Document wr8LQ55w10XX3zDm1E7bKx1r6

316 CHAPTER 12 1952 Guide REFERENCES 1 Application Engineering Standards for Air Conditioning for Comfort (Atr Conditioning and Refrigerat ing Machinery Association, Inc., 1947, pp. 4-7). - * Proposed Standard Solar Radiation Curves for Engineering Use, by P. Moon (Journal of the Franklin Institute, November 1940, Vol. 230, No. 5, pp. 533-617). A.S.H.VJ3. Research Report No. 1268--Summer Weather Data and Sol-Air Temperature^--Study of Data fpr Lincoln, Nebr., by C. O. Mackey (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 51, 1945,-p. 93).. Summer Weather Data and Sol-Air Temperature--Study of Data for New Yprk City, by C. O. Mackey and'E. B. Watson (AJ3J3.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 51, 1945, p. 75). 1 Sommer Cooling for Comfort as Affected by Solar Radiation, by G. A. Hendrikson' and J. H. Walker . (Heating and Ventilating, Vol. 29, No. 11, November 1932, pp. 14-21). | Tables of Computed Altitude and Azimuth (U. S. Navy Dept. Hydrographic Office Bulletin No. 214, Vols. 1-9, Washington, D. C,, 1940). * The American Nautical Almanac (U. S. Naval Observatory, Washington, D. C., annual). * TheEffect of Solar Radiationon theHeatTransmission Through Walls, by F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet and A. A. Rosenburg (American Society of Testing Materials Symposium on Thermal Insulating Materials, Philadelphia, 1939). . ,i-. A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1157--Summer Cooling Load as Affected by Heat Gain Through Dry, Sprinkled and Water Covered Roofs, by F. C. Houghten, H. T. Olson and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1940). - u Radiation in the Atmosphere, by D. Brunt (Supplement to the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Mete orological Society, Vol. 66,1940). t A.S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 923--Heat Transmission as Influenced by Heat Capacityand Solar Radiation, by F. C. Houghten, J. L. Blackshaw, E. M. Pugh and Paul McDermott (A.S.H.VJEI. Trans actions, Vol. 38, 1932, p; 231); Effect of Heat Storage and Variation in Outdoor Temperature and Solar Intensity on Heat Transfer Through Walls, by J. S. Alford, J. E. Ryan and F. O. Urban (A.S.H.V.B. Trans1 actions, Vol. 45, 1939, p. 369). Periodic Heat Flow in Building Walls Determined by Electrical An alogy Method, by Victor Paschkia (A.S.H.VJE. Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 75).--Periodic Heat FlowHomogeneous Walls or Roofs, by C. O. Maekey and L. T. Wright, Jr. (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 50, 1944, p. 293). Periodio Heat Flow--Composite Walls or Roofs, by C. O. Mackey and L. T: Wright, Jr. (A.S.H.VJE. Transactions, Vol. 52, 1946, No. 1299). Periodic Heat Transfer at the Inner Surface of a Homogeneous Wall, by H. A. Johnson (A.S.H.VJE. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning May 1948, p. 121). u Solar Heat Gain Through Walls and Roofs for CooUng Load Calculations, by j. P. Stewart (A.S.H.VJE, Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, August 1948, p. 121). u a S.H.V.E. Research Report No. 1002--Cooling Requirements of Single Rooms in a Modern Office Building, by F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet, and Albert J. Wahl (A.S.H.VJE. Transactions, Vol. 41,1935, p. 53). u Study of Actual vb. Predicted Cooling Load on An Air Conditioning System, by James N. Livermore (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 49, 1943, p. 287). is A.S.H.VJE. Research Report No. 1195--Heat Gain Through Walls and Roofs as Affected by Solar Radiation, by F. C. Houghten, E. C. Hach, S. I. Taimuty and Carl Gutberlet (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 48, 1942, p. 91). ii A.8.H.VJE. Research Report--Measurements of Solar Heat Transmission Through Hat Glass, by G. V. Parmelee, W. W. Aubele and R. G. Huebecher (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol 20, No. 1, January 1948, p. 158). n A.S.H.V.E. Research Report--Solar and Total Heat Gain Through Double Flat Glass, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol. 20, No. 6, June 1948, p. 116). u A.S.H.VJE. Research Report--Solar Energy Transmittance of Eight-Inch Hollow Glass Block, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol. 21, No. 9, September 1949, p. 111). ti A.S.H.VJ3. Research Report--Heat Flow Through Unshaded Glass: Design Data for Use in Load Calculations, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating; Piping and:Air Conditioning, June 1950, p. 123). to A.8.H.V.E. Research Report--Solar Energy Trans'mittariceof Figured Rolled Glass, by G. V. Parmelee and W. W. Aubele (A.S.H.VJ2. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Vol.23, No. 2, February 1951, p. 124). A.S.H.VJl. Research Report No. 975--Studies of Solar Radiation Through Bare and Shaded Win dows by F. C. Houghten, Carl Gutberlet and J. L. Blackshaw (A.S.H.VJ3. Transactions, Vol. 40, 1934, p. 101). a a.S.H-V-E- Research Report No. 1180--Heat Gain Through Western Windows With and Without Shading, by F. C. Houghten and David Shore (A.S.H.V.E. Transactions, Vol. 47, 1941, p. 251). n The Mechanism of Heat Transfer, Panel Cooling and Heat Storage, Part II: Solar Radiation, by C. S. Leopold (Refrigerating Engineering, June 1948, p. 571). ; u The Mechanism of Heat Transfer, Panel Cooling, Heat Storage, by C. S. Leopold (Refrigerating Engi neering, July 1947, p. 33). Hydraulic Analogue for the Solution of Problems of Thermal Storage, Radiation, Convection and Conduction, by C. S. Leopold. (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, July 1948, p. 105). u Heat Gains Are Not Cooling Loads, by C. O. Mackey and N. R. Gay (AJ3.H.VJ3. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, August 1949, p. 105). * See Reference 1, p. 8. Cooler Footcandlee for Air Conditioning, by W. G. Darley (A.S.H.VJD. Transaction, Vol. 46, 1940, p. 367). Lighting and Air Conditioning Design Factors, Report of IJBJ5.--A.S.H.VJS. Joint Committee on Lighting and Air Conditioning (A.S.H.V.E. Journal Section, Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, Sep tember 1941, p. 605). Lighting and Air Conditioning, by Howard M. Sharp (Healing and Ventilating, No vember 1942, p. 35). a Compiled by J. P. Stewart from various sources. r. f CHAPTER 13 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Solid Fuels: Analysis, Classification of Coals, Dustless Treatment, Classification of Cokes, Combustion of Solid Fuels, Firing Methods for Solid* Fuels, Secondary Air, Draft Requirements and Regulation, Furnace Volume; Fuel Oils: Classification, Analysis, Combustion, Air Required; Fuel Gases: Classification, Heat Value, Combustion; General Combustion Principles; Air Required; Efficiency from Flue Gas Analysis; Heat Balance; Condensation and Corrosion; Soot FUELS may be classified according to their physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous. The principal fuels used for domestic heating are coal, oil, and gas. However, coke, wood, kerosene, sawdust, briquettes, and other substances are used for heating in special applications or in localities where an adequate supply is available. Experiments are in progress in the use of a colloidal suspension of coal particles in fuel oil, but this fuel has not attained wide-spread usage as yet. The choice of fuel is usually based on dependability, cleanliness, availability, economy, operating requirements, and control. SOLID FUELS Analysis of Fuels Goal has a complex composition that makes classification into clear-cut types difficult. Chemically it consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitro gen, sulfur, and a mineral residue called ash. A chemical analysis provides some indication of the quality of a coal, but does not define its burning characteristics sufficiently. The coal user is interested principally in. the available heat per pound of coal, the handling and storing properties, the amount of ash and dust produced, and the burning characteristics. A description of the relationship between the qualities of coals and these characteristics requires considerable space; a treatment applicable to . heating boilers is given in a Sureau of Mines Bulletin.' ' There are two forms of coal analyses, namely, the proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. In the proximate analysis the proportions of moisture, volatile .matter, fixed carbon, sulfur, and ash are determined. This analysis is more, easily made and is satisfactory for indicating most of the characteristics which are of interest to the user. For the proximate analysis the. moisture is determined by observing the loss of weight of a sample of coal when dried at about 220 F. To determine the volatile matter, the dried sample is heated to about 1750 F in a closed crucible, and the loss of weight is noted. The remaining sample, is then burned in an open crucible, and the accompanying loss of weight represents the fixed carbon. The unbumed residue is ash. Although determined separately, the sulfur content is frequently reported with the proxiihate analysis be cause the usefulness of a coal for certain purposes depends on its sulfur content. In the ultimate analysis, which is difficult'to make, the percentages of caTMn> hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash in the coal sample are determined. It is used for detailed studies of fuels, and in computing 317