Document wr5eLBOnQxNab156KN9ZpvwDo

FILE NAME: Owens Illinois Library (OWL) DATE: 1953 DOC#: OWL036 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Article from the Archives of Industrial Health Special Reports - Threshold Limit Values of 1953 A. M. A. A R C H I V E S OF M Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine EDITORIAL BOARD PHILIP DRINKER, Chief Editor 55 Shattuck Street, Boston 15 RALPH C. LEGGO, Crockett, C alif. H. H. SCHREXK, Pittsburgh FRANK PRIKCI, Cincinnati CHARLES F . SHOOK Sr., Toledo OSCAR A. SANDER, M ilw aukee JAMES H. STERNER, Rochester, N. Y. HERBERT E. STOKINGER, Cincinnati Volume 8 1953 'i 0 2. i PUBLISHERS AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION CHtCAGO 10, ILL. V itfH R S m flB l CINE l Carbonyl tlon [abstract}, 597 er names o f organa. rt of case, *143 iiylhexyl) phlhalato i, 219 ityl ketone vapors. le number method. in workers exposed th aerosol therapy; [abstract], 94 mds ith development o f tract of chromium n chronic chromium 1 phosphate : Immelong-term feeding TS mall Industry, *227 miners i mines In [J a co e], ic disorders followpensable situationa ileal Testimony In . 389 ation of pesticides oosure to inorganic <8 >s In (abstract), 87 special reference to resulting from cotothers), *36 ericen Medical A s - 4 ies resulting from e industry ln [a b - Qism o f action o f hosphates, *359 INDEX TO VOLUME 8 Curtis, 6 , H. Berylliosis: summary and survey of all clinical types observed in 12-year period, *1 Cyanides toxicity studies of acetone cyanohydrin and ethylene cyanohydrin [Sunderman A Kincaid], *371 Cyanohydrins: See Cyanides Cystine and Cysteine studies in vanadium toxicology: reduction in cystine content of rat hair [Mountain & others], *406 Danopoulos, E. Serious poisoning by hexachlorocyclohexane: clinical and laboratory observations on 5 cases, *582 Bavts, M. W. Pneumoconiosis in tungsten-carbide tool industry: report of 3 cases, *453 DDT panmyelophthisis after exposure to benzene hexachlorlde and [Frlberg A Martensson), *166 Deafness: See also Hearing occupational, in weavers [abstract), 82 physical basis of hearing damage and tentative damage risk criterion for steady-state noise [Hardy], *250 De Carlo, M. B. Some physiological effects of disulfur decafiuorlde (SsFio) after intravenous injection in dogs, with note on Its toxicity to rabbits, *436 Degreasers: See Tetrachloretbylene; etc. Delahant, A. B. Relationship between piezoelectric property and flbrogenic capacity of dust, *109 Delker, L. L. Studies in vanadium toxicology: reduction in cystine content of rat hair, *406 DeXardl. J. M. Berylliosis: summary and survey of all clinical types observed in 12-year period, *1 Dermatitis from cement: evaluation of potassium bichromate test [abstract], 592 from hops [abstract], 591 Industrial: aggravation as factor [Appel], *133 industrial dermatoses [abstract], 195 venenata due to native woods [abstract], 193 Deroin, 7.. Studies on toxicity and mechanism of action of some new insecticidal thlonopliospbates, *350 Diet effect on susceptibility of rat to poisoning by 2,4-dinitrotoluene [Stalls A Goldwater], *262 Diisobutyl Ketone toxicity and hazard of vapors [Carpenter it others], 377 Dimercaprol therapy in chronic lead poisoning [abstract], 486 Dinitro-o-Cresol: See Nitrocresol Dinltrotoluene: See Nitrotoluene Dl(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate: See Plastics Disability rehabilitation and placement of incapacitated work er [abstracts], 192 Disk, Intervertebral: See Spine Disulfur Decafiuorlde: See Fluorides DNOC-r See Xltrocresol Doull, J, Studies on toxicity and mechanism of action of some new insecticidal thlonophosphates, *350 Drinker, T. Fumes and gases from selenium rectifiers abused by gross overloading. *185 DuBols, K. P. Studies on toxicity and mechanism of action of some new Insecticidal thlonophosphates, *350 Dudley, H. C. Pharmacological studies of radiogermanium (Gen ) : inhalation of dusts, *523 Dusts: See also Pneumonocoolosis collection: cyclone collectors for boilers [abstract], 90 collection: how dust collectors perform [abstract], 89 collection: principles of present day dust collectors and their application to mining and metallurgical Industries [abstract], 39 control: external, for pedestal grinder [abstract], 597 counting by most probable number-method [Chap man]. *234 diseases due to : prevention (abstract], 592 and fume control [abstract], 89 health hazards in dusty trades, criteria for evalua tion [abstract], 88 mechanism of clearance from lu n g: theory [ab stract], 590 high-speed counting of steel foundry dust particles [abstract], 595 m ineral: threshold limit values for 1953. 298 relationship between piezoelectric property and flbrogenic capacity (rratt A others], *109 sampling: See also Air, sampling sam pling: sampler which simulates upper and lower lung deposition [Harris A Eisenbud], *446 sampling: to simulate human lung [abstract], 80 to x ic : threshold limit values for 1953, 297 Dutra, F. K. Toxicity of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate: Imme diate toxicity and effects of loog-term feeding experiments, *170 Ear: See also Deafness; Hearing Internal, chronic lead poisoning and changes in [abstract], 488 new types of protectors [abstract], 598 Education medical research fellowships, 202 radiological health training program, 92 Eisenbud, M. Dust sampler which simulates upper and lower lung deposition, *446 England: See Great Britain E1*G (Ethyl Phthalyl Ethyl G lycolate): See Glycols Ethylene Cyanohydrin toxicity studies [Sunderman A Kincaid], *371 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphates: See Phosphorus and Phosphorus Compounds Factories: See under names of various industries Fatigue critical frequency of fusion of interrupted electrical stimulation of eye as test [abstract], 79 Fear. Frustration, and Futility industrial aspect (Johnstone], *391 Fellowships medical research, 202 Ferguson, J. K. W. Fluctuations o f breath radon in subjects seated at rest, *574 Filters molecular filter membrane and electron microscopy, combined use in sampling and measurement of solid air-borne particulates [Frsser], *412 ,. ;*. ? I . jf-f li \i ) ; - : IV ri >T Ili. r V* rJ*i-t ' M- Special Reports THRESHOLD LIM IT VALUES FOR 1953 Adopted ot the Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial N Hygienists, Los Angeles, April, 1953 VALUES are given in the following tabulation for the maximum average atmospheric con centration of contaminants to which workers may be exposed for an eight-hour working day without injury to health. These values are based on the best available information from industrial experience, from experimental studies, and, when possible, from a combination of the two. They are not fixed values but are reviewed annually by the Committee on Threshold Limits for changes, revisions, or additions as further information becomes available. Threshold limits should be used as guides in the control of health hazards and should not be regarded as fine lines between safe and dangerous concentrations. They represent conditions only within which it is felt that workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without their health being adversely affected. It is felt, at the present time, that workers should not be.exposed to a working environ ment containing any of these substances in excess of the value indicated. GASES AND VAPORS SUBSTANCE PPM SUBSTANCE Acetaldehyde .................................. . 200 Chloroform................................... .. Acetic acid .................................... 10 1-Chloro-l-nitropropane .............. .. Acetic anhydride .......................... 5 C r e s o l............................................ tAcetone .......................................... . 1,000 Cyclohexane.............. .................. .. Acrolein.......................................... 0.S Cyclohexanol ................................ .. Acrylonitrile................................... 20 Cyclohexanone.............................. .. Ammonia ....................................... . 100 Cyclohexene.................................. .. Amyl acetate .................................. . 200 Cyclopropane (propene) ............ .. Isoamyl alcohol.............................. . 100 A n ilin e ............................................ 5 Arsine ............................................. 0.05 Benzene (benzol) ............................ 35 Bromine............................................ 1 1,3-Butadiene .................................. . 1,000 n-Butanol ....................................... . 100 2-Butanone ..................................... .. 250 n-Butyl acetate................................. . 200 Butyl Cellosolve (2-butoxyethanol) . 200 Carbon dioxide................................. . 5,000 Carbon disulfide .............................. 20 *1-2 Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide) ................................ .. o-Dichlorobenzene........................ .. Dichlorodifluoromethane .............. .. 1,1-Dichloroethane ....................... .. fl,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) ................................ .. 1,2-Dichloroethylene..................... .. Dichloroethyl eth er....................... Dichloromethane ........................... .. Dichloromonofluoromethane ....... .. 1,1-Dichloro-l-nitroethane ........... Carbon monoxide ............................ . 100 tCarbon tetrachloride ....................... 25 Cellosolve (2-ethoxyethanol) ........., 200 1,2-Dichloropropane (propylene dichloride) ................................ .. Dichlorotetrafluoroethane ............ .. Cellosolve acetate............................ , 100 Diethylamine ................................ Chlorine............................................ 1 Dimethylaniline ............................ . Chlorobenzene ................................. 75 2-Chlorobutadiene ............................ 25 Dimethylsulfate ........................... Dioxane..................... .................. .. PPM 100 20 5 400 100 100 400 400 25 50 1,000 100 100 200 15 500 1,000 10 75 1,000 25 5 1 100 * New values. t Changes from the 1952 list. 296 THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES 297 SUBSTANCE PPM Ethyl acetate .................... ............. 400 Ethyl alcohol .................... ............. 1,000 Ethylamine .......................... ........... 25 Ethyl benzene .................... ............. 200 Ethyl brom ide.................... ............. 200 Ethyl chloride.................... ............. 1,000 Ethylene chlorohydrin....... .................. 5 Ethylene oxide.................... ............. 100 Ethyl ether ........................ ............. 400 Ethyl formate .................... ............. 100 Ethyl silicate...................... ............. 100 ' Fluorine . ............................. ............. 0.1 Fluorotrichloromethane---- ............. 1,000 Formaldehyde .................... ............. 5 Gasoline............................... ............. 500 H eptane............................... ............. 500 Hexane ............................... ............. 500 Hydrogen chloride............. ............. 5 Hydrogen cyanide ............. ............. 10 Hydrogen fluoride ............. ............. 3 Hydrogen selenide ............. ............. 0.05 Hydrogen sulfide................ . ............. 20 Iodine.................................... ............. 1 Isophorone ......................... ............. 25 ............. 400 Isopropyl ether .................. ............. 500 Mesityl oxid e...................... ............. 50 Methanol............................. ............. 200 Methyl acetate.................... ............. 200 Methylal ............................................ 1,000 Methyl bromide.................. ............. 20 Methyl butanone................. ............. 100 Methyl Cellosdve (2-methoxyethanol)....... ............. 25 Methyl Cellosohre acetate .. ........... 25 Methyl chloride ................. ............. 100 Methylcvclohexane............. ............. 500 Methylcyclohexanol ........... ............. 100 SUBSTANCE Methylcyclohexanone....... ............... Methyl formate ............................... Methyl iso-butyl ketone.................... Naphtha (coal t a r ) ........................... Naphtha (petroleum) ...................... Nickel carbonyl................................. Nitrobenzene .................................... Nitroethane ...................................... Nitrogen oxides (other than N20 ) . Nitroglycerin .................................... N itro m e th a n e .................................... 2-Nitropropane ................................. N itr o to lu e n e ...................................... Octane ............................................. O zone................................................. Pentane .............................................. Pentanone (methyl propanone) ---Phenol ............................................... P h o s g e n e ............................................ Phosphine .......................................... Phosphorus trichloride .................... Propyl acetate................................... Stibine ............................................... Stoddard solvent............................... Styrene monomer.................... . Sulfur chloride ................................. Sulfur dioxide................................... 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane ................. fTetrachloroethylene .......................... Toluene .............................................. Toluidine .......................................... *1-1-1 Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform) ................................... fTrichloroethylene ............................. Turpentine ........................................ Vinyl chloride................................. Xylene ............................................... PPM 100 10O 100 200 500 1 1 100 25 0.5 100 50 5 500 1 1,000 200 5 1 0.05 0.5 200 0.1 500 200 1 10 5 200 200 5 500 200 100 500 200 TOXIC DUSTS, FUM ES, AND MISTS SUBSTANCE Antimony ........................... ............. Arsenic ............................... ............. Barium ............................... ............. Cadmium............................. ............. Chlorodiplienyl.................... ............. MG. PER CU. M. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 1 MG. PER SUBSTANCE CO. M. Chromic acid and chromates as CrO. 0.1 Cyanide as C N ................................... 5 *0.0-Diethyl-0-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate (parathion) ......... 0.1 Dinitrotoluene ."................................ 1.5 298 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE MG. pe r MG. PER SUBSTANCE o-Dinitrocresol........................... CU. M. 02 SUBSTANCE Phosphorus pentasulfide ............... CU. M. l \rchives F luoride...................................... 2S Selenium, as Se ............................. 0.1 Iron oxide fume ....................... . . . . 15 Sulfuric acid .................................. l Vo l u m e 8 L e a d ........................................... 0.15 Tellurium ...................................... 0.1 Magnesium oxide fume............. . . . . 15 Tetryl ............................................ .. 1.5 Manganese ................................ 6 Trichloronaphthalene .................. 5 M ercury...................................... 0.1 Trinitrotoluene ............................. 1.5 Pentachloronaphthalene ........... 0.5 Uranium (soluble compounds)___ 0.05 Pentachlorophenol .................... 0.S Uranium (insoluble compounds) . 0.25 Phosphorus (yellow) ............... Phosphorus pentachloride ....... 0.1 Zinc oxide fume ........................... . 15 1 \ / f OST ^VJL titi. MINERAL DUSTS r.e. but SUBSTANCE MPPCF SUBSTANCE MPPCF i niploved f Alundum .................................. . . . 50 Silica rom gem Asbestos .............................. ... 5 high (above 50% free SiO:)......... 5 cated that Carborundum ........................... . . . so medium (5 to 50% free SiO :)---- 20 t Dust (nuisance, no free silica).. . . . 50 low (below 5% free SiO:)............. 50 Actua' certain tii Mica (below 5% free silica)---- . . . 20 Slate (below 5% free SiO-) ........... 50 and those Portland cement ....................... . . . 50 Soapstone (below 5% free SiO)---- 20 them by Talc ........................................... . . . 20 Total dust (below 5% free SiO :). .. 50 primarily -n probi RADIATIONS diseases, MATERIAL OR RADIATION MATERIAL OR RADIATION in and d> Gamma (roentgens per week)........ 0.3 Roentgen (roentgens per week)---- 0.3 W illiam L. Ball L. T. F airhall K ingsley K ay H. E. Stokinger A. J. Vorwald Louis F. W eller A llan L. Coleman, Chairman ture autc concern i produced In o', with all Some of responsi Industry contribi an emp treatme to his f; attendo tor the prograi law, pr sound t Yot How ci 592 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE transient type and were not seen by the dermatologist. Of the six which were seen, one was severe, two were moderate, and three were mild. From this report, it seems possible that a mild dermatitis was fairly common in Herefordshire in 1952, about 1 picker in 30 being affected. Thus while severe cases are rare, mild cases are fairly common. Hop dermatitis in some cases tested seemed to be due to a sensitivity to fresh hop oil, of which myrcene may be the active ingredient. In three cases sensitivity to hop resins was also present. It is suggested that the rarity of hop dermatitis among workers in dried hops is due to the fact that the sensitizing agent is driven off in the drying process. P revention of the D ust Diseases. A. I. G. McLaughun, Lancet 2:49 and 99 (July 11 and 18) 1953. If the lungs are healthy, they can deal with a considerable quantity of dust or fume without becoming damaged. The concentration of dust which can be inhaled without danger varies according to the nature of the dust and also according to the length of time that a man is breathing it. Again, intermittent exposure to high concentrations of dust may be more dangerous than exposure to lower concentrations over a longer period. The harder the job is, the more deeply will a man have to breathe, and in consequence he will breathe more dust. Workers too vary greatly in their capacity to deal with dusts, and of two men who have been working at the same job for the same length of time one may get a disease of the lungs and the other may be unaffected. This is one reason why the author is not greatly impressed by the validity of what are known as the maximum allowable concentrations of dusts (M. A. C.), of which lists have been drawn up in various countries. The M. A. C.'s seem to be based on the assumption that man is a standardized machine, which clearly he is not. After citing figures on the incidence of dust diseases in England, McLaughlin in the second installment of his paper points out that many factory processes and most types of mining are inherently dusty but that in some instances the process can be altered so that no dust is formed. Again, it is possible occasionally to replace the substance which gives rise to the dangerous dust by another not so harmful. In jobs in which it has not been possible to control the dust, it is necessary for the worker to be protected by respirators or by a breathing apparatus. After commenting on replacing a harmful material, McLaughlin discusses dust suppression or control by ventlilation and by changing or by isolating a manufacturing process. Wet methods of allaying dust, electrostatic precipitation, and good housekeeping are also discussed. In reviewing methods for the personal protection of the worker, the author describes and evaluates several types of respirators. He also comments on antidotal dusts, particularly the aluminum dusting chamber, pointing out that it will require years before any definite evidence of the value of the treatment can be obtained and only then if adequate control groups are studied. H e thinks that it should be used with caution, since he cannot readily believe that it is a good thing to put more dust into a lung which is already overloaded with dust. W ith regard to medical examinations and in particular x-ray examinations, McLaughlin says that it is useful to examine all workers before they are engaged in the dusty trades and then a t intervals afterward. A diagnosis of pneumoconiosis cannot be made without an x-ray film of the chest, but x-ray examination does not prevent dust disease of the lungs. It does, however, help to get the worker out of a dusty industry before the damage to his lungs has gone too far. X-ray and other examinations can also indicate in which part of the job the danger lies, and greater attention can be given to dust control in the dangerous job. It is not fair to the workers, however, to use x-ray surveys in order to save the time and trouble of the engineers whose business it is to control dust clouds wherever they arise. E valuation of t h e P otassium B ichromate T est for Cem ent (D ermatitis). E. F rey, Dermatologica 105:244, 1952. Seventy-three cases of industrial dermatoses were tested with patch tests of 0.5% solution of potassium bichromate. Seven doubtful cases were excluded; 33 cases of cement eczema gave a positive result. Of 33 patients with industrial eczema of other origin, only 2 factory workers showed reaction; these 2 women were employed in cleaning metal objects and may have become sensitized to chromate during that work. Biol. A bst. [ I ndust. H yg. D igest.] Ai: On th e E stimation > O btained in 100 i and M argaria a M ihrtad P asarc The present work : obtained from the stui stages. The method of used in 30 cases, and I data obtained by the t of nodular silicosis it In most cases of nodula was always found in c; of Knipping is prefer; because these tests are M ethod of Microcom patol. (Russian) 1 Histological specin at 550 C. after a br; examination can then animals exposed to sr 2.0 /t in diameter. La generally show a gr; residence on lung tiss; matter. This method pneumosclerosis. Determination of S tion (A shing) i The method outlin in the lymphatic nod reticuloendothelial la; gradual dissolution. Chronic Chromt: Zentralbl. Arbeit This paper descril exposed to inhalation disclosed a tumor of given, indicating a p; of the ashed lung sk It is stated that the per 100 cc. T reatment of H yd; (Aug. 8) 1953. An opinion is req; ment of hydrofluoric