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Ihe following report la * etudjr of duat eenditlone la the
Chari*etna, South Carolina plant of the General Asbestos & Habb&r Division
of'the Rnybestoa-Hanhattan, Ino.
this stud/ erae carried on daring
January* 19*0 bj the Industrial Health Borvioe of the ESetropollUn Life la-
suranoo Ooapaxor*
It la tha second unit In a aeries of stadias being conducted la
" Tarioua aatabliahaianta of tha asbestos Industry la the Dalted States and
Canada far tha purpose of determining the extent and nstore of atnoopherio
pollution to vhleh asbestos workers are exposed end whether there eaa b
demonstrated anj harmful effeots to auoh workers*
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imSATOa ABD BETHQr^ Of gArpHBft
' too csthodt war* used 1a tha colicstlca of dast sanplest tho-'
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iapiagsr ahiah oollssta tho das* by aspirating tto eir and iEpirgiaj it oa to
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c ilat aurfacs oovered by * liquid ia a ermttinor, and tho electric prccipi**
tator,^*lo. ifistrossat dsoisaei opoa tk* principle of a Oottroll precipitator,
tbs laying*r van placed la close prosimlty to the logout groups of
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worknan and at * height corresponding to the breathing laval of these ten,
Thai liquid used la the container of ths ispingsr consisted of distilled water
containing CQJ alcohol* | lha alcohol was added la order to proven* the
solution of any allioa which Bight bo present la the dost* aoh aaisplo
collected* using the japingr method, represented* saaplo of duet frea a /
Voice* of air eeennting to fro* 60 to 100 cubic feet.
The alootrlc precipitator eras placed la a position similar to that
cf the iapiagor. The air Is draws, through:this:lasbrunant by conns of a
snail rotary fan, run fey a ootor, the quantity being spaoared by c flow ester* f *
lech ample collected by the aleotrie precipitator represented a voices of sir
fra* 10 t* *0 cubic feat; The** aaeplea wore uaod for dotercination of
partial* sis*. All staples war* shipped to the laboratory where eouota vers
sad* of all particles, irrespective of size, found la the scapios*
St has bean the opinio* of authorities who have studied the effects cf silica
dust *a lunge that partiolos larger the* 10 oicress ia their greatest diecetar
do cot roach the alveoli of the longs end therefor* it bis been the general
(1) Coapnrativo Teste of lastruscnts for loteraining Atooophsrlo Bunts", ' fahllo health Bulletin, Bo* 144, Ire&eury Bsparimt, taefaingtsn*. P8
(I) *p9taralaatton of Suepaaeolds by Alternating Current Precipitators(11I), Philip Printer and fiobert B. Thoaoca, Journal of Industrial Eyuicae, Tel, ?U, **,*, fuse, 19BS.
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praetioe to count only duet particles under 10 dLerona, Honevcr, In visor
mt the publication ef rooont English observations that aabectos fibrua as lens
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as MOdcrons have been found In lung tissue, it-eras decided In tMo study
be count oil aises f particles is the eaoples taken &t the pleat in
Charleston# - laftlale ilii eoaeuro&cnfc* of the dust count# rare cede tnd the
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reault* ere recorded in graphs end plot* frea ehich the pnroentos* of the
various vises en be deteralned*
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means* pwsam. et tAmcw m
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; Jli siaee of particles visible under the eicroscpe vero counted,
but in exder to determine the percentage of particles lose then tea sioroae in
their longest diameter, a differential count &e nade.
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J th count* virt sxd of ftasplts of daot eolloatod by *soa* of tho ......... rf-
lootrlo precipitator, (1m, bocaase by this nothod the dost le collected in
it# original dry state and the partiales are unaltered,
" J&orophotographa of these dost particles core further enlarged by
being projected upon a screen by moans of a lantern elido projector, the on
larged pertleles being naasared nith a ruler*
laowing tho entire enlarge-
sat (by actual msesnresent), It tw easy to calculate the original particle
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aloe* 8y tho nae of Bassa*e logarithmic probability paper, the logarithms
Of tho function to bo Maoured - la thlo case dorone -- are plotted as rdi-
dinatea against tha probability of eeoamaeo os abscissae* Since the
OQreen^ Ji* *1 Fhotederographie Kethod for the Sefcoralnation ef ?article Alee of Paint -and lubber figment#*, Journal franklin Institute, 1811, IM/dW.
' *Shlpple, 0.0. - fitel Statistic#, I. I. John Alley It done. Ins,, 1BS6,
p. 481,
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fire cat frtoM nc
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Hails facilitated*
exterpelation and interpolation of ray doalred regies is
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. V'K v'* * .' will,be noted frc* a these**c u.Jrv\:e- d. ,*tha.t 1851 of. the partioico era
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'iloe^'.than 10 niaroaa ,in their (preatosi-.diniwtorV,' *''V
* , ;. xi&fcwfr&Athe#'*-atteobed floor plan* indicate locations of dir carplln^. ?hs
i;V * nueibeaebnoiroled correspond to tha 'nonple ijmt&er-In ,ihf table of rosulte.
v. v.;
;?ffit*
analyse*
are
reported
In
total
particles
par
cable
foot
tad
also'
in'tha corresponding weight of tha dust In edlltgron?* - there is ne indi*
oated relattoaehip between the dust count* and-the ecrreepondlsij weights,,
**wt<
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'11 . the plant1 at Charleston consists of seven buildings, as follows,
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X iwo-wtory tram offlee building, the lever floor of thieh is used for
etore&e porpooe* and the soeond floor for offices) teo building* of brick, one
of which houses the wochiae shops and supply depsrtssat, located on the first
floo^ and' the second floor of this building is used for ooUooticg dust ex*
hauated froa tba aanufastaring prooessi the ether brisk building house* the
Spinning department an the first fiber: and the oarding departceal on the
second* .an* eenerete building is eobapied by the rubber eoRpeundlng depart*
want a " the first floor and tha wearing . fleportseat on tbs soboadj two one*
story"frees buildings, tho ona being used for storage and"the other as a-peek-* :
lag dopertssatj and a one-atoyy JTrene-building eoverad with oorrugatsd iron
'hiah:::X*'w*ad'as a preparation 4*parfc*aai*v .
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/ -:*i; Asba*tos ia received in. bag* and .these arw emptied upon the floor k1.
:;WsX 'the'Asbestos is shoveled Into -pag.iU*' Bd run-for about five fiinutoo io ^
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' order te.sruah and open the fibres*
i, JTxo* here the eebostoo ia shoveled into
. truck* cod wheeled ever t hopper* of either horlcoatal or vortical opcmore,
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similar to those uesdin the textile (dll* where the raterl&l 1* shoveled into
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; hoppers*; After passing through the opraer the. material ie discharged into
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truoiti.. . Vest# iwuiufsc!taring material le .first run through a garnet upchisd
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end ,<H*oharged Into trunks mhidh ero Dheeled over is the openers abd the
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material!* fed Ante these la the rape manner ee the new eatcrial* The .jmaabe'.'xaiarial, .after being dleahirged from ths .epenwr* la pat cn to *
vibrating ,<*r shaking sorsen where the long fibre* ere picked off bp a suction
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hood end blown in,Yto, e, h, is. 1* he used a1 gain i'n texti. les, The short fibree *
felling through the careen ere either wold ee each *r used in skig an anbesic 9
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' V The -bottom is received In hales, opened, end eleo ran through
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'srUoa^openere. * It is dieahargsd into tranks. The filled truaks from the vertical. and horlsontal openers oontaininf either the nnbostee fibre,
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the oeiton er the waste material ere transported to separate storage bine. As
. * i needed these materials ere weighed end duopod on to the floor in proportion
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to th# stature desired end the resulting -oixsd material* ere than passed
through m mixing picker.
As this nixture le discharged from the pieker,
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.it is spr&jed with light mineral oil*, tithe materiel le then passed on to -
a conveyer end taken to the *ioragebia..ia;the oard room. Xso of these
,mixlcg.yiokare discharge an to this conveyor.. *yatsa, sail* a third anshine is .
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equipped with e emotion devise which contoy* the materiel to s storage bin
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in t.h' `e. ;* ardV'.rood. She ebjeot of the two e, .ysteca is to facilitate the
handling f -two grades of material at the oene tine, ?hl* third emetine
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is net e^ulpptd elth an ell apray* the object of th oil eprp la priatrll/ to entrain tha eaall aabeateo flbroa end hold then enssshed is the oottoa fibre throughout tha prooeaaoa of carding* epinrdag* end rsating, Incidentally, it ia apparent that it also dinihiehoo the anctmt of duet* The naterial la featuretad felth about 4$ of ell at this point, but bp tfao tie*
It reaehea tha loose tha ell h&s dlalalabod to laaa than 1$,
Duat aaaplaa ware collected ia varioua eeoticn* of tha prepara tion rooe, aa ladloatad on tha floor plana and tha aollaothra wore placed at the braathlng level of the eorkium* 111 partial** laaa than 400 aiercaa .In.length sere eouatad esd the reaulta ere here gives*
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Saapla la., " v ':* rj-' ' ' /'.v.V'v'
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PBEPlAUIOl JtQQtt . /
Location
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Total Oouat in
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Particles per (ruble foot f air
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' telfht of duct ia trf par outdo .
foot of air
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flarnat naohina Faader end - a*ta oatarlal
5,575,959
V4 T&ka-off bad ahakar alara ameta froa rortieal oponera
4,045,750
latd and of vertical opanar asbaatoa fibra
4 ileagalda of la* S ahaaar aabaatoa fibra
*,ti,i56
T faadar and horiaental opaaar asbaatoa fibra
7,97S,41
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iloa|(ida of So* 1 ahaaar aabaatoa fibra
1,(04,065
11 Taka-eff ad of horizontal opaaar
1,418,516
U Jaedar and of Bo* 1 piekar
5,155,056
IS Taka off and of * 1 piekar diaebarjlAg ao to onaToyor to oard root
550,705
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? V .T4 U L1*40
10.10 J.V' .45
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/ *64
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' .40
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JfeglflC JSaA loctoi flSTOBSf.
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Zt will be noted that tbs dustiest loeatlona aro fouad at tho feed* era of openers, where the notarial it shoveled into 'the tjppore. ?fca c?.all*> at count was found at the end of the picker osebine at a position vhexc the oiled Material la discharged onto the conveyor, and no doubt la due to the ' fact that the oil alloys the dust* because the conveyer is not covered end the Material at this point hue received oil tho picking and fluffing proper* atory to carding. It le interacting to cote that these totcl counte includ ing all particles op to 400 Blorona in their greatest length or dieaeter are
i 3.PM than the accepted Minima standards (which include only particles less than 10 edorena), adopted by the United St*tee Public Health Service Is thoir Mtndy of the granite industry. ^ . This report states that on the basis of part reoorde of dust exposure of granite workers it would appear that cafe Unit liea aoewhsre between 9 and 0 Million particles. . CARD BOOH
Tho cards of the smohina* in this too* are coverad and px-ovided with an exhaust ayate*.
It the tiae of collecting saaplaa in this roon only half of the aohinea were in operation, and therefore aa&ples were colleoted at repre sentative positions throughout tho area wboro naohlnos were in operation. Five dust eoaplos were taken at central position# of operation and at tho breathing level of workora.
( ^Public Haalth Bulletin Xo. 187 *Tho Health cf Workers in Dusty Tradta II. Exposure to Sllioooua Dust (Granite Industry}* ~- Q.fitP.fi.&., Treasury Depsrtaeat, lashingtoa, C.C. 1929
-le-
The notarial fed into the carding machines ocaslets of various nintare* of nobesten notorial token from the stored notarial in the ^enclosed . bin* thick are ettunted In the center of the Jfloor. This entcrl&l io truck* d to the aaehinee end shOTcIcd into tho hoppers* uc to the variety of sixtaros in ut| it is not feaoible to use * conveyer Cretan In transporting tho notorlolo froa the bin* to tho hopper*.
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Aanpl* ho*
15 17 10 SO IS
UBUS #i CARD BOO*
Location
Totni count in psrticloi
per cubic fact of nir
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Center alnle
Side nielo ee ee *e
average toont of nir of raen
4,745,547 >,89,44!
850,795 4,585,155
948*114
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height of dost in eg,
CO. ft. 1
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1.10
.50
1.05
*75
it in noted that tho scant* in tho osoplo* fron ihle' roan arc for tho Most port *anlior than theoo found in tho preparation roes and for be*
o*-.tho standard adopted by tha United Staton fubllc health Service. The tonporatoro nod hualdity readinga is tho card rcoa osa*
dared vdth outoido rsadisms are an follctsi
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fl3ggimg22?L teat of bfao spinning in ions ns mule*. Son* experisant&l carl
,ia being dene on ring fraaes. Sot *11 mules eere in operation* Saafc '.!. aisplae' vara taken in the niddla nisla bataroaa the machine* in operaties.
Twisting and spooling operation.! also vara conducted in this cess roon Dust ; eaopios era likewise taken between thaaa machine*.
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Tl&Utf* spxaxiso "SOCK '
Cample Vo.
ftS u T 19 M
location ,
fatal Count in S&rtialc* Seight of dn*t par cubic foot af air la eg. per
cu. ft* of air
Center eiele
847,1*8
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887,789
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404,449 Y .80
twietare * center aisle Spooling nachine*
1,107,419 871,488
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.84 81
i o it will he noted that the dust eouata in tbi* room era eeoh email*
" #r ; thaa the counts in the preparation and. card room* and eonpara favorably
with thee# found in the weave raos. ;.lie highest eounfc was near the twister*
where there ia wore abraaioa af the malarial doe to wrapping the asbestos
thread with wire.
Band eo&trol water eprays for humidifying were in use end reading*
taken showed the fellawing resnitei ; '
Otttnldi
V Brr b*Ik '
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Kualdltjr B6JS
JbakLa
Drr bulb T6a ** Sslatlva hwaldlfesr ?Oj?
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:iiSAc& gia&lnsi 22S&S&
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al& iSt&icates
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> . Tbit dopnrtaant la located on tha aeooafl floor of tha rubbar eoapausd.lo^ bolldinc, v - i.Ab tlaa of respllng only loons on braka band vaarinz vora In cpara-* tloau ' Tour aanpla* of air vara taken at rapraaentativa pointa, vith tha following rasulta.
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TABLE #4 KEAVZ BOOJ3L "
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Saapla la. Location
Total Qount la fartloloa lelght of dart 1a og.
par cable foot of air
per on. ft. af air
87 At loon ohr aleretor
<16,09*
.18
88 Hrat aiala - roar at loon
856,681
59 Cantor alala
788,786
40 Caatar aialo x--r
888,849
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Zt la noted that thaaa eooata are aanil.
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.75 .88 .U
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During the progre*a of that* aturtle* a oarefol scrutiny *aa oala , :
- inload Of the oca terting there ibe air staples were being tnhcn. TLsrro roro
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not detected the syoptona easoeletcd with, the condition fcnoaa as asbostoels, V .
/ nciciy .leaden hued oosploxioa, cough* shortness of breath, carting atd clubbing
of. the fingara. The osjority Of the Yorker*, appeared to be robust,'bat in
the obacaee of physical ex&ainatlon and further correlation oith length of tea*
ploy*nt, the oeaclaalsna drsvn frea iheee observation* cast bo Halted. N* '
smtsL,-
The resulte of these studies indicate that the tmsber of particles of
iSbeatce duet found in the air of the wioue departtaontc, with the exception
f -the preparation roes, is very low.
This is no doubt due to the oil spray
hicth ie ncod to held together the asbeetoe particles end also duo to the
efficient huuidifyicg systca, end to the exhausts which are connected with the
carious operations to oliaiaato the dost which is crested in the processes,
dhile analysis shove that over SOT of all partiolae are under 10 -saicrons in
iioe these dust sooste Indicate that 'the danger cf a pulnooary health hasard
i vary ronoto.
.-..l.'.fhat the oiling* hunldifying and oxhanet syetano he continued and extended to crery process, eherairsr possible*
' i. That physical sxsnlttatia&s be stade yearly of all caployeee engaged .in ssbostce proceesae* particularly those-who have been exposed over a period of.years.should be included.
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> Xbai oltaainf to dan tty bobo of vtoatui ojistea iatttod
ojf tbo.jnroooat Mthoa of blotting lth eoaproMod air,
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