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FILE NAME: Gardner Denver (GD) DATE: 1946 Nov DOC#: GD004 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Trade Journal with Articles and Ads - Southern Power & Industry - Odd pages Only 9. - I mp --, mm HW _gOPY TO U OF NOV 1919(6 Get the 107 Extra C ap acity in MODERN 0Ec3o'3# PH/ICO BA7TER/ES fer SALES AND SERVICE: 915-101 M arietta Street Bldg. ATLANTA, G E O R G IA B I R M I N G H A M ST. LOUI S 6' 8 lfttd continuous work, Philco pioneered the modern extra capacity bat}hat provides 10% additional capacity with no increase in overall size. jlS great advantage, first made available in Philco Type XL and XVL ^ries, is an outstanding feature of the famous Philco "Thirty". .. the with 30% longer life. For today'sheavier work schedules, make sure idle capacity you can get. Specify a modern Philco. Write for catalogs, i l t c o CORPORATION, Storage Battery Division, Trenton 7, N. J. HILCO FOR SO YEARS A LEADER IN INDUSTRIAL STORAGE BATTERY DEVELOPMENT EVELOPING successful water treatment for high pressure boilers is a job for research chemists and engineers--not salesmen. Steam and water in high pressure systems are different--both in physical characteristics and in reactions involving scaling, corrosion and foaming. These differences are familiar to Nalco scientists--and are the reason that the Nalco System of Scientific W ater Treatment in high pressure power plants is as effective and economical as it is in thousands of medium and low pressure installations. Ask your Nalco Representative for details on a complete Nalco Survey for your p la n t. . . Or write direct. Cfoset/ps of the peep-hole In one of tha Nalco Laboratory test boilers are shown below. At top is water and steam at 250 lbs. p. s. I. Note the sharp line of water and steam separa tion, indicating high water density; low steam density. At bottom is a test at 750 lbs. p. s. I. W ater density is much lower; steam density higher. Different Nalco treat ments for each pressure produced dry steam in both tests-- Neither test could be successful without fitting the treat ment to the pressure as well as the water and boiler conditions present. The Scientific System of Water T reatm ent for All Industry NATIONAL ALUMINATE CORPORATION 6 2 2 6 W. 6 6 t h P L A C E C H I C A G O 3 8 , I L L I N O I S Canadian inquiries should be addressed to Aluminate Chemicals, Ltd., 555 Eastern Avenue, Toronto, Ontario. k V - SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 ` I Eugene W. O'Brien Managing Director catel of yoi lFrancis C. Smith, Editor v - r Jl-; Hunter R. Hughes, Jr. fcs.. ||F ! Associate Editor Z5onsul| suggef Richard L. Priess Southwestern Editor CONTENTS n equi| ents W. E. Coogier Production Manager omy. Mechanical Handling of Cross-Ties, by A. M. Deiters 40 I in the .(luslness Representatives A Good Lunch Helps, by Francis C. Smith 46 icialist rvice idatior g Rogers, 18 Bast 48th St., uvom 1904, New York IT, ,N. Y.-- Phone, Plaza 8-2565. Rmiuu K. Hoffman, 28 Bowdoin St., Maplewood, N. J.-- Phone 5 go. Orange 2-2484, Profits in Plant Layout, by Gregory M. Dexter 49 Progress in Candy Making, by R. A. Brock and F. W. Hayward 58 in e e r si _ nard L. Durham, 67 Coving- e in t ton Bead, Buffalo 16, N. Y.-- M ppone, Amherst 6332. Hygienic Importance of Dust, by N. V. Hendricks . . . . 61 M. C. Smith, 206 Auditorium s by jE 'Building, Cleveland 14, Ohio -Phone, Cherry 7352. Centrifugal Boiler Feed Pumps, by Igor J. Karassik 65 ; or bi if 6 ,' B. Johnson, 168 North icilites ' Michigan Are., Chicago 1, 111,-- Phone, Central 4131. Labor Turnover, by Philip Panfield 74 1. B. Chappell, Auditorium Bldg., 427 West 5th St., Los Ange- Damage by Fly Ash Erosion, by Harry M. Spring 78 quippe les^Calif. -- Phone, Tucker -- steel Richard L. Priess, 1341 Liberty Bank Bldg., Dallas, Texas.-- Electric Circuit Troubles, by Thomas Trail .. 84 ineries, Phone, Central 7678. A History of Power, by Carl J. Eckhardt, Jr. $6 itcetera., I ; Annual Subscription-- 31.00 Canada-- $1.50 ; Foreign $2.00 al boiler^ special-- Published Monthly by W R. C. SMITH PUBLISHING CO. Publishers also o f : Cotton, Elec trical South, Southern Hardware, Southern Automotive Journal, Southern Building Supplies. PRACTICAL DISCUSSION Routing Operation Im p ro v e d ................ 92 Tight Bolt-Threads . . . 94 Magnetic Street C le a n e r........................ 92 la d d e r Aida Maintenance 94 Simple Air M anifold............................ 22 Froesing Aids Repairs 94 Rending Meters and Gaugeis 94 J. Rooke. P re sid e n t; R. P. ith. E xecutive V ice-P resident; W, M cAllister, V ice-P resident; W. O'B rien, V ic e -P re sid e n t: B. C. Sm ith, V ice-P re sid en t; C. Cook, V ic e -P re sid e n t; O. A. arp less, T r e a s u r e r ; A. F . Rob Wts, S ecretary. fdiiorial -,nd Executive Offices DEPARTMENTS FACTS AND TREN DS .............................. 5 INDUSTRY SPEAKS. . . . 38 BUY ERS' INFORM ATION.......................... 8 NEWS OP THE MONTH. 96 TIM ELY COMMENTS ................ 37 NEW EQUIPM ENT . . . . 114 INDEX TO A D V ERTISERS' . . 134 GRANT BUILDING ATLANTA, GEORGIA copyright, ! / 1946. by W. R. Iroith Publishing Company h FOR SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AND POWER EXECUTIVES November 1, 1946 EQUIPMENT INNOVATIONS of the past several months will he featured at -"the 17th National Power Show to he held the first week of December in New York. A model of a gas turbine designed for power generation in the utility field will be displayed along with new combustion equipment, -apparatus for pulverizing coal, small Diesel-electric units designed for portable use, "emergency" 50 to 500 hp self-contained boilers, and burn.ers capable of firing coal, oil, and gas selectively or in combination. Machine tools, materials handling equipment, and power plant protective ^equipment will also be featured. rNUM ALLOY BEARINGS are now being developed for improved score, fatigue, corrcsl m resistance in heavy load applications. Numerous reported Service tes~s of solid aluminum alloy and steel-backed aluminum bearings indicate improved performance. Self-lubricating powdered aluminum alloy ,'bearings are still in the formulative stage. s ODS TRENDS - transparent plastic machine bearing models, fed with pigment colored oil, afford visual study of lubrication effectiveness . . . protec tive chcmi ,`a l nru-king compound applied with spray gun has tensile strength of 2,000 psi and oLongation of 200 per cent and is stable from minus 40 F |[to plus 180 F. fg||r-" sum. ' K1700 INDUSTRIAL - VOCATIONAL FILMS, available to industry on rental, purchase, i:or free loan basis, are listed in "The Index of Training Films" distributed 'by the Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester 4, N. Y. This classified industrial ' ; '^inventory of available training materials covers diversified fields in the `Ceramic and Glass Industries; Chemical Industry; Electronics including Generators & Motors, Electrical Measurement, Motor Maintenance & Repair, Radio & Communication; Engineering; Diesel, Internal Combustion & Steam Engines; Foundry and Forging Practice; Hydraulics; Machine Shop Practice; d in the Plastics, Refrigeration, and 'flood Working Industries. ODUCTION OF WORKING DRAWINGS on metals, plastics, hard rubber, and other pon-porous materials can be economically accomplished by the use of a new 'Spray gun applied, light-sensitive, quick-drying, primer and coating. The .process, carried out in ordinary room lighting conditions, consists of clear lacquer priming, coating, exposure to bright light of sensitized metal in contact With the drawing and washing with a 2 per cent solution of ammonia d warm water. Complex layouts can be produced in quantity and finished layouts withstand bending, shearing, and punching without loosening. It is applicable in the making of photo templates, wiring diagrams, instrument panels, dials, and for general decoration of metal, wood, and plastic Surfaces. THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 r >'- 1 SCORE...W EAR... CLOG... LEAK Wmm if I a fa , IP II". Yarway Seatless Blow-Off Valves have become stand ard in more than 12,000 boiler plants because they iminate a common source of trouble and expense with Conventional type blow-off valve operation. iarways have no sent to score, wear, clog and leak! tis famous seatless design, first introduced by vay more than 35 years ago, has been constantly Improved and adapted to meet modern service requirefnts. Mechanical and metallurgical research in Yarway's own unique Steam Laboratory anticipates changing conditions . . . assures the finest in blow-off valves for today's boiler plants. There is a Yarway Blow-Off Valve for every pressure. For complete details of valves for pressures up to 400 psi., send for Bulletin B-424; for higher pressures ask for Bulletin B-432. YARNALL-WARING COMPANY Home O ffic e : 116 Mermaid A v e ., P hila. 18, Pa. SovfJiern R epresen tative: ROGER A . MARTIN, Bona A llen Building, A tlanta 3, G a , ER, l "Did You Say, Upto 2000 to . .Weatherproof? \ pM er wrefl*"* pinlicuaficlHflit! & OAB R, "Why, That Means Then," our cus tomer exclaimed, "in larger ratings they fill the need of power plant engineers who want to install equipment like draft fans outside, and thus keep down struc ture costs per kw capacity." Right again --and they fit into other industries too! Chemical, for instance. Here cast iron motors have generally been preferred . . . because they stand up better under acid and alkali conditions. But now these new motors, with new design im provements, promise to provide several important operating advantages . . . for a Good Motor? fv" -We've Re-designed the heat-transfer ^-System to improve ventilation. We've Reduced maintenance by making air 'passages not only more accessible, but I'practically /-//-cleaning as well. And \ Wevc eliminated liquid and dirt-trapP*ng pockets. In the smaller ratings we ijs**course oflfer our standard design. Sp e c if y "Allis-Chalmers" !For whether your job calls for a large motor like that above, or a small standard machine, you can be sure of getting two things when you specify "Allis-Chalmers:" 1) Exactly the right type and size motor; 2) consistent with the finest quality work manship of which we are capable. For the full story of liberal Allis-Chal mers motor construction, call our nearby i dealer or sales office. A llis-C h a l m e r s, M il w a u k e e 1, Wis. A 2117 A LLIS # CHALMERS One of the Big 3 in Electric Power Equipment -- Biggest of A ll in Range of Industrial Products /SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 ZOO. belt* b par* d rip. ^ CO., 2068-- ? f room larder, , ni coal ! r, uni-- wide BELT 9. 111. .il-- l>f eriono ton to f l tion on ENGJ Phil n y/trn U liu C If l- lerever steam , air or gas dp'used, C lark Fluid C on- not on ly g ive your |ttipm ent lo n g e r life, b u t Jap!:'-' ||y increase efficiency and decrease fuel costs. YEARS O,* |in g b etter p rod u cts have jbuilt a stea d ily r isin g accep- tice for flu id c o n tr o ls fade and backed by Clark. i ir r U rb Catalog compre- = line of ding Vj, gear*, the InI L GIN Ala. Bulletin Ison allcoupling force to floating t operatn many lications. Oregon is: alog 146 jineering. ipeed re nting the and con rque ano i.--- WIN* .He, EriO -.I ' IIIIBIM The popular CLARK SERIES 70 -- small inverted bucket type steam trap with Clark Patented Bucket Venting Device and other exclusive Clark features, suitable for general drainage. Available in 3 sizes: Vs",3A" and 1". For pressures up to 200 P.S.I. and temperatures up to 400F. Write for free catalog of complete specifications and applications for the wide line of Clark Fluid Controls. dition* . i f e ATMENvrt !'<jt$-'R s'iilco N<\ organic serves a* .wEl s,Fpourmp8f. * veetrisonaani. th Pla**. *4 ^ mm CLARK MANUFACTURING COMPANY DEPT. B CLEVELAND M akers of a wide line of fluid controls including STEAM AND FLUID TRAPS STRAINERS PRESSURE REGULATORS VACUUM AND LIFTING TRAPS VALVES REDUCING VALVES 14, OHIO ^ southern power & industry for November, 1940 *`-Nq one will quarrel, with that) Plant operators know that air and condensation must be removed from steam coils and lines rapidly and completely, if the steafn is to do its work efficiently. \ A good steam trap will do this, day after day, for years, and with } a minimum of maintenance or interruption. ]i _ . The Sarco Inverted Bucket Trap illustrated is such a good steam ( trap, as testified by hundreds of users who employ them through; 'Out their plants. The advanced design includes straight-through conections for easy installation; a strainer built into every trap; stainless steel mechan ism attached to the trap cover for easy inspection and cleaning. A ! Standard types, Vs" to 2" up to 250 lbs.; forged steel types to 900 lbs. pressure. Ask for Catalog No. 350. ' m LINE DRIPPING TEXTILE DRYING SAVES STEAM Y SARCO COMPANY, INC. Represented in Principal Cities 475 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK 17, N . Y. SARCO CAN ADA, LTD., TORONTO 1, O N TA RIO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 13 In 1935 the C-E Raymond Bowl .Mill came into the consequence, the Bowl Mill won immediate and steam-power field with design and operating ad widespread acceptance among plant engineers -- vantages that revolutionized previous concepts of more than a million lb pr hr of grinding capacity coal pulverization. It had a wide capacity range. was ordered within five years. K: It handled wet coal with great facility. It was Today, the Bowl Mill with all of its initial ad rugged, accessible and easily maintained. The mill vantages, offers several new improvements, among ran quietly and power consumption was low. In which the following are of major importance: O Flat-Bottom Bowl --increases the response of the mill to load changes by eliminating any inactive area where coal can remain in the mill; also avoids any tendency of heavy, abrasive material such as pyrites, to accumulate in the bottom of the bowl. The Whizzer Wheel --a new exhauster wheel design which greatly increases the life of exhauster blades. A shrouded wheel carries heavily constructed "whizzer" blades which bypass a por tion of the air-coal mixture directly to the exhauster outlet. In service this has doubled the life of exhauster blades --in some cases more than doubled it. New, Wear-Resisting Materials --are now being used for ex hauster liners and deflectors, resulting in greatly increased life of these parts. 0 Center Feed --where conditions permit, larger Bowl Mills can now be arranged for center feed which assures a freer flow of coal to the mill and serves to equalize wear on grinding parts. Thus 1946 finds the C-E Raymond Bowl Mill, after more than 10 years at the tpp of its field, still adding refinements in design and materials that make it better than ever before. 4 0 % of all Bowl M ills purchased to date are R e p e a t orders IR HEATERS cncinE too M A D I S O N AVENUE, / ember, Southern pow er & industry for November, 1946 i SI. ERi NEW Y O R K A-977 nc 1 6 , N . Y. mifalof PECK CARRIER r. I hold handling costs down / l m* d >y St it Mi Yi n- VOSI provided spnrlatiottJ CITII A in its field, the Peck overlapping, pivoted-bucket carrier offers the lowest cost p dthost dependable type of conveying . . . proved by more than fifty miles of Jj|pt$liations handling coal, ashes and other materials. Many Peck carrier units jwMfye been in continuous use twenty years and longer, attesting to the dependIplbility, long life and economy of this equipment. Since the buckets at all times maintain their carrying position by gravity, a |t|ingle carrier can transport coal or ashes horizontally, vertically and again horijKoirtally, or on any desired path. The material is carried in buckets, supported by tf,Ardollleinrsg cohfalianr;gtehedrieafmoreetefrricintiocnoannndecptioownewr irtehqutwiroemSetrnatnsdasreorfesdpuecceidaltloy acomnisntirmucutmed, material can be discharged at a number of points, merely by pre-setting the f-^'dumpnr which is used for engaging the cams on both sides of buckets. Each bucket rights itself to normal carrying position, and the dumping will continue autoto T matically until moved to a new location. Can be used in cramped space. Standrjt;. ardization of individual units and assemblies assures interchangeability and makes O ' possible combinations practically limitless. For details write for Book No. 1720. LIN K -BELT COMPANY Atlanta Plant, 1116 Murphy Ave., S.W.; Dallas 1 Plant, 500 Latimer St.; New Orleans 13, Baltimore 1, Houston 2, Washington 5, D. C. ince. ThwJ-'IS laintaiu^i : th e eco* ufadurrr L/AffC^BlT COAL AND ASHES HANDLING EQUIPMENT POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 194. Inset shows action of autom atic dumper; dis charge is positive and complete. Anti-friction bearings not only act to minimize friction load on ma chinery; they serve long periods without lubrication and mainte nance attention . . . i f the correct lubricant is used. For maximum serviceability of bearing and lubricant, special anti-friction bearing greases are required. Such a grease must be smooth...must keep a film of lubri cant on balls or rollers and races... must not bleed or separate...must not thin out nor thicken in use. Highly developed manufactur ing techniques and high quality oils of correct body are used in making Sinclair B e a r i n g G r e a s e AF. All ingredients are carefully selected and controlled to produce a lubricant of long endurance and stability through extended periods of continuous operation. Ask our engineers for specific advice. M l INFORMATION OR IMBRICATION COUNSEL WRITE SINCLAIR REFININO COMPANY, 630 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 10, N. V, ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 19 -o `uuy of all in-* Boiler tomperalurei^.raKW""'g wa,er involved i- . S| f 'o r, mulfbe n ' ? UreS "d TM>9s, b o il d "C"9 !,* ' > feed water. m CMS'dera,i n -n o t TOrely" "' Procedure fer tfe, p ' ` "" l A dfn ite p r o g r a m a r " ' boiler *<'. ! w , tfeS,gooted employee, ,. .1 feined, Z T ,# , ' condition,. An hnU l,a "" "v e B e e T feed " o e^ le r ^ be M ^ ^ '* '' control fe d j and r'k m.W "**> I ^ . P e r i a d j ^ '6 '65' ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ b^ 1^ lt a S ( r 7 % e"9"eerS- ' e n , o n e / o f t e n , e d s f p , a n s s brounht * f! ,A P . ^ - e^ r l r TM " br a" to b oraferies. OC" fd/"B to ^ ,M"9 * " " bta"' - Being carried out ! <f <TMbte9do ^ H a i , rSe' -- -- - to - * - lit on Standardization ih Power Piping Equipment liati^ns and industrial power plants of to morrow, Crane has a lot to offer. Now, JfJfc planning to rebuild or expand, count 'xplute Crane line to help speed and sim- ^tep of piping procedures--from design jsjpaintenance. io get the greater efficiency in pipe lines jy c r upkeep costs that result with stand- There's no limit on standardization of Ihen ytm work with Crane equipment. niy Crane gives you this 3-way advantage: D'S GREATEST SELECTION -- from one of supply.--in brass, iron, and steel and fittings, in pipe, piping specialCessories, and fabricated piping for Bcations. Everything for the jo b -- from one line--secured on one ' to Crane. Ufa RESPONSIBILITY for all piping mate- JC Helps get the best installation and unnecessary delays on the job. CRANE QUALITY in every item, es uniform dependability and effiin piping systems from end to end. 36 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago 5, 111. {WholesalersServingAil Industrial Areas STANDARD IBS* mm M I H K mmmB tvv ,^1 iiiis i r ; m NOS UOj,I >m`J m | (Right) NO MORE BONNET JOINT i LEAKAGE --with new Crane Pres, . s \ ` sure-Seal Bonnet Valves for high pressure-- high temperature services. Completely eliminate bonnet joint maintenance. 40% to 60% lighter than bolted bonnet valves. Easier It. install and insulate. Inside and our these valves introduce sensation ally simplified design and con struction in gate, globe, and angle patterns. Write today for complete facts. ' XYTHtA/e FROM . . . S !|f. fittings plumbing w * PUMPS POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 FOR EVERY PIPfNG SYSTEM 23 n pM " " -SBmlSmm. n o r views , system at ng plant. J j planned,' ifailed by ^ H I --- sn ce wHhj -inally, n+eed by for half* f the un-; >r further. &. \ Ky. IBER, I' 4* John Royle & Sons, manufacturers of extrusion equipment, use Morflex couplings in the power drives of their temperature control units, which handle extruding temperatures of 90 to 500. Morflex couplings require no lubrication, are un affected by gas, oil, dirt or weather. The exclusive Morse-designed Neoprene biscuit cushions shock, isolates vibration and uneven impulses, prolonging machinery life. MORSE CHAIN C O M PA N Y Ithaca, N.Y.--Detroit 8, Mich. Available in a wide variety of stock sizes BrSalBifmS# mmSImlMi /HOUSEROLLER andSUENT CHAINS and COUPLINGS SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 25 Gahuock 150 Spiral packing, illMirateti. Cini-- G arlook 125 Kings--G aki.O( k 200 Low in maintenance cost because it gives such long, dependable service. Costly shut downs for frequent repacking are avoided. Man hours and machine hours are saved. U se G arlock 150 on piston rods o f engines, pumps, compres sors, etc., against steam pressures up to 300 lbs. The Garlock Packing Company, Palmyra, New York In Canada: The Garlock Packing Company of Canada Ltd., Montreal, Que. PUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 27  o capillary n the usual < d-ended at * pen shaft along the the results rmometers. ' complished > - *tJ b confident g 6706; finneapolis-. . Offices in,, dam, Holland Let an A.T.C. Specialist do the same for you! Yes, such savings are pos sible. An A.T.C. Specialist will show you the record --give you p ro o f that Automatic Fork Trucks bring business real profits . . . the dollar profits that 55% material handling savings represent. These brawny giants of electric power have so many money-saving, energy-saving applications in your plant. By unit load pallet and skid principle, they move materials into, through and out of your plant with easy efficiency--spare your workers gruelling work, make money for you where it formerly was costing you money. No material or product is too cumbersome to lift, move or stack. You can store your products ceiling high. One man does it, where three or four men hand stack only half as high. You add storage space, release labor for more productive, pleasant work. Product damage is cut down, accidents lessened. Give your business this chance to turn a fixed overhead into a fixed profit, while you lighten labor's load. Let an A.T.C. Material Handling Specialist survey your material handling. Mail the coupon. A utomatic Tran sportation Co m pany Dty. OF THE Y A LE * TOWNE MFG. CO. 105 W. 87th Street, Dept. W, Chicago 20, III. Please mail me, without cost o r obligation, complete facts about AUTO MATIC FORK TRUCKS. ( ) Have an A.T.C. Material Handling Specialist call. Company Name..................................... ........................................... ............... By............................. .......... . Position.................. ................. Street Address. . . . . . . .................. ................................................... . . . . . . . . . d ty .....................................................................State....................... ............... fBER, i94^ ^ , ; : J uTHERN p o w e r & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 29 J i i i l i t e ....  BETZ tttfei* Caw/ffmw g S A C O N T I N U O U S S E R V I C E Efficient operation of any steam plant calls for properly controlled com bustion, well-maintained auxiliaries and low maintenance. High on the list of important factors that affect efficiency is a complete--and continuous --program of boiler water conditioning. Such a service is provided by W. H. & L. D. Betz. Betz continuing service consists of initial investigation, the establishment of plant control, a daily testing program for boiler room operators, periodic analyses of water samples in the Betz laboratories, frequent engineering reports by Betz engineers on plant operations, and a never-ending program of research. Over 20 years of experience as water specialists has made the Betz boiler water conditioning service complete . . . economical. . . continuous. Our staff of engi neers will welcome the opportunity of discussing your boiler water problems. WRITE TODAY FOR FREE BULLETIN giving a practical explanation of the phenomena of boiler metal embrittlement (intercrystalline cracking) --a concise discussion of causes, detection and prevention. Ask for Bulletin No. 104--C. W. H. & L. D. BETZ, Gillingham and Worth Streets, Philadelphia 24, Pa. Illlll m 7> I WATER CONDITIONING COOLING WATER CONDITIONING INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 A Cover photograph from th e Betz Indicator, a m onthly publica* tion devoted to th e chem istry and practical applications o f w ater conditioning. T h e Betz Indicator will be mailed w ithout charge at your request. 31 for productive payrolls pioneered t istry by e answer ntrol for jiler feed p overall 'ER ICHIGAN rK' 3ER, 1946^ f T oday's workers need today's w iring. . . . Inadequate wiring, obsolete wiring, over taxed w iring, over-extended w iring can cut operators' efficiency from 25 to 50 percent and reduce production accordingly. To visualize the importance of adequate wiring, w alk down your own production lines, m entally blank out every third worker. Then, check w ith your plant power engineer, your consulting engineer, elec trical contractor or power salesman and m ake sure there's no such handicap in your plant. A w irin g survey now, may ... . save costly shut-downs and ex pensive alterations later. % "X * ri J? ANACONDA WII E & CABLE COMPANY SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 33 Dund real . LO-HED ELECTRIC HOISTS *7#6e t6 e d ea d S6& ddet& RiehmondJ^^g^^ g l Lo-Hed Representatives in South and Southwestern States: Atlanta 3, 6 a ...J . B. Barton, J r ., 214 Mtge. Guar. Bldg. Birmingham 3. A la................Harry G. Mouat. Martin Bldg. Houston 2, Texas____C. G. Forshey, 517 M & M Bldg. Jacksonville 2, Fla..W ard Engr. Co., Inc., 302 Hl'b. Bldg. Louisville 2, Ky......................... Bohnert Equipment Company Nashville 3, Tenn. L . C. Winters, 810 Third N,X1 Oklahoma City 0, Okla. R. M. ` ' **< Name- Address- 8111 ;r , 1944 *, s o u t h er n p o w e r & in d u s t r y for No v e m b e r , i ?46 35 |; WM:' !" buy tely Comments MBER. ttion THE obvious defense against in flation is increased production. And to get production workers (Voidable must go to work; being on the payroll is not sufficient. Some will say that materials consti- \ the limiting factor, but in a land of ample re- ^rjes, availability of materials depends on the corn- efforts of labor and management--no work, no trials. For example, fabricators can't work be muse there is no steel. But there could be steel if |ip`ers were mining, if scrap yards were providing if smelters were smelting, if rollers were roll- Finding the cause and effecting a cure is a job }unions and management. They are not solely in- 6jested in their own plants. They are dependent on workers, other management. |. Goods a-plenty will hold prices in line, but even ing the nation is ready to go to work, we will lot get goods a-plenty in a day. There will be an ap preciable interim period. And during that period prices will rise, and there is no way to completely ^prohibit the rise. Complete and perfect price controls Dpi both labor and commodities would theoretically prevent it. But who believes we could inaugurate and feftforce complete and perfect controls? Feeble efforts, anything short of perfect, would only result in .de feating the goal of quickly attaining goods a-plenty production. Storing the interim period we must depend largely a forbearance. Manufacturers must resist the temp- Btion to raise prices and labor must resist temptation make unreasonable demands. The tools for controlling inflation are in the hands iof the people, not government. And, as usual, the tbasic desires of management and labor are the same, but cooperative effort toward gaining these desires ijis lacking. f i.Army fj11 e n tists * BOTH the Army and the Navy have been criticized by thought ful scientists for a tendency to underestimate the revolutionary aspect of new weapons, includ ing the atomic bomb. Many high j-FOfficers in the Army have been heard to say that even .' to the next war it will be the infantry that really .,;|wes the fighting and the winning. An even greater number of admirals have promised that the Navy will heed only a few changes in design to withstand atomic , ^ eaPns and that the fleet, in future wars, will be as .y,j( vhable as ever. . . The Army and the Navy are not alone in this "thinking in the past." Many of the people generally do not seem to realize that, at most, a few thousand, well-guided, atomic rockets could reduce any indus trial nation to a state where further effective re sistance would be impossible. However, this truth seems to be gradually dawn ing on the Army, at least. General Eisenhower has announced a new policy for War Department re search and development. It is designed to apply the nation's civilian scientific resources to the solution of military problems. At the moment, General Aurand, who is head of this division of the War Department, is bringing into this division, on an annual rotation basis, a group of top-flight engineers and scientists recruited from the laboratories of our educational institutions, founda tions, and industries. They will assist him in the same manner as military personnel assigned to the division. This "drafting" of scientists and engineers is much more sensible, so far as security of the nation is con cerned, than the drafting of eighteen-year-olds for general inductee training. We do, of course, need a sizable army for occupation and policing in Europe and Asia, but it is the application of scientific devel opments rather than th infantry that will win the next war, if there must be one. Wise diplomacy and world federation could eliminate the necessity of using either scientists or youth for military pur poses, but it seems that, so far, nations, if not the people in them, demand home rule. LOUISIANA, whose legislature has recently passed a number Fewer State of laws to encourage the estab B arriers lishment of industry within thq state, has made permanent the liberalized war-time maximum weight for motor freight vehicles. Before the war, heavy motor freight vehicles were forced to stop at almost very state line for weighing and inspection to see that their weight was not greater than allowed by state laws. To speed highway motor freight, maxi mum weights-were liberalized for the duration. In making permanent these liberalized war-time maxi mum weights for motor freight vehicles, Louisiana has taken a big step toward breaking down state bar riers and expanding the open-door policy of re ciprocity. Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina, among others, have improved their size and weight limits within recent months. The way to build business is to help, not hinder, motor carriers. More states could adopt the same attitude with profit to themselves. ^ P ^OUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 37  ndustry Sp eaks P a u l G . H o ffm an P President, Studebaker Corporation, |s Speaking before the Fall Meeting of f5 A.S.M.E. in Boston, where he received the Gantt Memorial Medal for "distinguished achievement in industrial management as | a service to the community," said in part: T IS relatively simple to provide jobs for all if the 1 I citizens of a state are willing to give up their freej+doms, and if they are willing to make job security the one ^objective of their existence." . Mr. Hoffman then described the worker's goal, in ad Widition to job security, as being five fold, including: I. Employment of his own choosing, that is well-paid, '* `productive, worthwhile and satisfying. p i ; Opportunity to grow and develop materially, infHiectually, socially and spiritually. u n3 1 4 ft 3. Political freedom, the opportunity for self-govern ment through chosen representatives, and the attendant lldividual liberties of person and of property, freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of worship and free;|prti of peaceful assembly. I d , Opportunity to live in a progressive economy that pffords an abundance of things for the worker's material welfare, and under a government that promotes these Jpals for all the people and their children. If d .1Opportunity to live in a world of peace -- at home sory ifjfd abroad. |;fA II these objectives can be attained simultaneously |) d continuously only by maintaining our American sysIfm of capitalism. Under that system, and that system alone, is it possible to carry on the economic activities of 8 nation without infringing upon the liberties of the peo ple or their rights to representative government. fevThe best proof of this statement is attested by the SENO FM BUUET)N(-1 > 'Ji-1* , i S6-P?*J o o k show*1 $ tV ' r uccessful *Pj lic a tio n * * ,m eti= lonoR ail 5 conomie and political progress made by the United States since its founding. Not only have our free citizens Prduced more goods and services per capita and dis tributed more material benefits to more people than have pHer men under any other system in any period of his- jfOf,, but in addition, an environment has prevailed that has brought about the fullest flowering of political and in- fc -t t 7, OHIO fjddual freedom so far known to mankind. "The one best way to insure the maintenance of our ilpitalistic system is to adopt measures that will bring Qbout an even better functioning of the system in the future than has prevailed heretofore. If we take full ad vantage of the potentialities of our capitalistic system, and if we remain at peace, the real income of most of our people can be doubled within the next 25 years and we also can realize largely the age-old dream of abolishing poverty. "But before we can discuss intelligently measures for improving the functioning of our economy we had best try to find out what makes it tick, what its strength is, and its weakness. The great strength of our system lies in its dynamic quality and its major weakness is its tendency toward instability. On the basis of this analysis our course of action is indicated clearly. W e should try to find measures which will enhance its dynamism and moderate its tendency toward immoderate fluctuations. "Perhaps mine is the voice of an optimist, but I believe that if we do these things, we shall see during the next 25 years an unparalleled progress toward achieving con ditions in this land of ours which will mean not only equality of opportunity for all, but also certainty of op portunity for every man, woman and child to grow and develop materially, intellectually and spiritually. Therein wi 'e the strength, the power and the grandeur of the America of tomorrow.1 ^BER. I'4* SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 39 F IG . I . DIAGRAM OF T H E BOX CAR U N LO A D S* AMD T I E STA C K IN G EQ U IPM EN T. 11 rious ' how-: ernie H nda- ties. cs as r: it for jrfait-'*Si<S nee the circulation between individual and layers. , A grapple designed to pick up complete layer along with the linger tie. A straddle type truck of proper j and capacity to remove such a Completed rick from the tram car nd deposit it in proper position on |je tie seasoning yard. CAR UNLOADER The car unloading device, while ^primarily designed for the remov a l of cross ties from box cars, night readily be adapted to the 'jhandling of other heavy objects. It mounted on a three-legged Hrame, securely bolted to a confe e te foundation. The boom, which |can be extended into either end I'pf the car, is pivotally mounted on fthis frame. In actual operation, the jljtax car is placed with the car Japor centered opposite the unloadfir. After the boom is swung into f the car door, anchor chains are [fastened to hold the unloader firm|J y in the desired position. An electric motor mounted on 1^6 side of the machine supplies ItjRower for moving the boom horigjj,2ontally back and forward. Power for raising and lowering the load is provided by a motor and cable ^'drum mounted on the back end &of the boom. r,' A grapple designed to pick up 'five or six ties is attached to the t'.!.Ond of the lift cable. The boom is ,,^projected into the car, turning iter right or left as desired, and ^tile grapple lowered on a "lift" of ^ips,. As the grapple is raised, the hooks are freed by hand so they .can drop into place and engage the ends of the ties. When the ties 5re raised clear, the-boom is rack- back toward the machine base. Then, as a workman guides one end of the ties out the far door of the car, the boom is racked for ward. When the ties are outside the car, they are revolved through 90 degrees and lowered to a chain conveyor. As the ties come to rest on the conveyor, the grapple auto matically releases the ties. The boom is then racked back into the car and the operation is repeated. After the first forty or fifty ties are removed, work proceeds at the rate of five or six ties per minute. The time required to change over to another car varies from seven to ten minutes. CHAIN CONVEYOR As the ties move along the chain conveyor, they are engaged by guides that arrange the ties in pos ition to be cut to the desired length. The cutting is controlled by a cam arrangement so inte grated with lugs on the chain that the ties are moved past the saw one at a time, about 30" apart. Just beyond the saw a space of seven or eight feet is provided where "anti-checking" irons may be applied. The application of these "anti-checking" irons at a central point makes possible the use of air hammers, whereas, when the job is done on the seasoning yard, only manual labor can be used. SPACING TABLE Arranging the ties so that prop er air circulation will be obtained A machine to remove cross lies from cars, and place them on a conveyor immediately adjacent to the car. 2. A chain conveyor along which the ties move as they are cut to length. Space has also been provided to mechanically apply "anti-checking" irons. 3. A spacing table where the ties are assembled in layers, each properly spaced on stringer ties to provide air circulation between individual ties and layers. 4. A grapple designed to pick up the complete layer along with the stringer lie. 5. A straddle type truck of proper size and capacity to remove such a completed rick from the tram car and deposit it in proper position on the tie seasoning yard. EDITORS NOTE: The principal features involved in the handling process here de scribed were developed by the author and his associates in coopera tion with materials handling equipment manufacturers, and are cov ered by patents. S o u t h e r n p o w e r & in d u s t r y for No v e m b e r , 1946 41 'U t K '5 . a b o v e , t h e s p a c in g t a b l e , n o te P M e s t r in g e r t ie f in d in g it s w a y 'AlttN G TH E GUIDE BEING PRO PELLED BY T ltE CHAIN SHOWN IN T H E FOREGROUND. '-'rTflltEE T IE S H A V E B EE N A S S EM B LED ON ,T H E 8PACING T A B LE WITH TH E SPACER Kj-' |N POSITION TO R E C E IV E T H E FOURTH T IE . j y FIG . 6. R IG H T , T H E SPACING T A B L E W ITH PA RTICU LA R EM PH ASIS ON SOME OF T H E MECHANISM FOR PLACIN G STRIN G ER T IE S . T H E S T R IN G E R T I E ON T H E E X T R E M E RIGHT IS BEIN G PU LLED SLO W LY INTO POSITION UNDER T H E LA Y ER OF T IE S . AS ONE END OF T H IS S T R IN G E R T I E D E SCENDS T H E G R A V IT Y R O LLE R S SHOWN IN THE FOREGROUND, A CHAIN ENGAGES AND CONVEYS THE STRIN GER T IE . T H IS CHAIN IS S IM IL A R TO T H E ONE SHOWN A T T H E EXTREM E L E F T . T H E G R A PPLE SHOWN m ABOVE IS REA D Y TO DESCEND UPON T H E ^ASSEMBLY OF T IE S AS SOON AS IT IS COMPLETE will be placed in the same season ing stack. it ili When a suitable number of load ed trams have been assembled,, they are moved to the seasoning yard by a small gasoline locomo tive in trains of from 4 to 12 ricks of 127 ties each. CARRIER TRUCK When the tram train arrives at the proper point in the drying yard, it is then necessary to re move the ricks from the trams and deposit them in rows perpendicu lar to the track. A straddle type carrier truck is utilized at this, time. The carrier truck has a clear ance 9' wide and about 15' high. ilO M A iar- ID i i SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 FIG . 7 L E F T . A VIEW OF AN A SSEM B LY Or T IE S REA D Y TO B E D EPO SITED ON A R IC K . A T T H E LOW ER L E F T IS AN EM P TY TRAM CAR When a rick of ties has been plac ed on the railroad track opposite the point where it is to be placed for seasoning, the carrier truck (moving perpendicular to the track) mounts the railroad track astride the load, picks up the rick of ties high enough to clear the tram car, and then backs off the railroad track and proceeds to the desired point where the ties are de posited on creosoted stacking 43 s locati, hour. J 12 ties I 3 operi ' ur. that thi soft du Cost Data Operation i|e carrier piece rates method .............. Green lies, cars to storage 3.8c 23 ties per man hr. = 3.0c Dry ties, storage to A&B Mach. 3.0c 78 ties per man hr. = 1.0c jrthe period this test was made, a`J t was necessary to lay treads ground to support the caritruck. The time consumed for gj^ork ts included in the truck grating time. rere are many items entering |fo the total cost of handling ties. The equipment discussllehtirely replaces manual carry- of ties. A comparison of costs, Sneed to its simplest form, is Isolated herewith. (p h e cost of gasoline, oil, and ||ctricity is almost negligible, Counting to approximately five jts per tie on each green and dry handled. It is too early to prej!Ct, maintenance charges, but inIcations are that they will be fnall. These charges, along with interest and reserves for deprecia tion should approximate five cents icr tie on 500,000 green and dry ties handled per year. There are a number of intangi ble but nevertheless real advan tages in operation under the new system. It has been found that in clement weather causes practically no interruption of daily operation whereas this factor caused consid erable lost time when the work was done by tie carriers. It is too early to predict what might be expected in the way of accidents. It is significant, how ever, that during the first eight months' operation, when the men had to familiarize themselves with the equipment, only two loss-oftime accidents occurred, neither serious. We have no records to compare with this, but believe the record, using machines, will be fully as good as with manual labor. Furthermore, a number , of tie handlers developed bad sacro- illiacs, injured shoulders, and other ailments due to the very heavy work previously involved. Since it is now practicable to carry ties much greater distances from the railroad track than with the old method, it follows that tie yards can now be laid out with fewer tracks. In our case, we have already removed one track, mak ing room for storage of an addi tional 40,000 cross ties. The important thing, however, is that the job of carrying cross ties is so laborious that workers are almost unobtainable, and that this job is now being done by the use of mechanical equipment in such a way that ordinary work men can be quickly trained to do an acceptable job. It should be understood that this materials handling equipment, ca pable of handling such heavy loads of cross-ties and bringing about the sizeable saving shown, was developed through the co operative efforts of the company's management, engineering staff, labor, and materials handling equipment manufacturers. Every one interested in these problems added something to the solution. A number of ideas coming directly from the yard laborers are includ ed in the design of various pieces of equipment. F I S . 10. T H E ROSS C A R R IE R D ESCEN D S FROM T H E RAILRO AO T R A C K A F T E R P LA C IN C A R IC K OF DRV T IE S (127) ON A RAILRO AD TR A N S FER CAR. NOTE T H E MIRROR T H A T IS FASTEN ED TO T H E TOP OF T H E CAR TO A S S IS T T H E OPERATOR. : -! H i; ER, I94A1; f&L'. fS, OHvUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 ae &s*oo ' flG 2. DIAGRAM OF T H E C A F E T E R IA A R E A . T H E O V E R A LL DIMENSION 1$ 326 F T . B Y 50 F T . STO RAG E FOR CANNED GOODS. ETC . IS TO T H E Ar L E F T OF T H E A R E A SHOWN AND T H E DISH W A SH IN G D EPAR TM EN T ; IS FAR TO T H E RIG H T. TTT jiasis placed on such programs, r.' agencies gave high priorities materials needed for these imvements even during the most g6nt stages of our conflict. The epperell Cafeteria, presently to ' described, was allocated the ed materials right when the ^.demands were greatest. New Cafeteria 4To best meet plant needs, a pteria has to be located at a cenconvenient point in the mill that employees can reach it 'ckly and have ample time for a purely lunch without overstay-the allotted time. Pepperell's fje new cafeteria located on the rd floor of the new dye house ^opened to employees on March 1946, and has been serving thing like 1800 hot meals a y ever since. There is no more eating in the j?k areas or "getting someone to tgh the machine while you grab bite". Machinery is shut down by `ups on prearranged schedule so t each employee's lunch period free of plant duties. Thus the tty-minute lunch period is one Jrelaxation and rest. That ar- ement, alone, eliminates conrable indigestion. ^The plant operates on normal ht-hour work shifts, and the chine shut-downs are so sched uled that the cafeteria's comfort able seating capacity of 300 peo?}e Ifc never exceeded. For examFjpi 900 employees of the day shift Ht between 10:30 A.M. and 12:30 1M., but they do not all shut their Machine down at the same time. -About 100 employees leave their *^ r k places each ten minutes-- so that in about two hours 900 peo ple have been fed (each having thirty minutes) without exceeding the 300 limit which is set by seat ing capacity. The three serving periods are: 10:30 A.M. to 12:30 P.M., 5:00 P.M. to 7:00 P.M., and 2:00 A.M. to 3:00 A.M.; but the kitchen operates con tinuously. That arrangement obvi ates necessity for storing cooked food, thereby giving each customer a freshly cooked meal. In fact, most of the foods are cooked in relatively small batches as re quired, and all foods, including breads and pastries, are prepared in the kitchen--ice cream being the only exception. Equipment As will be seen from the ac companying plan, the space allo cated to the cafeteria as a whole is liberal. In fact, the- storage, prep aration, cooking, and service space looks all out of proportion to the eating room, but when considera tion is given to the ten-minute scheduling previously mentioned, the reason for this becomes clear. Even the most remote corners of storage spaces show evidence of careful design and construction, with especial emphasis on sanita tion and minimum maintenance. Walls are of ceramic tile -- red wainscot and cream above. Floors in the kitchen are ceramic tile and in the dining room asphalt tile is used. Stainless steel is used exten sively -- sinks, serving counters, work tables, etc. Results Do the employees like it? Well, they eat there, and the expressions on their faces indicate enjoyment. Some of the girls complain of dif ficulty with figure control, but F IG . 3. A G EN ER A L V IEW OF T H E MAIN COOKING C EN TER . |9UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 47  fils in P lant Layout ENT ma An a rticle in eight sec K * .' tions com plete in this is sue, discussing e v e r y phase of w ise plant layout. cetile pans ice eatifl M Consider the P roduct_______ __49 II Picking the S ite________________50 III Office and Employee Facilities-51 *IV Manufacturing A rea___________52 V Location of Departments______53 y i Equipment--------------------------------54 Other Layout Problem s_______55 Deference L ibrary____________ 57 Section I (c) Bachraeb B y G regory M . D exter C onsulting Industrial E ngineer on Business M anagem ent Problem s Consider The Produet 45.2$ B gjp.il- i ~ P M ] \f UMEROUS im~ 1 portant factors j^ ijj ;plant layout are offen overlooked. An should be compared. Ascertain the normal working d a y and week. Approximate estimates of storage ^-.executive will argue space required for '-''r a study of plant raw material, pur ir _feyopt is not worth chased parts, and i'Vhile, that his plant completed equipment g^j^jandles such varied or material can be gpjgpirk that no one best made from the curves. Possible i ;-14yout is possible, or that no storage of finished products near i^ -^ a n g e is economically possible. A sales centers as a means of smooth ^ 'summary of important factors ining production, reducing factory volved, however, should show that storage, and improving service to iitt- *Mrc are few plants where a carestudy of layout will not pay . Dig profits. customers should not be overlook ed. Uniform production is an im portant way of reducing cost of Production vs. Sales labor and equipment. It permits good labor relations. r Approximate curves of produc- Provision for increased produc 1`1!; tion and monthly sales by units of tion in five or ten years, for new J4:, ; Deducts made for a typical year BER, SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY Tor NOVEMBER, 1946 products, new buildings, and new machinery should be made. Exact decisions are not possible on these points but qualitative analysis of them will usually give valuable guidance. Design of Product Eliminate poor selling items as every unnecessary product compli cates the plant layout; Redesign all products for as much standard ization as possible using standard bolts, screws, chemicals, and other components that may be bought more cheaply from large manufac turers. Redesign for increased sales appeal through better pack aging. Use welded shapes instead of castings or use plastic parts in stead of metal, with an eye to low er costs through such changes. Change processing methods to ob tain better quality, particularly if obtainable at little or no increase in cost. The best plant layout is not 49 PLANT LAYOUT d not be overlooked. Profor them is sometimes pos- with little increase in capital pf new buildings. Records of local building department or Neighboring plants are often pful in the design of building or nery foundations, ecessary clearances and height platforms and canopies for railservice can be obtained from local railroad. Tank-car or boat iments of various liquids or such as ammonia, sulfur xide, gasoline, fuel oil, caustic a, molasses, and similar propjits involve varying requirets as to storage, piping, earth dikes, and similar safety measures that are readily determined from manufacturers of such commodi ties, public carriers, and insurance companies. High chimneys and elevated tanks involve codes for the safety of airplanes. Safety measures in side and outside a plant are cover ed by requirements of insurance companies and are included in various pamphlets of the National Safety Council, Inc. Adherence to these codes are the secret of low insurance rates by the Factory Mutuals or by the Factory Insurance Association of the stock fire-insurance companies, and for workmen's compensation. Section III a Office and Em ployee Facilities '-A STATEMENT of ^^_the number of employees required lift the general offices and their desired lo cation will determine whether a separate . office building is n e e d e d. Overhead costs are frequently reduced and a smoother-running organization obtained if the gener,al offices and the plant are located near each other. When the two are * separated by miles, the paper work j necessary is increased. Make a flow-line chart for the general of fices and for the central mail room, SS described later for the plant. *iVisitors to the plant are usually mpst interested in contact with the piles, engineering, purchasing, and manufacturing departments. Their location on the ground floor of the f- P l a n t or office building is there fore an advantage. The sequence is Sgf V logical as orders coming into the ? ` P l a n t usually do so from sales to SQgineering, where they are brokinto material to be purchased from outsiders and material to be produced by the manufacturing de partment. Financial or accounting and general execu tive departments can be well placed on a floor above. T h e space required in the offices w i l l vary from 50 to 100 sq ft or more per person, depending on extent of executive staff and company policies in allotment of working space. Provision should be made for the additional space that may be needed from any in creased governmental control. The traffic department for in coming and outgoing shipments is advantageously made a part of the purchasing department. The latter should have room for a sample cabinet and catalog file. The library should be adjacent to the engineering department. Manufacturing Dept. The manufacturing department should have space for a laboratory, visiting inspectors, night watch men and guards, janitors' closets, production control, costs, men's smoking room, women's rest room, and a meeting room for foremen. Ample wall space in production control for large charts is desir able. Rest Rooms A rest room for women should have couches, easy chairs, high foot-rests that can be used as stools, metal waste-container, toil et-seat sterilizers, full-length mir ror, shelves and plenty of hooks in toilets, and mirror and shelf over each wash basin. If the company has no cafeteria, a refrigerator, electric stove, and dinette in the rest room are worth while. Shower baths are appreciated, especially if work is done under hot or dirty conditions. Reception Room The vestibule and reception room are often supervised in small plants by the telephone operator, but this has the drawback that visitors while waiting can often pick up confidential data from the operator's conversations. A beauti ful front entrance to the factory is necessary and should be made the focal point that first attracts the visitor. The atmosphere of the reception room should be in keep ing with the architectural design. A lavatory and private telephone booth for visitors are desirable. Personnel and Medical Admission to the personnel and medical departments should be di rect in order to avoid confusion with inter-office movement of company employees. The personnel department requires private inter view rooms and, in large plants, a comfortable waiting room. The medical department must have facilities for physical and eye examinations as well as first aid. Its location between the personnel department and the manufactur ing floor is an advantage. Filing and Stenographic A central filing department for the engineering and manufacturing departments in small plants is often justified. The sales and pur chasing departments usually do better by controlling their own files. Similar arrangements are de sirable on stenographic service. But any central file or stenograph ic pool should be on the same floor with the departments it serves; 1 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 51 I r ju A ilx xil v v i m d, t l 3 | plac&li muera e laudi he ads Power usualffl acome lly. iSrtr process layout is based on the fp|y<>uping of like machines such as f | lathes, radial drills, etc., and the movement of material back and f0rth among the various groups. kr. The other type, or product layout, based on continuous movement Si in as direct a line as possible from receiving to the shipping de- fitm e n t with machines provided Fas needed in sequence to perform the various manufacturing steps. I?-. Sometimes a combination of the C'1two types of flow can be used to ft7 advantage as when various parts 181 afe manufactured in different de partments and then brought to a ;t conveyor assembly line. A great ; "variety of products will usually require the grouping of like ma- chines. [i: Machine Location ament, should . cardtoone ample, uished smplet td size of opre, and be locrosscloth, H TG th ten nay be thumb ement, onveyaasting -paper e been >f the n and ivision nt six availe. Furlayout a show charts re type m * fj* 'W ?. Fi Aisles should be wide enough for two trucks to pass. Widths of . 6 to 14 feet are commonly used. Comers should be curved so trucks . may go around them easily. Make ,, sure that any extension of a mar chine such as a milling-machine f .'table will not interfere with pas sage in the aisle. Allow space for hand tools, tool ; boxes, and for additional equip' ment to meet the demand for in. creased production. A study of ? reasons for idle-time of existing . equipment may give clues as to im provements needed in the new lay out. Space will be needed at each machine for four tote boxes or equivalent. One tote box will con tain material being processed and another material waiting to be processed. Two more tote boxes will be needed to care for the processed material, as sometimes material is not moved as soon as it is processed. Instead of tote boxes, space might be needed for skid platforms or trucks. The use of skid platforms for the storage of heavy tools or material will elimi nate handling and reduce costs. Further Requirements Leave space on the floor for the assembly of complicated or heavy machinery. Clearances around each machine should be large enough to permit operators to work comfortably and to handle the longest piece of material coming to them. With steel and lumber, required clearances become great and may be as much as 20 ft. in a woodworking plant. Space for ma chine repairs may be necessary. Bulky or heavy material may re quire hand-operated hoists or cranes beside various machines. Overhead travelling cranes may be needed for an entire shop. Floor space should also be set aside where material and tools for vari ous shop orders may be assembled for issuance to operators. This space should be enclosed by wire netting so its contents cannot be used as a source of supply for jobs already in the shop. Benches and Tables Benches should be at right angles to a building wall with win dows, preferably the north wall. Revolving tables may be used to reduce space needed for assembly operations. Such tables and all as sembly tables should be designed with clear space under them so fe male workers will not snag their stockings. Table tops might well be fitted with fiber board or linoleum in order to avoid chilling operators' arms. Foot rests are sometimes provided. A standard height of about 37 inches should be adopted, depending on work per formed. Machine Operation By the proper use of tote boxes, skids, conveyors, and similar helps, the picking up and putting down of articles can be avoided. Make sure that operators do not do the work of laborers. Individual motor drives for ma chines are usually preferable but machines with small motors may s o m e t i m e s be advantageously grouped for line-shaft drive. Consult key operators and fore men as to possible improvements in layout of machines, process charts, and flow lines. They will often have good ideas. Regrouping of machines and changes in se quence or kind of operations should in particular be discussed. Section V Locating Departments TRY to put noisy departments in closed rooms and thus p r o t e c t the workmen in quieter departments. Shops should be located in reasonable order in relation to each oth er, such as pattern shop, foundry, machine shop, and welding shop; or wet building, dryer building, pulverizer building, scale house, and warehouse for a starch plant. Pattern shop should be near pattern storage. The en gineering department should be near the pattern shop and machine shop. The welding plant should be near the power plant in order to reduce length of power cables. The shop for spray painting, lacquer ing, or dipping should generally be gineering between the point of final assembly and the shipping depart ment. Fireproof vault for storage of duplicates of engineering draw ings and of pattern records might well be placed in the en department. Materials Handling The ideal plant has its receiving department with trackage and roadway at the opposite end of the plant site from the shipping de partment with its trackage and roadway. Where only one track and roadway are possible, the re ceiving and shipping departments are side by side. Raw material stores should be near the receiving l , 1946 SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 53 P L M T LAYOUT Ifp'v .the necessity of rehandlJl^in trucks or railroad car. A and rip saw are the min,requirement at the lumber Waste Storage ;pvision for storage of waste shipping department where it JUv ihoved easily by truck or ad is desirable. Various replhg devices such as sieves, |r^r and filters re available. ||? inexpensive care in reclaim|j|&ste will often increase its value materially. Collection fjfaste by conveyors or blowers fad of trucks is sometimes pos- P Tool Room jffae equipment needed for a tool .will depend upon the elab- tbness of the work to be done, (flbthe, milling machine, and der are certainly the minimum fuirement. A woodworking Ht, for example, will need a amount of special saw-sharpeg and cutter equipment. Racks d shelving for tools, dies, and litres so they can be easily id, as well as drawing and filcabinets for the storage of en tering drawings and standard plhction sheets, are obviously jfgSsary. Here, also, doors with Jjijtg locks and counters where "Js may be issued should be proS d. erating equipment should be sta tioned here. Roadways and Parking The separation of incoming from outgoing traffic oh roadways is desirable. Provide the roadways with easy curves and ample width for passing. It should be easy for trucks to back up to loading and unloading platforms. An enclosed shed over such platforms will re duce labor costs in inclement weather. Where trucks have to un load heavy material at a machine shop or foundry, an air lock with two sets of doors will protect workmen in the shops in cold weather. Parking lots should be well drained and not too big. The drive ways in them should be hard sur faced and wide. All parking spaces should be well gravelled and clearly marked. Several parking lots are often desirable in order to reduce the distance employees have to walk between factory and automobile in bad weather. An underground or overhead passage at railroad trackage between park ing lots and factory is desirable as a safety measure. Sheds are some times provided for the cars of executives but may cause some ill feeling among subordinates. Garage space for company trucks and automobiles with repair shop and gasoline pumps should be located between or near the ship ping and receiving departments. Entrance to the roadways and parking lots should be past a watchman's booth. Do not forget to heat the booth with electricity or steam. Time clocks are some times located there advantageous ly. A telephone connection from the booth to the central switch board and, in large plants, a direct connection to the office of the cap tain of the guards are desirable. Armed guards and wire fences were necessary during the war but are repugnant to most Americans; insist on results by vigilance of guards coupled with courtesy in order that fences and side arms may be dispensed with. An emerg ency-alarm connection to police headquarters is to be preferred to the atmosphere of a prison. Comfort and Beauty Platforms with covering sheds an*d windbreaks are desirable where employees have to wait for buses or trolleys. They should be well lighted at night. Covered walks between buildings where traffic is heavy are worth while. Landscaping necessary to make the factory appear attractive should not be overlooked. It is astonishing what beautiful results can be obtained for a small ex penditure by a competent land scape architect. Beauty at a fac tory has a definitely favorable ef fect on employees' morale. Maintenance Department pie equipment in the maintenj p fe department should include a f e te; milling machine; pipevJjreading machine; cut-off saw; M |ear; some wood-working tools as a variety saw, planer, and .Mhe: spray-painting equipment; uStSders; and benches. The exact l f rup again will depend on the of plant and extent of mainjtjnance work contemplated. Sev- Bl trucks and storage space for Otn should be provided. Each jyupk should be completely equip- with the hand tools needed by .he trade such as millwright, pipe ^tter, and electrician. There is no XCOnomy in mechanics chasing $ck and forth for tools and ma- I'"*;3Jrial needed for a repair job. *:i The oil truck with tanks to servf- Jce various machine tools and op Section V II Other Layout Proble s PLANT n e e d not be u g l y . Lines can be put into the brick or concrete at little or no expense that will carry the eye with them to create an impression of beauty and style. The location of sash and doors can be such as to add to the impression. Build the plant around the de sired layout only af ter thorough study of it has been com pleted. Never try to put equipment into a plant the size of PLANT LAYOUT itiil commands low insurance "IPSiiccess in getting low costs in Manufacturing depends on the 'igame question that scientists use in 'Research, namely "Why?" It should ; ^ asked concerning every opera tion, movement, delay, storage, &grouping of machines, lack of ma ch in es, type of machine, and other ''Mbps involved in the manufacture each product. The question typiiifles the inquiring mind. , An engineer, however, should vpdt be content with his ability in "'"'asking that question. He should learn from machinery salesmen and technical articles what other 'nanufacturers are doing. His pres ence in the library for hours should be considered in his favor. He will soon learn that there is an 'astonishing amount of data avail able to the seeker that will help greatly in the formulation of a program for the rehabilitation or layout of a plant. Recommendations r A comparison of the summaries for various layouts as to distances travelled, time and labor required, volume of building space, cost of buildings and equipment, extent of backtracking, and number of times flow lines cross will help to de termine the best layout. Even then it will be necessary to know whether the necessary expenditure must be paid for from earnings in six months or other periods rang ing up to five years. It is generally desirable to keep plant investment low. Some decisions can be made only on the basis of what is good policy in relations with labor. Even the question of return on invest ment must be viewed with caution. A company sometimes has to pay for improvements out of obsoles cent reserves without regard to re turn on investment if competitors are getting lower costs with more modern equipment. A newcomer in an industry has the advantage fre quently of purchasing new and more efficient equipment at little or no more cost, even less cost, than equipment generally in use by established manufacturers. It is the newcomer's methods that have to be watched closely by the established manufacturer. Section V III Research Library A NY executive or engineer who is to engage in the lay ing out of a plant will find his work easier by familiarity with the books listed below. Many excel lent books are avail able but those listed will give material help on the problems involved. The methods outlined in them are the guides to big profits in plant layout. Ramsey, G. R. and Sleeper, H. R. Architectural Graphic Standards. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1941. Dimension sheets on details such as radiat ors, telephone booths, windows, r a i l r o a d clearances, stair pro portions, driveways, k i t c h e n equipment, toilets, shower baths, and requirements for sports such as tennis courts, bowling alleys, and sim ilar facilities. Seelye, Elwyn E. Data Book for Civil Engineers. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1945. Vol. 1, Design. Dimension sheets on foundations, floors, roads, coal trestles, drain age, water-treatment plants, and similar subjects. Strock, Clifford, and Hotchkiss, C.H.B. Air Conditioning Engineers' Atlas. New York, N. Y: The Indus trial Press, 1939. Extensive climatic data for about 100 cities and maps covering the country. Muther, Richard. Production Line Technique. New York, N. Y: Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1944. Concise, popular presentation of industrial methods, including plant layout, conveyors, assem bly, and similar problems. Wiren, Alexis R. and Heyel, Carl. Practical Management Research. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1945. The approach needed by the executive who would lay out a new plant or rehabilitate an old plant. Knoeppel, E. E. and Seybold, Edgar R. Managing for Profit. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1937. Simple methods for determining sales to justify a new plant, re ductions in cost to earn a speci fied profit, and similar financial engineering problems. Cuno, Charles W. "Economic Factors in Chemical Plant Location", Chemical Engineers' Handbook, edited by John H. Perry. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1941. Methods outlined are applicable to any kind of plant. Hudson, Wilbur R. Conveyors and Related Equipment. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1944. Concise discussion of material handling methods with engineer ing data. No data on lift trucks and similar equipment. Stocker, Harry E. Materials Handling. New York, N. Y: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943. Data on lift trucks, pallets, and similar equipment. Discussion on warehouse design. Barnes, Ralph M. Motion and Time Study. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1937. Numerous suggestions on ways of obtaining motion economy. Barnes, Ralph M. Work Methods Manual. New York, N. Y: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1944. Summarizes preparation of proc ess charts, flow diagrams, man and machine charts, and similar data needed for a plant layout. Vilbrandt, Frank C. Chemical Engi neering Plant Design. New York, N. Y: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1942. Chapters on plant location to supplement Cuno, above, and on flow diagrams for the chemical plant. Alford, L. P. and Bangs, John R. Pro duction Handbook. New York, N. Y: The Ronald Press Co., 1944. The reference manual before consulting more specialized books and'articles. - SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 57 yjninirmim interference with *%r production when raw maj% re again unlimited, modernization program inllpoinplete factory renovajiroduction line revision, in|w>n of air conditioning, in' | ,mechanization, and conBjlrtn of a quality control laborCompletion of the program Jlgult in better working con g r e a t e r production capac- , more uniform products of Equality. -'I Air Conditioning geration of certain rooms |ays been necessary for the aance of some operations in nufacture of candy. Appliof chocolate coatings would wise be impossible at summer |eratures in the South. Howpicontrol of both temperature humidity (air conditioning) is atively recent innovation in ciy factories in this region. R e Brock Company has just |lj>]eted the installation of glupment for the air conditioning ; its offices and rooms used for ring, storage, wrapping, pack5, and shipping its candy pro- 8 0 X E S OF CANDY A R E PASSED THROUGH X-R A Y UNIT FOR FIN A L INSPECTIO N. New application of a ir conditioning and X -ray inspection assure quality of product and ease of handling. {'-FIN A L PRODUCT IS TR A N SFER RED D IR EC T LY FROM A IR CONDITIONED SH IPPIN G ROOM TO R E F R IG E R A T E D BOX CARS. ducts. Already evident are its beneficial effects on personnel, product handling, and machine ef ficiency. The effects on the well being and efficiency of the personnel are re markable. Previously, fatigue was so great during the hot summer weather that by the end of the day the workers were nearing physical exhaustion. Since the installation of the air conditioning system, the employees show very little fatigue and are nearly as fresh at the end of the day as in the morning. Working efficiency is greatly in creased, and the morale of the workers vastly improved. Equally important are the ef fects of air conditioning upon product quality and ease of handl ing. Until its installation, hard candies, gum drops, and other items of this nature were subject to "sweating" on hot, humid sum mer days. They could not be handl ed at all until a cooler, drier day allowed them to dry out. Since the introduction of air conditioning in SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 59 In dustrial H ygiene Im portance of D ust B y IV. V . H e n d rick s Chief Engineer Industrial Hygiene Service, Georgia Department of Public Health N early all types of m odern industry a r e concerned w ith dust and its control. HE annual cost to industry 'irom u n c o n t r o l l e d dust OUnts to a staggering figure. In $y cases the problem of dust is i'ssed by management as only nuisance. In other plants, the cilery of certain dusts is ecojcally sound, especially where 'particulate matter may conprecious metals or may carry processing stock. Aside any nuisance or economic ^'resulting from the escape of t there are certain dust exJ5$ures which may result in acute lth hazards. This is especialtrue of dusts containing a high entage of free silica, asbestos, ttier toxic materials. Where lth considerations are involv=ih such exposures, legal aspects ent themselves. In most states ere occupational diseases are Pensable, specific coverage is h to those disabilities resultfrom the inhalation of silica t; Definitions ny times true dusts are con^,<1 with fumes, smokes, mists, fogs. In order to differen- tiate between the o r i g i n of these materials, a defi nition of them is in order. DUSTS are formed by the re duction of earthy materials and are usually produced by such ope rations as crushing, grinding, buffing, etc. The particle size of dusts may vary considerably, ranging from sub-microscopic to visible. FUMES are formed by conden sation and sublimation. Chemi cally, they are metallic and are usually the oxides of such metals as zinc, and lead. The particle size is usually below one micron. Smoke comes from the burning of organic material and its par ticle size is usually less than onehalf micron. Mists and Fogs result from the condensation of water vapor on suitable nuclei, and the particle size will vary with given con ditions. General Properties As a substance is reduced in particle size, there are certain general properties of the material which are changed. On breaking up a solid into finely divided par ticles, the surface area is greatly enlarged and therefore the space occupied is greatly increased. As an example, a piece of quartz one centimeter on each side when crushed to where the particles of one micron in size will present a system containing 10" number of particles. The total surface area will be 6 square meters. If these dust particles are dispersed onto the atmosphere in such manner that the concentration will be 100 million particles per cubic foot, the space occupied by this dis persed system will be 10 thousand cubic feet. The chemical activity of a solid is considerably increased by a reduction in particle size. Thus the rate of oxidation is increased as is evidenced by occasional dis astrous dust explosions. The phe nomena of adsorption becomes more important as gases are more easily adsorbed on the surface of the smaller particle. From the standpoint of health hazards resulting from dust ex posures, the physiological proper ties of dust vary somewhat with the particle size. It is an accepted fact that with exposures to silica dust, the smaller the particle size, the greater the hazard. Physiological Response Drinker has summarized the re actions resulting from the inhala- UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 61 4 - .?-*; ; M HM ...- M m j 1 /*. V`` * fc- hh. j, GEORGIA KAOLIN DUST M AGNIFICA- & TION 30X. jj^Vmetal. However, it appears exposure to the dust of iron Bga} not produce pathology unsuch exposure is accompanied Jjifee pressure of free silica, gjftje mining of coal results in jpjpUre to coal dust which con a high percentage of carbon. Hailed studies of exposure to dust have been made by the S. Public Health Service and ;fr agencies. It has been found L in general, coal dust is re ad in the lungs only when p i dust contains a high perfetage of free silica. Although i dust may be deposited in the Jujtigs of exposed individuals, the edition resulting is usually not sidered disabling unless silica |ii*'esent. [Silicates make up an important fas 'of industrial materials and 6 used principally in the pro- BlCtion of ceramics and similar aferials. Talc, kaolin, mica, s, etc., are chemically silicates their widespread industrial ap- ion results in a great number C employees being exposed to JMs type dust. With the excep tion of asbestos, which is a silicate, is general class of materials does it appear to produce a disabling MtBndition, except in isolated cases, HgHjen taken into the body by in- ation. Sjl&sbestbs is the only silicate at the present time which W M uces a lung pathology comwith that resulting from ||>t>sure to silica dust. all the dust found in indus- Xf probably tbe mst important free silica or silicon dioxide. It Incurs in the form of quartz, flint, Sandstone, and chert; and is as F IG . 4. QUARTZ DUST (S I 0 2) M AGN IFICA- TION I30X. sociated with many other miner als and ores. The disabling con dition resulting from the inhala tion of free silica is known as silicosis and has long been a problem with industries such as stone cutting, granite, foundry, abrasive, and the like, where sili ca is used in processing. There are relatively few industrial ope rations which might result in di rect exposure to pure silica dust. The importance of silica lies in its association with other materials. As an example, in foundry opera tions the dust generally will con tain clay and materials of a nonsilicious character, so that the ac tual percentage of free silica may be relatively low. This is also true in exposures to coal, iron oxide, and the mining of ores. When hard rock or silica is present, these dusts become important mainly due to the presence of silica rather than to the inherent properties of the parent material. Factors Influencing Hazards In evaluating the exposure to a dust there are several factors which should be taken into con sideration. The duration of ex posure is important, as it will in dicate in a general way the total amount of dust which might be expected to have entered the body. Obviously other factors enter into such an evaluation of total dusti ness, and these will be discussed later. History, of past exposure is important. This is particularly true where an individual is ex posed to silica dust. This point is of extreme importance to industry due to the fact that a worker may have contracted silicosis under a FIG . 5. CALCIUM CARBONATE OUST MAG N IFICATIO N I30X. previous employment. Where such a condition exists, the desirability of preemployment examination is obvious. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of dust breathed is important as this, within certain limits, will deter mine the possibility of develop ment of dust diseases. Consider able research and practical obser vations have been made in the field of dust exposures to corre late clinical findings with atmos pheric concentrations. For tree silica, asbestos, and some of the other materials, fairly definite standards have been established. The nature of dust is important primarily from the standpoint of free silica content. This is par ticularly true of mixed dusts which constitute the majority of industrial exposures. The volume of air breathed enters into the picture as it directly influenc es the amount of dust which will be taken into the body. The rate of respiration or amount of air breathed in general will be de termined by the physical effort required on the particular job. Where heavy work is being done, naturally an individual will re quire more ventilation than where less physical effort is involved. Dust Measurements In addition to the factors in fluencing dust hazards, it is neces sary to make direct dust measure ments in order to obtain a true evaluation of any dust exposure. Such measurements are made by the actual collection of dust sam ples, the counting of the dust par ticles, and by the identification of the materials making up the dis- S o u t h e r n p o w e r & in d u s t r y for No v e m b e r , 1940 63 nstall^ d cu| ctuaj| esefjjj ' smil ces quipp ediatf >haiig mipy rtioxj'i the lan tr te alii into i | | 3l ins jeratio whe cal :reen yor casting grate, lied itself, ldosure vent his hq feet] a hig entra jxceUeflj 3 on i mahf With the this Lexhav type ftf ubic fee ig oper also pro ventili .EANING. | eTourneau < BER, I* ^ntrifngal Boiler Feed Pump ^lallation. Operation and Maintenance Igor J . K a ra ss ik ; Applications Engineer /orlhingion Pump & Machinery- Corporation fptperature R ise fixeessive T em p era tu re Winimum C apacity Arrangement of B y-Pass fji-Pass on S tan dby Pum ps Htomatie C ontrols $y*Pass Losses &3 fei I[T can no longer be said that the problems arising from the op eration of centrifugal boiler feed pumps at reduced capacities have received insufficient attention in the technical and professional literature. Contrasted to the situa it. tion a short ten years ago, when | neither quantitative nor even qualitative information was avail6 able to the steam power plant op- orator, formulas, charts, and entire treatises have been devoted, with in the last decade, to the subject I';matter of protection against overcheating of boiler feed pumps. Jj, The first phase of the education al program on this subject con- cerned itself with introducing fac tual information to the designer of new steam power plants to insure inclusion of suitable proteci ; 3'^Ve measures. This program is now Rtsready to enter a secondary phase 'that of disseminating the infor"LtNation even f a r t h e r , partly ji. trough repetitive tactics, partly F IG . I. CH A RT FOR D ETER M IN IN G T E M P E R A T U R E R IS E IN A C E N T R IF U G A L PUM P, KNOWING TOTAL HEAD AND E FFIC IE N C Y . through devoting more attention to older plants operating at lower pressures. TEMPERATURE RISE In a centrifugal boiler feed pump, the difference between the brake horsepower consumed and the water horsepower developed represents the power losses with in the pump itself, all this power loss being transformed into heat. For practical reasons it is accurate enough to assume that all this heat is transferred to the feedwater passing through the pump. The actual amount of temperature rise in degrees F at any given op erating condition can, therefore, be easily determined from the fol lowing formula: (BHP -- WHP) 2545 d T = ---------------------------- W Where dT is the temperature rise, BHP is brake horsepower, WHP is water horsepower, and W is the pump capacity in pounds per hour. This formula may also be expressed as: H /1 ( H dT = ---- ( 1 778 \ e H being the total head in feet and e being the efficiency. This latter form is more readily used in con nection with the conventional pump performance curve. The chart reproduced as Fig. 1 offers a graphical representation of this SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY-for NOVEMBER, 1946 65 opacity of the boiler feed solely governed by the ||i; regulator which is con i'by the main turbine load e resulting rise or fall of the level, some specific means be applied to maintahi prejped minimum flow through Well feed pump regardless of q load. js achieved by installing a ay in the discharge line from fille r feed pump. This by- located on the pump side fe discharge gate valve and valve and leads to some re>f lower pressure in the boil4 cycle. The capacity of the ss is such that should the de ist the boiler fall to zero, or i one of the valves become while the pump is running 11 speed, the flow through the will not fall below the prepiiined permissible minimum, 'operation of the by-pass is regulated by means of either nually or automatically conlied valve. MINIMUM CAPACITY jtismuch as the temperature W ithin a boiler feed pump "es with capacity, it is obvious the minimum permissible Iftoity will eventually depend on maximum permissible temperre rise. The factors which de- ilie this are quite numerous include such variables as the liable and required net positive jiibn heads and the operating perature. This precludes the ibility of establishing a rigid je, for these factors themselves vary with each installation. It fttecessary to consider each factor ijiVidually, determine the maxiUmtemperature rise dictated by JR,factor, and finally select the i^est of these separate maximums _ ike maximum permissible temature rise for the installation in WStion. fortunately, it is never necesto establish the value of the ihimum permissible capacity ilpy accurately. The difference in ;er consumption is negligible fin if this capacity were to be .established more or less empiricalaf and on the safe side. On the <jJ>Ssis of past experience, it can be iiliPaid that where the maximum temperature rise is held to 15F, no danger of overheating the pump or of flashing in the first stage im peller exists. It is recommended that the temperature rise be held to this maximum, unless some special reason exists in an ex ceptional installation to warrant a greater or a lower maximum permissible rise. Fig. 1 can be used to determine the minimum capacity, as the pump total head curve is fairly flat near the shut-off conditions. The intersection of the head curve at low flow and the curve corres ponding to 15F rise will yield the pump efficiency at minimum recommended capacity. A glance at the pump performance curve F IG . 5. D E T A IL S OF BECOM M ENDED P R A C T IC E FOB IN STA LLA TIO N OF O R IF IC E IN B Y -P A S S L IN E . QUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 67 PROBLEM. A smooth-operating transfer mech- anism which advances the objects to be plated from one tank to the next . . without jerking or swinging of the work. SOLUTION. The incorporation into the drive of a WHS Worm Gear Speed Reducer No. 4j/2BDV (312:1 ratio) with a magnetic `brake on the high speed shaft extension. WHS had the "work-horse" dependability, the assurance of unvarying quality and faithful adherence to standards . . . all of which were required by UDYLITE. SOUTHERN STATES REPRESENTATIVES CARRYING STOCK A tla n ta 3, G a . ROBERT FULGHUM CO ., 245 Garnett Tampa I, Fla . SOUTHERN PUMP & SUPPLY C O ., 902 Dallas I, Texas TURNER C H A IN & BELTING C O ., 2913 St., S.W. Twigg St. Canton St. C h arlotte 3, N . C . M. R. SNYDER COMPANY, 1715 Liberty Life Bldg. Greenville, S. C . J. W. VAUGHAN COMPANY Atlanta, G a. H. E. GARN ER COMPANY, 185! S. Gordon St., S.W. (Alabama-Chattanooga-Knoxviile Territory) WINFIELD H. SMITH CORPORATION 5 5 5 S P R IN G ST. . . . S P R I N G V I L L E . . E R IE C O U N T Y . . N E W Y O R K SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 69 lot's w hy industry relies on J-M Insulations applied by J-M Applicators! insulation alone is no guarantee of top for every temperature from 400 F below vings. To cut down heat waste and to zero to 2800 F above. i .cutting it down through years of And you have positive assurance of proper insulation must be properly applied. application because J-M Insulation Applica jjt's whereJohns-Manville can help you. tors know exactly which material is right for isolation Engineers, and the facilities each service.. -know how to apply it for great *J-M Insulation Research Laboratory, est economies at installation and throughout 'ailable to help you with specific prob- years of service. no matter how simple or complex. The For details, write your nearest J-M Insula K lif t al insulation line offers a care- tion Applicator, or Johns-Manville, 4 red material for every service B. .o. x 290, New York 16, New York. tooiicri S-M A N V IL SULATIONS ^WER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 71 He's moved upstairs . . . this Southern Railway yardmaster! Yesterday he ran his legs off in all kinds of weather trying to be all over his yard at once. Today he sits in a glass-enclosed, air-conditioned tower sixty feet above the ground... acres oftracks spread out before him. Through the magic of electronics he gives orders and instructions to switching crews and others throughout the yard , and the men can report back to him over this two-way communicating system ...thus speeding 0 the "making up" into trains of as many as 5,000 freight cars a day. Progress? You bet! Always on the alert for new methods. . . never taking anything for granted . . . we're doing our best to provide the kind of mass transportation service that is so vital to the continued growth and prosperity of the South. Whether it's pioneering with the first Diesel freight locomotive or building a tower for the "man with a 32-track mind,''theSouthern Railway is .., and will continue to be ... a railway that is always looking for, and finding, better ways to "Serve the South." SO U TH ER N RAILWAY SYSTEM SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 73 . ^ W A T E R ------iMMvS! instrument panel mountP&,i3f Yarway Indicator in rubber 3*fivifacturing plant. One of two Yarway Indicators mounted on end of instrument panel in boiler room of Western utility. D tM im jjniM n give you safe, uniform power over entire range On the testing floor . . . in maintenance operations . . . wherever there is a need for gear pullers, Snap-ons are favored by men who know good tools. There are four definite reasons for this popularity: (1) Snap-ons have more "locking power" for added safety. (2) They give you a "tip-less" pull that prevents binding. (3) You enjoy smooth uniform power for easy pulling over the entire range. (4) Snap-on pullers are available in a wide range of types and sizes. You'll like the comfortable, well-balanr^ Snap-on pullers. They have the rugge and stamina that makes easy jobs out of the tough ones. Ask the Snap-on man who calls at your plant for full details on Snap-on gear pullers or write for catalog of 3,000 Snap-on tools for industrial production and maintenance. SNAP-ON TOOLS 8056-K 28th AVEN U E CORPORATI' KEN O SH A, W IS & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 77 es of e. ay to leak5 disminafound d 1 in. e top of the ) Difin the ;h en ti soot : high 't had l, the ; in a for a s, too, isting, ess by 1946 Expanded tube condenser design, intro duced 20 years ago by Foster Wheeler and considered a highlight of condenser development, is used by modern con denser manufacturers. The design com pletely eliminates leakage of circulating water into the condensate. Condensate contamination became a major problem with the advent of higher pressure and temperature steam gener ators. Slight impurity of feed water, un noticed for years in plants operating at 300 or 4 0 0 psi, quickly forms heavy scale at higher pressures and tempera tures. Modern steam generators need almost chemically pure feed water -- purer than drinking water. Foster Wheeler anticipated this prob- SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 i lem by designing tpe first expanded tube condenser for stationary power plants. The condensers illustrated, first prac tical application of this design, were built in 1925 by Foster Wheeler for the Trinidad, Texas, station of the Texas Power & Light Company. T est data proved that expanded tube condensers provide feed water purer than all pre vious types. Foster Wheeler offers industry prac tical engineering ability and experience plus foresight necessary for progress. FosterWheelerCorporation 165Broadway, N.Y.6,N.Y. 79  O l 'i i r- ,H e S is sh o ' th a t lgh or ocessin tant f; ation oys t clean this proi and th Toor and atmos- of ma-; _ and the'-' ve point? articular^ ;keeping | " rocedure j T4!- lust con- $ ompany, btained. a comes of emmployee ivolving :ollected ry inditions on below aximuin :R, .1946: > FOR low operating cost, lubricate your Diesels with Texaco Ursa Oils. You'll save on fuel, save on maintenance. Texaco Ursa Oils stand up in the severest service . . . keep engines clean . . . assure longer life for bearings, liners, rings and pistons. Ursa Oils promote maximum engine efficiency . . . dependable, full-power output . . . minimum expense for fuel and main tenance. There are Ursa Oils to assure these advan- tages and savings in Diesels of every type and size. They are approved by all leading Diesel manufacturers and used by operators the world over. In fact, because of their effectiveness-- More stationary Diesel hp. in the U .S. is lu b r ic a te d w ith Texaco than with any other brand. For Texaco Products and Lubrication En gineering Service, call the nearest of the more than 2300 Texaco distributing plants in the 48 States, or write The Texas Com pany, 135 E. 42nd St., New York 17,N .Y . TEXACO Ursa Oils FOR ALL DIESEL ENGINES V* T E X A C O STAR TH EATRE p re se n ts the N EW E D D IE B R A C K EN SH O W e ve ry S u n d ay n ig h t, See n e w sp ap e rs for tim e an d sta tio n . 'UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 81 .lU :T SMALL MOTOR PROTECTION Simply and Inexpensively Burnout of motors from lack of oil, worn bearings, tight belt, overloading--or anything that causes a dangerous excess of current through I- the motor--can, on normal installations, be pre vented by Fusetrons. Just install a Fusetron of motor-running pro. *! tection size, anywhere in the circuit to handle U only the motor current. That's All. h- . If motor is on a separate circuit, install the Fusetron in the switch or panelboard. Then the motor as well as the circuit wiring is protected. If the motor is on a general use circuit or a circuit feeding more than one motor, protect each motor individually by installing a switch or a fuse block with the proper size Fusetron. It Is As Simple As That. Protect Against Cost of Replacing a Motor-- and Against Production or Operating Losses When pumps, fans, air compressors, blowers, conveyors, mixers, stokers, oil burners, grinders --or any of the hundreds of other circuits on which small motors are used--are out of service because of a motor burnout the losses incurred generally make the cost of Fusetron protection seem mighty small. You not only have the cost and trouble of removing and replacing the destroyed motor-- but all the time the motor is down, production or operating losses pile up. I t's guarding against these double losses that makes it pay you so well, to go to the little expense and trouble necessary to install Fuse trons for the protection of all small motors used throughout your plant or building. FUSETRONS GIVE MANY OTHER KINDS OF PROTECTION HERETOFORE NOT AVAILABLE Fusetrons do everything fuses do, as is confirmed b y the Underwriters' Laboratories' Label, and in addition. . . Provide simplest way to stop burnouts from single phasing. Entirely wipe out needless blows caused by motor starting currents or other harmless overloads. Give thermal protection to panelboards and switches. Prevent needless blows caused by heating in panels and switches. Permit use of larger motor or adding more motors on circuit without installing larger switch or panel. On new installations proper size switches and panels can be used instead of oversize. Protect motors against burn out. Give double burnout protection to large motors. What is the FUSETRON? The Fusetron is a DUAL element deviceadded a Thermal cutout, Fuse to which is The result is a fuse with trem endous time-lag and much less electrical resistance. Fusetrons have the same degree of U nderwriter's Laboratory approval for both motor-running and circuit protection as the most expensive devices made. Made to the same dimensions as ordinary fuses, Fusetrons fit all standard fuse holders. Obtainable in all sizes from 1/10 to 600 ampere in both 250 and 600 volt types. Also in tam per-resisting type (Fustats) for 125 volt circuits. T heir cost is surprisingly low. ( fe t / H i tie Get Better Protection--Send the Coupon Now E ven one lost, hard-to-replace m otor, or one needless shutdow n or destroyed panel m ay cost you far m ore th an replacing every fuse w ith a FU SETR O N . D o n 't risk su c h losses-- p ro te c t y o u r p ro duction schedules by changing over your entire electrical system to FU SETR O N S. BUSSMANN MFG. COMPANY University at Jefferson St. Louis 7, Mo. (Division McGraw Electric Co.) BU SSM A N N M FG. C O ., U niversity at Jefferson St. L o u is 7, M o . (D ivisio n M cG ra w E lectric Co.) P lease send m e com plete facts about BUSS Fusetrons. N a m e ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- T i t l e - -------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------ - fERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 a sus4| o 1 1 UNIT I 1 s * '3 HEATERS I I for better heating Advantages Offered by Armstrong Traps U ; Whether you use low pressure or high pressure jjSinit heaters, application of Armstrong traps gives S o u these important advantages: $ j K 'j . FULL H EA TER CAPACITY. Heaters drained by gArmstrong traps are kept dry! No waiting for condensate to t-cool before trap opens. No cooling leg is necessary. 2. AUTOM ATIC AIR VENTING. No separate air vent WM required. Both a ir and condensate pass out through same IJyalve. M inim um maintenance, m inim um repair cost. 3. PROTECTIO N AGAINST CORROSION. Prom pt |j, removal of air and condensate from h eate r m inim izes danger Lot CO, or oxygen causing corrosion. j j |i 4. LONG V ALVE L IF E . All internal mechanism is ^stainless steel. Valves are same q u ality as used for 2400 p.s.i. For complete information on Armstrong traps for heating ijjervice, see your local Armstrong representative or write IPRMSTRONG MACHINE WORKS, 806 Maple Street, "Three Rivers. Michigan, U. S. A. TRAPPING TIPS* Install trap below and close to unit heater. a If trap discharges to overhead return, use a check valve. o Use a separate trap for each unit heater. o Use a trap Safety Factor of 3 to 1. If heater operates on variable pres sures, order trap for highest pressure. Use ample size sup ply and drain pipe lines. Keep supply mains drained with proper traps. p Complete d ata, d ia grams, tables, capaci ties in 36-page CATA LOG H, available on request. See our exhibit at the I7th National Exposition of Power and M echanical Engineering, G ran d C e n tral Palace. New York. December 2 to 7 194a_________________ ' ARMSTRONG STEAM TRAPS O v e tt e t "T H C ttoK t#L . . * p o ti R a w e s t . . . 'P n a ceG A . - JTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 85 or TODAY'S TOUCHER JO B S , HERE'S a NEW TOUGHER MOTOR WHERE IT'S WET W et weather doesn't both er the new totally-en closed Tri-Clad mo tor. Neither do frecjuent "washdowns" in food, plants. IT'S CORROSIVE Acids, alkalis, and fumes are kept out of these new Tri-Clads. Cast-iron enclosures are corrosion-resist ant, extra strong. WHERE IT'S DIRTY Dirt and dust can't get into these Tri-Clads to shorten their life. Smooth surfaces are convenient to clean. service; position5 or himsi a glass vever, /as not of: lis plant t de Lavj :ed that seek wo; ness ent ;d the Iron Wo: parity of ls creath sert i ice he ne of more >a in Bess' d invent! galva s work cen1 rifu much 3e Gei me in' his 4BER. If W HERE IRO N OUST FLIES Harmful iron dust and metal filings can't get past the in ner wall. Bearings are protected from dust. WHERE QUARTERS ARE CLOSE When space is limited for a totally enclosed motor, you'll like these trim, com pact new Tri-Clads. W HERE EX P LO SIO N HAZARDS EXIST The new Tri-Clad motors are available in explo sion-proof construc tions where needed. IE TOTALLY ENCLOSED MOTOR (I TO 1000 HP) 1-1940 you welcomed the Tri-Clad open motor with it's protection features. More Tri-Clads have since gone into Sryice than any other integral-horsepower motor. Now is ready with a new line of tough, totally enclosed rClad motors for use in adverse atmospheres. We believe are industry's most dependable motors. Their longer life lpwer maintenance will make them a sound investment 'almost every job. Apparatus Dept., General Electric K Schenectady 5, N. Y. OINT PROTECTION. `tndibaiv ilimW* tf nclom and prolcd* Hi* ihitt and moicHiiealThepetal - . Whan lands pats Ihroughlho fraafe SIDMljHrtMblllRk.. rf. ' , Eb^ Jtpta lliif.M y iW IiJ Id iMsioiwMlitanl Ml-iron tnd fttet* iaiMat Intarigt |m i ' a n machined la provide RpM 'jbidtEUrwiiiDiii! * _*v t 'y *- V j pnaMct <h**ipMr trami J 7. large airpataageapmvldaadequate rf pialilum . Primer and Rnlth tool idbptwGa n n I* varnish alfeids high ru th .SjR y lb fc**P *!*# ,* |i^ 1 i* i ; 1*f ) 9. Modem, "agele'' imulelfen Inab fcum iDrtli l gnhMwIr*y*Maw j mont Include*, winding* al *Fornn cqn be-packed with' long-life lu- j magnet wlra. 'j;' |T ^ p n rtflil x iin m ita T k iw n v *<**<hug caudidt't^t* dfaDdn ahla la simplify maintenance;noniporfoMtfer tttnf whMtr Ban**bn'ln- ing lypa In axplodan-pnof malar*. .1 0 . 'Individual dynamic haJaiMfeof nh i.tM y d asdatnal film yghjchpay^got, , ImAbg DitpVfnGli mater inlortoM vibration hazard*, avan uadaz.wvan . d RS^hg'EPbdMaht'* A . i f F< T H ^ W l ^ T_STORY^ Apparatm Department, Section Q 750Gcneral Electric Con Schonoetady 5, N. Y Please send me G E A -4 4 0 0 , which describ e * new T il-C la d totally enclosed motor*. , Please send me G F 4 -4 1 3 1 , "Motors and Control for H azardous Lo-aiion." NAME . COM PAN Y. ADDRESS Je-mari Reg. U. . Pat. Off. GENERAL 0 ELECTRIC 'UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 97 jme N ew A n gles on INDUSTRIAL and COMMERCIAL HEATING working level recirculation I,The Dravo Heater offers today's highest possible efficiency for open space heating. It recirculates Awarm air in the working level, thus minimizing . the tendency of the heated air to rise and cause excessive heat losses through the roof. Under the Dravo method warm air is discharged above the ,heads of the workers and cool air is taken off the floor. This provides a thermostatically con trolled comfort zone in the working level with no annoyance to workers. In addition to saving fuel through low roof heat loss, the Dravo Heater is extremely econ omical in these respects . . . Sustained efficiency of 80 to 85% by constantly getting more Btus from each gallon of oil or cubic foot of gas burned. -- Lower initial cost compared with indirect heating systems. --Ease of installation . . . it is necessary only to provide power Actual tests with balloon-suspended thermometers In a building with 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 square feet of roof showed temperature differential between roof and working a re a to b e only 9 d e g re e s with D ravo H eaters. This is a big fuel-saving a d v a n ta g e when com pared with othermethods inwhich roof a r e a tem peroturesore often 3 5 degrees higher than those a t the working level. line, fuel line and stack. --No stand-by heat or specialized attendant is necessary. Heater operates only when thermostat dictates your requirements. Dravo Heaters are available in capacities ranging from 400,000 to 2,000,000 BTUs per hour output. The money-saving angles for Industrial and Commercial Heating with dravo COUNTERFLO direct fir ed heaters are more fully described in Bulletin NF 516. Write Heating Section, DRAVO CORPORATION, 300 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh 22, Pa. Dravo Counferflo Direct Fired Heaters are products of the Machinery Division. DRAVO CORPORATION PITTSBURGH WILMINGTON PHILADELPHIA < WASHINGTON NEW YORK CLEVELAND > OETROIT .SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 89 D IA M ETER S FOR EXTRA YEARS OF MAXIMUM Because of Buell's exclusive feature--the patented van Tongeren "shave-off"--the cyclones in Buell Dust Recovery Systems do not have to be made with small diame ters in order to achieve high recovery effi ciency. On the contrary, diameters of Buell cyclones can he in excess of four feet with out loss in efficiency. These large diameters make possible operation with low centrifugal force and consequent reduction in abrasive wear; and permit one-piece construction of extra-thick steel, with large duct outlets, that makes clogging virtually impossible. All these are prime factors in the troublefree operation, low maintenance cost, and high efficiency of custom built Buell Dust Recovery Systems--as established from actual records of installations in service for three, four, five or more years. Buett's book--"The van Tongeren System of Industrial Dust Recovery''--illustrates and explains the patented van Tongeren principle and its many applications to in dustry. We will be pleased to send you a copy without charge. Write for it today. JBM mmm- H i :LL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC. 4 Cedar Street, New York 5, N. Y. Sales Representatives in Principal Cities HERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 Six Exclusive Buell Features THE "SHAVE-OFF" LARGE DIAMETERS EXTRA-STURDY NSTRUCTION CORRECT HOPPER DESIGN SPUT-DUCT MANIFOLDING INNER WELDS GROUND SMOOTH DUST RECO V ER Y SYSTEA? 91 PROCEDURES fold 7*4 ER, 194 AVAILABLE ONLY THROUGH li'" PRECISE welding control is a major reason why shop iabrication by Pittsburgh Pip ing and Equipment Company results in a thoroughly dependable piping installation. The illustration shows how a welding oper ation on 14" high pressure, high tempera ture piping is performed. The area adjacent to the weld is induction preheated to a tem perature of 500F.min. This temperature is accurately maintained during the entire electric arc-welding operation by means of indicating and control instruments. When the weld is finished, stress-relieving is ac- ran complished by similar procedure. Better welding contributes to the safer, more satisfactory prefabricated piping in stallations produced by Pittsburgh Piping and Equipment Company. 10 Forty-Third Street--Pittsburgh, Penna. Woolworth Building, New York Chamber o f Commerce B ld g .; Indianapolis Book Tower, Detroit . 525 M arket Street, San Francisco 6 3 4 S ; Grafnercy Plac, Los Angets Peoples Gcs Building, Chicago Public Square Building, Cleveland 10 High Street, Boston Heights State Bank Bldg., Houston Whitehead Building, Athhto IPUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 93 WW -)F tla 7 h fe// / Users applaud the high Rust-Inhibition of Eagle Super " 6 6 " Insulating Cement (who have used Eagle Super "66" gating Cement are enthusiastic not jjyabout its great fuel-saving ability ley applaud the way Super "66" .tally inhibits rust on heated metal ijjiipment! This unique rust-inhibitive quality irbeen conclusively proved by labojty tests, and in actual use. It's an jjjiortant factor in prolonging the life oilers, ovens, tanks, towers, heat tigers, etc. tigy B a ll" "Springy Ball" structure gives remarkable efficiency The tremendous insulating fciency of Super "66" comes from its jHngy BalP'pellets of Eagle Mineral Wool. Each pellet is a maze of dead air cells --one of Nature's most effective barriers against passage of heat. "Springy Ball" structure is permanent --lasts as long as the insulation. Eagle Super "66" withstands a full range of temperatures up to 1800 F. If not subjected to temperatures above 1200 F., it can be removed, rem ixed and re-used! An all-purpose insula tion, it can be troweled with little effort on almost any size or shape surface. Wet coverage is as high as 65 sq. ft. per 100 lbs., 1in. thick. . . and shrinkage is less than 15%. Send for data sheets. T h e y c o n ta in com plete technical inform ation about E a g le S u p e r ``6 6 ". A va ila b le o n req u e st. Other Eagle Industrial Products include: Eagle Insulseal. A protective coating for insulation. Trowels on --dries to a hard finish. Withstands temperatures upto 450 F. ' . t Eagle Swelchek (black). A prepared, asphaltic base, rust- inhibitive anti-condensation compound. '. Eagle "43" Finishing. Cement. A hard white finish coating, for all types of indoor insu lation Within a range from 70 F. to 800 F. THE EA 6LE-PIC H ER COM PANY CIN CINN ATI ( 1 ) , OH I O E a g le Su per " 6 6 " In su la tin g C em en t E a g le L-T a n d M-2 F e lt E a g le Supertem p Block E a g le B la n ke ts E a g le Pipe C o ve rin g Eagle Insulseal Eag le Loose W ool Eagle Insulstic Eag le Swetchek 1ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946  is under control O Here are two Fulton Sylphon regulators . . . job-proved by engineers and contractors in your industry . . . for solving pressure problems in steam, air, water or oil lines. On the left is the No. 1253 with packless, all-metal construction. Single-seated valve for dead-end service-may be held in wide open position. Requires no "feeler" pipe. Reduced pressure ranges--20 to 100 lbs. and 30 to 150 lbs. Shown with it is the No. 952 which is used as an automatic pressure regulator for reduc- ing from high to low pressure--or to insure a constant delivery pressure when supply fluctuates. Equipped with direct-acting type valve (closes with rising pressure). Maximum initial pressure-150 lbs.; maximum controlled pressure--100 lbs. Both are handwheel, spring adjusted . . . equipped with Sylphon metal bellows . . . rugged, reliable, long-lasting. Both are backed by 45 years of specialized experience. For complete information, write today for Catalog VL-100. Canadian Representatives, Darling Brothers, Montreal INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 97 Le M an in the KNOWS hen P re -F a b rfcated Piping is R ight * -A feint the fielfi who erect piping know when shop pjjication is well done . . . they know if the subJitnblies fit correctly, line up easily and have all field B i or flanged joints in accessible positions. When jp s the case, the erecting job is easier . . . saves m time and money. ife;' iiwest has a Construction Department which has ted piping of all kinds for 46 years. The critical tude of this department is the best stimulant to fe,four pipe-fabricating plants. The Construction partaient also frequently contributes useful and llptical suggestions for improving pipe fabrication. jjb situation has a powerful effect in keeping the iole organization alert . . . and in encouraging conHtpus improvement. It is one of many reasons why jfget the best when you buy Midwest Pre-Fabricated Ring . . . either as materials furnished or piping ppletely installed. CONTRACTING DEPARTMENT MIDWEST PIPING QUALITY ,,Bo$Tmor ri P I P I N G & S U P P L Y ., I MAIN OFFICE: 1450 SOUTH SECOND ST., ST. LOUIS 4, PlantBtSt.Loui^PassaieLoAnge2eand$outhBoston SalesOffices:NewYork7--3. 0ChurchSt* Chicago3--645MarquetteBIdg. LosAngeIcB33---52(\AnderouSt. Houston2--229Shell Bldg * Tulsa3--533Ma^oBldg**Atlanta3--RedRockBldg. SouthBoston27 426FirstSt* 2266 $THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 99 METAL / 0 .Sut IT MAY SAVE YOUR LIFE The rupture diaphragm of the B. S. & B. SAFETY HEAD is the 'pressure fuse" which wilt prevent your pressure vessels from blowing up. It starts life as a flat blank of almost any metal--Aluminum, copper, silver, stainless steel, platinum and a dozen others are used. Then it is given the spherical form which in great meas ure accounts for its ability to withstand fatigue in service and to burst at the right pressure in time of need. Specimen discs are regularly burst to assure consistent per formance. The specified bursting pressure of each SAFETY HEAD diaphragm is the average of bursting pressures of two or more specimen discs from an adjacent section of the same sheet of metal. The bursting pressure of the SAFETY HEAD Diaphragn is marked on a permanently attached metal tab. A lot of care goes into turning this little piece of metal into a "life preserver" for your life and property. We believe this function deserves the full measure of our fifteen years of research and know-how--and the success of our efforts is proven by the fact that no pressure vessel equipped with a SAFETY HEAD has ever burst from over pressure. BOOTH 564--NATIONAL POWER SHOW NEW YORK CITY, DEC. 2-7 WRITE FOR CATALOG BLACK, SIVALLS & BRYSON, I n ,W * SALES o ffices-- 24th FLOOR POWER AND LIGHT BUILDING, KANSAS CITY 6, MO. plant- 7 5 0 0 EAST 12th STREET, KAN SAS CITY 3, MISSOURI UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 101 fortUnentt <> Materials Handling and Power Transmission Equipment SERVING -- Coal Mines -- Steel Mills -- Paper Mills -- Textile Mills -- Cement Mills -- Chemical Plants -- Sand and Gravel Plants -- Quarries -- Power Plants--Public Utilities--Railroads--Grain Elevators--Cottonseed Oil Mills--Cotton Gins-- Aluminum and Magnesium Plants -- Canneries -- Phosphate and Potash Mines--Fertilizer Plants-- Ship Yards. PRODUCTS -- Belt Conveyors -- Screw Con veyors -- Bucket and Screw Elevators -- V-Bell Drives -- Pulleys -- Bearings -- Sprockets -- Chain -- Gears -- Buckets -- Clutches -- Reducers -- Hoists -- Apron, Vane and Reciprocating Feeders. Southern T extile M il! solves B ale H andling Problem w ith oom paot C ontinental E scalator. The efficiency and tow mstiumtuttc cv> ut Continental <oler* has luiiy justified the many R E P E A T orders from satisfied operators* 200.TPH Efficient low cost haulage of C rushed S tone W* m ilt from quarry to mTil v ia C ontinental B elt Conveyors Mine Fan V-Belt Drive from Electric Motor with Auxiliary Drive from Diesel Motor for emergency. Designed and manufactured by Continental. C ontinental is equipped to handle any mechani cal pow er transmission or materials handling problem . Send your inquiries to our nearest sales office. INDUSTRIAL DIVISION CONTINENTAL GIN COMPANY BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA ATLANTA DALLAS MEMPHIS iRc OUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 103 er We started our new turbine out r ig h t with m ?? says this Superintendent JW HI liili wIt^BBtKflimPl!m il aWMmflH|(im| Sm mW m fm H m The power plant Superintendent (left) consults with a Gulf Lubrica tion Engineer on the lubrication of this 30,000 kw. unit just in stalled in the new station of a prominent utility in New York State. EPORTS by associated stations on the out standing performance of Gulfcrest Oil ide our choice of the lubricant for this new turie an easy one," says this Superintendent. "We 1that Gulfcrest Oil is the best insurance we can ide for our big investment." 'xtra refining makes the difference! Gulfcrest is not only refined by conventional methods, t is super-refined by the Alchlor Process, which s out the sludge formers-- the undesirable hydrocarbons-- in oil. The Alchlor Process also imparts to Gulfcrest Oil greater ability to benefit from the addition of special inhibitors which con trol oxidation, lengthen the induction period of the oil, and maintain low neutralization number. Call in a Gulf Lubrication Engineer today and ask him to recommend the proper grade of Gulf crest Oil to provide the best lubrication for your turbines. Write, wire, or phone your nearest Gulf office today. ilf Oil Corporation Gulf Refining Company Division Sales Offices: Boston New York New Orleans Philadelphia Pittsburgh Atlanta Houston Louisville Toledo JUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 mI N D U S T RaI A L 105 atchemoket AVERS with new, stronger molded frame! V* :o < sco - M.K9. UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 Stronger than ever, improved Model l-N Eye Savers are now made with a new, all-molded plastic frame that resists breakage at all points. More than that, they're better looking, better fitting. . . plenty roomy and comfortable for wear directly over many types o f prescrip tion glasses. All Eye Savers give extra protection against injury from top, sides and bottom. The Impax metha crylate lens is tough: stops flying chips, splinters, and hot metal% .. will not splinter even under heavy impact. And it's free of distortion as finest optical glass! Eye Savers exceed all Federal specifications for impact resisting gog gles. And they're so light in weight your workers will keep them on. See your Eye Savers dealer today, or write us. 107 For the first time since the war, Thermix Products will be on display at the New York Power Show. Many new developments are to be seen and you are cordially invited to drop in at booths 50 and 51. High on the list of attractions will be a full scale working model of a Thermix Duplex Dust Collector us ing alternately an Aerotec tube and Aerotec electrical secondary. Heacon Dampers will control flow and a Thermix Fan Stack will furnish the draft. Sides of the equipment will be transparent for observation. Our engineers will be on hand to welcome you and answer any inquiries. THERMIX ENGINEERING CO. Project and S a le s E n g in e e rs for PRAT-DANIEL CORPORATION AEROTEC COMPANY HE A CON, INC. R O C K W E L L BLAST G A T E S IN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 When you want this valve to work . . . it works j ri /s J.i: U > tick-Proof because LEVER-SEALD ^HOMESTEAD UEVER-SEALD VALVES operate instanfly only a Quarter-Turn . . . at all times and under all Editions . . . in services where extremes of temperature, ifrUssure, or the corrosive action of line fluids would cause Idinary valves to stick or "seize." rThat's why they have been favorites with industry for JOhre than 15 years in all sorts of difficult applications. iThey're stick-proof, because built right into each valve is powerful lever and screw device that relieves seating fcfssure between plug and body just enough to overcome ion and permit easy turning. its stick-proof construction is only one of many HOMEVD LEVER-SEALD VALVE features assuring long, econical, trouble-free service. ' 'You may order HOMESTEAD LEVER-SEALD VALVES in Is and alloys to meet service requirements, in sizes 1Vi" to 12" with regular or wedge gate valve face ice dimensions, for pressures from vacuum to 1500 nds. Complete technical details and Valve Reference pk No. 38 are yours for the asking. CHECK THESE OUTSTANDING LEVER-SEALD VALVE FEATURES 1. In stan t stick-pro o f o p e ratio n . 2. Quarter-turn fully opens or closes. 3. Positive mechanical seal. 4. S eatin g surfaces a lw a y s p ro te cted in both open and dosed positions. C o r rosion practically eliminated. 5. Unobstructed straight-line fluid flow. 6. All operating parts protected from d am a g in g effects of service c o n d i tions and w eather. lOMESTEAD VALVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY P. O. BOX 70 CORAOPOLIS, PA. UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 III U PIN Seattle Salt Lake City A '' *San Francisco Los Angeles to YOU on a Nation-wide Basis Alert to the fact that engineers the country over are anxious to modernize their pumping equipment as soon as possible, Warren is making an all-out effort to cooperate. Our engineering and manufacturing facilities have been enlarged . . . our nation-wide network of agencies increased. These agencies are staffed by trained, expe rienced men . . . ready to give you on-the-spot service. Warren engineers are pump specialists, having spent many years in this field exclusively, and they are in a position to give you expert, cooperative advice. WRITE DIRECT to our home office, Warren, Massachusetts, giving all possible information as to operating condi tions and desired results. HOME OFFICE Sand fa c t o r f w a r r en , Ma s s Minneapolis Syracuse ^ ) Hartford * , D etro it*^ A New Y o r i * ^ ' Chicago*^ "-- Cleveland ^ p^ adeIphla Pittsburgh X Denver Kansas City ^ Cincinnati ^ St Louis Richmond Atlanta ^ Houston ^ New Orleans - ARREN STEAM PUMP P -6 C O M P A N Y , INC. W A R R E N , M A S S A C H U S E T T S . *-rfc , Power Plants -- Chemical Plants -- - Paper Mills -- Food Industries -- - M etal Working --- O il and Mining Services HJThfERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 * 113 ve shov my time than turi tiibitors. Ge ictady, in of iti and iding nd ion. It in- j nic timer \ e the con- sential to ` nth short ' tnical op- (-operated ; with the ; as de- \ -precision tag appli quer pro-;:J 1 of botb | operation, jl of we 611 Serl capacity 7 to 248; .. I :J ,, ,4 .WWej *&' ,f sS lhe real wealth of a nation lies in its power to produce. And the greater the production, the greater,die pros perity of its people. Production depends on many things. Not the least of these is the efficiency of the equipment that controls the flow of the innumerable media that constitute the lifeblood of Industry. Powell's contribution to national prosperity is a line of valves that is so complete that today there are Powell Valves adapted to every,service in every branch of modem industry. The Powell Line of Valves for Power Plants includes Bronze and Iron Valves of all required types, sizes, and designs and all types of Cast Steel Valves (in cluding an outstanding line of Non-returns) avail able in pressure classes from 150 to 2500 pounds. Where quick, positive'Operation by remote control is desirable, electric motor operators can be furnished. The Wm. Powell Co., Cincinnati 2 2 , Ohio DISTRIBUTORS ANDSTOCKSIN All PRINCIPAL CITIES Catalogs furnished on request. K indly state w hether you are chiefly interested in Bronze, Iron, or C ast Steel Valves. I I 11793-- 129-pound Iron Body Bronze ffrited Gate Valve for 125 pounds W. f i n sizes 2 ' to 30', incl. H as flanged } hotted flanged yoke, outside screw I 'stem and taper wedge solid disc. wedge double discs can be proI in sizes 2* to 12*, incl. Seat rings (istem are in bronze. D isc is bronze 4* and sm aller size valves; bronze i in the larger sizes. Also available III Iron. , *841-- 125-pound Iron Body Bronze SlAted Globe Valve. Made in sizes 2 ' incl. H as flanged ends, outside 1rising stem, bolted flanged yoke Jlfsgrindable, renewable bronze seat disc. Also available in All Iron. F ig . 37S-- 200-pound Bronze O ats Valve with screwed ends, inside screw rising stem, union bonnet and renewable, wear-resisting "Pow ellium " nickel-bronze taper wedge solid disc in sizes H ' to inclusive; taper wedge double disc in sizes 1" to 3 ', inclusive. F ig . 3003 W .E .-- C la ss 300-pound Cast Steel Gate Valve with welding ends, outside screw rising stem and bolted flanged yoke. Flg .5 5 9 -- 125-pound Iron Body Bronze Mounted Swing Check Valve. Made in sizes 2* to 16*. incl. H as flanged ends bolted flanged cap and regrindable, re newable bronze seat and disc. Disc, when wide open permits full unob structed flow through the valve body. Also available in All Iron. F ig . 1708-- 200-pound Bronze Globe Valve with screwed ends, union bon net, renewable stainless steel seat and regrindable, renewable, wearresisting "Powellium " nickel-bronze semi-cone plug type disc. Made In sizes i i " to 3 ', inclusive. 1ER, 14 iTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 RAVITY WATER PRESSURE Mf :' * For general water service or for fire protection, you can depend on gravity water pressure, as pro vided by Horton elevated storage tanks, to furnish water at a momeiit's notice! Horton all-welded elevated tanks are widely used throughout the South for this pur pose. The 75,000-gal. cylindrical-col umn tank at the right is a typical elevated water tank installation. It was erected at the T. R. Miller Mill Company, Inc. at Brewton, Alabama, and is used to supply water to the saw mill, planing mill, shop, veneer mill and box factory. The tank is filled twice each day, early in the morning and again in the late afternoon, with a 1,000-gal. per min. electricallydriven pump. About 150,000 gals, of water are used per day for boiler feed and other uses. Ac cording to the T. R. Miller Mill Company, the water supply from the tank is "as near 100% perfect as we could expect Investigate Horton all-welded elevated storage tanks when con sidering a gravity water supply for general service or fire protection. m I mSSI mH mgm "" "B MK 1 The Horton cylindrical-column tank shown above provides a gravity supply of water for general service. It holds 75,000 gals, and is 100 ft. to bottom. IHICARR R R IR C E & IR O N COM PANY Atlanta, 3 . . . . . . . 2180 Healey Bldg. Birmingham, 1 . . . . . 1500 N. Fiftieth St. Chicago* 4 ......................... McCormick Bldg. San Francisco, 11 . . 22 Battery St. Bldg. Cleveland, 15 . Guildhall Bldg. Tulsa, 3 ..........................................Hunt Bldg. Los Angeles. 1 4 ................. Wm. Fox Bldg. New York, 6 ............. 165 Broadway Bldg. Philadelphia, 3 . . . 1700 Walnut St. Bldg. Washington, 4 .............. 703 Atlantic Bldg. Houston, 1 .................... 5600 Clinton Drive Detroit, 2 6 ......................... Lafayette Bldg. Plants at BIRMINGHAM, CHICAGO and GREENVILLE, PENNSYLVANIA MfHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 17 DAVIES SALES & ENGINEERING CO. Maritime Building New Orleans 11, La. are pleased to announce that they now represent BENJAMIN F. SHAW COMPANY Piping Contractors & Fabricators 2nd and Lombard Sts., Wilmington 99, Delaware K now n f o r D ependability Since 1893 BER, I' CREASE PRODUCTION with "Vibra-Flaw" VIBRATING FEEDERS Smooth, ef fortless f l o w of bulk mate rials, instantly contro l i a b l e by turning the rheostat. 10 MOVING, WEARING MECHANICAL PARTS . W rite for free, illusfrated folders SYNTRON CO., 118 Lexington, Homer City, Pa. UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 LET SUPER-SILVERTOP pu ll the plug on loggy unit heaters Water-logged unit h eaters p o u r on th e h eat when you get the water out and keep it out. Super-Silvertops p u ll th e p lug an d th ro w it away! How? By operating on the presence of water instead of its temperature. Presence of water, hot or cold, causes the Anderson SuperSilvertop to discharge. Super-Silvertop is the inverted bucket trap that gives simplified piping without cored passages or split (pierced) gaskets. It's th e tr a p w ith guided bucket, easy-to-remove valve and seat, increased capacity per dollar and a proved record of trouble-free operation. A copy of the 40-page book, "How To Choose A Steam Trap", is yours for the asking. Would you like to have a copy? Elbow THE V. D. ANDERSON COMPANY 1936 W est 96th Street Cleveland 2, Ohio H9 e q u ip m e n t -- c o n tin u e d Metallic particles in suspension ' uid coolants used on machine tifi'"ig'ystem consists of a seven galectangular steel tank in which ajjnco strainer unit is mounted. Jfrject-A-Flow pump unit is ll :on the lid of the tank with 'jjjmp operating inside the strain- The pump unit consists of a cast, non-corrosive, centri- pump connected to the motor M i an extended shaft. Provision "tide for recirculating coolant If system is equipped with a 'foot, Wheelock flexible metal i;and a bronze flow control cock, ter with necessary wiring and ties. ONLY TAKES ONE! COMPLETE POWER TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT FROM ONE SOURCE SCORES . . . . IN EFFICIENCY! Let Medcrri's 60 years'engineering experience help you on your transmis sion problems. Recommendations are unbiased because Medart engi neers can choose from the entire iield oi power transmission equipment. Electric Arc Welder *0. H obart Brothers Company, rt Square, Troy, Ohio, announces 8Wi combination drive Hobart ng machine which consists of Standard 300 amp generator and hp induction motor mounted on avy, solid shaft coupled to a sler, 6-cylinder industrial en'through an over-running clutch This coupling allows the `pe engine to drive the welding rator. However, should the gaso{engine be stopped and the gen^ be driven by the electric inqn motor, the clutch will over]:br. free wheel. This action is eny automatic. Shaft H ange Bicycle Type Sheaves V-Bell Dtives Cast Iron Pulleys Steel Rim Pulleys Ring Oiling Bearings Wick Oiling Bearings e Belt Tighteners induction motor is wound for 220/440 voltage. The gasoline e is furnished with an idling and all other features that are d by the Standard Hobart, 300 gas drive. welder is ideal for locations ;J power may fail and the con fer or job welding shop operator such a unit is able to take ad age of the cheapest power avail- UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 " "P a teriU m & tte fo fo * Chain Drives Set Collars Hercules Pulleys Wood Pulleys Shafting Friction Clutches Sprockets Pattern Work Rigid Shaft Couplings Flexible Shaft Couplings Universal Shaft Couplings Medart -Timken-Beafings Iron & Semi-Steel Castings Wire Rope Sheaves Cut Tooth Gearing Molded Tooth Gearing 121 Iji FeecI Pumps yf(Continued from page 72) team plant. In addition, it is f |r y to credit the boiler feed iwith the heat generated in y-pass orifice through the Ration of pressure energy. tp all, it can be stated that '. incidental to the operation oiler feed pump with by-pass file almost negligible and are ed in order to avoid possible e to the installed equipment Herious interruption of the 1*1 provided by the steam r plant. When considered in |ight. these losses become a t; reasonable premium to pay e assurance of continuity of ice of the boiler feeding equip- lI|r. " Ch an evaluation of the bylllosses leads to the recomation that should the size of sstallation dictate against the l f !automatic by-pass controls |iy-pass should be left open at ows. It will become necessary Close the by-pass valve only the full load capacity of the J pump less the by-pass capaci"p longer suffices to fill the ded from the boiler. As a matter qt, in very small installations iw ith low pressure operating aitions, the by-pass requireJs are so low that they can be J d to the required capacity j n establishing the design ca|ty of the feed pump, and no !,Sion ever arises to close the 'pass. For example, if the boileed pump is originally selected handle 100,000 lbs per hour of F water against a net pressure f300 psi, the required by-pass acity is approximately 5,000 lbs Ehour, and if the pump is de ed for 105,000 lbs per hour, |y-pass may be left open under jmditions. is readily recognized that in installations, this additional ign capacity will add little to Ifpost of he insallation, and is 'worth the investment. Larger }ps should have automatic conif possible, and, in any event, Id have by-passes arranged in irdance with the good practices ated in this article. SUPERIOR SPUR GEARED CHAIN HOIST Standard, spur-geared type, capacity Yt to 40 tons. Ball bearing equipped. Pressure lubricated. Effici ency 80%. HOISTING EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURED BY ROUN DAVID ROUND & SON CLEVELAND 5, OHIO A S S O C ATES THE C LEV FLA N D C H A *N & AFC1 C O C l F t ELAN D 5 G h I O THF BRIDGEPO RT C H A IN ft WPG C O . BRIDGEPORT I , CC.N N SEATTLE C H A .N & M FG C O SEA TTLE 8 W A SH ROUND C A L IF C H A IN COUP L T D . S O . SAN FR A N C ISC O ft LO S A N G E LE S 54, C A L IF . SOLD THROUGH MILL SUPPLY DISTRIBUTORS CHAIN HOISTS ROUND AUTO-BLOC Patented special type 2-gear hoist. Efficiency 90%. Weighs 20% to 35% less than other spur geared hoists. Precision constructed throughout. Alloy Steel cut gears. TROLLEYS Steel-plate, ball-bearing trolleys designed for use on straight or curved T-beams. Plain or geared types. CRANES m HAND TRAVELING OR ELECTRIC CRANES Built to specification. Timken Bearing equipped. Blueprints supplied with quotations. WINCHES ROUND.No. 99 WINCH Capacity 5 tons. All-steel con struction. Two speeds, one for rapid lilting, the other for heavy duty loads. Weight 135 lbs. No. 99 Junior 2-ton all-steel winch same design but smaller size. Weight 61 I b s ^ _ ^ UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 123 There's no secret about Almost everybody is now interested in frosted foods--and in the method of freezing them. In the next few years, quick-freezing plants will be built in hundreds, if not thousands, of towns and rural districts throughout the country. This trend will affect you, and possibly your business. If you want to be "in the know" on the latest quick-freezing methods, write for Frick Bulletins 147 and J48. They tell how to freeze either large or small quantities of foods most profitably--show how the most successful plants now do it. Write TO BE SURE PEABODY BURNERS Oil -- Gas -- Pulverized Coal -- Either Singly or in Any Combination Natural or Forced Draft and Direct Fired Air Heaters Blast Furnace G a s Burners Fuel O il Pump and Heater Sets Complete Combustion Systems G as Scrubbers and Coolers P E A B O D Y E N G IN E E R IN G C O R P O R A T IO N 580 Fifth Avenu New York 19, N. Y. A tla n ta : Rittlemeyer & Co., Bona Allen Building Houston: The Tennant Co., Gulf Building New O rle a n s : Allan J. Harris Co., Balter Building SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 TR IP LE FUSE SERVICE w ith this T P IC ffi COMBINATION! KLIPLO K CLA M PS Supply needed pressure for easy flow of current! Increase fuse life. Prevent burnt fuses and clips. Stop unnecessary shutdowns. Save power. Reduce fire and accident hazards. TRICO "Powder-Packed" RENEWABLE FUSE This "different" fuse gives maximum protection and THREE TIMES the SERVICE at no added cost. Custom-built renewal ele ment, "powder-packed" feature, and rugged construction make possible the following advantages . . . o Tamper proof protection. Link support. Non-interchangeable link. a Life-time outer perts. a Safe time-lag. Guaranteed results. W RITE fo r Catalog/ TRICO FUSE MFC. CO. M ILW A U K EE W IS C O N S IN 12! ro , i r *"v MEASURE S T E A M ) JJ ACCURATELY! J ' 3 u s e BUILDERS METERS Builders Shuntflo Meters are "tailor made" to tell you w h e re and h o w m uch steam is beincj used. This meter gives an accu rate total of steam consumed by individ ual departments, tenants and processes. It measures a ll steam flow. . . provides a precise check and an a cc u ra te total of main line flow -- eliminates waste and trims steam costs. The Shuntflo is selfcontained -- requires no electricity, mer cury or clocks. It reads directly in pounds, cubic feet or other units, and gives years of trouble-free service; Readily installed in any line from 2" to 12". For Bulletin 349, address BuildersProvidence, Inc., (Division of Builders Iron Foundry), 53 Codding Street, Providence 1, R. I. MO CCA SIN Bushings require but 2 to 4 oilings a year, at a cost of about 75c. Compare this to $5.20-- the approximate oil cost for lubricating ordinary bearings-- and you'll see why Moccasin Bushings easily pay their way! And there are many other advantages: Moccasin Bushings are long-wearing-- actual experience shows them good for 20 years plus! They prevent grit or abrasive substances from reaching the bearing surface . . . eliminate improper and in sufficient lubrication, the cause of 75% of all bushing failures. Moccasin Bushings are used by hundreds of lead ing manufacturers. Try one on your most trouble some bearing. Write todayl JL Moccasin Bush^ ings l u b ri c at e from a leak - proof oil reservoir. JL Place, a continu^ ous. un b ro ke n film of oil -on-bear ing surface. JL No oil drippage ^ or flying grease to damage floors, belts, materials. j L Satisfactory per^ formance abso lutely guaranteed.1 UILDERS^ PROVIDENCE I / ri^ tiu n w n ^ i OUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 27 and ng leng alletin . resisting; tip P ia te g li ifngsecravnidbai;r i. s a long.J or patcbl ?Iate Too! ' complete * ask lor ' 1y bouse* ' rere ngton S Im I, III. me True ation ailer 'umps C-11 0 aires Ce. reet and Vvenue 1 3, O . catalog. I cut maintenance costs with A IR E T O O L tube clean ers The simplicity of construction in all Airetool Tube Cleaners assures lower maintenance costs . . . and cleaner tubes in power plants. All vital wearing parts M in Airetool Cleaners are easily replaceable on the job. Airetool's New Form cutters eliminate tracking and give tubes a clean, smooth, undamaged surface. Airetool's motors, with Balanced Rotor and Power Seal, deliver more power-- they make hard jobs easy. The motors are air and steam or water driven. There's an Airetool Cleaner for every tvpe of water tube and fire tube boiler, con denser, heat exchanger, and all other tubular construction-- straight or curved-- in sizes from />" to 24" I.D. Illustrated is the forwardly swing arm head with universal joint mounted on a "4000" series motor, air or steam driven. It is designed for bent tubes of I to 12" I. D. _________________________________________________ AIRETOOL EXPANDERS Airetool manufactures a complete line of tube expanders -- meeting k every requirement of the modern power plant. Special heat-treated alloy steels assure a uniform grain and hardness. '41 HE TO OL MANUFACTURING COMPANY SPRINGFIELD, OHIO W rite D ept. SP for b u lle tin s on tu b e cleaners and tube ex panders especially de sig ned fo r use in pow er p la n ts . J 1 SMOKEMETER For the Determination of Smoke Density in Stack Gas HOW TO REPAIR LEAKS flNDCRACKS PROMPTLY, EFFECTIVELY The principle of this instrument is a photo electric soot density comparator designed for oil-fired appliances. The unit is completely contained in a small metal case. Write for Bulletin THE REFINERY SUPPLY CO. 621 East 4th St., TULSA 3, OKLA. When boilers, radiators, tents, piping fixtures develop leaks, cracks or loosened parts, get Smooth-On No. I Iron Repair Cement. For more than fifty years the repair man's standby. To apply, you simply mix Smooth-On with water. No heat re quired. It hardens like metal and stays tight. Maintenance men and mechanics everywhere keep Smooth-On handy for both emergency and routine repairs. You can buy it in economical 7-oz., I-, 5-, 25-lb. sizes at your supply house. If they haven't Smooth-On, contact us direct. FREE REPAIR HANDBOOK a SI utc R Clear instructions for practical, tested, short-cut repairs on equipment of countless kinds. Shows how to save time and money. 40 pages. 170 diagrams. Pocket size-- should be in YOUR pocket. SMOOTH-ON MFG. CO., Dept. 35 570 Communipaw Ave., Jersey City 4, N. J. 2)iwttft, SM00TH0N pWTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 129 luuwiiuiwuai' ;m b e r LA N T 5 AT ST. L O U I S , M O . , A N D P L A I N V I E W, T E X A S ERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 No Power Plant Valve Is More Important In 69 years of specialization on power plant auto matic valve specialties, Davis has brought the atmos pheric exhaust relief valve to a high point of perfec tion, with a combination of engineering features not found elsewhere. Let's look inside the No. 110: The bronze-to-bronze contact valve is water-sealed through inlet and over flow pipe connections in the body. Valve action is cushioned by a closed-top internal dash pot eliminat ing sticking of valve due to foreign matter. Flapper valve permits quick opening, slow closing movement. There is full pipe area through the port and all body passages. The valve holds tight under high vacuum, and relieves to atmosphere at a fraction of a pound pressure when vacuum is lost. Hand lifts, top or bottom, or Hydraulic cylinders permit testing the action and holding valve open when desired. Angle design available as well as horizontal and vertical, also valve that will function as a relief valve part of the time and back pressure valve at other times, or with hold-open attachment so that valve must be closed manually once it has relieved. Let us help you on automatic valve problems for steam . . . air . . . gas . . . water . . . and oil. DAVIS REGULATOR COMPANY, 2507 S. Washtenaw Ave., Chicago, 111. Ask for ENGINEERING BULLETIN No. 101A D A V I S AUTOMATIC VALVE SPECIALTIES veered PROTECTION jIGH PRESSURE BOILER FEEDLINES Golden Anderson HYDRAULIC Double Cushioned Check VALVES An excellent example of the outstanding engineering built in every Golden-Anderson Valve. Designed for high pres sure boiler feed lines, the double cushioning feature pre vents any shock or ja r in sudden valve closure. Needle valve control allows close adjustment to regulate the operat ing speed for any operating condition. Also avail able with manual handwheel control, in angle or glebe patterns, sixes 2 '/a" to 14". ^ YR-FEEDER MULTIPLE SPREADER C T O IfE D C ^ I w IV C IW V O M **, 'fowl BURN LESS COAL CHEAPER COAL , FYR-FEEDER pays for itself in coal and labor savings, e utomatic. modern, high efficiency firing at its best! Increases tier capacity with cheapest grades of coal -- screenings or eepings, wet or dry. CUTS FUEL BILLS! Easy to operate, ponds instantly to sudden load changes. Burns fines in susDsion; larger pieces on grate. Beautifully clean flame. Safe, pendable. Multiple Burners. Quality construction. Easily tailed in minimum time. Standard ratings from 100 to 12,000 of coal per hour. Wire, phone, or write. FYR-FEEDER INDUSTRIAL STOKERS 18-T E . Erie S t., C h ic a g o I I , Illinois [~1 interested in FYR-FEEDER Dealership f~| Interested as Sales R epresentative j ) Send literature and delivery information f j Have representative call ENGINEERS know that all leakage must be pre vented whenever possible . . . it absolutely must be kept under control in all in sta n ces. That's why packings are needed! Even if your service conditions are unusually severe with oil, asphalt, acid or any other fluid to contend with, Quaker has a brand to meet it. Our packing experts are ready at all times to suggest and recommend the proper packings that will give you maximum results. Specify Quaker Pack ings. Buy from your local M ill Supply House or Hardware Dealer. QUAKER ROD PACKINGS A Complete Line o f Rubber Duck and Rubber Flax H yd rau lic Asbestos M etallic Semi-M etallic for all types of Service Conditions QUAKER SHEET PACKINGS Rubber Asbestos Fibre R Q .U .S.P A T ,O F f. For all service applications QUAKER RUBBER CORPORATION Mrs. Industrial R ubber Products PHILADELPHIA 24, PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK CHICAGO CLEVELAND HOUSTON W e s te rn T e rrito ry Quaker Pacific Rubber Company San Francisco Los A ngeles THERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 133 X ontract. >insert. p---- F ro n t pm ent Co.i k Co. ___ (Asbes- ,3 Division)... eerlng de Front I oist Corp.; :8 Inc. Inc. 4BER, / tm m . 0 , :rs in every field choose HE ELGIN WATER SOFTENER DELIVERS44% MORE SOFT WATER In comparison with other zeolite water softeners the Elgin delivers as much as 44% more soft water. LOWER INVESTMENT Based on cost per thousand gallons of soft water delivered, the Elgin Water Softener is far lower in price. f it ) l0 W ER OPERATING COST By virtue of an improved distributing and collecting system, less regenerating salt and wash water are required. HIGHER EFFICIENCY The water softening zeolite in the Elgin is kept clean and active so that equipment operates more efficiently ,without attention--and mofe "zerosoft" water is delivered per pound of salt used. LESS MAINTENANCE Unbiased surveys prove that with ELGIN quality construction through out, fewer replacements are required. Xoss of zeolite is prevented, thus elimi nating costly additions. LONGER LIFE Efficient distribution, collection and regulation of water and brine add years ,to the life of Elgin Water Softeners. LESS SPACE REQUIRED To give the same capacity as an Elgin, other water softeners must be as much as 50% larger in size. Existing water softeners of any make eon be mod ernised by Elgin to provide the above features. P* THE ELGIN WATER SOFTENER gives greater capacity and higher efficiency because it accommodates a far greater quantity of water softening zeolite--and uses it more effectively by virtue of an ingenious manifold system and backwash regulator. Naturally, a greater volume of soft water is delivered because it's the zeolite that softens water--and more zeolite used with greater effectiveness means more softened water. A NEW BULLETIN . , . So important are these features to the users of soft water that we have prepared a new fac tual bulletin describing the construction and operation of the postwar Elgin Water Softener and explaining the benefits and economies of softened water. Ask for Bulletin 607. For hospitals it's Bulletin^ /k 608. For laundries it's Bulletin 609. * LGIN SOFTENER CORPORATION FTENERS FI LTERS * WATER TREATMENT * BOI LER WATER CONOI T I ONI NO SOUTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER. 1946 DS El H G WHorwC 0fo0PUlaMlt 0a.V Jm C C U IT L .i..E M IM iliiM i f i ANGLE VALVE Ili# riMMMHIKii GATE VALVE CHECK VALVE mm I ss. I mm n * T^kSflH 'S 'Ja many every / | n it in RKf ieago >' Bldg, ; dg. THERMOMETER mm mm ' t m miiHiMi M u l i n a r /f 'f H l/'. -- anti i n / , . , tu , n i, ineytne .ondiUans -- S t1 J r n h it H ( n ta tn f Q u a il, Jenkins Valves Ml 2 ,` V-M:'Ai 9 /Liti Ml M l ' 1 11 Fig 106-A Bronze Globe Fg, 106-A Bronze Globe Fig. 677-A O. S. & Y. Bronze Gate Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe Fig. 92 Bronze Swing Check 1i 3 Fig. 47 Bronze Gate i . 2 Fig, 106-A Bronze Globe irii * 2 h i r `1 Fig. 47 Bronze Gate Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe 1I * 2 Fig. 92 Br. Swing Check Fig. 92 Br. Swing Check 3 : 2 Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe ! ; 1 Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe 1. 2 a 1 ta 1 j 1 1 1. i1 1 *1 1 4 11 11 Ipig. 106-A Bronze Globe (Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe [Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe Fig. 47 Bronze Gate iFig. 106-A Bronz Globe Fig. 92 Br. Swing Check [Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe Fig. 47 Bronze Gate [Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe [Fig. 106-A Bronze Globe |Fig. 47 Bronze Gate Service Air Vents and Bleed* Drains City Water Shut-off City Water Test Connection City Wa*er Backflow Prevention 3-way Mod. Valves Shut-off 3-way Mod. Valves By-pass P.R.V, Shut-off P.R.V. By-pass Prevention of back flow into City Water City Water Check-off Heat Exchanger Shut-off Control Heat Exchanger By-pass Unit Air Shut-off and Control ' Unit Air By-pass i System Manual Bleed Pump Suction Shut-off Pump Discharge Shut-off , Pump DischargeCheck Floor Drain Trap Fill Hot Water Tank Shut-off Engine Cooling W ater Control Cold Water Supply Cold Water to Heat Exchanger A typical circuit is shown for recover ing waste heat in small plants, garages, laundries, etc., where a Diesel Engine is ; used to generate electricity. Heat in the cooling water is dissipated through unit heater, and also through an ex changer for domestic hot water supply. Heat dissipation can be balanced be tween the two units by means of globe valves. An aquastat shut-off is provided for unit heater fan. Overheating is prevented by a tem perature and pressure relief valve. Overcooling is prevented by a three-way modulating valve which by-passes a por tion of cooling water back to circulating pump should the demand from heat exchanger and unit heater be too great. Suitable protection is provided against low city water pressures and provision is made for shutdowns and freeing air from system. Copies of Layout No. 16, enlarged, with additional information will be sent on request . . . also future Piping Lay outs. Just Mail coupon. Other types and pressure ranges of Jenkins Valves can be used for this layout, according to factors involved. Consultation with accredited piping en gineers and contractors is recommended on major installations. A CHOICE OF OVER 600 JENKINS VALVES To save time, to simplify planning, to get the advantages of Jenkins specialized valve engineering experience . . . select all valves from the Jenkins Catalog. Jenkins Valves assure lowest cost in the long run. Jenkins B ros., 80 W hite Street, New Y ork 13; Bridgeport; A tlanta; Boston; P h iladelphia; San F rancisco; Chicago; Jenkins B ros., L td ., M ontreal; London, England. LO O K FOR THIS Since DIAM OND MARK 1864 (ER, JENKINS VALVES For every Industrial, Engineering, Marine, PlumbingFfeating Service . . . in Bronze, Iron, Cast Steel, and Corrosion-resisting A llo y s... 125 to 600 lbs. pressure. Sold through R eliab le Industrial D istributor* Everywhere* UTHERN POWER & INDUSTRY for NOVEMBER, 1946 JE N K IN S B R O S ., 80 W h ite S t., New Y o rk 13, N . Y . Please send m e a rep rin t of Piping Layout N o. 16, and future Layouts as they become available. N a m e .................................................................................................. A d d r e s s .............................................................................................. C o m p a n y ........................................................................................... 137