles. The air line was also used to provide in strument air. IrltSi i I" 23 a illy , < >i 57 ,'r1 ` \ 1 " I '. i iti> IRRENT SAFETY TOPICS .s P W :':$j if ^ GENERAL SESSIONS s National Safety Coundl OFFICERS . | C h a irm a n , B o a r d o f D ir e c to r s -- W altix F. Carey, Automobile Car- : ricrs Inc., Flint, Midi. | Vice Chairman, Board o f Directors--Dr, Lom i , B. Fishek, Presi* ! dent. North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools' | University of Illinois, Urbana, III. | P r e s id e n t--Ned H. Dearborn, President, National Safety Council, | Chicago, 111. ' . | V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r F a r m s --Kirk Fox, Editor, S u c c e s s fu l F a rm in g , | ^Meredith Publishing Co., Des Moines, Iowa. | V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r F in a n ce, a n d T r e a s u r e r --William H. Lowe, | Treasurer, Inland Steel Co., Chicago, 111. I Vice-President for Homes--Dr. ' George M. Wheatley, Third Vice 3 President, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. . : | V ic e -P r e s id e n t f o r l n d u s tr y --GTXAiis 0 . Griffin, Director o f Safety. 3 Dravo Corp., Neville Island, Pittsburgh, Pa. . | V ic e -P r e s id e n t f o r Lab<or--P. L. Stewiller, Genera! Vice: President. I International Association of Machinists, Chicago, 111. \ , l , r:'- 1 l - V ic e - P r e s i d e n t f o r L o c a l S a f e t y O r g a n is a tio n s ---Walter:K. Koch, [ President, Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Co., Denver 3 Colo. - P '/-yJ:.. \ Vice-President fo r Membership--E d w a r d C.. M y e r s , Vice-President, 3 United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. 3 V ic e - P r e s id e n t , f o r P u lu ic I n f o r m a tio n -- Charles W. F erguson, : Senior Editor, T h e R e a d e r 's D ig e s t, Plcasantville, N. Y. I V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r S c h o o ls a n d C o lle g e s--Dr. Lowell B. F ish f (Also Vice-Chairman'of Board'; see above). V ic e - P r e s id e n t f o r T ra ffic a n d T r a n s p o r ta tio n --E. J. B uh ner, Chair-' I man of the Board, Silver Fleet Motor Express, Inc., Louisville, Ivy.: Vice-President fo r Women's Acthnties--M iss Marion* E. Martin, Commissioner of Lai? ?.r.d Industry. State of Maine, Augusta, Me. ' Executive. Vice-President--G. C. Stewart, Executive Vice-President, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. Secretary--R. L. Forney, Secretary, National Safety Council, Chi cago, 111. Assistant Treasurers--Buford B. McCulloch,. President, Bureau of Safety, Inc., Chicago, 111. J. D. P u l f o r d , Director, Treasury Bureau, National Safety Council, Chicago, 111. i { National Safety Council TRUSTEES i I Chairman of the Trusters--W. S. S. l\ui,i.K', Former Chairman, : The Texas Company, New York, N. Y, I . '`u-r-Ohu'nruiH o f the Trustees--) w s Stu.u ki.l, Yonkers, N. Y. j Secretary o f the Trusters--N ed H. D earborn, President,; National | Safety 'Council, Gticago, 111. > Members M elvin H. B aker, Cliairman, Board of Director, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, N. Y. J ames B, Bi-ack, Chairman, Board oi bisectors, Pacific Gas and Llcctric Co., San Francisco, Calif, S. Bruce Black, Chairman. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston, Mass. W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Mich. (Ex-Officio). . I Cason J. Caixaw ay, Blue Springs Far,ms, Hamilton, Ga. W illiam G. C handler, President, Sc.ripps-Howard Supply Co., New York, N. Y. Charles R, Cox, President, Kennccott Copjtcr Corp., New York, N.Y. Cleo F. Csak:, Member, Executive Committee, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. W altui .!. Cum M ines, Chairman, Board of Directors, Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co., Chicago, 111. H arlow H. Curtice, President, General Motors Corp., General Motors Bldg., Detroit, Mich. N eb H. D earborn, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, III. (Ex-Officio). R ichard R. D eupree, Chairman, Roard of Directors, Procter and Gamble Co,, Cincinnati, Ohio. J. D oyle D eW itt, President, The Travelers, Hartford, Conn. . : Morse G. D ial, President, Union Carbide Corp., New York, N. Y. E, F. du P ont, Director, Employee Relations Dept., E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del. I^r 1 i jV* M r\^Vir'f * f*i*'4*^SwW*)rli ;1^ :i11^llllll11BIISlfciii .'KEOEKrc'j.W.. Ecker, PresidentMetropolitan!LjfeiiInsurance ;New;York,;n;Y.^^::j^| ^ ^ ff|i|f|t|jf an. Benjamin F, Fairless, President, American-Iron & Steel Institute, > it,' New York, N. Y. :.;> }i;;:/ A: Calvin Fextiless, Jr., Giaixraan, Allstate- Insurance?Co.` Skokie, 111. '>"h'i Francis J. Gavin, Chairman,f B oard,ofi Directors, Great Northern %.i,, ia! Railway Co., Sl Paul, 'Minji.C'iiv.';.^ El. Roland H arriman, Brown '-Brothers Harriiran'.-8::-'Co.-,f';Neiiy:-|,Y 'a r^ S'. Y. : Clifford F, H ood, President,:United States Steel C orp.,:Pittsburgh,-,! .J oseph L Lanier, President, .West Point Manufacturing Co.,West;;.: Point, Ga. . ' ;V: A:^ f t :4i|;c;| :jili;T./ George E. Leightv, Chairman, Board of '' Directors, ' Railway::Labor;| ; nd Executives' Assn., Washington, D C. i Kay .D. 11 urpky,' Chairman,' The: Equitable Life Assurance Society; ;;f O '. of the United States, N ew ;York, ^N.':Y.!!;!C T. S. Petersen, President, Standard Oil Co. of. California, San 'Fran-l:':; cisco,' C alif.'. ;'C'C4i-W:P;K:S G wilym A. Price, Prc5idt.\:`:uwi4.Chairinan,; Wcstinghouse|E;!:tncii;f; , Corp., Pittsburgh,'Pa i W alter P. Reuther, Vice President, American Federation of Labor-,!' Congress of Industrial Organizations, Detroit, Mich. 1 i1` t W. S. S, Rodgers, Former Qiairman, The Texas Co,, New Y ork,' l |* : N. Y. -r; v ' p ' i . r t l | l , Edward L. S ues, Chairman, Ethyl Corp., New York, N. ,Y, ! Pv^ii!i H erbert E. S m ith , Former Chairman,- United-States Rubber, Co., . New York, N. Y. ; ! Jom N S tilwell, Yonkeirs, Ns', Y , , Arthur E. Stoddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Co., O m al^ij; !-1 D r. John F. T hompson, Chairman, -The . International 'Nickcl. Covij.i 11. :. Inc. Nov York, N. Y. i S "S' Kenneth C. Towa e, Ctiajmian, American Cyanamid C o , Ne w York, ^ id N. Y. le SIS . Robert \V . W oodrut,;Chairman, Finance Committee,-The Coca-Cola ! '"v ` 'Coi, Atlanta, Ga. ";'V'M ......-..f.A...i..F.'..;-kCi..!..$...... ' W W iE M fi* 'J; it, .V su y H, I l H l iff- Wijf.3 !> - ai BOARD O F DIRECTORS ' - . --'"Vi.-,,: - :j .;!*:': Chairman of the Board of Directors--Watte* F. Ca*ey, President Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Mich. Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors--Da. Lowell B. Fishb*. President, North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, University o f Illinois, Urbana, III. Members Frank R. A hlcre.4, Editor, The Commercial Appeal, Memphis, Tenn. J. T. B lalock, Vice President, Pacific Indemnity Co., Los Angeles, Calif. y T. N. Boats, Manager, Accident Prevention DepL, Association of Casualty and Surety Cos.. New York, N. Y . ' ; N orman E. Borgerson, Deputy Superintendent, State Dept o f Public Instruction, Lansing, Mich. Ai_ E. Brown, Vice-President and Regional Director for the West Coast, United Papermakcrs and Paper-workers, Portland, Ore. E J. B uhner, Chairman of the Board, Silver Fleet Motor Express, Inc., Louisville, Ky. Robert R. B urton, Vice-President, Kenyon & Eckhardt, In c, Chi cago, 111. A lfred W. Cantwell, National Director Safety Services, The. American National Red Cross, Washington, D. C, W alter F. Carey, President, Automobile Carriers Inc., Flint, Mich. . D r. A. L ' C h a pm a n , Chief, Division of Special Health Sen-ices, U. S. Public Health Sen-ice, Washington, D. C - D s. Zen as R. Clark, Administrative Assistant, Wilmington Public Schools, Wilmington, DeL > John M. Convery, Employee Relations Division, National Association of Manufacturers, New York, N. Y. M. R. D arlington, Jr., Managing Director, Imer-f.nuustjy Highway Safety Committee, Washington, D. C. * J, B. D avies, Assistant Vice-President, Industrial Products Group, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa, 8 J !, ti&JS im vii'lm 1 ;M` ti-is S i i |i M iNaWonaliifos^I Council `gwcjiiB** K >Vti* iffiij iliill i m h il O. * ' 1 e ! 1 il -il ^ a* 1 N ed H. D earrorx, President, National Safety Council, Chicago ,i il ^*',3; *V H enry B.-Duftvs, Administrator, Acddent Prnfentie^ Wes*'"' Electric Corp., Pittsburgh Pa, 'Hfyl - f i l S I l l l F i l l ' ' ' '" V lJ 'p V ' h ii ':- k' :i - E. F. ou 'Font,-' Director, Em ptoj^ReltioM j% pt^E,TI;^:]Fopt4k^^|^; Nemours & o-, Inc., \yilm agtpa, JjWt' W allace Falvey, President, Massachusetts Bonding and Co., Boston, Mass. " C. M. Fexgusox, Administrator, Federal !Extension Servi., ........ , Dept of Agriculture, Washington, D. C n{ i IS. Charles W. Fercuson, Senior Editor,. The Readers Digest, iPleas-u:iki antville, N. Y. ' . ^ s,, R. H. Fergusox, Assistant c ^ ,a ^ o i i l l Director of Industrial ^ M^ is l l i l l Relations, l l i l l l l l Repubte-irv%";K Dr. Loweux B. Fisher, President,. North Central Association o f Col-'j . leges and Secondary ;Schools, University of tDlin<^WUiiaaa^:!llL:'iii^ g'M ... ;': - = Kulk Fox, Editor, "Successful Tarrmng,"pMertriith.^Pubshing|oai&l'! 111:^ . .Des Moines, la ' .. ; ; . i'f f : Idas.; Gertrude H. Frese, Assistant to Vice President and General : Manager, New York Tdcphooe:G?L:BrooMyn/ SL*i ..Gerard 0 . Gfctrnx, 'Director of Saitty;:.Drayo Corp,, ;NeviHe;lsland,'|Kfi.|ig;f4|j|;.; Pittsburgh, Pa. > ' ,; ; x; S. W. Grimes, Managing Director, Pacific Coast Association of Pulp 11 ^ and Parer Manufacturers, Poram, Ore. ':i;;i'-Mijp't P aul E. Gu r sk , Pompwo Beach, Fla. 4 R. P. Hamilton, Superintendent of Safety, S t IaMns-San FrarKisco:;fi^ Railway Co,, St. Louis, Mo. ( ` i` ' . J. P. H ightower, Director, Transportation and Safety, The Grey- '. ^ hound Cotp., Chicago, 111. - |iihi:}!i'!4 i-Mr;:|j`0 - f 11]S Stanley C Hope, President Esso Sumdard Oil Co., New York, N, Y.; \ Georce A. Jacoby, Director of Personnel Relations, General Motorsi *- i Con).. Detroit, Mich. ;. ' ' 'liP". Newell R. John-sox,,General Manager, American'Mutual Insurance , h ; Alliance, Chicago, 111. V " ^ |f 1 S if l|8 P W alter Ki Koch, President, Mountain States Telephone' and T ele--/i ii, graph Co., Denver,'Colo; .... h - ; *? Edmond H. Leavey; President, International Telephone and Tele- : graph Corp., New York, N. Y. : W illiam H. Lowe, Treasurer, Inland Steel Co., Chicago, ;111. E. C. M cFadorn. Vice President, Texas Employers' Insurance A ssn, Dallas, Texas. H arold G. M anceLsdork, Standard.Oil Co. (N. J.)'N ew Yorle, N. Y. Miss Marion E. Martin, Commissioner of Labor arid Industry, State of Maine, Augusta, Maine. I. W. Millard, Chairman of the Board, Industrial Gloves C o, Dan ville, 111. ... . Edward C. M yers, Assistant Vice President, U. S. Sited Corp., Pitts burgh, Pa. 'r>. ' Guv L. N oble, Managing Director, National Committee on Boys and Girls Club Work, Chicago, 111. H enry E. N orth, Vice-President, Metropolitan Life -Insurance Co,, San Francisco, Calif. Clifton W. P halen, Executive Vice-President, American Telephone and Telegraph, New York. N. Y. Mrs. I vy B akes P riest, Treasurer of the United States, Treasury Dept., Washington, D. C. \ A. V. Rohweder, Superintendent of Safety and Welfare, Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co., Duluth, Mimv Robert T. Ross, Manager, Employee Service; Industrial Relations, Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich. , !' M rs. R aymond Sayre, A ckvorth, Iowa. . A. J. S enw antes, Head of Dept, of Agricultural Engineering, Uni versity of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. H arry S ee, National Legislative Representative, Brotherhood o f Railroad Trainmen, Washington, D. C. * 10 *.'! ``S " tes (I .feitHfW.i S a fe ty ' K'iTP'l Louis B. S elt * , ;Editor,-The Cleveland ')! !I.Press, ".Cleveland,1 'ill Ohio/iv'&;!,*.',`V - \ i Vu'\' < -V i, >' X ? , i l ; P. L. S iemiller, General A7')ce-President, International Association; of.. a Machinists,' Chicago, III. . i sfiV `^ '1 * r,.'A' lli ,' K" 1 Reuben D. S iverson, Manager, Dept, of -ManufactureJand'ilndustxial Development, Chamber of Commerce of .the United States, tW ash*r"h ''.Ina* , ngton,d : c .,,,;; ;->l ; -m l . `. A . :<' ' , { * : r h " ....................... J. L. S. S nead. J e., President, Consolidated-/Frcightways,.T...n..e...;.i.:.M....c.nJolciti ; S ' P a rk ;Calii. ' . ' M , I Leslie'J. Sorenson, City Traffic Engineer, City of Chicago, Chicago, III. ill ilip: 111? H erman J . S poerer, Vice-President, Industrial Relations, The: VoimgST r;;: town Sheet and Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. it ili A. E. S pottke, Vice-President, Allstate Insurance Co., Skokie, 111. G. G. S tewart, Executive Vice President, National Safety ,Council L 'f c f S ' Chicago, III. i . W alter A. S tewart. Trustee and former President, American Optical; Co., Southbridge, Mass. ; Arthur E. S toddard, President, Union Pacific Railroad Co, Omaha, Nebr. m Col. W. L. T ubbs, Assistant for Ground Safety, DCS/Personnel, H<y, U, S. .Mr Force, Washington, D. C. .Lloy U tter, Director, Industrial Health :aWl..Safety Division, United, Automobile Workers, Detroit, Mich. <*! t Donald G. V aug h an, H artford, Conn. Secretary, Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., ;ll li tf S f f il m m m Silts, Georce W elles, Jr., Duluth, Mintu < Dr. George M. W heatley, Third Vice-President, Metropolitan Life. if . Insurance Co., New York, N. Y. i i t t i R. S. W ilson, Executive Vice-President, Goodyear Tire and Rubber: . Co., Akron, Ohio. . AA;/Lf; ^ . -i:ll W. O. W ilson, Manager of Safety, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), C hi-, cago, ILL Dr. W illiam P. Yant, Director of Research, Mine Safety Appliances Co., John T. Ryan Memorial Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa.; m n