Document wgo3aQ9DYp4a8ZKZjw1r42wDV

tfifaSWKSfctS I k cfl 9%> ij:*; t X' vi "- r: ";r National Safety Congress T" \ ' " ""-. ' , ... V. : . ' . ` *. . . ',. Transactions Volume 1 GENERAL SESSIONS CONGRESS BANQUET LIST OF EXHIBITORS .-* lIlEi I^ATIONAL^ 425 N. MichigaH Avenue J V Chicagoi; Illinois 6061^TTEIfl a PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT PLAINTIFF'S EXHIBIT (jjv-QZWb i filler 40 PLAN ATTEND THE NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS- OCTOBER 24-27, 1988 / CONRAD -HnTtdli'^HOXtiL^VftlllpAPA. xv/i. ' . & . Vr* & Tlie Congress is always a big week, a worthwhile.week: Vfor the 13,000 safety people who attend. ... -vy; At the .'66 Congress, you can meet other safety people, 'You C3F). :^AVl ia|?KC .Views Oliu wn wvivynv ^i vv>v,.. / ;.rtioh\?he'a|thiihygiene,:'an'd; fireprevention ;. i on safety ! in.industry, traffic, schoolI.at home and On.the'farm. > W: You can see the largOst df ali safety equipmeht exhibits ; at.the Congrese...anop^ well- This four-day educational program, planned' and.-pre- .< m u bub sented by the National'Safety. Council, can be your m0st thought-provoking, most worthwhilevsafety ;expe7; v ripnee in'1966/. ll fl; 'll ft Make plans early'to attend the 1966 Congrese and bring . ; ~ ^5^f^S^ :the.otHe'r^|)eop!e'in:yourorgani.zation.whp.have .safety'.'ri.r:: >. 7$' if !$$. :responsibilities,.v - N^T);b;N^LiB,A;E:E .`FUTURE'CONGRESS: OATES (:^ikoNW'',ije!iilUM-AveNuiE..;^.:-.-.:;bHie^oofe.iu.|oi.;ow! 1967: October, 23-26y T'968..fOc.10b e r 28-31; :1969T.bc to b *'-'2 7 30> j'9'7O'. 0clobber 26'-29 : I'-'.y *' V.*'*'* **> V- *: \ : *. .-i. -.n>' / '* A'.-V-' St  VOLUME 1 OF THE TRANSACTIONS -------- :------------ ---:-------- ofthe ----------- -------- 53rd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS CONTENTS ; V,;-- -ip'./-.-. Officers of the: National Safety Council 1965-66.v..... ............. ;......... 3 .......;. . ... 5 Trustees of the National Safety -Council J 965-66 ...,, . ,, 7 (965-66........... 10. ANNUAL COUNCIL MEETING Invocation..,;... -.'I................. V v Minutes of tlie Ahnual Council Meeting ...: i .w-r. What More Can We Do For.Safety7; ! i' * . -,'v^Kliat :More'.Can''.Youth .Do. For Safety?.... .. Etwin Di tanham 21 i Howard Pyle 25 ..:B,etty Johmidh .28: -'y ,b .... ... v NATIQN/^ SAFETY CONGRESS -BANQUET - (> v;y.-; '.'.Invocation .. ............. ;--i\:,Rev.j:Wamn^R,\Ebmi&-}''jll-'y:-.-. .~;~^17:~~Minutesl.ofyBanquethMeeting~'.'.`v.... ' 'The Next Step'In ^Safety./. . . Exhibitor*'-- 53rd National,Safety. Congress.& Exposition; Other yblunieriri i965 Natibhar Safety Congress Tfansactions. 37 ' 53.-- /sj 1 ia iB ,acki* * Ct. over 3% a ` Notional ^Safety Council ff.. ':;Vv1vi*`=^-^3-' OFFICERS--1965-66 i ' ; Chairman, Board .of Dircctors--BwoKs McCormick,. Executive Vice .....*....... v `President,:. International- Harvester.^Company,. Chicago, Illinois (Xii," President--Howard- PVLE; President,National Safety.' Counal, Chi-.; .... c - - cago, Illinois`v r;-v.;-;."/'; ' Vice President, for Farms--Bruce Lourie, ;East Moline," Illinois Vice President f<^;JP(i^e^jflC.ScHviM^,,^eeu6yiytesdfoi&~: '.dent, City PIiwiJc^^C^I|loraJ^.J3dei^,'`iHilrfs ' ` Vice Presiden'tfof. Ho^s^J. McConnell, President, Dcla- - ware Trust.:^.V V^{mingtpn,.Delaware;: . y-'1 Vice President.; for industry--].; S. Queener, Manager, Safety, ;and . . Flre Protectibh ;Piyision, E. I. du Pont tfe Netnour^ &Cornpany,- . Inc;,'...WImihgt6n('.'Delawa:re .' .. :'VV. Vice PreFdentforL^br>r--HvNTmV;\yiiAaiON, General President, . International -Union of Operating- Engineers, Washington, D. C r. Vice President for Membership--Holmak J. Spoeker,' Canfieid,'Obio; Vice President: fdr'.Mdiqir<Traksjiorialioni-tiMKYf* Fout.icBpp/ SeijV.. i-y.' ; ior Executivc Vice Pre5jcIcnt,.Fnieliauf Cbrppration, Detroit, Midti- gan, , . ' -| V'-- Vi^Presideni:forrPrbduction--Hvcii Cusns; Dean, School of Jour* ' . ' nalisni,I)r^e-'UijlwtSUiri.i>es.'Mt*ios,: Ipway . Vice President'for. Public, information--Johh Karol, Vice .President;: . Dirictbr Special.: Projects; .CBS Television Network, New- York, . .-New' York-;;"!" Vice President for Religiotis Leaderx--Erwin D. Canhaii, ..Editor ini- ; Chief,. The Christian' Spence Monitor,. Boston, Massachusetts 5 -V,,- Council --"YOfficcrspemiUmrcd) Mice. President for Resforch-r-Noiwix 'C. Kiefer, M.D.';. Grief; Medical Director,';The Equitable. ...Lifc. Assurance 'Society of the; United ; . States^New Ydrk; New York j' ""'-..-.V.'- Vice :P'residehpJor Scliniitp-aHd.'Cglit'ges--Citt. DEWEV- Fj .-Barich, Prcsidcrit,: Detroit Thstitutc-. of. ITechiioldgy,. Detroit,- .Michigan Vice President for State and Local, Safety Organisations^--C. Huntek .- Green, VicePresident.Southcrn Bell Telepliouc andTelegraph Co.,' Louisv'ill.c^Kcntucky Y-.Vee Footnote): :. Vice p'rcsid.entforTraffic--Ben ;West,' Attorney,.'Nashville,"Tennessee Vice President fof Women*--Mrs.Jean' WADE-RiNM-AUiB, West: Engle*- ! wood, New jersey ' r-VA Vice president' for Youth. Activities--DosAUt. 'M.Til;iNS, Director, * Health - and Safety Service, National Council, Boy Scouts "of . America, New Brunswick,- New. Jersey^ Executive Vice President--John .D. Lawi/w, Executive, Vice Prcsi- - 'dolt, National. Safety. Council, Chicago,' Illinois ' Secretary-, and Treasurer--K, L.' Forney, 'Secretary' and 'Treasurer,' National Safety -Council,/Chicago, Illinois' ;.Y Assistant Treasurer---). D. Fui.FORn, Director, Treasury. Division,^ .' tional'Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois MOTE: Mr. touts H Antoine was elected Vice President, for State nnd.tooil l&fety Organisations at the. Annual Council Meeting, held October 25; 1965. Following Mr. .Antoine's death DecetnberJSJ965, Mr. Oreen;rwas-elected-by-the**Board~otTDlrectors'To_c6)iriblete. tfie' 1966-66 f1 ;:Ndfionar';:v:T.:: SafetyCouncil - TRUSTEES--1?65-66 ^ ^V-vC Chairhmn of the Trustees--llciwAtu) Pyi.E. Prcsitlcnt, National Safety . ' .Council, Chicago^ Illinois -: 7 ; ' ; ''. -'; Vice Chairman pcla:. ;i ,.' !ware Sc Hudson'Railroad-Corporation, Sew York,New. York E; H; BAlixv; President, Union PaciilicyKail^Oad^ Company, Oinalia, - ;Ncbra'ska-'..-' i :' ; Melvin H: BAKER. iFormer Chairman, National. Gypsum Company, .. Buffalo, .New York V -'-'. ' 7". \ Mas. -.OliveA.- Beech,: President, BeechAircraft Cbrp,,- Wichita, . /.'Kansas'-; -'7 - ' 7 - ; JoitJf E. BiEsvyiRTii, Chairmanof the'Board,'Natioanl Distillers and \ GhcrnicalC^rporarion/XewYork; NcwYork '-.* S. Bruce.'BLAicj?. Honorary Chairman,; Liberty .Mutual Insurance - . . Cornpanies.Bdst'on, Massachusetts ' ` ' , V. .Harold BLANctCE.'Chairman, Celancse Corponition of. America; New . .7, ' . York, New 'York . .7.- ' * "7 /udson B; Braxch,-President, Xjistaic'Insurance. Gwnpanics, Skokie,- . Illinois... .. :..;;.7; : ,. : D W. Brosnan, President, Southern Railway System, Washington,' ra.-V'D^C' - ".^;..';77.7,.-:.'7:7-:; ; V : "; Walter F, .CA*n% President, Automobile; Girricr's: Inc., Flint;-MichR V . . J6seph:F, Cullman*. 3sfn, Prwident,.Philip.Morris, Incdirpbrated, New; ; . `..Yttrk,.-New York -V . ; -7.77 .7 .^'jV'Dbvut DEWm-7 CKiitriiaii;' Connecticut ,,vi Russell DeYoung, Chairman, Goodyedr Tire. .&' Rubber Company, 'Akron; Ohio \. .. . '.' . -V- .Kempion Dunn, Chairman of the .Board,-Arneriran Brake S.hoc4Com- 7 / Vpany;;Ncw Ybrfc^New-York. ..-.--V'.- 7'-v;-. I Safely Council (Trustees, continued) 3 Emil.e.. -F.d'u --P ont; Di:-r---e--crrt--orr,,:--E. I. dp--P----o---n----t, d---e. N. e--m..--ou. rs-- &r* Company, v;-:.In&, Wilmington; Delaware.;.' ' ':. T. M; .Evans, Oiairman, Crane Co.r New York,'.New-York John F./Gordon, Former President, General ..Motors: Corp6ratioh, Detroit, Michigan fi. Rqland Harriman, Browii Brothers ' Harrimaii.. and-.; Company, '. New York;New.York'; ' 7 ." J-.V..Herd, Chairman'of;the Boards, The.Continental'Insurance Com' panies. New \ William Ai Hewitt; Chairman,' Deere & Company,; Moline, Illinois Frederick Ri Kappel, 'Chairman, American, Telephone and Telegraph Company, New; York, ;Ne\tr York- . William G. Karnes, President, Beatrice Foods Company, Chicago, Illinois . ; v :" John R.. Kimberly, President,'Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Ncenali, Wisconsin'.' ' /' -v: . Joseph L. Lanier; Chairman, West Point:Peppcreil, Inc., Wcst Point,' Georgia . Stanley Learned, President, Phillips Petrojcum Company, Bartles ville, Oklahoma / ;' George -E. Leichty,'' President, Transportation-Communication Em ployees Union,.St.Louis,Missouri - Edmund F. Martin, Chairman, Bethlehem StcelCorporaJioh.Bethlehem, Pennsylvania . J. .A.Martino, Chairman,'National Lead Company, New \JorkTNew York V'.? . Birny Mason, Jr.,'President, Union.Carbide'Corporation,-New York,. New York .... Neil McElroy, Chairman, The^Procter tc Gamble Company, Ohcinnati, Ohio \^Y*-V. P'vV,-' 'j&yTttSr*x:*rr . National ji::SafetyCouncil ' I. <Jx\:~y:rrU .' yy:i ;{;w;: r.-.v (yHuicesy.c^iimei);: . I. , jAMEs'F.PATES1jR', Pi-airm;in, Thc E(iuiUbl&.i.ifc 7\ssurancc Society, ; v .. New.York, New York. `f '( :V"&: | Robert S, Oelman, Chairman, -The National Cash Register Corripany;' . | ` Dayton, 'Ohio !:: | SherburNe Prescott, BclIc Hnvcn. Grcaiwich, ;Connccticut . `.. | Howard :P.yi.f.,-: President;' jlatiohai -Safely ..j^ountil, Chicago, Illinois. ./. (Kx-OITicio) -. . ;-. : . { . 'i-'/'K-vv- -'y 1- GAri. E, Reistle, Jk,, Chairmanof; the Board. Hurnble .pil..&. Refining =;.> Comparty,- Houston. Texas; ' : ' v-1. ' W.m.tf.r P. REUTliF.R. Vicc President, AmcricanFederation of Labor ..- .. .. ...' i. iarid Congress of. Industrial Organizations/Dctj-oity Miclngan ; I K*A;wcis'\C;-`ttoWEK,;Jk ^rB}detit,-McfvWte;iiS^ Corporation,,.Ncw. - ;- t/ |..York, New York -O'..' '' :dG/S..Stevenson,' Cliairthah, Allis-Clutliners -Manufacturing - Company,. .' ' * MilwaukecV Wisconsin; ;. . i-,`Y.-' Dr.: John. I'; Thompson, ..Honorary Chairman, The IiUcfiiaiional . |Nickel Company; Inc-.,'Nc<v York,-New York!'; -V .`I-' "LynN-A.-Townsend, President, PuYslcr. Corporation, Detroit,-Micljif ."r.|v;: M.'- J.' Waknock, President, Armstrong Cork Cumpaiiy, Lancaster,' , Pennsylvania - : .V:;`-i| .`John L./Wkiniihko,. Partner,-Goldman; S!i?hs,&;;Comi>aiiy, New-York,. `New Y'ork ' '. Y'.' ; Wm.-.White,. Chairtnan; .Tiic.Dciasvafi; & IItkjspn.'Railroad- Coriioni- : C."'-'-;|r;" " 1 '..tioii; New,York-,.New1 York \ -V /, t 1:" | KfiiiERT. W, WtxjDjtUFF,;Chairman',- Finance Committee! The CoCa-Cci|a-;; f ComfKiny, Atlanta,1 Georgia-' , '. V: '.T. \ ' ! 1 ". -:- ;'Les|.ie H. WotcrHiNtiTOt/, President,. Upitcd S.ta,i,es;fitccl -Cdriioraliqn,.. 'New-.York,'New.York O.;' iv-ts ft;  *. i- rC.`.4 Irv.V1 ;* , iNjeiflipiwiI;^'--;;/;N; ^ofsj^JSiMiiicil ,. * /.. . -.*. V'*V5'.., '> ; ::MM BOARD OF DIRECTORS--1965-66 :,Chairmattof the Board of Directors--Brooks MbCoBMicKi1^Executive . Vice President, International Harvester Com|)anyt Crh|cagb, IIIinois' y Wee Chairman of the Board of Directors^-Bruce-.!.'Ijousie, ' East. Moline, Illinois.> . . '. Members'. EowAimVSyAdams; Dirjector of .Safety,' Iowa Farm Bureau, Des yjy.'Mpines,vJIowaV:; .. - . ' w'.< ^ Robert/H.'Albisseh, ' Coordinator Corporate Safety,:, Merck &C6., ' Iiic.;,Rahway; New Jersey ' . .' Cole A.. Allen,' Vice President--Engineering/ American Mutual Li- . ability Insurance Company, Wakefield, Massachusetts .: . ; A.' S, .Alston, Vice President-r-Personnel, American Telephone and " Telegraph Company,'New .Yb.ric, New York'. ' , |ljupLEY.;Andrv,' Manager, Metropolitan New Orleans Safety Council,' . Incv.New Orleans,- Louisiana : Louis ift;. Antoine, Resident Vice President, Fireman's'Fund Amer- . ican. Insurance Companies, St. Louis, Missouri: (Died December 15, . , 1965); ) ' .'/ . . V:{r.,v; Dr. Dewey . F. Barich, President, Detroit Institute of Technology, ' - ' Detroit,.Michigan' .; . .Curtis Barkes, Executive Vice President,'Finance and Property,'.. . United Air Lines, Chicago; Illinois ' F..R. Barnako, Manager of .Compensation and.-Safety,; Bethlehem.. Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania! ' George. S. 'BeiN?tti, President, Rochester--Telephone ..Corporation,.;. . .... /-Rochester,-New-York jr-........ . M. F. Biancardi,. Manager, Safety Services; Allis-Chalmers Manu- -facturing-Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin ' . ' '/ .Dr.- Richard Bishop, Associate Professor, Physical.Education De, partmfcnf', . Florida StateUniversity.Tallahassee, Florida Nelson M. Bortz, Director, Bureau of Labor Standards,. U.` S.' De partment of Labor,.Washington, D. C.. l ! iV ` . Chari.es H. Bowman, Professor of Law, College of Law, University . of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois . 10 ". ' : V: .'is . National Safely Council (Board .of Directors, continued).- .: I ' '| ClArk D'. URiiioKS;\ransixhiK , tion, Chicago, Illinois; ; V >.: Russell.I. Brown,.President, -Insiiraiice InstitutcforHi^liyvaySiiie-' A' t)% Washington/ P. C. ' ; ; . . . ..':'v V.-- )' * -r | .Ja>if.s .'Burpo,; President, "James Burpo Insurance, 11ic., Sacramwito, 'y^yyi'i-- California y-J. ' ' - A. I ' HARor.D;BuRSO^,.President Burson-Marslclier Associates, New-York, :V;'; /.V V - j/.Ncw^ York A." "> ,v ?,A y.'- l Robew R/Burton, .Executive Vice President; CampbeH'Mitliun. JnCi, . AA--, ': ji.-y-iCHicago,- Illinois -A: !':?." V-;-;7-/y . - Douclas. Caddy,- Program Executive, Employee Health. &. Safety ' . ` ` -if : CommitteeV; National . Association;, of '.3tlat|tjfa5ltirfrs,,;'Ncwi:.Yorlc'v V':.':-`|.'V. ...New York' , - ;\-." y-. yy'Jy r '."D. T.'Ti tf'01101 i Pli IS Aeeielottl 'fraill InIlli*V" '! ' Researcli. Coniell Aeronautical Laboratory,;Inc., Buffalo. New York ...- .;-C .. . V'^Earl K'-CAMPnEEr^ Con-Mihaht;-California. Traffic Safety Foundation, .' :,,* ' T. . SanFrancisco, .California ;AErwin DJCanham, Exlitbr. in. Chifcf,, Thc. Christiari'.S.cicnce ifonitocj .: j I' .V". Boston, Massachusetts y V\ i. J. WlEr.rs Cantf.v, Prcsidcnt;Citizens& Southern National - Bank, of.;. . South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina .. .' .. ... , C ;.] . : Aefreo W. Cantwell, National Director Safety Services, jlic Amer-: ' -I- .ican. National .-Red Cross,. Washington.'D.']G'.fDied. December 28, . . | v-; . : V':'\.C '. Walter FI;. Carey,'Ifresident, Aufoihobilc..Carricrs-.inc.-, Flint, Alichir ` "ian..-..- ` Ai.een L. G)nB,;.Dircctor.'of. Industrial Safety, Eastman Kotlak Cotn- jatiy,'Rochester, New. Yorlc' ; .': ' i--I Rabbi- Seymour, j. Ojhen, The .Abslic.: Enict ^Synagogue; ' .Illinois*-- j-; -.. .. Paul tl..C()NNEU.E.Y; Unite*! Brotlicr.lKioil,of CariK-utcfs arid Joiners ;..i .-.I- .- of America, Washington, D. C.-. : y.; - : | :' ' John M.- Couric; Vice President for ihililic Relathms, National Asso- G -cialioti.of Broadcasters,-Washington', I)..C; : :: r.. -. .1-.Kkkes't (/.'Gox,:.Clicf,'..Sjfciiprt.'of;. Motor-Carrier' Safely,Interstate v- \ - ' Commerce Commission; 'Washington, D..C. ' ' - !. !*: Stanley W. Cinx, -Vice president', St.. Joseph- Light .& Powcr Co., '. - ' . | -St.- Joscph,.Missouri '.'. I'':.-' V * u -V ;'VY7 ;y f ,V'V National Safety-; Council ". ` .- (Board of- Directors, conlimted y Hut'lit Cu'rtts,: Dean, School of JoiiriwliiimV.Prakc'Umvefsity, .Dcs . !y Moines, Iowa - yv:V;'-'";-y .. 'V-y-'y--. ' : .v M..R. DARUNfitoK, Jr., Managing Director; Auto Industries Highway! -. Safety'Committee, lncy Wasfiingtyni'-D.j.C, : H:. .C. ..DaultOn; Director of Safety; Louisville & Nashville Railroad .. . /Co^ Louisville, Kentucky !; L`,B. Davis,'Vice'President, General; Electric Company, Owensboro, Kentucky .' _'-.V ' ! ;Hon; Mattie' Belle Davis, Judge.'MetropolitanCourt of Dade CcmU'' ty,,Miami, Florida.. v;' . V '' . .. . ,; :'S;j Mrs. Horace Dawsok; Illinois State' Legislatbri-Evahston, Illinois -. ' Claude.uR St.'. Paer, Assistant Director,- Program Development Div?-.. -' si'on American Farm Bureau .Federation,' Chicago, Illinois' ' y - ' ;. Frank Dickrv, Vice President,-industrial Relations, and Personnel V 7 y.;'Divisiori,pccrc`&Company,MoIihe,-Illinbis'' J. Dewey Dorsktt, President, American Insurance Association, New.' . York; New York y.'v'ly ; .'yv '' y ' .Konald A. Dukei/iw, M.D., Assistant Director,- Department ofCdm- ' . ; rhunity Health and-Health-.Education,-.^American Medical Associa-.;; - tiori; Qiicago, Illinois V; -... . -- Emile F.'du'Pont,_ Director, E. I.'du - Pont. dcNemottrs & Company, !; -Inc.,.-Wilmington,'Delaware .- BevErend; Warren R.- Ebi.vcer, Minister, First* Evangelical United ? Brethren-Church, Naperville, Illinois .James TV Ecowmos,.Director, Traffic Court Program, Anicricaii Bar - Association, Chicago,. Illinois . .. ; 'Jv'.GrAitfiK Eichiiorn, Grand Lodge Representative, International As- sociatibn of Machinists, DaytOnaiBcach, Florida ... ; '.'y F. T., Fahi.en', Jr.. Vice President; Arizona PuMic Service, Company, .. Phbenixj A rizona ' y y.',;r D, A', f*aRreix, Director of-Safety, United States Stccl'-Corporatioh;,-.. j .I'iltsbiirghv Pennsylvania. . .-:7 -- 7 .Charles W; I'EHouso'N.-Sc'iiio'r Editor,. The Itftuli'r'sDigest,.Vlcasantr .' ! ; vilje,'-New' Yorfc -' AlvAf.'Ferst, Jr.; Vice President, Rich's,; Inc., Atlanta/ Georgia A. C; Fipi-p.-jR.,-^Manager, Public!A ffajrs, WGN Inc!, Chicago, Illinois 3 127yy7'y. -S' i f' ..V.vw - -: Notional Saftfy Council -(Bottrd^f-PireciprtrCoitlmwd)^ ?C U Dii. Loweu; B.; Fisher, Coordinator of .School University Relations,. University of. Illinois, Urbana,',Illinois' , Packer C Foi.se; Safety ^iivisor,..Socoiiy Mobil-Oii Company, Inc. .. :New York,-New. York': Benson Ford, Vice President, Ford Motor Company,' Dea.rbbrn, ificlii- ;-; gan "' :: Vy /.. Harry E. Fouhcrod, Senior Executive. Vice Presided!,.Fruehauf .Corr poration, Detroit, Michigan ; . . Edward'. G . Fox, President,^.Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, : ..Washington, D. C. ' .. Welbv M. Frantz,. President, Eastern Express, Inc.; Terre Haute, Indiana''. ''. Robert G. Frazier, M.D.; Secretary, American Academy of .Pediatrics, Evanston, Illinois '. Miss Ei.eanor Freeman, Evanston, Illinois . . . Mrs. Norman A. Frese, Sarasota, Florida ' ..John W; Gibbons,' Director of Public Relations, Automotive Safety. '. Foundation, Washington, D. C. Arthur P. Gildea; Secretary-Treasurer,- United Brewery ' Workers. ' Cincinnati, Ohio; ' . .' .... . / . Ur. LonniV Gilliland, Director of. Safety Education, Oklahoma City.' . ' Public. Schools," Oklahoma City, Oklahoma' 'John L. GtU.ts. Vice President, -Monsanto-Company, St. Louis, Mis- so'uri ' ' ` . R6i)btT' E. Gocke, Vice President--Safety, The Greyhound. Corpora. ' "tipn, Chicago,- Illinois. Georoe L. Gorbeix, Manager,' Personnel Safety, Monsantp 'Cbmpanjy St Louis. Missouri : Dan D; Qowings, Assistant Professor, School of Health,, Physical Education and Recreation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana: . . . W.M.- Paul.Gray,-National. Executive Secretary, Future Farmers ofAmerica,-Office.of: Education,- Washington, -D.' C. ' C. Hunter Green, Vice President; ;Sduthern Bell Teieplfone and Telegraph 'Company,. Louisville, Kentucky Gerard 'O. GrIffin, Manager, Hazard: Control, Dravo Corporation; ; ; Pittsburgh, 'Pennsylvania '-... :;* .- ' v -ryy.'i*. National Safety Council linimiilafiUire.cMsiiConlimied). :. --'--f ! . .! ' y;:J, -V; v.GRjMAhw,'^ Ciiiisuliant,'' Hiltii. Safety - & IMatitfProlectiori, f . General Blccftic. Company,' Nc\y;.Y(irk, N'qw/.York / : ..: ....".Rev; JRoh'EitT A.;.GkiJ.vow, Conconiia Scnmiary^St.;l^ouis,'Mwsoiirl. ,'. . `|;V .\ Samufj.- R. -Guard,- Manager,, M;irkctinK:Rcscarcli,^ Chitpfffj^Simr*"..':' I' : ; \ Tithes and Chicago Dciity ,/Vtfe.r, Chicago,- Illinois.. r V 'v.': `. v, . f-v f. ' /:. . !; i-.R'iv' Haeusi.er, ..AutomotiveSafely. Kiigincer,' Chrysler Crirporaiitm," | f f.-.Detroit, Michigan. fv -'f fx'-'ffvf ,, f: . : '.Rdward .B. Hagoertyvinternational../Safety Representative, .Tn'ierna, |;; f tipnal. Assoefation. oh' Rire.:Righters.Cinquriati, Ohio -' v _ : f .'; f" " '.; Howard^HAiXAS.'Vicci'Hrdifdeiiif^Rt.iMicRclatianti;':A|iieridut'Mo>.. ' -I f '' ' tors Corporalioh. Dctroil, Micliigai) : f.-.'. 'C \ / Vf . : R. 'M. Hartman, 'Assistant. Manager of Compensation'and Safety,- . | /..Bethlehem. Steel Corporation,.Bethlehem,.Pennsylvania -. .| . AirkRt r,`.ilAycK, [jircctorfSafciy and Pulilic KelatioitSy Transporf' . T v .tation;Underwriters,-1 tie.,'indianapolis,'Indiana v/A . ,'f-.' ' IJaniei..I'. Hayes, Chief, Indiisi rial Safciy'&:Pire Protection Branch, " United Slates 'Atraic'.Rhcrgy'Commission, -Washington;'D,.G, . -''J'- ' - I: ' . . ...Robert G.'IfB.yrjok, Vice President,. Imluslry .Affairs;'- RKA Rxpress, f :' . j New York, New .York ' :' . :.-v ' ; f .| - | Russeu. R, Reston; Director o.f ` Rnginccring,'fSrinnell Mtituai .Rein- '.- siirancc Company, Griniicll, Iowa . " ' f- . ... . v po.NAED M.'Hicoins, Dircctor.Hcaltliand Safety.Scrvicc,Bo>-Scouts of-America,-Kew.-Uruhswick,. Kfcw. Jersey J-- : .. | Rt:^'.R>nrf Msor.^^Geokoe C,. Jfj(iNs,'"pircctor,fbeiiiiftmen't;of'`'Social I . Action, .National Catholic AVcIfarc.-Confcrciiec, Washington,. D. C. .. -... 'f . 1'. "Chas.'! R.;;Hoij/)way, JrV;- Yice President, ;Nortliwcst Natural Gas f. I- \ Company, Portland, Oregon . "" f ' i ' pAtti.-J; HoovE,.:Vicc President.The'Halle'.Bros':-Co.. Cleveland. - : '....'..j-: f Ohio.;.f .- f " ; !.- ;"f - . 'Harqi.d R. Hosea, Director of Resrarcii,:\National.. Association-of; . . ' ; - |. . :. Motor.Bus Owners'; Washington,'D. C. | . ;. ,.W;- G; Hotch kiss, Manager--Personnel Service, -jChrysicr. Cb'rpora- . : tioin, Detroit;'Michigan', -.v; ; f f- ^. : .`..'.'-'.'f'.- '. .1.' :.Y/; L- HufEmA-n; Vi&President-and General.\fanager, Nort)iwestern;.. - i - . . iBcli. Telephonc. Comjany, Minndjpolis,' Mmnesdta'. ' : -' ' ` I .Fred;Hwieen; Corporation.:Director of Pcrsonuel,.The Boeing Coni- f | party, Seattle, Washington: '/ " > ' -- ---- ----'-TT ni-- i......... .... I. .. -I ; National Safety Council. ' (Board of Directors, continued) . --a <- .. s j . . Wii.iJam S.:.Hui.ts, Commissioner;.-.-Department of Motor Vehicles,;- ; .* - -.^Albany, New York _ ' '.... .-. '' :'.v t/.V-V/'. ' J . ; I: H; M/HyNTiNfrr'o'K,' General' -Supervisor, of, Safety, International; ffarvcster Compa.ny, Chicago,.Illinois - W' v v |PRi'HARoiitj K' Jack, Director,;DcpartmcntofHealth,. Physipd.Edu-; 'catibn:>and' keerdition,. Tetople .University,. I?hiladeti>hl^;:R^ro*yl*:'. . *'vania .. ' . '. 'George A. Jacoby, Director pfP.crsonncl Relations,- General..Motors ; . / 'jCorporation,^Detroit; Michigan ;. - I-.- '. .. -.'V V - - i; :-Y; |o.y - " Ci,AttDEA.. JEssirp,: President, Virginia Trailways," CharlbUesVijle, Virginia ...'. v' ... , ; ' ; I.. . v. Miss' Roth Jeweix, - State Music 'Consultant', State Department of.\- .- YJ,:. '.Public Jnstrufctipn, Raleigh^North Carolina . :v' - :i: '.`...PAqt.'HiJbiiANsiarj'lPreiident, Central Motor Lines,.Clwrlott'e, North. . ;';:: V'..;." ... ;.-.:r i.'. :' Carolina ' '. . Johnson, Consultant,. Giilf Stales Utilities; .Lakc'.Qmries, ' : |. ; JiAuisiana .' : :/ ' . ' . I- ... 'jPauL.V; -'Joliet, M.dVChief;-.'Division of Accident. Prevention, M.'S,'''''/.-:' Public' Health . Service, Defoiiment of Health, Education and Wei- '' f ^V:'`-`7^ar^!)/yaa?liigU)ri;-D,'-C, .V".'- ' - \ .. 'GrokcE D. Joyner, Secretary, R-C Motor.1 Lines,-Inc., Jacksonville, ' ; :: Floridan ^ Ly''1-' 'S' *' '... 'I'.' joiiNrfCARbi.;,Vice:President Director Special Projects,;.CBSvTeie-'. ' | ', vision Network, .New.York,..New York ' : . !;..: N(viN C.:IOEi^,''MU.yCliief'Mcdical iiircctor, The Brjiiitable.'Life V . Assurance 'Society^^.of th.c'Umt'ed States,' New York;. New^.Vork ;'.:- :> ' fy >^'KElTif,''Knti(rAT!itci^, Assbcmte Farm Director, Radio .Staitibn. WHO, '.;'r |- ' V-'v'-Pei'Mbines.-'Ibw.V ... ^';. - 'Werner C..Kn6op, President;.The BMdwin.'Cpmpaiij^,-'Lttt$t;.:R<)ck;'*. Arkansas.:';-' | *. .'..V/alter K.'koc'it./Rrcsidcht,'. Mountain States Telephone and Telp- ' '.graph ComiKiriy, Denver, Colorado'-; ., v: -Mrs.'HipEo' kobANi;; Pacific .Palisades,-California .'. " ; ! ' ;I iMrs. JbriN.E. KRtJE<iEii, Milwaukee, Wisconsin /' .' ; '| ;' ' ; y: |: . Frank E; Laderer, Difertor of Safety, Natfonivide Fi^iiran<. Cnf.-;; : jny, Columbusi'Ohid j , " ` .. ---.- V.: :,k.;S.'Lake, Director of Safety,'rhterstate.System, Prahd,,.Rapids,.. "-^.'Michigan.-'- . '...' ' . ' ;':: ; ' '-3 V.1S S.\ - .-:3  : ! :: 1 .VU-. -y National : Safety Gdiincii (Hoard: of PireelortreonlnUifil):'' " ;V!' /I; . jAek La.-Monte, ExccutivcVice'Prcsidcnt.Mistlctoc Express 'Service, Oklahoma City,'Oklahoma v -:..y \ V-'. Edward B. ..LaNdry, Director ;pf Safely-and. Health, tJniicd States ; - /Post Office Dcjpa'rtmcnr, NVasiniigldhVD;:C. . ':V. |i V- John .DaLawlor,. i^eilivi:^Yice:E^^ll;N^diial.:.!uifctViC<tfi|.i>''(i':.-.yy:1 : . Cil, Chicago, Illinois -. . * | Stanley .i^RNeD,.-F,isMcitl,.'P)ii|iips'Pctroicum .'I--; .: viljc,-Oklahoma' \-y'\ -y l- .- IlyAk. F. -LEGpRk. iSa.fcty ' Director,.-^Partidnd Cctnerit iyssddationiy ; !' | ' . Chicago, Illinois^ . 5 C' -: ;'V. - V: : j-.}' . ' G/M;...Leimcii, Vice Prcsid.cnt*^pcra(ion/.Wcsf<kn..Marylan(rRaiN. ;' . way Company, Baltimore, Maryland . .: . 0. Ba-Ee^v, Director, of-Schtjol..litis Safety,'N!cW Mexico Sfatc .. : . I ; D.epartmcnt of Education, Santa Fc, New Mexico ; , :'Rev. HarRy. M.iJoDGEj SupcriiitcTKlcnt,1 Illinois Conferenceof.Seventh*' - .'.: .l: Day.Adventists, Brookfield, I(linpis \ '{V.^v l''" ,-r . -James D.'.LiicsDON.'.SutierihicpVIcnt, TIiofnlonTcnyrisiupHifthSchtwls..'.; -.-. -- arid.Junior. College,-Harvey, - Illinois "('.'';. v: Y'- Bruce Lourie, East Moline, Illinois ' .. Y' *; '" "... -l-' ' - .It- , .WiuiAM'.H'.'EpwE, Vice President and.Trwsfircr, Inland Steel. Com- ' -| ' pany; Oticago, Illinois ' | . . |. Loyis ,F.-Ducas, '.Ejfccutivc .Director, National Rifle Association, of i .. Amcritaii Washington, D. C; : . ;' I AVrG. Macintosh, Manager, Engineering-Dcp.irtmciit, The;:Harifprd .1 .' Insurance Group, New York, New York ` /'; -> .' - . 'v-..:AiJte'MAU&iaj/P^^tri.5eWcei.Associiife Director, .Boys'-Clubs .- ' . -/' | . . : of; Amerira.vNew Yor.k; New York -. : ; - /. ! .'f .itfiss . Marion; E.: Martin,- Commissioner-oif`Laltor. arid' ittdnstiy.y^/ I _Augusta^Maine -- t.1;--'~~~1 | y . Sta.ni.eV A.. Mate,^^ Director, -Training Activities, Nationai-Rifle As- . I .. ' sociation of;'Anidri'ca,''VYas.hitigt6ri,';.r` . Mrs. Marjorie B, May,..Directori Education ahd' Homc .Diyisinii, ; -.v.iyI.Greater New York Safety Gomicil, New York, New York v,;. i': ' | - J. Frank McCabe,.Director, Yoiith.Scrvicc.sJ'Kiwanis-International,' / . ;-Chicago,.Illinois: ' ' I ' j, H. Tyler McConjieu., President, Delaware Trust,Co.,1 Wilmingtori, V -.pelaware' ' ;; ';V.-. ..jr-y'y). v :' y .- f- ' {. e Council (Hoard lof Directors', continued) . : Prooks McCormick,- Executive Vice Pri-sulent, MntcrnallotiaVi. . vestcr. Company, Chicago, Illinois '' ' . = ;Rv :Ci-McEatork, Vice-Eri|ifn<, Texa* kpiplrtycrs':fnSurflncc'As^r:' ; f relation,;Dallas,1,Texa* .-. '. V :!L S,-. McFarland, Directort>( `Personnel; Services, -General ,Motors ..-V Corporation, Detroit Micliigmi : r Dr.; E6sS: A.\, McFarland, 'professor of..; EnvironmentalWealth arid;'r V '.; .' '.Safety, DivisioriVof Environmental Health Science?; Hart-ard School . of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts' ';;' .v ; Da; '.R, T, f McGuire,; Vice. President,. Special 'Projectsj.OiB.i!rsily";pf .' ' . . Notre Dane, Notre Dame, Indiana . '"l- / Da. ibapLD: Mendelsohn, Professor-and.'bireetpr';of 'Rcscarchi, ' School of Communication Arts.Univcrsity of .Dcnvcr, Denver',;. Colorado ; ' .,- ' '.-, . . j :;... ..Gov.BjMerctr,. Arthur Meyerhof! Associate's, Iiic,, Chicago,- Illinois.. '. . * Virgil.j, Meyers, Company. Safety.birect.or,'Western.;Elertric-.Com* pahy; New York, New-York .! ' . I;'W; Millard, fijduslriai Glover Company, Danville,.-Illinois .. ' - .. . . Norman, C.. Mindrum, Director,.National;4'.H-Service.Committee; Inc, Chicago/ Illinois ...... . ' T.; ;. P ;Vi' * T,-. Monahan,-. Viefc President; American Optical'Company, Souths, bridge/ Massachusetts .- ' . Mrs.' Charlotte -Montgomery, Contributing Editor, Goad ll.ausckecp-- ' 'fiifr Magazine,-Westf)'e|d. New Jersey : - . Thomas C, .MorAiu., Vico .President, State Farm Mutual-Automobile .. .. '/Iristijaiice Conj^ny.-Blixiriiington.'JIlinois ' ... Edward C.:.MVees,: Vice; President and Assistant-to President; -United j .;:S.tates;St'eeI.Corporation.PPittsburgh, Piriinsylvania .... ` Arthur J, Naquin, SMety (^nselor. New Oricans,Public Servi^?;`Tw7;'7~r .. - Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana . / >. :y-y ' : , Amos E. Neyhart, State College, Pennsylvania . - . ; 1 .- j, E. Nichols,-pirector of Safety,; Reynolds.Metals Company, .Eich- : -- ' ' :mbnd, Virg|nia . ..- v- v,'.`.;; . ' - . ''GEOW'-jP.'''N)sM,p?r^ileiil'; Nissen Corporiifion, Cedar.Rapids,1 Iowa - ',-Ronitr, A.:Otim,..yice' Ri^dt,"(^r'}WoiM"IWust'rfe^';inei;.Wayne, _ . .,,i* ' it jf Y ; y .v: National : .i; Safety Council . };.V'' "" ~ (Hoard of Dirtetort.conlitiiudl Cecwte.i?.-- CI'Rourke,; Sr., Chairmanof .the Board, -QRourke ' C^--. /v:striiction' Company.'.Dallas, Texas\ . - ['- '..'Arthur G. Pinny, National Society for Crippled Children and Adult*,' ' . rCliicago, Illinois i-1' R.M. PiTTENnEK. Vicc President/ Farmers Instance Group, Los Angeles, California . . . Fletchek N: Pi.att, Manager, Traffic Safety and. Highway. .Improve-. ; .:.\merit: Pcpairimcnt, Ford; Motor 'Company, Denrltoj-n, Michigan .. ^ HARRy T,, PowRij., .Assistant .to Vice' President, The Goodyear-Tirt ' &.T<uhber!Cdmjwny,:Akron,-Ohio :V . - , Howard. Pyle, President, National Safety Council, Chicago, Illinois/ h S.vQuixNrJi/Managc'r, ,Safety and Fire; Protection Division, . E; I, du Pont de Ncmours;& Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware t :v; . .. j. .C.' f<At>q.i'FP., Sujicmcqf, Industrial- Safety'"Section, '.Ford. Motor ;Cqtripaiy, Dearborn, Michigan Rev,. SufJ-DonRaiin, Executive Director, Department of Social Wei-' fare. National Council of Churches, New Yorlc, New York / -Mrs. .Jean. Wade Rindi-aub,-West Englewood, Ncw.' Jerscy .. .Mark. Robeson, Vice President, Yellow. .Transit- Freight`Lines,line;, Kansas fity, Missouri ... : Frank H.'Rooers,-Division Vice President,'Central Telephone Cotn- V ' pany. Las Vegas, Nevada'"'.'. . .. .' V-: v'; f... Admiral.. E; J. Roland, .Commandant,. United States Coast Guard, T.Headquarters,-Washington, :D. C. ` I....:-| H/. H. I; Rohmf.s, President, American Telephone and-Telegraph Com- York.'Ncw. Yorlc ` / ; .'.... - '| ; Jack. J.-RosEBiioudic, Executive VicePresident, United Farm Bureau. Mutual Insurance' Company, Indianapolis, Indiana _ -.'-'j:; ' ' . . .Robert T. Ross,.Manager,-.Employe Programs'Departmimt, Ford Mpr I':-. .. tor Company, Dearborn; Michigan '. ... . . .' . |! '. . Clyde C, Ruddick, Bethci`Par|c,: Pennsylvania " . | .- E.vogii R. Rust, - International Vicev. President, .United Glass and f. . Ceramic Worker?, Columbus, .Ohio. |; , Mrs. Raymond Sayre, Acicwort'h.Towa ' . ' , . = .' ' -.! .1 ' C;' F.. Schlueter, Vice' President-rrBranch Operations, 'Employers Mutuals of Wausau,-.Wausau; Wisconsin. ' ' V><**%* .`J.':- -1 ;Natitlial;^:;'v:v';w SafetyCouncil (lynard oj Directors, continued) ; -!-.- ; -V- . ' KXfir. Sciiui,ZE,'.Supcrvi*inj( Safely,Ktifinccr,`Slaiiiljinl dii. Company v X .of'Californial Western Operations,/Inc;,Sun Rraiieiseoi: California :/ v';.;}. H.Sciiwaktkn, Kxcc'utiyc.Vice 11rc*i<lciit, Ci1yl'rolucti Corpora- v ' lion, Chicago, Illinois V V .:\ X .- GbKBOtf II; SiiEEHH, Director, 1 (igli.wayTraffic Safety.'Cttilcr,'Mlclii-- ..;: Ran Stale University,' Hast I.ansiug.Micliignn ; ^/.'-?^^MiTT!W'C.Simxi,^I)iixftor,\Tra(ric/'Kji*In!t$r|ti(c' Cejar!*.- - mi^-AmM^:Automo)4le:;Asyicia.(ionivWM|iingt^t(-.rj|.-C;Vi :? : .Siemiixer, I'fcsirloi.ttV'.'ifilcrrijitirtnal /Aswxli-sttpri ofyMacliiriiMA/.c ;; :; V WasIfiTigioni D; G.-, ! .'V j-'.y . . .v!.Ncltfaska. '; . . .... . ... ....... ...... - .James'M, Si.AViN, Director, TraiTic Injliliilc. Norliiwestern Uttiver: sily, Kvanston, Illinois . ' .:U`'.;y.: ':' >'' KAki.W.S h trit,Matiagi11g Director,.Ilaltiinbrc Safety.Council, Baltiv .. inorc. MaryJaml . , ...yj'./:,.: X:-;, . John.. H,Smith, Safety."Director, Spencer-Chemical bivisionj-. Giilf;- . ;Oir Corporation, {Cansas Ciiyj/M.isMiiiri ; .' IV; ' ' :r (. ;K6iiwfr,;R;- SNO^Aas/.'^residcintVr'AiiiiH -FinaiircVj^om^any,' Jnc* .Al-i X lattta, Georgia.. '.'i Sc Fv Spence, Director,' Safely ami.Lo'M--Frcvchtion;'American Cyan-;yami<lCornpntirWa'yncr^Ncw-jcrscy.--i * . Herman"j;Srop.REii;Canfield/Ohio - ,, . .. WiNSi-ow,: A';.:.STAiii.E,;."RuIciit. -Manager,:;.Libcrty; Miiluaiynsurancc-;: a? C^i^ny,: Springfichir^MasSacfiusctts'.yy/y/Y.// > ',Y K. .1C/Stacey, .* vice" President,-' General "Motors'-Corporation, Detroit,-. : Michigan.'1 . Geowie-..IIv. .f^TKEi.-i; Saftcy. Director,' -Ralston -Purina : Company, St. Rbuis, Missouri V'/iC/CCy yCXy Cy/..::-/ "'[''i'.- ' `r:}{Cr. C. Stewart, Ashcvillc. N'prili Carolina.' -yj..: ^ IScSTFEiNfi, bisector! of. Safely,: Carrier Cbr'ppraiion, Syracuse, !:New-York. / //'._' "-. . Hue,)i ;B?.Swef.nev^ jK/. 'Rrogram. Director,; Junior: Achiey'cnicrit Inc;, ' ^r.Ncw.yorkj.N'cw. Yprk ': .. & .3 . * (Board of DWedbrJL coniiniud) EntyAHir W. Tanquaky, Sttf''Enginccr,'/FHri)i Equipment Research . am!/Engineering Center, International Harveder Company, ; Hiris-. ^ dale, Illinois " .-. . . :v;' LixiVn D. Utter, Director, Industrial llcaltii and Safety, Division, , Umtcd^A'uttfmobilc: Workers,' Detroit,- Michigan Miss Caroi, Van Sicki.e, Public Relations Department! .The Cotiti ' mental Insurance Companies, Ncw. York, New Vorkws Donaed G,.;Vauohan;. Assistant Vice.President, -Engineering- Depart^ merit, Aetna Li fc and Casualty Company/ Hart ford, Connecticiit.! . . D#i Preston A. Wade/. Professor- op. Ch'nicalSurgcry, Cohi'cil Uni versity .McdicaI:School,-New -Ydrk.'Ncw. York *=" J- P. Warner, Vice- President- and-General Manager, .Manufartiiring Division, Humble..Oil & Refining Company/ Houston/Texas. Miss-Marv- M-. .Weeks, Program Specialist, Health, and Safely Edu cation, Girl'Scouts of the United States (if America,. New York/ ' New York " jIen West, Attorney,.Nashville,.Tennessee MiSs .JAnice R. .VVKSTAnv. 'M.P.H., Assistant 1,'rdfcHsdr, SchobLq? \.-.Public. Health, The- University, of NortfiOarOliria, Gliapel: Hill, -North Carolina ..' " -i.'.. Hunter' P.; Wharton, General '/President;.. Inicrnafiohal -Union of. 'OpcraiingEriginecrs, Washington,.D,.C. Georoe ;.M.; Wueati.kv, M.T),,- /Third ..Vice .President /arid .Medical ;. Director,'Metropolitan Life. Insurance' C'ntnpariy;. New -York,-New ` York ' r /'' . .a /; Victor E. Wiiiteiiowhe, Director of Safety, International Tirothcr-' . hijod of Electricar Workers, Washington, D. G, Rex.;.M. .WiirrroN, Federsd' Highway Adnii.i'iistriilor;-'-U:':S,:.DeiKirt> ment.of Commerce..Washington:'Pi. C.': T. H; Wilkenson, Director of Safety, Department id' the Army, ' -.Washington,.D.C. . : Dorwin- L: W/i-i;iAMSf)NI.Sujeririterident, Training anil- Safety, Clcve- land .Transit System, Cleveland, Ohio F. R. Wiu.sEY,; Safety .Specialist/ Department of 'Ajcfricii.ltiiral F,ngi- : ' .neering/ Purdue! University; Dafayett.e; Indiana-. ; i ;U\ Paul S. Wise, General Manager, American Miituai lnsurance Alii- ', /-.ancc, Cliicagof-Illinois '.-V T. . .v.  SAFETY EXPOSITION EXHIBITORS --1965 . Acme Protection Equipment Co, '1201.' Kalamazoo St, South Haven, Mich, industrial, gas masks arid accessories*. .. . . ; V- Adoi and Company; 4915 N. Avers Ave^ Chicago-25 Industrial, clothing. . .. . ; AdvanceGlbyeMfg. Co.,901 W.: Lafayette-Ave., Detroit 2{S Industrial wort: gloves'and clothing..: ,-Y-. .. Aetna;LifeAffiliatICompanies,151Farmington.AveVHartford lS.Conn. Safely, films and safety pamphlets. ; . Air Space DeviceSj Inc., 5423 Vineland Ave., N. Hollywood, Calif,- Asrifefydevice for protectidn from falling when, climbing. . Akron Brass Co., 1450 Spruce St:, Wooster, Ohio. . - Fire fighting equipment" arid accessories. '^ Alan Wood Steel Co., Conshohocken Road, Conshohocken, Pa. Abrasive rolled steel floor plate.. . i AHea System, In<vf325 N. Maitt St, Wheaton, I1L 60187 Locating, identifying, and protettirig underground utilities.". . American Allsafe Co., Ific^ 1245 Niagara St., -Buffalo, N. Y. 14213 .: Drybow sweatbands/nylon fan guards and related products. T- -AtnericanBiltriteRubbec, 22 WillpwSt^ Chelsea 50, Mass. _ .A complete line of safety soles and heels;. . : * ~I :vAmerican Chain and CableCo* Inc., .929. Connecticut Ave., Bridgeport 2, Conn.' Sling chains and slmg chain assemblies, wire rope slingsandasscmblc-your-own wire rope slings. . . -! '."'Y ; ' .American Industrial Safety Equipment.Co.,.3500 Lakeside.AveJ; Cleveland. 14. Welding and cutting goggles, spectacles,,:welders'-lenses,-hard hats, visitors'.spec-, ' tacles, and goggle clips. American LaFrance, 100 E. LaFrance Stl, Elmira, N;Y,' . Fire apparatus and fire fighting equipment American Optical Co.,.14 Mechanic St, Sopthbridge, Mass, Head, eye, respiratory, protective devices;, safety clothing; safety specialty products.. American Society of Safety Engineers, 5 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago 2 . Professional society; : -". - - .. ' . .37 lY i 1965 National Safety Congress . - -l^pco;Metalj-Inc.irl745^ Sr38& StrMilwiikee-l.Hand tools of spark-resistant alloys for use in explosive or .flammable conditions.. ;~ Animal Repellents, .Inc., P.O. Box 168, Griffin, Gal 30223 Dog and bird repellents. ' .. - Anstil Co., One Stanton* Sti, Marinette,;Wis. 54143 ' : Fire protection products.' /. . . Antrex Corp., 4355 N. Avers, Chicago. ML 60618 ~. : *-. .. Safety Talker: jfessagc.Rcpcatc.17; portable, public address systems.;; ApexSafetyProducts.WashingtonandEIm Sts.,;Cleveland. 13, Safety .hats, arid .caps.' ` " if . :* : f yv 1:. : ' ,1 l - . V. AquaticEquipmentCo., Forest City, Iowa 50436 Aquatic search and rescuc.kit. \ .;. . X-y Atlas Safety. Equipment Co., Inc., 175-179 N. 10th St, Brooklyn 11, N.Y. ; i-. ' Industrial safety^ beUs, .harnesses,. and straps. Ladder climber's safety device. Sky ' Genie descent control. B & K Instruments Inc., 3044 W. 106th St, Cleveland-11' Portable audiometer calibrators. ; r- ; Bacharach Ind.. Instr. Co., 200 N. Braddock Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa< 15208 ^Gas, analyscs^^ instruments . Humidity aind temperature indicators and recorders. . MultirgasTlcak detectors. Air-flow velocity indicators. ...". W. M. Bashlin .Cd.,.:119 W. Pine St,, Grove. City, Pain. Linctucn's and ; industrial safety .belts/; slings, , high voltage .rubber gloves, sleeves.; . Bausch &rLomb Inc., 635 St. Paid St, Rochester 2, NwY. -Vision and audio,testing equipment. ' - ' John Bean Div., FMC .Corp., 1305 S. Cirfar St., Lansing* Midi: 48909 * Industrial'.fire. fr.ucks. V'..y;-...V : :. ; -r-V- : [/ --; Bell Glass & Mirror Co.,1328 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y. 11210 ' Traffic Safety mirrors, ' ; ' '"' - . Bell & Howell Co-, 7100 McCormickRd., Chicago; I1L60645 '. Mbtiori;picture cameraS;.projccfors, and filmstrip;'projcctprs.. :i Best's Safety Publications, A. M. Best Co., Inc., 75 Fulton St/, New York 38 Safety publications. Beat Mfgi Corp., Menlo, Ga.: Work.Gloves.: 38 ; y : .'' . /'; i List of E'xhibiiori -Channing L. Bete-Co-Box 112.Grcenficld.MaSs. : Scriptographic Booklets. '' '' Bethlehem Steel Co, 701'E] ThirdSt., Bethlehem, Par ---, -. ' Wire rope,'sling-, and booth pendants, beam guard rail, and anchor safety nets. BUss-Rockwood,'38 Harlow St, Worcester .5, Mass. . Fire fighting.and. safety equipment,, portable spotlights,; foam liquids and; fire; fight - 7 . mg chemicals,, fire protection systems. H; L. Bouton Co., Inc!, 320 Main St, St. Buzzards Bay, Mass. Industrial eye protection, goggles, and spectacles! . - . WrH. Brady Co., 727 W. Glendale Ave.>Milwaukee" 53209.' .. Self-Sticking markers and accident prevention sighs. , ; .Breath-O-Life Oxygen, 419 High Ave^ Cleveland 44115 . . Emergency oxygen, administration,set - .. . ' Lester L. Brossard Go., 540 N. Michigan Ave.; Chicago 11 ; .-Safety mirrors for industrial use. Liquid hand cleaner. ; Stewart-R. Browne Mfg. C6., 839 Stewart Ave., Garden.City.N. Y. 11533 Portable cxplo'sionproof inspection lights. ` ' "R.,H. Buhrkie Co., Inc., P.O. Box 311, Fort Smith,-Ark. ; .: Occupational . .safety. equipment---safety belts, straps, . assemblies,. harnesses, and tallied .products,,,- \ E. D. Bullard. Co., 2680 Bridgeway, Sahsalito, Calif. -Safety.hatSj-caps,-rand accessories, industrial first aid kits,- safety hoist books, vehicie .. `.alarms, fir purifiers, and ear plugs. ' ; CAH Industries, .10245 Pacific Ave., Franklin Park, 111. Self-extinguishing waste receptacle. Casco Products Corpi., 512 Hancock Ave.yBridgeport 2, Conn. Hand-portable pressurized dry chemical fire.extinguishers.'.' Cesco Safety-Products, 2727. W. RoscoeSt, Chicago 18, 111. -. . . . - Safety glasses .and Ipises,; cup goggles, Special, purpose goggles, . welding helmets,, face shields, respirators, plastic aprons, and hoods. r A. B.' Chance Co!, 210 N. Allen St., Centralia, Mol 65240 .. Hot line maintenance and line construction tools. TIot line: tools! ` ' Charleston Rubber Co^-P.O. Box 4025, Charleston-Hgts., S. C. 2940*5 Rubber, plastics, and rubber coated gloves, aprons anil sleeves. ~7T~- 1965 National Safety. Congress '" Chrysler Corp., 341 Massachusetts Ave.j DctTpit ; Safety features' in 1964 line of automobiles and trucks. .Davfd'CIark C6i,Tna,360Franklin St,'Worc&ter'2,'Mass. Muff-type ear protection.:. ' _'. " .. '. ..' '. . .. \ . - ' -.r._ . r :. ... - . 'r , .- . . . The Coca-Cola Co.; 310.North Ave. N:W.;,` Atlanta 1 V: ; ' ;' Coca-Cola served through the'courtcsy'.and.cooperation of the Coca-Cola-Bottling'. . v ':>\- Company of Chicago. : . . - ; . Columbus McKinnon . Chain. Div., Columbus McKinnon Corp., Tonawanda, N;- Y. Sling chains, hooks, and coupling links. . r/ ; ' .* . , . .V.1'- ;: v;-' Converse Rubber Co., 392 Pearl St, Maiden 48, Mass; 'r \ . ` Safety toe rubber footwear, industrial rubber footwear, protective, clothing of rubber '' > 5 -. ' .arid .neoprene ". ! " ' . . _ . e ' '. . V>. Custom Materials Inc., 279 Billerica Road, Cheimsford i, Mass. Static-fret permanently conductive polyolefin;-, Davis 'Emergency Equipment Co^ Inc., 55. Halleck St, Newark 4, N. J,' '. First aid'.kits,; gas masks and breathing equipment, combustible and. toxic gas ana- . . lyzers, and protective hats. . ` . -/. . ` Demp-Nock Coy 21433 Mound Road, Warren; Mich. Pressure sensitive plastic film lettering kit. . Den-Va Co.,'269'Meserole St., Brooklyn, N^iY- . . Nylon safety spectacles .. Dero Research & Development Cprp,, Park Aye,;vHuntington, N. Y. -. . :v Battery- operated blinkcr.lights ... - - V-'"' ' ` ... DetexCorp., 53 Park Place, New York 10007 . ' . -Watchmen's clocks. . . r R. E. Dietz Co.. 225 Wilkinson St; Syracuse 1, N, Y. `v .Lanterns, torches; flashers, barricades, and safety, equipment. . * Dockson Corp., 3839 Wabash Ave., Detroit 8 ' Spectacles. goggles. face shiclds, helmets, hats, and respirators \ ! -:' Dow Corning Corp., 29M.Patterson St,'Greensboro, N. C. 27407 ' Sight Savers, lens-cleaning stations. . Duff-Norton .Co., 100 Pioneer Rd., Box 1719, Charlotte, N. Carolina 28201 Hand chain, hoists.' . . 40' v .5 - t List of- Exhibitors Dymo Industries^ Inc;,-Bdx 1030, Berkeley 1, Calif.. Labeling device fori us.eiri office or shop. .''': ; . , Ea'gle.Mfg. Co., 24th and' Charles Sts,, Wellsburg.W. v~ " " , ; Safety cans, rigaretfe-cigar butt cans, drain cans, drip-cans, brass oilers. - Edex-Drivex Corp.* 341MoS'ett Blvd., Mountain View, Calif. : Multimedia teaching systems/ / ' - , -- Edmont Inc^ 1205 WalnutSt, Cosliocton, OWo . Cdated and impregnated'workgloves. . " ' ' "' :, Electro-Beam Corp., Box"375, St Joseph, Mich. ' -Warning lights, barricades, arid accessories.' . f... ^ * '._ Electronic Specialties. Co.,'Island Ave^ Batavia, 111. ' ; ; Warning lights; barricades,'and accessories. - .' Elkhart Brass Mfg. Cd., Inc., 1302 W.: Beardsley Ave^ Elkhart, Ind. Nozzles and other fire department supplies and fire. fighting equipment;. ' Embossbgrat Corp.of America, 38 West 21st.St, New York, N. Y: 10010 . V Sign-mpking machine. ' ' J. H. Emerson Co., 22 Cottage -Park Ave'., Cambridge 40, Mass. ; V; Resuscitation equipment . i ` ; -i ". ' Erdco Engineering Corp.,-136 Official Road, Addison, I1L . Gas vapor alarm systems.' . ' ;. Ex-Cell Metal Products Co., Inc., 2041 Vf.- Churchill St, Chicago 60647 - .Waste .cans, smoking 'stands, ashtrays, waste receptacles, - ''. Fairmont Hydraulics, Div. Fairmont Railway Motors, Inc., 332 S. Michigan Ave,, Chicago' .' ; " . ,. .. Railroad.'maintenance equipment, utility construction and maintenance .equipment^ Falcon Alarm-Co.,'Inc.; 20 Stem Ave., Springfield, N, J. .'Fire alarms.- sircrisihorhs^bclls and other signaling devices.:. 'Federal Sign add Signal. Corp., 13625 S. Western Ave., Blue Island, 11L 60406 'Sirens,'horns,:bells.-.and warning Ijghts foir visual and audible signaling. Fendall Co.,\2222 Diyersey Pky., Chicago 47 Spectacles, face shields,; and cup-type and cover goggles. '- Fenwal, Inc., Main Street Ashland, Mass. 01721 ' '.: Fire 'detector.units, ^explosion suppression .systems,' smoke detectors., .; 41 'll- jr;4 i?dS National Safely Congress ' FemoWashington. Inc. fithand Pine Stsw Oreenfield. Ohio Emergency patient handling equipment and accessories/qr tlic first aid room. - -Fibred-Metal Products Co;,'5th and Tilghihan Sts., Chester, Pa. . Safety hats and caps, face shields, safety m'asks.welding helmets, headrest and . ' combination goggles. . V. Fine Organics,Ine, 205 Main SU liddi, N. J.Solvents, carbon removers, emulsion cleaners, polishers, and disinfectants'. . Ford Division--Ford Motor Co., Box 658, Dearborn, Miph. '?. Ford passenger car with safety features. . ,; V - ' Franklin MetaVProducts, 213-215 N.'Des Plaines, Chicago. 6, Illinois Waste cans and drum covers. ; : v"'- ' : Frommelt Industries, Inc., 465 Huff St, Dubuque, Iowa; T Wrap-around portable safety; welding '.shield;; portablc^weldihg' screen. * .4.'" :/ ' Vc;;i, If s>i Fyrepel Produpts, Inc, 160 S. Williams St,' Newark, Ohio . .j" y? -fcHITig##h!* Uhieknaat protective clmoitth!*in.Wg _a_nJMd .e_q.,uipm~ ^e2*nLt` /f.or-1industry- ,, sgag..e-m?Vil?i&taryxS.thrLa. idifire - fighting agencie^su,: " ' rS'.- ton?*!?: ,,v 1 The Fyr-Fyter Co., 221 Crane St, Dayton l' (Jhioi"^ $ ^ . i- ^ Fire extinguisher,-automatic sprinkler systems, electronic alarm.systems.--d. X General Fire Extinguisher Corp., 1685 Shermer Rd, Northbrook, 111. 600&2 , Fire extinguishers. .- - '' - V. J.'Giesler Co^.646 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago 60606 Emergency safety, signs. - '; Gilbert & Barker Mfg. Co., West Springfield, Mass: 01089 '. . "Drum grounding device. Glendale Optical Co., Inc., 130 Crossways Park' Dr., Woodbury, L. I, N. Y. Eye and face protective equipment. . Globe Diy. U.S.Gypsum, 101 S. Wicker Dr., Chicago, HlL 60606 \ . Safety grating; cable tray, channel and-fittings, slotted angles;' ' Globe Safety Products, 125 Sunrise Place, Dayton 6, Ohio '. Resuscitators. . ' ' ' .. ' .... - ' Golden State Signs, P.O. Box 396, Lacanada, Calif. 91011 Safety signs, danger and caution tags, badges. . . .. . * '. . . ' * B. F. Goodrich, Industrial Products Coi, 500 S.jlain St., Akron 18,' Ohio - . Industrial rubber safety footwear, arid protective clothing. : 42 : * '-v-'V u^ij* /A & i " Tfew firan^,Corp.r'2S T.nfln'{r nrive: ytammeham.-Mas3. _ Coated fabric work glove. A. E. Halperin Co.,Ihc^ 75 Northampton, Boston Stretchers, first aid kits, and accessories. - . ` * List of Exhibitors - . / Haws Drinking Faucet Co^ 4th and Page Sts., Berkeley, Calif. , Emergency eyewash and showers. -y.-- Hazard Cbntroi^ Itib, ,8127 Holman Ava, Delair, N. J. 08110;. : . - Warriing lights1barricaclesf signs,:reflectors). cyiin(ler clampst lockouts, ladder shoes, , can carriers;`flags, aind barrier rope. '. .. _- Ware Hm Corp:,'222 TJ.:Stli Av^, Mt- Vernon, N.' Y. ' '/ . Cwyas bucketsi bags, and protective coyers.' ' KarlHeitz,Inc;979ThirdAve^:NewYorklD022: . Eye protection.accesspriesi . . ..' . - ' High'Pressure Engineering Ca,:Inc?;1349'W. Reno; QklahomaCity 73109 ' High-pressure pure breathing air compressors. Hild Floor Machine Co., Inc* 1217 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago 7 Explosionproof vacuum: cleaners and-floor scrubbing and polishing machines. Hilti Fastening Systems,860 Fairfield Ave.,- Stamforid) Conn.. : Powerrassisted drive;tools that.fasten pins-and.threaded studs jnto concrete masonry and steel.- . ' ` -. - - . . Himco (Hopfeld. Industrial Mfg.'Co.), 745 A St., San Rafael, Calif. -- Safety ladders,-and .fiberglass rafety diving boards:.. HoDand-RadneShoes,- Inc., 3fl6 W. ljth St., Holland, Mich-. : .- Horsehide arid cowhide-safety shoes'-inAvork and dress styles. : . _ Hooker Chemical'Cdrp., Buffalo Avei, Niagara Falls, N. Y. 14302 . . ... Cotton and rayon fabrics with fire retardant.-:~ ; -------- ;--' '' y - Hy-Test Safety tShoes,- Div., .of International Shoe'Co., 1509 Washington. Ave., St, . -Louis -66 -v - ''v ? . V- ; .- -- vyJ.-.; Safety shoes, and coriductiveand nqncondpctive footwear. Ideas, Inc., 118 Grand Ave., Laramie, Wyo; 82070 . Stumble*fyee rubber p-yerrtKe*fip6r.extension cord. . Illinois Glove';Co.,7301N.LawndaIeAve., Skolpe, 111! 60078 . . . industrial work gloves and lineman's gloves; -V-' !'- - .V./'. ;! \ 43 1965 National Safety Congress - ;IiniKrial Hammer Co.; 37i5'Rural:St., Rockford, IIU 61107 Leadand babbit hammers with safety'grip handles.'-' IndustriaLGloves-Co;, 700 Garfield St, Danville; I1L ' ... Industrial clothing and accessories. ` Industrial.Prodtictg Co.', 2820 N.4th St, Philadelphia 19133 Industrial clothing.': International Filni Bureau, Inc., 332 S. Michigan Ave, Chicago 4 ' Safety films avilable onasales and rental basis: ; International Industries,, Inc, 2311 Whitney Ave, Hamden, .Conti. 06518 . Seat belt reminder. . - Interstate Rubber Products Carp.,.908 Avila St, Los Angeles 12. .'. ... - ' ] .Traffic cone-system for traffic, control.-- - ' . - - Ron Age Shoe Co, 1205 Madis_on^Ave, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15212 ' ` '. . Work and dress-style safety shoes.and safety rubber, footwear. -v - Irving Air Chute Co, Inc., 1020 S. Broadway, Lexington, Ky. 40501 V -Automobile seat belts,, industrial, harnesses. Jackson Products; 5523.E. Nine Mile Rd.,' Warren, Mich.. Goggles, welding helmets, face shields, safety hats and caps.' ^ Jerico,-.Inc, 5110. H. Elston Av&; Chicago 60630 - Powerpress .guards. 0 ' " . '- ,, .* Johnson-WiDSams, Inc.; 2300 Leghorn St, Mountain View, Calif. Portable instruments for detection of toxic combustible gases. . . . Jomac-North,.Inc, 863 Easton Rd.a, Warrington, Pa. 18976 . Chemical and protective .vinyl clothing and gloives, and terry cloth gloves and . . -. -products. '. '. ' ' . ' ' - '.' ; .- ---------- Jones^and'Co^861'Broad fet.i Providence 7,'RJ17 ~ ' . . : Full-vision visor goggles and replaceable lenses. ;" '' ~ . . . .- Jones & Laughlih Steel Corp^ 3 Gateway. Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15230 " Wire'.rope and chain slings. ` JuM Mfg. Co, 4110. Lincoln Blvd, Venice, Calif. 90292 " - Safety harness. ' ! Junkin Safety Appliance Co,, Inc.,- 3121 Millers Lane, Louisville, Ky. 40216 ... ... Interlocking barrier gate guard for power presses; safety shields.for grinders; .stretcher casesdfnd stretchers. ' . . . 44. V. ' j* : '.  List; of Exhibitors. Justrite.Mfg. Co., 2061 N. Southport Ave.rChicago~-- ' Safetycans;bcnch cans, plunger cans. Oily-waste, cans. Electric lanterns .and flash-.:. iv^SKghtS'fpr usc-in-.hazardous areas.; ' . 1 c_ KarelFirst'Aid Supply Co., 4342 0gden Ave.,;Chicago 23 .Medical:equipinciit for industrial.hospitals and first aid-rooms.;- - ^.- - Kennedy-Ingalls, Inc., 3735 N. 35th St, Milwaukee 16 - ... - Protective clothing. . - ' Keystone View Co^ Market and Center St; Meadville,' Pa. * Occupational visual service,1driver vision test service,-and gas >sensing-and.-recording ; instruments. . " . , .............. ,. . : Waiter- Kidde and ;Co.-, -In&; 675 Main St-y Belleville-9,-N. J. - Pprtable fire extinguishers, and accessories. Aiitomatic carhon dioxidc fire. ex- . tinguishing system;. ./'..." V -. * .' Kimsafe, Inc^ Campbell Road, Willoughby, Ohio 44094 \';V - , Personal protection .devices for industry.' ..-Personarprotection.deyfees for'employees.in industrial plants.. Mathias Klein aiid Sons, Inc., 7200 McCormick Road, Chicago 45 ' .i ! Linemen's and electricians'.hand tools,- linemenVsafety equipment,- wire-pulling.tools. Knapp Brothers Shoe Mfg. Corp.-, 173 Spark St, Brockton; Mass. . Safety shoes.: ;. - '| . V . J. Kunz Glove Co., 214! W. North Ave;, Chicago 47 - . V . Leather and rubber work gloves.. ..-V-vV', ' .. - r Lab-Line Instruments, Inc., 15th & Bloomingdale Aves., Melrose Park, I1L .60160' Explosionproof refrigerators.. " Walter G. Legge Co.; Inc., 101 Park Aye.;.New York 17 - -Safety floor maintenance materials. Personnel and equipment, grounding devices; - Lehigh Safety Shoe CoirFirst:and-Minor-St8.,-Enimaus, Pa.L ; -Leather and rubljer safcty footwear including c6pductiye:and electrical hazard shoes, L. M. Lind Engineering, 4432-36 N. Kedzie Ave., Chicago 25, 111.[. i Safety, device for press, brakes, . 'v ` * - Louisville' Ladder Co., 1163 Algonquin Pkwy., Louisville, Kyj 40208; : Fibreglas and- aluminum, steps, platforms,;extension trestles, 'aluminum planks and : stages, steel warehouse ladders.;. '.' r\ ---v" . ; 3M Company,.2501 Hudson Rd.,;St.-Paul 55119 . Abrasive flooring material, filter masks. A 1965 National Safely Congress . Thom McAn Shoe Co). 25 WJ 43rd.SL. New York.36 .rSafcty shoes; . - :, ' " "/.V;------ -------- ' V -- v " "Julian A.' McDermottCorp., 1639 Stephen St,- Ridgewood,. Brooklyn 27,:N. Y. 11227. Warning and. safety lighting for, municipal industrial and utility use. . V;,' ' Machinery-Center, Inc., 1201 S. 6th West, Box 964; Salt l^ke City 10v ' Sala Safety -.Block. '' ' -. . Mack Products Co., 1324 Hird Aye* Cleveland 44107 . Welders goggles. .. . ' . '... ' . - . /' . :. Madison.Chemical Corp., 35. S.:19th. Av&>:Maywood, 111;. ':,; - - '.Solvents, ; herbicides, o'rganiov.digcstives, degfeasers, cleriners, detergents,'. winter : chemicals, insecticides'; water and fuel treatments. / ' - .Magid Glove Mfg.Co., Inc4 2201 Wabansia Ave., Chicago, iil. 60647 . _ .' Industrial.gloves..' ' . -. . ' : -. . '. Marathon Rubber Products Co.,'Box 448, Wausau, Wis. 54402 . Industrial and municipal, protective clothing.. ' .. . . Marbon Chemical Div., Borg-Warner Corp., Washington, W. Va. 26181- : ' . .. r Portable liightyay safety signs. -- Martindale Electric Co., 1375 Hird Ave., Cleveland 7 . . Protective masks arid refills, protective eycshields, and electrical testing instrunieiits. Medical Supply Co., 1027 W. State St., Rockford; 111. First aid kits and accessories. Resuscitation training aids, stretchers. . Meyer Machine Inc., Box 114, Red Wing, Minn.* - Safety products:for the.protection of person while climbing. '. -.; . Micro Switch, A Division of Honeywell, 11 W. Spring St.,'Freeport, UL ` - Safety interlock switches and electric controls frir power machines. . , -.. . :' . - Miller Allied Corp:,2425 Santa Clma'A've^'AEmeday Calif.' :' " i ` '" ' -: . : Material handlingslingsand adjustable lifting"safety beams!- '\y c ' " ' ' Miller Equipment Co* Inc., 13th' arid New-Sts* Franklin, Pa. : ; . ' ' Linemen's safety equipment and .accessories. ' Millers Falls Co., 57 Wells Street, Greenfield, Mass. 0130i Shockproof power tools. ' ,V '. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 201 N. Braddpck'Ave., Pittsburgh 8 . Complete fine of safety equipment for industry arid mining. :. 46 .. V : Mott Corp:/500 Shawmut Ave.,LaGrange, 111 Safety, mowers. ' ' .' . M-P Corp., 6466 Chene St,Detroit, Mic482li 7" ' Safety blade for rotary, lawn mowers. -.-. NationM 'Chemsearcdr Corp., Box 217, Irving;, Texas, . V V. ' Safety solvent; cleaners; degreasers, disinfectants; wee`5 killers.detergents; insecti- ' ' cides; and'water treatments for industry.. ,. -National Marker Corp./2314 Pawtucket Av*^ East Providence; R..I. 02914 ^ . Fire extinguisher and'alarm markers.- / ' '. . sw- Newco Mfg. C., Ina, 3636 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. 64111 ' ,- : . , /v- Wire'rope fittings, miniature-slings,' and' a.miniature'CraneV demonstrating various ' - -lifts.- : - , . ' Northern Signal Co., Saukville, .Wis." 53080v Flashers,and barricades.. /./ . . ' ' . ;. ; '. Occupational Hazards, 812 Huron Road, Cleveland 15 : ` ( '% Occupational Hazards Magazine. . . .4, \ 1 -/';> 'V .' ' .' - Ohio Chemical and. Surgical Equipment Co., 1400 E. Washington Ave., Madison 10, . . wis. ' .. ` - ; \ ' ' \ ; . Resuscitation and oxygen breathing apparatus. .- - v / - Ohio Tuippike .Commission, 682 Prospect St, .Berea, Ohio 44017 ,. \ .Information folders on safe tunipike driving. . , Ohox,.Inp., 121 Second St., San Francisco 5 r . Skin-toughencr solution for the treatment of athlete's foot. Organized Labor Safety, 1200 Fifteenth St, N. ,W.'Washington, I).;C. . ... ; ' Safety. Literature. ' ' ' ... ' ' ' . Osborn Mfg. Co.; Box 271, Warsaw, Ind. / " ' --~ SafetyfiiliferS,"lockout devices, mufllers-and-stretcher..cases. -------------- - ..' -----.- Oxygen Equipment and Service Co.,'8335 "S. Halsted St, Chicago ..Resuscilator, inlialator, and aspirator. /' Packwood Mfg.,-Co., Division Calgon Corp., -1545 Tower"Grove' Ave., St Louis, Mo. 63110 . . '/. . . ' ' ' - v . ' .;-. -Hand cleanersj waterless, cleaners,'germicidal cleaners,, sanitizing compounds.and. /maintenance cleaners. ' / .'. Paralta Eqiiipmimt.Co;, 105 Industrial Road, Hammond, Ind.: . ; . ; . : . Flashing lights, barricades, traffic cones, vests, flags, trouble lights, signs. '. :v: . / '' 47 . ' ' - 1965 National Safety Congress ' .. . . Patent Scaffolding :.Co.t-Inc.t 3^21--Twelfth-SU-Long-Island City-lrNry. Wood land light metal ladders and stages, steel ami aluminum scaffolds. . - . Pedley-Kriowles.&Co,, 533 Second St:, San Francisco, Calif. 94107. ' ` ' Safety'and work nets of tnahila rope and plastic. ' . ./ ' ;. Albert W. Pendergast Safety Equipment Co., 6913 Tulip St., Philadelphia 19135 ' Industrial safety equipment. ' . ThePioneer Rubber Co., 1939 Tiffin Road,-Willard, Ohio: ; Industrial gloves. .. ..v ; -' : ^ ;V Pitman Mfg. Co., Grandview, Missouri ' Hydraulic digger, derrick, and aerial devices. .. ' Portable Light Co:,.Inc.; 65.Passaic Ave^, Kearny, N. J_ ... . Portable- searchlights, warning lights, and vehicular. sirens. - Porto-Clinic Industries, Inc.-, 298 Broadway, New York 7-' . Complete portable driver testing and training unit.' '* The Positive Safety Mfg. Co., 1052 E. 134th St., Cleveland, Ohio 44110 ' .Power press.'safety devices.' / Power-Pak Products, 83 Clyde. Ave^`Buffalo 15, N. Y. - I .Fire extinguishers. '' . \: ' V./' .f . Prairie State Products Co., 3822 Lawren4e Ave., Chicago Industrial safety-signs. r' . - - . - Protectoseal Co., 1920 S. Western Aye., Chicago * ' ?. .. . * ' -' , ' J-. Safety containers for the; handling, storing and dispensing, of flammable liquids.' ! Pulmpsan Safety Equipment Corp., 644 Pacific St., Brooklyn, N; Y.-11217 ' " ' Respirators, eye protection, helmets, protectiYe clotkmg. asbcstos and'lcathergloves, safety-glases, first aid kits, and face shields. . :. .* ;: . . . --Puritan CompressCd Gas Corp.,13Ur&*OaITSts., Kansas City, Mo; 64106 , I -; . Oxygen breathing and respiration equipment. .' " Pyrotronics, Div. Baker Industries, 2343 Morris Ave., Union,'N.J. 07083 . Fire and smoke'detection and alarm systems. ' V- ' . Racine Glove Co.i Inc.,Box 368,-Rio, Wis. Safety gloves and apparel for industry and fire protection, safety specialty products. ' ; Radiator Specialty Co., 1400 W.IndependenceBlvd., Charlotte 8,'N. C.. - Traffic guides; cones,lights, flags..' v. 48 . List of Exhibitors r`.. ' Rainfair.Inc., 1501 AlbertSt.,Racine, Wfe.'1 Wet weather arid safety-clothing. ' r. . .- ' -- RamsetFastening Systern,289Wincheater Ave.,New Haven, Conn. 06504 Low-velocity piston tool.' ; \ Randolph Laboratories, Inc., 1450 Frontage Rd,, Northbrook, I1U Fire extiriginshcre andautomatic fire .extinguishing systems... - . Record Industrial Co., 3301 Arch St,. Philadelphia 4. Industrial safety.shoes, .work clothiiig atid work gloves. Red Wing Shoe .Co., 119 Main St., Red Wing, Minn. ' ' Safety workshoes, oxfords, andboots, ; . V. ' J. C. Renfroe and Sons, Inc., 1926.Sprihg St Jacksonville, Fla. Safety clamps for-lifting-steel. ; * . Reynolds Televator Corp., 1104 Sixth St, Muskegon, Mich. 49440' Telescoping, electrically operated-scaffold. ' Rite Hardware Mfg. Co., 540 W. ChevyChase.Drive, Glendale, Calif:'91209 _ ''Air-conditioned helmet systems. Roll-Ezy Mfg. Co., 7032- N. Tahomai Ave,, Chicago, I1L60646 Fluorescent light tube breaker. Rose Mfg. Co., 2700 W; Barberry PL, Denver Automotive scat- belts.' industrial -safety belts, lanyards, net, and ladder safety' ..." devices. -V ; ' ' , . ; * Saastaa-.Operational Systems, Inc.,17000 W. EightMile Rd., Southfield, Mich. 48076 Safety tools, hydraiflit fluid, flow fittings and systems.____ Safe-Cut, Inc., Div. Verkau Corp.,.973 Market St, 'San Francisco, Calif.' 94103 Steel band cutter. . - :. Safety Appliance Corp., P.O. Box' 689, Tyler, Texas. ' ' Protective, foot coverings. . ' .- * ' ' - - Safety & industrial Net Co:, Edgerton St, East Hampton,-Coim: 06424 j/ -Safety- Nets. -. Eafety Box Toe bo., 812 Statler Office Bldg:, Boston 16. ' Steel toes for dress, senii-dress, and work shoes.' . ' Safety Clothing and Equipment Co., 1990 E. 69tb St, Cleveland 3 ' - Safety clothing arid equipment for industrial workers. . ggBSiBStae" ' 1965 National Safely Congress ..... . Safety Enterprises, Inc; Peachtree 25th Braiding, Atlanta; Ga. 30309 . Automobile safety stabilizer. i Safety FirstProdocts Cotp-,175 Saw MAI'Road, Elmsford,.N.' Y. ; VPprtabfestored.pressurcdrychemicalfireextingtiishersl. V - ': : ' / . .'..Safety FirstSboes, Inc, 9th and tireenleaf Sts^ Allentown, Pa. 18105.' Safety shoes for industry,, railroad, an<l military use. :; V;'W "- ' j'-.-'-'V \ ' ;. ; :The.Safety Journal,'Anderson, Soutli.Carolina-. ;. Safety publication. . '',./. V' ... . Cvtj'*- - V .'.. ' ; V v . . ...v: . ' ';'Safety-Sight, Inc, 1640 Gorsuch:Aye,, Balthnore 21218 . . .. ...'Radiator water levergauge. . v-i .. '. '.'j- .u-' ' . Safeway Safety Products, 91SBlackhawk BlytL, Rockton, lit Safety-Cans- . .. . ' . ! > , ' j '. . ; Salescaster Displays. Corp-, ibid E. Elizabeth Ave, Linden, N. j;.'.' ' Illuminated moving message-signs.i/ . . .! ; :: :_v- ' .-- W. H. Safisbury and Co., <401 N. Morgan St, Chicago Linemen's rubber protective devices: .. ; ; ^: '" ./ . Sawyer-Tower Products, Inc, 76 Stanley AyeJ, Watertown 72, Mass. ' Industrial-protective,-and safety clothing. r >. Schuberth Corp, 1205; Champlain St, Toledo, Ohio 43604 " 'Safety hats'and caps, face shields, accessories. ^ Helmets, safety hats, and. caps, safety goggles( and wrap-around protective goggles. , Scott Aviation Corp, 225 Erie St, Lancaster, N. Y. 14086. ' ' Respirators, inbalators, and environmental protection equipment. ' . Seco Mfg, Ipc,4461 W. Jefferson,- Detroit 9, Mich, v , Fire fighting equipment. . '. ' r. . 5 ; .< " I i 1 Seiberling Latex Products, 215 Plum St, New Bremen, Ohio Industrial rubber gloves. . '' ' . - . SellstrOm Mfg. Co, Highway 53 at U. S. 14, Palatine, DL' .Eye and face.protective equipment. The Servus Rubber.Co,.1136 Second St^ Rock Island, I1L Rubber footwear of all typesl . '"' Fred Silver & Co, 145 Sussex Ave^Newaxkj N. J. Traffic Safety Mirrors^ r *.T . ' '. . ' " ': ."_' /'. V LUl of Exhibitors -SingerSafety Products; 445.74. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago^Illinois 60611: . Gloves, portable .yvclding screens. .,; -:.l "1 .. , Snycier.Mfg. Co^ IntT1458FifthSt,7New Philadelphia,*Ohio ' -- - =---- --.... : Air suits. Jioods, splash and du^t suits, shoe covers, safety, yests/flags, fabricand . . film' laminations; and fiberglass containment closures; . \ Speakman Col, 301 E. 30th SC Wilmington 99, Del. ; Emergency eyewash and showers. : `, Sonoscope, Inc., P.b. Box iSS. Lansing, Mich. Combination tape recorderandautomatic slide projector? . Sperry & Hutchmsbn Co., 53 W^ Jackson Blvd., Chicagq 60604 , . Statnp.inceiitlve progfanjsl Standard IndustfialProducts Co. oflll., 3527 Farmington Rd,, Peoria; I1L 1 Dunking station, smoking receptacles. !. Standard Safety Equipinent Co,, '431 N. QnentinRd., Palatine, 111. ' Acid and chemically-resistant clothing. . . . ./.' ---7 :. Standard Signs Inc., 3190 E. 65th St, Cleveland 27 ' . v - \ -. :.Industrjaraccident prevention signs and road work area protection equipment.. , Stephenson Corpl,:Box 1000,'Red Bank,' N. j. . . Radar speed control, breath test for intoxication, resuscitator.' ' Stephen-William Col, 2014 W. Wabansia Ave., Chicago 47 Safety signs, arid posters. ' ;" 1 ? ' . . - . ' .' StQiI American, Inc.,-34 Clinton Ave., Ridgewood,- N. J. " ^Rescue^ equipment. . "... . -1' '. . - ' ' . Stonehouse Signs,' Inc., 842 Larimer St, Denver 4: .Acdidcnt prevention signs and tags. . . . .. .. v . ;' Stop-Fire/ Inc.-, New'Brunswick, N.'J." Fire, extinguishers. . Surety Rubber <C6? North ftigh St, Box 97, Carrollton, Ohio 44615 . Safety apparel, gloves, sleeyes,.aprons,.and specialized protective equipment, ; ; Surviyair, Division of U. S. Divers Co.,- 3323' W. Warner Ave., Santa Ana, CaL Self-contained' breathing equipment.'- Wet- pick-up 'vacuum unit. Voice amplifiers. .'Target Sales Co., 282 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, N. ,Y. 14202. / Safety signs, safety clothing, and flags. ;?: v." . ; , \- .v-O'-..:' si ) 4 1*1 a-r-'r-- ' 1V65 'National Safely Congress "' . '' S. G. Taylor Cham Co, Inc; 3-141st St., Box 508,' Hammond, Ind. Alloy .Steel chain and fittings.: '*Titmus- Optical Co.; Inc,-1015 Commerce St, Petersburg,' Va.. 23804 y Safety frames,.safety lenses and vision tester/:. .. `. ; _ . Tri/Tu^.inci'Mli N. Mequon Rd, Mequon, Wis. 'Safety cones and traffic posts..' . ". 1; U-C-Lite Mfg. Go, 290 E. Prairie St., Crystal Lake, 111. j . Battery-operated electric hand lanterns, flashers and emergency lights. United States Rubber;Co, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York 20 Safety footwear,' . !r... ; > ...... .' \ .. _ ' United States Safety.Service Co, 1535'Walnut St; Kansas City, Mo. 64108. Ind. u.|stria$l ey,ew.e.ar a- nd he-aring ;pro-tection. . / . ' v- ' ; .`Visual Dynamics, Inc^ 156 Fourth. Ave, Bay. Shore, N. Y. 11706' - i. Driver Improvement Poster'Packages..' i. ? ~s ' -V: Wagner; Sign Service, Inc., 3100 Hirscii'St, Melrose Park, III. 60160 Changeable copy displays, for employee relations and, safety programs. :-.. Watchemocket Optical Co, Inc., 232 W. Exchange' St.,^Providence 3, R. I. Safety goggles, respirators, .face shields and safety signs. . Welsh Mfg. Co, 9 Magnolia St, Providence 9, R. I. \ Respirators, safety spectacles, goggles; safety-hats, faccshiclds, and iveldinghelmejs. V R,D. Werner Co,' Inc,- Box 580; Greenville,'Pa:.. Nonconductivefiber glass ladders; stages/andscaffolds. ~ --------- ---- '----- : Western. Industries, Inc.; 2742 W; 36th PI, Chicago 60632 ;. : Electric parking .control and security-gates. Westinghouse.Electric Gorp, 2519 Wakens Ave, Baltimore 3 'Portable pneumatic pump unit for. closed clicst cardiac resuscitation. Wheeler. Protective Apparel, Inc,-224 wJ Huron St; Chicago 10 : - Industrial safety apparel. _ ' . Whelen Engineering Co,.Inc,,42Kirtland St, Deep River, Conn. ..Emergency and warning lights, flashers, and beacons., / \ ; Williams Jewelry and Mffii- Co, 4544 N. Western Ave, Chicago, IU. ' Safety plaque's, trophies, awards, emblems; badges, and Incentives.: 52 'v.- . .: ''.`K i - W- .1 r V f -`-i .*. L- List of Exhibitors '. WiHson~Prftduct!<"piv.7^Electric -Storage Battery-Co^-2nd-and_Wa3hington Stsl, Reading, Pa. 1903 ... . . '. / v^iP^qd.riali^riofeijyejEguipmehtrfdr; industry... -- v y "5;: : ' y-;'y \ -1 The Wilson Robber Co.,: 1200 Garfield Aye- S.W,,.Cantob, Ohio 44701 . Rubber, neoprene, and plastic'gloves. . . - -. '..' Wire Rope CorpC-of America,. Inc.; 609:N. 2nd SjLj St. Joseph 1, Mo. . . Wire rope'-slings.'- - . .. - Worklon,.Inc.,64 New York Ave., Huntington, N. Y.: Special-purpose clotliing^cid-re'sistant. iihtifrce. stalic-frcc and fireretardant- . - Americanlndustrial Hygiene Association* 14125 Preyost, Detroit 48227. ;. Information about associations activities.;- .' ... v .; . - American Medical Association, Council oh Occupational.-Health, 535 N.'Dearbom St, Chicago 60610 : ' ' - ' " . / / -. .. -Occupational Health literature. . ' . ' American Natloiial.Red Cross, 18th and D Sts., N^W., Washington, D. C. 20006 - First aid,water safety, and small craft safety. .v American.'Optometric Association, 4030 Chouteau Ave., St Louis 10 Educational material on vision and highwaj*safety,. and; industrial ssaaffeely techniques. Chicago Fire Department . ; Information on the Work'of the Fire Prevention Bureau.'; - Chicago Police Dept, Traffic Div. .. Traffic, safety... ... . . . . . _ : . Dept Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Servicer-..\ Third &.C Sts., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20201 , "50 Years-of Protecting tH?-Worker's':HeaIth" .. .- /. .. : f Federal Safety Council, U. S. Dept, of Labor, . First & D Sts., N. W., Washington, D. C. 20212 President's-Safety Award Programs. ' '! .. . Inter-American Safety.Council, 2 Rector Street, NewWork . Safety publications.-.visual aids,, and; films,:;in`Sfjanish. for. industrial, highway, and- .home. - ,, .-: ` -. ' " V' ... National Fire Protection Assoc., 60 Batteryroarch St, Boston, Masd. 02110 '- * Information on'the work of the Association with elected passout materials. * . >. . S3 i i: :.-Ir. I >1 .1965'National Safety Congress . Nitional-Society;fort]iePfevention'ofBliridne8s:Inc.7i6Er40thSKrNirW-Ybrk`rN7Y. 10016 v; ' . .-V';. Literature -and information oh indusiriaTand vocational-school eve- health and safety programs. President's Committee on' Employment; of the Handicapped, Washington 25, D. C. .. . .'Information on. Hire-the-Handicappcd Program.. .' v ^ S. .Department of Commerce, .Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington, D, C. Small Graft safety.. . . - 11* S. Coast Guard, Washington, D. C.:20226 . . :Boating safety. ... v. . (W; ' --m'f ^ . i..... "V-T ! f 1 r | rrrTrrf'm /' :v '- vV- ,'fr " ''-Vv- ';/ V Top f UPPERMANAGEMENTMOTIVATION ByPRED^M.jBQRWELL^^ General Mgr/,Engine-Material Handling: Dfo/Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Col, AHis-Chalniers believes that "Total Safety" and-./the .public.. Qur, concept and. policy, is . -ya program that 'integrates accident proven-' 'implemented'in.these vital;'areas by-the- . tion into all activities of. the. company, and . following programming:. V- ; . all activities / of its. people--is iessental. :In: .-' tins concept we.recognize the/iriterdepend- '. enee of occupational , safety ; with", traffic, home, recreational, anj public safety. All of . / these safety activities' are! riccdssary tohelp ' us in reaching our fundamental objective; to advanoe the' well-being- of otir. people and associate*.' `r L, Development and application of , AllisGhalmerssafety /stapdards fo'r plant ' '-. facilities!; equipment, '; tools. Work * meth ods, and 'guarding "based on. applicable, legal and voluntary ,codes, ,ftiies, and' . . standards ps a. minimum. \ .Thns, it is tfie policy, of Allis-Chalmers to promote, safe, living by an effective acd- ' dent prevention'pragram in all/phase* of bur opdrationsrrinanufacturiiig, design, sales,- re.-, search, and employee and/ community rela 2. Safety inspection/ to Identify potential . .hazards. : 3. ! Accident investigation to determihe. fu ture prevortlve action. tions. This program utilizes the best; prin- 4. Accident records/ and accident'cause . dples' of safety. engineering and education / analysis to determiiic .accident' trends and to I-reduce both industrial -and/off-the-job targets-fpr corrective action. v: . accidents arid generally to advance the .well-.. - .5. Education, and training in general safety . beuig of our people, the company,-aud its, '.principles and specific techniques. On-the-, customers. ' . job safety . instruction by the ..supervisor/ ' In cadi establishment of .the company .it is; tbe: responsibility of the- operating execu knd. periodic superitisoiy, contacts, for' hew instructions;! follow-up, and general tive to. make this, safety policy - effective. ' safety hmtivatlbn. ' V > . Under his Erection, every, member of man- *6..-Protective -equipment to provide injury aganent irresponsible for aplplyingthese' protection. v-'\ safety, engineering aridsafety education prin ciples to the employees , arid work within his jurisdiction. It is the function*of staff, safety -personnel fo promote thc use df these safety ' , . 7; Industrial hygiene studies tehtial health hazards and ssuycontrol measures.'/ to identify jpoi develop neces- principles and. provide, technical scrvices to 8,, Safety publicity and pfomdtioh to; step assist operating management in their appli- ' up program; interest arid partierpatidn. . cation. ''V ` 9- Off-thc-job acqdeht preventiem ' in . co-.; It is/the responsibilityof every employee cq>eration with public and' priyatragencies ' . to promote .the application', of acadeht \ serving hi, his daily/work all safe practices, prevehtion principles td non-work activi- policies,, and standards.! Additionally, each, ties. empldyeehas the. responsibility to call to the . attention of his . supervisor any 'hazard in Products and Customers[ , need of correetioriand to suggest safety im- 1. Apiplicatidh of the principles of. safertty proventents.. ' engineering to product design to facilitate The Allis-Chalmers `Total Safety" con- ; safe manufacture and safe use.'- : cfpt extends, into three important areas-^ 2. Development of operating instrirctions company personnel, 'products and customers, , embodying principles of safe 'opdratidn " '-ir L- \~- > .. 'VA'V I.--- eaerw 1965. National Safely Congrett' ` * . (a; assist dm. customer M-lthe/safe use,of;' -'. r'ppc'rathm-^ith^ ; - to."nacB?- iKes* families^ Vf .Anjs-Chalnieni; 3.. Embody safety research in product ' re- . - search-andd^ product from the m&ufacturirig and eiis- ' local programsin safety projects intended. tometv safely; standpoints;:-, Av-'-V i': -.L^to-rtacHythe^aK^ J^isfe/lc - V.v-i:c-'v -; A v.. .!pla^^%nd:`sbidv;<>tjier. 1. To project the safety ^program hi 'co~'- - - ^ facilities are located. '' middle management motivation ' By HARRY E.'RITTER VicePres.)Manufa^urinfeGreenlee Bros. & Co^Rockford, M. ' TheGreenlee Bros. Co. is worldngon its, siructure to see. if it isdesigned to rnodyate.. , thrbughmanydianges andaddidonsmprod- divisional supenhtmdento ' and- pkmt 'man- . ucts during that thije Our ccraipanyconsists' agers. Until ^a^A 'fottf. yara zgOflhe-'cpst;.. . of-fonr. plants, of which two are in Rode*.. of aeddentetiri: <wrOorapaiiywas fordC Illinois,\ one. In . Genoa^ Iltihois; aiid known yor publidzedy' nndias; i;nsuitvithere: -- the other in Holland, Michigan. .. . .. ; was lio activc;ai^etrt;'^ , ..The Greenlee plantin Rockford consists. of. Prior to this! thn%;'fthe; mfetyrdini^ofytrp1; ` ,: three; different jnatwfacturihg dmsionsVone ported';tp;the:wdustrial:.rek which manufactures special raetajrerooyal which wasat i staff .leVel.vrith no authority. ; transfer VlIhes, woodworking" machine '. for ;over the. manufa^n^inr^tionto'i^c^:>; furniture saidplywoodoperations;; a,' second With Ranges: that allowed' nraniifndtunngv; _: division maiwfactures' a w for the company,to come' ubder bne' mar^yit . ^ . . wood bbring tools, knockout punches, high was;then^jpossible with.'tlB1;'hopc/d'1t'diei:hr.:r'-i ' pressure powerpumps for use with our pipe surance department to TJuest ithati fflfety' r benders.-and pushers, a third divisioncon-. be' plaad- under the spansnwlity.:;of,- the ; " sists of `a captive foundry, and production chief mahnfacttmiig ;pson,';;Re<tnesf^was,;; foundry both of. whidi pour gray ironcast- granted becauseT felt that we jtould '|-.j mgs. ,. -v .v! wdth^ the program - in 'this;;manny':^';to^ ! ' . Our! Genoa plant' mahufactureSiuany of first point ui successful mOtivation is tohave , . die small items that are complimentary to an orgahlzaiion stnictore that- will :allow; it , ; our;boring 'tools and' bender, lines. At; the. toffmeftmaiifi-di ccmtinu,e;''';>;y'-'. Rockford Itachine Tool .Go. themain-pirpd- fAt this point you, might ''wa^;&;aif*ne'.;'' - nets consiit of planer mills, shapers, slotters, this arrangement, but I felt 'if I could show. sheet metal fprmingequipmijnt.arid die cast-, the istlperintendcnts ' that. ,1 was 'personally ihg.'machines.' hi :^ollaturj;^(idugan)' there are; two^mainpiddutfs ohe;of whidi is af wood wdirlai^ plainerJahd the other is .the manufactyre^Sf ; die.easUng'machines. up to prasurd.,; then motivate!them, to-;acthjtt'i.l3amTsufi\T ' was' personally: motivated in the'iwhple' . of.{proper^: yajnservaHcm/Jaftff.'atfoi^^ y: hmoL'o'eoeatAM ot iL* 'Veimium** %foeissi*f * .. nt offwise plants is sli^th^verZ/W^iipft^epjI'l^y arte covers . th#'responsibility for ;paimfacturihg and re- . l'?Medi services 'for the 46rporaMom,>Akg , '>,' .# _.* . t}.. -j. . _* ol' rj free' operations. ratories:!li Boston on fir^; pxplosloi^'ietc;'. Evim though l , ba'd;,bn a; volunteer, fire chief, for several years, this really JopetKd my eyes to th.e work tlmt needed tb'beidoiiei . i So-11 say/ the second pewit in l niothafing others ls to motivate'yourself.'"J'- . `.I'. . . .tv '-A v;' 1 ' i,* '*/ '" lndusIrialSafcly/SubjttfSesiioHs ari 'acddenVl tKi>tooi^e.S$,.;;!the h^vidual and Itheineed' of getting armaa-tack .tb !w6rk afto 'anvacddtt^fourj.supermtendCTts pfor pc^tiiitweit^;^ per-cent of that -job ;or.iaisimijat job;. Their' feeling: was> that?tins.:shouldAterid to: make; ' i^his; was;' the first;com-."" Others in our,.p1ant more.conscious of acd- !;Imention.this bepusel believe it shows! La AA*SflSt<S .aImSiiiiiil ` nllnitai loWfitAlr to'readtiyAdi^^ . recommendations pf %:gioup whioiareVgwiig to! W'so. cldse 'to thd !a<srident.i prevention ..'Jj^^iaintqideBtsV^"-lhe;.WOTth ;.ef.:this. pro-. programs.: Tfiis!;flexibility.toftainlyJteuds to make' them moire in&^tedt iimd-I'Stocq'riy ' VJ!i^?grW^ if.`j^-!n^m^;te:'iiay'e;a}pl^r, hope. that it continues torniotivate than in Y^'Uai^ciiiBdiljfe'! pr^ent^ 'fe-than fdrthrir this '.area?of ;.acddein'.preventipn.-"^.;:r'.:: ?, i a^owd and subsequent actum. '.!.;Until; vd ^Tttd .^vc' a6aAdi% i^evdt~ ;-;'vAt.'!pur:;cbiripany,' we have foundthe best' tionprograms,we!l^lcept;costs.rrf; !/.;o tiriiefifo^laVe a meeting:i>f superintendents . deiits in' tlie;dirk; perhaps,-'not intentionally; -:>V andplant manager*.in the Rockford area is . . but because' accidents vandb'cdst - of aiyidarts'' ;:! to";<icrnduct.- 6i30 ' A.M. breakfast , meetings. :'. Ifindthis time in the!mprning: iS very pro- areia nuimnpe' and ^'distasteful item smd ip " ... ductiveand the: minds of p^Ie are: very. this tonn^OT, ' we :8^ . . dear and. nerves sire not jangled: 7t was at ents the total cost of these accidents'in terms: ;.:tihiisv:p(rint. that' .the superintendents thor-. \bughly : <Uscussed program and wdghed ;:the!prbs and consand finally, after a. great " of iworkmai's -cbmpdisatuto . We:; also .send- them to hearing's; before lhidustrial Cdrnmis-* .sion. where this situation aHses, so they can ; amount, of discussion, .they were convinced become, aware, of the . attitudes'of' the Gom- that a program was a sound .approach. ! missioh, the attitudes of the lawyers, the . > < / I will writ go into the details of this' pro-. attitudes of :the people who were injured.. . . l.Vgram sincc. most/of.; the: details; involve^the-. iWe- feel. that 'this ;has bwr an excellent ! v foremen and othw^sUpervisors whirii is'rtiesr , 0f \ + ' `'''.t; > # _ w '. ! ignated to the: sp<aker who vfollws,.;btrt. r: ; .than :4>ealito ;how!'tois i'affects;,the profit of point out that important here "wa5'the-fact ' '>'our!company.:'!'''';;. ;:;that. the. superintendents reajly. made. this ; ; The old! adage l am sure was, and still is '.!..,- decision to proce^. ihd. Withbut thdr niak^ ! in tome'people's mind^'^e inmrance com' ing that dedsioiy it worild have! been difficult. ! pany pays for it," arid; thejr rire 'righfc^except . ! to implement the program. So, in this fourth , pouit, we. would have to say that,the. essence laiow, or we. should all know tluit 'it is.the .. dt;!success:is for the operating.(people.to sell ;company, the Greenlee Company in' Our ease, themselves on a, program lither! than be told that'.pays the .'insurance, -to this>.is dhtoher ;. means that -we. are tising to instill.utoest ; -r 'An' interestiiig point1 developed this past in.our. people for accident prevention., as. ft is .. year that was promoted;and pushed' by the a! direct tost of the operation .of tor; com- superintendents ifl direct opposition to a gen- '1 pany.! ,v . : ' J; v'-'` erial policy .that I had. used ini the past years Another important point in the motivation : i. .'. concerning accidents and !this was . as fol- of these.people, is 'to have a goal that is 'Vlws'r.;!;',/...:'-. !' '... ...; attainable!. ,By. thu I mean,; divisltmal goals : . .We'/had taken a stand that if, a .person .'such .'as a; calendar year, a six raonth period, hdd ah acddeht, we .would-.'not have him a pre-determined goal ana, an even further return until; he was able to, completely do ; one. we are.- considering now. is to go; to ri n X .-A i'V V'-j..*' I:,-- ' :. ..* ;-v.;v ;'/* ;: r / :::.!^:; ;. v; A?> ; ':.::.;i;;AX-V^K,V= V^C^/ :;v;-vV;:.: -;-^-?f iliSSSiSSill -.lte~Naii6fa:S#fety!$9i^fi:*S : ";: . dcpartmeptsjl; goal;? so ;t|ie. forQincti'.: aii be-: Resulted ;;ih ;Our ^wiIlinghess ';to r.ipend^^tbe.,1 coitte 'ifriore -^ohsaous of 'the progRun: ? Hire fiipney ::to'fcbrrecban;'unifb'C^ ;;we:/->^kV;b{^'<ltyisiottiit "goals', not bhly. in ;tb.''thjs:'^j|h^'we-'-haye;:bi^'^H&g]:to'iflpendj^' any:ampimts'6f:7mcnil^/tbbe/S^ "1 cost refried -by^divisional/toperations. After! it.bis; for: personal. protectiro^qr'fipuni'pro-. - all-in. ourcoitip'any- We'-detajl scrap losses,.; tectibh/ So wlien ypu-ask^yburjsuperihtend--__ salvage/ losses,.-any' other.things' thatcanbe" entstb/cpmeupwith/riquests-forunprove-';/' nientsJifraccidimtXprewartjpriify^ ;samethingrwitb.;iSt'of'accideritsyffi-.?:; <=: prepared' to,- spend- tire^imbni^iv'If-yrtivdoh't : i Along with getting gbajsj/w'e must have a '^forget'the.whole-program.'r , -V '.TAy tie-in-witfi;How we; will publicize: thesegoals '. and the results compared; to this ;gbal.:fThjs' bcen and wheire wefare' how* 'td'ppmt.' , we-`do.:with: reports ' to all superintendents arid :managers ibf thevdifferent ^dfyw'WJS ^nd we;. have . aroinidi the.^Iant we/posf the. residts o " for the. riext;Uiree years;,wilI beanimprbve-:: ' dent,- free, dkysibatdivisions/acciimblate in order -to; condnuei aOTpetition' betweeridivi-'. v.(:.'in ^<iwlusr.OTi:,:-I`r^d4jii<I.y'jike''. to/sunimarize; . 'sions;,Frbm: thb.'superintendoitsde^setheir' the' main points' .that;-I ctmsider in motivating^: v ownprograms1 .and vwjth ' flexibility as ; to. nuddle-nianaglwnent' peopfe .Thejr:are 'asfol-:. -T : how. they--will -handle thc 'department.Super- : Tows:, !' :..y^rSr: ..>..,^ ' Certainly . 'one . of Xthe\;most ,1 mpo irtan t - .1^-Grgahization. , -\ points-,in moving.-' division, managers is..to 2?7PersohaI motivation '' / demonstrate the^wi.llingness ,to spend money.. . .. 3-i-Progiani; .. ;.' This,may..'soimd eiehumtairy but our super- 4-^Managersselling;iheniselves ' i intendents devised a.-plan of their owij':to accommo^tc-thereoommendatipnsifroni thrir /ioremen' on . imprpvOTents. that had ;';5--flexibility of policy 1 i-- ' 6--Communication of costs , - y~ / been' made.;; It has: kept us;;hustling. Many ; /-^-Attainable' goals .> oftheitems - which'.they' recommend have --d-^Cohiparisons'and review-" i.:, X-i HOW ^ FIRST iIHE SUPERVISOR ^ MOTIVATES fEOj^E ^ ';. A. Armstrong ; , v :M Griieral Fornnan,i)elco-Remy Piv.,Geheral Motors. Corp^ Anderson; ;Ind;: ..'.General Motors' Delob-Remy Division, is - their button; this is how/ to turn them pri.:. one-of the real pioneers of the':automotive Become gitouinely interested, iii other, people;' electrical equipment industry with a heritage Be a: good listener. Encourage others to' talk - of Continuous operation dating back'to 1896. ; about. themSelves.Talkin'fennsofthe'dther 'Just as wd are proud of our long-time nian's interest Make the' other persbn. fed , . .record of leadership, in this industry, 'we>'are . importantr-dp it sincerely.: These iare-i idie ..; equally proud, of.our safety record. ,We;have. . tools' of.the .trade..Believe hie.it works I;?$" ; > .. .worked.ford for it.'- '."the-.ra'riest.. job The will' to wbtk safely isfto .have been .ln:a department of about ^'pcople;riiakihg v motivated. Before ,we can expect to motivate .field coils^ All I. did was cpne to workgel . tlie people Started every morning, check over/ we...nius'f be. sincere qhd have a .deep concern the schedule; decide ;what to`:nin,...write'this / for their; welfare. This is how : otie fifids oh a` card.;andigive it to one of my utility.. n: ~ l nvV,V.-.` i . <v , *.''; i * *ift M. r u Industrial Safely Subject Sessions' . i { mi,;.attd make surc evcrytliing waVnlhninp. /good, alert frame ' of mind; and we . ali .' . ;: .The; balarice'of the' lime'^ was sp^nt- talkiiig know that this is the ideal :stefe!:of?niind r > ; . to;the. ^ploye ;p the ' department. Total !. forpeople when we are cbnsideHrig'safety.- time'niimlng'tlie "depaiiment;averaged around' ~ :LS ^ ;! >: Utr. hours per;day:.1 !/' "V;;;. '.: ; name ..of-! Jim Smith, jini ; is/a.-iiHri .'to.'!. & :;rTh^-p<^je-kncw-I^<arcd-about~dieni; -4^ryeat,sol(L.A;;;CQnstahtLwmplamcr.'.Nothr and tFieyi-responded. They responded; to' :sat-: .: ing .is ever right,The; punch: piress'he/iani!- >>. .' / isfy their;basic need of being a- part of .the -wouidn't /iiin to suit . him. .The material V. . ; departrnent;of grbUp/andvalso of'being '. given-' him' '.to/fun.'.was.' ajways;' bad.';! He ' ! prased.: ahd appreciated. .When a, person' is. ; hated authority 6vef ;hinb :suid it niide;lum ;inotiyated; to, satisfy his heed,-his whole triad' ifany" supervision watched ' him.; He - nhwital attitudechanges/He! becomes a person . had a 'dorft-give^a-damn - attitude and- hiS'. `wth Kniiething to look forward to, he begins ferijrd of injuries proved; it H^* was - a. ' to 'Set igoals: for 'himself; ;.and :he" begins' to .. difficult main .to ; Imiu to'' knijw. He con- ' .. react like a person with.:mining., to his, life. stantly had on a cast Irbn slueld.: / ' . 'How do :yoii get a group' of . people with' ' 1 was./deterinihed. to findrJim's,buttbm , 'thewi|iingness;toperfonntheacts.forwhich ' Weeks of. pne-sided conversatipiis went by,.' ..they are responsible? Here are.the motivating Slowly ;I; was: piecing together Jim's hack- ,. ''.' ''-.''i-' ^forcea'T.'uie to get thisJbb/doriel groimd. He - frit' -bittw/'toward sodety. ;i ; Recognitionand praise--l use.'this: not Every. once in awhile' he: would .go'-dut only to bpild confidence but`to\produce:better ' and tie one on. Seemingly; tryihg to fbfget . teamwork and.quality. the .past Finally, 1 tearned he iod been 'in . ' . . Job importance^-When a person knows .the- purpose behind his job, the part it plays in . .the overall business,- he .usually'develops a-' greater interest in his job; : the Korean War. -He had ibeen a' prisoner -of war for a year .and a 'half. He was.'stitl bitter at,.Iif<;because he-had bad to be the; one .to; go . diroti^h; this. After Jim, found someone to talk to about'this tenible,- ' : Curiosity--as ' long as tliere is something .experience.''of-'.his life,', he began to :chahge to be learned, found or! discovered this will '.and; change: raptdly-^-evidimtly - I was ..the be. a .stimulating efleet. ;"!//. "outlet, or pressure'.vatve hi needed.-^This .; ' Fear--The removal of. fearisnecessary^--.' was like a terrific load lifted'from him'and; /.., . --fear of job loss, fear of supervision, fear> he . acted like - he -.was'; at last free - arid-. of security loss--in order, to .'get at the starting a- new -life for., himself." ' individual's potential, ".; . .(' - . O.K-rwe have found - the man's- button I i ' .Aim . in. life is-the most important motiva- . How, how do we go about. gettmjj the job '- ''/tibii. factor of -a!i! Every, individual strives done safriy ? Here ,-are some, baric prin- for happiness in-life..The;.ijse of this in- riplcs for'safe workmanship' which f;believe , gredieht makes every niah willing to, accept ., to be essential: One of the most important.'-' - ** ..'responsibility! :,. principles -of.- safety is .-haying the active '. :. .If we can. uM tIAse motivating forces, we. -support of "top. - management.' Here ' is an. .will-find that, the disinterested, half-awake example -which, perfectly .illustrates this.' person ' has turned into, a wide-awake;' alert,/;; principle;; ;'. questioning! individual. ' This - is the kind of ' We -were involved , in' a .period in our '.' personthat- makes a. good.employee hi':-the safety., program at Delcp^Remy where we . ^es . of production. H-he is motivated, all . . 'were once again .trying . to! bring safety .. .'we need tp do'is instructhim in certain consciousness into the'mihds 'of the people. . methods.for production,'and we find, that,by . We- did this through, the use' of pencils, ' keeping him motivated, .we inerritse his peri-' petis, and ice scrapers - with; safety slogans - .sonal output .tremendously. .' on. them. We were endeavoring to, get . Why. then cin this .idea;not be-appiied everyone, thinking about Safety.. ` . V ' . .to safety?. If we can keep him:motivated - '. At this tim^ 1 had a utility man' setting and can instruct him . in safety, . we Should up. a winder in one of triy departments. He. . j have ho problem rin'getting good results in had his liand in a."pinch point.'' Whot, he ' , the afrea of safety,' the same-asm the area .activated ' the winding- arm - to checjc .his' of production.:''We have ..the' person , in.-a setup,' the hydraulic pressuritod .arm came 21 L- sis r-v--.It-, v-. . v.v^.'v-.v v';t*M&tjM :1 V.:\ ..! -l ' ' .;/*' "' j".1vlT/l. '' ' '.'V: l^-\Ndti^lySafety^Cpngre^ ' down,on hisfingcrs. The result. was .what ' we. ^call'; *V near YmUs," His fingers 'were umt :: :>lid, 1liquid; or gas; raw -orv fijiisheil. hit;, but .he didtft .lfjse. theni 'nor were tbiy! stock';' ^rcvess.l^emlcste^^^^'sIiot^.^aisaC ""--`-----'^ictreporte..d.....t.h..l.s..^.s..i.o. j_i^__,Imow^thc' dl^.as a ^te of rwwrd to bur oflicc and in rregardYfoalliflSsef,Selbii!t^S'''`"` ;^g ^ ^ihYtitodcpartraentYSfuGafh^ jnanagcr, Kot I^^/i mir safi^sr ' director stod our!superintehdmt'.bf. the. plant ' They hadcome to ice where |nd hqw ttiis "near foreman .lmbwL^w^^d/:whfere ' to r;gct hdp>,if ;hc: needs it, and that' he -be' ..wUling-tol-sc^kY such -help./.The usual , and: best source aid iis the . company'sfsafc^deparlhjqit:-aixf. ! Plant Protection Department >< ,, ;.You-can imagine; tbe irnpressioc that: this left intbemihds of.the 'people of- not. only '' were the head !mogijlvthe.topdogs, taking' the. .tune to see.hcwamMh^jjSHy-fe seriously. hurt This^is what. I call' Active - something that'/tnedYonght into;, it1 is. to be rtquired and1 as:production is required. ekpected, 'just-> It, is desirable that- rmthbrity he exercised Y . .. ,' lifajnfain- good: employee rebtioiif'YA : tactfully ^arid skjlifully.YSafety is not/widl; j harmonious'.,workfogvforce tmder^ a .good leader: V. more receptive:toifiafety: teachings, Y .ftsin ;one^ .made up. pf; malcontratspulling :. in different directions. A wurking'urat may aijorccid with,^an.virbn' fist'^^The^^''getitough" ; approach has never bei' ah Yeffective in^ strament ;for, getting.. safe: workmanship^ ^Setting a, good example;: The- ^supervisor, be welded by a good leader into a group . in which ; safe workmanship flourishes.' Leaderihip smid go6d ;. empipyee. ' relations. , are:, : primary needs for a foremanwho in charge of a.- department must-; practice what, he preaches^ Siich a statement should perhaps .go without, -saying, except. that the principle is so oftCT violated. Nothing will,; wantstomake a good; showing, uiYproduc; Y tun and. cost,control. aswejlas safety. :, wreck .a department's safely 'record. faster .than a demonstration Yby ; theYfOTipiKih that he is merely giving lip service to .the safe^!. >.. Develop, safety '. instructions fdr ' evtry program.' He, will :be '.;judged sunong hfa . ; . jab, The: hazards 'stem 'from the job and crew by the' attitude' he' displays' and - the they supervisor .or. foreman must he better actions he perforins ' rather Y than lfy ;trfiat . informed in anoVer-all way aboiit the jobs ''he says in 'safe^. -taDcs. : - - r m his, area than-ahytme-etetr Safqty- is not . .. an Yextra; aluxuiy; a-Yspedalty to. be .at-:. . This.. principle ,;.was.- iiiii^tratod , recency tended to after . eVerything .else; is. donC. It by the back, three deparfments of; opr-plant., is .an indispensable,part- of the good job. ' `This area is - loaded .with. all' types of. big . If aYsupervisor knows .everything.about, a ' turning and drilling machines running Cast': . job'; except its hazards and .'how ! to remove v iroa Obr problem berie .was mainly revolving ' them,:.his. knowledge, is incomplete and; ul` spindles. We knew from expedience, tl&tnngs. - . timately his . production ..will .suffer.. and wrist Watches; were .yery hazardou's ; . The foreman , must become as familiar around this tjpe.- o&-'juij*enfc'-'-?'.;Y->,''': . as be'cad with the /operating, characteristics . /The problem..was - kickied .- a round ,;;for: . of each nachjne in his area; how it can awhile .-and/finally ...our ' Safety ..Engineer,. be imprpved for 4afety; its peiuliarities of Jack! Ayres,*;came..up,.with;ftiie^^ idea to let : operation; how fatigue'-and monotbhycan supervision . set 'the, example.; All foirdnen': . be minimized in its .operation! Also,- the Wore . their; wrist ` watches, on thejr,' belts, . foreman ' should . have > P -good worldng and the rings came ciffi:We(l,..the.mdcedhttS Y,...'.-.. 'knowledge of all ;the jobs iw the. departs ^worked. It; wasn't. long .until every ,operator. . ment, sufficient: to. enable him to recognize *had taken , off his rjngs and wrist watchY. their- hazards, .whetherthey involve the Even / today there' is; no . enfbrcement nec- operation.of machines; 'the' use of tools, or. essary^t has beoi ; established as standard the'handling of materials. ' operating procedure' In thesame: way, the i foreman should Alutnras:.; The. first .violation -of a .safety know, the electrical,..Sire and bther hazards' rule may not cause a workei;; forbe hurt^ ' 22 .. ' .. WWWWWW'hn^,s liwi --.-I. `i..` .. !pdutfrial Sdfely SubjecrSeitidru< maybe. the 50th'pr fivp; thousandth;' condition :,Repeated;wIatio!&-bf :$ifety'riiles are less v cIiWy/tb ocenr ' in; the- pirsenceof.an ilert ; mustbe lived wlth,' teketitHe tlmetoexplain . 'ivwtfinfisprl':I)t'-'is': riot ..thei iriblations .cbn-, the Vprppw .'ahd.y^ ^^sdMisIy-:sem';-a^itihcprrectl-ithat^catise, _'underJ,thc: ' ;ftoublc;. soJ itnticli-"as"the^^ acts': seen; but not : .with > the (xm^ajiy's jafety;progran^-While' .. ;... '<^Xierto'ess^to^observe'physical conditions ^for-^i^t^-tinl-^^eiartiiknt^^heiiifjjwt- equally iniportaot- Thb reqiiired -^to-;.;<iS-ogyhtit' through v'alqrnrer-.- Trlrrc. supwwsbr-^ on the alert < "fe*i.y<.. e---n---g--in-- e- er,* cannot'* Jdo>. **t-h--e' * ffuorrei nminaunFfis ..--far defects that may devdpp irivritachlnes :`icfcfor Hm,.Ijtit..he.ihui.ii^Mt.-b^'filiwr V,'?oir structuresfor'1. bad -. ho'usdceeinngi fbr nal, prindple of; goodjsafe^r adtahastn&m r.i*r*:- fnr' fUj ;that the; safety-engineer acts, 'ut most '.. V':: of machines and;pn9cesscsi: fpr` every other* situations, in '.an''. advisory.- capadty.and . unsafe.cooditibh .that jhight breed'accidents. . does;eyeTj^mg.;poshle<to;m^ and v rjlnstruct. eadi; new employee. In., a large ; ijSOisIt' i.eyery;;; effortV- the leader, makes to; strengthen the supervisor's authority inhfa. own .department.. *: ... " ' ','prwnbte safety. fa -educational. 'X teaddng Safety' committees, inspection,' posters, jdi fa. required, when a hew man comes oh .bulletins;- suggestion systems mid-' safety.; ttt jiAi'How he fabroken in,' whathe U meetings' are'all devices -for nointainmg. taught about hb job and hb_suirqundmgs employee interest and for stxrimlating-thc win .greatly deteimine .the. elements ! of safety pnrain. A3 such, they are helpful' Mfety in hb'working life. Safety indoctri- to the foreman .in hb own- efforts tomaintain a-safe departmeht;: They art, - hi a. or; partially theresporisibility.of theim- sense,'-the:-'hx>b-. of,;the';Mfetyfiade.`:?''; ; 'mediate supervisdr, depending- upon com- Ail, you can . do is hope dat all these .. pany' procedure. Regardless, the !supervisor b ' the one who introduces; the. new worker things', which1" havenjentioned -willhelp. . . .to the job and gets him' started;off right . - it- may be said-that -if"themachine fa l.Have active.: support of . top management: .. "right" and the man's use of the machine . 2. .Maintain gbod employee relatiohs.::1 . b- made "right," safe, operation can be expected. 3. .Pevielop safety instyuctions 'for Cray job, ' ..There.; are several other ways to teach 4. ; Reguire,mid expect safe workmanship. .. safety- from month -to month day. Firs^ b a safety talk-at and "(day; 'tp least once a' -.. S. Sd.agp<3d;example,-.-, . month. .In. these! 'talks safety rules `are X Be kiert . stressed jahd acddents. reviewed; Thfai. there 7. :Teach safety;- ;v i, ? ... are what I call ."pointed" reminders, these 8. Promote, safety hjr (pdrsonal coidact:' '' are with utility men, striessing safety while > ' working, on equipment. These are almost 9. "' Woth;jiith the-company safety, program. ' daily; occurrences. .Next ; fa the "casual" or It hdps itp bake it a team eifort-Duscuss - safety reminder brought out in 'daily .con- .the problem with your: people. Let them . .versation with my people."1 Last: fa. the know that you, worfdng. together,'can pre>- . "rnddent". This covers, correction of ,'tm- ! ^ygnt the acddents that come when feelings safe mhs. or practides. found .m - daily work. get the upper hand over goo^|gdgment . Posonai amtact rnuty viso^s most powerful well be the superdevice for getting-' : -Together,Cyod' can tc&mg this-difficult go. a lohg^v^lqward prbhiem;: -. * ;J :~V '.! ` .' . his people' to work safely. The most mb Never has there beeri a safety device w a ; i.portaht of;all b individual contact--talking : safety' program, that- some human bdng to each person at. regular intervals,; as often could not disrupt or im^b.'.-TIie,'htmbn as.possible and. on a planned basis. .factor that bperates at.all. levels in industyy . Never.-.be too busy to listen .to what an ,b perhaps the most potent factor for sucr. f unsafe.' If possible, ' cess ipr -failure of a safety program.; The . mrice ah' attempt to .correct an unsafe president of a company who aw>roves ' hr ;:r~ t*\ ;* 'X- i965NaiionatSafely{Conoress ; "drags Ws^feet,? a short- cut Ke,.stood,on the forts'and wotf3;. hard-dr coasts: along, the foreman lifted; himself .on...the forks into^the alifi by:: '' who. ;emphasize .safety or.. subordinates it ' to-.producti^/the.janitor.; cieansfwell . and then ty; his foot' He obtained the parts V ij^orl'dotai ohlV. rthe: minimum-sail these lare_. .he- needed and dimproceeded to .puslrtbe important factdrs .to: safety- in thef cortipany.j'' d6ivn.'buftMHrith~thd;t^ Safety.: canfbe achievedonly. byworlong: is where'disaster .struck.-.:AsCDick bdd .Ip.;'. ---tWou^allthesep^le^In-eyery^araof--thet-main'lsiipportaotlriieJorki'rJt^m industry'.the, huhianfactor muat. be -dealt down pa.sttheperntanent mast of tbefjsidr*' : : ' ':-.-..J;.-'1...*V-'-jffii-i?--.:*: fv'Y- stairicer adid the end of DideVsecond finger; '-. Nq ohe wahts to get hurt;suflcra loss ,-.- wits' shearedrofF.-'-. C'ff .-'.f-f f'V. of Vincome; important-A-to 'them aiid their .'../you'/'-'all';,,!^^.' the hdptew feeling .of : .familievor b6somea statisticfin the1 Na- . wondering, 'where an - accident: will , strike '.'-V':.' tional- Safejy Council's redordsofifatalhies. . next. To: know you' have; not dotte; enough, Yd^.tIie''hutiian;:fad6rs\itiyolved' arc ,such . but still: not; khovring.-what diefyou .can do.- : thai'oiiiy f the:; most - aggressive; = birdadly- : What f will .it take.: t<5 erase ihe.fteriiMe . basal, around-the-clock:1 effort >; canbe. ac- "feeling: of.npt ' bang in ;f control , of the : ceptable- inthearea pf emjdoyec 'satety. .' problem?.' Ym haVefau fshared - these-'feet Company president or janitor, ea<A,hasaii.. .-ii^slatfhomefwrii :yourseltyvff-:-;^.f important- role to play In. making a safety " fThe'nc.xt-dayf'comes and you kiq findmg', f program Work.' Never hasthere hem a biittoris..' You . keep talking; You.V.lodk-fat '.: ' safety device, , whose effectfvaiesscquld ; your- accident record, and it reassures ytu'; -` not be cancelled by a careless human, bang. - that you are tm tbc^jrighf tiadc.f AH you. f ; Never a; safety program, that disinterested need.; to;,do is' reiww yoar .effdrto employees:,could' 'iwt: turn ` into.,.a 'complete. employees tell.yoii bf thar ;intaestVand de*... -; 'failure.. ' . ' 'sire; 'to: ntakef. ihis'V'a'-.`safe;/-good.-1 ifecefftof.; '.v- Here.is. an example .where;we failed.The `man's name is pick. yahSickle--530 years' old--excellent employee. We had found this work ,Thef sajTe- productive diW3.';go.,.by':'ahd.' f xwice again you're fighiing for a new-.recordf'- of-aeddmt free wpric. . . ;. - plan's button, and he was doing a' bang up : How . much cmpioyees'- care-rbow . wefl ; 'job.^His- normal /job, .assignment was a they jhave theif safefy self urterest .at heart f ,f V stock, chaser . for .oiir^;rKiial .AssembTy: De?. ,r~are the keys that , imlock the dodes . of f , partment One day .he was going about, his f any. industrial " plant that- considers . itsdf... job. He was- in'.the storage",area, and he a good safe (dace-to work. The only.people " _ spotted, some parts' that' he heeded oh the ' who can rturn ,those keys are you md'me.' ' " second frier, about lO ffedt - sjbove- the floor. A sincerely interted .-andfenlightened ftbp .'His normal reacrioif fothis' situation wddld- maragemcnt can put .'die keys in -our! hands. have been to. take his ;Fork Lift 'Jack But; .we .have to; .turn thsn.' After VweVe - . . Stacker, bring th.e load, down from its posi- . got. the doors - open---we -have' 'to.-, turn . oh .' j . tion, remove.. the;,parts he. wanted, ;and return the telance of the load to Its original things I have.'-just, outlined fdr'.yod'; - position. Buf tijistiriie.Dickdeddedto take., . 'This it our responsibility. : References . f .. `'Maintaining Interest In Safety".......'.V..Supervisbrs Safdy ifinual "How Successful.Is Your Accident.Prevention Motivation?";^j`..^EverettC;!Lndsey'. "Motivation". * ** * f #.*#'#,* * ******" **'*.## i J .Richard .O.'Peterson '''''.'.';."..'Safety.Trainingys.SafetyLearning.- : ,- ' 'Trainiiig-f-For Supervisors^...^y..".:ri'i'vi;--1-lit JBbsiisIca'..f "Employee Motivation"...'......V.i.......:......'.I^uis M. 7ht<! . "Mm & Motives in Safety Superyisioh"..;. .... .National Safety Ctemdl' ' "How A; Supervisor. Gan; Be Successful in Preventing Accidents". . .NatiohaI Safety (>dtmci( ' 24 " " V v:-?3iO;V' .' I i u OFFICERS OF THE AEROSPACE SECTION V NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 General Chairman--C. D. Attaway, Chief Safety Eng;, Thiokor Chemical Corp., Longhorn, Div., Marshall, Texas .. .. Vice, Chairman--H!J. Stone, .Chief Safety Eng., Lockheed Missiles & Space' Co., Safety Org. 27-12, Sunnyvale, Calif. 94088 * - Secretary-Treasurer--D. A. Frasier,. North American Aviation, Inc.,' El Segundo, Calif. - - Newsletter Editor--E_- Gawain Bonnes, . Chief Safety' Eng., General. Atomic Div.,, General ' : Dynamics Corp., San Diego, Calif. 92112 .' ' .. |" Associate Newsletter Editors--]. Gaical,- Safety Eng., Grumman Aircraft. Eng.-: Gorp, Beth- ( ' page, Long-Island, N. Y.; J, W. Gunn, Jr., Chemical Propulsion Information Agency, i' Johns Hopkins University, Silver Springs, Md. ' . 1 Senior Program Chairman--W.. G. Hayden, Mgr., Safety & Security; Thiokol Chemical . | ' Corp., Wasatch Div., Brigham City, Utah ; . J. Program Chairman (East)--]. C. Caldwell, Chief Safety Eng., Federal Aviation Agency, - 1- - -; ' Washington; D. C. .'. .- ' - V '' Program Chairman (West)--Raymond A: Norwood, Director of Safety, The.Boeing Co:, Seattle, Wash. 98124 '- ' Senior Education and Training Chairniati--*Fred Temple. Chief Safety Eng., Fort Worth Div., General Dynamics Corp., Fort'Worth, Texas 76101 . ' -/ Education and Training Chairman--C. V:.Carson,.Mgr. of Safety,-Trans World Airlines, Inc, Cocoa Beach, Fla:- ' . " , Senior Engineering Chairman--Howard P. Cutter, Safety Coordinator, Lockheed Missile ' Space-Co.,.Vandenberg AFB, Calif. . - ^Engineering Chairman (EastJI-tt-Terrence Lanican, Specialist,: Safety,'^neral EJe<^c-Co., :__ ^ '_j^ Apollo Support Dept., Daytona Beach, Fla. Engineering Chairman (South)--John M. Kanak, Safety-Officer, Manned Space.Center, - National Aeronatitics.& Space Administration, Houston, Texas 77058 ' . Engineering Chairman (Central)--]: R.`Crawford,.Section Mgr., -Safety Michoud Plant, . Space .Div., Chrysler Corp., New Orleans 26, La. Membership Chairman--J. M. Durham; Safety Director, Martin .Marietta Corp., New York, . , N. Y. 10017 . .. - - ` 35 Senior ' Industrial Hygiene Chmrnum--Haiuiy .-Donaldson, Mgr;, -Industrial Hygiene & Safety, .The Brush Beryllium Co.; Elmore, Ohio -. Industrial: Hygiene Chairman--~E. G, Troutman, Safety Supvr., Westinglrouse Electric Corp., Astronuclear Laboratory, Pittsburgh. Pa. 15236; W. C. Applegate, Chief, Health & Safety, The Boeing Co., Michoud, La. Statistics and Contest Chairman--G. M. Orihood, Asst Mgr., Safety Dept, AerojetGeneral. Corp.,.Sacramento, Calif.' . ~: 6ff-The Job Safety Chairman--R.- \V. Gofrr, Mgr. of. Safety, Bacchus Works, Hercules Ppwder Co., Magna, Utah ., '. Military Representative--Wtua/m C/ Sexton, Head, General- -Safety, Bureau of Naval Weapons, `Navy Dept, Washington 25, D; C. . '.- Long Range Planning C/iafrman--*John W. Garrison, Chief Safety -Eng., General Dy namics/CorrvairySan Diego,Calif."92112 Nominating Committee Chairman--*C. D. Attaway, Chief Safety.Eng., Thiokol' Chemical ' Corp., Longhorn, Div., Marshall, Texas ; 'John SV. Gakrison, Chief Safety Eng^ Geheral Dynamics/Convair. San Diego, Calif. 92112; H. J. Stone,.Chief Safety Eiig., Lock heed Missiles & Space Co., Safety Org. 27-12, Sunnyvale,-Calif. W088 ^ ; Advisory CoiNwiiZ/ee--*R, Wn.KlNS, Mgr.:, Labdr Relatiqns Autonetics, A Division of North American Aviation, .Inc., Anaheim, .Calif.; .-.^Robert. S:. Moore, Safety' Dir;; Grumman Aircraft Eng. Corp., Bethpage, Long Island, N.- Y:; *Fred R. Temple, Chief Safety Eng., General .Dynamics Corp., Fort'Worth, Div,, 'Fort Worth,-Texas 76101 ;*E. P. Marconi, Mgt, Safety Branch, ARO Inc,"-Arnold-'Air Force Station, Tenn.; *Frank W. Starr, Safety^-Eng., Douglas Aircraft Co.,Tn'c., Long Beach 8, Calif.;*L.YLE A.'Gates, Safety Eng., j)ouglas Aircraft. Co., Inc., Long Beach, Calif. 90801; *M. M. Clancy,-Dir, Safety & Insurance, Ryan Aeronautical,Ct>v Saii.Diego 12[ Calif,'; Kenneth L. Steb... bins. Dir. of. Safety, Lycoming- Div., AVCO Mfg, Corp.,. Stratford, Conn.; '*John D. Donohue, Supvr., Security & Safety, :Rohr Corp., Chula Vista, Calif..92012.; *Col W.' L; Tubbs (Ret), Laguna'Beach, Calif.; B.:j.. Wilke, Jr.,.Chief Safety Eng., Grumman . Aircraft Eng, Corp;, Bethpage,'Ltrng Island, N: Y.- ., Staff Representative--Ralph M. Riley, .National Safety' Council,1 425 N. Michigan 'Ave., Chicago; 111. 60611 - '. ` Past General Chairmen '.' ~ + AUTOMOTIVE AND MACHINE SHOP SECTION SAFE USE OF NUTS AND BOLTS \ 1 By F. E. GRAVES . ;. . Technical Director, Russell, BurdfaU & Ward Bolt &NutCo., Portfihestei/N. Y. W. ' There are .very few. appliance.1), assemblies,;, put in one with no mark, you can be pretty "'. or anything we use. ftom/day tor day which .. sure there: mil be the chance ' of -a' failure*., .'do not . depend upon, the safety; of:the huts and in some .'cases it could be a vety serious " and bolts , fastening them together, whether failure.--; :-' .; //they; .be washing, machines, autpiiipbiles, air- : - 'Other markings "yye are involved with^- . craft;orwhat have you. -There, is considerable :. this particular one shown, on-.the-slide;: is..; misconception about factors'of safety in the a- structural bolt markirig, : A-325, These are 'hse'of :fasteher's.|;' - .-f '.. V iriadev of iriediurri carbon /alloy.;- steel heat . \! One. of the-! very important things in .the . treated and have ari ultimate tensile strength ;/ srifeand proper use of threaded fasteners of 120,000 psi.;. The /new.; brills . covered .'in. is-to fccognizcwhat the jdentification mark- specification A-4901tave.an ultimate strength, ings mean. The' head '.markings .dtf -baveV of; 150,000 psi. These are designed for use .significance. If you see a bolt head-with ho., with structural steels,.aIthough they are used grade identification marking! it. means that _ for many things you;might!. run . into,' such basicallyitisanSAE Grade 2 or its ASTM * as.' crane-ways and other, types;of:construe- ; equivalent,.- It. has at the.-moment: a strength tion that'., are: not.necessarily, buildings '.or, rating of 69,000. psi. I. say; "at. the moment" bridges./ only bechuse fasteners of this classification , Agairi, .I cannot over-emphasize the im ; are in the process of being - upgraded - to portance of replacing in maintenance opera- 74,000 psi. - ' tions the correct bolt for the one taken out . ; A -head .markingj with- three radial lines There. is a case - history' .(there are; many,;' indicates, a'.strength-level of 120,000'psi ulii- but! one that.- I mil/ mention),! where a mate tensile in. the sizes . }4" through 34*.; dealer, in surplus rnaterial found that he The irrfportance of' this, of" .course,' is that-, could" sell a large number .of ,)4" xd*.-alloy - if 'you; run . into any maintenance "problem bolts., for"; aircraft ;mainteriarice- . He found where a bolt in a- piece of equipment. has that on the surplus market.:he could buy a . .to be replaced arid the . original: bolt head sizable .quantity at; 10^ 'on the $1.00, let us .marking-had three .radial lines, if you do- say, for these! J6* diameter bolts except that;! not recognize the 'significance of-Jthis mark; .tKey_were 4* Jang. Hq/purchased them and ing and install a-bolt with no .markings, you inasmuch' as it, was very . difficult. to; cut. will: not have the strength - level that' the them- off to 3", in the hardened -condition, design calls for.-,- he had - them annealed and then cut them A: marking .of six radial lines indicates a . off- to 3*. ;He supplied "than to - size .but ^ heatL treited_alloy _bolt__which has^anulti-. !jmfortimattIy..;ffi.dj;.npt';'ye;lieat:ittt:-:thein^. -mate-strength-of--fSO.OOO-psh--Again,--when ^hese-were-used-iri-a-Gtoyemment-aircraft-- the design'er chooses a.-nUt arid bolt he bases .' landing gear- and as -it' happens,.back when it on the. available strength level of the bolt.. President Kennedy was in office, one of the So it is easy to see that if he designs on - planes that he was' on had the landing gear the basis oT 'an SAE Grade 8 (equivalent fastened with -these bolts: and the .landing to an A-354 Grade' BD) he - is assuming " gear.; collapsed.1 There was- no serious acci- that any .bolt ' that ' is'; used will have .the -. derit - as .1 you1 -all know,. because - you didtft ` '-strength." level--upon--which--his - design -is -hear ' about it, but ..the landing gear did based, whether it be in shear. or tension. In collapse.; It .'was all -, traceable 46 someone replacement,' if the bolt " head marking is buying bolts, riot realizing, what- the:1 head not-'recognized arid someone should just.take markingsmeant, annealing them to-cut than I.a -bolt out Of a bin in the-! stock room and off and not re-heat treAtirig them..- .! WM  rJS&Ssssfojwt* 1965-National;Safely Congress :' '. - While;, thei-hcat treated .cap screwhasthe - v Ylie,smartest thing,to do, whenyourecord- -rthree'radial marks, thebright cap screw has .- mend something. is to recommend the higher ; ' no markrTheTmacliine bblt*1sjusf Shout- out?, strength fasteners -..to [show the additional of existence in our industry. There are a strength per dollar you get If'you are using few made but they are [not.;very popular, SAE Grade S, again [equivalent to ASTM ahd T think'reairy ybii should consider only . A-325, [ what. you get for your [dollar: is ' SAE-Grade 2, SAE Grade S or- SAE Grade greater clamping strength and this is really . 8,. and - their equivalents in the' ASTM. sped- ' what you are:'buying. You. arc not buying fications... A -' ' pounds. [The old concept -that; anything that la' a normal rigid joint, the bolt resists is bigger and. heavier is 'stronger [has: long '' the- design'; forceor.operating[ force' to pull gofie by the boards in our Industry and to -the- members-apart! The ; factor of safety-to.. many other industries; as 1 .am sure -you .'a casting,, forging, what: have you, is depend ' are all aware. At; any time' that you;- may ent; uponthe inherent strength of the mate- be requested or are interested to giving a rialand regardless of what that , factor of 'recommendation on . threaded ,-fasteners, I. tofetyfigure happens to.be (let ns toy .for .. . would suggest that' you do recommend the . example it happens to- be .4 to 1 whidi is higher strength: fasteners. . ['-- a -common figuire 'with ASME) ,'your think-. ."Here; is; another [example: We will, take - . tog Lvthat the inherent strength of; material' a 1 54" SAE Grade 2 bolt--it has; a'damptog', is' tbe only "thing , taken' , into; consideration ..force at proof Joad of 27,100 Ibs. Here wp 'and,, regardlessof liow you use-this, you- have'art-SAE Grade 5,. .bolt,- proof- load. . are-;going..f6 hayc;.a 4 to 1.factor.'of safety.. 28,400 lbs.-. It is 1,300 lbs- higher in its rating This .`is not true . with, a threaded fastener. of clamping force,' yet the lji* Grade' 2- . If you have .available, let us say, a clamping bolt-costs 277 per. cent as compared to the force'- of 20,000 lbs. based on the strength .Grade 5'at' 100 per cent. Now most peo* of ..fastener material, bjjt .you tighten the . pie looking at this l%" bolt would think t fastener to . develop only 5,000: lbs. of .clamp- * that this, definitely is. a touch stronger- ing force, the extra inherent strength of the. fastener, and .yet it isn't.' We can: go. even, fastener .is- doing you. no good' whatsoever, further' on this. with a Jfc* diameter , bolt, except' to resist shear. `hot-headed because it. is- a-practice ,to our . - If . excessive- external tension is exerted industry for many people. This has only a' upon.-a .bolted-joint, , the interface caij scpa-. proof load of 12,900 lbs. If we drop bade . rate: If it is a-gasketed joint that, when it to.a 54"; Grade 5, it; has-19,200 lbs. damping- : separates will allow .poisonous or. explosive . force ;. considerably more than the JS" Grade: vapors to escape; or if it will cause any 2, and yet the- Grade 2 costs 154 per mechanism to-fail; ami you--create a .damp cent over the H* Grade 5. I bring these ing.load of^only. 5,000 lbs., this is. theVonly examples up to point out the advisability to : strength' you have The 'fact that this, par- suggest, the use of the highest strength ' ticular bolt has the damping strength' of fasteners--take advantage of what we have 20,000 lbs., does not' give you that factor of learned to 'our industry in making bolts.. ;.- `safety.:.This-is one of themost misunder- / I have been talking basically of what we ' stood things in the use of fasteners-^yoii : call solid or rigid connections. Now consider cannoGbase your thinking completely on in a. gasketed [connrition in which the ftihe-' herent strength. You have to base "it . on tiohai. strength of thc :bolts;..i?_.too great if --methods-pf-tightening-and-what-you-accomr-; -they-are* tightehed-up-to their- proof-load:, -plish. with this fastener. We have had rnany : What we -have- is a bowing effect, of the ' rases where; people,experiencing-joint failure flange because.:the bqlts were [chunped too; . went to..larger or -stronger ' bolts and still tightly. This happens. to [be a case- history didn't solve the problem because they never 'on a; hermitically sealed Comprestortrade by; torqucd. the .bolts , to the load .- they were one. of the-tofgest; companies in [ our country. ; V supposed to; ;I am .sure.you 'cart realjze that . They, have; leakage andithappehed'to,be;- when you have a' joint where the interface*. handling a gas that was toxic[ .They tried to , should not open up' for safety reasons, it solve .the . problem by using-, larger,' and: doesn't.make any difference how. strong the stronger bolts:' and- this . resulted to. more . bolt , is' if-it isn't . .clamping:, with sufficient . bowing of the flange itself- and resulted in force. .." ;more. leakage..-We , were: tolled in on - the - LjJsasssaaswaawaM ' Automotive and Machine Shop Section ..problem and we eventually found out.that -by' 50 per rant in the. first example; and re-, the answer-Was (1) put'in a harder paiket dtwe it by oniy 161 per cent in the secood . so that you did not get that much com* example. -- - '. . :pressionand(2).to.tise slightly smaller bolts ' : In our.industry there is a sdbject onwhich ./.and .not.tightenlthem up as.much. I.bring thisU- - there are definitely two schools of thought, . case up to emphasize that when you have . This' .is the comparison between the appBra- problems .there is no /rule of thumb that tion ,-of-coarse threads and fine threads.,'! goes right ..across the board. Yoii. do have ' will . say. tint ten years ago the. automotive . to. analyze it We solved this case b/' rccbihr ' industry used about ;8Q per cent- fine threads. ..mending that they use .smaller holts,, space .Today the'situation.is exactly reversed and -them a. little closer and tighten them .cor- they ' use. 60 pier cent .: coarse threads. .1' rectly. ; -'r ' . /would; like to briefly: go - into toereasoos - One concept of bolting tliat .many. people.. for it.-The stress areas for.1 a Yi" bolt coarse .don't realize is that actually.a bolt installed . '.'thread 'is .1419 square inch,'Where a stand-' correctly:and tightened correctly basically ard fiim thread isr.1599 square'1 inch. If you acts ;as a spring. A' bolt should' nbt betight- calculate this mathematically you would imr ened beyond its proof losid if there, is'going mediately say that.-the-, fine thread -is. .the to be fatigue action presept.1 Instead;;: it -: bolt- to' use, as it- has the greater stress area; should be-kept .within its elastic, rangewhere !but'when. ;you. put. a hut on .tMs bdt and it ran. act like a spring. :In any steel mate- ; you tighten it up, what happens is'that: you /rial or any basic metallic..'material, there, is cannot .develop thefull strength in Ac stress a rule of thumb that applies./that it .will',. . area."With the coarse thread fastener,. nor- stretch 1/1000th of an inch for every 30,000 mallyif'you overtighten 'the' nut the- holt lbs. of -unit -stress per inch of grip length.. ./. will- fracture. With- .the- fine thread,.if you. What' this, means is that if you: are. bolting./ overtighten; normally what happens is that, iu connection and at the. interface'you.have' .the threads fail in progressive shear and you a condition where you might have had. scale have astripped connection. Unfortunately, -on the flanges,; or something, that/would: even if you are using a' torque wrench; it cau,se the. grip length to decrease very is-set to lack out at a certain pre-detenmned slightly cither: by scale dropping out or by torque load and it kicks-out when this torque compression of the flange material,' you re level is reached, but you don't know whether duce, the grip length. that, bolt is stripped or not .One automotive - There would be a reduction in clamping company hasput through a ruling thaj for force and' it .would be on a straight: per-, all critical connections in: their//vehicles, ceiitage basis.iof the overall clamping: force: -nothing shall be used except: coarse, threads- .in'-unit stress. In other words, if there, is for this very -reason. If,/ for some reason,, one inch of grip length you arc stretching the. wrench: is out of, adjustment and some that .bolt' 2/1000th of-an inch to,.'develop one overtightens the/ bolt, it breaks. This 60,000 . psi . unit stress. ' If in this. case, we becomes automatic ; inspection. If. toe bolt have 3 inches of grip then you are stretching. breaks it -is. removed and replaced with an .it 6/1000th of: an inch to develop-60,000 psi other one.: However, with &te . threads- toe unit stress. Now, if for-'one.reason or.an- wrench would kick oiit and the aritotriobile other, yop do redutc this grip" length: by; would go out' with a connection1 that was srale . falling out or,-by- indentation- of -the - /Stripped;, and jo/.one jvotild knbw^it until boltcdsurfaceryouTeduce'ifbylVlOOQthTOf- -itrfaijetL. ---r ;---- : . .'--r-r--' an inch,, the .clamping stress then drops One ;of the illustrations, we .try to use to down to 30,000 psi. in the case of the one ; put this point across is to draw up a hypo; inch grip length and' only. to '30,000 psi in / toetiral .thread which is much finer than the the. rase of the three inch-grip'length!1 So, - rtandard fine thread. Its stress area is ..1779. if there is a type of., connection where you square 'inch!. Therefore, if yon figure it, are haying trouble.in. maintaining tightness,.-, mathematically you would ray tins' is the which -happens generally where you have strongest bolt, but' if 'yon visualize what castings or structural shapes .that are <3c- ': will happen with a very shallow thread, you' Iivered from the 'steel mill rolled hot with ; know that if you put high stress on it this mill; .scale; by the dropping .out of/some .of1 thread1 is going1 to strip and you will' end the sraie -you reduce ' your clamping -stress up with a much-weaker connection.-I an 1 \ J965- National. Safely Cotigress '; . - bringing .this point; out because as people torque and not a minimum torque is wrong. --who :are-interested; in-safety, ypu-should -The maximum/wasonthereto'prevent-sofne-- not be misled by the fact'that the fine .thread : one .from; overtightening ahd'.' breaking or .fastener has" the.greater' stress. area.' It; is': stripping the screw. There , should also be a ^tn!7on^paperj~btit when: you "put'itintb: minimum. It is very easy 'to; undertighten, .-: 'practice you normally.don't get these, results:. if you arc not. careful,, and end up with a - ':I>m saying this because we as a company.- joint that fails. . ; .' make both-.and we couldn't care less what; .... Someone has asked:-if:1 there are any forms'; you orilen If someone orders coarse thread* of washers' that-indicate the axial' load on or fine' thread we; have Ameriran_standards the bolt The ansmr i; that there' are; They ,;and' Jnternational standards -fbr both, bat ' are, however, not speCifiedJn mty chde.'The ; we . know . that, when you .get . tip to high. Belleville washer - does not indicate-axial stroigth' levels' this;.greater stress area is stress. Iii England they . do. have, a washer ' misleading.': ; ; ' ' with small projectiotis on /the .hearing sur- '... If; we assume that- the average thread . face and if .the tensile stfess/is;at the proper.' stress is 100; per' cent, the thread; adjacent, level, they.-efaim you can use a feeler-gauge to the beating; surface where,.. the; highest / between the.washerand. the bolting surface : streSs _ occurs is l79 per cent an the coarse .- to find .oiit- if;the axial stress5is: sufficient thread, but it is 231 per- cent in' fine thread/ There are none; that are acceptedas a stand . This is what accounts for the progressive ard in-this country./ "/; . shear that occurs. The material has to be . Q. What effect on tfie tensile, strength"or stronger'to withstand the higher.'stress concentration. . ' I. would guess that 90 per cent of people, ."-if. they used a- jam nut,' would use it with the jam .niit on top of the standard hex nut' This is the way that seems, to be traditional and yet from a purely technical, point of .' . viejv, it'is incorrect. The idea of a jam nut, naturally, is- to prevent , the nut and bolt combination from loosening. When, you put the jam nut cm this, way all-you -are. really - doing is introducing* additionalfrictioridl re sistance at the interface .between the. jam. : niit and the standard nut. If you- reverse the position .you are also accomplishing this, but. ^ ^because .the standard hex nut is the1 stronger of the two. you are stretching the bolt thread --off--l.ead.-and .you are introducing not only .frictional resistance 'at the interface but also, /at the thread flank. -' . . V the holding power does a lock wasber/ have? ; A: Frankly, it. is pretty much nil. If you bring a bqlt and .nut combination Up to. its proper clamping load, -you- have- flattened' the .'lock washer out long before you; etfer reachthis load.. Normally, it will flatten out, unless it is a very special one,' at ' about'30 per. cent of the specified clamping load, and from that pomf on it becomes a- flat plate washer and .does no more than a hardened flat washer will do. I assume you are talk-: ing . now of the; split lock washer, I; will.; qualify rtiy/;answer;ni tfet'-withj sheet metal' work, in/using the stamped hardened washers, where- -you. don't - have . a. rigid /connection,' they do perform aservice but in the basically - rigid .joint,.a ,,spltt./lock.. washer'/does.-not. really. contribute anything to the strength of the, joint. : ' ; ;/. ; - 'I looked out of the window at the wing - Q. Is' there a recommendation to use of a plane and there.`was a stendled NAS' them dr nbt.to use. them in certain-area's, and ^nurnher 'for- tlievscrews thatr were 'used In" to use certain types of washers?- J- fastening -the. skin of the plane, and under- ' A. Well, the split .lock; washer 'is - used . : neath it, "Maximum torque' 20 inch-pounds." pretty much because1 of tradition. I have yet ; I think..-this is rather, typical, of people-tend-. .to see any tests which show that it prevents ingto. worry about overtightening. What'so - loosening of the bolt. Now, agajn I will '.' many people don't realize, and again it is make the .qualification of- the internal-exter all. tied back to the- safety ' aspect, if you', nal tooth-washers' for sheet metal; but if undertigjiteri' a. fastener - you-, will; have pre- you. are clamping- something solidly together, mature failure. A failureoccasioned either you' have to visualize-that by the-time; that', - by; a joint, looscmihg' and alfoiwdrig; toxic ma- ' washer.springs;apart.to.-that it can do any . terial to escape, or by causing a fastener to good, the copiicction-is-already, loose. go.intq fatigue if the clainping load-.exceeds ' . Q. Are."common: 'washers .used in high', the design Stress;. To me, listing a maximum strength joints? . t] . -i Automotive and Machine Shop Section- would never, use a common washer J. Do you: think--that the use of the /: ifrhigh7srraigUrreottnectionsrand"I"presuiiie r-toothed-washer will -tend-to -decrease ?--- -- you mean a non-heat treated .washer.. A flat/:, A. No, I- wouldn't say so. - Wehave an . .hardened washer is whatyotf should use.In . SAE subcommittee' at; the moment which - Is - fact, this is in the; specification of all striic- . involved in drawing up a- new}WMbw.-spech . - ttual joints using high strength steel bolts, ficatiori, and I;am sure they.' will include the. ; Q. Wbat specification? . ': - ' internal-external, tooth washer:. We all use'it. . .A. It is published in ASTM 'and in the Q. ' Is there an advantage in/the use of: a Research Council specs, which;are. put out - Phillips - head? , . v . -'. by.AISC arid .the lndustrinl l'nsieiicrs lnsti- . - A.'- flie: advantage, of a- Phillips -head as ' tuite,- /-'. " opposed to slot--there is a definite advan In the .type of connection you mention, it tage;/and-'also with;' the fiew/Pozidriy head. . - is very desirableto use a hardened washer. which , will be in the new A>A Standards.' /- If you tise an alloy holt arid the proper hut. This . is} a., development of Phillips /Inter with,it to bolt together relatively-soft mate-' national. The advantage is that -you: get . a: - rials, and' torque "correctly to develop full : higher driving torque without your driving ... damping' load, you . are going- to compress; bi.t camming out Pizidrjv has better driving the'material thatyouare bolting. You.: may } ' characteristics.' The -Phillips bit will work .- have" an; instantaneous load' at/ the levepyou with thePozidriv recess and both,of...these- .: desire,butfive minutes later you won't have : are better than the slot They;enable ybu. to it The.hardened,flat washer should' be used / develop a' higher..tightening torque.;/'. . - 'vrith your hlloy-bolts and nuts.-Unless, again,.' ... Q. Does , automotive design wheel bolt - - you are using the alloy bolt-strength as a . applications based on the bolts being tight-, : shear'. property. In this- case,' it isn't that : : cned to .close'to their proof load? ' important , ' . - };/ A.- No. This is a very good point They . - .Q/ What is the acceptabje'way of; holding / are /deliberately over-designed. - You know. : two/huts oh. a bolt. where the bolt is loosened. yourself- that, when you personally- torque up'periodicaily for/adjustmeht purposes? - i ' one to Where it squeaks, you figure it is A./Frankly, if I were going to design it,.. -.:tight';; Now,, if every./time a wheel was l would put oh a prevailing torque itSk nuL / changed on an automobile, .it was done , by a The use of the.; jam ntit is decreasing with qualified mechanic . with a torque 'wrencli, the use .of-, the prevailing: torque' lock nut, they probably would have three- bolts per A prevailing torque lode nut would- be a. wheel instead of five, or six, hut Auto - single nut that could have various configure;- ' motive recognizes that this is not' a-practical'-, tioiis,' It would.either have a plastic insert- approach, so they do over-design it, / . ior.a deliberately deformed thread that would- Q. Isn't the. number of' bolts per wheel -' Iprwent it from loosening. We as an industry .decreasing? ..- sell' many fewer jam nuts, than we ..'did, let's say, ten years ago: .. A. Well, this is the trend, Some years `Q. What is the' difference between a cap screw and a finished hex bolt? ago it was' six," then, it'went to five, and I am sure in some cases,. to four.. I haven't seen it myself but it could easily be that , /f. .The_latest^ASA Standard says "cap --screw--fmished--hex-boU.--That,s-'tIte Jatest-- -. terminology, so from that you .can neces- Q. Will you- explain again /why1 wheelbolt assemblies arc over-designed? . sarily determine that a finished Rex bolt and A.'-..They-- designed so that--let us,assume a cap screw are the. same: as far.' as the that there are five bolts-^-two. orthree- could : /ASA-U concerned; Cap screws were - orig come out'and there is still'enough strength inally developed:-for- use to. go. into'.tapped in thc: remaining , ones , to keep the wheel on. holes.' ' Their [length - tolerance is .:and ' was- / Now, if they designed so that it was-neces,. always /minus;'/ in other ' words, . nominal - sary to have five bolts -in. there. at. all /times, ' length -niinus the tolerance. Bplts \vere/al- and whoever changed a wheel did not have ways plus-^-iiominal length plus -the tolerance a good reliable means of tightening the bolts', so that they would - extend -through the. ntit you could end up with,a, wheel that came However, .what Evolved -was that they,both: ; off. :So they deliberately overdesigned it so ' - . . ended up basically with-the .same tolerances. that jhcre would'be a real safety factor. . J96S:National Safety. Congress Q. Can vw explain excessive wear in a- without knowing thg hardness of the mate- .- wheel, .bolt; connection ? rial of the wheel. rnh/.As;an. example, 1 got '- A. Well. now wHidi .wore away? The : material yon/were damping With ' the bolt- head or- the; bolt' head, itself? It; would be hard' tb imagine that the bolt head would some samples, from, a ciistonwr; to; test, the material that they, wwc bp|ting together and the hardness: was down hs low as 13 ' Rockwell B, although. ..their/specs !are up V wear;/''. . - ' ", ; " around. 55 .RodcWdl B. Whoever. stamped- - the-'rim .out must liaVe had albatch'.of.niate-; . v ' Q`. No, .the bolt-head, did not wear. The rial that., was' very : lowinhardiiess/this . bolt was on the : wh^ i in plKe where - the : could occur.*; In/answer.'. to your; questioii,rT;- - - mechanic had' left ; it.'. The material on the" couldn't say" now whether' it/was;theefault wheel itself. had worn away and eyentuajly. ofthel)oltingproce<furcornot,.butl.would ;m it came right out over the bolt. head. . guess; that therim' material mustltave been ;; A: This is a-difficult question:.to':answer- defective.-/.v;: J - ' - ' " i NEW SAFETY CONCEPTS ~ By F. J. DERY ^ SafetyDir., Industrial Safety Section, FordjMotor Co., Dearborn,-Mich. My contribution cannotproperly be; called: .include 'safety' contests with brief descrip . a; "New Safety Concept" '-Most concepts are tions, special safety shoes rales, campaigns, probably not- new anyway,- only. old "ideas/ and training programs. ; // ; . newly applied/-It.is-probably:as.old as the ` Typical of theideas included in our Quar history ' of mail, in. that -it '.is. simply the terly -Safety Review, under the category recording, of. ideas Of'people and the trans "Take Heed" was the -.following: -. mitting oftheseideas-to others. In .our case, the ideas are concentrated in the areaof safety. "Recently, a member of the Safety Unit, /during a. routine inspection of the Main tenance Repair,-Shop where a large portion ' On-a .quarterly basis at Ford Motor Com- of construction activity; is being done; ob- - pany, we. receive from our safety engineers,- served- an extremely .hazardous.; practice.. a report on Ml outstanding safety -activities Two welding carts were found with the1 that; have occurred in the previous three hoses attached to the gstges/with pressure months. We do not want routine informa . showing, on tliegages,-the-torch -attached tion .such aj bow many'safety permits'were to; the end of the hostss.and the; torches` ' issued or bow many slings were inspectcSt-; locked' in' the tool box. Which is mounted.: We irant only that information which would on the .cart Upon, finding- the condition. be of interest to onr oilice or of interest'to . and /recognizing the seriousness of this. ' other -.safety., personnel 'within: die Oompany.- - practice, the Safety. Unit immediately con?. When-rthis--informatiou/is^eceivedr^it^"isrr "facfcd'Maintenance .Management to correct- screened/arid -loosely categorized, into four; '- this unsafe/ practice. It was emphasized- 'subjects--Tal;Heei:.TWi*/AKead,'y-Sa'fety' ... that a; leak at the torch could result hi the- Pirimorion, and Informaticai/'/:/^:././^ ; tool box. being fiHed;with an explosiye gas,/ The "Take Heed" . items, are' those, that ,, arid a source of ignition, such as a welding . could occur at. any of our ' activities.' spark, of a lighted cigarette'could result. The "Think Ahead" are. those, safety'ideas that deriotes - long' range planning for considcratioo of' preventing accidents , that may occur, in the future. ' in a violent .explosion. All .personnel as^ signed to burning and .'welding operations. .were' ranstructed to make certain that the torches are disconnected before storing'1. them hr the tool box, and that any future - "Safety Promotion" reviews'work done, by violation of these unsafe practices/would " our safety personnel to promote safety. These result in'disciplinary action.";' -/-". - 10: -.///V J ' l.'JT.. 55T * Automotive arid Machine Shop-Section; Unless you were acquainted: with a - par- T~;If~Kwereroperating7in-ii^singIe^plant-com-... : ticular.mdd'ent from this,cause, there might, pany, I. would, consider developing this; tech-' be very little reason to think, about the haz- pique, involving the foreman. /as theindi ard of this. practice. 'It -is quite realistic. to vidualwho would be ^reporting; ideas '-.that assume,-, however;, that, a torch might .leak, hehadputintoefferttoelimiriateorreduce thatregulatbrs and.valyes.'bn:jylindeTs riiigh`t. riot be. closed:.tightly/ that/toolboxes might fill with a mixture', of explosive gases. ..The . inclusion rof; this. "Take ' Heed'' item; gave safety ideas. -Putting one .or.'two,ideas. from; all pi our. safety engineers the -opportunity eachfordnaninto;a"QuarterlySafetyRe- .-.- tor think-of. the potential hazard of this in-; vievv" and distributing-if to all-Ihe foremen, ddrat 'as will as. the. hazard of; confining i.might/prove, to; be ..very/gratifyirig.After ^anyxr-cq^nenitXdtritf'-ndg^t- leak; explosive ;. all, we'make thefqreman responsible: for: 'gases.:. ._ ... .; . . -.. thev'safety,-;of-.:.the /people;! in:- 'Ms.;activity-fr; :. why;shouldn't he be. looking/forother peo Among.'.the .'/`Think. Ahead", items ;is the ple's safety ideas and also be.willing to share,. comment.'/'Rembydl fhrin.;semlfdur.high; : his ideas with-others ? ; Y. V ' : ' ' ' ' . -speed grinders that were found -to exceed './WeJiave found, that the value of our .Feed safe/ maximum RPM." Another. was - as /Badc'Program lies in -ite; ability' to broaden . ;simple as'"this': ."It was' noted through injury ;: our safety'' people by'' sharing theconceri- studies'that.remployes performing operalions ;trated-`safety /experiences,and ideas- of . all. on^the underbody were lacerating their heads rdf: them.-'No one irian in a life time could, ,dn the sharp edgesof the underbcdy^'Bump lie; expected to have .more than a small per?. helniets were supplied, thus modifying /.the ;r ceriiage of the/ei etperiences-persdnally; Yet ; effect of a safety hazard." Since we have ' here' is an'' opportunity to learn' from them ' 20;Assembly Plants,; the benefit idf the study arid apply their lessons. made; at: this one plant was shared; By 19 An idea such as this is. only-of value if. others. it is put to work. ; NEW SAFETY CONCEPTS By J; G. CULLEN ' Safety. Supr., Engine & FoundrjiDiv., Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich. : The .objective- pf the Machine; Guard - . sliocked -by; deaths and ; injuries in, their, - Standard, is;, to ' outline the - fundamental [ plants;': instituted accident' prevention 'pror principles of. mechanical guarding and- es- grams.- For years, plants seldom communi ' tablish basic standards- , for - the .guidance , cated .among themselves. But the need for of machine -. tool, builders and departments ;; communication became evident: and. finally responsible for the guarding 'of machines expressed itself' in the formation of-the Na and. equipment within. our plants. tional Safety Council; While standardization 'At first, it-, may seem presumptuqtis to ;: was- not mentioned, this 'desire for. an say. that industrial safety and standardiza-. avenue for the exchange of views' for a tion. mean the samel .Suth.a statement can means: through which solutions to common: not hie- supported . in, .its, full implication. .11'. problems could be developed was in-effect is true, however, that. without. standardiza an expression of., a need for standards. . tion, industrial safety cannot reach Tts full'.- . /'Accident' prevention, however, predates . effectiveness. these activities. Its beginning is found in - These' two activities came to be bosoni jhe early factory' inspection legislation companions this- way.' Industrial accident'; passed by several state?. Massachusetts ; prevention existed years :before ;the National leading the way in the erifly .1890`s. Thotigli; .Safety COunci 1, Many industrial firms, not '.fully recognized,' standardization .wash fs^$5-$SSSS*-> 1965 National Safety Congress * the. underlying theme of. this early activity amination at a hospital finally-.disclosed that: : Standardization had'been practiced at the. - one of three pieces of the broken blade had . ; company and industry-wide level ais a mass- : ' been driven through the'man's , skull, leaving : ;- production tool for. -many ' years, .bat - its - behind a cut so-small that-the first aid nurse - significance in accident - prevention, was nut had merely covered -it with a band-aid. The '.' recognized until a few years; after.".; the: man died three hours-after- the accident . . ..- birth of the; National ' Safety. Council. ' The design .of -guards''must. -take into; The Council believed : that while it ^ could ; .consideration. the -'conditions.-' under -which- function effectively .in a leadership 'capacity, ' they will be used.-Guard dimensions :must : it was not organized to. conduct aprogram be adequate to.-:provide' the .needed; protec of standardization of proportions indicated. ; tion rand yet; be' suitable'Tor- handling by ` . !.. .. .It consulted ' the National - Bureau of Standards; which .called: a; conference, to dis- V one empl&yee; in ' most cases.' targe' guards.; ' . should pe : sectionalized ; or.ptpvided;.with. . -. cuss' establishment of .procedures ardijdng. safety. practices. . for stand-'' - access. panels. -or , doors ..for .'servicing of equipment. In guarding*the point, of'.itera tion, as on a press; the 'guard must `give .It was decided at this conference to 'study the desired protecticm to the) Operator with the suitability of standardization procedures out - reducing'; the .output of the' machine of the A.S.A. for.use in accident prevention. . and- withdut creatiiig/other adverse anidi- ; This resulted in an ' invitation to the A.S.A1 tions which . may! offset its ^effectiveness. to .recognize- its. membership! and use* its. ; procedures for. standardization in' the field ' of industrial safety. Methods of attaching gumds 'to machines. or. equipment must be suited to. the.-use of the guards- They must be substantial' and; National industrial safety . and . national permit easy .removalr'and ^replacement.-. ' -standardization in their broadest application . Mounting' should be permanent where no started from a recognized need for'uniform .' removal will be necessary. v. ' . . approaches to common problems. .. -. When establishing Machine Guard .Stand- . The Ford . Motor Company has long rec-, ards, we ' must also - keep in .mind .State: t^fljzed. the desirability of . having Manu- Codes and Regulations. A few .states like '. factoring Standards, that develop and keep ..' California, . New York. ..arid. Pennsylvania . '' pace with technological advances:' The Com- demand -that' any machine guard..have, state: : pany has benefited substantially by the "ap . approval before it is: used. ;Each of these plication of the numerous Manufacturing states' sets Up Its own. standards, sometimes., Standards developed under the Manufac- a . guard acceptable in one. is'not acceptable turing Staiidards Program. Many of - the in another. . savings and. advantages' : accruing to the -Part B, chapter. 2,. of-the IHindisiregula- company'as a result of the. Machine`Guard tions starts this way: ' ' Standards Program cannot be readily cal-, culated ' in dollars . and cents. It'.would 'be . difficult to accurately, evaluate. the dollar savings from reduced. Vendor negotiations,. .."The ' rules .shall ;, apply . to. all : -moving parts ;..of machinery, and. equipment; used in the mechanical , transmission of :power."' reduced design time, reduced machine and Part B, chapter 3, of-..the-. rules goes into equipment maintenance',' and greater em- the problem' of guarding points of operation -; ployee safety. of all lands of machines.. Like some .other We do know, however, that. many, accir state codes, the. rules detail the exact-type ; -dental deaths have been caused due., to the of guard to be used . for. any one of-a dozen absence of a guard; At the. 15th Air Force of operations. . .. '.... .! . Base, March .Field, California, a' saw op- The model code of; Safety': Regulations, . .. erator with 30 years experience on wood ' .'published by the International Labor Office, . .. working machinery sneered at the,idea thht United Nations Organization, notes that as circular saw blades could' break. "In ; all far' as practicable, 'the-point of operation my life," he said, "I've'never seen a jaw of. working machines shall, be .effectively ' blade break." This particular day, the guard guarded, 'In Indiana; Industrial Rule No. 6 was not on the circular saw that he was sets up a very reasonable, definition .of operating and the blade broke.-Xvray ex- machine guarding f unless - otherwise -ipe- 12 rCXrfKS.*a>r^ S Automotive .and Machine- Shop SeeAon ^'^xified^the^termTgiEirded'shall^meanr'tlial^ relations and accident /prevention: will ^.be-- 'J,',-.._1 theobject Is - so covered, fenced, or enclosed carried on only -:by those skilled in iuch. '- that accidental contact with the point -of activities. In- this hj^y'.teclmied. era,:-' '," V--danger is reasonably , remote... If your coni-' dustrial safety andstandardization riiust , - -pany operates in two or more states or .. go- hand hi .haHA/One'wffi^^^^ '' countries/ yduwill have -to familiarize' your-. pletely sure of maximum ^ safety unl^s -. self ' with a lot, of different regulations. ' personal opinion :is' set aside iii favor / of , j- - We all Tealize we are movingintohighly, codified .1 opinion' as '. expressed .. through _K technical eii/Activity will be on a high. standards. No one: will..be'abbs to. possess technical .plane. "Not technical necessarily in - ; the technical mformation necessary, to ".a " v the sense of - science and engineering (al- dependence .on persoijal opinion,. ^This makes , though they/too. will: move' forward to . codified . opinion,: expressed through;, stand- -'-greater heights thanever before) but such ards, a source of information rich in. exr - s ' activities/as :manag^ent,: education,'; human perience and knowledge. - / NEW SAFETY CONCEPTS " . ., By HARRY B. HEGGER SafetyEng, St Loniis Assembly Plaint, Ford M<rtor: Co^ Hazelwood, Mo. We criated more interest in the. safety program- at the St Louis; Plant by. getting, .our top management' active in: accident prevention."' . . - all members of tlie board that , the; purpose of the inquiry was' to-obtain information, : not for finding fault or ' attempting to place the blanie on any "particular inffividuaL - When I first set up the "Board of In- When I selected the .members .for the 'quiry" at. our plant, I had ;many reasons' in.. "Board of Inquiry," I. picked five, .members /mind : I wanted to create more interest in of management; the planning..and. engineer-' - the .spiralled "Iyory- Row," the top man in'g manager,; the production: manager, the agement of our plant I wanted to promote industrial relations -. manager, the plant phy more .interest' in the field of accident in- ; sician, and myself, the plant- safety engineer. vestigation by including our. -top manage I selected the planning . and engineering ; ment `I wanted, to get top - management manager because ;he is., responsible for the : interested in: accident -. prevention,:: not` only. process activities of our production - op- : when a "lost time" injury occuried, ..but . erations, -thei.eqinpmeht ,in our. plant; and . also when there was a near-miss or an ", the looting' necessary, for producing' auto- - unusual- incident.. Lwanted top.management mobiles. He. is' responsible for' the proven- . themSelyes to. conduct" the. investigation, to tive. maintenance of our plant facilities,..and find the cause of-the'accident,-and to make -.the perpetual. good housekeeping . that is a "decision of "What corrective' action' is ' very necessary. .He"- supervises the .industrial .necessary'to prevent, the recurroice of this engineering department: and' oversees ' the , acddent?" In case-of an injury, when' the .' methods improvement activities. The pur ' medical department : advises us that "the chasing department reports directly, to his employee is ready to rettim to work, top office,7 making./final approval . of all- equip management must decide when, where,' and. ment, tooling, supplies, and materials - that "how., we return the' man.to a full-time job, are' necessary for the operation at:the - St and not create a light-duty operation, for Louis/plant. This, man ij also responsible '-him. . V- ' -. - y .-. . .' for. all ; other . indirect labor j departments, When I. set' up. the' "Board of Inquiry," - the production control and traffic- depart-; `there .was one' rule that. I insisted oh fol ' 'marts.-, ." 'V; " -v'.V : - lowing.. These investigations : must be kept' . Nufnber- two ' member ' of. the board; the objective and factual. "Before '.the investi Production Manager is. responsible for- our gations began, it was made quite "clear to - five basic production departirtehtsr; the body. 13; '- -. '' ' ..j 1965.National Safety-Congress ' build' department, paint, trim, chassis and .! -' Nest, we. call upon; the foreman to give i; the pre-ffelivery department. ' \': yy us: a detailed description of the accident, : y ! ./' The third member of.-bur"board ' industrial relations .manager .who is is the respon-: y the He near-miss, or . the ioddent that occurred. tells us where-it happened, . exactly, how sable for. the personnel section,; labor rela- y it happened, , when it! happened, the agency, tions,p|ant security,' employee services, and ; involved, if . the employee performed . an the medical department back-bone, of the. safety, This man isprogram. He tlieap? . -unsafe act,' or if,* there. .was .an unsafe: condition present at the time of the acd- proves the safety policies, rales,- r^ulations . dent' Our plant physidan gives his profes- ' - that .'are .put into, effect He advises mah- y sional opinion of the extent 'of injury and : ' agement .and. the: union what: the company '. 'estimates .the extent: of disability. He' de policies are. and enforces them;... y. scribes the type of medical treatment that the injured will receive, surgery, . physical : The. fourth member of oiir. board is.'- the therapy. He also offers his opinion - on -how plant physician. He -supervises. the:' medical/; the individual will' co-operate, and respond . activities: of' our plant hospital. During .'oiir. to this treatment . production hours, we:have a. full-time doc-! ' toe. and'two'full-time registered nurses -on .- During the investigation, corrective ac- . ." duty.: In addition, to the general medical !. tion is work'ed .out in a "round table" dis 7 record of each employee, , we maintain cussion. All members .ofythe; board, must. . daily' records of. minor and serious injuries agree bn. the .corrective action that- is to be that are reported to . our plant hospital. . y taken.'. Using ohr five-step procedure,: we agree on one of the following; Remove, the I indude myself' as a. member of this hazard, guard - the hazard, change the.op-, . board.. I am responsible for the . safety : eratiori, protect the. employee. If'it is iiri-y program. at oiir' plant. I inspect and approve. . possible to take any one of these steps,' 'all new-equipment, and tooling'that is. pur- /. our only, alternative is to warn, the tin-. .. - chased and: installed. I am.;responsible, for. jrfbyec that the hazard is there; This auto-, ; the hygiene facilities . in - our plant, the matically becomes. the responsibility, of the ventilation, lighting, , lead control, noise con foreman to have daily communications trol, -protective - equipment; 'and ' protective with his employee. ...... clothing. I am responsiple for the daily, weekly, and monthly inspections- of the We .conclude our investigation with, the building, eqiripmait, arid tooling at the "Board of. Inquiry" by discussing the re? plant. I. promote' our' program throtigh the habilitation action that, is tq.be taken. How ;' pbnt newspaper, letters .to management, arid when do we return- this' employee to': daily , contact with the. line supervision, work on a full-time job. No doubt, there, posters, and Safety grams. - ' y . wilh'bc medical restrictions when this tm-' When a disabling injury! o<xur5,.-anearmissor an .unusual incident happens in' a particular department, the.; manager, his - superintendent, general foreman' and his .ployee returns-to work, and we cannot . create a Iightrduty job that will satisfy his restrictions! Fortunately," we', do have -fully tithe operations, such bench and repair " ""foreman are - invited" to "participate in . the r- operations !in: our trim^department that -we:' y investigation ;V they automatically;' become can assign, for this rehabilitation period. . members of. the "Board of Inquiry;" ;' Again, the members .of the board. must all When a disabling injury! occurs, the , .'agree on when arid where we are to'place ' "Board of Inquiry" is.called into session. . this employee when he returns to work. .'... The'; manager . of-- the industrial - relations y In conclusion of this investigation, we'" v department Opens -the investigation by/iden have learned what caused the accident and tifying the injured,-giving`his name, da'ssi- we have agreed loi the necessary corrective. .... ffcation.and any other personnel information .- action to be taken. We publish the facts, * that may be-of value during our -investiga- our findings, the'agreements," to all levels y tion. If the case , is . not an injuiy, the of management The publicity, value of this ; . industrial relations manager describes the "Inquiry? is showing that'top management . incident, elaborating! on the possibility-; of is interested enough to take time out to ! serious injury. 7 investigate the cause of the accident. It Automotive and Mdchine'Shop Section draws much nettled attention to accident . .. Our satety pcrfor^naiice for the past five prevention bykccpingmanagcmcnt inter- years sliows a definitc continued improvc- est'c'd and active- irr tliesafety program. - - inent in frcquency rating from-a 443.in.; hi; the .past'five .years, .1, have' kept' man- . 1961. tp a-31 .for 1965. Our .serions injury agement informed; on' .otir. safety perform- .... j^fonhance^ sltow?. a:.tremendous improve- ance ..through various programs. -The'{bury.":'&!%*' ?n,- experienced _90 serious m- programs that-have been/the most successr . Junes{per. .milium,hours worked compared ful are:~The Serious-Injuryjnflex.liiie to. .21-. serious ^lnjunesper million hours supervisors : giving- five-minute talks to ' worked in .1965.;.: , . : ... . their.empIoyccj5.each.day,fiye.minute talks.1.:Keep your, top management interested-in at the plant manager's weekly cost incet-r." the safety program^ >and: keep them.active ings, and'the."Board Of Inquiry." ' .in the program: - NEW SAFETY CONCEPTS Applicafion ofthe Ford Motor Company's --A;.- By thomas L. KOPKE . Div. Safety Engr., General Parts Div^ Ford Motor Co.,-Ypsilanti; Mich.' . A basic requirement . in any safety pro salary 'employees -.'at; six' plant locations in gram is the need for information that : Michigan -/arid Ohio. ;Wey are/engaged in measures the effectiveness or. ineffectiveness., the manufacture Of a -wide variety of auto of the various areas of. the program. To motive. parts,- liartlyfare, and accessories.. he truly effective this measure must remain : Four years ago; action was taken' on a sensitive to' changes as -they arc made, ft- , corporate-wide- ;basis:to develop a more: ac -should lie able to . reflect the improvement: curate barometer to. -measure the frequency 'that-'..'resulted from the newly, installed ma of accidents that .would " encompass more terial . handling devices, the. change in . the. , ..than the -disabling injuries as ;dcfined. by! the style, of , gloves in a .troublesome depart--' Zrl6.i standard, f v ` ... .. - ment. or life-- effectiveness: of last, month's It vw'e were to .ireview the 1964 '.work safety' poster . contest -/./ : injury; experience of. the Ford Motor Cdrii- Wc arc.all aware.o.f Z16.1,- the American pany,. we would find- that the company had Standard Method of. Recording and Mcasr -, a frequency .ratehof .81 disabling injuries tiring Work Injury Experience. Much has - per'. million. manhours, .worked: Our general licen written .in '. various safety periodicals, parts division had'a .frequency rate of. .44: - frota time . to - fimer, cm- the merits-of./-this;. . for-the satae period.... ., . - . \ ;.. standard.' There. are many proponents who -It. is readily apparent tliat after disabling advocate the use' of. the frequency of dix- injuries .'company-wide ' Have . been reduced flfi/inp ..injuries pS tbe sole measiirement. of ' to Jess than one . evep- ;one arid a quarter the-effectiveheis':'of;.our: safety effort's. A - million manhours-,/or within -a single divi- smaller, though equally vocal,' group would: : sioii: to one every.- two and. a quarter million - use. only the:severity rate for this purpose.. . manhours,-the application- of Z16.1 - statistics It is well', recognized, by' both groups, is relatively insensitive'to min6'r changes however, 'that the'greater; .the: reduction in. in the program. . . cither'of, these' statistics'-the less sensitive, In '.cooperation , with the "medical activity, 'it. becomes;.:as' a tool . for the .measurement arid, after . a- period.,of tripl application, a of the affect, good or. fad, of adjustments': criteria for; the classification of serious in in our program. ' /. , ' ' ' ' juries; has .been ."developed. Classification- rof Chir division (if the Fond Motor Co.; /injuries is left'Tin..the:hands of;the plant- employs approximately ,17,000 hourly anil! -.physician.. Injuries .-'to.- be: measured must be 1965 National Safely Congress. \ delermmcdtobcb<^paUorarinorigm,:uid suji?rvisor of flic employee tliat thcriricidcht :4 : the defmition f6r;each classification ha3 beeh - is considered . a -serious : irijury,, we /have ; deliberately, restricted to only -riie t more : found.1 that, requiring the supervisor to check serious 'of the noh-disabling types, toassure 'the - boxes under the. accident type, unsafe that ;1he . seeking.1 of medical; treatment by. : act, unsafe personal, factor, unsafe meduui- . the /employees will not in any way be dis ical or physical condition, ; andthestatus couraged as the result of this ^program.- ` of. the-, corrective; action, has improved -.the ` - Without, goibg^into ' the eiact. 'definitions, our serious''injuries are broken down into the following types: quality of. his.1 investigation ' and -reporting - of the incident on the required "Supervisor's ; Investigation of 'Injury.?. . yv ' - ' , -A--Abrasions B--Burns** C--Contusions E--Eye, Cases F--Fractures . . When filed in' the varioiis offices;;the-four. .. parts . of.. the completed -"Supegvisbr's In-. , ' vestigationof Injury" comprises the de- : tailed,., record/' of. the incident available /for -. . future .-reference .in the event of medical, or competition ^implications..7 Also included are: ' The- original S'xS*. card,..with .its; acd-,- v;; If--(certain .Ear .Cases dent brief.rentainsas burworkingreport. -. -L--Lacerations . . . for- use- in. statistical - analysis. Depending , .; . 'P-r-PunctureWounds' .upon the. inforriiation.;-.contained in,.the: su- `. . O--Certain Occupational. . ' pervisdris reports' and die .exact nature' of . ' ' . Diseases . / ' v. the . injuiy,': orir" safety- engineers', - trill; on' . To aid" in. the further, statistical classifi- occasionValSci conduct an investigation of : cation and analysis of these serious'injuries; . the'; serious -injury/-arid y recommend- addi : . \ the part of. the., bbdy.. involved, where appii-. tional-corrective action. . . 'table, is also recorded. Six .broad areas of Plastic tabs are .pos.itioaed- in coded - the body, are used--namely: squares across the top of the card- tb iden- '' ' 1--Head- ' tify the type,of injury and the part of the ; /: - 2--Hand ' ` .'' - 3--Arm " body involved!- . . : When the accident: brief cards, are-filed .- ' '. v. 4-^-Body . : ' in a box on the.fop of his desk, the safety' 7. . . ': 5-^-Lcg - . ; ..' . engineer has at his finger tips a reference : - . 6-rFoot of his. serious injury.experience. At a glance " ;/ 7;;-.7 >'. '. . '. 7 ., . ;. . , As .stated, earlier, .the. general parts divtV sion, in 1964, had a frequency rate of .44 as; the rcsult of l2 disabling injurie's. Dur-- irigthesame calendar pcriod, 668 serioiis injuries were recorded; Computed in - the same manner as the frequency rate,-We liad: - :. he. cari see the type of. injury, or the part of the body that may be .involved .in any'sudden,- build up of / injuries: For. example, ' by. pulling '.'all . the/number.-6, tab" cards;, lie: has, a - record - of ail -cases involving foot . injuries.; A ' review of --the.' accident briefs.' iiermitS/the 'safcty engineer^to quickly dc- / ' ;J V- rT. '-- ' 7.7 . 4. - ' a frequency, of-serious, injuries, or as .we* -^callLtheJstatistic. a" serious -injury index: of .' 24.55 serious injuries per million maplioiirs ;.wbfked.V;' 7'';. -;/., . ; ' tcrmirte aiiy .patterns, conditions, or areas , of the plant or. safety program' that require i corrective action- or stimulation. .' ; . . In this- " plant, substantial -'.progress lias . . - . -This perinitted ,us-to thoroughly investi-v . been made in reducing the number of frac- gate, take corrective- action;;: arid, measure tures and . contusions, As can be seen by - ./ - - - -. - the effectiveness of .our program on'.ap- . the tabs mi the .rards/in oiir box, the major. . . /. proximately 56. times the number of* inci . /problem: area -remaining involves "minor dents .than would, have been, possible with' , lacerations to .the hands. , the application of only the Z-16.1. standard, Map. pins may . be positioned on a layout . After^a serious' injury' occurs and .is of the plant -to pinpoint the location of treated, information relative to the incident1 serious, injuries. -This giviM the safety engi . is'transferred from. the: medical-.records: to neer vital information/at a-; glance;..'Concen-- " a serious- injury investigation report-In trations -of. injuries become; apparent.. and '. `addition to serving, as/a notification .'to' the. show the, safety engineer, where- he .most. '- : -7 46 * - --' - - ; ' V ;. : ti slutoina'twc and Machine Shop Section :I. .$ . - effectively' can'.devotc his time on the floor - .down by the day of the week and by the. - .-to correct the unsafe practices or condi shift on which, they .occurred also gave us tions that may ultimately result in a dis- / valuable information to relay to 'our-super : abling injuty.;,- -.- ' :-r visors.' 92. .serious irij uries occurred on the - In tfie .office, the layout can be used in 1st. or- midnight shift, '280 on .the .2nd or conversations with members of/supervision day shift, and. 296 on ..the 3rd or. afternoon .in reviewing the serious, injury 'experience : Shift In comparing, the percentage of total v" of their area of .responsibility on; the: floor- injuries 'per', shift :and ` the percentage: of- " of-the plant In the conference.room,-.it can- '' tual.'hourly employment vpeir/shift, -we .find, be utilizedasa training' aid in the/periodic -/that 54/5 per cent of; the employees, worked . sessions devoted'; to safety and work injury days, arid these employees accounted 'for experience attended hy air 'line ahd staff - only ' 4.1.9/-per ; centof'-the.-injuries,./while : v supervision, in the plant' . ' ' the afternoon shift had 44.3 per cent of the : -i . -During 1965,. the location of serfousinjuries involving maintenance personnel. are. ;. heing spotted with blue pins. Injuries to' all "olher.emplbyeesare being designated by pins.. We are- analyzing.;these.statistics retod:;;v determine if''there:.is any;,correlation: be tween the location of high concentrations serious- injuries .with only: 34.7 ;per cent of the employment This reflects the increased employment throughout the division in 1964 that ' resulted in'the new. or - low / seniority, employes working afternoons/ Additional attention " was devoted to the indoctrination and .training of these employees. - ... / ` / of ihjuries to production-employees and the Each shift experienced their highest total serious injuries being experienced by.'die. of injuries for the week on Mondays, It . , ntaiiitoiance:' peiionhel.^iiinassedv.tc^ether, would- appear that our einployees do riot the serious injuries 'also, provide statistics come ba,ck to us after a weekend off; rested on which action .can be taken, ; - and'. ready for work, but rather fatigued About 60 per cent of: oui- -serious-injuries ; involved the employees' - hands arid arms. A breakdown of our disabling, injuries would from weekend/ trips, to visit' aunt Suzy or. their favorite fishing site and therefore arc-, more prone to' be irijured.. . reveal almost this same percentage' of. in- . Our supervisors were/ requested - to be . volijemcnt of the hands and arms of our more alert to the unsafe practices of their ;' employees.,- By taking corrective-action to employees on Mondays,, to include in their ; protect the- exposed- parts-of the .body; and . five minute, safety- talks references- to week- , through; the / hjorc. effective- guarding' of end safety and. the need to be alert "to points of. operation,' and -through material accident situations-at' all: times. Finally,, wc ' . handling, method/improvements',/we will rc- changed the timing of the safety talks, so- duce the - potential for . a -repeat incident - that more were given on.Mondays, not only; resulting in a' disabling-.injury. We. were to bring safety* messages lo-the employee even concerned with the .smallest statistic when they are most .nerided, but also to give . of 3.8 per cent. eye . cases,-since'our plants the employee, an .additional short break on . all have 100 per cent eye protection pro^ the job while safety. is. being /discussed. : . grams in. the'manufacturing areas; Increased Application of these serious injury sta- / - . emphasis was. given to the 'enforcement. of u tistics has been of great value. We feel we the rules governing this program. . Rave.-' taken corrective action that has. re- : - We also.. concentrated/ on the fractures . duced our potential; for disabling injuries. - and contusions. When we' strike against, are. Even oiir serious injury index, has reflected ' ; . struck by; qr. are pinched, in an ' object or . an improvement from, year to year. Our . piece of equipment hard enough to cause ' index, has', dropped from 31 serious injuries .a serious injury,' we perhaps-..wtre only a per million manhours; worked, in", 1963,. to fraction of an inch or a few foot pounds 25 last year, and it has been reduced" still /of'energy away from an amputation or a further to 19 thus far in-1965. . , disabling injury. Our'1.965. experience shows .It has paid off in safety/citations earned. ; a reduction in these; areas. We: attribute' by approximately 21 per cent of our super it' directly to the corrective action taken as visors whose-, einplbyees. worked' the entire - ' a fcsult of this'program. . * - caleridaryyear of 1964 without .exjicriencingV These same 668 serious .injuries 'broken- -ii serious injury./ ' " // : //v;'//-. \V 1965 Natumul Safety Omgress It' has resulted in' some of 'burr individual of the effectiveness of our safety, program, plants establishing new plant > records for, . and hope' that in; the. future we will' have manhours worked without a' disabling; in- ' controlled our .serious' injuries to the point jury, and still; others established new rec 'that at some future session of the . Auto-.. ords for their respective industries. We are. motive; and Machine Shop Section we. wifi satisfied for .the present that we have de v be-.'.discussing an even :fincr method of veloped a . valuable tool in the measurement : evaluating our safety; performance. ... ; {A skif about coininunication in thesafetyprogram) By C. IX BRAINERD, J. B: HYNES, J- R. STONE ___ , '"Kach scene in -this -skit' will' point out- one' .I'am, sure that; one not familiar with the of- the problems' in communication' liiat.con- dog sheet: -system: would be vat. ay loss V to., frouts a foreman in "dealing; with his rnen. fully"-understand.the ground rulesfor the;. In all five scenes' the foreman involved .is use of : this instrument. ; I'll . run through- bn the": graveyard shift- He; comes 1o; .work these : rules for yoh :sb you; will better , tin-. . 10:00 P.M;, and' his job istoelean up: all" derstand' ..the ..-delicacy. - of- tlie .relationship : tlicmistakes. made' on the' other 'two shifts,; . between'the'parties.-involved.' / so' they can start out with a clean'.slate, tlie next day and goof things up all over again. He. goes.'home at 7:30 A.M. aml' vcry' seldom secs, the superintendent, whovery'; seldom makes a show until about 8 :15, so it is.; easy : to; see: that; communication ; between, .these .: two individuals could:, be"; a; 1. Don't, put 'down anything- you might want'to take back later.' ' 2. Refrain from being specific; broad ' hints are close dioughl Let 'em .figure -.it out themselves. ' . 3. i Do not volunteer to. do anything for problem. : :. ; , ' . ' .- i another shift; let them cover-up their. To relieve this situation the superintend-' ;;; '. own mistakes. . - .' ciit came up with a great idea,. a.'log;slieet-; ;' .4. Do -not explain, in detail; keep it foggy . The; log: sheet was: intended jto-: bridge the and beat around the bush, until you gap; between sliifts 'and nttke the running - -V: really.know the anglei .... - ". of -th? plant.' a siriooth. continiiqus. trbuhle- ' 5. Watch out -for traps set -by smart frec operatioh. The jdea was'.'to .write on; ' alecks" on the 'other sliiftS "You" can't the.dog slieet anything you: wanted.to pass be too careful. on to'the next shift. or anything you wanted 6.'. Don't, wril'c plain; smudge it a little. them to pass' lack' to youl. Get it . down; in - .- . A - soft vdull pencil js best for -, this black anti white; tfrai Was. the-.'idea. purpose.. .You can erase, too, when you' There, were -seyeral things wrong, with ` cliange. your mind. .. - - the idea, but since the superintendent : liad\ conjc up with it.'nobody, pointed;them, out 7. Do not wash hands before-writing.-..! to inm.' When the,superintendent- conies tip; .8.' Mover- leave sheet '-where'- it- is easy; with an idea, you 'didn't make browhie points. , -.- to find, make them limit for it. . ' : telling him he's got; rocks; in his. head, even " .These. are; die-.general;'rules relative.-.to-; tlie'. though this' fact is obvious. You learn to ; log sheet; 'and these rules 'are followed the. roll with the punches in the log slieet.idea, . world oyer wherever.thi.-iiorm of conimuni- because this', thing works both ways. You . cation is used..-. V. ` ' . have your tiay in . court when you. 'ehter - Our 'foreman , has learned to operate his your - notations for the next shift. ..You-can department, not according to-!the log sheet,; confuse them just as much as ;they- confuse but,' rather in spite of; the log sheet. He you. - "- - ' ' ' < ' : usually takes; a quick glance at the - sheet 18 Automotive and Machine Shop .Section when be comes in at night, separates the item. This whole place would have come to wheat, from the chaff., and then goes on a; grinding halt if this was pat off too long. about Jus' business. ;Ht, is. ait -etpeil at ihis "You owe-the flower fund $2J)0." Isn't that.. screening process' and being a strong: ad- a big deal. I know I owe the flower fund vocate. of the theory -that every- week .is; $2.00. but . how am I going to pay up? I "be Idiid to your ulcers" . wedc, .lje always suppose I should get up. in the middle of comes up with: about 90 perl cent krud. . .tlie afternoon and. come .in: here to" pay the In all phases of business. -includiiig the :' ^-P0...in.,a pig's, vestabule-.l^t 'em, sue.me., safety program, communication is imjieraf ^ey can drop dead before I send em any tivc; to',inmlcmeritafi6n;vbut' "ForVcryin^ out . flowers. . By golly, that s .the, way. it works loud,"says; our foreman, ."is this log sheet at tliat.. Guess I.II have, to pay,up, ......... really, necessary?"..: ~ . The second item- says, "Mount new tires Let's takea vlook. nT thisproblem from on new wheels pri receiving dock.". That where he stands. Let's gctthisright.from - makes .a little more, sense. We: need those the Horse's: mouiii.' Here Ms the first sceric. tires and wheels. Ordercd thMn oycr two "The Log Slicet." .... months ago. (Enter foreman-- tealks to desk ^ .starts:. (Goes to phone--dials-, number) (Fred on- searching for-log sheet:).: . ' steers from receiving dock). (To. audience) . ' Fred: Receiving dock. Don: 'niis 'guy on the other, shift is.a. slob,: ' Doit:. WIio's speaking? .Just 'Idbk ,at this desk.' All this junk. He's Fraf: This is Fred. ' just.like.a pack rat; bripgs everything.hack.. to his desk and. drops it. I can dig down. through this'' junk layer by layer, and tell - every inq.ve:he's made all day.. . j' I wonder, what. the heck he did with tliat. log sheet, : 11 lookj' to me -' like' he could .: Don:: Fred,- this.: is Don Brainerd. Do - you-. liave some whcels and tires down . there-: for me? Fred: Yes, we got-'em.' Don: That's good. Maybe:tilings aren't-all cooperate. We agreed, to leave the.log -on ' straffed upaftef all.' top. of tliis deslc, : but there., isn't. room for : Fred: What was that? ' it with alb this-other junk. Don: Tliat was just -.a little private . joke (Fecks tip'a Handful ' btf papers and goes to of 'mine. : . . eeaite cihif-noiices clip board and log sheet Fred:J. didn't get the punch line, Don. - in - can--rcmoiCs same and goes back ' to ' Don; Forget iL'Is Sam-Johnson out there? - desk.) '' - . ' .; Fred:. .He's here. .Xow l wonder; why. he'.'did tlrat. 'Threw. ; the log sheet'in' the .waste, can- and left ajl,. .Don: Send liim in here, will you. tltat. junk pntliedeskMaybchehad the.. Fred: Hey,; Sam, the boss wants you; intention to clean dff thc desk and got 'his ;'. (Hangs, up pltone)'.. . .' ' . ' wires .CTossed, What I .should do is toss the Don: Weil, I'm off to a good start, So: far damned thing back in the; can, and let him things check but 100 pef-.cent, and-let pic . answer to . the super I wouldn't know .what tell .you something, that's a double eagle on he. wanted, Jnc.to do. to hail. 'him', out . and . this epurse. The ;bthef night; tliat down had . then .he would catch'hell from-the superi,'.'- me looking . all/ over for the pick-up truck. Wait a rninule,: old bpy. Don't faH for a : The silly ; pot lickcr drove it home.' Here 1 booby trap . like ...that !;He would swear he am looking all. over and callin' the cops and cleaned.- off the. desk arid .left the. log. sheet'' everything, and all the time the damned there, right in plain sight. Thai. you . Iqiow truck,is parked in his driveway.. ' , '' who would get' the `shaft--your uncle Dud ley.- I may not be too smart,'.but I'm sure not .stupid. I'll-just play -it cool and ignore - He liad .left his; car. in the parking lot and drove the pick-up home. He didn't know his mistake till he' and bis' old lady. Started this little shafianagari..' - .to the movies.' She said,. "I'm riot Tidin' in . Let's see what little gems I have', tonight. no pick-up to no movie." He- had to; come ' Boy,-this is sure a hot one. I am pertainly over after his' car, and the1 cops nailed him - ' loppy he got this one; on the log as the first : before lie had goiie 2 blocks.' 1 -' let him 19 1965. National Safety Congress sweat for awhile. Told the cops 1 never saw (Sam tries to .assemble wheel and- tire and him before in-my, life. They .were all set to : wheel goes right through.) haul him in. when I told vem' different, The. Sam: Like- I said, them wheels is too ' cops' didn't think.it was too-funny, .-but they -' small. . . ; ,,' . were: good eggs and told us to quit: acting like a couple of teem-agere. - . Don) Somebody; goofed.' . I wonder where that Sam Johnson. is. . Sam: Who? . ..... (Enter Sam. Johnson)i ''; ... Don: I don't know.for sure, but I'm cer tain I'll be-asked jdiat:qucstion. Pon.-Whereyoubcen, Speedy? ' V. . . Sam: -That's near for sure. . Sam: 1 was'out there lookin' at those; tires, and.whecls. WIjat tli'ey for?. Ooii.-'Letmc look at .tliat.log .shcetlt must have been in July. ; . ." Don: They'lafe for tliis winter. Snow tires and'; extfa'.wlieels; fof ffie trucks. We put . the' tires' .on the ; wheels and '... leayej them' --.YFrantically goes through on clip board.): /... .old ' sheets.'still, mounted. .Thcii. iii; the fall. ami spring, all .Sam: Can't'you hnd.it? . '. '.' . we-have to doiscliangewheels. .' Don: - It's - here someplace;.; I. saw.it.' I.. Sam: You`mean them tires go on. them rcmcmlicr. The-one thing I .can't, remember' ' wheels? ' is /if T. made-the note on thc log or- if'it- Don: Tliat's the idea. . was:;on'e of the other shifts.': _ ':'. Sam: Boss; ! don't think _ it's gonna work. Sam: Keep lookin', boss, and quit* sweat ing. .-. .'.-' '' : " > .. Don: "What .makesyou; say that? Every- one; is- getting .extra wheels, for their snow. tires. ' -. '. '' .- : Don:. Here it is, arid.it's', written in ink and on the day shift, July 24th.'Order wheels and show tires lO-20"; 20-10". If that isn't Sam: There is something, wrong,; Donr my : a - huge mess that dumb jerk has ordered "kid's got bigger wheels, than tliose on her' 10* wheels.and .20' tires. tricycle. - \ . . : Sam: ..The tires, are 14", boss.: Don: Wheels always look small without .. tires. Go put and get .one. You better bring Don: What size are the wheels? in a tire, too. 1 / ' \. ' - : '.- . Sam : Looks like.they're to me. --- (Sam leaves to get wheel and tire.) Don: I've .got news-for you,.. Sam, tliat Don: One of tlie toughest parts of my job still ..won't conic out right. is to -keep guys like this, front running. nie` Sam: .What arc you going to do? all ,over the plant Wn these"wild goose chaises.' ; ,Don:: One tiling 'spre,- I'm. not going;-to I could; run-my..tail .off. if .1.didn't' watch.. ..mountJ4"- tires_on 10" wheels... . ' ..... myself- I wrote it right down on the log Sam: No,, that don't work too good. , sheet. It's probably still here. Let me see; . Don: .Are these the-only wheels on.the that was away back in. August or: was it' in dock; Sam? >/ ^ .-' July; Oh, I'm sure:everything is OK. Old. Sam just doesn't realize how small wheels look without .the tires. . .Sam; 'No, there, arc . some bigger'ones .-aridthere are more of these'10" j6bs7"-': : (Sam rerenters, tarrying 20" tire an# 10" wheel.) ': Don: . Why.. didn't ' you say. there '-.were some larger wheels put there. You gotta sharpqi up, Sam. My old ticker, won't take - Sam: They look too.small to me:: many of those deals. - -. .. ' ><m;. That's an optical illusion, Sam.-They Sam: I guess I just got carried away always look smaller with. the. tires off.' . with them -little wheels.. ; We"-have .12' of Sami. Yeh, .but .look at the tire. Looks these big tires'-and' 12 -wheels tliat are bigger, mightlybigforthatwheel. . v than these-10* ones, but I don't. kriow what Don: ' Tires look bigger when they're off size they are.. You didn't ask' me if. we had the wheels. It sprta works in reverse. Wheels * bigger' ones. . 'look.small and tires look big. ' . ' Dgn:. OK-OK. How many ' trucks do we' i Sam: Why'don't we try 'em arid see. .. . have? / -. .'-; :. ' '. Dun:- I was just about to suggest that. : .S'm: Six--right cm-the nose, ; .': 20 t: I. !  Auiomotweand Machine Shop Section - - Don;'- How many (ires would wc need for, : identification ' system so' the; special .order . rix trucks? Now use' your head, Sam. would not becomemixed in with the regular : :- Sam: Thirty tires,includingthespares. currentmodel-connecting Tods. -.-.- Dim: For crying out loud,, Sam, I.mean A meeting was held with the various.de- ; snow tires, -and you - know/- that's -what I partment: heads,-- and; it -was decided that -a.-- .-meant - ..' -'- ' :'"V-\ .- good healthy "dab"; of. fellow, code paint on : Sam: Twelve^ yeh, twelve"and 'that's .we have--twelve 14"-- snow.tires.- : . what . each of-.the/24 connecting .rods would, give .. themthe necessary spedal identification. ..You. :; can't get much simpler than that Don: OK, Sani,'get' 'em'mounted.. . Even; though the .variousTdeparbnent Beads .0 (Sam leaves, dnd.Don again- directs liis ail agreed on the: ye|low paint .(^ system,; attention Jothe'log:sheetforJiilyZ4.) . the 'special coimectingi/rods.-got slost See/if -.-- Don: 1 wonder' wliat lie is going/todo v you can figure put why^;;. .:^ ;. .-withthose -small.,wheels. i It's-, right' here'as;;< . HereIs Scene two, "Rods is Rods'!- 'plain'/.as .the riose -on- your; face.; "Order. .wheels and: show. tires"-'and right'under that it says "tent stakes,: 10-20''. "and 20-10"." -Oh,.. oh, now I get it he was passing, this on to- .' ;(Enterj<nrman-^-walkSrt^ - Dim: -1; wonder what'happened:'to those 24 experiment^. connecting' rods.;.'I don't see . ; . the afternoon 'shift Sure,, tent stakes, he. was': getting ready, to take his.' kid oh a camping . how. we could ;have made,: a \ mistake^.'Pro- - duction, ..-Material -^HandlingKand, Reliability.; .:i trip; Those figures, didn't have anythmg to ; Department 'heads were) all in;.the meeting. do. with the rires.ahd wheels. He wantedtlie wood shop, to .cuf' ajme tent stalces for him They. were .supposed ;to be rifipfiaJ yesterday aftenjbtBi..ill-'check;witli.-the.shipping;dock on the afternoon shift- Hoiw .cheap can you . ' foreman maybe .he . caii- give trie, a clue . . .get- This - damnedlog. slieet -can sure get -. (Dials phone ~ shipping 'dock foreman . mixed up. If 1/ hadn't remembered -about. (Mike Adams)) , - tt . t|iat camping/ trip,: old Sam anild have spent (Mike answers phone). 1 .all- night trying- to'figure out.those tires and. Mike: Hello, Mike Adams speaking. ) . - - wheels. - v/ /' ' Don: -Mike,` this on- Don . Brainerd-jHave r. .-. i Narrator:` You can: see that in this case you hriLriiy spetiri experimental connecting ., (laving it. down in black' and white was-not ' rods code painted '(yellow) show up-at-your . ; gobd'enough as a sysiem of communication. ` -shipping dock? , ,. If the' written word .'-fails to get-' through, ` lei us turn to a- more'direct and simple com- - Mike: What did you say? <' ; niunication medium r nran-to-man talk. You.know;how.valuable'it.is'to have the feedtback 'from/the otlier.guy .when you're : Don: Have you.had'anyjConnecting- rods,- : . painted yellow;'show. up'-at your ^shipping-, dock?::/, * "7T -/ talking: to - him teeth to . teeth: A meeting. is . Mike: :Painted yellow?-;:Wliat are, they;. the place toj iron .things out . There simply. /doin' .printing the' inride of the engine no^K? \ ~ j' can'tbe'Jany^misunderstandingwhenybuarc. V: all -sitting'there hearirigairthat;is said- So,: cracks. .This- is serious. -the best system .seems;to he to-go right; to tlie. top; don't foor around with: tlie little guys; get all the top dogs together and you'll get some-dedsions inadet / ' -.! ` And,.then- by all meahs.- simplify Uie thing so ' even, your cocker' spaniel., could -under-.- - -stand, it. That's Umwayto'communicate--or, is.it? -Well,'left see,-..'^;- ,V ;; -; Here - is a situation 'that;.- took .place - in'; a.: plant; `a /couple of\ weeks ago: One, of the, . customers, ordered: 24 experimental connect- : ing rods. The type of steel to be used in : the: forging operation required special treat-/: ment, so it was necessary; to set up; an); 3965.National Safety Congress / paint Job at liotne; she's quite, a fire ball,. I the crying over 24 littlc old connecting rods? ; guess. ; .-/i We ship 5 to .10 thousand, every day. J . Don: Well, look, Mike,. haven't you got '. Don: Earl, didn't that' yellow -paint mean . somepne working. for you that would know : anything to you? ' ; if: any connecting.rods painted ycllowsliowed . Earl: . Not a damn thing:, I have stuff up at your dock?, , - " . : come over 'the scales. evedyday painted-up Mike: 'Yeah, Old/Earl'on tlie scales would like a rainbow,' pay no attention to it. know-.if. anyone does. He's right :outside my.'. .Don': Ypu medn to tell me you don't know . ,officc. Let mc scnd liini tip sb yoii can talk " what the yellow paint means?. : .: . to him... V 7 Earl:/I- sure don't, .but-:!; siirc would like Doit:(Turning -to audience after hanging `to find but. -' . : up\p/ioe). ;What a.note! You know if We' .Don:. Oh,-boy? I. gotto get '.going; have- ` lose those-special r^sr::it ; wiil take .aboitt . . to put a tracer on th'osc rods, for crying but six weekstorun'em oyer again. It takes- 'loUiL. .- 'Vy.- five weeks-toget that', specialsteel,1 a wCek to aiter a sct of dies ahd alxrjut five days to forge the rods.;.'-.-.:;-.- V Ear/; Don, why do they'"dab" them rods .with.paint^-don't make'''cm no different--to. me rods, is rods; -. Tin; telling you.we simply- 'have to. 'locate/ those rods before they get. mixed in;.with . ' (Both' exit in a hurry). \ . another shipment. .They had'better show-up. -. Narrator: We will have to,, take, a dim , or .we all might get the sack. -_ . view oh meetings as the perfect system. The - . I know one ' thing, I made, the-, rods and, put .'the.-, "dab" of yellow paint on' 'an , like my. boss'said. -Then' they went-tb Heat Treat. problem is'to implement all the; decisions made, in ; these meetings, and that is where the ."foul-ups" iisually come. . . I followed `them that far. ' . ; .But,, we must 'communicate, so let's. turn . (Enter. Eafl IJuffnaglr--Scale iiianf: . to'a communication-''device---the''telephone..-. . Earl:' Hello; Don, you want to;see_me? . -When Mr. Bell invented this device, I'm -sure he -visioned Ht to become a social curi Don:. Earl,- have you .received 'any, special osity and not the economic necessity it lias connecting rods, code painted yellow, you - turned out to be. . '' - know,; a "dab" .of: yellorw-paint tion?. l for identifica..- ; ' to If you give it acknowledge some both thpught, you .will have the unique advantages ... f:' Earl: I;. don't know [.-nothin': about special, rods or.this .yellow paint, deal you're'talkin'., about. We get parts down here all the time . tluit's got paint -drizzled orr-'em, all colors, too. Wiiere iloes that paint come from any . and disadvantages, of the telephone asi a communication medium: A ; little guy can tell. si big 'guy to drop dead over the tele phone and- get by with it;' so the telephone lias built. the. courage of many . normally. way? . \ ` ' timid individuals: :' Doti:. Look',. Earl--^Have you Y-cbrttniricrj.of .24. conhecting .rods - low come over your scales?: . ' seen. a . small iKiintcd. yel-'' .. ; .-'V Another., observation worth noting is fact that - you can't see .the. face of the -to whom you arc talking, flis lips can the one be : Earl; : No, I. ain't seen .a' small container. ; saying one -thing-'and. .all the . rest' of' him1 Only, thing: ! saw Was a big regulation-stock can lie saying something' Entirely different.' . gon With 24 Title connecting roils lying in; .- the-bottom. - -. The telephone is a. big step-forward-'from Dent: Yeah, Earl, tltat;s . the ones. .What' *'; : the telegraph, which was a from /the - tom-tom, but. as big step forward wonderful as the . djd you do with them ?. . telephone is,- it lias its faults. - . Ear/; T threw'.them in with .a full gon of rods. We shipped them out- last night.- -Didn't; made much: sense,to, me to ship 24 little rods- in that big 5110. Ih. gon, thought they might; get- lonely.' ; "'. : ':;7V 7:' ' ' V ' 7,' Let .us. view the next scene; which centers ,around a telephone conversation. This is the. situation,' and as you ' will see, all is -not crystal clear in the conversation. The night;; shif-t/area! maintenance foreman receives an . Don: Ohn'no, Earl, you didn't ! rmonyitious phone call, involving a complaint ' 1 Jitirl: Oh, ycah, Dnn,. I did; Say,-, why all about a hole. in tlie floor -arid, inadequate- Tv1'-',,*.--, -- --- -- ..-: 1 _ ] Autdmolive: arid:Machine Shop Section , lighting. The ; employee . mriking thecal! is- ; : Employec: Boy, you got me/ but hc]s a - not: only vague . about, the location of the tall, thin] grouchy guy,; arid he wears glasses: . hole but "in the' dark" as to where he. works, '' and drives an pldstriobjle.' That's all'I;know. who- he works for, and the'total reason, for : Don: Well, to get -back to where you his job; - V','; ... . work; which building did you say it .was ? ; Did this .ever; happen to you ? Did. you - . Employee: -Well,-.;I -didn't say, but it's the -wind up with' a "short; fuse,"f or. did 'you v one by..the railroad tracks where I work' on "stay" with , the employee until you had all . 'engines: ]. ],. -. ]-" ' -]. ; rtecessaryinformatibn. Think it over. : i Don:. It.is near the press plant? - --' Here- is scene three"Come to Me -' ' Employee: '.Yeah, the press .plant- is, about Wherever I-Am.". ' , ,90-rods yonder..;] . ; , ; . (Eoreriian' enters '.and walks to desk.) (1`lione rings and foreman annvers.) Don-: Which direction from ypu ? -Employer:. \Veti,- lct's see. the sun sets out. ' Don: .Hello. ; that-a-way-^ tliat'd be West, 'wouldn't it? Employee: Down here where I--work it's Yeah, then it's to the.left.oftliat. -;;;: . ;f'- unsafe. ' . . Doit: That would be Soiith.; . . '... Don: What do yoii mean? What seems to . Employee: Yeah, .1 .guess that's {right-; be the trouble? . v .Don: OK,'mw the tracks you'mentioned; . Employee:. Well, they dug a hole, in- the..' Which dock;are you'talking about?.- r '; . - floor next to the aisle], .and; somebody's going.; to fall into it] I damn near did,, and besides'; Employee:'. What: do you mean,- which that, there ain't enough lights in here. dock?.- . . 'Don: OK, OK, .what; building -arc you in Dqii : l.meari -the. "number or name of.the. dock, like 15 or 25 or.XYZ..' ' Employee: What, do -you mean, .what. building?.'.It's! down here where I w'ork. Employee: Gosh. I don't/know .accept; it's' by-the 'railroad tracks, and they switch, rail- Don: OK,"where do you work, and who's road carsin and out every phee' ini awhi|e::- your foreman? Don: What do they load or unload from ; Employee,:-1, work on the engines, and it's tbc railroad cars? ' - in the huildingvwhere.you. turn to Ihe. left after, you come in from the parking-lot' and. ydu walk toward the railroad tracks. Employee: Well, once in awhile some big . machines come in' on - flat cars,: and they -.im-'r -load them with "cats." Don: Well, that'helps, .hub who is your foreman? . Don: What else do they tmload? '- Employee: My foreman? ' ' ' Employee: Well, mostly "load." There's, a couple cranes on one end and they load, steel.-.- Don: Yes, your foreman. : 'Don: What kind of steel? Employee:. Oh.. I guess his name hut .lie ajii't here, he's on vacation]: - Don: What's his last name?....: is Gus, ' . : > Employee:. Mostly._ stuff, they:. bringfrom all. over the plant .-in little-carts and -dtrinp. : :' Don .' How dothcyV load ]the railroad cars ? ` . Employee:. Gosh, I . ever call him is Gus. don't . know,]all - they. ,. -- . cranes they. pick tip] StccL and the dfmtp. it in, ; Don:-: If he's .not,.there, who are ' you - railroad]gondolas. ; . ---, . working for ndw? ' ; Don:' That's at . the scrap; pits/ track 14. : Employee:- He's' a new guy; they chH him : Xow where do you ;work from there? ''Lefty,"-, bin. he's not around.' I haven't seen Employee: -Weil, I .'work in 'the. building . him since; I came in.' .: ; next to the other track. . i . . Don: - Who is the general foreman and 'Don: OK, then you would be in Bldg. 338, - .superintendent in.your.department? Track 15] '' Employee: I never heard of no general YuiVsaid you work : on engines. What kind .foreman, and I guess]Ihe''-superintendentis.] of work do you do? . -- .' . ' from Plant H. . Employee: I get; the engines ready and Don: What's'thcsui>erintcndciit'& name?; lwlt them dowri. - - -'. ./ ' v. ' v 23 J965.National Safety Cjmgress... Don: Bolt them down.-to*what? ; ' Don: Istliata fact .What kind of a-mess Employee:l put 'enTTh racks-ind~boIn" rare-you in?- . ' " - ."v .. tliem down, in .the. racks, then .they pqt the. George: vHow dose. does, that. count bn radcs in railroad cars and. then they haul those screws have.to be? > the. railroad cars to California and to Texas: ' = Don:, Damned clox; my boss wants, to and to New Jersey. ' . ' know just' hbw': many we. have;' not about "Jees," -yon,; aska- lot of questions,' How- how. many, no approximation, exactly how. - about .that hole I. was telling you about?. -many right on the. nose.' " - Don: Well, look, fella, first I have to , George; Gouldn't we just lump 'em off kribw -where it is. and give`him a figure? he wouldn't know the- ; . \Employec:/Wcl\t I tole*ya.'Y6urguys arid; difference,wouldhe?; . the safety.i department, are always prcachin* .- Don:. George; you have been around here safely.-Why'don't youdowmethin' about it? . fpr'22 years, and youkndw the old mah as , - Don:, Welwill, ;we: wijl. I'll havesormeonc well-as.'-I 'die When-he wants, tb/knbw how down there just as soon as I ran'. Now,, . many, he means just tliat; what's yoiir narnc so: wc can look --you' tip ' t George:' ' We lrnnp -count; all '-the other - . td;shpw us;the exact location of.the hole? ' parts. .How.' come- he's' sp. damned exact' on . Employee: Now," wait- a minute, .1 don't "this one?..:.'V ' . . . . want to gct; mixed: up in this, and get some- .. Don: Those, are special screws; and wc "body in trouble: All T. want is:-get the hole.' -have to- order them away aheatL..He wants fixed .and some -lights before somebody .gets/ to know how, long it'. will be until they arc : hurt. You know, I. believe in safety' . . all .used up: ... .'. ' Don: OK, fella, OK, We!II be llierc. (Foreman Jiangs Up phone- and exits). Ceorper i .-figured It was something like .'tliat; . ' . ; .. ' Don: What about this mess you said ydu Narrator:'OK, i( phone conversations fall . were in? You have been working on that- down' and; meetings have shortcomings and - count off ail'd on for the last three.days. . even written log. sheets ; are-not what .they ..are cracked up to be, just where 'do we go from here? How docs this sound--wc - are going, to, eliminate, all three in. the next . ; Geprge: I'm going to have couple' mpfe days bcfore'I can figure'on 'em.; an exact figure. ;to have give you a a scene. Here :wc' are going- to involve only ; Don: What have you been doing: I told one man and his foreman.. The foreman is . you I had to have that count before tomor ' going to put'one' of his men in business for row- morning. Haven't , you been.:working on himself. He will cut* communication and' in it -I can't;, watch you guys every minute. structions to -the. core and.'merely tell: the . Haven't you been counting them ? - employee wh?t he.wants' as.the end' result- -. George: We've;been counting 'em, Don,. The.foreman has a big gon filled with' ' fmt .for gosh sakes, a whole gon of those smalt, special screws, He. called to one_of his- damned little screws takes a lot of;counting. . men,.; George Grove, , and said, "count 'em." Therc must be a milliftn of tlicm little; And George started to "count 'em.'' *1110:6 - devils in that gon. Why don't wc just lump .- couldn't possibly: be a slip up hefe-^do you ; -.'cm off and give him a figure. We can count ; '. want to bet?.; .- . 'em later on when that-gon gets down a Here; is. Scene . Four. -Wc' eall this one, little.;.' .-.: .:; .v ; "Dutton, Button, Who's/Got the Button.? : Don: Wc can't do that Haven't got tliat. (Enter foreman, walks to desk--next enter, employee, GeorgeGrove, `who.walks to fore- , much time. We liayc ':tp know -where stand and by tomorrow morning. we waits, desk.) *; George: Tomorrow morning 1 ; Qeorge: Don,.wc just had a disaster out Don; That's right--tomorrow morning. .there, '.. ' George: We won't make it, Don, we just Don:: Did:anyone, get hurt? won't make it. ; - .. ; .George: No, but we sure'are hi a miess . . Don: .What do you. mean,' we- won't make with those little.scfcws we've been counting. it? We gotta make it! You have.parl of 'em 24. ... .: :.. , '^ I-.. 'Wj&mi "'Aulgmolhv unit Aluehiitc SJio/> 'Scrlimi cotinted. Imven't you ? Yon been working . . Don:' So, what' doCs. tliat Irayc to;do with.;. ..at it:three days.. . _____ ... ...Spoiling.yqur count.on the screws? v: George: Yep. three-days work right.down' - George:} Well, you -know how many of the drain. . .. . them damned little: screws-there are in; tliat Don: Whatdoyoumean by a: crack like gon?' ' ; \ V;:; --'V: ' '.- that? Threerdayswork down the drain? ; - Don: No,- I don't know; that's wliat ;!-; ' George': . That's the disaster. I; told yon wanted to find out, that's why .1 told you to' : about. : .. . ' ; count them. ' '' ; .V;! -. -Don; '.You haven't1 told me about it yet;' ' George:. Don,' quit clowning.; You; know. I .. but I sure wish you would; or {ratting it didn't mean- it that way, this is serious. another way. what happened out there? .-. . . ' Don: Brother, you don't know how seri .George.:,:You won't get sore, will youj. ous this deal will be if we don't have a .Don? ... .. : . count for the old man: hi tile morning. . 1 ... : -Don: I'm- already sore, and I. don't know yet-what kind of a mess you're in. . George: It wasn't my fault,- Don; it was* that cockeyed truck driver , from the ship ping ' department. Whoever put him on a- George: Yeah, I kn'bw,:. bitt did you ever count up to a million-rthat's a-long ways to;'-, count ' ' . - " -. Don;.Wliat do. you mean, .a Ibrig .ways to . count? ... ' _ . truckshould have, his head examined. George:. Just imagine, now--three;hundred' : DonrJ happen :to be the'one who put him' thirty-one thousand-one hundred and. twenty-'" on the truck. '. one-^three hundred thirty-one thousand one hundred and. twenty-two---three hundred and ' George: Oh, it was you. 1 didn't know . thirty-one thousand one huifdred-and twenty- that. . ' . :.' three. That wouid drive a guy nuts. . ... Don: Don'ttry to blame your mistakes on' Don; -It would get monotonous,'.I'll admit the. truck driver. Go ahead and tell me what happened. Was the truck driver helping you . George: I got-'up to. two. thousand by that . ' method, and I wouldn't even, see ,where I'd count the screws? been in the gon, so I figured out a system. George: Helping ? He..cancelled out my,, Don.- 'But.'y o'tfr<*wys tem --backfired, eh,. three days count with one big. swCep, if you want to call tliat helping. That- guy is a menace to the human race when he gets on- that truck.he goes like a maniac.- -V , . George? V ' George: Not by a damn sight It was old cockeye that fouled me up-^the. system .was air-tight- Don: ile docs a lot of work; You have to. keep going .to get things moved around here. Don: What- about this system ? George: Well,,I figured: I would use the . George: ' tie . sure moved my count on same idea you use oii a speedometer on your . those screws. :' t' car. You know how when 99 comes ;up the Don:. You sound like he ran over you. next number is -100? x *. --Georper-rThc--only--reason-- he didii't-liit----^Don^-Don|t-tell-mel-y.oii-iised..a speedom me i? because'I was on my . break. You pn't eter to.count screws? - '- even' have' a 'break, with, any security with. George: You're clowning again*,Don; you that guy-loose. ' know damned well. I didn't. . Dow; He's'.riot .that'.had, and you know it. Don: I'm not sure yet Wliat.you did. . -' George:}'He.'loused up.' my count when I George: Listen, now, Don, because this is . was on: break. v '. .-' ' my system. " ' - y- Dim: How could he possibly do that? . Don:.I can assure you that.I'm very- happy George: :That guy. is a genius at two that-we are finally! getting around to . that., things; being stupid and. lousing things up. ' George: I'll ignore the wise crack ' and He. doesn't know rights' from lefts and that proceed. . includes; bis feet. His old lady iriust have : left, him on a merry-go-round -too long when Don: Please do, he was a kid. .-' : George: Anyone can count to 100, right? . * 25 'i a 1965 National Safety Conyres* It's sorta fun, hut to a million? That: ain't' Don: Fill tliat pan to whcre.it was aSnepr tun. It would drive you off- your rocker.. : .as-you-can -remember, =-countDem, multiply Don .-.True,, true. '. ; by .100, and then bring :that figure in here George: Well. I got an empty goh and put: -to me pronto. Understand? " it -beside the one. with the, .screws. in: it. I George: Yeah, I understand. 1 already put 'em about one loot apart, and then I did that D got a. stock pan and set it up on the edge . : ..Don: You did? of them twb-gons. (would coimt out'a hun- : George: It comcs out 537,123 screws; dred screws front the fullgonand,toss them... Right on the nose. ' in the' empty gon, then I would -.toss onescrew in the stock pan. -.v Don: Why didn't you- tell me "this" in. the first place? .' '. .-' ' , Hon: That" sounds,- like goodthinking. !' ' George: You -said' you. didn't'; want to , : George: Ihadthat- whole gon";of 'screws bunch count 'em. - . counted' out' 100 at a time, and every serew I had .tossed "in the pan represented 100 screws . counted "and in the: other gon. - . - Don: pened. That was .... before' I 'knew what hap Don: Good thinking, George. George: Bunch count-is the. best we-can dp now, boss. . .. ,. . Georgc: A]\ I had left to do was, to count. the screws in the pan and "multiply'.by 100, and I had the count for. thewhnle ibig. gon :' of. screws! :'v.- ': .' Don: You go lack, out there and dig up .every .last'screw you can find; on the floor,, iii the cracks, everyplace and put -them: in that tub. Don: George, I hate to ask. this, question,.' George: Some .`of them arc going to he, hut I lave.no choice. What happened? pretty hard to.find: (.grabbed a handful out George: Well,- it' was time for my; break, of the: pan aind threw'.'em at old cockeye. . and lilce I said, I left that pan of' screws Don: but of the pirn; before you counted '.'tin' .up there-between those'gons. and, multiplied?. ; Don: Yes?- * George: Yep\ , . . George: .When-' I. came back, the empty:, Don: Well, tliat will - give us a short gon was gone and the pan. was on the floor. The-screws, were scattered- down. ;in "the cracks and' all over the plaqe. Old cockeye .said they needed, the empty gon, so"lie just took it. Said he'didn't know'anything-about . count. .'If they don't, have to the . count,, they ' will !,, tliat's in oitr favor.. , George: Suppose * they enough according order, more, but. end up "with too a i>an of screws falling. many? ; . Don: Holy cow, you lost your count ! - - Don; George, reducing inventories is. easy. . George: Don,- you will nev.er make a truer statement, nor one tint hurt's me more. " " If we have too. many, we can lose a few.. The tough thing to do w.ith inventories is.: build 'em- up ` when .-they're short, - get; it, Don: We liavc to liavethat count tomor- George? -. rtiw-mofhing;-what-are-wc-goihg-tord6?': George: 1 get it, you^son of a gun, I gct: j : George: Ksiimate. Don, estimate,.--wed it! . . , ,/." have to lump count 'mi. ' . CFti-eman and employee exit). Don: Guess we will.: Do you >ememhci Saffutor: We' haye just about nm out of how'many .screws were in that pan? . ideas, hutwe still'.have on? left. How about, George: -If I knew tliat, I wouldn't be in: signals as. a communication devicb. ' The In here bothering-yoik. dians used smokc signals, and. they didn't, Don: 'So, George, I ineanaboiit how. full, the pan was. .. George} "Yes,- approximately.>'. get fouletl up, as. far as I know. They -use traffic signals at street intersections, and. there ' are . not, too many accidents at ' loca tion protected by these devices. Railroads , Dm: Well, I'll you what to dp; but- if ; run trains both directions on a single (rack you ever. say T told you to do it, I'll deny it., with a minimum of crack-tips. 'George: l won't say.nothing tp nnliody. - : You know, .by "golly-,-.this signal -idea.'might-. 1.'.;. ' : ' . ... ' ' j-ltthmnilk'cand Machine Simp Seclinn . help get us- out of; this. rut. pur final; scene Elmer: It does for afact." ' V" we will call,-`What;Happened to Bill"?. ' Don: - Elmer, arc you in. a car pool with' (Forcman,Dbn~BrviiterdDerilcrt scene and ~ Bill Goff?- " xcOlksloliis desk.)' . . . . Bhiirri-Ycs, sve ride together.;. : , . ' ; - . jinn: I don't know1 why it is,'hut. some ijl ; Dun : Dovon know' why he - isn't . on the'.' these ;guys .just can't make it in -after pay-- jnbtonight? Did lie send in word with you?-. day. They get a dollar in their pockets, .arid i/f/mer; He intended to come to work, but ^they're off to the races.. Gotta hurry and - wc stood-hint'up. - get it spent.. Yesterday was payday, and the. danined hunch' of, 'em were liere. l could, hardly find enough work for them; to do.' 1 - Ihni: up? - \Vbat do you mean you stood lri.ni .' V . -. - 'even .got the place cleaned up;-and I can ' ,/i/jiirr;-Wre didn't, pick him up. .: assure you tfiat is done only; when -we : liavc linn: Well;that's - not a. .very nice thing' , plenty.oi manpower. . ; to do to a man. who is depending oil yon; :. :Tonight,. out of- 31 .men,-seven didn't show- Jiist not pick him tip. * .up, Tjust ran down. the.Iistand hesides the . ; - Elmer: We went over .there; but be didn't ` regulars'(1.. have three `characters;dial 'I call . sho>v. Wc figured; lie'ilroye his- owncar, so.' rcgiilarsltecauselhey are. always off after ; - we eame on in.. . . payday), besides .the'; regulars, I liavefouf -.. Don: Oh, yon'didn't talk to.him. . : gliys-off who' usually are. pretty dependable. ; Eliner: Yes; I talked to liini after I got Of these four; three calledin sick. "They, . into the shop and saw he wasn't here, I ; said, they; had the summer-flu. Thelasl guy.- jdioned him. \ .. . '' didn't call in, and ' I hate to'vcall. him iii the. ; middle of the night. He might he sick, too,., Don: Is he.sick? : ;- and; I would feel like-a: damned .fool :it I . Eliner) No, he's hale and liearty; .but is . got him up out of a sick bed to;answer the. . lie ever.-burned up. Not at .us, but at his old phone. . ' .. . . iady. '.. - v . . Wait a minute--I ltelieve this man, his ; He said he'd lie in; as 'soon as' he; gets . name is' Bill fioff,; I believe he .is iii a crir . . tlimgsorganizcd out there. , :* . ; itool with a. couple other men who work here:. ' Don; I hope so. We're a little'short of . in the -shWp. I can't let this absenteeism get ./men. tonight. Whal's his problert, anyway-? .out of hand;- 1 never would have;enough men, . 7://Mcr.yft's pretty complicated.' - to run my department. These three guys, -' - including Bill,. live on firms-arid they tgke. turns driving. .One of them, they , call him . Don:-1- though; you. said "lie were going round and round. ' arid his Wife ; Hlracf, I think,'delivers parcel-post pack- : Elnfer: That's just part of it." .. ages f roni the; receiving, (hick. He's' in here' Don: What .else is bothtring hiin? : alvuit every - niglit delivering, a package. , - Elmer: l.ct me fill yciiriii all the way. . . {Elmer enters carrying a package---calks ; Don: OK.. . In desk and '-places'package an floor.) .Elmer: Did. you ever;ridc iii a car jkotI ? l-liner: Here's a package for you;'. Pori. ' - Dim: `Xo..-~: ' ' ~ ; . -. . Weighs 'almut-a ton: What's in there,; leacl t Elmer': Ope rule is .that'-you (lnn:t wait. - 7h/: Xo. I .think it's sofne; new gears for - If - a. guy doesn't show, you take off . and one of our lathes. leave him. Otherwise, ypu would lie late to;' Elmer: Do they ever, make gears out of' : :\vork every .'night .waitin' for guvs.`In; otir' lead?' . ' ; . ;.pdbl you're 'either waitin' for us, or you Don: I don't think so. . get-left, ''' - ' ' .' '- Elmer: Cost us.$8,I 1 freight on that pack \ Djm: l ean sec .this. wotdd lie,a problem. age,-just; from Oiirago. 1 ordered a kitchen Elmer: Well,..this guy. Bill, lives away-, fhhge from Scars and Roebuck,, and- the. hack , off the- road - and .in the winter he lets freight on that .was .only a little over 10 tlie snow pile up: Iri tlie lane--(Kirks his. car bucks. Scars is' in .Chicago, too, .you-know. out by; the. roajf and walks to the house; .so. thus: This was fast' freight, and' that. wc alivays pick him up at the cn<l of Iris ' costs more; . . lane by the iriaillkix. 27 -V - JUfiS Nailunnl Safely iitmurcxs- / Don: 1 Ic wasn't there ionight, though: . the tank. He hail too mnuy. other-irons in ' Elmer: No, he', wasn't. Usually when he the fire at the time. He just put some old ' wants us: to pick him up, ' he puts' .the'flag', plahks over the top. and shovejed on a foot up on his mailbox. When we see the flag lip, . or so of dirt and .he isn't in sight, -..we lay oh- the'horn, Don: That is not good. Did it cave it? , and he boils out of tire house and down 'the Elmer: No, it' didii't- cave iii. .Today lie- lane He knows that we. would .bev in our started, to build a cover-for the .tank; he had rights to just drive off,- even .if he is hot - ' finally got- around to. it, had his:. corn -all in footin', it down the lane. and all his chorcs caUghtiip. He hadrihig all Don: You wouldn't do that/ would you? the dirt' off- and -banked it up-.around- the: Elmer: Ho, but he is usually there waitin' edge and'was all set to start .working on: for us. . . / the cover tomorrow!. ;He worked clear up-till . Z)onr 'Buty not tonight dark, got ready to come to work and wasreadin'-;the .paper-when he remembered he /mer.-\ The flag was "down" on his mail-. hadn't put.the flag: "up" on the; mailbox. He .box, and Charlie Smith,.he's .the other guy rared up:but! of. -his chair,- out.across; the;, in our pool, and me -stopped'.anyway.. We. front yard, and'went -.head- first into that blew the horn eight or'.ten times and waited .damned septic tank. .-.for'.him. It;was dark up around his house;' and there was only.'one-'little', light burning out-in-back. We could see that his car'was Don:- Holy; cow, what a horrible thing to fall into. gone. And his cow was turned but. So :we'- Elmer.: The w;orsr of it was, .he\couldh't- - figured he-had gone on ahead of us in his get out. . , . own car.' ' ' Don: Couldn't his wife-Kelp'him?''-.V...--.' Don: Well, he didn't Show up here yet/ Elmer: She had took the. car ;-and - was .Elmer:. We came on in and looked around. , lor him, and then I called him on the phone. His did lady answered, and she was .reallyIaffin! I asked where Bill was, and -she'said down the road to .'.the neighbors with the kids. He heard us stop and-blow the horn,and he hollered. -.We even heard' him,. but figured it was his row bawling. I wouldn't believe her .if she told me, and; Don: How in the devil did 'he'.get out?. she kept on Iaffin'.- , . ..V . : Elmer: Well, hestood there, oh his tippy;'' ; Don: Where was he? . toes to. keep his nose above tlje .surface and Zmer; At that moment he was out in the waited. Every .once .in' awhile lie-'.would . barn takin' a bath. . . - : - ' holier,' but to holler he had to jump, up in Don: Tn the barn? . order to.keep from'gettin' a mouthful. In . about .an.hour the old!lady, came back; and' Elmer:- Tliat's what she said, and then I- when she. heard him' and got a flashlight heard Bill yellin' as he came in the' house. and found him,, she just stood there -and Don: What was his-wife laughing at? . laughed. Then she lad the kids come out - ElmerIf is funny when; you think of it,- . and. have a look, and they, all .laughed, ' but I`d hate to have ;it happen to me.- Don: How did he; finally, get out? v : - -/mnrAVharhappened`to Bill ?----'. . ~ E/yi?r7~Theypa5scd--a~laddei`"down--to- . -r v/iiii-r;. Well, it all goes back about two Jiim, and tlien washed him' off'with .the hose.' years. You remember when he was doing alf Don: Wliat a mess I ' the . plumbing, out -there, at his house. He ; Elmer: He didn't smell like no rose. -I'll: .nearly drove the guys in the pipe sliop nuts bet. . ` . _ : - ' askin' 'em; questions .about pumps and pipes and things like. that. . - Don;; No, that's, for sure 1 I'll be he'ididn't! DonY.cs, .1 remember when remodeled lifs place. Did a nice job, I hear. Elmer: His wife wouldn't, let him in; the. house to clean ,up, made him go out in the ' bam : and use Vthe watering ' tank. All - ;the ' /mer.-.,;He:put in the biggest Septic tank, time, She was jaffin' and he ' was gettin', you ever saw,-8' deep and lO" square. madder and. madder..- Don: Yes, I heard about that. ' - Don: I don't blame him. Elmer: lie. never made'a.goofl cover .for. Elmer: His old lady-.is almat .twice' its big 28 .' . . . '- u -4- Automotive and Machine Shop _Seclion as !>C; is,-.so he just boiled inside and didn't peter out; and we . have accidents that wcrc_ say much.- actually . anticipated in our -planning. We Don: Where does, he stand now ? knew'that~ hazards, existed and that-unsafeacts' were-..a7problem, but'control' of - these . Elmer: . He. got clean 'enough in the barn ' accident ', factors was' somehow lost. tliat" she let .him in the house, and when I ; talked to him; lie was gpin* to take a bath -. in;hot' watcr and.= then-:come on .'in to work The safety people in this audience arc not excluded in this problem. If we stand by and see our.'good plans "go for naught,;.we in his car, - > . ' . should not, attempt to ease the situation by ' Don: I hope heV.gets-.hcrc sooii..:Did he ' coming=up with new plans.' Maybe we should hurt hitnself in any way? " stay with the plans, we already have and. Elmer:: just - his feelings' and -his- pride., look. the. system over for leaks and breaks. Too bad he didn't rcmembcr to' put that Tlicii we should* plug. the leaks, patch arid .flag "iip,"; wc would. have gone Back to his .' ,rc-cnforce . the breaks; and/ give, the plans house and looked for. him; if the flag had -- another try. been. up. . ' : : ' - *' . '-... ;When . a safety '.program appeari to ' be Don: .Well, thanks. for filling.me in.- ;- falling'.down,; it: is-usually found ;that - there is a breakdown,' not in - the program,. hut Elmer:' (Tunis to leave).. he had .only " rather in' the", implementation-of the pro put that flag tip.' gram. These breakdowns invariably , involve '(Exit foreman and-employee). poor communication; between ' management .. Narrator:The five scenes in this skit were and foremen; between foremen and their men humorous, but the' problem prompting us\ to or between die men themselves;' present the skit at this meeting isn't one bit ' Implementation is communication.-. There funny.' There' is not a/singlc.'person in this is rio perfect single - medium. ..of communica room who. has no communication problems. tion. All ' forms, of` communication -must ', be Let us refer, directly, to the.safety, program . used and riot justf once,. hut over and over in your' plants or : more specifically, to the. again! ' .; . . safety problems in-your Own departments. Can you. go overboard .on communication ? Where do you .have, your, trouble?,.Is it in , I' don't think;so, at least not.in the safety knowing liow -to operate safely, or is it in program. In those I've spen, there has al putting into effect what you know is safe. I . ways been a shortage in this area. ' / . think' you'll all; agree - that,, generally speak- : So, keep this skit , in mind back .in your ing. wc have pretty .well planned objectives plants no matter what your , job is. Remem:- in bur safety , programs, and that, in most Ger; thht smoke signals might . have served cases, we have just about all the facilities. old Chief Rain in the' Face well, but in the wc -need to work; toward these objectives. safety program we must have complete Bnt, somewhere along the' line these plans understanding all the way down the line. OFFICERS OF THE ^^liidMOTIVE ^MAGHINE^SHOIL SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 . Chairman--A. J. R uzich, Group Safety Ccwrdinator; PoWcr Train;Group,'Glirysler Cprp.,. - . Detroit, Midi. ] ., .. / ' v _ V ' Vice Chairman--Leo A., Johnson, Safety Director, JoiinDecrc Harvester. Works of. Deere ; ,& Go.,;East Moime, 111:;/'G! \ . ' ; V. " .". Sccrciaryy^KztiWTH;L.--LeWis,. Director', of Safety, Delco-Rcmy . Div., General Motors .Corp;, Ariilerspn, Jnd.: :/.7-.V/'/. /. Tv .:. Program 'CmnniUicc^-Un.i6ft .A.: Rathert .' (Chairman)'; /Personnel & Safety Dir., G. V .' Hager arid Sons Hinge Mfg. Co., St. Louis 4, M.o. . . :;NcwsieUet. Commitlce^QutKjty}i't.yj. Goode '.(Cliairriian), Supervisor, Industrial -Safety,. International: Harvester Co., Chicago, III. 60611 ,-. i ,. .. : Engineering Methods `and Procedures- Committee--Robert H.CrOss (Chairman), Supcfr visor' of Safety,. Tcrnstedt. -Div/, General' Motors Corp., Flint 2, M.ich,; F. J. "Bud": : Dery (Associate Chairman), Safety. Director, industrial Safety Section,.Ford 'Motpr Co., ;Dearborn[ . Mich: ;;. John B! Hynes; -Safety Supervisor, ;01dsmobile Div.,' General: Motors Corp.i Lansing, Mich.;, Clifford E. Blankenship, Safety SuperviSor. A. O., ; Smilh, Granite '.City, Ill./Ralph ] Battcn, Safety Administrator,. Trenton Diy;,; Chrysler Corp.; Trenton, Mich. ; Kenneth S.:/Hed<;e:s, Safety Director, General Motors Corp., . Detroit,':'.Mich.';-.D<jNALD.'E.; Schafer,- Regional -Loss -Prevention 'Mgr., Royal Globe; V"'v.vInsurance Cos:, 'Detroit, Mich.'; RichAjcD ..W. HENDH!CKSiN. Snpviri> of Safety &. Security;. Cummins Engine. Co., Inc., Columbus, Irid.; RaXph : K. .11 ustpn,'-P-2. Safety - & Riant. '; Protection'-Erigirieeiy Thc Maytag Co.,' Newton, Iowa ;. -. ' -V: : - Education.-and Training Committee--Edward W... Ja m es -.( Chairman ),./Safety ^Di rector: Sundstrahd-Corp:, Rockford,- 111. ;-'Hufio' Petfj(Son (Associate..Chairman),: Matiagcr,ot Training; Bendix Corp., Detroit, Mich. ; *Georce E; HuMPthEY,. Safety Director, Cadilac Motor'Car Div!, General.Motors.Corp., Detroit, Mich.;-John A.'.Pauoh, Division Safety Engineer, Metal Stamping Div.; Ford Mofor Stamping Div., Ford :Mot6r Co:,;.!Dat,rbcirn,. -- Mich. j-I'AUI. KRAMOS, Chief Safety Engineer. Bulicr.Manufacturing .--TrSnY- 5-.7.- ;.. ----------.-------:--------1----....-.-.--.-.-.-.:--....^.--....:-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.:--....:.--: ','.".....'.' ... lCo,; Kansas City.. Eirc'.P.revcnlion. Committee--V; f. p.assell (Chairman), Technical Advisor, Alexander & . : Co., Chicago, Ilk; *E. O. Pr/sce (Associate Chairman),;-Dir,; Health;' Safety.'' anf! Security, Bendix Products Automotive Div., South Bend, Ihd, / James S. Doyle,-Director:, : iof , Plant Protection and Security Officer,, Dclco ReniyDiv., General Motors Gorp., .: Anderson, Irid.;' Edward Ebert,;Fire-Marshal, A.C. Spark Plug.Div., General Motors' / ./Corp.,' Milwaukee, Wis.; Arthur' E.-Judson,..Manager; Casualty Engineering Dept;,/ Detroit Insurance'-Agency, Detroit, Mich.. . ' ` Health .Maintenance. .Cdmviittec-JWii.iAam R. RmER (Chairman), Industrial Hygienist, ;. . /Medical; Div,, Caterpillar Tractor Co.; Peoria, III.; Gerald Sattelmeier. (Associate: . . I . , . t .. . . Gtairmah), Industrial Hygiene Unit, OFord- Motor - Co,, Dearborn,; Mich,; Tied Cook, . Chief. Engineer, Bituminous:-Casualty Corp., Rock Island,'. III.; Rob^ T- F^Ek, Manager, Health, . Safety and Fire, The IJcndi* Corp.;;: Kansas- City, - Mo.; Wim.iam --;-^~G,-HAZABPrPcrsonnelRelatibnsDcptrrOwe<t.s-~lllinois:GlassCo~Toletlo70hio~~;'~~~'~ . j: . \ 5 '! . :j~......... ~ .. .......... ______ EuckME C, .Pitoitl.(Chairman),.ngihcer,..Iowa NationaL Mutual... . ! Insurance .Co,, Cedar Rapids,. Iowa `r ilAMir' A. Tieson (Associate .Chairman), Works Safety -Supyir;,. Indianapolis. Works, International Harvester"'- Co.; "Indianapolis, -Ind:.; * WuxtAM A. 1 saacson, Industrial Safety Mgr., Michigan .Mutual Liability Co., Detroit; Mich. ;- John E: Kane, SupcrvisorrSafety, -.Tcrhstcdt" Diy., General Motors; Corp,, Trentofi, N. J.;: Gtuirjrr A. SNyhEiti .Supcrvistjr-Safcty & Sanitation; Allis-Chrilmers '.. ;. Manufacturing Co;, Laporte, Irid.. ,i ; ; . -I. ; i .; ; . . . . Off-lltr-Job Commiller--DoNAUi Wki.tkk (Chairman),/Safety. Director. Guide Lamp Diy., . .. General' Motors' Corp., Anderson, Ind.; .Romst G, Reeve (Associate Cbairrhan),:Mgr.U /-Safety-Services Scction. /illis-Chalmcrs Manufacturing Co., Milwaukee, Wi>:;.j0HN.-S;> "'/ '.--J-/ ...vIJiiAia;- Safety Director, Clark Brothers Co,, Glean, ;. D;,-L. Smith,^ Safety iSupyr,, -. International Harvester Co., Memphis, -Tcitn.; *Robert ,F,. Beeson,- Safety Coordinator, . Perfect Circle Corp., ilagcrstown,. Ind. ; *Oi.ue J,.Pc'kel, Supervisor, Safcty:& Medical . i ; Service, Wagner. Electric Corp;, St. Louisi Mo.; Lewis R; Morrison, ACE Industries, Inc,,. New. York, N. Y.; M`. J. Gaixaghak,' Supt. -Loss Control &-Eng. Dept;, The . ; ' Continental Ins. Cos., Chicago, Il|. ' . 1 ;.' S' 'Staff' /(e^rejen/a/iVc--j(iSKi-ii II. VanSicki.e, Industrial Dept., National Safety Council, ' S _ "l^S N. MLchiKan. Avc.,;Chic-agd, III. 60611. 'East General Chairman- ', v / 54 . ,.r /V*- OFFICERSOFTHE CEMENT, QUARRY/AND MINERAIL AGGREGATESSECTION :!. . General Chairman--Frascis W. Bush, Sr., Director ofSafety, M.J.-Grove Lime .Company, > Frederick. Md.'. *. .' ;; ;; V.\.-"* ' : first Vice Chairman--GaRlasu. E. Midyette, Safety iJircctor, Superior Stone Company, ' . ' Division of Martm-Marietta Corp6ratiori; Raleigh1KT..C. 'See 1/iee Chairman--}: R. Treadaway, Safely Director, Vulcan Materials. Cominy,. ;..Birmingham, Ala. . ;. Secretary--ryjtutAVL if. HoxiE.Safety Engineer, Cofjis oCEnginccrs, NcwEngland Division, Waltham, Mass.. '. ' ". Kneslctter Editor--Vincent Gau-agher, Assistant Safety Director, Materials . Servicer- . ; Division, of General D>-namics .Corporation,-Lyons, III. - : Associate Kcuuletler Editor--Robert J. Gromley, Safety Director, -The/Standard Slag Company; Youngstown.'Ohio* ". . .' Program Committee--Garlasu E.' Midyette (Giairman), Safety Director, Superior..St'one Company, Division of Ma.rtin-iMarictta.Corporation, Raleigh,'N.IC.; Robert M.Holde- ;.'.'!ried. Safety. Coordinator, Standard. .Materials Div., Martin-Marietta Corporatiori,;In- dfanapolis.Ind.; Howard F. Johnston; Division' Manager,- IndustriaLRdatibns, The . Kubcroid Company, Bound..Brook,' N:J.; Anthony .Woewucki, Jit.-, Director, Industrial -. Hygiene, Continental Casualty Company, Chicago,. Ili.;'W. B. Dai; ill'. Safety Engineer, . The New Haven Trap Rock.Company, New Haven, Conn: ." Membership Committee--Fatuick C'. H'ATLEh.f Chairman), Labor Relations Assistant, Ideal . ... Cement'Company, 'Denver; Colo.; Leslie S. Volte,.'Safety Engineer, Vulcan.Materials Company, Consumers Conifahy. Division, 'Hillside/ III,; Leonard R. Flicker, Director of . ':) Safety, Permanente Cement Company; .Oakland, Calif,; E. J. .Waring; Laverock' and. 'Haines, Inc.,-Buffalo, N. Y.; G. E.: Williams,'Safety, Director, American-Aggregates .Corporation, Grefcnville, Ohio; A, VictorAbnee, Jr., :Secretary-General Manager, ..C'V.iGypsum.Association,.Qiicago,-.I.II.. . ............. ` Stdtistics and Ctmtests Cr/winri/Irc^-FoRREST MoYER (Chairman), U. S. Bureau of Mines, ' - ' .Washington, D. C..; VwTM1 H. Aheaen.Jr., Assistant Managing `Director, National . , Sand;& Gravel Association, Silver..Spring. ;Md.; E. W. Bauman, Managirtg.DircctorSecretary, National'Slag. Association, Washington, D. C. . Engineering Committee--IMuuki.i. M. ' Cornell- (Co-Chairman, West),' Safety Engineer/ . Portland Cement Association, Qiicago, IJI.'; George J.' Reynolds, Technical Manage/ -Electrical, U, S. Gypsum Company, Chicago, III.; Vincent .Gallagher, .Assistant Safety Director,; Materials Service--Division of .General Dynamics. Corporation, Lyoris.Ill.; ; ARVib.TiRNSO.N. Safety .Director, Matcri.-dsSeryicc---Division of General Dynamics Cor poration, I.yorts. III. ; LeAue S. Volte, .Safety Engineer, Vulcan Materials' Co. Con-. - .'sumers Co.'Div., Jfiilside, III.;-'Ralph''.Wray,' American Mutual Liability '.Ins!.-Co.,'. Baltimore;. Md.; Fred E. Storcii, Dircctor of, Safety and Personnel, The-. Whitehall Cement Manufacturing Company, Ccmcnton/I'a.; Rov 'G. Stott, Mining'Health . and A,\ Safety-Engineer,"U..S/ Bureau' of ^p^Wasiiiing^;/jb,:.C';,,j6iiM!Ji.'StmtiicriSaifAy-. -Engineer,--Stohcran`d.Slag~Qperation8--Bethlehem~LimMton|e~.Companyr~Steelton,,:Pa.~r~; Howard ReeFenstahl;[. Manager of Training and/Safety,; Alpha ; Portland Cement C<impany, Eastbn,' Pi ;W- M/Hoxie (Co-Chairman, East),- Safety Engineer;' Corps of '.'n^EngiricersrNew"England-Divisioni; Walthamjf/Mass; j'y'l; ....-- ::':Vijuai - Aids Commitlee--VJ}i. A. Kipp. (Chairman), - Manager-Safety,' 'Universal Atlas, '. / 'Ceniiuit Division; ,U. \,Si; .'Steel;-'Corporatioii;- -New/York, N/ Y.;Howabd F. Johnston, /.Division Managier,. Industrial; delations,"The: RubeiroidCompany; Bound Brook,vN;/J,; . VJoHsr J. McC^iXANDI.Natioiial Crushed; .Stone'..Association, .Washington, D.1C;,':U,;// Off-tRe-Job Committee-- Leonahd. Flickeb (Chairman) .Director bf/;Safety,v .Perni3nente 'r-Cement'-'Cpmpany, . Oakland,' 'Gali f,; J. .R.- D.. BEown,. Assistant Manager, Accident Pre- ; Vvyentiori /Bureau,. Portland- Cement Association, Chicago, 111;-; W. B.'Dahill, Safety :En-.-.; ' gineer,.The New Haven Trap Rock Company.New Hayen. Conn.', -. Publicity :Cn>ii//er--rKENNETH Al GuTScriiCK `(Chairmaii)l:Manager-Techhicai Servicesr, . ;National Lime: Association. /Washington,/D, C;;: Vincent P., Ahearn, jR.',Assistant Managing Director,' National.Sand & Gravel' .Association;. Sijver Spring, Md.; William . ..' ;.., CABrER;- Executive Director/vNational Crushed Stone `Association, Washington, D.C. ::-framing.'Commiitee~iioYfAii RiefEnstahl (Chairman), Manager of-Training and Safety,;.. /. Alpha-Portland Cement Company, .Easton, Pa.; Ralph M. Richie, Director of Safety-' & Community Relations, Medusa Portland Cemnit Company, Cleveland, Ohio; Anthony; ;.Woewucki, .Jb.,. Director, Industrial Hygiene,;Continental Casualty Company, Chicago,;; v.Ill,; Gerald D..KavEr, Logansport, Ind. " '.V- 1 Long Range- Planning. Committee--Arvid TieNson. (Cliaihhan), Safety Director, Materials ' / Service--Division of. GaierM DynamicsCorporation,.Lyons, 111.;'Leslie S/Voltz;-Safety /-'Engineer, Vulcan Materials Company.-Gorisumers Coinpany'Division, Hillside, III.; Fred, E.' Storck, Director of Safety, and Personnel, The Whitehall Cement Manufacturing ' -Company, Cemeiiton; Pa. ; Howard F. Johnston, Division Manager, Industrial Relations, //The Ruberoid Company, Bound firook.N, :J.;Paul J. Wprseck,' Manager-Safety. aind '. Welfare, Lehigh Portland Cement Company, -AjIentown. Pa.; Howard^ Riefenstaiil/ . . Manager of TrainingandSafety.AlphaPortland Cement Company, Easton,. Pa. Hospitality Cthnmtt.ee--Martin' D; Gentry - (Chairman),-: Manager-Industrial 'Relations,' ./Gdieral; Portland Cement .'Company, Chicago,- III.; John J. McClelland, National Crushed'-/Stone Association,/ Washington, D/C;; Arvid .Tienson, Safety DirectorJbMa. . terials Service--Division of .General Dynamics CoTporation. Lyons, III.. Nominating Committee--^Leslie S. Voltz, Safety Engineer, Vulcan Materials Company,. Consumers'Company,Division,Hillside, III, . -,* ; / . >. ,. -,. Personal Protective Eguipmenl-Cqnnntlee--PaUL.J.: WPRSEckj(.Cbairmaii)^Manager-Safety/l ami Welfare, lehigh Portland Cement Company, Allentown,: Pa.,; Garland' E. Midyette, v -. Safety Director,; Superior-; Stone. Company,.. Division .of. Martin-Marietta. Corporation; - . Raleigh,;N. C.;-J.' R. Treada.way, Safety-Director, Vulcan.Materials Company,.Birmirig- : ham,'jAla. /.;. ' -..'. Membcrs-ai-Largc--'t. W.- Jones; Vice- President-in Charge'-,pf "Production, New Haven'.' ;/.. Trap R.ock Company, New. Haven, Conn.; Ivan- F,: LeGore, Safety Director, -Portland Cement. Association, Chicago, .Ilj,'; Dorse . O, Seiple/Jr,, The Standard Slag Company, Youngstown;-.Qhio,:' -Staff' Representative--ChAvizs. S, :W6lff, National :Safety Council,- 425 .North .Michigan ' V. Avenue, Chicago, III. 60611.; ' ,'V-./:',-/ -/ - J ii 7 r' ni 'ijii- ^-iVin~niNrin~" r OFFICERS OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 G^a/.;CfcM'rmi--!EkL W. Wheeler, Safety Engineer, Department :qf Navy,- Bureau , ; of Yards &D6cks, Washington, D. C:;203?0: . v"-V;- Vice-Gentrii. CAairwan--*tJoSEPH F. Huntman, Construction Specialist, -Employers: Mu-...; 77, ' Vy-'-.'-. ` tuals of Wausau, River Forest, IM. 60305. ; r;.7v.'w'*;v.:. V--.5 Fe^rfariy-r^FRED S. Cameson; Safety Supervisor, Ebasco Services, Jnc.,New ;;::;^;r-Yorlc,;N::Y^;l000|6\;';: > ./.yy' y-y--;;y.,-\. ' Assistant; General- Secretary--`FredA;~HoRiiSBvy;jR.;; Product Line- Manager, -Mine Safety :. " Appliances Co., Pittsburgh; Pa. 15208 y:.; .;,-y"F ; - Dhrisions^ifuilding--*W; G.Brvson(Chairman), ;Safety Dirertcrrj Tidewater Construe- . ;tioh &rp., Norfolk, Vx 23501; BBOiisoiJ A. Coii, (Engineering Vice-Chairinan), Safety Engineer,; Engineering & ConstructionDiv.^K Co., Inc,; Pittsburgh, Px^ .15219;.; Ralph; W. Armstrong, Supervising Engineer, Engineering & Loss Control-.Div., The Travelers. Insurance. Co., Hartford, Cpnri. 06115 ;fj0HN D, Bonham, Supervising Engi- / neer, Jpycciifit Co., Chicago, III 60606;-Charjuss W. Borden, Jr., Manager of Safety, ' ; Cecci; Corp.,'Chicago,;-.Ill, 60650;; HenrvV. Carvill, Safety' Director' ScTiisurahce Manager,.-Henry. G^'Beek Co., Dallas, Texas .75202; Paul H. Connelley, United . Brotherhood of; Carpenters & joinin-s of America, Washington, D. C. 20001; Harold -.... ,/F; Feeixv, II, Director, Education,; .Welfare & Safety, Laborers' Internationaiyynion of North America--AFL-CIO/ Washington, D. C. '20006; W- R- Frrz, Insurance-Man- agcr -& Safety :;Djrector, The Rust Ipngineerihg Co;,, Pittsbur{dt,-.::Px 15222in^R6BERT ;Hagowan,'. Associate Director, TechnicaFSefyiixs. Div,, American. Insurance Association, - New York,: Ni - Y. 10038 ; Warren G Hargreaves, Personnel & Safety DirectoryFTMin- . . ;; Colnon. Contracting: Co., St, Louis, Mo.63103;E.L.KRAUSE,Chief, Safety and Fire., . . ..... Protection Div., Office of Assistant Administrator for Construction, Veterans. Admin-: .' ` ; . istration,. Washington, DyCy 20420; Frederick M. Livingston,', Jr.; Safety Director, . ' Turner- Construction Company, New York, N. Y.10017; Hugh J. McRae,' Asst, Secy., '. Building. Construction EmplQycrs'' Assn., Ghicago, 111. 60601; PAULj.NAJM.Safety'-. fc.. .: Ehgitjeer,;' Master Builders' Assodation of Western' Pennsylvania, Inc., Pittsburgh-, Ra: .15222; Francis L., Qtto, Safety. Engineering Craisultant;-OflSce of Occupational Safety, ' | Burrati of. Labor' Standards, Washington, D-. C.20210;.Alfred L.'Perini, Jr., Safety ".|- , f Dir.; PCTini'.Corjp.j 'Fraimngh^'.Mass^ .RicHARD E. 'ScHHOEDER,:Pirectpr, Home Office- Engineering - Services, Amcncari.';Mtitual; Liability -Iniurance.Co., -Wakefield, Mass; , ' 01881 j'- Charles F. Sparreix, i Assistanti- Chief . Engineer,. Liberty. Mutual Insurance r Co., Chicago, III, 60606; Gene- Washerman* -Safety Direfctor. Wexler. Constructioii .7.. -Gompany7^Inc7~^NewtOfl~Highlands,:Mass. 02r6rFRoBEgT.A. Wendell,.Chief, Safety- Office; U, S. Army Engineer Divisiqn, South Atlantic, Atlanta, Ga. 30303; Erwik Nly.'. Ziner,' Project Manager,. George B; EL Macomber Co., Boston', Mass. 02134 . . H(?tmy-7*DAN C. Christie . (Chairman), Asst Chief Safety Ehgr. & Fire.Marshal, Cali fornia Dept; of ;Water Resources,'Sacramento, Calif. 95812;. T. J- LaskowSki (Engipeering Vice-Chairman), .Safety, ik Claims Supervisor,'Transit .Insurance .Administrators, San Francisco,, Calif; 94103; George E. A*0,- Safety Engineer,.'United:Engineers and' Constructors, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 19105; Carlyle F. Bunw, Chief, Safety Branch, ;--.-V'"'--.r;T1-" U, S.Army Engineer District Kansas City. Kansas City 6, Mo.; C M. 'Cahill, y Safety Engineer, Massman Construction Co., Kansas City, Mo. 64111 ; Ben T. Cheery, ' 3 Safety Mgr.; H. K. Ferguson Co., Cleveland, Ohio 44114; Jack R. Dunc*n, Director :of -Industrial: Relations; Tanner .Bros; Contracting 0>., . Phoenix,'.'Aria. 8S034 ; :.tNEn-; 'E. . Gauss; Chief,1 Safety-. -Brandi,1 ;U.. S. Array;:Engineer; Division, North Central, Chicago," 111. 60605; Clayton C. Kileatrick,. Safety Engineer, MacLean Grove fit Co., ;In^& Grwe-Sbeijjord, Wilson & Kruge, Inc.;' New. York, .N;.Xi'-.fQ011; Howard S. " Xatham, Chief"Safety'En^rteef7:Btireau "of 'Redamation~Denver,-Color80225-;-Daniel- VV. Lenahan, 'Project Engineer; Loss Prev.' Dept;. Liberty Mutual;. Insurance iCoitiz:^ ; -:.. pany, Atlanta, Gx 30302; Dale Maks, Vice Ptes. 'Dist;Repr;,`. Oiperatirig Engr^-lncal' Union. 3, San Francisco, Calif, 94103; Robert'J.: Massman, SafetyJ'EngJneer,-Massman ..: Construction Gn, Kansas City, Mo. 64111; J. R. OTiatL, Safety Stipyr.; The Fluor Corp. " Ltd., Los Angdes;- CaIif. 90022;Ecic L. Pedley, Pedley-Kiwwles fit Co.; San: Frands>, Calif. 94107; James RECMf; Safety EngrV, Engineering Draign and Constrnctioii, Teiines; ... see Vatley Authority/Knoxville, Tenti. 37902; Frank Rousts, Safety-Supervisor, Dravo Corp., Pittsburg, Px:il522S; Arthur L: Schmuhl, Diredor. Safety and Training Division,. The Associate! General: Contractors - of America, Inc.',: Washirigton,: D.; C; 20006; Lee D. Tracy, .Director,; Loss; Control, Ingram". Corp., New.; Orleans, La.'-70112 Or C. Wakefield, Chief, Safety. Office; Corps' of Engineers, Str-Paul," Minn;' 55101;. .. Kenneth A. .White, .Chief,/Safety Office, Corps of^Engineers,:"`(iica^vJlLVfiOSM';'.. -Jerome J._ Williams,- Director of ^Safrty, Moirrison-Knudsen Co.. . Inc., Boise,. '.Idaho. . /' 83707 ' '' ' :Highway--'`Robert O. Nimmo) . (Chairman); Safety Dir., Peter Kiewif Sons', Inc., Omaha, v - -Nebraska 68131; ,Roy H; Olson, : (Engineering. Yia^Chairniah)',^ Safety' Engitieering Consultant, Michigan Mutual; Liability 'Co,-, Lansing, Mich.; 48913; W.: D.: Brunig, : Safety Consultant,.Syracuse, N::Y.. 13210; Homer ,F; Clark,' Safdy Officer; Bureau of' Public Roads, Washington, D. .C. 20235 ; tDonald W. Dodson, Manager, ;Engiheerinsr:' : Dept., Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., Chicago, 111.':60603;, Philip A.:.Havey,Supt;' -Home Offite Engineering, The Hartford `Insurance Group, Hartford, .Conn,; 06115;' Dean O. Lundahl, Mgr., Engineering Department, Reiiancelnsurance' Companies, - Philadelphia, Pi 19103; -Dale R. Medskes, Dale Mdlsker:8t 'Ass6ciatM,:;;Inc;^ Atlanta, Ga. 30303; Roy R.; Peterson, Asst. Supt,.Policyhoidd-srSeryice' Div.,' Insurance'Coin-1 pany of North'',Aindica,- Philadelphia,' Px 19101';- James ;AV; Ramsey,- J.R,,: ;Safety.v , Director, WestOTf.Contracting.'Corp., Sioux City, Iowa 51101; Robert- E.Vergie;Asst Mgr. Pacafic Regional "Engineering. Dept., Fireman's Fund American1 Insurance Gom- panics, San Francisco. Cahf, 94120; Arthur V. WoopwAJtD, Executive Director, The - Assodated Contractors of Illinois, Springfield; IIL-62701 '" '; ; ') -J,"1' Home Building--*tRoBEET L. Moore " (Chairman), Supt of Engineers,;Lumbermens Mu-..- tual Casualty . Cp;; ,Chicago,TIl.!6()&46;HERBERTR.'W Chairman), Chief Safety; Engineer,' Argonaut Underwriters- Jpi,: Menlo : Park;; Calif. . 94025;. Frank ^R. Dwyer, . Mgr;,;. Engineering; Dept, Reiiance lnsurance Cos., San '. . Francisco, Calif. 94126 - . .' ' V!-"-A"'...' Specialty--*T. S.. McKosky, (Chairman), Supervisor of -Toolhotises, . Bethlehem Sted Corp., Betoldiem, Pa,18016 ; 'BEENiE M..ENnm),-(Engineering ;Vice-Chairtnan), `Con- struction. Admihisfrator, .Chicago Bridge fit Iron Co.; Cfek .Brook/ III. 60523; fMARTiN. ; F, Mulhall, Manager, Safety Engineering E)cpL, Fred S.;James;& Company,:C^ ; Tllr 60602 ;. :Freii ;A-Campbell--Insurance-Manager,--J.-F^Pritchard-&'_Co.,_Kansas; Qty, Mo,; Frederick H,` Dbbc/ Mgr., Accident fit Fire: Prevention;Dept, American Mutiml Insurance'Alliance,.'Chicago,;Illinois 60606; R. J. Dooghekty, Director of Safety, ' Robert. L. JtNKiNsgCmiSuftarit, Potiwnac; Mi 20854; Wardie' W. KiNG/ Chief, Safety Office,;. U;-' S. Arihy-'Enginws,.' Portland, Oregon; 97209 ; WnLiAH;;B:;MuRPHY,; Chief Safety Office, Cffiief''of"Array Engineers, Washington, D. C. 20315; JpHN V. O'BRlEN, Spfety Supy. & . Labor ' Relations Repr., Bechtd Corporation, Sah Francisco^ CaliL ; ' 94119; Henry T. Perez, Editor, Construction Methods & 'Equipment, New York,; N;-Y;; ....-,..55 " i 10036; G. Jj $amson,: General : Manager, Construction Safety Associations.ofOntario, > Toronto 1/ Ontario, ' Canada;- Hunter P. Wharton;' General- President, `International: /Union of Operating. -Engineers,- Washington, D. C. 20006; Victor E: Whitehouse, . Director of Safety. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Washington, D. C.-; Everett Witzel, Sales Mgr., Ei .D. Bullard Co., Sausalito, Calif. 94965 - Standings Committees :-Program-Committee--JosephF./Huntman,' Coordinator;. Co-Chair-. .v: men: Brronson Cole (Building), T, J. Laskowski (Heavy), Roy H. Olson (Highway); Membership Comiw//re^-GENEWASSERMAfr.(Chairman); . Wm; G. Bryson, Dan- C. . Christie,-Robert O.'Nimmo, Tv S.- McKoskY; Robert L. Moore JfewsletterCommitiee--R: J. DouGHERTY/Editor;. Roy R. PETERSON/Associate Editor ' .HealthContmittee-r-Cu&z 'B. Schwaktz;: R.N., (Chairinih); Employers Mutuals of Wausau,; : River ForMt;; Ill,: 60305.; Dk;. N.. G.' Long; (Vice-Chairman), -Medical Director, Kemper r Insurance, Chicago, Ill.:60640;-JANE'-T.-jMboRErRr N;;Industrial Health Consultant, Oak Park; III. 6031M; Jean Rl Welsh, RiN.;';bafc:Park, III. . ' ` r,'J> f Research Committee^--FkANcis L; Otto, ((Chairman) - PublicRelalions Cdjnm://er^-HuNTER P. WHARTON/ (Chainnan) ,Training Cdmmittec-rAxT.HVK- L.; Schmuhl, ;(Chairman) Visual Aids Committee--R; J. Dougherty, (Chairman) ;'Roy R. Peterson, (Vice-Chairman) Standards-Committee--James Regan, (Chairman)' : Special Projects Cowmit/re--Robert A. Wenuell, (Chairman) ' ' it' - . :Off-the-Job Cgrnmittie-rfPAVvH. Connelley(Chairman). WnlifKrtmff -ConidiiNre-:i&EORGE E. ARO, .(Chairnian) ; FREDERicK IL . Deeg, Robert L. .vO Moore, Robert A. Wendell' ! ; y >.y V/ ;-;: Honorary Life Members--'H. D. Brunig, C. M. Cahill : Staff Refrj'sehtdiive^CixiiznT . J. LvifKt, National/ Safety Council, 425 .: N..: Michigan Avenue,' Chicago, Illinois 60611 ', * P&et YZr*i**rnJ' rWratMt^lOllL^I H T'pn ;,TV.' W/wrrrrg < . XT' . A. nnrncAr-1091 JOA-. arIds ; 1929-'31:,'George .Wtoua ; 1931-34, John Russel,- JiV lOS^'SSj EDGAk Nr Goldstine;- I935-'39, \Vy A..Sno\v ;. 193?-'41,.R. :J.v Reigeluth-rwi^ywyvA / Hazard ; 1943r'4S, G. O. Griffin i ^S-^/. LuVn A. Blanchard ; i947-'48, FRANK j. CvANDELL; 1948-'49, Otto S. Holmskog ; 1949-'S0, J.:A. De1.uca ; lOSO-'Sl. HAjatY jyKnik j lOSl-'Sa,, H. W, Richardson ; 19S2-'54,: H; B.' Alexander; 1954-;'SS, G,. P. O'Rourke ; 1955-'57, R.;L. jENKtNS-; 1957-'59; W; G;'7-HAwkiNS|-'--1959-6l;.'R-,'''L;..-M6oE'';.'`l961-,63l^R.`'A'./ i Wendell; 1963-'64, F. H. Deeg and 1964-'6S Georce E. Aro Committee fTask Force 56' t .V. NOISE MEASUREMENTS IN THE CEMENT ^ 1' AHp quarrying INDUSTRIES By ANTHONY WOEWUCKI, JR. Director, Industrial Hygiene Dept. Continental National American Group* Chicago, 111. I will briefly sketch the background of the. Dating from the test cases for compens-. .. problem of noise in industry, both from Jhc ability of loss of hearing from , industrial: f' . standpoint of the effect of noise on people. noise, in flic'states of New York and Wis and. also, tile legal aspects, - such, as work consin, thcrc; have, been quite a few claims men's compensation for its damaging' effects .filed in various states, .notably, Wisconsin, , .V to hearing. New' York', and California: Although only Noise--unwanted sound.--lias three princi-- four .states have specific laws,there, are .! 1 i, . . pal effects on a person : ... . probably -30 other: states where noise deaf- : . I. Behavior--fatigue . 2. Speech interference 3. Loss, of hearing .: . . ness is compensable in one way or, another.'. States that are considering legislation:indud? Rhode .Island,- New Jers^, : Michigan : ...and Pennsylvania States consideringamend- : .. .The noise ,I:. speak'".df ..is the industrial.' ments which would have added occupational . noise in the audible frequency'range of 20 hearing. loss to their legal. schedules include. . . .cycles to aboiit 10,000 cycles per second with Colorado, Illinois and Arizona/ I am;, con- . . . an intensity range of about 80 decibels'to fident - that the -.'number of states passing -. . 120 decibels (<lb) . . such . legislation.' or amendments will grow ' '. ' Continuous loud noises develop'a sense of with the passage of time. annoyance with resultant feeiing of irritabil (would like to make;a few.background ity.and fatigue.: There '"doesn't appear to be comments-on-the hearing conservation crite- '. any oilier " significant behavioral response ribn curves'which.. I'have used as a basis of other than this sense,of fatigue. : evaluating tltc degree' cif hearing loss poten Communication l>c(wccn workers by speech tial of various noises which I have measured is severely' impaired, in general^ and occa- in the. cement-manufacturing and quarrying , ' sionally- made impossible by loud noise. "- . industries.! Theses criteria are .patterned after . | Continuous loud noise also causes. permancrif partial hearing loss, by damaging the nerve system of the inner ear. tlic curves proposed by . Jones and Church, .' . Medical Research,- Division/ESJ50 Research and'Enginecring Company,-Linden, 'New Jersey and, published- in the December.1960 Industry is concerned with all three effects issue of the American' Industrial' Hygiene ' of noise;'-behavior, speech interference' and Association Journal; titled "A ;Criterion.for. '.- haring loss. However, my comments, will '.- pertain to. the loss of .hearing'effect of loud ' ttoisev: . . : Evaluation of Noise Exposures." . `.' .'1: \ . These curves, as in the-case of most hear- iug conservation criteria, are based.upon .the. . The foremost "purpose" in the prevention --varying--schsitivity--l>f--the--human--ear--to__ of-noise-caused hearing loss is, as with the. . iioiscs of different frequencies;..-. prevention of.' other occuiiatjonal. diseases /Essentially, the car: is. less sensitive to- .. and'injuries, the preservation of the total -noises ."in the lower' frequencies, (blow. 3.00 . health and well-lteing '.oT the worker.' cycles per, second)'as wejl as the noises- in': Faijure to, do this-results in'a physically . the higher frequencies " (above '4800 cycles .. . impaired worker: Who is unable, to .fully en-' per second).'it is. more: sensitive to: damage ; joy the pleasures of living. from noises, in the mid-'frequencies of 300 In-the industrial environment, the impaired cycles to 4000 cycles per second. ' worker may .be less, efficient and, of .course, " Most industrial noisis cover a wide range1 disability, results in. compensation claims of'frequencies and unfortunately, a majority ...^ '. whether it be from physical disability or . of tile acoustical energy in an industrial noise . physiological impairment. ' ' '. is- generally located1 hf . the -mid-frequency -: - ,l__ft/ * . Yf 1965 National Safely Congress : range, which is. thc; sensitive range for .'the energy is concentrated in the.lower frequeh- -human car.; " -"--.- : -- ' -; ----j- .cics,-around-125 - cycles,-which-is -good.-Very-- Therefore,'-to evaluate'the hearing damag. ing ability of a noise, one must analyze the noise, at least' by octave band-in order, that little of the. energy is iri the range .of tlie car's, highest sensitivity, .which would be 500 to"2,000'cps;;" ------' . ' the over-all spectrum of the noise in question Studying - a . Caterpillar Tractor DW-20, can be observed. A. single; over-all sound, the spectrum follows a pattern similar (o-thc. pressure 'level in deciblds is not enough to previous one,'although more of the acousti give this necessary information; In the course cal energy is in the higher frequencies' (500- of our,, examination; of- the . various , noise "1,000. cps,). This-makes the noise more haz- - , spectrums Which j have measured, we will ardous" even. though the over-alt; level is : conic-, across' examples of similar noise levels, ; lower; This is .104 db., the other was 109 db. however, with . different distributions of the With a "42-inch gyratory crusher, the over . acoustical energy ^throughout the . audible all sound; level was TOO db., with most; of ..range.-; . ". -.. : / .' ; the . energy "concentrated in tlic lower fre- , . vTlic' equipment -used was (lie Bruel and qiicncics,' therefore there is little hearing, Kjaer Sound. Levclmastcr, Model 2203, and;. ure. ' . Octave Kilter .Set, Model 1613. Using" the" same- piece of equipment,, the". ' r I liavc attempted. to keep 'thcsc observn" " mcsreifiicmcht was . taken inside-the operator's -. ;. lions, in the.; Order , of material 'flow- from. glass booth. The- over-all level should read, ; quarry or mine to. finished product, except in 87 db.-Tlicrc. is: no exposure from this noise the case : of - drilling, ; .which .1 will discuss whatsoever. ' ;, y: later./ : "'Testing- a 48-|nch gyratory crusher,, the -", A; Diesel shovel, observation indicated an " pver.-all level "Was .102 db., A greater portion, over-ill sound level ;.of 106 "db. The- energy. ."of".the energy was in the high frequencies " ' spectrum-,-is fairly: flat with a rising-.and-- than in the rase of-the 42-irich gyratory., . . falling, intensity iri 'the 4,000 cycle aria.: ; A 30"x42* Jaw. crusher, registered an. TiiiS'will illustrate ;the criterion- curves of - over-all level of . 100 db, with the acoustical; Jones "and. Church as "mentioned earlier. energy distributed. similar" to the gyratory.: U- Essentially, we have a series of exposure-, .. Ill" this particidar'.case, the crusher- is" located i time lines plotting the permissible noise ex in a",low -.ceiling building and the operator's posure in hours per day"or hours per week station is almost directly, over the crusher. plotted against ,-the sound . pressure, level in Tlic building; I feel, permits quite a hit of decibels fpr various'.frcqUencics'in the audi-': . reverberation. of, the noise. . . ble tinge.' Thiis, to fake: an.-example, "the '. A similar jaw crusher" in the opi, permits curve for. 20 hours-per week or- four hours , a dissipation ofTtlie" noise from the crusher per day peimits a level, of 88-db, at 500' since the sound has essentially a fairly high cycles per-second, 88 db." at 1,000. per second; degree of directivity which is-aimed directly . 89 db. at 4,000, etc. -These arc for noises upward;. Bo'th , were crushing limestone, that arc continuous and apply to continuous, .exposure of the worker throughout'the day,, naturally "allowing-for a lunch period. The ...noise analysis of- 'tlie .diesel shovel indicates "That. a permissible exposure of one .hour oT less.'without . ear protection is the-maximum permitted-in order to. "effectively conserve the . "A. Eenn impactor, held ah Hpver-all sound ;' level ' of "109 dl>, and a" good, portion, of." the." , acoustical ` energy extends . into the middle; ^_frei|uency_rangc^Tliis increases..tlie hearing;- exposure. The " loaded Euclid -was 109,. db ;. also, hut most of the noise was at 125 cps.-' . hearing "of tiic worker`So cxpqse<.thronghout With a 600 .H.IV reverse inipaclor,at 106-... his work life., ; 107 db, the pattern-was similar to die.Penn . . Using an. cihpty-'Eucljd truck driving out impactor.: .. of a .'mine; three - tests were . run, with a "A 4-foot. Symons mill registered .102: db, -V range.;from ll2: to 1.18-decibels, the" over-all ' .witH theacoustical energy, spectrum relatively sound pressure, level very high. . flat and extending into, the middle" and high ;- With a Euclid truck loaded in low gear, frequencies, a higher hearing exposure than tlie over-all sound 'level was 109. db., which' . {lie,48-iiich gyratory atI02 db. " is significantly less. Note that: tlic acoustical "A 3-Toot Short' Head Symons;,Mill, with lL Cement, Quarry, and Mineral Aguregates 07 db bail.energy .distribution similar to the Bag packing , operations registered,'94 to" .4-foot SymegisrV 98 db, with the energy conccntratcd in lower With a Jeffrey Hammer Mill at 114 db, frequency, offering no hearing loss exposure a great deal of the acoustical energy is con to the worker. centrated in' tiieWower frequencies, - but- a - -In; both a-;cdai;ear sliaker. at-118:20 db,- sufficient: amount extends into the middle, (in empty car;.and a raw. material car jdiakcr. frequencies to produce a: hazardous noise. at-128 db, the intensity was extremely high A Tyler . Screen, 8x5,! showed 1 OS db, arid though a lot of the energy is in the lower ;. frequencies, there is sufficient, in the middle ajid; upper frequencies to make this hazaVdoiis. 1 in all frequencies, offering a severe exposure to the- hearing of the. worker, who. should have constant' ear "projection,.: regardless of how..short' the time that he is exposed/: In a niotor room,. (101 db), the acoustical Another Tyjcr Screen at 106 db indicated energy , extends into the middle frequency over-all noise.less:.than in the preceding test,.-, range, increasing the exposure to the worker but .more of the energy is in the middle mid- to a moderate level.: ; upper.' frequencies, which in effect- makes . . \ In. a coal mill (109 dbj, although the this a more hazardous noise. . ' ' principal; acoustical. energy is concentrated A test of a Wet Mill feed, showed 103- in the lower frequency; range; it is. not-suffi db with a good portion-' of the. acoustical ciently ; low in Frequency . to completely, eli energy concentrated in the middle l?cqucn- minate exposure of' t.hc. worker to moderate. 'cies. This offers a hearing exposure.. potential hearing loss. ' A, Wet Mill discharge at 104* db had acoustical energy distribution essentially like tile .feed, hoyrever, : more of' the energy is ;)n -the. lower. frequencies.; This cuts thc .hear-'. . ing exposure down somewhat. In' Summary: Areas ofvhigh cxposiire.to the hearing of the - worker. include mining ' equipment, such as junibo'drills and shovels-; secondary .crushing -equipment,; such as. itbIiactors, hammer, mills and screens!'Raw; and: Three kilns, .one gas-fired, at 99 db, one ; - finish mills, depending on tjieir size, .and also coal-fired at 103-6 db arid one oil-fired at: some miscellaneous areas, such as-car shak ; .105 .db had (most of the energy concentrated ers, clay wash mills and .coal mi|ls.:'- in the .lower. frequencies.. Hearing hazard V liauljng; by truck, primary; crushing, pack- is slight. . ing. and around-the-kilh firing floor offer a . Of' the three observations on, kilns,' ihe: relatively, iow . exposure....to. the hearing of lowest ..one, the gas-fired, lias more of its. the worker. energy;toward the center frequcncies, which,', therefore,.offers,.a. greater hearing loss ex-, . Whatare the possible avenues of control and hearing-'conservatipn.?::The noise' most posure than die.'other two.. However* I do hot : consider - the'exposure in the gas-fired . complete method.; would be.' the removal of the workers from all operating areas through kiln as. being, significant automation. This,.no doubt,;will be the pro-, ; . Test'of a'Finish Mill- feed,.l'O'xSt', showed ' ceduire on' all. plants; now; being built Such'- ' a range from 107 to. llO db,' depending;on automated plants,- haturally: have much higher; location along .mill.' The. acoustical spectrum capacity - equipment than; the voider ..-.plants essentially, follows the-pattern of the. raw with an accompanying increase in noise level.- mills, ' Hearing exposures .very_liigh..j;'or-. -Howevr,--the_wbrkersIare-essentiallyjnain`- tiina(ely; this p|ant;is automated. .. . tenAncemen who just pass-.through arehs; -At a. smaller, mill than the previous; one, rather -than remaining;for any jengtlr. of. the" acoustical -, spectrum is essentially /: the time./- : sanie, .only lowcron; intensity in tlie' fre- This transient exposure even though high, quency . range ,of 500 to 2,000 cps. Hearing I have found in one study.'to be of relatively exposure is high.-". . short duration in most cases:which brought '-"'Finish'. Mill ..discharge, at 102 db has a the' actual' hearing . loss exposure. down cob-, spectrum essentially the' same, as the feed siderably.. In the particular automated plant but lower in intensity. This is typical of. a that I visited,- there were only two workers null,: whether'it-be a raw mill or a finish, for: whom' I. recommended car protection-- .mill. Hearing exposure is moderate-to low. ' the- driver of; a DW-20 Caterpillar,' and. the irl '-yf-'K 1965 National: Safety Congress ' primary cruslierop'erator. Both workers.were 1 It should be remembered tliat noise factors' continually exposed toTtheTnoiscs-(luring-tlic- causing hearing loss.arc,:,.- eoufse.of the. work day.; . y- :f 1. Over-all intensity.. - .With- the presently operating nomauto-: " ' 2. ' Distribution of noise energy oyer mated plants; actually ,rediicingr;the noise of ; ".: ; audible range. 20 to: 10,000 cycles per a .piece of equipment;.such as a mill, or an impactor is just about impossible: ;Howcvcr, ; .you will recall; that one of the graphs. of fa primary:crusher w-as . 100 decibels taken near . the gyratory crusher ail'd the next graph was 3. Duration of. exposure on a daily . ' basis as welfas over. the. years .' 4. The on and off nature offthc cx- :. posure f'-. -f-' ;f ' ' ' -f-f taken inside (he. .operator's- glass .boothand N'o. 3 is an important : one; Measuring a ..the level, tvas now 87 db. Actually, even at worker's- exposure to thc;iipise in hours, per , 100. db .'tlicref was i no '. exposure,; i f merely -' day.;:.f -/;- f ,:v ff f f /-. /;.f _ .// .. wanted.. to'illustrate the use. of the;'enclosed'. I have a. Uni.co Noise .Exfibsiriictcr which . booth; as af teclniic|iie.; Such a., method "can.'; I hope to- use for time- of.-.exposure; studies ` .-''probably :.-bc;fused /effectively. in the', mill in order, to find otit ifi tlie worker is.'stibject ; buildings aiid'i aniysure it.probably has. been., to/ hearing' loss. Knowing, the type.; of f iioise - ' However;., f(Itave' iHit seen/ such an 'applica-f/ from the analysis and the limb- be is exposed tion. '. .. .' . from the ex|K>simctcr raiding, the- criterion Controlling the ihtcii.se noise from pneu-f curve .<art;r.lie.'.ised.`.;to,vni^siirt" his actual made ilrills so far iiotsnVapiK:ar''tbo; prom-' .degree . of-, hazard and .possible; extent of ising; J.'say . tliis.princiiKdly because although' hearing loss. ' /-Vf ' the. Bureau of Mines'.studies, produced a. Where the noise cannot: be/controlled and .significant noise 'reduction, wc-.nnist bear.in . where the worker cimiiot..;be .isolated from- mind that the" volume of fair being handled.f . the hdise by. enclosures or . throfigb aiitoma-- by these mufflers is relatively, low. Actually,' . tidri, then the. use of, personal, ear. protection; . it'; was alxiut 64: cubic feet per. minute. Iri such as-.car; muffs,- sliotihV.be 'considered. I;. ..the.'pneumatic drills' for fgiafrying and min . have seen, a few plants that: are Osing them ... ing,. the.!capacities are much higher. Ffom; ' in ; varying .degrees. -Muffs; arc' father' im- the formulas 'used in 'the calculations, a', comfortaMe in. the .'summertime' if it's hpt, corresjiotiding.dncrcase.iii mitffler size would- however, they have, definite;, advantages over' necessary to handle: this: air. volume. I'm car plugs :arid, the cost is/relativcly low.' not . saying tliat .ajl the air is' going out ' . As. a part . of the,hearing.-conservation ..through the. exhaust: port... Naturally, a cer- . program, audiometric testing .of newly hired fain' (tuamity: is going:down the- hollowfclrill- f workers who will, 'tie- in noisy exposures stem .as well fas leaking' and, of course, should, be made.In order to check oh' the': ./rotating fthe drill, .but. I am. sure it is-still effectiveness off the program,'' particularly : much fiighcr than 64 cfm. coming out/of the if ear...protection is. worn, :;theii the: use''of fexhauSt port. . Furthermore,' -.the .resultant ; periodic audigrams 'every: year. qr every .two iidise -levels', still offered a high hearing loss years., is. ,a good-'check.-on.: this, control exposure;.- f .:''- '....' f ' ' ; . ' '-. pfbgranv f; ' .. - ff ` "f; .' GROUND FAULT PROTECTION FOR PERSONNEL ; AND /EQUIPMENT IN QUARRIES AND MINES 'f..f f /.-ff-.'-/ By ,G. J. REYNOLDS f f :X:''-f'f 'f'f f:f Electrical Manager, Operations, U, S. Gypsum Co.,'.Chicago .- . The purpose of this paper is to define .the ' for many years/and well'iiiustrates the.basic . objectives of Ground Fault Protection, to ..principles, involyecl,' to show tlie natural, dc- .discuss,:the standard 4160:.'.Volt Ground' Fault ' .velbpment of the 480 Volt System from this Protective System which . has' been ' in , tise standard 4160 Volt' System,, anti, ip describe' I y,i 1 Cement, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates the additional protective features which have dangerous , "voltage to ground" by limiting -rectntly--been-dcvelopcd,-- It--is-hoped-that., this voltage to a safe value. this discussion, will be helpful to those tipcr- 2. To protect electrical equipment' from ators who do not have Ground'Fault Protec severe, damage at . the lime of 'ground fault tive '.Systems;' and arc- dcsiroiis; of installing by. limiting .the current-flow - through the 'them. : damaged spot and: disconnecting the equip ; Below arc'listed, a few terms used-in this ment as quickly- as possible from the power discussion: . ;. source. ' - ' . . The term . "Ground". itself, means, earth . potential-.wliicirjs the same in-all parts of,, the .earth, or in any cibjcfct that touches tfic dearth, through .zero resistance. "Solid Ground", or ''Eqiiipriient Ground". . is: the direct : connection of; a structure or. piece of: cf|uipmcnt. to earth by means of a.. "Grounding Conductor'' and a "Ground Rod" orascric? bf ihtcr-conncctcd ground-rods. .-3. .To isolate the faulted; portion of the. system instanlly at the time of fault without disturbing . the balance :of' the.' system, arid, thus limit the outage-time to the one faulted section'only. ... . - ' : 4.' To reduce the hazard of.electrical power cable fires. due - to high ..resistance - 'faults . wluch allow just sufficient current to -flow to produce"excessive .beat but not enough ciirrerit to trip overload breakers; ... . . "Ground Network" is:a protective-network.of-conductors which' tics together, the. framesof "various units qr structure- and/or pieces; of equipment and which' in turn is solidly' grounded through aluminum resistances so ' .The essentials of. a Ground Fault- Pro tcctiye System arc;..included, .in. the well known 4160. volt ground fault protective' system/ which is standard .in .the .open pit mining industry today and; which we shall that all elements'of structure arid equipment review as a basis for the development of- will maintain, constant earth .potential under ., all nbrniai and abnormal conditioijs.- ., the 480 volt system, ' . .-The system described has a wye neutral '."Grounded System" is a systcm of conduc- {mint' blit the sarrie protection can also' be . tors, in'which at jeast one conductor or point applied to .the 2400 volt. Delta system by, tile . (usually the, middle.wire or neutral point of simple addition of a zigzag 'grounding trails-' . transformer, or gencrator windings) is inteq- former sized to handle the limited ground. tibhally grounded. . ; . fault current and connected to the 2400 volt ' A "Resistance Grounded Systeiri" is inten-; transformer terminals to provide. a wye : tionally .grounded, through , a predetermined, neutral point. . calculated . resistance.. .- The; standard 4160 volt ground fault pro ... A "Ground .Fault" is an insulation' failure. tective system consists of a wye-connected which allows...electrical 'connection' between;. transformer feeding a :4160 volt circuit, phase and. ground. V through an automatic circuit breaker. (Au .."Ground- Fault ..Current"' is 'the current : tomatic in' this usage means, automatic, trip flow-between-phase and grmlrid at'.the'time, at predetermined values but manual rcclose.) of ground'fault. The 4t60 volt circuit' consists of a cable. .containing the three phase wires,'A, B,; and- A. .-simple fundanicntal tb-remember in re: : C, arid a ground wire, G, (or'three'ground. .latiori to the flow'of;ground fault current is. --wires-in-tbc-pliasc-inl.erstices.).^Fhe-.gi:bund that- theoretically; an rampere. that flows out . wire' (or wires) , is-connected, to-the-frame -of one terminal'of;a transformer must. find, ..'of the' equipment -at one. end .arid . to .'the:. its: way back, through jsomc other., terminal. neutral of the transformer at the other and. . The basic'concept of ground . fault protection . affords a metallic low-resistance path back is tliat ilie ground fault- current be provided'. to "the neutral -point of . the transforriier. ' A . with' a low Resistance metallic path back' tb resistance, of predetermined value; is-placed' the transformer, so that it can be controlled, ' in ibis ground.'return just before it'inters defected,`arid discorinetted. '. the-transformer. .The objectives of"a; ground fault, prbtec- ., :This system employs' (a) Equipment tive systeiri are:...... . . Grounding--by metallic .path to a low-resist- 1/:.To protect personnel/fro'iii exposiire to ' ancc (5 ampcrcs.'or less)' station- ground/.an'd 1965 Notional Safety Congress . . (b) System Grounding--which provides, (1) This high voltage scheme proved so sue- ' ......a..positive.metallic low'-resistafjce. path,;-wifh_ ccssful.in.practice that.in.about-1045;opera--- .'' ,-- resultant low IR drop, back to the neutral tors naturally began to investigate why some : of the. transformer to provide a positive .'. similar scheme could not be applied to the - tripping current at the-time of ground fault, -180 volt system-for mobile;mining machines. - : v v - and: (2) a predetermined resistance at the ' The problem, however; was not. so . easily transformer neutral which allows a' ground .solved by simply , assembling, the equipment , ' . : .. , . fault current flow, large enough- to trip the / we liavie today. Because! the equipment, such;.'; . ground .relays, and remote the faulted sec- as 480 volt wye connected transformers, zig- tion from the system, but at the.same time . zag grounding transformers, CTs, and re-. . limits the "phase to.ground" voltage.to which lays of sensitive enough .rating, for the .480 , ; : { '.;/;, personnel can be exposed to a maximum of . volt circuits, was hot available at that time. . . ; 100 volts, "(Voltages over 100 are omsidered A committee of electrical operating peo- : '/- dangerous;) . pie under-the auspices of,the Open Pit Min-I Two. ohms, ire arbitrarily selected as. the ing Association and - in.: conjunction with -maximum allowable resistance of the metal- General EIectric, \Vestinghouse and Mines , ` lie grqiirid return .path from the equipment Equipment Gxnpany, now the Joy Company, - back to the transformer neutral. - developedthenecessaryeqmpment.testedit ;;/:- .- ' ,As 100 volts is the- maximum allowable,: funder operation, packaged it- and presented. r , . ' voltage, drop, tlie maximum 'allowable cur-,. their recommendations, at"the 1947 Open Pit . "rent flow, is limited to -30 amperes;' With a' Mining- Association meeting in Champaign. . , -pIiase to neutrhl voltage of .2400 volts (4160 Through development of compatible control divided' by -the square root of--three) im- equipment, 480 'volt ground fault: protection . pressed oh the system, 48 ohms' is required has been developed into a practical working : : as the neutral resistor`to limit the maximum system; --//;. current flow to'SO amperes, with all other The. 480 Volt Ground Protective System . ..components of the*system at zero resistance. is identical in layout to the 4160: volt sys- / This determines the maximimi-pojrib.le fault tern--only the electrical values- have been . voltage of (OO volts. AH other components changed.. As in the 4160 volt system,-the " -: .of'.the system; however, such as phase wire, current is limited to.a-predetermined value , v ; - / switch gear, contact of man or machine to by - the .addition of'.a'- resistor of - specified -.- ground have a certain resisrahee so the pos- value in the ground retutn circuit to the. sihlc vpltage -is much less tlian 100' volts transformer. For present equipment, avail- . .and scldofti-exceeds 50 .'volts..' able, the currents: are limited to a rahgeof / ,, The .'necessity. for a ground fault protcc- from .5 to 35 -amperes 'as' recommended. by . /, .tivei system-was first recognized approxi- the various^ manufacturers. For the purpose . ' |. .nuitfcly 35 years ago at the advent of,mobile , -of iflustration, wq shair.arMtrarily select 25 : : j ejectric shovels 'and draglines which . were: amperes as a suitable maximum ground cur- .... 1, , supplied by 2400'and 4160 volt power sys- : rent,- The-phase to-neutral /voltage of.;277. ' ` - . . /;. terns. The necessity for the protective sysV volts is divided by the 25 amperes to de- , ./ tem was caused by the fiigh incidence of fermine the size of the current-limiting re- - : ; fatalities to. the' operating personnel due to sistor as 11 ohms, assuming no pother resist- , . motor and cablc.insulation failures/ The fa- ; ancc`in the ground fault circuit- ,Using: th'c '. ', / ' / talitics'-ustially'occurred to men getting:;on--*: sariie 2-.ohm;value.as inVthe;41W"yolt^syy-:T,''n7;r:" `rrjifr.-- or. off, the. shovel, working oo thebucket .tern, as the niaximum allowable/resistance in . / or some part of- the machine .while .standing .' ' the ground return path, the maximum pos- i .'. \ - on the ground or perhaps just sitting or.lean-,- sible fault voltage is:tlius 25 amperes times ing against the machine. . 2 ohms, or 50 volts. . '' , . ' After many;yrars of tt modification in: Again; as in1 the 4160,volt system, the .` /design due to Increased/experience and en- ' principal applied is to limit the ground fault : gincering'know hpw, and improvements in voltage to which a map'can lie exposed to; . . - relaying 'equipment by the manufacturers,,-. as'low a value as possible while at the same the principle was finally'rqsolved 'into-that time ,allowing enough ground current to flow of the present day standard 4160 volt ground. to actuate detection and. .disconnect com- .. ','f.'jul't protective system. ' .' ponimts. Quite often this latter point is over- Cement, Quarrym anti Mineral Aggreoates'.'/ |' looked in thinking primarily of keeping the .earth. Thisipptential difference';is. the shock' :.. j' . furrfnt-o a<;-1nw a vahie as .possible,--hazard-td .which personnel is exposed. ' 'j.y and it is found vthat a fault of .normal re- At the.time.qf "phase to ground": fault, __ sistance when added to the ncutraf resistance. the current flows through the line, conductor . allow a fauk current'of sufndent--^ machlne7 tHr6ugl77thc fault to lhC_ _ " ' "y . .to .tnp. a1^ feeder broker.-.Therefore, ..frame of* the 'machine and returns, to.tljc . the broker , will continue: latched, in. and the, ;ncutrai '-.of the transformer by - two paths.- ` ground current although limited,to safe - . One i^th is through theym&ajlic; ground ` v^iue will continue 'to. flow until . either : a-. cof,ductor with the low- impedance of a rec.. lay or spine other component of the sys- ommended value of Iess than 2 ohms and . tem. fails, or.thefault either clears itself, the other is-through the. earth to ,the: station : . :. ' or becomes solidly grounded with'resultant . gronnd network and thence to the. trans* tripping,of. the breaker from overload. . ..., former neutral. : On the return path to Uic . Ordinarily, the system, is safe under such . earth, there is a parallel path at the shovel, conditions,:since, the:grouVid fault current.kV jOne part,, through;.the. shovel treads contact limited to its,predetmmed value::A hazard, . to ground .and . the other through the man to '. :: however, does exist, to thV extent that the ground, combining' into' a single value of fault imght persin loiig enough to burn out; feturh ground current., the ground resistor or some otlntr compoiiimt,. The l6wer, half shows, the equivalent imtlius opening the .ground return path allowr pedance drawing/:. The current: flows through ing full voltage to .be applied at the fau1fel; : t|,j" Jijjc conductor for which ffieiimpedancc ` ' ./ . location. In other words, the system, would . is assumed as 1 ohm,: to the fault at which revert to an ungroundedi coriditibn as though paint the current flow splits : through metal- . the ground -protective system did not exist .lie return ground wire : with an impedance ' : Therefore, it is imperative that each'system ,,f 2 ohms !ind through the parallel path of be desired carefully to assure., that ample' .^e treads and man for which 100 ohms each ; ' ground current, is provided, though limited, . js assumed as : a^ nominal, contact resistance / .. to cause positive action cjf disconnect relays, to ground. The contact resistance between . 'v Most /manufacturers now agree: that', the ` the two where they combine'to form a single . ground current value should not be Iimiled CUrr,,t path is R2 which is assumed to lie : / . . .. V r . to less than four times the,burden-required . 25 Ohrns. 'Ffom';!hm''^;'airfent''.iwntinues . by the current transformer for positive trip' through. thc ground to the substation ground of tht relay. . v :,./httwdi^.''Rlr.oi[.'.5/'ji?hihs'v<w.^Ie'.l'wltaf(ej the-.'.-. , . The effectiveness of the 480' volt current- ^. currents .combine, through the resistor ZG of. , .. limiting reiistince-grbunded,fault protective.''. ll '-ohnis throughJ which it returns to the \system can. be best illustrated by,assuming neutral: of thi'tra'nsfprmer.'` For:single phase' various'practical operating conditions and de- faults, the voltage is' 480 'volts- divi|ll: by- .." tennining..the.;actual . voltage , to. which a ;' the square root of three, or 277 .volts to .! person could be exposed if, in contact with neutral. The parallel. paths of 100 ohms ' . ..; . ' vi'1...; .; ' ' j .. | .. a mobile mining machine, : \ . v i . v . leave .a comriton . path : of. 50 ohms rwhich: .' \ One of .thit. .fir^t*- things* to reiticmber is^ combined Witl| Hl.anff R2;!^ of : ' thati-the cont^.resistance between thi:;ma-..:. M..ohms;-.pi^lleltid!.ityith.^'..ol.itits:or.;a. com-- , . chiW trwds* anil.'earth.^is.indetenniniate'ancl, ; "l011, P^lh.of phrns; .The total resistance contrary to common impressTon^is usually 'high as proven-by test ind history oyer the" t l,en !. '*vr / .......' : -. ~-- 27? yolts divided by 13,0a l^ves . "years. For our discussion pdrposesi .we will -.tli^^f.aujt curraitaIn?eri:s .. :'iiKttle'.on'-'I00'.'iffinis.'sis'.'a' fair' vaiue., for .'the . . "f"; .wb`ph :the: rartent, IT-f-is.,.484;.amperes. shovel treads .contact resistance. For contact, The airrent, through, the contact, re- ,.... - .' resistance of man ^to ground, lOO.ohms is :stslanM of the. man is then of .484 I also;assumed, as a value., for simplicatiop. of ?**}&*?*, and: the voltage drop IR .is . explanation iutd daiculation. It should be ;242 ^100 ohnis or 24.2 yolts to which the ; . >' : . remembered,that:.the flow of fault current to- cnari.is exposed. . .,. j .. ground; through-this high contact resistance, ;.lAs'.a'pefsmrs;ciffitacf'.rstsfa9ce'witK eaHlj causes a'.high voltage .drop or potential dif- is very indetermlnate. let us see what hap-. , ferehce'. bitween the' machine frame : and pens; when the man makes a good earth' ; \ 'f . ` .7945' National Safety ^Congress contact of. 10 phrns.aiid also- when he: makes. fault which causes- a current differential. in -.-.---a.;poor-Cbntact-6P-100Q.:ohms--so that-wp/iiiay- -any phase - induces- current :flow--from the- see. the trend of the shock voltages to' which . current transformer' which opens, the. relay, he would be exposed. In'one case the man breaks the under- voltage/circuit and drops ~ haS~a~10~phm~resistance--With_tlHrma.xiniimir rout"thc"circtiir_breaker;,v;T\~phase--currenr . fault current IR-4 through.'him .being . .882 : ; differential of 3.5 amps .induces'; a 0.5 amp amperes .which /times 10 ohms' gives /an- l.R . flow';, from. the. C.T. A current of'0.25.amps drop or potential difference' to which the ; actuates the relay. . ' .- -man.is exposed of 8.82 volts. Ground ' Continuity Check is provided by ' The 'man can also, be assumed to', have a! 'adding. ii monitor.current to the 'systerri.:.A " . resistance of 1,000 ohnis where , the .current ; .480-12 volt - transformer provides, the. moriie- IK-f.becomes ;0293 amperes .which times the tor. crirrerif . Which is carried, to., the/equip- . man's 1,000 ohih .resistance is!.a.iVritential- /. rrient , through a mpnitor wirc in. the . cable difference of 29.3 volts; -;v (one of: the. three, ground wires in. the in terstices of/ the phase ;wires is .insulated .for Therefore,.' with : all'-. other.;, system conir ' this.'use) and thence back tri the.trimsformer pdnehts. remaining ,the! same the: shock, haii-, via . the.': ground'., wire "circuit This;, ground ; ard; to the man increases as his contact re- /circuit/parses; through a coil which -closes a. " sistance to earth becomes greater. In each . relay in the under voltage trip circuit; Con; case, >, however, the maximum'. voltage /to. '-. sefjucntjy, the monitor circuit, must'hie closed . ' which the man could be exposerj; wonhi be. :.' to/. lipid the/ circuit breaker in. If this. cir- . the product: of the maximum; predetermined; ./ciiit is 'interrupted by a break-iii .the ground current'of 25./amperes times the maximum allowable resistance of 2 ohms for / the 'wife,'.the relay opens, breaks the under volt age trip, circuit, and drops . out. .the. circuit ; ground .return ' gatK./Yir; .50 .'-yttjts .' which'' is . .hfcaker... i'liris it - is iihpossi.blte/.t'o operate . considered to .be a' reasonably safe vbhage; .unless the ground circuit, upon which;/we . for accidental exposure to'man. Therefore, depend, for' protection, is; intact - arid .con it should he again emphasized that it is very. tinuous. . '" important to. keep. the. maximum' resistance. of. the-.metallic groundVreturn path to the . liquifnient Check is also provided:by cur under 2- ohms- so 'that when, combined/with; rent from the 480-j2 .volt- transformer.- A the-maximum allowable .ground ./fault cur-': circuit 'from this .transformer, - including .a rent, a hazardous, voltage will hot be .(lev normally / open.. P;B.,- is /-passed thfdtigh .the veloped. . ' ' ... '" ring'transformer. A- simulated ground fault current caii be passed-through the ririg trans- We'have so' far outlined''the'theory. .and r former by pressing the. jiusjV-button. 1 f.-all : basic.' elements of .the.d80 'volt grOtind-.-fault units `arc. operating'' .properly;; / the: Circuit . . protective' system'. .'.Certain',further additions. :'hreakcr-.-wi!r-open. are desirable in order , to. make , the . system . .. The. cable recommended fbr: use with tlV4 fully ;, functional...' These- are:/ (1).; yV/hrisih's ' ' 'ground.' fault protective-.system, is type SHD, . of -'detecting 'the: fault, arid disconnecting/t|ic This, cabje/has three shicldcd'.'pliase. conduc- .v /faulted section./ of. the / system; . (2) A'-', means' of.' continually . moititoring .the .con-., tors./'tWii tmro;.'Kr<fuml''.wirep.-.ando.'<me'-iiri*; ;siil;itcd : ground .wire which,-.is tiseil, as. the tinuity of i.tlie .ground wire;. and' (3) .A; : monitor '/conductor. The: shielding, arid.;'two' - mcans-to-chcck-the-fiinctioning-of--Ihe-rie-- "bare' gTdjnur^v.'Trts/ are 1i(l tied -togetlicF. at" . . lection and disconnect units. - . cbt.u'iectipn. ppirit`1 so that / they, .till cotiibhie' . 1. . . Delecting:, and. Disconnecting ihc. fumlt.. ,to, form a. coibinoii jgrotiiitl ctiiidiictpr.' .-/ There is a basic ground, fault protective sys- .. . Shielding -. is recommended'' in -this /cable . / tem with a circuit-breaker/arid under voltage' because it reduces.corona effect ami .'because trip .added. : The ririder.'vbltage; trip circuit, - it.;makes it virtually ..iiripos-ihlc;to get cur-- ./must remain closed`in order to.keep the cir-. rent leakage from, phase .to '.phase ..(without, chit:breaker engaged. -To/ this. is added :f being intercepted by' the ground conductor), . ; ring type current transformer through which which can happen will) simple/barC'fcground the phase conductors pass and; Which is con-, wires.'/flic original SHD cables--circa 1958 , nected. to a norriially closed, relay -'inserted', --were very : stiff, difficult - to , handle arid into the under'voltage trip circuit. A ground Would'not roll up on.the small, reels of/some ' 12 - :.. . ' ii : Cement, Quarry1 mul Mineral Aygrcgatcs underground mining^equipment. Today, how-, while- it .is being: subjected to - these, pulses, -ever,-the-cablc-manu fncturers-liave-improved.-, ..thc..faultJocation^can-be-pin-i?ointcd_by_Ip-- -them to the point thaf-thcif flexibility equals eating the."thump" location; that of .the unshielded type and no handling .' Five-pin pliigs are. uscd--three- pins for rproblems~arercxpcrjcncetli-'v^-;-- "thc_phase'rcon(Iuctpfs;bpnc4fo'r-thergfound - Since:tliis. system''('detects ,faujts. and. dis .conductor,. aiid one for the monitor conducconnects^ therm yeiry.-early..in;their develop-, . tor.;; The' monitor. - pin is shorter than - the -. ment/location .of cable faults particularly in others so that when disconnecting the plug, . -. - shielded cable, can I be"- a problem, I. Older type it disconhect's before :the :.bthers instantly', fault detectors will not work on shielded breaking the monitor curreiit - and dropping cable: Recently a cable-tester, faultdocator .- blit the breaker iso that a plug. can not-be combination has .been: developed which we.. pulled' underload.; have used successfully.' Very , basically .and- All United States Gypsum mines and briefly.- fault's'are-.located by tiiis.equipment 'quarries-that : use 4160 & .480 volt, mobile . by subjecting the disconnected cable' tp high-.- equipment are .-protected, by these systems, - voltage high-current pulses which. tend, to .dnd w'c consider : that 'oiir experience-- with; - break :down across- the fault with .a iloud .'them' has .been ; most satisfactory and .sue-: . audible- thump.; By walking along the cable'. ccssfnk, 1, PRODUCTION WITH SAFETY THROUGH planned safety Observations .. ' / By M: U. ENINGER, PhiD, . Manager, Normax Publications, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. The basic idea of aVjob safety observation. - .see 'what is' going-on .around him; He may , is very 'simple.'i.t- is: essentially.--nothing more . check the sound of a .troublesome: machine titan observing employees-do" tlicir respective, as be gbes'bybor glancc.in the direction of a .jobs in order to .find out-.whether or not they, new man; .or. make a me'iital note of a poor are working,-their, jobs .safclyv Simple tliotigli; . housekeeping, condition, .or. casuajly! check' ; - it may sound, the-jbb; safety observation cati - sbmc scaffolding lieing ereclcd--ail wbilc he bea power!ul tool for preventing .accidents: is on the gb. It) btltcr words, the good super- . Such. observations; are '- more.' than merely' - visor gbes abbut b/crt ' He always docs a lot . keeping : one's eyes bpen 'for unsa . 'of so-callcil.-' meidenial. looking and listening,-. ' Aclnallyi thi;ec kiiids of. safely observations It is exactly thc-ateve kind. of. casual - and can be - distinguished.. They a re: incidental Itxikiiig; that'- sixits...many !unsafe. . /. The incidcntaiiafety.'observation.-. r l>ractic<e.k.yv-Th*";^9rtT.0!C.-Bo'V-iP**i^srs^ircrri -may-.. 2. ' The'deliberate-safety observation , Thef'lannedfs(TfetY~obscn'atioii ,.;ITty discuss cttili .one,.briefly, - . a.. _ s|iof/bric.;ma;i: working withpiit his goggles,; -TmotiiefYOiie--staggefing-along-'undcr--a-loadfob heavy, for one mint, aiid lstill another.one throwing.' it heavy t<wl to :Vr<b-worker. The . Incidental Safety, Observation sti|>crvisor who is lwrapiied tip ip his thoughts A-. .supervisor, usually . has many- ditties that- ! won't.scc stich unsafe practices, .. - taken him back and forth across: the area' in Such things, arc seen, not necessarily lic- .which' his' men "\york. As he. goes from plate cause a supervisor sets out tb look' for them;: - to;place,' hedbes muchofhisplanningand hut because: ;a' supervisor- was . alert, and Thinking::The-good, supervisor,-'however';! will, looked Vitj'^ the.. riglit. -dircction. pt.- the. right ; also keep his , 0'yes . and ears open .while , on ...time;. The supervisor .wlto^is-alert and has: a : the; go.He .won't.;, let' - himsel f- become so "set" .fo.rsjkHthigimsafcpracticesLS- mak-- ' wrapped up; in. liis thoughts that he doesn't! ing,' we say, incidental safety,'observations, a.''": '''-"'t '-'T-.-i: 13; lUMIMKm .1965 National Safety.Congress ;: The key to cflcclivc incidental: safety ob- /. Here;is a brief general description of a. ^--^i-seraatiotB'Is. to 'lobk-at: What 'men'- are dbrofc.- planned safety, observation that/will' be dis .'; as you are oh the go from place to/place'. cussed-, more ;fully iater: -The' supervisor^ Look ->vith-.saf'ety on your mind, Ifr you don't. . decides:.; in. advance 'which, one pf his men:. ~^:-already-havcrtKis.habit,-y6UTcahrquickly_g.Cr:._ he-w`h observe. He may also decide what- quire.itbyremindingyourselftoilpokfor ; '..sfiecific'. job-he will try to observe the man un/afe/practices, Bcforcypustart.oijtsimply7 . doing. Thereupon,' he , makes /it a,point to- say tol'yourselfi'/'Look: for unsafe practices!" /observe; the ' man do the job;. If the' job it won't: be long, before you;will be. .'looking.; ; cycle is .relatively short, he may observe the. - for 'unsafe practices:-;automatically. , ;/v : .man frorn. start to finish. If 'the-job'cycle is . Oncca.supervisor/devclops a strong "set" / for spotting unsafe practice's, His men :will: :;claim/lie.;secs them thrbugli the back/ of his >-. too long to be covered by a.'single observalion, he plans to observe the. man/again iat some, later .date to complete-his observation j^bcad. At; least,, that's, the. way. it seems. Any unsafe.;. practices - observed are cor- .- reefed by means ' of:, tactful: and friendly . .DeliberateSafety.Obscryation . relnstructibn./If/ no unsafe/practices fare observed, .the man -is complimented.' Lastly, -'//{'.TOe-'.'.delibet^te/'safety./bbscryation goes., a ' step, beyofid the.incidental safety observation; It is more; than merely' a'matter of; being, alert for "unsafe practices.. The. supervisor' pauses\im whatever ;be; has! been' doing, and -the supervisor makes a record of :.whom he -observed doing what job on- what date..The- .purpose of:. the record is -to help him; plan future/ observations.'; ! -. ../'.':7'! - .... deliberately, observes ,'lipw .a /man-, handles ' . You can; sec from the. above description-; . some part of. his : job; He observes- from a that a planned safety .observation is a special safety standpoint. He wants to. know whether -accident ''prevention tool niuch like a;-job or not the man/is wprking. die job saifely./ safety, analysis,. It 'is- planned; It is deliberate.- It fakes time, and, 'effort.' Such deliberate, safety observations, may be . triggered'off; for; any of a number. of- tea-. Arc Aft Three Kinds:Needed? '' , sons,;,The supervisor ;may know the man is . relatively, hew on the. job. He may. want to check,v: therefore/; op how 'the. mari-is; doing.:'. Or, the:job njay be a particularly hazardous* one,.'and he may; decide to take advantage of the opportunity to observe the man do it.. Or, ' To do a' real good job of detecting;unsafe, practices; all..'three, kinds, of safety observa tions are'hccded. Each kind supp|nchts the other- two.: Together, they accomplish, the ;maximum detection of unsafe practices/.; . the, man;,may/haye a: reputation for.working. ,; The;incidental.safety, pb'seryafipn. needsno 'Unsafely'which makes/ the, supervisor* want: : lengthy. argument in its - favor. It makes . to observe him carefully, sense for a Supervisor to be alert-for unsafe Whatever the .'reason super-: : practices as he/goes .about his - area1 of' re-" spontibilityv Such' casual safety observations visor to observe a .man doing a job, or some are always fewardtd. If you see men working' stcp of a job. the observation is "deliberate" / safely/ you-wn .take satisfaction,in that; fact; / dncc. the/superyispr : concentrates; his .full at-/ On the other- hand, if you see -men' working'; .. tentibii. on how.'tlic/man/works the job;'-The. unsafely, ybu^cap .be glad- you got to them; ' / deliberate/, safety /observation; is;./definitely/; before, an- accident did; . , ./:*;// - 7 more-'than-.a;'casual, glahce 'at- a man doing his; job; although it may sometimes start- but -r/-Th(pde|ilx;ratersafety-observatioh-bas-one- that way,..: . '' . powcfful afgumerit in Its favor.-ynuwtllsce ; mdri-:uMsaf,f/fr.ae(ifies if-yim'tMeAKt/lim': Plonned Safety Observation : io::deliberqtcIy observe for:./henn .You can't' expect to sppt all. unsafe practices'.while on. ; - The: planned.; safety . observation;;goes, the / the -go. It. takcs deliberate bbseryation /to final step, it is a deliberate safety observation bring mahy/of them to yourattention. Aside - ./that has-been planiiediltvisusually a' part of - from that, thefe'.majr .be. special 'reasons';;why '-'. a'continuing program obvsafcty-observations ^du slmuld make/it 'a . point -to observe ..how a designed - to check , regularly on how safely man does' a specific' job."If/he ..ntw-'at/tiie-. all hazardous jobs -are- worked by all men job/ you may Want ..to/satisfy yii'slf that-;- ' who must work'them, f. he knows' how to work tiie job safely. If 14. ; ' ^v"-Y' ; ' :- .: i ' V/-." . Cement, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates . the. job is unusually hazardous, you . may The. Inexperienced Man want to check bow He handles it..: ' ''' The' inexperienced man needs, frequent , The argument for planned safety observa- planned'safetyobscrvationS'becausc-suchob--- ; tions is. that planned .observations do' ' hot servations are the.best; way to'find out what -leave-ib-chance'iuKo~ivill-be-abserved_dQ%ng_ he knows and doesn't know about' working what /ob. The. observations are planned on a safely. If you'don't' spot and correct his-;- regular .basis, so. all, men are observed doing. . unsafe practices early,* you run the risk -that all hazardous jobs over, a 'period of time. . - lie. will suffer a serious accident because of Planned observations' are also the basis for not. knowing'.better. Or, 'you' run the. risk answering, such, questions as: Why is" Smith that; his. unsafe practices. will . become' in- .' having so many accidents? Will Brown's' grained habits of work. Either, way, you .have , physical condition enable him to do his work a problem.: : * ...''' safely? Did.. jones, the new ' man,/ benefit That raises the. question of when ah. em- from his job instruction? Has Walker de pioyce should be regarded as. inexperienced. cided to cooperate, now that die has been . A good rule is' to regard' a man as-:inex-. warned about, unnecessary chance-taking? pcricnced unless you know, .otherwise hared Such-1 questions /imply special reasons why on your - own: observations .-and - expedience ' men; should be. observed, .doing their- work. . with llic man. ./. The planned safety, dbservation is the tool" The man who has,- to. yoiir knowledge, to get the answers,. . -,\" never worked a.given job title before should ; IVho Requires ObservationT. V 'v ' be regarded'.as inexperienced, no matter; how.;. much lie claims to know the worlc. Observa- Let's assume., for/the /monjerit that you. tion will , quickly teil you whether.; oir hot he' agree there is merit in the idea of planned is experienced. ' ; ':/ . safety observations; That brings , us to an ... A second, man to regard hs, inexperienced - interesting .'question. Shouldyou plan . to is one who has not worked, a particular- job v observe.all of:'.your;.men: over a; period of . `for a very . long .time,'say, several'years. ;He . time or only those who are a special problem ? may have forgotten . small but important: We .think it'--is best to. plan safety.observa details of .the job. Or, the details; of the job tions..'for all men under your,, supervision. `may have changed'through the use of differ- : Singling but; special cases-for such ihserva- 'ent tools, equipment or materials. What lie'. . tions runs. the.risk-of some men feeling that . doesn't k/iow. may cause his.accident. they^ are:being "picked on". Even more im- : A third man to regard as inexperienced :portant,- when'you. confide, such observations is one who. lias wdfked a given job on short, to "problem" men only, you limit,the benefits infrequent, and. irregular occasions; He may . gained from this imfiorfant accident prev'en-' know the job', generally, but' ..liis limited tion tool. Any einployee who docs,hazardous experience, may .mean there' isJ also much work-.is a good candidate-for planned safety -that he. doesn't know.'. Here,, again;- safety observations . because ' such observations ' are . observations will determine what heknows the way to assure the work. is heing^done and doesn't know. safety. . .//.;? ' :/,V. Lastly! there, are. times when eycn a gen It is :true, however, that some .employees* erally experienced man may be. regarded as - need. special attention in the form of. more.: inexperienced. 'For example, , an unusual re? : frequent-planned safety observations than.do., . pair or: maintenance-job may come up'which others. .hour such, employees.are.t . ---- .the man has never done before:- T, :. The inexperienced man . v- 2: The accident'repealer. The Accident:Repealer . ..';'./ . . 3.:. The known tmsofe.actor. . Some men seem to have a special' affinity 4.. The"incapacitated'- ' man. ` for accideiits. They are commonly V called ' Let's discuss . briefly why these four, kinds of employees , are especially gdbd candidates for planned safety observations.. Also, let's . sec why.the experienced employeeHvhoi is.no accident-repeater's- Such', meii need frequent safety ,' observations,. The observations -/will.-, usually provide a clue as <6 why tlie man is an accident-repeater.' .; ' . special problem should also be given planned- : He may lie impatient or easily upset when' ' .safety'observations./ '';/; .something'does not sfiem . to go' right. He" 1965 National Safety Congress may be awkward'in his movements. He may Let's now consider , the "experienced'' man.. . be trying to' work too fast. He may act as Many supervisors don't , see why they' should; if he.'didri't; Have sufficient aptitude Tor the 'plari^safety^Tobservationy--forvcxperienced- job. Perhaps lie jlist .has a lot .of unsafe . work:habits. : TherF.xpetienced-Man ..., v. : These, are but; some of the ideas that' may be suggested 'when; observing the accident repeater.:From them; you ifiay get additional ideas about what to .do to protect him from ..further, accidents; . .The- largest percentage of accidents, occur ; to mcn ^ who; are,, by . any standards, .expert- : -. :enceddh; them, to the. work; theiir. position do.. -That. fact-. atone titles: require is- sufficient :. reason Tor'applying: planned, safety cbSeiva- : ' THe Knqtvii Unsafe Aelor ' tions .to 'such -, men. V :;'.; ; Some men are chronic .unsafe actors, They-, .are always ready to take an unnecessary risk.-. . They don't, hesitate to. violatc safety;rid.es to , save themselves some time or.;efforti They v Mostsupervisors are not - immune to men often develop .effort-saving habits; know experienced^ men working unsafely. Such 'unsafe; shorl-cutis and They will; even argue have their, own nbtioiriV.;qf: J(ow;;to^tipoa'' jol>-V' tliat what is unsafe Tor someone else is not. ; unsafe for tliem. Some; will' belittle; obvious Fortunately, such men arc relatively few.;, . .hazard^. rTlicy. will jioint oiit they.have never in number; Jf ;you have any such men, check ; been hurt yet. Unfortunately, some will learn - them frequently with: safety.'observations;. . the bard way.; Knowing That .They, are'. licing. observed,.. i v They, caif- aiso- be. a ; problem in another . . lemls.to put a dampe'r on fheir chance-taking;; .way. ; Because they are ' experienced,', they -. Frequent corrections ; remind. thcm.ybu arc often. have considerable- influence, over, . . oh to their Unsafe ways;:.: younger; ihexjjerienced men. Even when they Even when they' don't > respond ' to. such ..don't intend to influence other m<m. they do. - . treatment; . planiicd.: safety; ohsiirvatibns . are They set the example; When lliey. "work- hot; .without '.value;' ' They.' Serve to establish.:, unsafely,' "other men tend to follow suit. v. /a: record of nohcoopcratioh that can -be used; Clearly, then, a supervisor1 must' spot:and' .to justify disciplinary petion if; the man per-' : ..'correct flic unsafe practices of hjs exqeri-i sisto'in;his.vunsaft;^ays.;V V-V, ; cnced men! Rlarihcd iiafety observations will The Suspected 1ncapacUaied Case . . help him to do so. TJiat's our argument for applying'planned safety observations . to; ex- ; ; You, may; have' reason to. believe a. man is. V [xiricnce'd nft-n. physically' or jnentally:.Incapable :of: working safely.; Planned safety- obscrvatibns .afc use ful when Unit is; the case., Such observations .-'; IJcfqre ^leaving the subject of wliat men to. observe,; one 'jioirit- needs .emphasis. It is a mistake' to' try to observe -all men an -equal . may, coqfifin: yoiir suspicions that 'he is a hazard tp- himsclf or others. On tlie othcr hand, -.they; may .stiggpst j,'.(hat .the man!s.: clifcmiccondiliqniniib.w.Tyiiilcrfcrcswith h.Is.abilityVto :work. .s;ifcly.: . . :! ; .: : ' mimlier.'of times in any. given period; All writ-: are. not - eqiially iti :need of fsafely. observatums. Some' are ; less ' experiencedMilan others,- Some have a '.'greafcr. disfegar.d.Tor safety.vSoiqc. Iiavc a liistbry of accidcnts and _ -, .; , :;A'.rSUperyiso'r..'owes.it'Tmthc mail siisfiectcd ncarraccidehts. Some arc nnental of crhoticrnal --pfolilMnsI^SdmcriirrniorelinzardousWork check him out. with ; a: scries of planned "tlian.'dihcrs'i'v -.safely, observations, If :a man:is.incapable of. : .iVorkirig ai eertam. job safely, the f&t should - ; All;;iliis' atTdsviij); to the coiiclusibn '.tliat .nc;men ..need 'mbre -frctjucnt safety obser be recognized!and acted upon before it is' too vations than. others. However, tliat does, hot :- -. late.";';.::v'y.' mean .: any ' man /should . lie excluded from . ' I recallthe case of. a 'mentally.' afflicted such observations entirely; ; ' old-timer .who was- put -up with and worried .. about . because ' Of njisguitled sympathy' by . Jabs Requiring Safely Observations, " .: supervision.'-He walked unsecmin'gly'in Trout .Wc disiussed the. kiiids of employees who ..of , A truck one. day! Tie lived; hiltnot to ' should lie. given the .biniefit of planned safety, :. walk again. ' ' ',.'- ' '. ohscrvatioiis". Let's now" consider .what kinds T6.' ':"v m y: .v.'V*.'.'V-.--.;''-;.-..- - y>'.' 1V-:- :,v*:;.'V ..." . . . - . Cement, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates. :o jobs those employees should be observed is useful- in a number of .ways. It can: be doing. ' . ' used to identify jobs that should be covered /A~jbb'Tis_defined asra'seriesofstepsthat- -by-ajobsafety-amlysis^-lt-servejto-remind -: accomplishes a definite work goal.. By this supervision of what jobs require extra em . . definition, hooking iip, a crane lift is a job. phasis on safety when instructing new;men.' So is "changing ;a mill roII"j~`iubricating a ~Ifsuggests wlrichjobs^should be covered-by---- truck'', "operating a grinder^', arid /'replacing planncd safety observations. ::: fluorescent, .tubes"/ Safety observations are Making such a list is a relatively simple - directed' at . jobs*-as' defined above, riot ai . matter.'.Most supervisors have a pretty.good . position titles.. idea of which jobs are, relatively speaking; < A position title'may encompass oply one: hazardous and worthy :of extra attention.1 If , job.- For example, the sole job of a' "feeder" '. several supervisors who are. responsible for may : be to feed material into .a machine. the /same operations put;their heads together, Usually,- however, a position title will involve; .. they can'quickly develop such a list several, and sometimes even a. great many, A convenient form iriay be made for. ,de- separately, identifiable, jobs. For. example, a. veloping a list of jobs which .call for special ; given equipment, operator, may bp. responsible emphasis'upon safety. Develop'your list as . for' ffot' only./operating the equipment, but follows:. also fbr making adjustments, lubricating,and. cleaning -the. equipment ' 1,.Record position titles.. Where the form reads "position title", record for each such Each of the.latter is, by.our definition,'a different job. .. space one of the.position titles that you. ', . supervise. . Remember, position titles arc not What Jobs let,.Observe: .. jobs. Different .industries have different joc- . The' definition; of a- job means that a / supervisor rhay have a great many jobs done . by the . men; urider his position. .That; raises .. anotherinteresting question. Should a. super cupations or,position titles, ,In the steel .. industry, .for. example, common position titles include. craneman, roller, millwright* brick- layer; lidman, and larry car operator:.. The ' visor plan to- observe his men do. all. of the railroad'. industry has titles like. brakeman, jobs their positions require them to do or ./conductor, and car inspector. The telephone' , ;shpuld he concentrate on. certain jobs only ? industry has titles like liriemari, installer;.and - .. For practical reasons,. we think he should.' splicer. ' . .concentrate on. certain., j instead of trying ' to. observe all,,Here's why.'Not all jobs are. Without a doubt, you know the titles that characterize the positions ybu supemse. Re-.. .' equally hazardous. Some jobs never, or rarely, produce accidents. Other jobs may' have a ' cord them, one'to on the 'form. . each ' position title space,. " bad.reputation for involving accidents, Most, 2. Record the hazardous job.s.' Consider . /jobs are somewhere, in '.between these two the first position titid you' have listed. Ask ... extremes, ' .: _, yourself* "What is the most hazardous job '. '; Therefore, put' the; emphasis on observing a man in tbis position.has.'to do?" Think 6f your'men do-the jobs that are known to be the; different jobs he has to do regularly. hazardous, that' is, those jobs with a history Which in your opinion is the most: hazard ; 'of. 'repeated. accidents arid those jobs with a . ous? Be guided by your knowledge of. past, great potctitial for serious injury, (even when accidents and by a job's potential.for serious, ^there-islTO-r^tiffve/acadehtJiistory.)^ injury. When you have decided, record the ' Your tirrie for making such planned, safety job on the-first~UififUtfder~the7pd5ition_titler~'-- observations is- limited because of the many' ;; Almost any job can be identified in two or . mother things you have ,to.'do. It makes, sense;. three', words by combining ah action word,', then, to concentrate: on. the jobs that -are,. e.g; repairing, unloading, oiling, feeding; - ... most, likely to produce'-accidents: . ,s: -< .changing* :etc.' with the name of the thing to. which the action is applied; Here are some Making-a Lut of flazardous Jobs ., 'j . . examples:, "loading truck,", "operating, coil- . It is generally, a ; good' idea to make a winder," "changing rolls;" "installing switch," , special .effort' to identify for -each position - ."cleaning vat," "changing motor," and "using - title those particular jobs that, require em- . ' burning torch." You can- do the same for the phasis on safety. Once'developed,such a list- 'jobs your men do. ' 17 . i.. : -.i .1 ... V r. ': p:. I965t National Safety Congress \ ' - , * > For each position title; record arid; number . only'those jobs that yoi],feel require a spe----cial:-cmphasis-upori-safety7-hec^^iise-of-their~ you how a job should be done. That's why safety observations are useful.to check train- .- iiig. - V-.--'-. ./.. -- . potential- for .producing accidents. ^Observations Promote Prompt Cqrrectioit. ,3. Check: against' the opinion of. others. -^--Training-inthe-formofatactfulicorrec--- . This is optional, but certainly advisahlerTTf" there ,are : other supervisors' who supervise . 'the.satTie operations or work.as you do, check. your .(hey .list against their opinion. Ask them.if think you have, omitted any hazardous ; . , jobs, Do-they agree that the ones you;.have listed are hazardous, or- common sources 'of. accidents... .' v; lion is usually more effective than talking generally, about safety to ri marii-A correction is more personal: It relates to sbmethingvhe. ; did or failed to do. He is more apt- to listen to tli'e instruction, given tinder such, circiim- :. stances:. Whether -'he accepts the! instruction given ' is another' matter/ That, depends, . in part, upon bow, skijlfully, the .correction'was '' 4. Let accidents' add jobs id your list: riiade; ' Whenever ac.cidcnts occur,' let' the facts of .. the accident help you decide whether the job involved should, be; added to the list. :UsualIy, - aiiy serioHS. injury accident brought on by a . Our point is that the safety observations create many informal, on-the-spot safety' . irainihg. opportunities. They catch ' unsafe. . practices early before they become, entrenched ' man's own. actions should besufficient to add .< :Work habits, ... the job to your list. . .. ... ' -...'. .A list of hazardous jobs, such; as We, have .Opportunities to Compliment : y - described, is; of little value'unless some use. ; . .Most safety.observations confirm that-incii.. ;is- made of. it.' ' . ; are working safely. That- is simply* because .:. men more often work .safely: than hot. That Ufn'efils of.'Planned Safety Observations . . means a siipervisor.. will have ..many natural ' 'you. already, know the main, purpose.of', opportunities . to compliiheiit his men. for safety observations is to spot. unsafe 'prac- . . workirig-.safcly,' 'c.g. "Say; Joe,-! watched- tices..'There arc . also some indirect benefits; .yott handle, that cqriilobratdr. That's exactly '. . that you shoujd know about. Safety obscrya- . thc.-way.it: should he 'donev..' I ions arc a good thing Iteenuse thcy serv.q to : . All .inen .a'pprccratcuin honest, compliment.-:.. . ,1. Check effectiveness of training 2: Promote nn-thc-spbt correction ' ' 3. - Provide opportunities to compliment , . 4. Develop cooperative.safetyattitudes Many will,: respond to such compliments .with even, greater: .willingness, to cooperate onsafety matters,- Moreover,. it is just as rightJ .-.to .compliment ..men who show a concern for working .safely-as it is to correct men who . .' 5. I'ritiitole learning more about men dohVwork . safely.': . '. :'. ... 6,:Suggest belter job methods Let's discuss each idea briefly * .Proper-Safety: Attitudes , When it supervisor makes safety obsc'rva-". tutfety: Observations Check Training , i lions' a' regular .'practice,' be ' helps develop, . proper safety attitude!; in bis men: By inak- '' The best- ,wdy, and sometimes, the .only ing a sjiccial effdrt.to observe lltenv by cor-,: . way, , a supervisor. can lie sure, a man has . rccting unsa fe .practices on the spot; by com;:: ahsorlicd his! initial job safety training is to, plimenting examples' of, working safelyi ,yo*i': . ' observe. Imn/doiiig the.job.- Wheii you have . iii effect tell vonr picn that yon arc serious instructed a man; in; liow to do a job, you. about safety. Such actions speak louder than can nop rcly;ion' merely , asking him if he words.-They arc examples of leadership,that understood. After-being instructed,.mostrtnen impress men that you mean, business about are reluctant to admit; ibey don't understand: ;. safety,; Your men arc more apt to work. Many will. siy they understand even whcii . safely, when; they know you make a special .' there are'- some tilings they don't .understand. effort to.ohscrve them'from the-safety. angle. Kycn asking 'them specific Questions is'somc- . times hot.'.sufficient;.;. Ivxplanatioris tend to: lie. j.earning 'Abtmt M/ii . ' ./genera); They omit details. .' '...... '.'vStifcljfvrjbscr.vatiqns' help a;, supervisor to . '... When.a, man tells you .bow a job .should Icarri' fhbre alknit his, men. Such observations '.'be done,, it is hot -.the: same as when, lie"shows snontcll.liim who: bis "safety''; problems1 are,. \ D Ml . CciHctft, Quarry and .MineralAggregates and in what way they arc a problem. There, particular job. that you plan to observe him ;. is a man who tends to rush things too much. doing, it could be that lie is relatively new He-cuts .safety corners to savetime/Tliere" "atlhe work/andtliat you had'an'experienced' . is one who gets impatient when things don't man break him in bn the job. Now,` you go the _wa>:Jie_expects._He is apt to kick want io satisfy-yourscif ; that he knows, how something.rather than' figure it- out. to do the-job safely. That's- your reason, Jet's There is a practical joker,, a hazardous say, for. wanting to1 observe him do the. job. clown, always ready to show. oflf. There is The question is, should: you tell him . in ad- one who doesn't know, the meaning of house- : .. vance or not - !.'.' .keeping. He just throws things on the,floor. L:ndier: thosq .circumstances, a man- should' .On'the.other hand, there's a man who char-, lie -told that he is about'to be .observed and. artcristicallyworks safily. '.Furthermore, 'he; for what purpose. Here is why. .When .a nian doesn't get flustered: and upset in an emer ,'khows that he .is. being observed and also gency. `V ' .. ," why, , lie will work the job. its safely'/as lie .These, arc hut a . fe\v examples .of "the ' . knows lurw. That's .oiily natural, many, things you can iearh about your men. - Under, the-circumstances, any -man would . through safety observations. . . .want to demonstrate that lie'knows how to ' work the job safely: .If*, under such condi- Better Job Methods. ' lions, the man does something that ij.uqrafe, .Ideas about how to improve- job methods . you can he .sure; that !';he rdid/so because of are frequently a by-product of'- safety ob honest!ignorance. Normal.'mcn-.'don't 'clelib- servations. Such . ideas - are. not limited, to : eratcly work 'unsjifeiy when they .know they- safety. They may be ideas about- doing ..the. are being qbserved by/a' supervisor exactly job more quickly^ improving, the quality of ; . to find out whether or - not they, know,'how.: . the job, eliminating material waste, or using., . to work a job safely. , more'efficient tools; .' ' ;'! ' Oh . the other, band, if the man does, .work/ When, a .supervisor, deliberately .edneen- .the job- safely and correctly in every, other!: trates . his attention dnhowa man does a:. way, you can. lie satisfied, that he.knows. The . job, he may sec wasted;niotion; unnecessary .principle is : tell the man in advance if yon exposure, to ' hazards/ ; sources of material: want to leant what. he. knows and doesn't .' wastage,' bottlenecks in;the job sequence, and., know about working the jab'safely. Telling many otber troubieMMne features-of the job!: him in advance, in. effect, motivates him to;' in progress!. . y-.-`..:'\:'' .. . ; ti;y his best. ' . /' V'-'-.-'-' Such awafehess often Suggests better job - .Three.kinds of men who should be t.old in" ...methods.. ..";!,. advafi.ee that you are about to observe' them . Conducting:Planned. Safety Observations are':; (I) the "new" man wlio'has been in-.. ' j structcd on ho'w to. do a job, ', but;never Suppose you plan to make: a'safety obser checked but' by. observing him" do the job, vation; of'John Doe doing. a specific haz (2) the "transfer" man-wlio has.worked the ardous. job. Should you tell John . Doc in ., - job under other, supervisibh/buf 'ncvcivunder advance that you intend, to/observe him,, or- yours, - arid (3). one ' of. your, regular .men / should you try".toobserve him. without, .' whqm.;ypu bdvc itevcr. checke'd out'with a: 'drawing bis attention to tlie'fact?-- planned safety, observation on ' the .job you" 4--TIic-answer-depends-upon-Jolm-Doeand-- --intciuLto-observe.-.; /./-J--_______LllL. your reason .-for observing him; Sometimes a . In each case, telling, the man in "advance , than'.should be'tbid'.that lie is about to be. would motivate him to .demonstrate what :hc;, ; observed - to sec. if he . Wprks . a job safety.. ; knows. '.V. There- are' also times! when the .man ' to.he observed should not'be told in advance, when .' When Not to. Tell.in. Advance it Iys to observe him without his awareness! Let's asstime that yon know that John Doe-! of- the fact. Let's sec why.! this is so. knows/ how'.to ' work.- the / job. in question" When td'Tell in Advance / safely: Yon - knowthis - because you; h:ive ' observed, him -iloing . the - job/Safely in. the! Let's assume timt you have never made a : /past. You .may'-want to:observe hint do. thc' safety observation -of. John ;Dbe doing the. :job.again to satisfy yourself that' lie Ivin. '1965 National Safely Congress fact, working the job in the safe way. that tion from which to observe the man. For' . ... . he.knows itshould. be. wbrked, (JStemember,. example, don't hide behind couipmcnt: Such', amah won't necessarily work .a job. the way tactics are not only ridiculous and risky, they lie knows supervision expects him to work are unnecessary.. What you risk rn terms of - .--^--thejob.)If-that-isyourpurpose-for-observ-'- -good-will-and ,respect-is mot:wortlv.anything- . ing John Doe, should you tell him in advance. that yott could possibly learn. .. ipr hot? . If the man in question, or some other ' Under those circumstances, a man should "employee, secs you "hidingj" you can be sure not be' told' in advance that you are about that the word will get around. You'll get s to observe him.. Teiling him. would defeat yourself a. reputation :.that is hard to livc. . the purpose of yoiir observation. with and hard. to. undo. No one' likes a . .What you really want to find' out is how "Sneaky P'ete." : . ' fie works the, job^vheh uninfluenced by su- Observe the. man at a distance, from any- 'pervision. Therefore don't tell him in ad-;. normal position that you might be in if you vance. Observe him from a distance, without were observing the area, generally. If there, > drawing attention to yourself. You .don't ..are other their about,, the mah: observed will" . . want him to be aware that : he is being . hot think; you are paying aiiy! particular at- .observed.' , tendon to him, even if .he does see you.. . If, under such conditions, the man works . Remember, -the purpose of a safety obser --. the job ! safely, you4 can be . reasonably: sure vation is not to spy on. a man. to catch him _ that he usually, works'the job that way.On- in'the.'wrong. The;ultimate purpose-is con-. the other hand, if you observe him do'some-- structive, namely- to prevent accidents. The: thing unsafely, like short-cutting a precau ..immediate'purpose is to apply friendly cor- tion to save himself some time and effort, rection and' persuasion where-'needed. That you can reasonably conclude that.be usually! does not call for observing men from- con does the job that way. cealed positions. .. - Furthermore, you know he knows better, Basic Stefs, of Planned Observation because you observed him work: the job cor. rectly, in the past tc/irn he kneyiyou were "J '.checking him. So, you hav.e a safety problem;-.: .. The man is not working the job! in the safe way that.he knows he.should. .' The principle is: don't tellthe manih.ad-' There'are four steps that-distinguish the planned safety-observation from -the other kinds of safety observations; They, are: ; .1. Prepare, for the observation . 2. Make the observation vance if-you wpnt to find out how he works i.'- Contact ihe tnon observed the job when he is unaware that he is .being 4. Record, the observation '. . , :: . . observed by supervision.; Four kinds of men .who, normally,'should not be told in advance. that you are about to .safety- observe them' arc: (1), the known Sometimes, a fifth step is necessary.; 5. Make'a follow-up observation' Let's discuss each step .in detail. '.. .' . "unsafe actor"' whom, you suspedt takes all; Preparing for the Observation kinds of chances when he thinks he ran get away with it, (2) the "accident repeater" who needs, tp be observed to find out why he . -Three simple things: should be done to pre pare for a planned safety observation: --..: ...-. gets'iiFd.ifficulty so often, (3)~tfte7suTpected" -lT-Decide-whotinan-you-rintend-to-observe.-- "physically unfit", nian who . needs, to be Don't -decide on a man merely because! he ' checked to see whether pr not his condition, happens to be. convenient to observe,. Have does affect bis ability to work the job srnely, a reason for selecting him. The reason may and. (4) the nonnal experienced man\who be something about: the man, e.g. in- experi "... 1 you know'understands how to work the job ence,. or a reputation for risk-taking,: or. an '. safely, but who may not be.using his safety- accident-repeater - history,! of - some-.'physical, know-how. ' . /.' .-. or. mental condition that you suspect may. influence.him to' work, unsafely. ' Concealing Your Observations A very good reason' also is simply that Never'atteinpt to conceal a safety.observa- ; you. have not- made a safety observation of lion- 6y deliberately taking1; a. concealed posi him in a' long whilc, and you, feel he is due.: 20- w "i.  Cement,. Quarry and Mineral Aggregates 2. Decidethejobyou intend to observe _ observe? You might decide to re-obserye him him doing. This is no problem if a man's "on.the 'No. 2 job because the record indicates;' "position~refluires>him.-to-clo-bnlyTOrc-or-two- -he.-wo.rked-that--jbb..l-tihsafely_theiJast^.time regular, jpbs.-However,; when a man's posi-. you Observed' him; Or,-'you might decide to tion requires him tb'do a number of. different observe him on the N.o. 3 or No. 4jobbejobs, therThave some reasPh 'for"'selecting"a~ T.cause the'Trecord "indicates-herhas-not-been- particular job: Don't- merely plan to observe- - observed on those jobs in the. current, period. .him doing whatever he happens to' be doing The aim of a supervisor who tises such', a when you come along. record would be tp: observe all ',of.: his men If you have no particular, reason for se- do all jobs, recognized to be hazardous. Put lectingone job-in preference, to others, then : another way, his aim'would be to fill in the observe'hint doing that job; that has gone the blank boxes on the record. When.used as longest, without a planned safety observation. ' described, the record .' becomes a-; tool for' That brings us to- a .problem. . How will : deciding quickly what job to observe. you knowwhatjobs -you have observed the 3. Refrash your awareness ' of' the job's , man doing in the past, particularly when you safety, keypoints: Whether, this.'.step, is' neces- have 'many '.men to.-supervise and they do ' a. "sary . or not depends' upon how thoroughly great-many, .different jobs? -You. can't pos- , yoii are' familiar with the job .procedure.and sibly keep , in .' your head which- men : you . the-; safety precautions that apply! You may. observed doing what jobs' on;what .dates ? - find, it Worthwhile to; mentally review "the. .-You really need, a simple, record,' one that safety, keypoihts of the job. Or, if there is. a. :you..can look at' and tell in a glance, which jobs you have observed, for any one man, -. Job - Safety Analysis, written on the job, you may-want!.to review,dt briefly.,-That .will, in-' and which have gone as yet unobserved. That would make - it a - simple. matter to decide .sure, that yciu. know in advance,;the recomT mended way to " do the job safely.' You what job to observe! him doing next. \ wouldn't .have to - that but a few times before you''knew, the job. thoroughly: from a - On your record form you should number. :tlie position, titles and the jobs that are designated.as hazardous. Such a record might be : used .for- a quarter ; period, say January ;t'o safety standpoint, In any case, -it is your . judgnient that decides -whether, this . step; is necessary,. -' March inclusive. The duration of the period could be whatever you wish to make it. . Let's summarize. To prepare for a planned safety observation; follow these-three steps : j:-'Select the man. 2. Decide the.job. 3: ReJ The names of the employees who work for ' fresh: your- awareness, of .the.' job's, safety the 'supervisor' are recorded:--The: number- keyppints. ;,'NV .-V : under each name indicates the.-, position'the man works regularly./They'are the numbers Making, the Observation that are associated with the-position titles ; Let^s assume you are: going, to' tell the man listed,' Provide columns; to the; right'of the that you are about to observe, him. In that- : names for recording what, jobs have, been ;case; there are- two parts to the safety qb- observed,-:and'give".each' column a-: number." ; servation: (1) .telling the man/what" and ' They are the.code numbers of the hazardous why, and (2) observing him do the job. . jobs shown as mentioned earlier, 1. Tell the man. what you intend, to do and TheNo.l box for Smith for instance. why. Explain to the man that :y6u want tp TriighTTshow di<r_eiirryyl767SrThat~tTie.'iny ~6bserve:Him_tb'"see"whether:he''can~wdrkrrthe Smith : was observed hooking -up. a crane : job safely. Use a friendly approach so that . load (Job #1) ph January 6th and.he did , he does not feel ill at ease: -Make, sure he- it safely (Sj!. Smith's entry in Mo. 2 bbx understands, the.-, observation ip-, merely. ' a might be 1/20(U). that means Smith ;was check to sec-if.he needs .further; instruction .observed positioning a crane load (Job. #2) oii how to work the job. safely For example: pit January 20th andhe did: it.unsafely (U). - .. "Hi, Bobt Say, Bob/ [.stopped by. because ; -Now, you: are. Smith's supervisor,' and you , I .want to. see-how you handle changing: the decide you are going to do a safety observa- equilobrdtbr: It's' a tricky -jeb. gnd a man . tion on Smith' again,-how .wou|d a glance at can .get .hurt badly, if he. `doesn't. do things the record, tell you \vhat jobs: you. would. .juji'right. -Suppose you .go:.fight- ahead.-Do- irrriVi'i`J'r|Hi'1w~------------------------------------------------ .*&. ..V, 1965 National Safety.Congress it the way Harry showed yott. I'll stand oiit- "Bob, that was' fine.' That: was fust. the of' your way, off. to...the' side: Just concert-' way it should be. done: You'll never get hurt trate`on~doingthejob:safely:-When-you're-r - doing-it-like-that!" through, we'll get together, and. discuss it. /' The simpler the compliment, the -better. may even be able to give you a few pointers." .Don't overdo .if. A: compliment; that, is laid Your introduction should be firief friehdly' "on. too heavily tends to ' be embarrassing to . and to the point. I f the than wants to say or . most men. '.' .v ask: .something/.' listenJ - There is: never ariy-V If the man. worked'unsafely, lie should'be;: thing wrong with a minute Of frieiidly con corrected. The fpim'the.correctipn takes will versation; depend tipon.the circumstances. It may;be a ; 2. . Observe the man. Be sure to stand clear simple, reinstruction,, or friendly, persuasion of the man; Give him plenty of elbow room.;' or,..a firm warning, ,or.: even, disciplinary ac- Don't; stand, directly.jn his line of vision;;.! f-: tion. you- do, the sight of you. may 'distracthim.'-' Most; bft'en, however, the circumstances from the job. y.< y. .. . will suggest a tactful reinstruction' of the V -Be alert for any unsafe practices. Is he man. That should always be the. case when Ay-passing safety- devices? Is lie using his the circumstances, indicate. the. maii did not .' tools and equipment: safely ? Is he using them ' know he acted unsafely. . in an unsafe", condition ? Is: he wearing his :. When you do;.jreinstruct a' mini, apply the : personal protective equipment ? Is .he work- . golden rule; Do .unto him as you would have ihg. on: moving equipment when if should, be him . do: unto you. Normal, men are never ' shut.' down? ' Is he 'assuming a 'hazardous eager for correction. Some will feel badly . position.. in any way? Is he failing tp give about having to be.corrected,. signals that, he: should be giving;?' Is-.he . Therefore, always rcinstruct in .'a friendly, creating a hazardous'housekeeping, condition tactful manner, Ddti't make him feel stupid. while" he:works?-, Here's an example of a tactful correction/, These are but a few; of the major unsafe given 'to a: man; who was. told in advance practices', that you; should be alert for. when .: that he;was to be observed: you .observe any.'man doi a- job. .In'addition; ... -"Bob, that Was pretty good.:} noticed you of'course, look for, tbe safcty .keypoipts. that, were careful to take a good, lifting position .'. are particular, to. the job you are observing. 'when you raised the equUobrator.. Here's an- : If you observe ; the; man ; doing; anything other,: point to remember.. When you lowered, unsafely, don't interrupt hint'.'unless' you feel the: equUobrator, you had your lumd on the there is . a, risk of a .serious injury accident. side, dike this- You can .gel your fingers - Iri other,, words,. let'., minor - unsafe practices pinched against the housing that way. See go unco'rrecte'd `until after.. the., job ii'.cmh-.- how?: Hold-, it on the top instead. like this; pleted:. v. ; .- y see? That way your fingers will always'be-. / The reason' is . this.' He may do several : in the. clear. Everything else 'was. fine. Dout .minor, things unsafely If'.you. .interrupt to. : that-way, and you'll never get Hurt."-. ' ** correct each. one,- you are very., likely to. up-; Notice the friendly, tone of the correction. ' set the ;.man; Very fcw of iis can stand re- ; Notice.also, how' the.correction started out as jlpcated .' interruptions: of . our work withouf1 a compliment, and ended as'one. . It "is a rare ,. getting, irritated, especially..when .the': inter- . manv who will take exception to being cor- ruptiems arc' corrections/ Don't .hesitate,:to .. rected like-that. :' 'interrupt: the. .man if you .see him.commit of, about to: commit an unsafe practice that may Recording the: Observation . result in a serious injury accident. Recording a .planned Safety observation on the-form, discussed a moment ago is very Contacting the Man;. . .. V . simple. .'Locate, the box 'that'coincides with- Whether, he has been .told in advance 'or ; the man's name and the code number of fhe nof the planned safety..observation is always job .you.:observed. (The_ reverse side of .the.,1 ended by. contacting the! man observed.,;I f. he," record.form can be designed so thafth'e code . worked, 'the. job correctly and., safely,, lie numbers of the jobs contjmie to 12.). .. should .be. complimented in a simple uncere- The simplest type of entry is:a check mark' mpnious WyJFor .example;.. ' (Y) in'the appropriate box'to indicate'an .Cement, Quarry and'Mineral Aggregates observation. That'.does not tell-us, however. plishes. two tilings. It jets the man know that- when the -man was observed and the outcome you do follow-up. after making a .'correction.;;-'; -T--of-the-observation.--Therefore,-thc-ireconi5_ ILalsaigivc.s him a little added incentive. to .mended. entry. is one that; indicates date and continue working the job as instructed. ' result. I f re-observation .reveals that tile man lias . : " Iftlie period covered by the" jecord'is^a^Trignored the correction^ contact the mah.-Get : given month, record by number the. day the. his reason for ignoring your.reinstruction.. It ; . observation was.made, and follow that num- could be unintentional oversight on his part. ber with either an S or a ;U to.indicate, If the. facts; suggest heis simply_unwillinij> he worked the job safely or unsafely; Thus,' to cooperate, you have a problem "on your 6/ S;.would indicate ' He was observed: on the '-- hands. : . sixth of- the month .safely. .. . and worked ". . .-- the . job ; Methods of Correcting .Unsafe Practices If .the period is a quarter br.Ionger, 2/jO/U indicates the man was .observed.on Feb;. 10th, and.lie.worked the .job unsafely. .When such .. . ..ah entry; is made, in-the appropriate box,, it . Because correction of. unsafe practices, is so much a part of safety observations, let's '.. consider.: the..'main. methods for. correcting. a man observed . working- unsafely. Given in . > , ' ...tells .who was'observed- on what: date-doing tlie-order of their normal occurrence, there.' ' ... . what, job with what result. How-long do you . are. five methods\youZshould' knoto,: about.- 'think it .Would take you: to make an entry They are: . like that? ; 1. Siinple'reinstruction.: Sometimes,. under .shift .or-turn, work, a . group, of men may rotnte their , time ; under several. supeWisors over a period' of several weeks. Where.-that is the case; the super- ... visors: can. record their observations': on the . 2. Reasoning and persuasion. : 3. -A warning reprimand ..-. . .'4, A corrective interview . ' 5. Penalty -discipline. ' . . ; . : . . . same record/providing .the'record, is located Let's discuss the first one. ` .wliere each-supervisor has access to it. ' . ;If 'this is done, each 'supervisor- should.. Reinstructing-to. Correct Practices... , r- initial his observation ..entry, when he makes . it,, Where possible,.:supervisees should- co ordinate their observations in this Way. A. simple glance at .the'record will tell any su pervisor whot:then have been observed doing. ; . What jobs.by,.what,oilier, supervisors/' Use simple rcinstruction to correct a map' ' observed' working - .unsafely when (1) you . v know he acted-pnsafely .because be did not ' know better, (2) you are. in doubt as to whether or pot- he : knew better;(3) you believe he will respond favorably-to .rcinr ... | .'..'When-new men come under'a supervisor's direction^ their nbmes arc added' to those " - already listed, .\yiicn a man makes -a "per struction) even though you know;he did know 1 better, or (4) you want to-establish "for the record", the fact that he- was. reinstructcd. . - manent" move to a higher position, his'nanie The.following is one way to reinstruct.a is re-entered on the list.with the new position man: ' - . . . '. . title code -number. \. Explain what. was observed. Tell- thi Malting, a Follow-up, Observation " man exactly what you observed him ;doing.;. ; ; that'was unsafe.! Be specific and ednerpter, : When a man has bccn: reinstructcd .on the not general.^:For example'. "John,./. fust no-:,- T `"basis orhaving"h'eeirob5erved'working-a~job" ~xticed~that-ynu-liftcd-that-box-with~your-legs-- Unsafely, an.eilort should, be made to observe straight, and. your'back . arched down to gel the: mari' again,' doing the same' job, soon the box", ndt "Jolih; I saiu, ydu lift that box': ] . thereafter. The idea is to sec .whether or-not unsafely!". It is important that you do'this - . the--torrection 'did any -good. Naturally,.- because .it establishes: the .precise unsafe . . .`under the.cfrcumstahces, the man should not action that is. the focus of. correction. t , be told in advance that -be: is about.to. be ' 2. Exptain why it is ntijfl/e. By jelling or \ rc-ohscryed.. by a combination : of telling , and showing. . ' If. the. re-observation `confirms. th^- man'is : explain why. what you- observed is unsafe. now' working ' the job as instructed, don't Make sure lie understands whaf could happen '. hesitate to compliment him. That afccom- . and how it could happen!' .Don't .simply tell,. - ' ' 23. a 1965. National Safety' Congress the man something is unsafe or : incorrect. . Tile rpst 'of my discussion cpriccms how to .He must understand why and how, For ex- .. . install and control'a. planned-safety observa-r -.' --' , ample,- "If you- lift-that-way, -John, you're ./jion program .in an organization .unit such as putting. all tjtc strain .oh your back, , and . a department. It is intended- primarily for. almost none on your legs. It's very easy to . higher levels of supervision who . have: the sprain 'cvcri~a~strong back -lifting-.thair way. -. authority, to inaugurate such a program, and because a man's sfine isn't designed, to. lift who would have the. responsibility for. in-. . ' like that.". x : - stalling and controlling it.. . . 3. him Explain the safe alternative. or by a combination-of telling By and telling show . ' ing, .explain the safe alternative. Explain . pojnts-in their normal order of occurrence. Check to make him explain it sure back he. understands.'; Have to'-you or .have'.him' ' show yoti, whichever best;checks.his.under- Standing.. For. example, "Here. is. the sdfe: way to lift.. (Demonstrate) 'Notice my back ' If you are a first-line supervisor, i.e. have. direct supervision oyer production arid main-. tcnance employees, the discussion should still be of interest, to; you.' It will .give you an understanding .of what is.: involyed in .the installation . and administration of: such a program. .You may be in a position some day where, you do have the authority to start,a. planned,safety, observation program., . -. ! : is almost straight. My knees are bent.' J'm. . Many, plants and even entire multi-plant. in'a. squat/. position: When I straighten, up, - .' companies have.installed^ safety. observation the strain is. all'on my legs..They can take : programs: of one kind.or another. Mpst have the strain: It's the legs that do the work,.' gotten very .satisfactory results,' and., haVc ': hot the back. OIK., you try ti." continued such programs: Some hive been '.. '4! Try to convince him..End your rein- ' disappointed, and grams. . * have abandoned their pro- ' . stniction on a note of: persuasion. For cx- . ample, you 'might cite'a back injury .case; .that resulted. frorri'..unsafe lifting; Or,..you might explain how . severely a hack can be . . injured. Or; you might, point otif how a hack injury might'leave him unable to work . for.a long-time. The.point -.is,, say some thing that will, motivate him to use his , newly acquired know-how. ..-. , *; .. When the results have been unsatisfactory, the reason invariably is because the safety . observation program, was inadequately installed, guided,, and controlled. by higher . -supervision: The most common mistake has been the one:-of ' dumping the' responsibility' for. the program in the laps of first-line . supervisors, and expecting that' the plannedsafety observations would take care of them ' ., . -Reinstruction should always be friendly.in-- selves from there pn.; ' struction. People don't, listen well when they No safety observation . program can lie .-' are!angry at the. person explaining,There-;- ^effective .if .that is' the approach. The pro fore, a'void spying anything; that .'will.'-.'mi*'-' gram must .be correctly installed, and-higher. .' barrass or humiliate the man. supervision .must -take-, active responsibility .' . If others, are close by; take, him off to'-the . in guiding and controlling1 it; Unless they do *. side. He'll appreciate that. Keep in mind that '.that, the first-line supervisors,:speaking gen- . you are not only trying to tell-him,, you arc'. crally,'.are riot likely to put forth their best also trying to scll him.' End your feinstrur-. efforts. - -" . " ', -... ... tion on.a'friendly. note. ;. ' What follows is' a broad brush descrip- . *' '. .. . Administrating an. Observation Program .: '.tirin' of'-hoW: to install and corttrol'a safety observatiori program. The fine details must . ~Tlie planned safety- observatinrris_airacdi"--of-necessity^bc-omittedTsince-theyrcan-only-^-- dent prevention tool that'thc'individual super lie determined'on the basis ' of knowing the visor can use on his own initiative to promote local situation. .' . safe-'workjng 'practices.. Such observations . . ... do not need to be part of department-wide-' Installing the Safety Observation Program , . or, plant-wide program of safety observa-- There are five .basic steps to installing a. ` tions. Nevertheless,, there is.no denying that.; planned safety observation program. .They the fnaximum benefits are obtained.when.all. .are: -' -.-.- -.- 'supervisors of a' department, division, or' ; 1.- Establish' a "blue-print of the mechanics . plant' participate in Tegular-' planned, safety .2,- Train all supervisors in what, .why and ] observations., V 24 Itow-. ... -. ; - -'I 24 m Cement, Quarry and-Mineral Aggregates . - 3. Identify jobs that warrant safety' obser run) less work for them. That-is exactly what vations : the program will accomplish if carried out ^ ~4~Estdblislra'."minimum~requiremeni',~ correctly. -' " -- '' .- guide : \ -.'i.:Emphasise. guiddnce_during_ the. Jnit.ial_ period . .. " ' ' ' Let's discuss each step.. Identifying .Hazardous Jobs. .. . --It is not absolutely necessary ,to-precedes safety observation program' with an' effort to identify ' those jobs that, are hazardous Establishing the. Mechanics. and worthwhile observing.. The'selection Of jobs for observation can be left up to -the ... Before the. program is installed, tHe me judgment of the individual supervisor, once chanics of the . program must be decided. . he is oriented to concentrate on the relatively, The:..following , questions should . be sidered:'. -... con- 'more hazardous jobs! Nevertheless, based on considerable, expe Will yoii request supervisors to make some; record of` their planned observations, or. will rience, 'we-do recommend, a special effort, to identify (by position title) the.more hazard you -leave it: entirely up' to the- supervisor, to ' decide.;, whether . or .not- he wants to main-r . jtain.'a-'record?; If you. want a record kept, what kind of a. record? How. should it be kept? .' ' .*' ; '-... ous jobs. The list of jobs that results will serve, to make more definite what the task of observation , is; It will provide some .concrete guidance for supervisors. If you leave it up to the supervisor .will you provide him with -a record .form that Ke may use? .How-will higher supervision. - control the program? How will the unit head be kept informed of the program's progress? Perhaps.`the quickest way to identify the relatively more hazardous jobs done, by each position is to'assign-the-task to a group of-, supervisors who supervise' the same -posi-. tions. Forms should he provided for `the supervisors to'record their judgments as to The .general. answers 'to these questions ' the jobs worthwhile observing; In that way, will be. developed in ..some-of the following the opinions .of the' supervisors can be-ob-. sections. Your; job in establishing. the me tained independently, and then pooled. chanics .of the safety. observation program, will be. to E^dapt to general answers to your' specific situation: One; person,1 preferably a general supervisor, should be given .the responsibility' or drawing up a master list.'for .the group-of Training the. Supervisors supervisors who. supervise the some positimis. Once you have decided; the mechanics of Once such, a master, list, has been developed, the program, the-supervisors involved, need . the supervisors' concerned therewith should to be trajned. In addition, the' supervisors be given'copies or given access to'it,. . will have to.be informed .of the mechanics Any list so developed can be added to by of. the program.' actual -accident experience.- For example, . a We; can not tell you how to. go about recent accident may be the basis for asking 'training-your .supervisors in what they need supervisors to add the job involved to their to' know' to carry out a safety, observation list. of . jobs to observe via planned- safety program. The contents .of such training we- observations- ;. : have ,already, indicated. For. the details of :Jtidw to . conduct the actual training, discuss Establishing a Minimum Requirement IHeniatter'withplanttrainingpersonnelrAll- --,-Sh6uId-it-be-left-up-t6.4he-individual.su|)exi that remains' is. to inform, them..of how the visor ' to.. decide how often he will make program procedure has been.established .for planned safety,observations-in, say, a month? your unit. e.g.- section, department, division, Or, should some reasonable, minimum re-. or plant. : ' -. quirement be... established as a; guide, for One further, point. Training supervisors supervisors to. follow? is more than'a .matter of . informing them. While! there are. arguments, for. and against Planned safety observations mean a measure either approach, our experience . favor's the of extra .effort. Supervision must .he 'sold minimum requirements principle. It'provides on the idea- .that sucb a program will pay the supervisor with 'a .definite'number pf off with fewer accidents, and ip the long planned obscrvaiions to shoot for as a target, 1965 National Safety Congress vet it ,does no,t limit Jiim to ariy number if he 'should : check with each, supervisor under wishes to make more. :their direction with these questions in mind: 7 TV*minimum rcquiremcnlTfiould~aIwa;ys-b'e:_ -Does- he- know-how-to r prepare-for- a- safetystated -in terms of a definite. period, e.g. a. observation? Docs' he know how to make , month, jwo_ntonths, -of a quarter;. Periods; one?'Does, lie know how to record observa-' longer than a ((uarter, are not recommended.: ' tionsveOrrectly?; Does'he understand the: rear The simplest way to state a minimum" re son arid purpose of the program? Does he quirement is in terms' of the number of' have arty questions about; the prograrn? . planned safety' 'observations expected per The; object, is to make sure- that each man ' ;riian per periotl. Thus, ["bne per man per starts, out fight. Many such, programs founder month" means one such) observation is ex exactly because:, they jack this. type" of initial pected per. man supervised .each month,. \ period guidance; . The minimum, requirement must he reason able. It is self-defeating to set the minimum. Controlling :lbe Observation ' Program: '. ; . too high. Better ' fewer ;,dbscrvations.. dAnc Higher supervision- must ..follow.up the in-. correctly than many observations done hastily troductiori- .of a safety observation program . or, worse yet,' observations not done at all.- with, activities : that reflect. their.:':continuing The. objective..of a. safety observation, pro- : interest.' Most important. they rnust exercise gram must'jtever be to .see'how many, obser-.' control of' the . program. .: Here are; some ; rations:.can-be", reported, each, period. The. things that can be. done : . . . real- objective is the ..detection" and correction . of unsafe practices on hazardous jobs. ; 1.. Suggest. names of men To be .safety ob served ; ... .Consideration should he given to the size ' z:Suggest jobs that warrant safety obser-- of a supervisor's, area . and. the numhej- of vation-- .! '' ;. people he supervises. "One per man per . month" is one thing for.'the foreman with 15-men in one; small, location, arid something . 3. Check safety observation. records now and then. : :. else again ..for. the': foreman with 40 men | .. ' 4. Contact meti-recently observed occasion spread over.several.acres-of plant. ally ' '- "...' ". ' " C)ne suggestion, . that, may;. helpdiscuss 5/Maintain a record'of: the.unit's perform ` what . the. minimum requirement. should be ance" '. -.; ; " .:. .-' with .the first-line'.supervisors who will have' : Let's discuss , each-one ,generally. ; ' to try to meet the; requirement. Indicate a willingness to reconsider the minimum after Suggesting Names for -Observations .'..... experience.has. been -gained. Supervisors"are . ; - The .responsibility for deciding which-man * criiinently fair about such.things when prop 'will, be - given' a safety -observation should erly. consulted: normally, be left to .the' supervisor who 'must., Emphasising. Initial ^`eriod -Guidance make the observation. However; higher., supervision Within the. Unit, especially second- .' Once thd program - is." started,' a special line \supervisors, -shonkl. feel free ' to; suggest .effort, should;.bie made .to-check and guide the names-, of men' wlio;-. wa.rrarit special at ' supervisors 'who'.must' make tnc safety 6b-; tention when there is a special reason. . serrations. . Despite the .-previous training-' .; For example,, suppose it. corries to the at- - given, many of - the ..supervisors ..will .- have tention of-a: section' head.- that a 'particular. "questions.^ .... . \-. , - -. rijan "has-; had 'a half.a, dozen' or more, acci-- Morco'rerf the>e will be' sorne. who . mis- ' dents:- in : the :past year. On"that'.;basis; -he understand one. thing or 'another, about the ' ; may request that ftlie man be given Coricen-. : procedure to follow. .Questions rind misifnder- trated safety, observations' to'. findfput`-what ' standings Should be cleared up in the first' ; .is wrong. .'-.';. ' *' mdnth.of the"prpgram lest some supervisorsv Such initiative on the part of; higher, super- develop incompatible practices. .vision conveys- an interest .in - the:-.safety ;ob- The major responsibility- for guiding first- .servation; program. 'In.:the main, however, the " line supervisors belongs-to"their .immediate, responsibility for deciding wlio 'will - He. ob-v line superiors, i.c. general foremen, general served at-ariy. particular time belongs to ;the -supervisors;"and section heads; The latter . first-line supervisor.- - , : . . . 2(> . - V;jV'; ' ^ .!' . . SKum "Cement, Quarry and .Mineral Aggregates Suggesting `Jobs for Observation range of the period will, discourage such ---Here.;again. the^TesppnsihjljtyJfo_r deciding . Pract*g;js. __ __ what jobs will be observed at any particular Contacting Men Recently Observed time should be left with the first-line super- Now and then, it is a good idea for scc- vison-Sometimes,-however, higher supervir_. _ ond.|ine supervisors- to-contact-a-man-who,: sion will.do well to request that observations according to t])C- safety observation record, fie,concentrated on a particularjob: For ex- ^ observed: recently. For example, the ample, investigation of a serious injury accF rccor(, ^ indicate that John Doe was oh- dent may reveal a faulty job -procedure. If. serve(1 yesterday, and that lie worked the job . thIne* seanmme^jmobh iiesrdlnonn#e Kbyv a nhuummbne^rr.noff men folnri-- . sa#fely. *D%o' es John rDvoe. rec_Vanll Lbei_n__g ' con*, the same or different shifts, it may fie a good tqctcd? Docs he understand .'the .purpose of; iddecaatto check how otherfs.are.doing, the job. .. observatiims? Have they liecii ex- On that liasis. a department'superintendent 'may request' his supervisors .to observe.the job in question, being done, by all men Wlio .regularly do so- ;."' Such initiative demonstrates . support of the safety observation program in' addition plaiheil to him? ' ! Even' when made infrequently, such Con- .tacts are useful.'.They let.'miplpyees: know'tfiat higher supervision has an active-interest. in safety observations. They- give higher supervision a Chance to check employee, reac- to; satisfying the immediate reason for.the tions. They serv-e to Check the correctness of; *' 4ur4eIl4aq1 ru*,esat.re S4ienc.4o%anMdg-Aol-ivno-del , supervisors, in partic-; KpAoCstittiiMon tAto rnreocAolmimmVOeWn/dl . creecnot.lrydso.4bsSeurvcehd4 brief' cohtacts with -men re-. 'need' h. ot.be'burdehsome w. . h en specific jobs...for observation; '^ done oii an every'now and:.then;.basis; Checking Obseriatitm Records Establishing the Unit Performance ; ' When . safety observation 'records, are kept When a safety observation- program ^in to facilitate planning observations, such.rec- stalled on a plant-wide basis,''top plant man ords; should .be Checked by' the responsible agement may be interested in the. progress of second-line supervisors.::Each, general fore- the program in the various departments. That mail, for example,; should be ihade; responsible . raisesI the question of how .to1. report; the for checking the records of. his' foremen.; performance of a department (or.'other, unit) ' -Trhi.el record.c-hi.e_c*k;.,,isi an important tool for in .a' uniform and meahniinnsgrfuiil wavy. controlling Jhe safety. observation program.. The "practical type of report, is.one which; It'.sliould-be j?uided by. the following. ques-,i describes the departments performance as a tions : ' (1) Are .entfies being correctly fc-, percentage of the departmental minimum re corded?. (.2),. Is- .the: minimum requirement quirement- for the period. A simple example- being .met?. (3), Are any men being excluded illustrates theprinciple: . . .' from- safety observations? (-4)-Have some , Department A has'100 men and a'minimum men gone- too long without a sbfety observa- ; -requirement' of. "one per. man per month".' tibrt? (5) Are ; re-ob^rvaitiohs beirig''rnade" I f only 90Tibservations were made,;, tile per-.- wlien.,called :for? (6) A re- some. jobs'. bcing ; fgnriance for Department A Vvqiild: be 90 pbseiydd ; too-..frequently merely because, qfper :cent.vTarget' jierforpiahce would lie tlX) convenience? " v.} ... , [ . " observations,. or. 100 per cent. ^Observations Such a check of observation rec' o''rd'.s''sVho"u.ldmade bVer-and above the minimum:require* lie'inade'aF!east7pncetoward; the:end'. ot-the - . ment wouId.meari a_ porformaqce_perceiitage. period for which the'record; is. intended,', e.g.' abo.ve 100.' "' 'v'\. ; at: thc end of the month for. the: monthly rec ord.- It . is also advisable... to Spot check such records' irregularly during, the period. When, some such report' is. used'.to keep higher plant management informed,1 it;, is essential that' departments arc Inot made ;to. ;.-.feeI they are competing with one another for , S0metimes, a supcryik.r will make no Ob the highest performance score. That: type of servations, .until the ttid of a period pressure: almost' invariably results, in a; mean wlien he- knows the*, record- will lie checked. ingless "number game". the observations ate. fi^hr-ahr quality of the safety observa^ made hurriedly under time pressure, and that tions made that counts, not mere numbers is hot :good. A quick check in the middle reported. 1965 Xalionol Safety Congress .' Types of Safety Observation Kecoris . keeping of a record. .It is better to have The safety observation record form dis- - planned safety observations with no retordvcussed may not be suitable for your situation Keeping than no planned safety observations Your-best solution may-be to draw up tlie .at all. - .._^:Kind of record_forni,,tIiat rncets.the require-_^t_fjcver(|le]e^5jirthc\ad%-antages for planning ments of your situation. and control do warrant that serious consid- It must be emphasized again that a safety eration be given to .maintaining a Simplified observation program need not require the. record. - [ . . FAIL SAFE DEVICES ON HEAVY QUARRY EQUIPMENT SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AND EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE : By E. T; ANDREWS Manager, Sales Engineering: :v "' Bendix-Westinghouse Automotive Air. Brake Company, Elyria; Ohio . In the. automotive industry; a fail safe. brake also: is.', required, to-hold tlie vehicle . device or' system is' one designed arid in stationary. As. you. know; the'drive line hand, stalled on a vehicle which will., provide a brake also'has been referred to as an cme'r- . means of stopping the vehicle in the event gency b'Cakeiand .has. Often been' used for ', . the service brake system is! incapacitated or emergency . situations;' At speeds below.' 20' : -. fails for any reason. Fail' safe, as.related to - mph, it can' be effective; but at higher speeds braking, is simply a coined expression for a; . and with heavy'loadsi irjcertainly is not in a. . device or-' system; that -.can - be1 used, for fail safe classification. ; ^ ! ; emergency stopping. ' Because of .apparent:, ineffectiveness of the . legal requirements for; an . emergency parking brakes, as .installed on heavy duty, . brake system control fdr combination vehicles .equipment to hold and maintain the vehicles . .. . have been in existence .under . ICC safety on the grades on. which they were .operating, regulations since 1943.; The. first phase for spring brake aettiators came into existence emergency, braking' was "the,requirement for., on vehicles .equipped,with compressed .iair, automatic application pf the'trailer brakes for hrakirigi. -- in the. event of. a physical, breakaway from j the.tqwing vehicle. Then the .ICC required a . manual.. control to', cfose off/.'loss of-, air pressure on the towing, vehicle after the . physical 'effective breakaway; The third requirement, in 1956, made it mandatory to have, - ---- a : separate "control '1 enabling .the,: driver. ,.ta_ apply"thetrailer-brakcsin-case- of-emer-- ; gcncy, and in the event he' failed to-do so, . The spring brakes originally were designed : for parking and-- not- stopping thevchide. - However, when Cailifornia revised the .Ve hicle Code to require, an emergency stopping', system bn' hit. air-braked.vehicles, single units as well as combination .tractors and trailers, . spring- Brakes"were-'usedvas-parking 'and emergency stopping brake acthators. ' - "the trailer brakes: were automatically applied A remote type:.spring brake actuator , in-;, | : when the system air pressure dropped'below! stalled on the frame' ..was attached to the' 1 45 psi. ' slack adjuster .-.lever anil' with a cable' or ' ." The system ratus. tractor components used in the air brake could be considered .fail safe.appa.but were commonly referred to as. and . trailer emergency; protection ,. fititel; rod to apply the brakes when, air-pres-: syre holding, the heavy spring in- the release position was exhausted "through .driver operation of the control' valve. A . spring force of 1,400 to,1,600 pounds exerted-on the two - . - devices. . brakes -was adequate to.lipid, the vehicle after; - _____ ......With a typical air brake system, a parkingit .was stojiped. but yvas borderline in stopping .- - 28 -. t Cement, Quarry and Miniral Aggregates the moving vehicle at. speeds above 20 mph. This'system is fast to respond, and under: l~` --Other manufacturers--for "S" cam /brakes-- emergency conditidns.maximurcrbr'akeappli- > have; the'integral type, spring actuators in cation of 100 psi air. pressure: is available to ( - ' { combination with, the brake chambers. ; For . apply`'the brakes, on the one axle; A: grad-. {llip"\vedge type brakes~tlie"piggybactr spring{ dating type controFvalvOs now' under de- brake/actuator .is mounted on the backing velopmtjit for improved. emergency braking . jriate.i/TIie 'actuation of the spring brakes of the vehicles. is all the same; however, the control/sys.- : In a split air brake system, using a dual {.. ..: terns may vary, depending on (lie operator's brake valve supplied from two separate air choice.of having the system strictly manual reservoirs, one portion of the valve; deliver* , - or tiwial and. automatic. air to the front brakes and-the other portion [ ; \Ve. also designed and developed a . series of the valve controls; the. rear brakes. This >.; ipf air; operated parking and emergency brake' cari also He arranged for diagonal split or . safety actuators. Time, does not permit to with.three axle vehicles, front and rear, and ' go into the details of tlie systems for- ail rear only. four {{actuators;, however,; I ...WWill Comment ' For aaccoommpplleeitce iausaic system, we alsoo . .briefly, on each. The DD3 is our. general : would recommend a separate manuaf control. purpose:.{double,' diaphragm . aefuator for The dual systems are.developed. for both.air: . service,{.parking and. emergency-brakes. , The . and hydraulic brakes. ' ' . SD3 is a-single diaphragm mechanical lock . . A new system recently developed for a rotdchairiber: .tjpe.-used. in. a brake systerii front loader , air hydraulic brake is the axle > forheavy off-highway vehicles. A single. . by axle protected emergency.system in which diaphragm service and parking brake actu- the vehicle will not be without brakes re-; atprl ?s used on for trailers and a double ., gardless of a single failure. Should the .-diaphragm actualor for service and cmer-. service, brake fail to respond to application,, geticj?./braking with a split or dual system: / a manual control valve is capable-of apply-: Except, for the .DD2, all actuators are ing both axles simultaneously. If the mai- equipped with a mechanical lock arrange- . .function is in. the.hydraulic system in either . . . merit, for parking the vehicle. .-:./ axle, the control valve applies ' the brakes typical DD3 system provides regular , on the other axlei'The off-highway .vehicle . service{braking through the .foot'valve. If,'-..manufacturers are. interested'in this system .fob any{r^sori,.the'service brake'system is on original equipment, and the. components. . /{lost, the {driver operates the emergency con-, can. be made up. into, a'kit for' installation "' :: troi/.valvc'"'whi(di{ applies air 'pressure.'to * they: on. vehicles;in .service.-. . . ;/: auXiliap:.:diaphiragm from an isolated emer- . . i; have attempted { to, cover briefly the geno'reservoir. Should the driver, continual/. . emergent brake systems currently available .{. . ly us the 'emergencysystem with a' failed for heavy . duty vehicle. With a greater {{;systn, the'brakes will-'awdy' .emphasis on brakes-in'the'-Interest of safety,, v/autdiratidly tq'iock on a-45 pSi appliStion:.- you can expect, coiitihued .efforts to develop . Should'the emergency system fail, an auto- . new brakes and brake, systems. Brakes that : {. iraitic::brake application also is. made. To. are.properly designed; .engineered and main- .:. {;park this vidiicle, the same control valve is.{ tained should not.fail under.normal cendi-, .: Vused;{hpwcv^,; the mechanical dock engages . tions,{but when emergency conditions beyond; {_...{. ihe^push^rod--to-^prevent--a-releasc-of--th&T^-our-control-arise,--fail-safe-braking-can/be-a .. -- -. .'.'brakes, .-./.' {{.: ' ' ' ' lifesaver. -. *. PREVENTIVE MAINTENAf By PONALDib.. LOWERY - Master Mechanic Consumers Comip Division of'Vulcan. Materials Company, H . Since, this subject was assigned before our . ,tb herein would apply, to added maintenance "fail safe", experimental program was, com- { for a fail , safe system oveerr, the conventional pleted; the "preventive' maintenance", referred . air brake system, Our.. experience , indiccaatteess, > .29 ; - - 1965. National Safely., Congress . the same preventive maintenance is required "straight air circuit," and the spring 'actuated and, must ik:'applied to the added fail safe device as: the. "spring. brake." - -.. equipment, as to a conventional system, Tliis": The. spring brakes .were installed -in' all includes replacing-lorn hoots, defective dia- four: wheels on a; .four-yard rubber-tired- ^Dliraums.^nronerlv- adjusting- slack adjustors -loader at_otir_ Algonquin, _ III., pit. The.cost ami the daily blowing out of air, reservoirs, of . this installation' . was approximately .These preventive measures, along'with daily $204.00 for supplies..'and: ten hours labor; inspection -of piping, lilies, air compressors This was installed fn September of last year aiid the drive mechanism, all arc mandatory .and through Sept. 11,.this year, it had been in maintaining effective air brake systems. in service for: 2,785l operating hours.'. We Let its not: be misled by the Expression, fail experienced ho. additional maintenance prob safe; such systems- do not- eliminate ^re lems and the last test Tound `the safety; tentive maintenance. We have referred, to. brakes 100 per cent effective.' our experimental program..! believe Jt. would be interesting'and; appropriate at mis time,. to, outline briefly our' experience vptlr three, fail safe braking installations! - We are happy to add that; although this loader, is Working 70 per.cent of;the time in ramp stockpiling operations,' the Use of the* safety device1 has not been' required.: The experimental; program- began, as a However,, the operator can testify that after "result "of a "lost-time"-accident, resulting in tlje air tanks' have been drained the night, minor -.injuries, wherein the brakes on a before,, the engine will .riot move the loader . front.end loader were brought into question. until the air pressure'is up to.70 p.'s.i., which The incident called , to mind the subject of isminimum operating pressure and an.added a paper presented by Mr.- Vince Gallagher, .safety feature. Safety Engineer, Materials Service. Com pany, at'a CQ&MA. Section .Session at the . l%3-64- National Safety Congress! In addition,'any type of. systerii failure (including air lines torn.off at the wheels) will, actuate tljc spring brakes, effecting a - Today, we are so exposed to.othcr people's safe' stop. '- ' ' .... catastrophes.by the news media that no real :Tn Nqyernber 6f.::last year we installed, comprehension is-present until a shocking the -straight air type, equipment ion1: a five- accident occurs to us, then it becomes a.sad. yard loader, in ' fact, the sam.e loader " that " and- realistic' personal experience; Fortu-. experienced ' tlie aforementioned acc.ideri t.' nately, .the accident that motivated otir test This unit is at'our Crystal Lake, III. plant. program-was a minor personal injury,- .with The/ equipment was! installed on the', rear' . some lost-time and no property damage.. axle only, at a'material cost of $207.00 arid There was no evidence of a mechanical,fail-, twelve.hours labor.,We. have had no experi- lire' in. this accident. The machine involved was a front end loader operating oh a ramp Vence- wherein the. ernergency.'device. was required; for .a - panic stop. In testing, this ' with 10 to 13 per cent grade approximately 200;feet, long..- Contemplating the, results'of system, -after- 2,750 operating, hours if was found 100 |icr. cent" effective;;. a-brake .failure in '.this: operation.'is enough to make your .hair stand on end. Up to this . In March, \%5,... we installed a .second. point,,.our interest' in a fail, safe device -had straight air device'-on the rear axle of a: beeri'-academic; - '. twenty-ton -quarry. truck,, at a total:, cost. of. $252.00, fpr.. material, .arid, 24 hours : labor.. ; rn(juiricsifevealed_lLw.djypesLiff-rcquiprrtcnt_ --This^straight-air-circriit-basTa-valVe-in-tbe that are in wide, use! in the highway trucking industry. One'is a complete reserve circuit, operator's coihpartfpent .., which', applies the . emergency- brakes, instantly. We can verify including an. additional reservoir,;-checkvalve,, lines arid : piggy-back cluimfers. The. , other type qf equipment is an air compensated . spring actuator,'comprising lines and a pig- . gy-back. chamber.' In . both of these devices this from an experience the operator. of this truck;-had. while .dumping, waste material down a forty -foot.embankment.;-The em bankment gave way -. under the rear wheels. and the- trutfk.. started down, The-, operator .the compensating chambers.and diaphragms use push rod extensions from the regular service brake chamber, threw the emergency valve- and jumped safely from :tlie. truck. Instead of the truck, ending up in. our pond, the safety, brakes .'We refer to the straight air device as the. held it at the bottom of the slope, Returning; -30 ls ' Cetncnt, Quarry and Mineral Aggregates this unit"to service was a-matter-of two lations-"reflect- errors in. trying to match extra men and a dozer to tow it. back up . "various types of. fittings with hoses, and into tlie . yard. Ffad^/tliis vehicle been"-frcc."""tubcs-/and-having-; no.-installation-diagrams^- to. travel - it would have stopped in .water One of-the best ways to correct the installa 12-15 feet- deep.. An -analysis of- .tliq. labor . tion problem is-to./pressure the manufacr and downtime nccessary to put' tliis_vchicIe ~turers"of'rubbef-tired-mobile. eq'uipment!and - ipto service, bad -it- not- been, equipped .with the manufacturers of the fail . Safe braking tlie safety device; will not- be. gone-into here. ;' components into working -out these problems - Unfortunately, our operating books , are . for us. To/this 'end./it is how a-matter of geared to show ' money spent, /not: saved// . /Consumers Company' .policythat' all' replace We had another incident occur in/: which ment rubber-tired ; mobile..equipmqit be fur- . a forn.-boot had 'not been replaced. This tear ' nished with the emergency brake system-in-' allowed sand' to enter, the emergency locking '-stalled as a.part of the original.purchase.' /,,. ; device, in the straight air component on the' We Have /standardized bri a circuit includ-- : five/yard loader. This required. removing; the: ; ing spring ' brake chambers . at: the wheels,. -defective boot..and .Cleaning foreign/matter . with an/emergency.-.valve/located - in. .the (sand;/ etc.)' '.from.'.'tlie/-cam.''-and/ - rollers, . operator's compartment." . ./. 1 allowing" them, to: function normally. / In conclusion;/ I. think; it is necessary - to .-These: three vehicles werc: tested:.Sept." 13. point- out that inadequate brakes, through to. determine the officicricy of .our. fail safe, design by .die.'manufacturer,;.or-overload by systernsr In all .cases/they, became, noticeably, : the user,', cannot ; be/made- more effective-by ' effective, at :a point just'.below the low range, the .installation of . tlie,.best fail- safe -de of/. operating pressure .'.(70. .p.s.i.) - down- to vices; available. You still cannot 'get "some-, 40 / p,s.i. .. From/ 40' p.s.i . down, 'the' brakes/ ..thing' '/for nothing.". Your, fail 'safe systems. were fully applied,. . ... will have the,'same efficiency as your service . -The.man hours referred; to in our instal brakes' .and preventive' maintenance , program. SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN THE TRAINING OF QUARRY SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL IN SAFETY . By COLE A.` ALLEN -V'/v/. ./>y:;/;'/'/. V"-.' Vice President,-Engineering,Ainierieaii Mutual Liability'Insurance-Co., , . ':"//- Wakefield; Mass. ' -. - TJic:titlc of'.this; discussion, has two .impli- . ' Third,' I believe the problem', is manage-. : cations, . first, tlmt ibcre is-a-problem in the ment-centered. ,;If '.rests,/ to/a large extent, .in training of quarry supervisory./personnel.- in ' management attitude toward safety, in gen-" safety and second/ tliat./there. is . something . eral jml, also', .'.in ,limited recognition of the unique or special about:the.problem; For.the / -essentia! role/of/ .the , supervisor/ This is. --purpose-bflthis'/dr^ssion^^jlL;talk_priit_/.: particiilariv.so-witli -first-line-supervision and - cipally to the situation with. rcspcct to first- is evidenced, to a large degree, in. inadequate, line.supervision, the foreman;;; V. //. - plans for. the screening; .selection and devel -First, I believe /there is .evidence that a . - opment. fraining..-.of foremen.-". problem exists. I propose ,)6 discuss /some, of;. Fourth,-, much- of . the problem is character" the evidence.-:/.:/./' ////:./ .istic of what" exists in industry generally, .'Second,' the. problem is mo'st evident in . especially among small business. ' '*.- small independent,/quarry bperatidhs ,of the- . Fifjh, there- is really, nothing unique ahput stone,/sand and gravel people... Quarries which . the /problem ;and. a /few factors that seem to. are/part/of a large enterprise; such as . the . he peculiar to' the' quarrying/ industry ; arc cement; lini'e fin'd minerals/products' indus/ similar-to-,^vhat exists in segments' of" the . tries/arc .in relatively good shape: / construction industry. '.'// . . ' 31 M 1965 National Safety Congress -.- . With respect to the roie of supervisors 'the knowledge hqs increased, but the 'use of and supervisors' : safety training, Gaiety"pro- : that knowledge lias hot progressed. ~ fcssipriali are in agreement"6n~ttie_f6regoingf Whatever the scope of theTeffort .is today, five points,'which.:I will consider to;be- - I doubt seriously that it: is sufficient to..sup- premises for my discussion. .: port adequately :the. profit ami growth goals 1: The supervisor has the key responsibility of the employeryv l;' isay .this .because': simply, ' in preventing accidents, , since the; principal holding the: line is .nor enough1. The costs of , duties, of the supervisor ..are the very means individual -injuries arc coritintidusiy moving :' by which the major elements' of the sa'fefy ..upward, -not--.solely, because of broadening program are: earned.out. ' ; . . . '.' VVorkmcn's Compensation laws and spiraling 2: The supervisor; must be. trained if he benefit levels,: but also because, of a .variety . .is to reach optimum effectiveness in carrying ""of equally important influences ' which arc '.outhis -duties. :" " -....v :.: . - likely to be evert stronger in tlie future..- . 3. 'Safety education :arid training .are an All' this . means an: increasingly -larger tab integral part, of the totaldevelopment of a 'for the- employer, to'.'pick up both for the . ' supervisor and. cannot .effectively be :handled ' direct costs of the- injuries and accidents. and as' something'separate. ?.';/ '. _ : - fof. their indirect costs - as well,. The only . '.4. :Supervisor-training , shoulti be .. standard -way to'; offset this added operational cost, is;. .management, policy' and should: be'-.based on: . -bycuttingaidchtdccufrencetoanirreduc'. clearly-, defined. objectives which relate, to. the ibie minimum). specific duti.es. of the supervisor. - - ; ..The.accidents';that: are currently emerging ' - 5. An essential initial phase of the training from the industry, are:; identified not with . in accident prevention methodology is the unprecedented) accident Causing factors, but . development of -'.'a''positive!:-attitude -toward ;. primarily)With familiar" elementary discrep- safety,'):::') -.' ' ancles in mechanical ^arid. physical protection . In yesterday*s:m'eeting and. today's.as .well;' . your, section, has: presented -a.program that is arid; worker behavior. These: arc .all situations which coriie. under; keyed almost) entirely, to. safety in, the pro- the almost continuous observation -of ` first--. diiction operations,- safety in terms of. . dine supervision who, in these:- instances, do. .;: mechanical and; physical safeguarding,- safety - -not appear to- understand the significance of id terms of.: production., methods,'.-safety' in' , what -they-look' at. Why this is so'has , a " ; terms fof .worker behavior.' - .: bearing on my discussion; .There are strong irijdications.-that oiir (safety; counsel is not Mpst of what you have heard may not be reaching-the! foreman level, where it' can .be .startlingly, new: to you,' either-in its philosophy riiosf (effectively. applied. 1 f we are not get-, - dr) its detail.. However,; despite. oiir' haying ting .the message across in its more elerneh- heard :much,'-if not all of. it before, there '-. tary :comf)ph'ents,` we hayc.little hope- for its appears'to.be- an appreciable lag in putting more - sophisticated elements, -it-.tp 'praclical use. , ). - ...--To ...accomplish a - useful purpose,.; the ..Safety`-professionals tell us that accidents abundance, of techriicar safety information; happen . where,'; maha'geriient permits , them to that is ; available' must become an integral . happen.- They also tell us that the knowledge )-J>art 'of the productionysystem and the work, to, prevent practically, every accijlerit bcciir^- -- discipline.-.This fncans that' it", must.be in")ringlinjndjistry;isalready-known.;Itwould ; stalled;'and sustained; in ^the same manner a;- appear that; evidence, -to support those copy . any otHer operating discipline. lt is a matter.) .victions)cari be, found 'in;..sonie..eIements of of. management; policy, plan, "organization i the .quarrying, industry. ...- : . - . '. . , arid control..'.- ,- A: fjuick reference to , the accident devel-.; Tlrij;management plan ;for;accidprit' control,- . dpments' in.,the:f]uarry ' industry reveals that as most , of .'you know,- ernbraces about eight- -the disabling injury- frequency^ratc and' the , key elements, (1) .' Management Policy and ' type injuries -occurring have'.' hot changed' : (Leadership, (2) .Assignment .of. Responsi-' . significantly in the past 15 years. Does this bility, ;(3j Hfgh Quality Supervision, (4) . mean that the- siim total oif accident' preverj--- S^ife Working Environment, (5) System of - tion -skill, and .effectiveness has not advanced Safety Inspections; (6) ' Systematic "Maintcv "in the past.15.years?'My own opinion is.tliat" nance Program, (7). Standards for Emplo'j: `  riS-. ' . Cement, Quarry .and Mineral Aggregates Selection :uid Training, and (8) ' Accident ; Truining'-is - - particularly needed by: first-;-. -Itwcstigation-Systcrn.^r--4^- ------ -- line'Supcrvisionr'W'hiletlietraining'shouldbc The key objective, of tlicprogramisto focused .prinnirily pn , pforiiiction Vrcfiuire-. establish 'and pcrpettiatent the Worker; level; meats, it Would include complete understand an environment which, With respeefto pbysi- ; ing' of tlie safety policy arid' program,, and cal 'conditions and .Worker, actions, precludes. vthc.techniquesyof carrying it out in the,' fpr- the occurrence of. accidents: ' mail's -area.-'of.--production. responsibility:; . Next, to the /direction and. leadership, given by: management','' tlie most important pc.rsnn ! iu the safety program is the.one who is-inti.-; maicly involved in' its day-to-day iinplcmeii-y tation,.namely, thq foreman.^ ; Earlier I;stated that one of the premises that holds from my remarks is ^.Supervisor1 ' .'^liriihg should: lie a 'standard management : policy and should: lie based oh clearly, definwl . objectives, which relate.to the specific duties ./of- tlie; supervisor."; s?\ Ci .:, .; v,-'. :' .. ; The foreman's jKisitioii carries imixjrtant duties ip: jeaching -safety, enforcing safety and working safely. Ijhnsclf. As.a normal . routine part-of his functions,, lie. is involved.' .'directly . with practically- every, element.: of.; : tlie program,., training and`motivating wdrky. . ers, - installing - and: preserving a, safe work ; This leads me to ask; just exactly ":wliat: is the. quarry, foreman's job, or flie crusher ..foreman's job; or the.-"maintenance foreman's: /job?. If we- arc to .tailor' the .training;', to; the stiecifics pf .tlie' joh;: we, oiiglit to kiiow what' .the;job is in Complete . detail,/ : - * environment, surveillahc'c 'of the- work meth-' . .This question was; directed, to a.number mis,' First'; Aid investigation,'. administration.itnd : . accident.: . of' management people'.in', your actually, approximately. 20 qiiarry; industry,; operators . iii v/irioiis parts of, the. country/ It- produced; : . .He is in a ..strategic ikesilion.;iii tlie.indus-.; a variety of responses. In most .' instances, . trial organization standi jig as lie- dries; tlie `.response wii's: ambiguous, ati bjf-lhc-cufl; between.' management -. anil 'the. wdrkcK .Iiis :; expression of .'what- the:employer; thought the influence .cati lie considcrablc.;'To the extent :' .job 'to .be. In other words, it .was largely a that' he ..is -a . leader, a . teacher,.a /dcjicnrlalilc,. jiersdii.'d opinioii, iibt a Tecit;d of 'reference accurate, energetic- .and. resourceful persbif, fropi a Written [osition .'description or job lie lio.sscsscsvsmix.rtanl 'altribiites ;df a. .sue- : , sjiccifica'tiriii,. i.simply liecausc such managc: ccssful foreman; To: the extent that lie; also..; yhiciit toiils; werc'notused: ' .. .Knows thoroughly his: employer's operating y policies . and' understands their inipleijicnta- . . It/ Would . have . been interesting- to ' have , tioiv and -liis own', responsibilities- for ihcir ;' implementation, lie make .a maximum ai(tl liis work contribution ctroew:hi..sshcoiuiil-d.;: :; pjoycr's operating goals. asked ;tlic.`.foreman 'concerned, wliat he thought' his. job w-as and'lioW he found it oiit.. if is .notions : Would have; made : interesting comparison with those of the man Who -pays his. salary: Situations of this'sort lire more '.-..There are.tu:o facts we must .keep.before:., prevalent, in industry.--generally- .than we.arc us. First, foremen ' arc not liorh 'with:.tHc;-' - prone; to': )(clicvc and .something more than . knowledge and skills of-effective''supervision;.* .communication is involved.. . ;. _r. otimtfthiriviftefececnynle::ed7stamsou_rlpnfttti_eoishnsr-tavg'lgitioaes;p(ictloe-irfltonvi(hulce'ekielra,iesnirmodsidd.f\dtv,.hst-TperSta.evmlerirfncirfu'oo.a'.ttnr'.i'haam:'dorncn;ofado!-d.u.nnii;ftgcdss'`ehuems:,vlaauestnlpeooaosempgp.ye'eeymyfoffsesfreoenrcj-rtr1'i-y..:'.,?.;.'i-..:o.i[ipsi,iiirie,sflAMrtuJaf.osjaiiiicrccscmicecLt^csdaaio.nn_na.c~d|ei(.cgivc'roqsato<ucbrfe4riiiemcisla^ttiiyiujitoniet'ityii!eodnve.gf,.;bi,;nv,rrTtqiicsbcuysoanip|rritteo.iec--idadiarsClcWsvsltritoiiha'ps;faite^-qhtlfievkt;chrisesreeoiw.tvterlieisrrariiecasan,,l-: .-Such training is hot;.intended to'.serve' sikinses arc: . :: ..solclytlieorganizat ion's.accident; prevention interests: Tlie training proposed is alFaround: '.'development,' to. make the; foreman mofe ' efficient. in every .element " of" .bis ' position', . '1.; He riiight; to know his job, lie his: way,iip and lias-liecn'a; foreman years.: : 1 : ' worked for five: functions. Certainly, if the employer looks;t'o ' 2.. He gets an jionest day's :Wdrk';out;,of his..supervisory ranks' for. the- source of liis, the men.'. future, managerial' people; such `development ;/ :.f,' He get s' along' well with people. ' programs arc . indispensable,; iy. - :; .- 4. lie gets- out the 'tonnage we. want.'-: 1965 National Safety Congress -. Some of you whose management is 'dedi- agement must exercise care to identify those - caled- to- standards -of -job : performance, and ' people WhoTcanhcit-drT/vyill'ifdl-respond/to: . systons' of; individual performance appraisal . training, and waste no-time and-money on. should take note of the' rather, simple per- them. './. ' . : . . _' - foniiahce7staSd5fdsrtI5tTiatisfy^'some quarry management,, Probably. in the absence of clear-cut : job definitions arid, performance standards,-oversimplified evaluations are to be txpt&iedij; / 7 -.". - Since. it is reasonable to-, expect that any training to develop a person's, understanding and skills would -. be first centered ot) the / elements. of his job, a clear-cut.determination ' of the: elcments'of the job is a prerequisite to/ A: third query ; had ; the purpose pf ascer- . any organized: training. .tabling what. are the- characteristics looked One;6f the more,definitive, job descriptions: loir in good foremen-apart' from teUmicaJ reviewed was "that of a pit . or qua'rry fore-;' , skills^ in the production function. /These are . man..His. duties were'spellcd put essentially the personal qualifications that are looked ' as .follows': . ' -- for. in a man in selecting <him for a super visory position;;/Ordinarily, this query pro-' disced .a. listing of those/ personal attributes, of people, "that- are universally . admired, honesty-,, integrity,'dependability,, sobriety. : ' 1. .Direct .supervision of workers engaged in extracting rock from /the .quarry, including a. removal of: overburden; b. hand stripping; - c. drilling-; d. blasting;., c. loading and f- hauling. .. . /..' , : Knowledge of..:his/'work-'.'was'. also men tioned, although it . was not Certain in some insfancesjust how. this quality was measured, /since there '.was . .uncertainty what the 2". Periodic inspection of; the work. site, equipment, and - work' practices to - insure safety. - / .;. '_/-; . - ' - '. foreman's work, was./1, think you will, agree - 3. Maintain, dcsi.r.cd. standards of rock that the purely personal characteristics of an quality-.. , effective'. supervisor./ merit, a . much more 4.' Hold , operating-costs to predetermined . comprehensive listing. ''levels,-:/. ./.. /..; / The conclusion /1 draw from' this is that - . This: embraces the . general scope of activ- . many of; the .managements covered in this ities that arc/ characteristic 'of the average ' Small'sample, have'not given the supervisory- quarry-foreman's job, to install and be surfunction the hard-iiosed. attention that seems yeillant ;of work' m e.tliods, issue, work/ `/to be needed/if- the supervisors are to. make. , instniefions, assign--workers , to , tasks, super- . '. the vital contributions/they, can and should . vise people- at work and to maintain equip- / be making to the employer's profit and " ment- arid the work site. - .-. . growth goals. Under suet) circumstances. the . In .. the: absolute/;- this, position, obviously - . safety training of the supervisprsissuffering' requires"^ man with aful.l knowledge of the / the same neglect. tpchnlcal details. Of quarry work ati.d an The inquiry into position descriptions was equally fair knowledge of the safety codes not. a completely barren' undertaking. De and safe,practice/guides. that apply .to. each', scriptions urere.available, in several instances element of the . work,' equipment and work . but in only one/ instance did .the accident : methods. . He also/necds a skill, in determin-/ prevention -responsibilities /of the foreman, ing:- rock quality and in / cost control. All appear. ' - -.-'-/ . - this is'essential-, not-only, to'guide his own . I am inclined to Itclievc . that-much 'of'.the ' conduct 'efficiently - but. also to Instruct/ and .difficulty'/ in.,training supervisory - people in motivate his subordinates. . , safety .is. linked to this 'lack of precision'1 in' flow .docs -a . quarry ioreman acquire, and . ; defining their/ duties- and authorities and in strengthen his skill ip his job functions.?-/ setting criteria for their personal qualifica Does heyptiH'himself up by his own boot tions' for/ tl|e position. 'straps or. is he 'given .carefully planned', This latter, consideration is important, in . guidance ffofft'shis .supcriprs? This is a .mat- / tvvd ways. An effective supervisor brings ter thatynanagetnent cannot leave to chance;, certain talents to the job that, are essential-, since.so much is M stake,/ - ' . to his performance, and . .which / ordinarily We mtart- repdgnize. that, some degree of cannot be. instilled in him'-by 'conventiotial . foreman/ ectuehtioq ;and .training is taking ' industrial-training processes. Secondly, man- place 'iri"m:Vny small.-quarries. First/ it ,/ 31 V ' /' /\. L'cmcnt, Qtiarry. and'Mihtriih'sliiursyiilrt '.emerges ns a sort of by-product from pcri-~- road and,.without any great abundance of odic supervisoFs lncctingir wIiiclr^.irc licld^coacliing and coiiiiisciing from manaKcrticnt ' :, - - ----- ' mainly to discuss production and employee .en route. They proceed about their tasks relations matters and resolving other opera- ; more, on the basis of habit than on planned . ' tionat problems that have arisen. An attentive- procedures.: J.ust how effective they are in . and retentive foreman can learn much .front their , current assignments aiid hbw much . such meetings.1 A second source of training .more effective they could'.he with special ... is in safety committee "activities,1 foremen's . attention should have management's interest. . ... ; safety meetings; and similar special piirimsc. ; wiien the job content and performance . '. f activities. This ;is; especially sp where .there ,cr.;tcria have been .established, management : is an active safety program spearheaded by should evaluate their supervisory: personnel. ... an energetic person to-whom, safety admin- to determine just how well the . supervisors " ; istration. resjmnsibilities. have been spccificaily r aje. doing and in what areas of their, work . ; y assigned. Neither of these activities is likely performance could be strengthened by better '; to be an effective -substitute - for. planned,..- understanding and sharper skills.-' programmed total development. ; There is evidence that a number of fbre- : 7 '.1 - . The safety training, particularly, where it ; ,,,eh w;n fan fnr short of the ideal and . - ;,V . '! ' ' is conducted by a safety director or by an because of limited personal and intellectual; insurance company representative, has je- # assets, may not be expected to improve" much . duced value when it is operated as sotnethjng - beyond their present performance level. These . distinct and separate from the main stream people, will need to have complete; detailed of total supervisor development. . work safety rules made up-for them,, cover-; ; v \! ' .. . *. As a starting point, management should mg..each function they .supervise. They then: ; have a firm understanding just what arc the . become enforcers of the written word.'They . - specific duties of tlie foreman and. the skill themselves will have to be bossed rather - level required to; perform'those duties cfTcc-; than managed by. their own superiors. .. - tively. With- this accomplished, one of the Both. educatiqn and skill training are likely - . ; main hurdles insafety1training will be nego- to be needed for 'those foremen who'sho.w: " dated. It will .serve'as a guide to the selec- promise. How this is-, achieved is open to . tion of. Supervisors,-provide specific targets - several possibilities. Some needs , of -an-edu- ' op which to zero.in' training programs; and , cational nature are common to all, super-. . ' be a'basis . for. evaluating tile performance, visoiry people .and can .be handled in group . , of personnel. : sessions. Subjects such as. company .operat- - / Many quarry employers-have limited sc- ! ing policies and rules,.labor; relation policies;. lecUvity.in choosing supervisor material, in* labor laws of the state, specific labor con- .. . ' . fact,, quite limited selectivity for. labor gen- .tracts, hiring, induction. and training, proce-,- erally. This is especially true' for quarries dures,' techniques of effective supervision, ' located in isolated-areas and-which draw worker motivation, human. relations, safety . ;; " their manpower from, nearby smaU commu- - policy, equipment maintenance programs, - . . .'. , . hides. Well-educated and highly skilled work planning, interdepartment coordination, .1, people are. normally' not attracted to the production control, quality control, cost coii- .. j." x . work which is looked .upon . as" laborious trol andpubliesafety arc typical .'of what ' : __ and dirty. Such' limited selectivity in labor can be handled-in group sessions. V;- .. .... V ., generally places a high premium on high- TTTshouftl'Ije noted .that there are short ; . quality supervision;.. ... ... courses made available by cducafidnarinsti-. ' / \r.' . ' Advancement of a worker to a supervisory . t'udonsand professional societies, including a position is often a matter of seniority or; number .of correspondence study courses that. \ .; / . longevify. The system seems to provide'for fill some of the need. ...... . the man with the most experiences to inherit Other subjects, particularly, those-relating the supervisor's job although,.in one section to technical details, or production tasks, are , of .ih.e country, the powder man ordinarily more suitably handled by individualrinstriichas an inside track on.the quarry foreman's don such as direct-fine management coaching . ' ^. job-. arid counseling. - . - - .- - - . Consequently, we find many , foremen, who - That part.of the total training'that is con- ' have reached their' present status by this ..ccrncd essentially with accident prevention. l 7 7-777 ttjw.v/.'l?* ,1965 Naluiiial Sii/rly. Cmijircss . principles: and mctliodology. caii likewise }& 9, '/.2.1--Safety*. Code, for Head, Eye and separatedinto group and millvidiiai applica ;. Res|iiratory; Protection!- ; tions. Details on the format: and techniques. .10.. X49.I--Safety in Weldiiig arid Cuttihg:, . ^fef.j:pnilucting-safcty_t.ra.itn(iRjs^.Rivcti;.C.Xr. - Tliesc codes iirediigijly-iiseftil-in.Jthc!trait)'- :-"pert.exposition in:Chapter/6;of tlic National-. . !; -:-! ' ' .y-V Safely 'Cotineit;.l)"o6k ."AccidctitI'rcventiiin " A very usefu) general' refcrence is. thefiiiih- Manual for Imkistrial Operafions.'.' This is J.icatioii "Safety Quarry.Operations",prepared ; .an authoritative reference lor quarry man-; . Iiy \-ntir Section or National- Safety Council! agement in setting-up arid.coiuliirliligJtsowu '. pi!hliea'lioi).:;Thcre are/a.tsi-e.a number of Na- ., programs. ' '!-.'. . ,-; tional Safety/Council data sheets which cover :. Because of the. somewhat niodekt educa importantelcrriciits of quarry. safety and tional and intellectual. background of .many . whicii should-serve.asoi basis for, instruction:-. foremen: in the .industry; it. should1 lie cx- pected that their development in safety will lie. heavy in satoy. education as well. as .in: safety .training* '. : Constructing an implant, course of, safety.. instruction for stqiervisory." people;:.keyed to such codes and standards is relatively simple. . While there is a shortage ofgood'visualaid '. Most of the safety .training slioulddogically . material .'specific to rp.iarry, ivbrk, : judicious, be'keyed to the spetific.safcly technology:6f' ' 'use of! other material i t hat. is available, .'slide's!' tlie'Viuarfying industry. If ilie rfuarry is lo and motion pictures,can l>e_mpst effective in cated in a code'state where a sperifii: safety tlic programming;,. : : .-! = code for the .industry has been .promulgated There arc; a .variety , of outside; courses in : by.an official Ixrily, it would die important to '. safety training for supervisors' that will,sup drill' the foreman.Vtn an efTect.iycdindersjatitl- plement . the .'.in-plant program: Probably,the. ing-of each element of the code..., d ;- .niost,.useful arc tlic short' courses of . the ! , It-is not unusual to .meet (|t'tarry operators .(ine-night'-per-yJeck.type conducted by a riiini- . who. have ho, safety reference literature on. hc'r of educational' institutions in cooperation ' their, book shelves, not even, the state- safety \yivlr local. ASSE chapters arid Safety Coun- codes' where, they apply: They seem to rely' ! cils. Eliiially imiiort'an.t are a number of. cor. heavily on. instinct and cxjierieiicc Which may ;resilcnnlence 'study courses which arc' avail-:. scree some .'of..their requirements hm cer - able. The Octolicr,. 1963, issue'of tlieJournal. tainly not alj. . of the ASSE .has a ebniprehcrisive listing of ASA Standard M2f(:l, "Safety Pr.dceiiures . the outside study courses.' ! For Quarries,'-',is. a useful and authoritative We should not.. overlook tlic assistance !. guide and it serves as' the source, material for yonr insurance, carrier,safety representative - most 'state safety codes. There arc additional ' i'aii give yoti in structufing aitd condiicting - safety codes or- standards whicii are impor iii-jilaht safety training courses. ' tant to supplement or to roiiud opt the under Among the. more: complex safety activities standing of flic basic (piarry safety.codes!:. that reijuirc .educational and training attem. Such'ASA *hrid?rf!s.':are.:.',:.' - -.'tion are occupational health,'especially' dust , , i:' AI2--Safety Code for Floors, ..Wall'. control, hcariiig' daipagc control, and protec- ! Openings, Railings and Toebo'ards. lion -tin- the .;piihhc from !blasting!: vibration V. 2. Ai4.1--Code, for.-l'ortn.hle Wood . '. apd air txrihijirm.'' These can produce 'un- ' .La(JilcrsT~ ~ ...; ' . . .' ~ --tisually--heav>^exi>ensc"to--tlic~opcrator~ip-' 3. , B1S.1--Safety CV/de for Mechanical Power..Transmission. Apparatus.."' . there is. any fault in control measures. 3"hc . foreman lias ait imiHirtaiit ,r6le in. keeping - the lid'oti llits. loss iKUcntial imii hc must : . 4.' H19--Safety Chile for! Compressed `Air Machines and Equipment.. Y he. given tlic. knowledge and: skill' necessary; .to protect his employer's interest,ade<|tiately,--' .5;' B20.1--Safety'Code for Conveyors, Gihleways and Related .Equipment.!. ; -. V ' / A niiinlter of ujiarry-f6reiiiari;-'!who reach :' . their present level after.a.long arduous climb; ' 6. B30.2---Safety Code for Cranes, Der-. from tlie : ranks. arc ' rugged 1 individualists ricks and Hoists. ;".. V.';... wit li t y p i c a I pi <1 - school .attit|idc,s toward 7. Cl--N'at.iohal. Electrical Cmie;: \ ' v safety,- not,milike wliai is..frc(|ticnily enco'uh- , 8. , C2T-Amcricari! Standard. Code !for Na ,tercd in the heavy 'conslriictiori-iiidtistry,'He tional Electrical-Safety., learned his lesson .the hard way anil expects^- 36 I I Cement, .Quarry, mid Mineral Aiiijreijnlcs others-to' <lp - the siinic.-Safcty-acliyitics lie- atidr-if--.matiagcinciif-lias"'crc(lihlc.;~criteria'" regards as something that detracts from the which establishes job content and. provides ;3 , toughfacade he wants :tq maintain. This basis''. for- measuring '.performance, - the;'first 1 pjd-schtKjl .attitude, is . usually reflected in ` ; big stcp~in"the safety training will! be taken. other elements of his ,duties such as. ability . If,; as a second step, management will use - to. maintain 'good, labor relations.1 It is not such criteria to appraise and-(akc. inventory .unusual to find .such foremen more oriented., of the current skill, levels- of their super iii iheir .thinking-toward labor. tliah toward; visors. it will. know- where the foreman - is. management^; ; in comparison to where he ought to-.be'and; Converting, such ..attitudes . is no simple . matter and management may 'have to resort .to the. li'eavy-liahlled tactics that this .type: seems to understand best.' The tolerance and.; have a basis for embarking inaprogram , of' supervisory .development that.will-be . objective and serve as' a 'real, boost to . 'operational efficiency." paternalistic attitude that is oflien displayed-' With.rare-in selection1 and a sound devel- ' by management toward these non-conform opment program, management wiir be' not ists, primarily on the basis that thcy.are. 61.d-. ' only' producing. supervisors who ;are- (leak \ time employees,-is. frustrating to.the heart of. -, performers ' today but. are.. the.; nucleus of.: . many safety men. . .. `tomorrow's management. . I: In any. event; if management will accept- \ .Do .all that is: needed in the total, develop ' the fact' that supervisors must 'lie'. educated ment of supervisors and -their skills; and and trained to thedema'nds of- their position- accident prevention will easily fall into place. ROOF CONTROLS IN UNDERGROUND QUARRYING By ANTHONY J. BARRY - . .Chief, Hoof Control.Research Group, Health and Safety Research. and . Testing Center, tf.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. ..- 'J'kc object of this presentation is to focus, pillars of adequate size. Unfortunately this ' attention'on current roof controls employed - ideal combination is not-' always realized. in : underground quarrying and to suggest;' ^Natural environment changes' may ociftif.-'tin-,' methods' and,'.'-techniques ..that, warrant' con- . expectedly as. mining- progresses,. .revealing' - sideration'by the industry. .. .variations in the roof rock such, as' stratifi The information presented is based on an cation, joints, .fissures, potholes^- and .'-slips.-: extensive. -literature .search covering under- i; .The principal man-made change; pot coiisid-; ..ground quarrying of .limestone and'.crushed ering; excessive room width's andundersize - slope, and '.visits to -I1 selected underground ' pillars,' is .uncontrolled blast ing practices ' f|iiarriesi in seven states...It isbelieved that_, ,causing. oyerhreaks;. in'., roofand .'.ribs. ' The : -ftlic-quarrics-visited-comprise^a-represeritative---efFcct--of--time,--temperaturer--aml'rhumidity- - sample of the industry;-. changes qn' unsupported roof mtist -also-re-, Roof control, is vitajm.lhe safe operation ccivc consideration,- A case in -point is - a of iiiulergrnuml mines, and the;conservation record of an extensive fall of roof in an.. of mineral ..resources'. Prevention of acci - underground quarry lint was- exposed:'and dents .caused 'by, uncontrolled .falls of' roof ;.-stood unsupported .for aliout 60:.ycars,.; ; . ... and rib. is a- scribtis responsibility, that must ;The amount of _ artificial , roof' supports' 'be. shared- by management,' labor, and. the observed .was rather, limited except m- a few ,. various; safety, inspection;agencies:.. quarries which will eventually, be used for .{Ordinarily, roof controls in underground', .- storage purposes. The supports . usually'con quarrying appear to be quite, simple; because ; sisted of a few-Sets of . rib steel, .concrete prerequisites- for economical :mining arc: a reinforcement at. portals,', and spot roof or- .{relatively massive r.ock' for roof and solid rock, bolting. In some instances 'roof bolts . .' ' -:- '. . : '.;::'.;'.';37- ;Ei i i:-:- A-A A V -AVi ?p;-v: " ;396S:Ntiiioal Safety Congress'- wcrcbcirig- ihslallcd -wlicrc llic slability of- - tlic- width of openings, abandon' the 'area, or ; the 'roof and ribs was questionable due to apply-., roof bolts' to stabilize the roof.; .The ' jointing, Assuring, .'potholes,arid, sloughing., information obtained from . the exploratory , In-.one quarry,; holes' wefe~drilled..'systemati-. hales is!helpful but iddes riot always indicate . -cally in, the roof . to! release gas pressure the. relative stability of the roof. ..which', apparently .-had contributed to! roof -. The stability of mine roof can usually be instability. determined by use of a. variety of devices ; : Iii: most, underground quarries visited,-. . designed to measure.irioveihcrit of roof arid/ ..equipment used by, employees when testing. or ribs in-jj7-oyer-a . period of time. . All and scaling high foot ranged froni specially rock, re'gardle'ss : of- physical structure,, is equipped -mobile' aerial rigs to regular min clastic, to some degree. The amount of move ing ;equipment such as mobile drilling and ment- (roof; sag) that .'can take place over. . loading, units. In others; reliance was- placed a given-span without' fracturing varies, and on experience, visual observation, of the roof -depends on a number of factors. Neyerthless, arid . rib . conditions, and either a long bar or: mtasurement of the nipvemerit can serve as . industrial gim .to dislodge-questionable .mate-,., : an indicator. towarn 'when a!dangerous -con-. rial. ` ';. . .dition is .being breached. ! ;O; In a few quarries, programs for--regular and systematic testing and scaling of roof.. 'and ribs along' travelways and. working . arras were in effect.. . ; Rock moveirient measuring, devices: that. are commercially available range from rela tively sithple - asseiriblies:; (26)' to complex electrically actuated instruments (35): These The. consensus of safety engineers is :that. . include . roof: and . floor con vergence ex- pne of the, riiost important rcquireriierits in : tensometers (15), differential roof sag meas any roof' control program' is- regular' arid uring stations' (15),,visual roof sag1 measur . systeiriatic testing .of roof and ribs (25) ing bolts'; (30) (9),:_ ri.b. to .rib'-roof. sag (11). Testing 'implies visual examination measuring staticrnsX.stratascbpe;if'S), and roof- supplemented ;by . the ,sound-and^vibration\ bolt compression pads Y-M). ' ' . method using--proper sounding; arid - testing ; devices. Special rigs or aerial towers equipped .- An extensometer for' measuring. roof; arid ' with .basket platforms are. essential where .floor convergence is any device - that will : bench mining is practiced. They should be measure accurately the vertical distance be High chough to permit testing and scaling .all the. roof, arid sides with- the..minimum of; tween a permanently:fixed point in the roof with one set jn- the .floor. Also, they;, may: exposure to .the operators (36). or -doubtful material! detected, Any loose should be ' range. from telescoping rods which must .be read periodically, to. spring-loaded' rods, fitted takerti down immediately or' supported-ade-'' quately. Under - sonic conditions; it may, be necessary-to abandon the area! and.:provide suitable, barricades to keep out persprinel., ! ' Admittedly, .'a serious-problem .still exists : in testing large .masses of loose roof or rib' ' `with'' recorders;' This'same-technique may bp. applied to measure movement .between ribs of -pillars.. However,'. the fixed measuring;poih.U- in the .ribs must be'., anchored- deep' enough'1 to minimize the effect' ofploughing. :h?easurcinents of '-.differential . vertical' rriatcrial which' riiay, due;. to. the weight- of- movement .between -roof- strata show when, ,. the-ma'ssT^giytTlitfle or no indication pit its . "AvlrereTand'how much-movement oFthe van- true., condition. Current research by the Bu- ' ous Strata occur. This may: be accomplished reau of; Mines indicates the possibility of- by drilling.'roof .bolt holes to various depths applying sonip techniques in evaluating situ and. suspending mine, roof :bolts .from! the ations of the type described (17). X'-- bottom of these holes. Either the roof- line .- .A method cif evaluating the consistency , and . thickness of . massive roof strata noted ! or a fixed point .in the. floor can serve, as a base for mcasureriient. ; iri;a few'quarries siriiply consists of drilling . . Visual, roof - sag measuring bolts are find exploratory.holes at irregular, intcrvals either'; ing wide application in- coal. mines to perriut' from the surface or underground. ..A/de observation of roof sag, at intersections. In crease in acceptable thickness-or . di'seovery -' this:.method a-, roof'bolf :is anchored iri a of planes of weakness ;(stratification) has . Vertical .borehole at -. a horizon - in, the roof prompted some operators to either reduce considered to^be massive, and firm; The bolt ' -\ \ , ' Cement, Quarry and Mineral .Aggregates . "tTiU3t"belong_enouglrto:permittHe-headed' rubber element in - the-pad- is compressed:, end of the, bolt to protrude a .few inches . and-at the 'same time'expanded, laterally. A from the .collar, of the .hole,-Three bands ' calibrated gage is used to measure the in of reflective tape, J^-ihch wide and of vary.- crease in- circumference. - The - compression- : ing colors, are attached to ..the protruding pad may be used' to' evaluate anchorage. . end :6f; the bolt, with the top band being even effectiveness,., check, installation procedure- with .the collar of :the hole.-The bolt should and workmanship, check the quality of bolt- be installed as the roof is exposed, and the . ing materials, and measure; the installed ten amount of roof sag that, occurs after this sion'.and the tension at any time afterward. tijne is determined by:observing and measur .The last applicatioh 'described may be used ing that portion of the tap that is still visible. : to estimate roof, sag or roof instability when Admittedly, this is.not a precise method but the pad shows;a load increase*. ' some mine operators, have found it helpful There are other techniques that may be. in predicting impending roof failure..in' time used: to measure rock- movement but they to provide additional support. .. generally .require the- services' of specially : ; Rib ; to. rib roof 'sag measuring stations trained engineers ..to apply/ and interpret- ^involve fixed, points, set in opposite ribs of . Some of these are ptiotoelastic coatings and an . Opening and- stretching a tautestring be- . patches (27), photoeiastic stressmeters. (28), . tween these points. A tension spring, is' used, micro-seismic techniques <79/1,' hydraulic at one fixed point to assure uniform tension-, pressure Cells (23) (16), borehole deforma .'ing. when, the string is periodically used. A tion gages (20), and a variety of mechanical .scale is suspended, from an eye-bolt, or equiv and electrical resistance strain gages. (35), alent 'device' installed "in' the. roof at .'mid- Any technique that .'will provide'a . time rec \span. A change in. subsequent!readings will ord showing rate and magnitude of deforma indicate the amount of roof sag taking place.', '. tion' is generally. preferred. (Ref erences, ' The stratascope is an optical instrument, similar in principle to a' periscope, used to .. listed give-details of construction cation of the .various techniques.) and appli examine the interior of boreholes; fractures, I' have stressed the importance of- rock separations, and changes in Composition of movement . measurements because- visual 'ex-, . the' strata1 penetrated, by. the- borehole can be observed.' Periodic examinations will, permit . animation alone may not be enough to; evalu ate the true condition of the roof.! Unless ' detection of progressive deterioration of the measurements are made,, the 'mine operator ./strata. Essentially, the: stratascope Consists , is faced with the serious problem of bal of 4 sections : . (a).:'the . bottom section fitted ancing experience against change! Knowl with- a monocular eyepiece,. (b)' and (c) edge of roof and. rib! behavior, reduces risk tubular extension, sections, and (d)..a.head- because. it provides the mind operator an : piece containing an electric light1 bulb, and ...opportunity to decide whether the .area' should' a' reticle having .{J5-inch graduations. Each , be abandoned or roof controls applied. . section hasanoutsidc,diameter of 1*4 inches. Where the openings arc /relatively wide, When all sections are/used,' holes up", to nine and high, roof controls in the form of con-' feet in .depth can be explored: The external . vcntional supports- may not be feasible, par 'power source'may be either. a .lantern-type ticularly after .bench mining has progressed. dry cell - or", an electnc cap lamp battery. . 7/Urtdet^most--circumstances--the--applicatidn- VVhere long, term ..records are..'desired,' a of mine ; roof bolts- .would' offer, numerous- . camera! may, be attached to the:, eyepiece, to advantages over.:conventional, supports with', . obtain photographs.. respect to safety, and-efficiency;. One reason !. : A device that' wiii indirectly indicate sag for the rather limited, use of roof; bolts, of . stratified roof is the .roof-bolt compfes-r- appeared to be a! lack, of; information regard . sion pad. It was developed.to measure.bolt'' ing roof bolting. - ;v, tension' hut may be used for. a variety . of ' " Any one of many factors relating to roof ' . purposes, The; compression .'pad consists, of. bolting can. be .the topic of an entire paper. two circular, steel plates between/which a. Time and space .limitations permit only a layer or rubber is bonded; A.1 center, hole is. brief discussion- of the essoitial factors in | - provided for inserting tlie-' roof bolt.'. As volved. Defails.mhy be found: in the. pub .`the. tension in. the- bolt- is .increased; the lications listed at the . end of this'paper. 39 1965 National Safety Congress ' ~ IHuT"Sitnpnea"_from~Bufeau~of--Minies" size bit and to" periodically check, the liole records show, that about 40.8 million. roof diameter with a hole gage. ' . ; bolts, were installed in bituminous coal mines ^ . A numberof tests have- been, designeil - to during 1964, During tins .same period,- sur- . evaluate how efficiently bolts are installed. veys by bolting material, manufacturers and One of the prerequisites of an efficient bolt, ^others; indicate that about 1,200,000 roof is that .the anchorage, be strong enough to' bo!ts: were installed in noncoal mines, tunnels, reach; the. yield, strength of the' bolt used. underground gas `and other material storage Torque tests .imply that. a . torque wrench is facilities: . 'actually, used to estimate the tension of the . Briefly; the .principles of roof bolting in installed bolt (Jf (3) (5); however, if is volve;'.(a) suspension (32) {22); -(h) beam necessary to fiyst determine-the torque-ten building; (c) combination suspension and sion relationship for- the particular- bolt and beam: building; and. 1(d) reinforcement of plate combination used; .Normally, the. torque- -walls.: affected . by shear' and compression ; tension relationship may vary froth approxi-- stresses...Laboratory tests and .field experi . ma'tely 40 pounds tension, jier foot, pound, of ence. indicates that the most- efficient bolt torque' to 80 pounds per: foot pound when installations are-'those, in which the bolts hardened .washers are; used. These washers- are- installed and pretensioned as soon as are used primarily, to reduce friction between possible after the roof is exposed. . .' either the .nut and the plate .. or the. bolt The principal types of roof . bolts are the head and the plate. slot- and wedge type and th.e headed expan .Anchorage .tests have, been standardized sion shell type. Other types that are finding and. involve the use of a hydraulic ram arid ..application will be described later. a device to measure bolt displacement -at . ' Practically all roof:bolting-materials used' various increments of-applied load (2) (4) in'coal mines are manufactured in accord (6) (7). The maximum bolt tension is the ance with specifications .approved by Ameri - load at which holt displacement is. continuous can Standards' Association (13). The sig with no further increase in applied load. . nificant features.of- these specifications relate -A breakdown test consists- of simply in to quality, dimensions, minimum yield creasing the load on a bolt by hand, until no strength, interchangeability, , and identifica further increase in load is indicated (31). tion, . , ..-..- Either a torque wrench or ordinary, wrench Hand-held pneumatic percussion drills were ' may Ire used, to tighten the. bolt.' against a originally used to' drill holes for roof bolts. calibrated hydraulic 'pun-or load cell. The Today,'drilling equipment may bc eilher of bolt is tightened one complete rotation at a the percussion tyi>e or hydraulically- operated ' time, and the. bolt .tension' recorded at the. rotary drills used singly or in multiple-units end of. each turn'. Jbe.-maximum bolt tension mounted oo mobile rigs. A' recent .develop- reached is, considered- to be. tlie anchorage or mit is the hydraulically , operated combina ' load carrying capacity of . the rock.- tion rotary and percussion' drill. Dust' sup^ Experience in coal. mines' has. indicated pression or dust collecting-systems are tliat- systematic pattern' bolting; offered the usually ari integral part of all drilling units. safest and most efficient means of. controlling __JmtalIatian-procedures^depen<l-bn-the-type- ,_t mine_roof^_Gtiidelines_used .to_detcrmine of : bolt . used. Hole diameter, is critical for spacing , are few. ..and are. usually based oh both-slotted itype and expansion type bolts -normal support requirements, and controlled- -ami.hole depth-for'slotted type bolts. A 1 fl . experiments^/^- Generally,1 the pattem spac- . inch .diameter hole is generally drilled; to. ing. ranges from-three'feet to-five feet both anchor, .a I-inch, diameter slotted type holt. across and along the opening. Spacing in`. The most commonly used expansion shells, hard rode'generally Is greater than in so- are'designed'to anchor in-holes drilled with called soft and fragile rocks. lfg-inch bns. Bureau 'of Mines, tests have, A variety, of materials are used to provide' shown that a slight increase in hole diameter - bearing, between the bolt head {anti the roof may significantly reduce the' anchorage car . rock. .Sted.'in .the-.form of . bearing, plates, parity of the'anchor. Hole .size is critical. .. ties, channels, and landing, mats.; are. being, To.assure that holes of proper, size arc used. The.dimensions of. the bearing plates- drilled it is nccci*ary to first use the proper usually dc|iend on the type, or .rock; joiqfing, 40 v '. ' !>JijJ71.*.W.--* .Cement, Quarry-ilnd Mineral.Aggregate!! and other geological features'. In any event, for use in - soft materials (29). The resin. the. bearing, plate', must' be strong enough to used is a polyester-type in a glass, cartridge -prcventrthe^loadcd^bpltvhead-or-rtut from-- appro^imately_l2,indies-ini length (:: .pulling through the plate. Heavy .gage cy? .'. inches' in diameter : The cartridge., contains .clone, fencing-is used.where extensive frac- about IS' per. cent resin and 85. per .'cent turing:;. is''evident or suspected to 'develop: . filler (coarse-grained quartz): The cartridge The use of wood in the bolt assembly is not also contains a small glass tube containing * . recommended v;for; long term roof bolt in-: 'the activator or hardener.. A foam rubber stallations. '. ring is fixed around the head of the cartridge The problem ,of developing' satisfactory * hold it. in position until the bolt .is driven. anchorages-1 in relatively: soft rock- Inis ..been depending, on the- formulation, ;gel time ntay a continuing one.- However, progress:in .re- ' he as low as two minfites and set time about 'solving this: problem is encouraging. ' 30 minutes at 63 . F. The bolts generally -. AOne ofc., .tht.e-'fcirst att.em.p.ts to i.mprove 'th, e ' uasmedtear re.hahviginhg-starebncg^ttli 112-inicnhchensomoinfalIedfti-- ^o-age !!' materials was reported m .,ianddI* the top and six inches of T'Tt1ru9Lhhb4eee9:- m.tiinun.eb.tec.ahoo.liinmd.sj.j.u,e8innscctttlooiuiondntce1--4sw'mii*ttnihihnceeh-a.euisnsse.llooMotnteifgsds.aaortyumspriifte.a..(bsb.3.too.e3iule).t.;,tl.- : encnagdrh.tt.rh.iidsagnedt,aeapdn,ed,r4theft-irdxe*.aitnd-o.vsg. .o:vfrano.'ctf.itTl.hi`.t.heaet*e.broetstib*o:i_rnme_a. AkauT.fhfreuebwbttoheZeprr .three-fourths of iis length is slit into four r^mng.^h^ M.used at.'Ae.base ?f^'. strips: It is slipped over the anchored - bolt/ UP^r ^ k rm,n ,he res,n mid driven tightly against its wedged end r1 . '*, <^ . e c' 1 by. a sleeve-type driving rod. Apparently, .the. /. . An exp|osive-anchored boIt.hasbeen.de-.- deformed 'slit, tube iTcinforces the" available veloped by the.Bureau of 'Mihes/for.stabiliz- . anchorage.1' 'V mg . mine roof, particularly, 'in relatively A groutable holloW re-bar bolt' is being^ weak formation (24). The bolt is anchored; cufrently marketed for! use in bolh',soft;and/.',y,-Pa,??hg. a.',s*ion of steel tubing witl^ hard rock (34).. It:is-fitted .Willi an expari-/ ci*her a paraffin or a water-coupled explosive sioiV shell: so that : tile, bob' may lie 'jirc-i, capsule. The explosive-anchored bolt , con- . stressed prior to 'grouting; A`plug contain- ' s'sts f (a) a length of 1-inch bolt stock irig a grout* tube'is positioned at the collar welded.to a*section.of.tubing;* (b). a length.- of the hole before the bolt is tightened. The: "flM-inch O.D. tubing with a 0.120tinch: grout is Torced by a pump, through the grout '. thick, wall, and (c). an- explosive; capsule: tube;' between the twit and the Wall of the- The principal components of ' the cxpJoSiye:. bole until the grout flows out through (lie capsule are a tliin-walled tube to hold Prima- hoilbw portion of the bolt,: commonly'called cord1 of .different strengths, an electric blast- .'the. de-air. hole. ing cap, and a coupling agent. . Another type of groutable roof bolt. coiW It is with some- diffidence that:I presume sists of. perforated- steel half sleeves- fitted to discuss blasting operations!n umiergrouml with cementgrout, tied together, ^iml- in- quames.Howeyer, it .is a recognized .fact., serled into a drillhole of suitable diameter that: b|asiing-operations bave: an. important . ~(-M),-A-stcel-rein forcing-|>ar_is-tiien-driven-_-_!>earing_cn,-ther^stability-of tlie.-robf_.ahdi .through the grout; filled sleeve, forcing the pillars in underground quarrymg. particuliifly grout1 .through' the .'perforations-and against. pillar^ where bench;.minirig'is practiced.'.:'- v the periphery of the bolt hole. v. ^i'GdieraJIy, fracturing horizontally stratified :Hcsin Torniulations are now being.useid as roof may "be attributed to* dnilirig-.too close, grouting and bonding material fo anchor ; ,or into, the roof.. This . situation is easily. Ixjlts (14). One type commercially available corrected by change jri the location of the -utilizes; a technique in which a .predetermined v roof holes Wnd closer control of the drilling: volume.;of ;resin is injected int6 the bolt However, many instances were observed., hole, and then the. bolt forced into the resin. ; where the pillar ribs exhibited ' systems, of. The bolt is usually of the .reinforcing^ type. cracks penetrating into tbe.ribs which evenfu-.- with or without threads at the bottom. . ally caused-the ribs'io sloiigh. This.'craeking A resin-seated anchor bolt has Been de-. or overbreak can be minimized by use: of veloped by a German research organization . either the smooth blasting or cushion blasting m :'r ...I-' .1 V 1965 National Safcly Congress ' r techniques. Messrs. Langefors and Kilhstrom describe and illustrate examples of' Specifications . for" Roof 'Bolling " Materials, Committee on Roof. Action. Min. Cong. J[., v, 42. No. 7, July 1956, pp. 70-71. || ......controlled blasting in a recent book (12). In - 14. HcLean,"-Daniel. C,,: and. Sam A.. McKay,: any. case, it .is suggested that, you consult Use-of Resins ln: Mine Roof Support. Cana dian Min. J., v. 85, No, 11, November 1964,: .your explosives supplier regarding the actual ' PP. 65-70.: ' : applicability of the smoothwall blasting:' 15. Merrill,-'Robert N.. Roof-Span Studies in technique. '.. Limestone. BuMines'Rept.. of Inv. 5348, .1957, 38 pp, . Experience",examinations, tests of roof. 16.-MHIer, Thomas C., and Rudolph Sporcic. ;: ' and- ribs, measurements: of roof and rib deformation, proper use of^explosives, and . Development of a Hydraulic Device.for.Meas-. uring Relative Pressure :Changes in C6al Dur, ing Mining: ` A `.Progress Report... BuMines V roof bolting definitely contribute, to effective - Rept of Inv, 6571, 1964, 13 pp. ropf' controls in underground quarrying. -17. Mohgari; Charles-E., Jr., and Thomas C. Miller. Use of Sonic Techniques in Explor Furthermore," to realize the' greatest benefit. ing Coal-Mine .Roof .Strata: A Progress Rev from any.roof. control-program, each under- . port. BuMines . Rept of Inv 5617. I960;, 15 pp. 18.-Obert,- Leonard, and A. J. Barry. Rpof- ground'- operation should have written rules Bolt Compression Fad.' Mtn. Cong. J:, v. 41, and regulations to' work byi The prevention No. .7. July 1955, pp; 35-36:..; ........... of roof/fal! accidents by application of effec-' 19. Obert, Leonard, arid Wilbur I. .Duvall. Micro-Seismic Method, of. Determining the Sta five roof.-controls -demands the full coopera-i bility, of : Underground'. Openings. BuMines tion of every-segment of . the. industry. . Bull,573, 1957,18 PP..: .. . 20.: Obert, .Leonard; Robert H. Merrill, and. 'Trade names .are - used for information only, . and. endorsement by the'-Bureau-of 'Mines is Thomas "A.- Morgan. Borehole Deformation .Cage, for- Determining the .Stress in Mine Rock. BuMines Rept, of Inv. 5978, 1962, 11 pp.;. / . not Implied; '. 21. Panek, Louis A. Design of Bolting Sys : REFERENCES./. tems to' Reinforce Bedded Mine Roof: BuMines 1. Barry, A. J;, L, A. Panek, and John, A. . Rept. of Inv, 5155, 1956, 16 pp, ,, . McCormick;: Use of Torque Wrench to Determine. Load: In Roof. Bolts.. Part 1, Slotted-Type . 22. ' ! --r. Principles of Reinforcing Bedded Mine Roof With Bolts. BuMines Rept;. Bolts. BuMines Rept. of Inv; -1967,-1963, 7 PP- of Inv, 6156, 1956, 25 pp, . .. 2.-' ''TM.' . ... Anchorage Testing of Mine-Roof .- Bolts.:'Part 1. Slotted-Type Bolts.' .BuMines : Rept. of Inv. 6040, 1954, 12 pp. - 23. Panek;'-.'Louis A, and . John A. Stock, Development .of':.a Rock Stress Monitoring station Based: on the. Flat Slot Method of '.`3. --. Use of Torque Wrench to Measuring Existing- Rock Stress, BuMines Determine' Load In Roof Bolts. Part 2. Ex- Rept. of Inv. 8537, 1964, 61 pp. -' .. panslon-Type 34-Inch Bolts. BuMines Rept. of . Inv. 6030, -1954,-17 pp., .. ' ' '' 4/-'-.--------; Anchorage Testing, of Mine. Roof Bolts. Part 2. Expansion-Type,' %-Inch ' Bolts. BuMlnes Rept. of. Jnv. 5194, 1956, 19 pp. 5.-- :'Use of Torque Wrench to Determine Load in-Roof Bolts. Part 3. Ex. panslon-Type, H-lnch BoIta. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 6228, 1956,13, pp. .-4, ^ Anchorage Testing of Mine Roof Bolts. Part: 3; Expansion-Type, %<-Inch . Bolts:; BuMines} Rept, ;of.:.lnV,. 6310,-1957, 8 pp: . a ;. 24. Parsons. Edward'W., and Lars Osen. Field Testing of the -Explosive-Anchored Rockbolt. - BuMines Rept. of Inv. 6595, 1965, 40 pp, 25,'Patil, J; W., and j.;N. Geyer. Falls of Roof , and -Coal inMines Operating In the Scwlckley CoaL Bed: In: Monongalia County, W.Va.' BuMines. Tech.'Pub. 620, 1932, 'p, 17, 26. Reed,. John . J.; : and. C. David Mann. - St Joe Builds /Practical :.-Rock Mechanics Tools. Eng; and Mini J:, v. 162, No. 3, March 1961, pp. 100-105: ; : ' . , '7.; Barry, A, J., and John A. - McComjlck. Evaluating -Anchorage .'.'Testing: Methods for : '.. .Expansion-Type."Mine .Hoof- Bolts. BuMines: Rept. of lnv. 5849,;1960; 19 .pp. 8, Bctrry.A. Jj'-'and J.J. Wojclechowskl. . . Roof-Movement Studyldf Mechanized Retreat- ..ing Longwall.Operation,'/Lancashire -No. 15 . .- Mine,Bakerfon. Cambria County, Pa. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 6028,1954,13 pp. : 27! Roberts. A. Progreasin the Application of Photoelastic Techniques to Rock Mechanics. Proc. Sixth Symp.- Rock Mechanics, Univ. Missouri, 1964, pp. 606-648.; -28,'- Roberts;-:. A.; - -L, Hinwites, -F.'- T. Williams; and :R. K. Dhlr. A-Laboratory. Study of the Photoelastic Stressmetcri' Internet. J. Mech. Min. .Scl., y. l, . May .1964,' pp. 441-467, . . 9. Cooper,-..Wymer. -Oi- Rbofl Sag Bolt Indi cator, -Proc. . Mine : Inspectors'Tijst. America,. '1962, pp;,-60-62.;^.':.;. 10/ Englheerlhg-. and: ''Mining. Journal. In Sweden,:The .Method. Is 8lmple, .v.' 167, No. 9, . *29. Schuermanh,' F.-' Reduction of Rock Movements In Roadways by Various Methods "of Reinforcing the. Rock. Proc. Fourth Inter nal, Conf.- Strata Control and'Rock Mechanics, Columbia Unlv., .1964,-pp. 201-213, September-.1956,..pp: .80-81. : 11. Fleming. R. M. A; CalcuIated RIsk: Con dition Of : the Roof.; Mechanization, v. XXIV, No. 8. June 1960, pp, 68-59. . 80. Stahl, It Ward. -Survey of Practices, in Controlling Roof: at Intersections and Junc tions . In Underground Cool Mines. - BuMines Rept of Iny,;8113,:1962, 13 pp. s .. 12. Langefors, U. and B. Kihlstr0m.- The 31. Stears, - Juel H." Evaluation' of a Pene . Modern'.Technique -ofRock Blasting.' John- trometer for Estimating Roof-Bolt Anchorage.' Wllqy and. Bones/Incii- New York, N,V,, 1963, BuMilies .Rept,: of Inv. -.6646,. 1965, 7,.pp,.. .. pp, 296-32L - 32; - Thomqs, Edward,, Rock. Bolting Finds 13. Mahobd, G. P,, J, B. Dempsey, A. K. Wide Application. Min. ' Eng., v. 6, . No. 11, - - Robertson,' J. H. Stanford, , and E. M. -Thomas.' November 1954, pp. 1080-1085.. 1 Cement, Quarry and MineralAggregates 33. Thomas, Edward, A: J.-Barry, and Ar Jr. Stresses Induced Around Mine . Develop thur Metcalfe. Suspension Hoof Bupport, Prog ment Workings by-Undercutting and Caving,: ress. Report l. -BuMines Rept. of. Inv. 75S. Climax Molybdenum Mine; Colorado.' (In .Two. 190. 13 pp. - -- -Parts) -l. -Use-and_Evaluatlon of .Gages for. : 34. Underwood. Lloyd B., and Carl J. Dlstefano. Development of a Rock Bolt System for Measuring. Strain or Deformation. Rept. of Inv. .6653, 1965, 26 i>j}./-' BuMlnes - Permanent Support at Norad. AIME preprint 36. Wightihan, Ri H. New Underground No. 65AU48, 1965, 52 pp. 'Mining'at Crestmore. Min. Cong. J., V. 12, 35. Utter, Stephen, and Willard J. Teach. No. 12, December 1956, Vp; -.33-36. ' USES OF COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT IN 0UARRY OPERATIONS By EDWIN J. SEICfitART;; " Supt of Quarries, Marry T. Campbell Sons' Corp;, Tbwson, Md: r .(Communication 'in our industry. is accom and This is. copied by the plant telescriber -v... plished. by-:, various;,,means;"so. we in our . which`is located: beside.'the-operator.; With -. . plants - use various 'types of! equipment. for .- this- information, the correct truck is loaded this - purpose. These are the telephone; inter with the. proper, mix; / ... com:: system,. TelAutograph, teletype, tele- The Teletype is operated' from the- main , . graph,;: the industrial band.' radios,, citizens, sales office, where .the orders .taken., are typedband radios, signs; and.posters, all being part to. the plants on; three'copies,'one for fifing:,'/' of: communication to', get" a message through. one for truck delivery, 'and: the third as a : The;, telephone system consists of , an auto . work .'sheet. This system can lie operated by/;, matic switchboard, installed in the main office one person in the sales department- The data which operates Over ipO extension lints with forwarded to the plants is'complete with, all,' .. aboitt 250 phones connected. With this auto- information for. the dispatcher to :deliver':the / matiesystem, the operator , handles only the ' orders./ incoming-or :.transferred calls. Any. iriter- The telegraph is used in our stock/room ;. . plant: :or. `ih.te'rrpffice.\ call- .may be -; had by for ordering.: parts, bermj ts ; - or. sending; . dialing; the three digits, of the party, being messages'. Its. primary- purpose is 'for - tiie ,; callcd./Foroutsideor long distance calls, ' acquisition of Maryland, state'roads permits . .'they m'ay .be.'dialed .direct:;from any of .the to move heavy equipment! The order; typed . extensions /without. use -of,-the. operator,.'. By... direct to the state roa'ds .'office, is returned ... usinjf /this. system,' we have faster.; service,- .in a typed form within a few moments per- /. less, interference, ' -and.more ..correct -calls. . mittihg the, trailer ;dperator ,to make; the ..''. The : intercom :' system consists, of three ' move with a minimal loss of time, '; . master stations'with' call- stations connected . The Industrial Band FM -. radip/uriits op- : ; to.; edch/master:VThiS . system is interlocked' crating on 47.48 megacycles play, a: large:';, ' between .pur: plant bfrices. ' strMrkroohb ErejniTr / part;- ip our -communication sysTem/TWith-: - : shops, electrical slioii, '- engineering depart ten base stations, 35 mobile: uriits. for. salcs- ment, concrete department, and . the three 'men . and expeditors, and ,ah additional;:25;. truck storagcarea,s:- By selecting the proper t set's in our mixer' trucks >' gives us gbod call. station,,:.! /message may, be sent .to any coverage, in the Baltimore city-sind. suburban , one of tlje dejiartments or/may'bc used, to areas,. The base stalioiis .are located at.our : page' sdrrieorie. "iii; any. (if thedepartments. . main' sales office, - the; ready mix plants, Tliis-is. a, time-saving system, and,"docs. not blacklon'.plahts; and:.aggregate plants/so .that tie up the telephones. salesmen aijd expeditors may' contact-;.'ahy.; .) The TelAutograph. is used by the dis: .plant with orders; to provide the customer -. patchers to relay orders lo the . men . in the with better , service. The radios also , have ' transit /mix plants." .Orders ' as to Thick' been, agrcathelp in' public relations 'when number, amoifnt of yards, and type of mix .. itsed . by. otir. men to calf for help at the tcibe-Ioadcd is:writ tcriym the office machine scciie of . ah .accidcnl/. 'or. ti . lady out; of gas. 1965 Aiaiitmnl`Safely Congri'ss : 77 \ . ' `~ , ' .on: a hack,road, of the. rc]K>rtiiig of. fires , Signs at the* entrance to plant property along the highway. ' stating fliat it is private property..-- ? ' v- """ The.cimcns hand radio is a 5-watt unit Clearance under 33,000 Volt overhead lines and operates on 27.015 megacycles, and costs as' indicated by a warning sign for- large shout $185 installed. These small units used equipment operators. .' ,f6r jnter-plarircommunicatioh are installed A sign indicates all 2-way Industriai Band ' *x! offiees,- .the -rars,- prefeup t^uclts.. radios niust bddumed off in quarfying area. . t . the leaders, and the bulldozers.. The use of, . . these is the hest way we know to. keep in. : ; Directional signs are used;- for- truckers , contact . with ciur key men and eqtupment J!n< ^lsl-?rs,' : .; pperators'for Jast and safe communication. v i.'S S'8P indicates the., property protected These units have many advantages in the; hy special police to keep trespassers .out. operation: ' . . Stop sighs are installed at all plant; road 1. Office ' coritact with supcrviSion' at all 'ntersf^t70n5 to prevent accidents., .times. : ;. Signs indicate IS mile .speed limit- in .plant J 2.' Office contact with leaders for-' faster area*` ':. ' V'- ' dispatching. ' . .'. ; Warning . sigips -caution -drivers to' drive -. -. ,, - 3, Calls tb shop for c<|utf>mcnt fircak-; /'quind plant- huiklings: !. . ;. clowns. ; - ' .. -/. Others wgrn of Wind corners for truck ; :'4., Detection-, of ', electrical ' storms-, in traffic. .-\\ ' _ ' .... /-.''. -- - ' summer: ' N . ^: YV . 'Others direct "No.-Visitors iri quarry ;arca, . 5.: Close communication wiih flagmen at n<? . visitors in the. plants, ortly employees biasting time and many other operating ad- .' PfOffVr safety equipment. vantages too lengthy to mention. V. Different safety slogans arc carried on the - ^ ; .'- : Also; these iow frequency'radios 'arc not h'impcr, of. cacli inter-plant truck. ..- hazardous 'around electric blasting caps* for :. : The comparly-widc safetyslogan which is safety in your operation, ns rioted in certain. - onabout 200. trticks that . haul in thc . Balti---.. ; pamphlets'made available,.!*}'..the Institute' of^Vmprc area is-as.-follows::'- Makers of Explosives.. ; ' "Watch That Cliild 44 ^ ltl> OFFICERS OF THE CQAfc Ml NATib^lg^ETy COUNtlt 1^65-r66 . - Genera/ Chairman--Anduew Hyslop, Jr., Hanna Goal Co.,Div: of- Consolidation Coal Co., ,Cadiz/ Ohio $90i7'v^;v First Vice-Chairman--G. Tai.man Woods, U. S.- Steel Corp.,. Pittsbnrgh, PaMS230 ~ Sccohcl Vice-Chairinan---Wiu.iAit Parisi, Pittsburgh Coal Co'.,. Div.vof.'.Consolidation Coal "Co,. Library, Pa. 15129 - v - Secretary---if.. F. Weaver, U.S. Bureau of Mines; Washington, D.C, 20240 . ... -:Newsletter Editor-t-RAYnUMS' H. Fraley, Consolidation . Goal ' Cd.: Morgantown'- W.-! Va, - - .26501 -- Ld6ar-Representatives--M.ntsn Pass,,United Mine Workers: of; America, District. Na 19,. _ "Middlesborb, Ky. 40965;. Rex; Lauck, United Mine.Workcrsvof America,; Washington, D. C.. "20005;' Leonard PNAKOvicir,UnitedMine.W6rkers6fAmerica;'Dist. No. 31, . .Fairmont;- W. Va. -26555 f Charles Ferouson; United Mine ' Workers of America,V .-* ' Washington,-D.C.\20005 ^ ' 7"\ . Bituminous Coal Representatives--A. E. Copeland,-.Pocahontas .Fuel-Ca," Div.'of Gohsolida* tion Coal- Co., Pocahontas, Va. 24635; RoiiERT .Williams,'Colorado Fuei & Iron Co., _.. "' Pueblo, Colo."81002; Coy South, Bell and ZollerCoalCo;, ^fchnstonGty, -111 62951; - , '-E.. E; Qoenon, Peabody Coal Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63102*F. j; Foresman; The Plttsbjiifc.\Y..,'yy ; and Midway Ctel Mihing Co., "Kansas City, Mo."64105 /. ' v.\. Anthracite, Rcprescniativesr^lvoit L.'Wiu.iams, Glejt Alden '.Cbai 'Co;, Div.' of Glen. Alden ' Corp., Wilkes-Barre, Pa." 18703... . Coal Associations' Representatives--Qviiiti Morton III, Executive Secretary,; Soulhitm: Coal Producers'."Assn,, Charleston, W* Va. 25301; ; Warry Gandy, Jr,,- National Coal AssnM Coal Bldg.,- Washington, D:. C. 20036; FoRb Sampson, Ohio,Coal Assn;, St- Clairs- ville, phiq. 43950";. George Trevorrow, Bituminous Coal Operators';. Assn., Washington; ' D. C. 20006; . George Sall, American" Mining Washington, : D, C. 2Q036. U.S'. Bureau of. Mines Representative--;iAiiia Westfield, U.S, Bureau, of Minesi Department of the Interior,;Washington, D. C 20240"-V" . Mine Inspectors', institute of America RepretiniativerrR. I). Bwibroab, .US.^ Bufrati 'ofc-'.Ni.v Mines, McAIestcr. Okla, 74502 . -y State Mine Inspector/. Representatives--J. Lester Zimmerman, Ohio Div. of Mines! ^: Columbus, Ohio 43215? Wilouk F. Eicenbrod, West Virginia Dept, of Mines, Charlbton/ W. Va. 25302; Leon Rotp, Illinois Dept, of Mines and Minerals, Springfield,Til. 62706'; :. ; Dr. H.B.CHARMnuRY, Pennsylvania Dept, of Mines and Mineral Industries, Harrisburg, - Pa.; A. H. Mandt, Kentucky 'Dept, of Mines and Minerals; Lexington, Ky." 40501< . : Ward Padgett, Oklahoma I)ept. of Mines and Mining, Oklahoma City! Okla. 73105; ` .- 40 ; /> -V; - jV' H.T; Wiu.iaJis, Alabama Div. - of-. Safety and Insi>ectIon, Birtningham, .Ala,. 35203; ... f: : .-. W;. Dean AuBHF.v, Iowa Dept. of ilines. dhd ;Mi.nerals;'Des.^lojni,.'Iprnra SP3l9.; Do>i.aij> -. . .. -.1. y..r ,-*1: -HAK^C(Blot!|idojCanlJtflwfc.-Jngi>eciiotf DeintwDiaivcr;'Ci>16^80aM F-W.-Eoaro'-Minxiss,... Uiy.; of.Mines, State of Virginia, BigySlooi? Gaiy-.Va- 242/9 jTKsEp-.'FERpusdK, Indiana ", ^ ^ ; Dcpt.pf-Mines and Minerals; Terre,Hautfc, Ind. , ' Ettginccrmg .CdmmUih'^jAWS F.y/li.liKy, (Chairman),. BetIilelic^ ^nnts':yCorp., /plins' town,' Pa. 15901 j H. A. Queno.v, Hast^rii Asscciated Coal Corj)., Goal .Div-., Melcroft. Pa. 4 |l3d62r:R^t"'HM^si?^'-AyABGp,.'Gowliwn.pryisi^:'C^icaga''Ilj';:.J060?.;~;^;.'H. Yost, / (effrey .Manufacturing Co., Oiluint)ii`i, piii(> ;432l.6;: C; A. ;BAinEy,'>Vpp!ic(l Ptc;earch .i Coi; Ccfol; pi-piti, Pittsbttrgfv 15219;: Donald ;Af%tx^m'Jifftfes. Pitt-''- v lmrgli,: Pa; i5213 ; G. BFreU-Sen, Joy,Manufacturing Co . Franklin, Pa. 16323 ;,I.f.wls S. Nl,cN!!CKi:Ki Hariiia Coal Co., piv.rof.- Consolidation Cil Co.,.Cadiz; pliio 4380J.;, GLAREAXE jtssE. Senief Solvay prvi, AHiccl Chemical & Dye. Corp, Tralee,vAV.-.-Via. ; 'V- 24749; T<>M ls!.''n. U.S. Steel. Gorp,Frick Div;;- Uniontotyri,. 1'a.; 15401';; P.;S.}Kixgeky>. , ` - ' p.S.Bureaii of .Vines. Piftsburgh, Pai- 45213 i S.y l V Poi-ACK. C. S Burcau of Mines. , . PittshurghyPai 15213;Ai,iif,ktPaSS, Uiiiled .Miiie Workers of America;'District.No.-.19..; ' Mfildlcsiiofb, Ky.'. '40965-; Raemi' Ban k$';, I nipnit.' Stiel Cb:v \yheciwrtglii;':'Kyi. .416^9; JAitEs AVrBuKr.txs,:Madison;- \V; . Y.a.;. Ibiix' Kati.icv.:Qiristoiilicf ,Goai'.'Co.,,0>agc,.-. ' Untcrimmih-nt T'umiHflii.'C^pvKkEtT.' yfiiTk';:(ClialiTnan)'t.. Afinc' -Safety ' Appliances.--Go..;,, Pittsburgh. Pa. 152p8; H.: E. 5I.\uCK, MounUiineer .G>il, Co..;.Diy.; of Consolidation :Coal'.Co:, Fairmonr.AV.Va..v /. :' , ./Vr/cr . iiV/ I'btuillids' C^imMil/iv-^HAiioEn .p.^'is;' (Clnurnian)V Gwil. 'Agc,';Xcw'. York;. N-. V. '10036; .lf\VAiiT Hf:K/0(.,' Haiiiia 'CV)al Co,; I )ir. ;rjf :Consoli(l;|lion Coal; Co, Cadiz; .; ! Ohio 4.1907 ; 'S.-.il. Mooney, Woodward' TroOCd,' Wooifrvard, Ala. 35189 ; Maurice . l-'otviiw.VDii/inesiicTjgli! Co... Warw kkmiiiti-, < irccmsUiriv Pa,; pAUt. I'oriZAk, Frccntau ..: . Coal:: Muffing -Corp.;'/West '"Fra^kV^^^;il(;..6a^^^^UllTEC^lfMVKji:;P>S/ Steel Corp.. 'Birmingham,. Ala.;; jut.iBS.i Pi./.Kk; ' Hanna CryalCo.. [Jiv. Of CpnSolidatibn Coal1.Co, Caciiz,- Ohib'43907; ;(lEOMUE-.hiAniE,; 5lcIreari I l!:ntcf ;i^ifdicatioh.,'C<d Alining S: Process-.. ; -'nig. Chicago,' ill. 60603. ... " ' i - .'.. ;V' .: . V ' ' I'rtiiirmii C'umiHiitfr~l.'Aub-'LlXiajCf Chairnian), Bituminous. Citl; Operators' Assti,, K.\\-- . . . Wasliiiigton, ,ICC 20006; El l.i Bakf.k, Lyiich. Djstrict, L'; S. Stcel Corp., Lynch, Ky. ' y .'40855; Charles I) I!o\vi:i.V(;, Semet:Solvay Die., Allied flieinical ft Dyie Corp., Loiig- .y.-... W. : Va; 25127; 1C W. Lkwis,' Xorth American ; O'Oal Corji., Po.whatan Div.,i: , Powhatan Poiiit. Oiii.o;. jam es/WkstfikI.o, Ui Si: Bureau of .Mines, Washingttin,. p.;'_.C,.. -Vi : 20240; James If Wii.iiKv. Betlihhcm' Mines t/orp., Jfihitstmvn. Pa,..15961; 'Charles H. -. .- i Myers, Mine Safety-Appliances Go.,: Pittsburgh, Pa. 15208 :. i.y . .. i.y "-f ..- . - L ;; . -Mi uii/rrslii/' Ciiiiiiii/;/CteEMERJ' C\ .()i.SE.S..(Ciiiairinaiiy,.\VcsterTi IJistrict, Coal lJiv.,` U.`;S. ..., - Steel Gorp.'.-.ilragerioti, Ukilf ,845201...'Alkx; Rklkman,' Arnico St'eelJGprp;,' Goal'I>iv,, iJSloutcOal,:.V\`: \'a:;25135 ; livKRi.r.r VVh.itk.'j Mjnf .So.fety 'Appliances Co.i ipittsljiifgh, Pa. . ; ]5208; Ci>rf.ni;e Jf.sseJ .Sgmct-Sojyay Piv.' Allied , Chemical pye. Corp.. ;Tralec, ,'v ""-W;- Vii.-'.24749;'.Ralph. BA.N'ks. liilaiiil Steel Co, Wheelwright. Ky. '4I6(i9; S. H. . 'y ' Mooney, Wooilward Iroii Co., W0<><Uv'aril, Ala. 35189; IL li. 5lAi8'tti Mountaineer V C'-; ;;.Ct')!i(,Co,' Div.yof Consolidation C'retl..Go.V-FaiWhpftf,'\V. Va. .... , } \ : ... ... . ' 'lioitj Cimlrul t'uiiiim'/hv--FRANcis' R. Boyle (CliainnaiO. prick- District; U. S. , Steel;, . .,; ..Cofp,-..Uniontp'wnf. Pai 15401 ; Katm an i f.i. Kirk, ;lngle. Ctkil. iCo,,'. .-jrcrrtf. Haute,'; Ind..: . .' 4^803; ' Paul' BetiZA.k,-.Freeman Ciial; \iihiiig.Corpi. \Vcst. Fninkfort; llh 62896; A; W- }' .,,5/sk. If Si Burfaii of Mines, Washington, P, .20240;; J^itES LKKiiER. .iK , L'nitcd; 1 ...v " 1 :,; ' ;.\ v.V '/r .T .v- F-\*'. . ............. Mine. Workers of America,- District'No. 29, .Btekleyi'W; Va.'25801;'A. J;TJarry,,U. S.,. : : Btiriau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.; 15213;, E. E.;Quenon, Peabody Coal. Co., St Louis,................. -V ' If: . v-Mo.-63102;,CLYDE:-DAVlsi-Semet-Solvay~Div.,-Al|icci-Chemical.&.I^^Corp^-l^^cre^_'^. .- , Wi-Va.'. 25127;. James :Di; RknxY.rHaiina: Q1: Co.; Div.;of Consolidation .Coal: Co,,~ ` Cadiz,: Ohio 83907; W. S. McCpssax.r JJi: S. Steel Corpv. Gap', \V. Va. 24836; John ' ^--r-^ZtTKq7-rHannal-Goal1Go.7-rDjvr^ofi-eonsoiidatioit-Goai-Goiv::-^foundsYilleiT-\Vr-Va.-26(>il ;;-- WaI.ter;`-Davis;; Pennsylvania Dept.;;>f'Mines.' and Mineral. Industries, Pottsville, Pa. V^/l.?9PiY:^^:'y^KAM<;'-V^f:Vi^sinia{Dep^.of Mines, Charleston, Wi.Va. 25302; F. S. f ;: v!;Li^iiAM,''ttidradb.Fuiy-_and'Ii^;:,^.y.'Trinidad,'-Colo. .81082; D.'-.C Jones, McLean- .. ^ \Huhtefi. .Publications,"...Coal.'Aiding.'.&.;;PhKessing, ' Qiiago/ 00603; : Charles- Tv:;.: ;:..Holand;'West .Virginia."Univcrsity.Schooibf Mines, Morj^towtyW. Va.; *Joshu.v : . . : Smith, Eastern Associated Coal Corp., Mt. Hope,.W.-Va. 25880' ... Publictiy; Commitlec--RBx.i.AVCK (Chairman),.United Mine, Workers of America, Wash-..- r.. ' ington,>D. .;C,;2Op05;. Harrisom ^Gilmek. IL: ^ Burea:u of Mines, Washington, D. C.? _ . 20240;7;W;,;W.vMcCiANAHANj'Jr.,; Nario^ C^l Policy...Conference, Washington, D: G.^ GivEN/CoalAge/McGraw-HiilPublishingCorp.; NewYork, N. Y.-10030; Robert :W.;YVan EveRa,. American Mining Congress, .Washington, D. G. 20036; George. ." C.. Lindsay, McLean-Hunter'Publications, Chicago, III; 60603;'Warren H, Moss, Con- - soIidationCoal Co., Morgantown, W. Va, 26501 . . . :..';. . ` \;/ .Qff-thc-Job.Safety Coinmiieer-Gzoar.k W. Mandel (Chaiiman), Bethlehem Mines Corp., ; -Johnstown,-Pa.-15901; L. E. . Briscoe; Ayrshire Collieries Corp:,. Indianapolis, Ind. 46225; r : ; ... T. K, Sutherland, Clinchfield Coal ..Co;, Dante, .V* 24237 ;Paul Halrersleben, Sahara . ' Y . " Coal 'Co.,. life,' Harrisburg,.'III.'62946; Thomas Liddle> Stoiiega Coke and Coal Co., Big' ' '- . Stone Gap,'Va.:24219;. Ewat Herzog; Hanna Coal Co., Div. of Consolidation CoalCo.,- : . . Cadiz,. Ohio 43807;. Wilbur F. Eigenbrod) West Virginia - Dept -of Mines, Charleston; -.. W,-Va. 25302;,William Muncie, Bituminous-Casualty Coip., Rbck Island/Ill.'6.12bl; f Leonard .'PNAXOvicH, United.-Mine Workers of America, District. No/31, Fairmont, ; r '. W. Va..26555 . :.iYC.-;' .v V ' ."* Advisory CoinimV/ee--*Harry Gandy,-Jr.; National Coal Assn, Coal Bldg., Washington, D. C. 20036; *C. K Linkous/Island Creek Coal Ca. Holden,'W. Va. 25625; *M, F. Brennan, United'Mine Workers of America,/District. No. 7, Hazleton, Pa l820I; *James D:,Reilly, Hanna-Coal Co., Div. of.Consol.idation Coal Co., Cadiz, Ohio 43907; *Josh.Oa Smith, Eastern-Associated Coal Corp., Mt-.Hope?W. Va.-25880 . . ;, \ ,, . Nomwalltig Committee--*Harry Gandy, 'Ja>'. (Chairman), 'National Coal Assn., . Coal : . Building, Washington, D. C. 20036; *C E. LinKous, Island Creek Coal. Q).; .Holden, . .' W.-Va,,25625'; fM.' F. Brennan; United Mine -Workers'of America, District :No. 7,; C. / Hazleton,'. Pa;-18201-. , ': ' -. Staff Reprcscniaiivc--Cunton H. Hoch, National Safety Council,. Gticago, III. 60611. . v;" ]]> Past'Geiicral Chainnan. .1 officers of the ^1 :> ^ ,;- '-.. -w;.: INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COliNCIL T^6^-66 Vice President, for Industry--J. S. Queener, Mgr., Safety & Fire Protection Div., E. I. : ..dii Pont de Nemours&Co., Inc., Wilmington,DeL Chairman of the Industrial Conference--H. S.. McFarland, Dir., Personnel Services, Gen- . eralMotors Corp., Detroit, Mich. . ' ' Chairman of Sections--S. F. Spence, Dir., Safety-& Loss-Prevention, American Cyanamid Co";,; Wayne, N. J. Vice Chairmen of-Sections--R. Hartman, Ass't Mgr., Compensation & Safety, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.; P, Windmr, Safety Dir., Bureau of Safety, Chicago, III; - H. C Daulton, Dir. of Safety, Louisville & Nashville RR., Co., Louisviller Ky.; W. E. Stuffing,"Dir. of Safety, Carrier Corp., Syracuse, N. Y. Chairman of Committeesi--D. A. Farrell, Dir. of Safety, U.'S. Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Vice Chairmen of Committees--]. Radcliffe, Safety Dir., Ford Motor Co., Detroit, Mich.; C. A..*Allen, -American Mutual Insurance Q>s-, Wakefield, Mass.; K.S: Hedges, - Safety.Dir., General Motors Corp., Detroit, Mich. 1' Secretary--Roy G.. Benson, Mgr., Industrial Dept., National Safety- Council, Chicago, Ilf. i Committee Chairmen-- Associations' Committee--C. H.Elsby, Vice Pres., Employers' Mutualsof Wausau, Wausau, Wis. ` .- . .. Audio Visual Aids Committee--C. R. Cummings, bead, Safety . & Ind, Hygiene Dept, * Eli Lilly & Co.; Indianapolis, Ind. ' j i' Contests & Awards Committee--Q., V. Tuma, Chief, Safety Engr., Texaco Inc., Houston, Texas Executive Committee-rtl. S. McFarland - Nominating- Caihmittee--G. L." Gorbell^ Mgr.,. Safety & Fire Protection, Monsanto Co., St Louis, Mo. Occupational Health Hazards Committee--F. W.. Sands, U. S. Rubber Co., Near. York, N. Y. .Occupational Health Nursing--Mam Wilzewske, R.N., Bethlehem Steel Co., -Chicago, III. Off-the-Job Safety Committee--V. J. Meyers, Co. Safety Dir., Western Electric Co., New York, N. Y. " ... 113 ft i yl'j(S; :Physical Hazards Committee--E. B: Landry, Dir. of Safety&-Health, .U. S. Post; Office ' Dept., Washington," D. C.:.............. ..... ........ .... ................. ' 1.::... Research Projects Committee--F. j. Dodsoh, Asst Vice'president, Loss'Prevention Dept., . . j,___ LiLertysMutuaIJnsurance.Co.,. Boston,; Mass.!; .. Standards hommittee-r-'H. A. Trombley, Mgr., Employee Programs & Services, Chrysler Cbrp., Detroit,-Mich.--^---------------==--'--.------------- :------^--------^----- ---------- :____L_ .T Technical Publications Committee--E.' O. Mattocks, Dir., Div., of Sciences &: Technology,. American Petroleum Institute) New York,'N. Yi ' Training Committed--J. ' Van Names, Administrator- Accident. Prevention, Westinghbbx Electric Cbrp.,.Pittsburgh, Pa.' . ',`1 1 \ 114 L I i v-'!St* V- *. .' . \ . ;. '"]}-"V ";Vs i*' * V*' i- ,,-' :? Ndtibn^ ; TrqrildcHdjnfe; *11 4 4y . .* ..*.v. | r^rs^rj*** v-.- jwaatKuaii NATIONAL SAFETY; COUNCIL 425; N.^Michigan Avenue i! V (Chicago; Illinois''606.l;l'..;V'-^ttw <. p-yy, -Xv-Si. ,r-> .jf ``l'-'--V *' , 1 >'.:'i; :t^V-'-*\l:"V*t ,\* '*-.*,i(S?! \.>1,' - .I s ^v'^ wTv ! "?l . " *' ' -y ' V.'. % 'j +. * ;.{*..... ' '-:.v r-y-yy :;:5? r ' '"- ''' ' v-'.-Sg/yi* . ... ^ ,- v?/\&rZ;L? : 53rd NATIONAL SAFETY. CONGRESS y; . papers Delivered in the CHEMICAL SESSIONS ress DustExpl6sipn;H^ Sto)riaaggee'aanndd;AAirCCoonWveyyiinnga;;.-vyy.: Creatiivvee;-. SSaaffeettyy------CCoolloorr aarriidd.'IImmaaggiinnaattiioonn. in.C>ff-tlie*j(9b Safety/..;?C:i/^e(eV\v';8.;;^y JOINTSESSION WITH PETROLEUM SECTION ..r; failure;;. '>./&;.,v;>;>;\-V;V.yF.;Mye>j;.-20^;:y. Tlie Importance of.^Personal. Hygiene; inthe ; : ' :y ' ` Qiemical induittiy, . ,:,y .v- * -.:- > * : RecentChangei'rind.Additidniyn'ThresholclLimityalue*-r-;y >y, ' ThejrSignificance andUte. : , : f . . :M/tc^e// RyZazon, A4|D..: 25. Evaluation-in^erTiical Drtertor Tube*. - :: - . .Hoyfpfdj :y ; : Eye Protectibn Practicei for Giyer^ fopofureir . . . ; :. . . . . ;. / / Safety Cojlege:; y.> VU i Hatty] W: Gate \ ;3.5.. ivers.. v;y ;. ;. V.y JyjametG. Steams;;39; '.v ; :! N?.v ^ j^pera^pelivered - in":fieyOyyy ;.Tdp'iManasemeiit7yiewpoint-on .Saf^ty;y y-.: 'r;'.v , \Biindt}^.];4I,- SafetyinvHaniciling Liquid .and.Dry Sulphur.y,y..y!v^;;.-:.Vy; :Jamti-.R'/-Wdst_: A2- ']'] OccupationaLHealth, '. .; .vy^X] .\^iilidm]LiWittdh] M^.^ :^'^ . y. Ammonia-Wod(*hbpf'Promote Safety. .; . : '-1 ;;y;.Z; ft'. Beet* 56" ~ ' ,, How to Succeed Ar a Fertilizer Plant Safety Man: .y.y.'.y;. )Mike C/.EIInori f59 '. :Management'ilntere*t^m 011...^,:./ ;,&orgeSI<Mn,jr.:Q ~'v;.?.>. VPy/rom.;A;-.S<on^::;^S^y:.-Q yTHe/.piiurth!: Dimension .oif.';Safety. ' .-y. r.'V.v';;;;v:; i^0en;6f/the^^.|:ertilir'Section .196t-6i8 . C^er Voluinei in ..:floBcaictCk (o.ovveerr .. ;:. v; -: % y-V yy-'y-y^yy'- ." '| mm&i, NOW TO H ATIOHALSAFETYCONGRESS OCTOBER 24-27. ISIS / CONRAD HILTON HOTEL, CHICAGO , The Congress is always a! big;Week-, aworthwhile week : tor the,13,000 Safety people who attend,At the '66 Congress, you can` meet othersafety .people/ ' ; k) t&. V'* O'*.* & fj--:u\ tion, health,.hygiene, and fire prevention on. safety in industry, traffic, school, at home and on`.the. farm. You can sep the largest of all safety.eqiiipmeht exhibits at the Congress.. .an opportunity,foryo.u to make well* informed buying .decisions for your company.; This four-day. educational program,, planned' arid pre; serited by tne National Safety. Council, can be your most thought-provoking, most worthwhile Safety. expe rience. in: 191(6. Make plans'early to attend tlie 1966 Congress and bring the other people in your .organization'who, have safety responsibilities.,- -v'vv-. :: FUTURE CONGRESS-DATES '1967 October 23-26 1968 October 28-31 . i969/October . 27.-30 1970 October..26-2.9 N ATI P N AL .SAFETY COUNCIL.;; 431 NORTH: MICHIGAN AVENUE CHICAGO,. ILLINOIS (Mil . .. t '$(>5 National Safely Cotiyrcxf :\\:w,:\ ;. . * nicnhll'to^liovc -.'the..'precision^ or acciifeiry ' eariy yet; to see :i f such can he done, since wliidi onc' Woiilil .c^pccl to find in .tlic l;ili-r' :iny major. change in- emphasis; in; oraddi- .. jaiaioryi: \Virlili[ir(L-jCQi)Si'Jcr;tliaim._i-J',ci:L thins -to the activities hf- the division must' A ' llje following: In Jic rcasoMal|p. s|>cciriC;Ui<rt)S' pass policy considerations.-.. . ." ' for., tubes-for. iiidustrial.liy^iinc usc', A". 1 1 I 4 4Sml* tir' lin Tiic ..service' lias- replied,' however,'.'that if ... " -agfeepicnt-willi-llic-gencral-princi-- marnifiictiircr at .ctincctilrnliritis irciaiccl 'to. (lie pics of the two prcdcssioiial sociciics on tlie" ; TLV. : Preferable .test points -Would be onc- need for- performance;'. standards: , anti for. . half, hiic,'twq,nnd five times 'Ibc TLy. Thi* some- mechanism to assure- that these stand rccbgiiizesvtfibt` witii.ebarigeS; in the. TL.V:. ards are met '' '; ; ;A.AAAA ' Ijhciic would'havc. tribe corresponding changes The actions of-the professional societies . "in ralibraitionAf'Eor any .one contnminant, . arc; in; themselves significant- in; thcirrecog- howevcii,' this. <iMs hbt appiKir to,.be 3`majpr.' nition'of the' need' for putting;the chemical';; probieiil; ^^.:"^^ '.' ,- A-AA'V'AA detector tube systems in tlie perspective of '.' ' 2);:The response should be. corred to within scientific' quality. With. enlightened me of. ^.;per/ccnt pL..tbc''cpi)ccritraqOT; ' The reliable testing: equipment, we can. help;make', ; response' referred , to.should apply., to." the the .workplaces-more healthful environment;' A - entire systein-^air mover.' as well, ns tube. A.' ' ; KBFBKENCBa.-::A::':'; AA A . . 3) Interferences,:tcmpcf;i\u'rc7'''prcss'urc, 1)'Zavon, Mitchell: Recent'changes and nd- , . ' . and. humidity effects, nnd.shelflifc informa-:;' dltlons In Threshold Limit' Valuesj-Thelr Slg- tion siioul(j: bc dearly h`*(cd Withcach bpx nlflcnnce and- Use. Presented;-at' the 'Chemical . .' Section,-. National Safety Congress (October. . of.Cubes.' ' '\-:y ' 10661;-. - ;; ,4)' Airflow rates, should he indicated. It ' . 2)-Rapp, Harry: Preliminary Program tor Chemical Section meeting, , National 'Safety. '.. is not tinVeasotiablc to ex-pecAthat the. air v Congress. _y / movers..supplied: by "the; manufacturer'' be' . .'3) Ketclmm, N.-H.:. Practical'.Experience ' . corriict'.'.td wii|iin 5 per cent. If- auxiliary ' with Routine Use of Field Indicators; Ji U: 3 (March-Aprll 1962); A .. A.1M.A, air mover* .arc needed to extend; the wording , 4) Kusnetz, H. L.: Airflow Calibration of ' ranges .of? the..tubes,. alternative'calibrations sliould. hc provi(Ic(i .and fjow rates should bc:' specified;'.;'..-..;.'. . A : r '. Direct Reading Colorlmetrlc'Gaa "Detecting Devices A.I.u.A. J. 17:: 4 ; (August'1060). 6) Grelg, J. D.: A Comparison of Carbon Monoxide Detectors Having Different Cotorl- ` ..In\cirdcr to assure .that '.'there:.is. proper metric Principles - Under Underground Condi- tlons. J. Mine, Vent. Boe.of Bouth Africa 10: uniformity; rind. control on the;performance-' 4 (April 1057).' . of- chernicbl detector tube' systems , some' iridciicndent central; agency should act to.cer-' - 6) .Silverman, L: aridiG..R;.Gardner: Potas- slum Pallado-Sulfltc 'Method for- Carbon' Mon- .oxide. Detection.' A.I.H-A. J. iO: 2' (March- v tify, :ihc.performance. The AIHA- arid tlie: April 1966)'. / .... - ACGIH.havc requested of the Sui'gedn Gehr ' .. 7) Kuanetz,, H. L.; 'B. El Saltzman, and M. E. 'LeNler: Calibration. and Bvaluotlon of : - eral pf the .d'ublic'.Health'Service tlint/therc Cos Detecting Tubes." A.l.H.A. J'.\tl: -.6 (Oc- :' tober 19601, latiohaf.Health; a' pro^ram .of; rcsca^ch-and 8) Saltzman, R' E.:'-Basle''Theory of'Goa -Indicator Tube Calibration. AJ.tl.A. J, 23: 2 s' deyypwi^vW)c!tn3t.ijiit *fsis'. iaslc v It is (too . (March-Aprll 1062).'.v. . ' * <.. C ;M ;.v '.EXPdSURES':AyA^.;-A.VA"' V 3 : A A AA ^ A Bjr CHARLES HOLDER/JR, . 'AlAA'^-'A ; Mgr., Engineering Section, Safety .& Fire Protectibn Div., -)-l i'.A du.Poiit.de Nemours &..Cb;, Wilmington, Del.. ; v. ., '..In :the;last 20 years,. 1946 to:the'present, disabilities, and' 187:.additional employees .. 130'pu; Pont, employee? have'.suffered'tyc. were involved in .incidents which resulted '. injuries rcsultirtg in lost time or permanent In eye injuries less severe in' extent-.but ; . ) t. I *\\v %"". -.St..: t -'i? :fv ' ` '.Chentual Stcliim / siifi v-serious!; enough i iff; intcrrcfC;- wllt\ tlic.-; than, on .an ovcrall/arca-.{consideration,;/- It -, -' ''t>crfornne|f<cc";;j<f ^-*liWr.r:.'VM*rl<,:tfafr.'-fcsi5*'-^:ien*-']-?:' ..liad, bccribclicvcd/tliat .We .could always' rci-v : i(yJ^<QjrL^iic^c 31y^cnililfJ'VccJt ;jurtnc/It^t ogiiizc -tlie hazard and relate; i to a jiarticti-- jarjob,; or/even to a particular aspccfprilic job:--. A /review -.of fair injury;/cxjicriciicc prpvcij-how-Wroiig^this'jassiinipticmJja'dJHjcn^/'. It.'was"found, to qiir./ciiagriin that (he ex-'. ' . jiqsurc.often coilics from ,a: direction, or- a-.source -completely. unsuspected.-/ Wfc/jiad. as-:. :. than . '300 : |>Jsihta,'- j:(!>rjrJttoric'<,' ;eof].itrtictif>n`. /siimed that", the .threat. to -our employees''. .eyes 'was:. limited- to!'certain specific: job's, .-..100,000 !cniplp^!r"w(>rltiV!t^l^'-oic'.;r)ii'.,JR>l*! ..employee- su'ffaal /'a lost; .'lime "eye;, iijjifty//..- and-'two were iiijiircd less scvcrcly.,-- So/.fa'r / ; tliat.itwrtsconfinedtp(ieat. littlcarctisWitliiiccl-hy: yeiloW.lincswf^ was / restricted -to .-/only./ (hos-e ;cnyir<aimcnts . this . year,' for the first'. lime :'.ur. the- 20 year wliicli/cxpcricficc. had: proved.; to be. suspect.- period, although; .three' JcsScr/.cyc:.: Injuries'^' Second, it- Wiis realized we .had' relied chr ' have occurred, tint erne of these; 100,0(XUin-; tirclyV too: miich ;.on ific ,'judgjnit;.-o.f: the :dividual* .has,'suffered; li/-. lojit/.'limc -or. per*-;/: .cinpjoycctodccide.fprhimScIf/Whcthcreyc .'manciit: disahiHty cjc iiijiiry!/.- To ' placc/lliis >? protection Was heeded, or;not.".it.'hadn't iieen coriipari.vwiiri even rfearer ..perspective with.' ' /sjKillal /biit- 'in . hard, arHl./fast' rulcs 'Wliicli. ; the. year 1946 wli(m;lii'crc; were- 56-.cycvirtr-'.; ;/Would-/permit ' iio/intcrpretatioo -or mlsunder-.'juricv'itshould/.bc'.rioted that oiir employee-..'; /sianding. /Employccs.. Were! npt wcarihg .eye \ ''rolls are'- presently 25 - pcr ccnrliighcr^ than /protection, |ccausc.-,tlicy liad not-- recognized they were in that/ycar. -~ the '.existence of a' '.Iiazhrd.' ,Wc. had ...failed- It was all vtoo ohviotts that'onr/cyc-pro--' (hem by not' .protection;: rc<|uTring ';/;. -that: they!-wear.-eye.-. ; ' . . lection 'policies which' had' beenndofted back ; in 1.912; arid.,which. We.' thought.'' Were pretty `.-1 good. Were.not '.effective, -The cyei/areVsi'ich an; importarit-part of tiic l>ply that :we. jtist .; : Thir(l; it Was apparait, that our efnjiloyccs;. /Wer'e-n'ot rcally cmiviiheetl, perhaps.becausc . -,we were riot/entirely convinced our.selves, of': ' couldn't .be', '.satisfied, vitii/ this, .-safety.-;ber*/; /.the need, for eye protection. -v.''-' formance. : There itre no. .tolerable -injury / // 'it wiisn't 'tw many.'years ago tha.t-.many-.. '.levels where (icrsonal .ihjtir.ics- are' involved 'employees looked With/ disdain on all forrits :ihis..is".dotihiy trtic Where, the eyes 'tjrie. coin* V: -ofVpcfsoriai/'protective equipment.'--.'Another -.- . cefflcd. ; 'Something \to; jmprove mir` /contributing', factor to thej failure tp.'.Wr perfortnahcc .hari^jd he- dpne/'.'ami;iff had;..tO;;'i eye, - protection was' that it had ,'fiqjt ...liceti- ' be'done 'promptly.-.'.:'-..''/ X-//:/>;/!;! fitted 'p'ropcrly. in; the' first'-, place nor..' was -it , licmg. propcrly maintained. In the carjy .40's tpiich': thought; liad BcenV-i 'given;-to. be'f^e|^*^^s^t^*'ipi^tcetV'lli;*tiyesi-'-'pif;.r;'i; -<mr employees';., Sdririv/plants,-;^ thc,-^ / 'Three .basic flaws! .The' Wrong..'approach. ' to (lie whole problem..was by far the most /serious shortcoming.* but the otlier, reasons.'. -, cies;;-One:.of//ihetthe.'Chririjberij^.;Wprk's:;iri',V : were ..Hardly. Iess; iimpprtarit'-'' ' ''/, :Xc'W jerseyr;aclH^ySr| V '/Tlijs/ study . of oii'r:;cy'injuries: Was - posi-; './ti.Vfc prooi-. that eye . inj.uries.. could .be, pre- . irri.943'to only-oneriir.l949;/;':- .;veiUcd-;,on|y::i f,_wc, t'iirniid ./pitr .baek .on.^the j/ iridrridu,at7jbb-.h'pprpach^ndra(lppted-'ma'ii--/- VVe took' a //gtod-'/lthni''.jdti|c:^tV,dfci jrigfui arieyc protectiori: fxdicies. To paint.. party's, eye ^roteeiioti;^^^f`^st-:jsGi^BelV' j-;'ycilpW'/Hnc:.on .th'e'-flpor a,-few feet: away ..itj''apj^rcd'tp...-lie.'al;-.'gix^^|^tt^vSM:<'*t*i^ir-,-:': -i*rpm.!/a/metal' worlfirig. latlic and shy,- .`-`Eye'' lated that.eye. protectioh.' .woM^be.^yrcWiiv'--- 'protection is required/inside/ the fine-bill npt, wherever, the' '.hazard,; required .swch.protcer.; ()iitsidc/'' -is not realistiCf'/Tlie stiver of. metal ' firm, 'riiat'i hurtl In {tftrtif* wiflif. IInon rfrWiwi*:i throWn frOm the machine'doesn't s.top at the ' ;yciloW,; line,. and bcsi.des/' employees- ire- ' /({uqi'tly;forget fo ptit tlieir safety spectacles.. .I-'irst,;tite cf>mpahy:j.:eye protection patture-... ' lack.' on as their, work- takes them. bAck'and ! Was based dri.-aiV individual/ job:.bn.sis' rather . -'.' forth/across, the- jelJow line ' : '. - i' - ' ; 33 o/StTfi^^.7*^7T.' ;`t / ; , V /'. ,' `-.a ". < '.,...-. .- _l96$?Njaii^l:'&iifctj/' CprigrejfJK .. , /'!as."''far:. a< eye protection- was required, Ire; ' to "adopt an. area/cyc protect ion jiniicy.'/yYi/.e:: . Wofc li'i* safety spectacle* because of the t '. ^rftcsigjcitoj ``fip~{^lcCtiwr^r6i^.7aTt""> /Tia/ards; til lus"work; `nienrth> more/hair.' , - 7,';: ::.liculhr^^ratMi.^n-'crriirci.flopr;Vfl/ wiiol?.. '? . Were. so designated.} ...'building; - or; -in. sonic'- imtanrrii, .ir'fiii>i>lctr -'one after the other,, and finally ecftaih areas - i>f lcser cxjK>siire were' so. classified; -The. -; - trend over all the years has-been-to extend-.; .; 'lite eye. prbiection r.cf|iiireinent.s .tp.nK,e'anr-' '. : While ..this change -Ih.-opthibk'/wM .ibe.jiipsl';;/inbre areas,-.-The wider eye - protection'! poll'-/- t;/ /important slept it wav by nii/means tjie'.imly! .rcics ;.we:-adojif; the fewer eye injuries sire;-- ; ;.pnfc- ;v .siiffdr,.. '''' properly. Someof ottr. jKOple/wercsent to ' -.-Knoiigb - of Ixickground,, let's! get'-specific--'; flirty; spectacle /suppliers /for; fstitfiifeii/oi;''. .'about cyc; prirfectidii practices.- Tl>e basic eye .. . anil '- their: .reprcsenitiyw''..iwcf.c. encouraged ./protection-, rciiui'redDn' our 'plants is die. Ip, visit rai/plarttVfrrqiicfitlyfo^ -. Standard safety! spectacle-' manufactured to ' , they could;. To mak? it even easier to:- get '/.the-specifications of. ASA. Z2!l.; There-'are/-: ...->--'aid keep 'l'`good Cf;'7n;\v>nje'Vif'oiif "larger//-.as you know, a niimbcr of .J-eputable supr : .'planU';;stich'B.i.:'Uic.;.C)i!iro.wr*"WorhV',.'n9Wlc. ' .'pliersof' safety'.spectacles' meeting- tbeie ; V . - units; were provided.'Which /regularly; fol- r. specifications'.'Nothing! less'is acceptable on/! -lowetra' 'prescribed-r^Vte^sirotiiiilMhe'.planf.'.' . .our..'plants./ Eye protection is no, place Jo: yv;.;vj .. w;that' employees-' knew :.whi; and :.w|iere cut cent*. .Cheap,'-substandard spectacks-are.-. morc.'expensiyc-in the long run. . .. / lection.-''problems .without; .having', to .leave, ,In certain, areas, sticli.as- in maintenance-'/.their. jobs/orwitik all-, the' w;iy across 'the '.' shops,/side shields .'are rc|tiired: to' give' tliaf / plant.' .../,/!'.' !':/;!';'!.!/^.V :/ V/// added'degree'of protection .tlie extra Itazards / '' .-'-':'^Ilefpre'-aiiy..'|Jaht-'cpiiM .implement /these. " of.the operation,r|uirc. 'Side shields of the';-' "ncW'".policicf.it. liaVI tocmhiirk pnan.inteti- ' ' type/'permanently mounted, to '.the lens frame v./riye<;p^ii&tionafThc.< plants ' rlifl, '. arc- prcferml, since thesc give a greater de- V their .'.best 'tovcorivince their employees/ihai / gfee of protection .than-.the./ciip^on"- or re- - .'eye protection' requirements; were ' for. their . movable - 'side, shields.- Admittedly! there .t* . )pwiv good, /The''new- rules .Were' set up;.to ;.' Jess' employee' resistance ' to' tiie rcmoyalj|e , /proAct tlicir/eycWnot to make ' their;'jobs. ' ''side shields, 'particularly' from those' . wJkj -. . more . difTictilp,. Then, wlicn ibis was acepm- wear prescription spectacles arid find* a eer-';- ---. pljsbedXfihd in' most insjanecs if took months- 'tain amount of'disenchantment wjth wearing'- and in'-some! plants it. even took years to . .side-shields On personal ifetivitjes away from-. . get.the whole-story across): the new policies "the plant/ . were-'put Into, effect- ; ' The stamlard . safety 'Aftrctrtcle;. even ' with. 'An-important Jccy to ' flm-success of 'the .'side slrields, .intended'primariiy'..for-pro-, ...-.adoption of'the'ncw 'pfoiratti' 'Was/ihc par- lection against flying objects! .It giyes sorner * ticipation anil example, set-'- by - supervision. protection. against splash liazard blit . liot In, some/ instances .' where!1 resistance . was' .complete protection/Where tlie threat. Ik. ''/'sU'ohg,'- supervision/ wore ..;-tiie>,'recnmmcidcd f(|jm hannful li.nuids, coverall gogglevWiili //. protection long befoire .the'neW rules ..were flexible- fitting frames -of riibher or plastic, ./ ''iironiillgated.- ' ........ -....... /_w]iicliigive_a^light_fit/'tO-tlie-iruce/offer-gorid- V-Tbe';^-;wik*'yWrw'^ imposed on! .every protection, or cup-type, goggles' arc- worn.. - areal-in- the plot_/at! tji'c -,ssinie: time; '. The! Ttk ciip-type. goggles are used! lor chipping more/ obvious: lleyeVjwza.rds/afeas'. got first i and'grinding, gas welding.and cutting, dusts; attention/ jPo|A^l(^teboe^''-tle:'r^inbrcllnest'|n/ "mists and. sprays. '' , ... the-rnainfcnance sJiops -wcre removed.and the Visitors 'iiid. other ndn-.Company employees . .' entire-; area' designated4as . one 5 ih/Syliich) eye, /.entering our plants are-; required .to .comply ., protection; mi/st be., woni.vjit;.all /times/:/In- ; with our eye protection policies.. For the . due'time. this pplicy tdis'..ex'tended tornairi- in f requent or casual;visitor lightweight pias- , tCnancc-; work; wb'creVcr /it- might; be 'per/' " tic; spectacle-type eye protectors ` are' ' pro- .' . fbrnjcd. If a crirpentcr.or a pipefitter.worked ... vided. ..'flics? can,-' if desired,-, be .worn over-'; : at his job, in an otherwise unrestrictcd area the " visitor's persona! spectacles. This type .-'--34' ; ' - ;i -. I r.vf . ."V. OFFICERS OF THE ,, CHEMICALSECTION .cV>vi^Hm/-:!CAainM<w^A.,',^-:.['RA^;:'-^^.VSupiv^'.Giienieai-;<'Eqgineerl,.;-Hng|iiee(^ig-/<i[;:LMs .Vv^r<Goiirp|-.JDivi`'TI*c Trayclcri'ihnTancc.'Cp;, Haftfordj Conn, 06115- ^/v:.v< . --...'; " ' Viec Chairtnan 'in Charge of^Progranf--J. N,.'-RomIne,; ; Safcty'Enginwr, Research & De* vdtym'cnt D^t| PliilJips: Petroleum;^.y Bartlesville,- OklhV'Jf^QW~' 'j!;\-X' ? . : - Secretary---T). T. SMiTH, Supt.,-, Protection ^Div,', :Einpl6y^ ;Rclati6ns- Dcpt:i E,;I.. du Pont : : dc N & Co,j -InevJjccpwalcr,'N.J; 08023 V: ;:V'\-'^v'-- ' Laboratory and Pilot Plant Siib-Scctiott-^iL L. ';Stout (Chairman), Safety Engineer,- Los. Alam.bs Scientific -I^lxjratory,`.I>)s - Aiamos,- N; : Mcx.`; L~ C,;\fraex.! (Chairman-Elect), ~Safety-.Duy'Research'.CentersSfonsanta..Cd;,'-'St.-^Loiiis,:.Mo.-;63i66; H; S. Brasthj (Secretary), .Safety. Coordinator, Merck/ Sharp 'Dohme. Research Laboratories, '.Rah'vyjy, N; J.-. [s'-:V'-V.'.V-..'*-1'X''-v. -. NcwslettcrCommiii'ee--C.. M. Or^N. (Chainrian^. Supvr., ' Health. &' Safety, Eastern. V- 'OiemicalDiv., Hooker ChcmicalCorp,, Niagara-Falls, N. Y: -14302;'. A. P. Ostt, Cor- ; ` porate'-.Safety-.Ehgr,7^ Co., Inc., Nw. York, N. .Y. -10017; W. Lauder- .. "PAtk;Safety Dn^tor, Texas.^itnjahpii.,.l^gyiew,.Tcxas-756<W. -'' ,Ci7inrVny^: Comii//eeT^M. :KRikbRiAN:: (CHairTnan),-Cori>6rate.Managcr.6f;.Safety and ,Me<liral;: .Bruriswick: ;Gorp;i ' Chicago, III. 60602; P..-'J. McDonough, Mgr. of Loss .'>.Prevention, Ghcrtiicals -r)iv.^prm Mathicson Chemical. 'Corp.,- 'NeW York;' Ni. Y. -10017.; /BuicKr'.'Safety ^Officer/;';lj.i:S;''.Pul>lic.'Health Service,-.Washington,- D. .C. 20201; E.- N. -Deck,: Div. -Cdrisiiltant-fSafety'-,Engineering,. General- Electric. Co.,. Chemical, & ^',r.^^?iiu'ff'<^^R`v'>'-.Wpjicrfnrd;,N;-.Y;.i2i88 - " Public Relation's Coimmttee-^rR.^iikAUY `(Chairman), Safety Eiigr., Safety. Codes-Dept, :Union . Carbide Corp., Newr York,* ;N. Y. 10017 ;' *j. R/Bou;man, Safety Dir., -Procter ;';.-'r& Gamble Co., .Cihcinnati, '.Ohio!452fl7; A, -L/Kling,Director -of.Loss Prcvention,"Olin Mathicson (niemicalCorp;;' Njw-i York 22, N: Y, .'. ---...i'. ' -.Training' "Aids - Committee--r-R, H. StOTT (Chairman)vHanford Laboratories; Battelle .Northwt, Richland, ,Was!t.'; j,/y. Savercoou COordinalor. of Safety. &fLoss.Pre- ----vention^Allicd^Chcmieai-Cprp.T-ilorristoiwn,--N--JtV-Gt-Rt-Eastman--Safety^iAdvisinv 7 -Soigmy-Mobii Oil Comjiahy^Ncw/York; N.Y: 10017 -' . - 'Health- Committee--E. b, - Ai.rAtjdti (Co-Cliairmaii), Siipyr.; :Industrial 'Hygiene'. Service, Internatiohal Harvester-: Goi; . Chicago,. HI. 60611; j. ; A.: Houchtojt (Gi^Chairman), : Supvr.,`:-.Industrial Chethica) ;Scryicet' Liberty.; Mutual Insurance Co., Boston,. Mass. 02117; R.'-E/.HAWkiNsbN. liir., -Div. .of 'Special-'.Seririces,'-'Employers.Mutuals-'-of . Wausau, . Milwaukee,V.Wik"'^16V':'D...'j7'-Kiw-w,`,-M.tSi .Medical Dir.,` Texas .Div,, . fDgyir Chemical . Co.; ; Freeport;VTexas; Mas. "V.. MAcud,: R.N., Plaiit .Nurse, Great . ; Lakes ^.Carbon , Corp., Niagara Falls,' N.; Y. 14302; F. A. Van Atta, Deputy:. Director, .'Office of Occupatiopnl 'Safety,.'.Bureau of. Labor Standards, .Washingtph, 0."$.. 20210* .' Technieal. Publications-. Co>>i>ntttce^~yV.. S; .-.Wood.' (Chairrnah), /.Safety.' Engri; Research . & Development; Div., Sun Oij' Cd:;- Marcus Hook, Pa. : 19061; E LEwks. t^rpora ; /'/of Safety) Douglas Aircraft '.Oil, Inc, Santa - Monica, .Calif;; C- MacDiarmid, Senior / - ~T^:rx.r~Chernist,^Polymer-Corporati6nr^Ltd^Sarriia,--Orita'rio,-Ganaiia-;--J^SNVitt*,-SafetylMgr.,;;L^_,u_f_'_;-- ! . Merck & Co.,.Inc., Rahway, N. J. 07065; R.. D|: Poirier; Safety Supervisor, General- V ~ :Y--.Ghetnical-; Research Laboratory,)Allied 'Chemical /Corp., i.MOrristawn,'. N.. J.-;. W/-G.:- -. 'Meade,- Technical Consultant, ;Engirieering Dcpt., iTiie : HartfordTnsiirance Group, - / ">///Hartford, Conn. 06115.. !Membership Cotnmittee--V. C. Lamb (Chairman)Safety-Administrator, Lever Bros) . Co., New York, N. Y..10022; F.C. GAycusH. 'Asst, totheGeneral Mgr., Sherwin-: ... Williams Co.,'Chicago).Ill'60628; W. J. Rankin, SafetyEngineer.Tape Group, 3M'-.'. ,T;/ ;Cbmpany,.St. Paul 19,-Minn, W.A/Starkovich,-Director.of- Safety,.Sherwin-Williams .' ' Co.. Chicago, 111* 60628. . ;/." ' 'Statistics Analysis- and Safety Awards Commitlee^-V,.R. Macaulay ' (Chairman), Safety Supvr., 'Wyandotte Chemicals-Corp., Wyandotte, Mich.;-,A. W. Wilson, Manager, '//-.. ' Safety Dept., Dow Chemical Co., Midland, -Mich. .- - ". '/ ; .. Off-the-Job Cdimi/i(ec-^-G. H..Menter (Chairman),- Safety. Engineer, Bristol Laboratories, '."Thompson Retail, East. Syracuse, N. Y.; D M. Van/Wecen, Safety Coordinator, Stauffer '- /-;/ Chemical jCo.,- New.-York, N..Y.' 10017; A. Mim.s, Safety/Engineer,..Pfpcter & Gamble '-. . Co., Cincinnati, Ohio'45217 .-'.'/ .. V-' - ' '_.1. I..).;.:..:-'.-' -. -' ' -' '-. Educational Liaison Committee--American . Society -of.}Safely}Engincers: A. H. Christian ;',(Chairman), Corporate' Safety'Erigr., FMCCorp.,-American Viscose Div.,' Philadelphia,' >, Pa. 19103. t - v '' Aitteficah Chemical Society: *H. H. FAWCErr. 'Div. of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, ' ; National .Academy of Sciences, Washington,'D.C. 20418' - --/-/- Manufacturing Chemists'Association: G. G.-FleminivDir. of Safety & Plant Protection, . ... Celanese Corp. of America, Charlotte:, N. C.28201 .- Scientific- Apparatus Makers /lbria/ion.- J. R. lRyiNC. Exectitivc Secretary, Scientific, Apr . ..' '". . paratus Makers Association, Chicago, 111. 60606 American.Material-Handling Society::E. V-'ClanCev;, Safety Eng.,'Eastman Kodak'Cci:; .'. Rochester .4, N. Y. 7 . /..; . { '. ' ' ' / ' . ' . American Institute of Chemical Engineers: H. W. Rapp, JR.,/Suprvg. Chemical 'Eng.,..The.- '' Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. 06113.- ~------^^~Federal~G(/vernment Liaisdh:- F:-A:-VAU: ATtA;-T)eimly- DiTeclor, Offke of- Occupational----- ---^---- .:. ; Safety, Bureau-of Labor'Standards, Washington, D. C. 20210' - > '/. Nominating Committcc--*]. J.Prabulos (Chairman),. Safety Mgr., National Distillers and ' ' Chemical Corp., New. York, N. Y., 10016; G.-R.-Cumstinos, Mgr., Safety and Indus trial Hygiene Dept,, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis,: ihdi 46206; *E. R. Wallace, Senior ' -Safety Engineer.'.Safety & Fire.'Protection,-Eastman ;.Kodak' Co.; Rochester, N. Y. 14650;- -i 'Research, Committee--*H. -H. Fawcett(Chairman), Div.'.of Chemistry. &.Chemical Tech- ; - nology, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. . C.--20418; *S. F. Spence, Dir.,. , '.' ..;Safety and Loss'Prevention,-American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, N. J.: *E1J. Meyers, ') ./ '.. Asst,,Mgr., Safety & Fire Protection Djv., E.-I..'du Pont de-Nemours.& Co.'. Inc.; Wtl- ...- ':. - mihg^ori, Del.-I9898; i*G..L. GoRBELL, Mgr, Personnel'Safety, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, St* . ,'f Mo;63166 : m; ' yji'-l . " ;: .' *.->/. .* . '". r ;. . .* '*'? ' * v. v. Advisory :CommiUee--$S; M. MacCutciieoj* (Oairman), Asst: Director,- Safety and- Loss- Slaff Refiresfnlalivf--G, SkiiiLkv, Rational Safetv Council, 425' N. .Michigan :Av&. Ghicago, Y---. in.:i6ii * :; _ v--.>.;Y Y-Y-vYyYY- 'Past General CJtairman M.' ;t . .. ' !y ' * srrrw^'fiiv33? OFFICERS OF THE ; : :c NATIQISIAL 5AFE1TY ^^tGOlN^IL 1965^66 ; ^ Cfn^fl/ C/wiVMian-^UEOTiN S^LCT^IJi^.'Plant Food. Pr^uction. Tlic C'otton Producers .. . -fcAssifc,. Atlanta,Ga; 30301''f\x :.-VJj;*' -p;!'-./' '* > rFirst Vice-Chairman and Program Chairman---Kay Engki., Engineer,'Tuloma Has Products,. . ': Mortem, 111.;;.-'. ,-'" /-. >' SecondVice Chairman and Meinbcrshifi Chairmatt--lKA E; JJcKeevek, Jr., Vice . President, ; //I'rcKluction, :.T^xas.^Giilf Sylphur :Co;,.'.New'.;Y<>rk; ;SL/Y. I0017'' ; -Secretary--George H. MuErxE( Safety .Dir.. Agrico Chemicar Corp.,NewYork,N..Y. Nominating.Committee--*W.- C.Creei.; .Safety.bir.I:North..CarolinaJDept. of Labor; Raleigh, N. C; 27600 ' ;V ' ' :/ . .. ,' / Newsletter Commiltee-CQese- Harlan /(.Editor), - Supervisor, Employee Services; Indiana Farm Bureau. Cooperative Assn,' Inc.; Tn<lianap6lis/Ind.'46209; *Georce F.; Dietz, . . Asst. Secy.-Trcas.,;Fertilizer'Manufacturing Cooperative,.Baltimore, Md. 21224; *Elmek Ct Perrine, Dir. of Technical' Services;. Nitrogen Div.,.Allied Chemical. Corp., New York, n. y. 10066 . :ccy -.. ; ... v- . i. rcvcniiDu. \^ooroinaior, .j'jic 'duiucii. uicniiciii v(nii|r<tuyt ntw. iuia .*) E. Smith, Safety Dir,, Spencer Ciitmical ,r)ty., GiiIf Oil,. Corp.,' Kansas .City, Mo. 64105;. Norman F. Mahiiux. Plant; Mgr, Florida Nitrogen' Co., Tampa,'. Fla. 33601.;. Dr. Edwark M. Conrov, Asst. Mgr.,. Quatity Control Dept., Texas 'Gulf Sulphpr Co., ..Newgulf, Texas 77462 -'. 28402; -Roger W. Hopfman.v, Mgr. of Safety; American-Potash & Chemical .Corp.,. I-os " Angeles, Califr00054' ~------L--1--r~--: ---7' ' ~ ..... Public' Relations Committee--Lawhence;'A.| Long. (Chairman),.-Editor, -Cfoplife, .Minne- ^. -apolisi. Minn; 55440;' y.inciKiA; iCttESSHAW.I-'Commercial . Ferlflizer.. Magazihe,. Atlanta, Ga. 30308; Charlotte Sine, Managing Editor,' Farm Chemicals, Meister'Publishing Co., Willoughby,'Ohio 44094; Zenas H. Beers, Etcec. Vice President,' Agricultural Ammonia .; - ./Institute, Memphis, Tenn. 38103 '.7 . Membership' Committee--Jerky C. Brooks, .Safety Engineer, Gitton Producers Assn., At- ; . lant:i, Ga.3C30l; ' ,T ;7' '..'7 ; '' .' . ' ?- ' Statistics and -Contest Committee--W. 'AJ'STONB.:(Chairm:in);, Gen. SupC 1 `rod. &'Safety,. . Wilson and Toomer Fertilizer. Co., Jacksonville',Fla. .32201;. Neil H. -Rubbsamen; Safety ' . . Supv.,-Southwest Potash Division, Vicksburff,-Miss; : . - - - . :/ y-".V-v ... 7 . ` 69 . i ' ;. Insurance and:Legislaiii'cC6mmittci^*E:6.BvsoU)VGHZ, Jr. (diairmari), Mgr., Insurance ;^ | " ' JDept,.F. S; Royster GuAno Co., Norfolk, Va. 23501 : ^ '; Off-tke-Job Safety.'Committee--^W.'.Jo'E''SANDOVAi,'-Safety Dir".; J; R. Simplot Go.;'Minerals, :'s and.Chemical Div.;Pocatello, IdaHo 83201; D...W.-. Flagler, Supt, Maintenance Services," ' ,j - AV. R. Grace and Co.'/Bartow, Fla. - : ~ : !/;'!': VV/: > ! ... '-Awards Cominiltee--R.], Morphy - (Chairman j, - Safety Dir!; Virginia-Carolina' Chemical- O! ; :t.Qa.,;.Nichqls, Fla,.33863 : .y.c.. 7: "!;" :< -H- -^.i.y,'--. I}..-' - .7\ ''-.'-'[ft'A v!y.1 .' '.. Industrial-Hygiene Committee--E. D. Kingsbury ^Chairman), Regional Production Mgr., ; - Federal!Chemical .Co., Louisville, .Ky. 40202; William H.TiLLERV.Safety SiRcrsopnci ; /. Su0Ep. Nitrin, Inc.;. GcSrdova, III.; W. : joE . ` Minerals" Chemical Div.r Pocatello, Idaho'83201 ... ,.-7 -;..y- ";'77\/V.":-7;-: : '. j . Mouse and'Reception Cornmi/tee--Gi(AYW).N li.,MoKki.s (Chairmaii),' Mgr.f Pr<xiuction &. . . Construction; Cooperative Fertilizer-Service, In&; Richnicwid,; Va. 23213; J. -D.;Randall,' Dir. of Safety, F..S. SeWjces, Inc;!.Bloomington,- III* .... . . ; ," -vVV- Trade 'Association CojWff7/ee^Wiu.iAM' S.'Ritnour (Chairman^.' Secy, &7Treas.,:.. Na-- v :-:\t . tional Plant' Food Institute.WajihmKton, P!,13..20(X)6;SiDNi^.^ 7 7 California Fertilizer Assn., Sacramento, Calif. 95814; David W. B'txBY, Chemical Engi- -J .V. :' neer,'-The Sulphur Institute';; Washington, ,D; C, .:20006;..William- Lazarus,...Executive ...... . .-.i ;Assistaht;.Nationai;Fertilizer Solutions Assn., Peoria,-III! 611602;. Marshal!. E-iPKit-RSE)*,.; . ' -American.Mutual. Insurance Alliance, .Chicago, III.. 60606V.-;..': i: yFinf. Protection: Committee--Mini: G. Ellison(Chairman), Plant Protection & Safety .Dir.,. - '-v. ' - ' . -.Mississippi Chemical Corp.;, `Yazoo City, Miss. 39194:'. ' Chaplain--^Mike C. Ellison", Plant Protection & Safety .Dir., . Mississippi Chemical Corp! Yazoo City, Miss: 39194 -- V. ...'/ .. !...' !.. - .' Staff Representative---RKw. F. Smith, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave! - C : Chicago, III, 60611 -. `Past Genera.l Chairman ' . ' I { 70 v, o; -.. *:.V,:"> 'V - LAV :;.v.--: V-..-v :-v : VvmVVv:VVv.vVV,:;,----*> v V y/yyywyvry^ `.v'- \yy.-;y; ; >/ ;;;-c -'nv^iV^vv;- ;:-'. y y yy- yvy;yy.;vy ^S^-r^yk^ ., ' ; . . . ' ; V> ' i',; _ \\\ . . 1 '"` . . * ' ,' * . yy* ..-A".; National Saf|^pn^^ . :i;;y':Syli:>;^rdrisdcfrphi v v z-tfX--^{y-yr \-i ' Volumg 6 .. : . *. I ~i. V, '`.Vi VI .r y. vv;- V. v* *v \: '. WOMEN'S YOUTH .. . > : y.Wv ; :: .' NATIONAL .SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue -L. _ ;. Chicago, Illinois 60611. *?*t sutti1? :r.j / ** . 1 V. V ] A: ..v- 7.. V/yl r : mmmim Kiqwto NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS OCTOBER 24}27, 1966 / CONRAD HILTON HOTEL. CHICAGO f ..:The:CongresS :is. always.a big$eek,:;a worthwhile; i?eik:. : rf;: for ;the000;>afely-people, who-attend; , At the '66.Gong^ess you J tion;:health, hygiene,; and fire prevention oh safety/;: V 1ft^.U in industry, traffic/ school, at home and on the farm:. : I u Ilf You.can see the. largest of all safety equipment exhibits ? at theCorigfess.... ah opportunity for you to make well-; . This' four-day; educational. program, planned, and. pie-' ; sented ;by the :-Nationai; Safety; Council,'caa. be .yogr rience in .1966:;. . :{:! -%;|r' !i- $.$. Make plans ear|y ti ' 0' :t;;8 -.the'other peoipplle iin. your.`organRation, who have safety.. -1 responsibilities;: ' Mi FUTURE PONGRESS.DATES. 1967 0it6ber,,'23-26' :1968 \0;ctQber. 26^31 19 69,0 etob e r: 2 7 - 3 0. 1970 October 26-29 N7VFi-brNA L-SA blu;!^ 425: NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE ..; C1HICAbQ; lLLINOIS; P*1l , n '?! 1 ; ^vV-i V \ :y-\; \i) '[/$ ,!y V`va $ `4  .s--v` 'i 53rdv NATlpNAL WETT CONGRESS iipers^Deliveredinthe -:*: i- WOMEN'S SESSIONS CONTENTS tea,. ' ;h? Women's Co'nferehce:..?; .{:;,!vi-. Mrs. William Soy/e . 4 - . Safety: A. Way .of.'tife,-:;- . Kenneth Hildebrand DO '4:' V/.1?". [; \. 'Mrs. Harry Hazard. ...'8 ;: V'-:V- 'v-r-V-W Rev.RobertA. Gruhow' `.:'.9;:. -'. jv. Driver/lmprovement Programilv..V0:-.; X:. J. >.X .Mrs. Melton McGehee'l0-. .Many Roads to D.liP.--As .a Traffic JudgeSees It... : .Mattie Belle Davis, 11 ; .X . :;V-^Va: Famv Bureiiu Activity... .. .Mrs. J. S. Van .Wert 12 :C.. \ . ^As'a Youth. Activity. ;:.. ./.Gordon'.Johnson VJ3.-.: As a Public RelationsProgram..C/oade Schlagerihauf. ,14: . Oklahoma City priyer: lmprovement Prograrr . y . /: /rene-:.Gdis. ;\ I 7. :;^ - \^As..i^Jndus'tiy.(^jo'b''SafetyActivity v James A..Waldr6n I? '? : , --As'an Adjunct .to'. Military. Training.Co/. G.,Ai Bergen.'., 21 Do for Safety7.:. How We Did ItihTrafflc Safety.:- ;K; Training Baby ..Sitters:X /..://///; .! . G. jokniph1.22 ' . Mrs. William L Millet: 26. Mn. William Steele.:.29;' . ,..v .;. 31 X.'. v- 'V'X- papers Delivered In the Challenge .to youth! /; / Vesper Siryice:AX; 'J.f; ~Safety~Aroundthe Clock;. ; . To' Drown7or Not to -DroWn. V; ' '.; X XXX: : .7oe Perrigo 33;:-: .BiifyJSmith: 33 v ..JanClark ..)37.... ; LeslieLyshe.: 39Xv Safety Afloat--rResume of Sea Explorer Scout . Water Safety Program . .v Members of .the ;Farm .Conference. 1965-66... : Members of the National Conference Members of ..the.WomenV Conference . . Howard' J.. Kusterer 40 ::. .... .X/.::'4i:X' 43 . .; :r.;.45;;: ....... ..................................... ............................................. 4_;. Other. Volumes in T96b National Safety'Congress Transactions... . ..Back Covet 1' -- 4i;...... . I* .. * '* MEMBERS OF THE; NATIONAL SAfET^ tOUN r^. j6sEPH AcKEM/(M, Managing P|rccior, Farm `Foundation, Chicago, III/;EbWARo'S.. ; AoAMS, Director, of Safety, Iowa: Farm Bureau- Federation, Dcs Moines, Iowa; Mbs.- j AlmerAkmstrong, Information Specialist,;.'/Indiana Statewide ` Rural . Eiecfrid ' Coop;, . , Indiahapolis', Ind.; John Banning,'- Assistant Director;" 4-H'.Club :and`YM.W Prbgfam's, "', FedcraI. Extension Service, U. S.-Departmentof AgricuIlurc. Washington, . D.; CZ; Dr. Bond Bible, Council on Rural Health, American McdiealAssociation, Chicago, 111.; '.' \ ;.- : W, J/Brake, Lecturer, National .GrarigcLccturer's. Office, Jfaslctt, Midi. ;:Hajiry L. "-. Bryson, Executive /Vice President, Agricultural Hall of Fame ^d-National..'Center;': '"Bonner Springs,. Kan.; Ciiari.f-s-'R/.Cavacnaro, .Aeddent.'PreventionDivision,J.FuMic . . Health Service, Dept, of Health. Education & .Wclfarc, Wasliingtbn, D. C.; DR.'JbliN .. v-B.'CLAAR/Associate -Director of; Cooperative- Exidisioir Service;: yniversitypflllmois/Z ' }'. /. Urbana/ III.;. Maynard, Coe,-' Agricultural Consultant,- Dcs;. Plaines, JI1.;GraiiamT. *' -.Coulter,-Director.of-Publications; Kra'ff'Foods.Cdmpanyj Chicago,: Ijl:; Raymond O. - -. Daw/ing, Pubjic Relations' Staff,- Gcnefal Motors Corporation, 'Detroit, -Midi/;',Harvey . '' - DXstrup/ Director,* Livestock ; Conscryatipn,-Inc:, Chicago,'.'III.,'; Claude.de'- St*- Paer, .. ' Assistant Director,' Program;' Development piv:;; "'American'; Farm ' Bureau Federation,'' : : V - . ...Chicago, -III.;" Mrs. LawrenceFisher/Vi'cc President, National Extension Homemakers;' V-. KiurNErii :.y,;:'FiitKe,"DircctoF. nf Farm'.Operatiy)n.v-Vels|cbl. . ' >:Cheiiiicai. Cbrporatibn, Chicago, -111/;. Charles. FREriwiick,. lixfrutive.Serretary, National. . .Farm & Power Equipment Dealers Association, .:St., Louis,-'*M>:; Dalton E. ; Gandy; ' . National: GqttbrisccdProducts Assn., .InC, '-Memphis, -Teroi/-; Harold, 1$. Halter,; Man- ' ; /' aging Director, Farm -Equipment Manufacturers Assn.,-St.- Louis,;Mo.; DenisJ 1ayley, Director;,'pf- Information, .National Agricultural - Chemicals Assn., Washingt-.'n/ D." C.,;/, ' .-/Russell Heston,. Director -of Engineering,; Grinned Mutual Reintarnrirt, ./ Grinnell,Iowa; Douglas Hewitt, Executive Secretary, Farm and.Indust rial-ent ' Institute,. Chicago; 111;; Dr, A. H. Ismail,' Director of Research, Dcpt.of' .'IV; -.real . //Education for. Men, ..Purdue-University, Lafayette,'Indiana; Walter Johnson, Public Health.Advisor; U;. S. Public Health Service,'1Washington, DZ-C/f Mrs.--Dorsey .Kirk, -. ". Illinois State,Grange,. Qblong,'III/; Keith;.Kirkpatrick, Associate Farm Director,;Radio ` Station W H O, Des Moines, Iowa ; EowArb R;. Klamm, Manager; Accident Prevention/-.. 'Diir.j" Allstate. -Insurance'Company,..Skokie,/- 111.; L. ,VV. -KnApp, Agricultural / Safety ' . .Engineer, Institute.of 'Agricultural.Medidne. Statc'Univcrsity of Iowa; Iowa'City,'Iowa;- ' ; -,, ;WltliAiit Kuhfuss, Pryident,/ Illinois Agricultural .Association, Bloomington,; ill.; -- , . Frank Laderer; Director of. Safcty.Nationwide Ihsunwee. CompAhy, -Columbus, .. . /Frank Ianham; . Head; -..Agricultural ' Engineering . Dept., Agricultural. Engineering :. " /.; l Biiirding/:Dniyer-sity-of-lllinoi%-Ur,baha,-rIll,; K Bruce .LouRtE,/ East. Moline, III;.C;, W:;,:yVfcMilian, / Executive Secretary,.Ameirieui.: ; . National Cattlemen's Assn.,'- Denver,;Colo/; Norm/'N ZMindeUai,- Director; National ^H.V, ./. / /;. ' .^,-.Setyice,:<jdirianiilt^-;'CI^ Managentehi'S|>e^ilbt,-.H'V'!; y: ` /DiVisioh.of Home-Economics. Fedcral Extension Service';'U..S,-;Dept...of Agricultufe, : . ; / Washington, D. C;; Herschh;'. NewsON/ ; Master, National Grange,' Washington, D/ C.';. . j. i : GuY L./ZtfpBi.E, National City, Calif.; Ralpii/ Patterson, Extension Specialisti .Fedcrai . -/ ; ; . .jutted -.States-:iD^h':.-o^'v^^ch|tihr^ Washington,. D/ ']? Petermn,- .E. .1.: du. Pont de Nemours. &;:Compahy, Atlanta, jGa.; Harry - Pontious, . V .V z*;...... Columbtis;-:Ohio';: Harry Poyviu.L,'^'Assistant: to/ Vice President, Goodyear Tire &" Rubber - ' r. Company^--Akron, .Qhio;' L./W./'Ranot,'-Director.,-of:.Product Prpgranuhih'g,'.--OHver.,.-'. '- Corpoiratipri, Chicago, III.; R;. S.-Reaves/AfaSiagcr-of- Development Engineers, Tractor . Ehgineering.^Allis-ChalmersManufacturing Co.,Milwaukee, Wis.; Frank'.Reynolds, Z- . . General .jianagefZ of Ag- -'-Industries,'' -ILj Sz Steer- .Cbrpora'tion, Pittsburgh, Pa.; / Miss. 1 , / 41 ' '*. J . l^uisE*Ko$ENraj)/ Assj^tant iJirccior^nc^c: i^onomic5# inoperative rjcicnsion-wonc4 . , : - Iowa "St^tc "University,.. Amc.v Iowa; ;Rob^t. Rupf;,.Managing;^ : ! F/lit/M*' l**nnw,j*4in* .//rtrHMrV rVilifii Tovot * HoW .^pvirhtf' fli*><#A* rtf' - .V : Robwrr E. TAYW*/ Market Dcvelopmcnt pivijiiVi, H<;p<ibIie Stcl .Corportl{OTi;C!fvelan<l( OliiojEht, Ai '\V..TKifNr.v,.Chief, AKriciiltiira! Hifiicafiori-'Ii'ritnclti',1JeparStmcnt^^.fyifes]tliJ,>' / Education^ ,Wi3fsre,.;Wast)nKtein, I}.: Ci;>GH ,*ri,ka, J, VaN Absdai.k, -Anfatatit Seere- .tary, NatihrtalAssn. of. Mutual Ini.v Co/*/'.Itvliaiiapull*, Ind; JaMes VVALi^.Extcutive Secrelary/ NationaI Vcati6n:il AKrfciiIturai TiMclicrV Association, Itic., .Lirc6lrt,'.Nclt.; Du; F. R. Wiu.!!Vi> Kxtcruion Safety -Specialist,Pi|r<lue 'ynivcrity,. L4fa:ycttc, . Jriil;; : . Jons H. 'Zictt, Mjjr.VTecii. Data & . Standards DciKirtiricrjt, Ford Motor Go.j^Tr^ctorv,.;. ' .& Implcment . Division,; I!irminf<liam,:' R<ficjj; :* ;'Caim.tow' . L.-" 7.is K, Product.'' planning/. . . Decre &Company;:Moline, III, : if-, v. f.- 42 L-' t. . .. ' . ' . . . ; I : .-.A.- .................. V < T\i _;Vvi, v- .. *. -.* : " ' ' - ;; -v ': ` erm,m-rn ::4-- .v-^ ^v.-a:"v " j'-r'r-j- yrr.'-t'V':'" : ,*. * /. / .. ./. ;: ?' v: *. : i-. . . -t - , .. . * -V ...*! .V. ... '/cV ; T-t'.' ::v. .* OFFICERS OF WE >' -; , GLASS AND CERAMICS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 - ...'ViI . #. i\ General Ch.airman--CTD^Noce,* Pittsburg.h .P.la.te.G.lass Co.,.Crystal City, Mo.. .. . ... ... - '. : First Vie^Ciiairman--Fkank Bentley.-Brockway-GlassCo:,-Brockway,Pa.----------;--:-- / -fv Second Vice Chairman--FkAHK Manning, Font Motor Co, Class & Chemical Products ? Div, Dearborn, .Midi. 48121^ -\- . I .. Secretary--Joint J; Ijdsa- PittsburgtiPlate Glass Co., Cutnbcrl?n5, Sid..' - Newsletter Editor--A ndrew Oresick, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Ford City, Pa.- - . "- y Health Committee--*\V. G. Hazard (Chairman), Owens-Illinois, Inc, .Toledo,-Ohio;'John V. Skendall, Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222; W. W. Boxell, Foster-Forbes GlassCo, Marion, Ini. ................ -. '. y/-\ .Safety Promotion Committee--W.-W. Merrick (Chairman), General .Refractories Co.; ,. : Baltimore, Md.; Harry Hanes, Owens-Illinois, Inc, -Plant 14i. Bridgeton, N. J.-; H. V. Gardner, Owens-Illinois lnc., Toledo, Ohio; jERRY AGNr.w.Owens-Hlinois, Clarion,'Pa. - ;'?. . -. ' . ,' ; ... Nominations Committee--Rodert W. Moulton (Chairman), 'Ball Brotberi-.Cb, Inc, Muncie, Ind.; *John-Rhpinheieh, Hunt-Foods, Inc^,-Fullerton, Calif.; Frank Bent- . ley,'Brockway Glass Co, Brockway;-Pa.'- " . ' '' 1'. Membership Committe'er-TaaiY' Castle (Chairman),' Caslle-Hanson- Corp, Rodiester, -Si. Y.; `John V. Skendall, Harbison-Wallcer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Frank J, Bentley,- ; Brockway Glass Co., Brockway, Pa.; Howard Baker, Pittsburgh Comiiig Corp.. Port Allegany, Px ' ' . ' Off-The-Jbb Safety Commillee-^H. Clark.Underwood. (Chairman), Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co, Pittsburgh, Px 15222; Jerry Acnew,-Owens-Illinois, Inc, Clarion, Px; Howard ,- Baker, Pittsburgh Corning Cbrp, Port Allegany, Pa." - ' News Letter: Committee--Andrew Oresick (Chairman), Pittsburgh-Plate Glass Co., Ford -; City, Px;A. D. Davis;' Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Works Ho..I, Creighton, Pal; *John ' B. Fullen, Kopp Glass, Pittsburgh, Pa.;'Charles Isler, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.; C. 5. Krafft, Pitsburgh Plate Glass Co,- Works-No. 10, Henrjctta, . Okla.; Eugene. Grove, Pittsburgh Plate Glass JCo, Works No. 26j Crestline, Ohio. .' Program Committee--John W. Bloom (Chairman), Owens-Illinois Glass Co, Fairmont, ' W. Vx; Frank-Manninc, Ford Motor Co,-Dearborn, Mich.; *James-L,--MorriS, The Federal Glass Co., Columbus, Ohio; jERRV Acnew', Owens-Illinois,: Clarion, Pa. Engineering Committee--*John V. Skendall (Chairman), Harbisoh-Walker (Refractories . `Ox, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222; W. W. Boxell, Foster Forbes Glass Co, Marion,Ind.; John J; Long, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Cumberland, Md.; Fred Clark, Glenshaw Glass-Co, Glenshaw. Px ' -- - , '. i .j .j j- i`- ' -I 1 Associations Committee^-*James L. Morris (Chairman), The Federal Glass Co, Columbus, Ohio; C. S. Krafft, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Works No. 10, Henryetta, Okla. .' Safety^ Contest Committee--*H\ V. Gardner ' (Chairman), .Owens-Illinois, .'Inc, Toledo Ohio; *Edwin L.' Wray, Ball Bros. Co, Inc, Muncie, Ind; *James L. Morris, The .. Federal .Glass Co, Columbus, Ohio; *Joseph E. Mb2RisoN,PittsburghP!ate Glass Co, Pittsburgh, Pa. . : Training Commtttee-^jEsaLY Acnew (Chairman), Owens-Illinois, Clarion, Pa.; A. D. Davis, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Cd/Works No. 1, Creighton, Pa.=; Alan Bober, Pittsburgh Plate ; Glass Co, Clarksburg,-Wi .Va. _ . "Blowers and Puggets" Committee--(PastGoieral Chairmen)--Feed G. Anderson, Corn ing, N. Y,; H. -V. Gardner, Owens-Illinois, Inc, Toledo, Ohio; John P. Stephenson, Ball Bros. Co, Inc, Muncie, Ind.; James L, Morris, The Federal Glass Co, Columbus, Ohio; J. C. Dittmer, Cranford, N. J.J T, R, Donoghue (deceased), Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.; W, G. Hazard, Owens-Illinois, Iric, Toledo, Ohio; Harry A. Jackson, Frigidaire Div, Plant No. 3, General Motors Corp, Daytorr:Ohio;J.H: Gatreu, Amer ican Saint Gobain Corp, Kingsport; Tenn.; John B, Fullen, Kopp Glass Inc, Pitts burgh, Pa:;; Russell W. Frank, Ferro Coip, Cleveland; Ohio; ClydeC. Ruddick, 'Bethel Park, Pa.; John V..Skendalj, Harbisori-Walker JRefractories Co, Pittsburgh, .Pa. 15222; Edwin L. Wray, Ball Bros. Co, Inc., Muncie, . Ind ; .Clinton Ballinger, Owens-Illinois, Inc, Gas City, Ind; Joseph E. Morrison; Pittsburgh. PlateGlass; Co, Pittsburgh,- Pa. .15222; John Rheinheimer, Hunt. Foods, Inc., Fullerton, Calif:^Robert W. Moulton, Ball Brothers Co, Inc, Muncie,. Ind -.' . Staff Representative--G. Shibley, National Safety Council, 425 N.'Michigan Ave, Chicago, III. 60611 Past Genera! Chairman v OFFICERS OF THE METALS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 General Chairman--George Lundie, Asst. Dir., Safely Plant Prof. Dept, Inland Steel . Co, East Chicago, Ind. - First. Vice Chairman--W. -.T' McLean, Gen. Siipvr. of Safety & San, United States Steel Corp, Gary Steel Works, Gary, Ind. Second Vice Chairman--B. D. Kent; Safety & Security. Supvr, Aluminum Company Of America, Davenport Works, Davenport, Iowa Third Vice Chairman--C. P. Vorhes, Mgr. of Safety, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. . Secretary---Steve Collins, Safety Dir, Midwest Steel Div, National Steel Corp, Por- tage, Ind. Newsletter Editor--W. R. Robuk, Manager of Safety, Allegheny Ludltrm Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. . Co-Editors and Speakers Bureau^H. W. Gilberg, Works Safety Admin, Jones ft Laughlin Steel Corp, Aliquippa Works, Aliquippa, Pa. Congress Program Committee--J. Patlyek (Chairman), Mgr. Indus. Rel, Blaw-Knox < Co," Foundry'&'.'Mill~Mach. Gr, East Chicago,-Ind.;-R. A-.McRa^..Safety Eng, ' The Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp,'Pueblo, Colo.";.G.'-F. Grace, Sales Mgr, Industrial . Chain' Div, Columbus McKinnon Chain Corp, Tonawanda, N.'.Y.; L. C. Parker, Safety Dir, Granite City Steel Co, Granite .City, 111.; G. 'H.. Retley. Safety Eng, Admin., United .States Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa. . Technical Publications Committee--D. W. Brown (Chairman), Safety Eng, United States Steel Corp, .Pittsburgh, Pa.;. Manfdrd Ruby, Safety Eng, Laclede Steel Co, Alton, I1L; J. C. Dares, Mgmts. Rep, Bethlehem Steel Corp, Chicago. III.; Andrew T. Pochiber, Safety Dir, Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp, Leechburgh, Pa. Membership Committee--John E. Sprowles (Chairman), Gen. .Safety'Supvr, Caterpil- . lar Tractor Co, Pe6ria~III.~Ri~lr"REiCHLEj-Supvr. of Safety, The' Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, 'Youngstown; Ohio; Enw. Mandry, SupL, Ind. Rel, Republic . Steel Corp, Cleveland District, Cleveland, Ohio'. t- ,' ** * Off.-The-J'ob Committee--F. H. Iixtc (Chairman), Mgr. of Safety. & Security, Alu: mipum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa.; H. D. Holtzapple (Past Gen. Chr.); D. D. Mateer (Past Gen. Chr.) ;. J. C Cullen. (Past Gen. Chr.); J. W.'Tvsse (Past Gen-. Chr.) Training and Education Committee--W-. P. Saunders (Chairman), Safety Dir,- Cyclops' . Corp, UniversaT.Cydops Specialty Steel Div, Bridgeville, Pa.; D. L. Johnson, Supvr, Safety Eng, Pennsylvania.Manufacturers Assn, Casualty Insurance Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; 17 L-- I .4 James D,'Carey-,. Supvr, Indus. Safety Sec., Steel Div., Ford Motor Co., Rouge Plant, Dearborn, Mich.; L. Wozny, Jr., Pit. Safety Engr., Bethlehem Steel Corp, Sparrows Point, Md. Contest and Awards Committee-- E. M. Bouquet (Chairman'),' Supt,' Safety & Pit Prot., Aone Steel. Corp, Chicago, III.;. J.: F. Dwyer, Safety''Supvr, Republic Steel Corp, ' Chiragb~DistHct, Chiragb7lli" .... ...........'----- --:--------;----------------------- Foundry' Industry Committee--W. R. Ethridge (Chairman), Mgr, Indus. Rel, Blaw-Knox Co, Aetna Standard Div, Ellwood City; Pa.; Charles Retert, Per. Mgr, Grede Foundry, Milwaukee, Wis.;J. M. Eakin, Dir. of Safety &' Ins, The Cooper-Bessemer Corp, Grove City, Pa.; H. J. Weber, Dir. of Safety, Hyg, & Air Poll. Con, American Foundry-men's Society, Des Plaines, III.; W. H. Decker, Safety Mgr, Central Foundry, Danville, 111.; G. W..Daws, Asst. Per. Mgr, National Malleable Steel Castings Co, Sharon, Pa.; Thomas L. Hewitt,'Dir, Indus,-Rel, Vulcan Mold & Iron Co, Latrobe, Pa. . ' . Steel Service Center Committee--J. B. Anderson (Chairman), Safety Eng, Republic Steel ` Corp, Cleveland, Ohio; Arthur- J. Matten, Mgr. of Per,-.United States.Steel Supply . Div, United States Steel Corp, Chicago, 111.- Industrial Hygiene Committee--John A. Janous (Chairman), Sen. Indus, Hyg; Eng, Jones . & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pjl; Harry M. Donaldson, Mgr, Indus. Hyg. and Safety, The Brush Beryllium Co, Elmore, Ohio; W. E. Sebasta, Chief Indus. Hyg, Republic Steel Corp., Research Center, Independence,' Ohio; E. J. Largent, Mgr. of Environ. & Indus. H.yg, Reynolds Metals Co,, Richmond, Va. Steel Industry Committee--J. S. Chapman (Chairman), Mgr. of Safety, Armco Steel Corp, Middletown, Ohio; George Davis, Supvr. of Safety,.Bethlehem Steel Corp, Lackawanna Ptl, Buffalo, N. Y.; Behl Ellis, Supvr. of Safety, Sheffield Div, Armco Steel Corp, Kansas- Gty Mo.'; W. F. Heid, Supvr. of Safety, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co, E^t Chicago, Ind.; E..E.McWhertor,' Manager, Per. &. Safety, Sharon.Steel Corp, Farrell, Pa.; Roy Minnick^Safety~Dif~Intei-Iake Iron' ^StrcPCorjx7~Chicago, IIIfFH. L7 Seimetz, Senior Safety Supvr, Republic Steel Corp, Central Alloy District, Canton, Ohio . ' Son-Ferrous Industry Committee--Howard L. Hood (Chairman), Supt, Safety & Security, Ormet Corp, Hannibal, Ohio.; R. C. Graham,' Dir, Safety Coordinator, Union Carbide Corp, Metals Div, Ashtabula, Ohio;' THEHON T; Finder; Safety Dir, Kehnecott Copper Corp, Utah Copper Div, Salt Lake City, Utah; John A. Turk, Dir.'of Safety and Indus.' Health, United States Metal? Refining Co, Carteret,' N. j.; Edward C. Grund, Safety Supvr, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp, Hawthorne Works, Baltimore, Md.; F. H. Illig, Mgr. of Safety & Security, Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. Fabricating Industry. Committee--Earl A. Bratton (Chairman), Executive Secretary, Steel Plate Fabricators Assn, Chicago, III.; E. S. Sxorupa, Safety'Dir, Graver Tank.& Mfg. Co, East Chicago, Ind.; E. J. Collins, Safety Supvr, Bethlehem Steel Corp, Leetsdale, Pa. . ... ;. West Coast Committee--R. C. Beckstead (Coordinator), Dir, Safety & Tech, Empl, American Smelting & Refining Co, Salt Lake Gty, Utah McmbijIirr at Larger-Homer K. Lambie (Chairman), Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp, Oakland, Caiif.; Harry Schwartz, President, Washington Pipe & Steel Co, Seattle, Wash. 18 i San Francisco Area--RovE. Matjson (Chairman), Federated Metals Div, American Smelting & Refining Co., San Francisco, Calif.; P. P.Pelton, Js,'Safety Eng., Bethle hem Steel Corp., Sotrth San Francisco Pit, SanFrandsco, Calif. Northwest Area--R. V.'MfuiciN (Chairman), Safety Supvr, Hydro-AIumimim.& Chemical--------- Corp., Trentwood Works,. Spokane, Wash. R. S. Jamas, 'Safety. Eng., Bethlehem Steel ___ . Corpi Pacific Coast Div., Seattle, Wash. ------- Los Angeles Area--Edwin S. Wynkoop (Chairman), Bethlehem Steel Corp., Pacific Coast .Div., Los Angeles, Calif.;-A. C.-Gates, Harvey Aluminum Co, Torrance, Calif. .. Salt Lake City /ireo--Theron T. Pinder (Chairman), Safety Dir, Kennecott Copper Corp, Utah Smelter, Salt Lake City, Utah. Research and Advisory Cononxtiee--1'Charles E..'Wilson (Chairman), Safety. Eng, Beth lehem Steel Corp, Bethlehem, Pa.; J. W; Tysse, Coord, of Safety, Republic Steel Corp, Cleveland, Ob!o; *James G. Coujen, Supvr, Safety Sec, Ford Motor Co, Dearborn, . Mich,;.*D. D. Mateek, Safety Coordinator,-Safety & Welfare Dept, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *R. I. Pisle, Supt. of Ind. Rel, Chicago District Republic Steel Corp, Chicago, III:; *J. D. Holtzapple, Mgr.-of Safety & Training, Blaw-Knox Co, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *G. E. Ejgenbrod, Safety Dir, McLouth Steel Corp, Trenton, Mick; *G- O. Gbiffin, Mgr, Hazard Con,' Dravo Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; ?H.'S. Simpson, Mgr. Safety, Caterpillar Tractor Co, Peoria, 111.; 'j. E Ridinger, Dir, Safety & Plant Prot,- Inland Steel Co, East. Chicago, Ind. ; *P. E. Grundman, Safety Engineer, Armco Steel Corp, Baltimore, Md.; *D. A. Farbeu, Dir. of Safety, U. S. Steel Corp, Pittsburgh, Pa.; *H. G. Hensel, ^rcadia, Calif. ' Staff Representative--E E Koch, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, 111.: 60611, Past .General Chairman ------- i L-- 3 MEMBERS OF THE MOTOR TRANSPORTATION CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 ---------------- --Vice-President for-Motor- Transportation--Hasuly E- Foulkrod. _ Chairman--Dorwin L. Williamson 1 Pint Vice Chairman--Lorhk F. P.urves Immediate Past-Chairman--Harold R. Hosea Chairman Commercial Vehicle Section--Bert L. Wheat . ' Chairman Transit Section--Raymond G." Davis Chairman School Transportation Section--Roy W. Walter Staff Secretary--Alfred C. Finch - _______ -__ ` Members of the Board of Directors. Representing Motor Transportation Conference-- . Ernest G..Cox, Robert; E.s Cocke, Albert L. Hauck, Robert C. Hendon, Harold R. Hosea, Claude A, Jessup, Finley S. Lake, Edward B, Landry, C Bill Lemon, Willard G. Macintosh, Arthur' J. Naquin, Karl Schulze, Dorwin L. Williamson - - -Honorary Life Members--F~ J. Buhner,- P. H. Coburn, J. P. HightoVver Executive Committee--D. L. Williamson, ' Chairman; H.'E.. Foulkrod, L. F. Purves, H. R. Hosea, B..L. Wheat, N. J. BlEau, R. C Davis,'H. M. Baker, R. W. Walter, -- : O. G. Parrish, W. J. Simon, E. J: Emond, W. G. Macintosh, H. A, Brandaleone, H. N. Schulz, W. H. Franey, K. Schulze, : S. A. Ossman, C W. Boyce, D. M. Fergusson, G D. Calkins, M. G. Bullock, E. G. Cox, A. L. Hauck, C. B. Lemon, J. W. Lumpkin, A. J. Naquin, F.-S. Lake; Secretary,- A. C. Finch ' ` Members of .the-Motor Transportation Conference--]. Pope Baird, Assistant Director - of Administration, Transportation Section, State Department of Education, Tallahassee, ' Fla.; Howard M. Baker, Director, of Accident Prevention, Montreal Transportation . - - - Commission, Montreal, Quebec, Can.; 'Ernest M. Barber, Director Safety 'and Insur ance, Scherer Freight Lines, Inc.,-Ottawa, 111;; Kenneth'N.- Beadle, Director of. ' Safety,' Pacific Intermountain Express,-Oakland, Calif.; Harry W. Becker, Safety .Manager,'American Gas Association, Ind, New York, N. Y.; Norman J. Bleau, Safety .Director, Automobile Shippers,. Inc., Detroit, Mich.; George E. Bleuel, Super intendent of 'Safety; Burlington. Truck Lines, Inc., Galesburg, 111.; William P. Bowling, Jr., Director, Safety and Qaims,. Virginia Trailways, .Charlottesville, Va.; Carroll W. Boyce,'Chief Editor, Fleet Owner ifapazine. M.c-Graw-Hill Publishing : . Company, New York, N. Y.; HaroldA.: Brandaleone, M.D.,' Chairman, Committee ' on .Standards'for`-Motor Vehicle Drivers, Industrial Medical Association, New-York, N. Y.; Melvin G.. Bullock, Manager, ; Safety Engineering Department, .Transit Casualty Company, St Louis, Mo.; John M.-Busby, Jr., Superintendent of Trans portation, Memphis Transit Management Company, Memphis, Tcnn.; Clay D. Calkins, Manager,'Safety' and Personnel, Pacific Motor Trucking. Company, San Francisco, Calif.; Syl A. Caria, Executive Vice President and Genera! Manager,.-Twin-City Lines, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.; Robert*' W. Cary, Regional Safety Officer--Reg. 2, U. S. - 61 Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, Calif;; R.'Dewey Cassell, President,. Safety. Motor Transit Company, Roanoke, Va.; Hanford L. .Combs,.Chief, Pupil Trans portation, Ohio State Department of Education, Columbus, O.; Max Cooke, Vice President,' Claims. Prevention," McLean Trucking Company, Winston-Salem,. N. G";' Ernest G. Cox; Chief/Section of Motor Carrier Safety,- Interstate Commerce Com mission, Washington, D. G;.Raymond Davis, Director of Safety/New York City Transit Authority, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Frederick H. Deec* Manager^ Acddent &Fire. "Prevention .Department, American Mutual Insurance Alliance, Chicago, III.-; John A. Depew, Director, Safety and Personnel, Dohrn Transfer Cothpany, Rock Island, 111.; Coto/ DoBELL, Manager, Staff_ServiceJIransportatioo,^British_Coli)mlria-Hydro and Power. Authority, Vancouver, B. G, Cam; Martha Dunlap, Executive Director, National Truck Leasing System, Chicago, I1L; Bernard H. Ehrlich, Association . Manager, Institute of Industrial Latunderers, Washington, D. C; Raymond G Ellis, Jr.,- Fleet Safety Coordinator, American Insurance Association, New York, N. Y.; Edward J. Emond, Director of Aiitomative Safety, Armour and Company, Chicago, 111.;-Douglas M. Fergusson, Superintendent of Safety, Personal-Lines, Nationwide Insurance Company, Columbus, O.; David M. Flynn, Superintendent of Transporta tion, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, I1L; .William M. Foley, Director of Safety, Consolidated Frdghtways, Chicago, I1L; Harry E. Foulkrod, Senior Executive Vice President, Fraehauf Corporation, Detroit, Mich.; William H. Franey, Director, .Highvyay Safety Division,, International Association of Chiefs of Police, Washington, D:.-C;'Richard; V.. Gallagher, Executive Secretary, American-Taxicab'Association, Libertyville, 111.; .Robert E.- Gocke, Vice President Regulatory Relations, Greyhound Lines; Inc, Chicago, IIL; Richard -Gorman, Supervisor, Safety and Public Affairs, Allstate Insurance: Companies, Skokie," III.; Harold K. Halbbooks, Director, Accident Prevention Division) National Automobile ^Transporters Association, Detroit; Mich.; Dale . W. Hardin, Manager,- Transportation & Communications "Department, Chamber of Commerce of die U. S. Washington, D. G; Albert L. Haucx, Director, Safety, "and Public Relations; Transportation Underwriters,. Inc, Indianapolis, Ind.; -Robert G HENDON. -Vice President, Industry Affairs, REA" Express, Inc; "New Ybrk, -N. Y.; William R. Holley, SpbciarLines Engineer, Track Insurance Exchange, Los Angeles, Calif.; Harold R. HoseA, Director of Research, National Association of Motor Bus Owners, Washington, "D..G;. Joseph V, Intorre,..Supervisor, Motor "Fleet & Traffic Training; Institute of Public Safety, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; John W. Jacobson, Director, Accident Control Division, F.. J. Boutell Driveaway Company,-Flint, Mich.; Claude A. Jessup, President, Virginia Trailways, Charlottesville, Va.; Walter H. `Johnson, Vice President"Technological Services,' National L-P Gas Association, Chicago, 111.; Joseph . M. Kaplan, Manager,' Greater Los Angeles Chapter, National Safety Council, Los Angeles, Califj; Alfred E. Kenrick, Jr^ System Safety Director,. South Carolina Electric and Gas Company, Columbia, S. C.; Finley S: Lake, Director of Safety, Interstate Motor- Freight System, Grand Rapids, Mick; Henry GL- Lamb, Safety, Engineer. American Standards Association, Iuil, New York, N. "Y.; Edward B. Landry, Director of Safety and .Health, Bureau" of Personnel,-U. S, Part Office Department, Washington, D. G; J; Russell Langwig, Jr.,' Bell System Safety. Supervisor, American .Telephone and Telegraph; New York, N.Y.;G Bill Lemon,- Director," School Bus Safety, School Transportation Division, State "Department of' Education, Santa Fe, N. M.; J. D. Littrell, Director of Trans- "portation, Dallas County .Schools, Dallas, -Tex.; A. S. Lombardi, Vice President, Labor and Safety, Western Gillette, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. / Frank P. Lowrey, Assistant Managing. Director,' Auto Industries Highway Safety Committee, Washington, D. G;i Van Court Lucas, American Transit Association,.New.York, N. Y.; J. Wylie Lump kin, Sertion Manager, Safety Services, REA Express, Inc, New York; N." Y.; Robert L. Lutes, Director of Fleet Safety, Air Products and ChcmicalSi Inc./Allentown, Pa.; Willard G. Macintosh, Manager, Engineering' Department, Hartford Insurance Group,New -York; N. Y.; Jack F. McKenna, Safety and Fire Protection Coordinator, Ameri can Petroleum Institute, New York, N. Y.; Charles ..G Mttj.fr, Chairman, Tire ..Division, Rubber Manufacturers Association, New York, N. Y.; Lee Mills, -Director Safety, Gncinnati Transit Company, Cincinnati, O.; Arthur j. Naquin, Safety . . - Counselor, New Orleans Public Service, lac.. New Orleans, La.; Richard O; Olson, . Safety aiid Personnel. Director, Dan' Dugan- OH and Transport Company, Sioux -Falls, . S. D.j ^StanleyA-Ossuan, Director, of Safety, Western Greyhound Lines, San Frahci^,"Caltf.;; Frank C. Palmer,. Office of Economic Opportunity-Job Corps, * Washington, D. C.; Orville G. Parrish, Director .of Pupil Transportation, State Department/of..Education, Trenton, N. J.; Stanley W.Parsons,-General Safety Di rector. Carnation Company, Los Angeles, Calif.; Harold L. Pellegrino, Assistant - . . Directorof Safety/Kansas-Highway: Commission,Topeka,_Kan.;IaNE F. Purves, __ SupOTntendent, Transportation and Safety, Toronto Star, LttL, Toronto, Ontario, Can.; : v 7" ; ; Morris W. Rannels, Supervisor, of Transportation, State Department of Education, Baltimore,--Md.-;'~DWioHT-E. ; Ray,-Director.-of_Safety, Pilot Freight Carriers, Iiic., Winston-Salem, N. C; William R.' Redmond, Fleet Safety ConsultantT'Employers-------------------- --- ' f . Mutuals of Waiisau, Wausau, Wis.; Robert H.. Rush, Director, Transportation -Serv- ices. Board of Public ` Instruction, Volusia Co., DeLand, Fla.; Tom Rust, Safety Supervisor} Yellow Transit. Freight Lines, Kansas City, Mo.; Claude Schlagenhauf, ... Director . of Industrial .Relations, Akers Motor Lines, Inc., Charlotte; N. C; Elmer. R.' Schuemann, Superintendent, Transportation and Safety, United Motor Coach Company,. DesPiaines, UL'; Howard N. Schulz, Secretary, Committee on Medical .. Aspects .of Automotive Safety, American ' Medical Association,'Chicago, III; Karl Schulze, Supervising Safety Engineer, Standard Oil. Company of California/Weston . Operations, `Inc,. San Frandsco, Calif,; William J. Simon, Safety Coordinator, Na tional Highway Users Conference, Washington, D. C; Patrick S. Sirois, Director .of Safety and Personnel,'Fuchs Balring Company--Holsura Bakers; South Miami;-Fla.; . E. Jack Sungerland, Safety Director, Seattle Transit System, Seattle, Wash.; Harold L. Smith, President, Driver Improvement Institute, Inc, Los Angeles, Calif.Goley . D. Sontheimer, Director, Department of Safety, American Trucking Associations, Washington, D. C.; David H. Soule, Coordinator, School Bus Driver .Education,. Division of Field Services,-Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti,'Mich.; Kenneth A.Stonex, Automotive Saifety Engineer, Engineering Staff, General Motor Corpora tion, GM Technical Center,. Warren, Mich.; David L. Strozhmann, Vice President, .' Stroehmann Brothers Company, Williamsport, Pa.; Felix.C.. Tapp, Director, Personnel / & Safety; San Antonio Transit System, San Antonio, Tex.; Elliott A. Thiel, Direc-'. tor. Accident" Prevention, Columbus Transit Co., Columbus, O.; G. Wray Thomas, ' General Superintendent Transportation,- Philadelphia' Transportation Company,.Phila delphia, Pa.; Stephen J. Tompkins, Chief Engineer--Trucks, Dodge Division, Chrysler . Corporation, Detroit, Mich.; J. Francis Trihmer, Vice President, Industrial.Relations, The Ringsby-System, Denver, Colo.; Roy W. Walter, Director, School Transportation and-Driver Education,.State Department of Education, Charleston; W. Va.; Howard ,.T; Walton, DirCctoh of Safety, McLean Trucking Company, Winston-Salem, N. ,C; Thomas L. Ward, Superintendent of- Training, Milwaukee and Suburban Transport Co., Milwaukee,' Wis.; Bertram L. Wheat, Safety Director, Eastern Express, Inc, . Terre. Haute, Ind.; John C White,; Managing Director, Private I Truck Council of America, Washington,; D.. C-; Thomas H. Wilkenson, U- S. Army Director of ;. Safety, Washington, D. G; Dorwin L. Williamson, Superintendent,.Training and Safety,-Cleveland' Transit.-System, Cleveland, O.; Samuel ,D. Wirenius, Director of Safety, Wenhatt) Transportation, Inc, Qeveland, O.; Daniel G. Wisotzxey, Super-. - visor of Transportation; Boulder Valley Schools #2, Boulder, Colo. ; Philip W. Young; Director.of Personnel, Safety & Claims, Realers Transit, Inc, Chicago, 111.; Frank' H. Zimmerman, Director of Safety, National Gypsum Company, Buffalo, N. Y.- i>0" POWER PRESS JiND FORGING SECTION USE OF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS TO TRAlM supervisors By B. G. MOXLEY . : Safety Supervisor, Stamping Grbup.-ChryslerCorp., Detroit,. Mich. Our. training: program -for-supervisors- is : which, in turn arc then shipped to our ari exclusive- one!-Each anti every one of., customers--the car assembly plants. . y; our 2,000 mcii on. tlie stamping group'man-.-.- .."Of course '-we-have' to.have- a large sup agement roll attended aorie-hoiir.training porting group, of maintenance people .to set session weekly. - ' . .; up and. keep bur operation moving. 'All - nezu management .-people joining our . "Fach . of . these operations -has its' own organization--of ay h i c h there . were 247. .. individual set of hazards.. How awareare added during'; the:-year -1064 and' an.: addi-": you of the hazards in 'our stamping groiip ticmal 282 in 1965 making a . total of "529-- plants? - - were required to attend a full 40-liour week ; "For instance, did you know that, al pi training at group, headquarters. ' though the skilled trades persqnhel cornprise . You. can . readily. .sce; 'tiiat . we' are con . about 1.0 per cent of our - employee group centrating bn our lone. foremen. Our con-!. -that they"have 30 per cent--of- the. lost-time tinuoii's audio-visual approach includes, biir ; .accidents? -- . - . own-' 78th-slidc -presentation,:-which vis .nar "Or. did you. realize" tliat' the laceration is; rated with the following: script : the must common type of accident in. our "Justwhose .'responsibility'."is- safety in press room operation and results from your plant f employee failure to wear proper protective ``The safety administrator ? Yes--in some clothing, or, tliat -with.a 100.per cent eye degree. It is his responsibility. to set safety, protection program, we" still- experienced policies,.- see. that safety equipment is mstalled, to enforce, safety regulations and to'be .constantly.alert to hazards,!TM/-- '. over 2,500, eye injuries in' 1964, or, that in. the non-productive area, careless operation of ..vehicles anil .improper lifting arc - two "He is only/one. man among -many, .lie- . of our biggest sources of:accidents? ; can't lie everywhere at" once and "he can't . "Accidents - are; most likely to happen supervise, every employee all the time, so, where unsafe' acts take place--and unsafe jicrliaps; we sliould look at--; .; ' acts take place where unsafe conditions "The employee. After all it's his welfare exist. . so . therefore: he. should' be "responsible Tor "Our .'question is--how aware, arc you . liis^own--safety---amh-yoidrc--right^-hut -of--the--unsafe_acts--amHunsafe_condilkuifl He's human. He- has' to be educated-arid tliat exist around you .-in your stamping 'reminded constantly that safety-is-a-way of ! plant? - life and not. a game of. chance.. So. that "To find out, we've prepared a test of brings its. down to-^- .. ... safety awareness that! you will be asked to "You guessed it---You/ Joe Sui>ervisor. . lake right now. . You're- the one who lives closest to your "You have before you. a list of 20 num- employee--you'rctlie one who knows .your' liers.; Each "one. represents a\ picture', that 'equipment mid -detiartment better .than, any will he shown on the screen. As the picture one else. Safety is yoitr responsibility.' appears, ask yourself, "what unsafe act or "Basically,: we arc .metal- formers.- We '-what unsafe condition exists in this pic- form - dies- which, in. turn go into 'presses (urc?"; You will lie allowed to view the to form sheets of metal' into parts that .' picture fo'r 15 seconds, during which time are .then assembled into sub-assemblies. you will write your'answer.. 1965 National Safely Congress "Okaj^-let's have a look at the :practice "In picture No: 6,' we see two girls coP slide and`then we'll go directly into the test. operating, beautifully. in how' - to do thin'gs Next slide'shows man smoking cigarette ~ thi~sprang .way: ~Under no ciraimstances do under "No Smoking" sign. we allow, two operators to operate one set .``Okay--you'should have written next to. .-.the sample question--``smoking.in prohibited of palm buttons! Soineone's bound to .get out of phase and then we're, in for trouble. zone" or words to that effect. "In slide 7-we see a man who is not long : for this, world. If that chain cuts loose, "Now we'll go . on to 20 similar pictures he's a gone cookie. .' .' and. you..will write your comments: next to the appropriate number. - ."In No. 8, you see two.,violations occurring simultaneously. The. hi-Io operator :is (Twenty test slides arc then .shown.) ~ carrying a load that obscures his vision--- '"Okay, - let's - find cut. what / your safety and the hand truck operator isn't watphing I.Q. is.. We're goirig^to go; back oyer each where 'he's going. Disaster is about tostrike ! of the pictures and..see how. you did. As - "No: 9 slide shows a lii-Io operator mak-.. we discuss, each -picture, put a plus or a ing like- Sir ' Lancelot riding out' to .slay minus next to your answer so you can .dragons. If lie' doesn't come down to 'earth figure your , own score. ' with tlie forks of this truck, he; niay `be "In picture No. 1 you have a wide range slaying other workers rather than dragons. of possibilities-' The stock is not properly "Here's - another '.hi-Io * driver playing 'it fastened .and . could. break' loose under op-, unsafe. The forks- are too', dose together eration; The man is operating, a drill with and the steel, is not banded. Balancing tricks gloves :.that could'get .caught and cause.ex- : may be good for cocktail'parties, but they tensive injuries.' TJie same - applies'-..-to the- have no place in' a stamping plant:- .Fancy-Dan necktie, and the Jong' sleeves -on . . "Improvised stock tables in No.:. 11:'.can his shirt. - To top it alb off, he- doesn't' even lead to nothing but trouble, and right'over: have his safety glasses on! We'll grant his shoulder, you can see that ! he has' ai that this is"an extreme case, but we're-sure ; sample .of the safe, way to' stack stock.- . you've seen worse--or have you? If. you've named .any one of these unsafe, acts, give yourself a plus.: "Need we' say.,anything 'about No. 12? The. last we heard of this employee he was '.spotted as. an unidentified flying object, over ' . "You may have had to look a little closer at the sccond picture to pick up the unsafe condition. .Take another , look,' though,, and you'll see a set of palm button's on the press' bed while, a set of safety engineered press buttons on the stand in' the foreground arc. ignored. Someone's asking for trouble here. Salt Lake City. ` . "There is always someone; who wants to try defying the laws of common sensd No. 13 might just-get away with';this-type.''-of- lift liook-up--but on tlie other hand,, lie. might niiob "If-you missed the with exposed electrical ^bsjdc_answerJ&>, 3. damaged switch box wires, write .``shame" ------r---- "Wc had one man like No; 14; who.: tried pounding with a mushroomed tool.. That was several-months ago. Tlie tool, shattered "and., a piece of the metal pierced, his . ab "In the fourth' picture,- you see a foot domen. Tlie doctors are-still trying ta pedal without a guard: Any [rtisscr-liy could deride whether to leave ' his souvctiir'inside step on'it at the .wrong time,, or a piece of him or operate and remove ib. ' heavy material could fall on ' the pedal-- and. wham! lit . a second's time a lost-time accident.: .' ` "In slide 5, we have a serious technician hard at work, (n fact, he's concentrating' "In No. 15,. wc liave two unsafe: condi tions in one act. First, the guard is not. hi. place and -second, the tool rest is set too far away from the grinding: wheel. so haid that lie lias overlooked the-electrical" . "No. 16 has canvas shoes 1--And in a.' lock-out switch and. lias not inserted it into steel storage area at-that!.Someone's:asking the shaft so'-that lie can work-safely. He -for trouble. ; may not be here tomorrow--und there may "The lady in No. 17 is very careful about be another case in emergency today. . her grooming. Site wouldn't , be caught/dead 32 J v /'ne'er./`ressmul Turyiny. Sec/tail with-a, lock of hair out; of; place. But if she he work safely at all, times [and resort ;to doesn't ;get - that roller. guard down, she disciplindry action if neccssary so that there might not have tovworry- about her hair :will-be no question that' you mean business. tomorrow.' The- undertaker, will provide that ; :MTaIk'safetyf-act safety--and live safety . service as part of his regular fee. --if you are to - maintain: the, safgty record ; "Obviously the. man -in No. 18 has never .you arc capable of, and remember:-- . seenahacetyienetankexplo<Ie;ofarup- .. "Safety is. your, responsibility." - ; .. tured . oxygen.. tank rtiootoff like a guided missile,-.or - he?d;-.hever.' forget, to .' jock those. -tanks in place -with. the..chains, provided for that purpose: .. "No. 19 is aii qperator working' safely--, If you are .interested in some of the mechanics of..putting the .-78rslide.'program together; I'll give, you a brief rundown. . -- First; we used a Sony. 'T11-5, tape recorder--which is. .the one' used' Here today. he thinks.. He has proper hand' protection - ft is a . seifcontained -; synchronization- .'unit; arid . safety glasses, but look at that .exposed .and is inexpensive. ItlistSrfor $125. chain,, -sprocket and. flywheel on. the press. All of. the; pictures were /taken with --"a. ' "And'fiiially, in No.20, here's a man Yashica J-5 35 mm camera which is. about. taking a- jumble., on .'departing this world, as simple .to operate -'.asr any we've -found.' rapidly. The . lower coils of ; steel are not chained, and if that ohe-iri-a-thousand accir `doit.should.happen' and that upper coil' cuts - Itxise, all I cansay is--Td. father.not be there.' :. , ' : ; Using Hi-spced .Ektachrome that has a 160 -ASA, rating. There is: seldom. - much' need tor additional lighting: The art work on the. cartoons : are purr chased from the' outside but. many com ."Now, take a- tew. seconds, to add np panies have - people in. their engineering your score. . ;- departments- who. can supply this, service. ' "if you batted in 18'-.to 20. safety homd : The titles were made wlth movable ietter runs, we figure you're in the hig leagues. sets with a background of some art paper. . "If you scored 16 or. 17 right we'll accept . The program itself was narrated and you in the minor leagues but you'll have to coordinated - by. a member of the: grbiip do better' in order to make . the hig- time staff industrial education section. - ; . safety league. The script: was developed : by the safety, "If you hit 15. or: less we suggest 'you": ' communication and. industrial education sec take ;up water polo---this just' isn't your tions. of the group personnel" department. game. ' .. Our; hopes, are . tliat variations: of ;'this: "Seriously, safety awareness is the first program, dealing--with, specific .plant safety step in'accident.'prevention. You can't do- problem areas, will -- be developed, by each something: about,' unsafe conditions and un plant.: As each, area, die-setting, hirlo op safe acts- until you ltecome aware that they eration, welding, crane hooking, and ..sp 'on arc unsafe. is developed we would want to make dis ' "Our ultimate goal-is to keep an accident tribution throughout the rest of our plantsi ffom-hUppcnirig-iniilic^first place-ami.this, For the .small amount qf cost involved is. accomplished,in two ways.. '. we'feel that itisonrof many, possible ways, .``First; correct the condition. Keplare the guard that has 'been broken. Install the ; equipment':1 that . is needed to"prevent the hazard-r-inid .make sure that ' each of your that we can give our supervisors repcated - sliots. of safety awareness . that should re flect- in a -continuing betterment . of our. safety record. employees has the right tool available for' ': You have seen and., heard this technique the right job. . . ' applied in but one. area. ' '"The-second- rtep. is to educate the em . It can be readily adapted'to almost any ployee to , work'safely. Nothing beats a . situation whether it' be in-, machine repair, .direct--contact.: f-ct him, know that, you .are steel storage, die setting, ctf.', ' concerned for. his safety. :Poiht` out to him The cost isMess :than nominal, .approxi-: the; pbssihlc hazards in - bis job. Teach: him mately $200 pro-rated for. '2,000 - supervisors, !tow to perforin his job safely. Insist lhat tve are talking of -pennies.: - ^ : ; V. - ' . '.33 v.\- :OFFICERS OF fHE NATIONAL SAFETY^ COUNCIL 1965^(56; ).Bejll, . ; Safety x- Adm., Lynch` Read . Forge.-Chrysier Corp., Detroit, Mich. ; Metdt Stamping - ;" \.. Siciion-riasmi W. Hart, Loss Prevention Mgr.; Liberty Mutual Ins. C6.;.-Mitwsiukee,' Associations Committee--*Q D. Braimerd,^'-SafetyEngr., Olds Forge Plant, General. Motors : Corp., Lansing, Mich.'.. .. -... General Chairman---WillardA. Dudley, Senior Safety-Engr., Eastman Kodak Co, Kodak ' ;Park Works, Rochester, N/V. ; Vice Chairman--*C.; D: -BttAkNERp, Safety Engr.,'Olds Forge Plant, General .Motors'.Corp.; Lansing; Mich. : ''// . / 1.Secrclaryf-WitS Kik.scti, SupVr of. .Safcty.Ayesiinghouse Electric Co., Beaver, Pa. Newsietlfr -Editor--Hugh Campbell; Supy. Safety &.. Plant Protection,; New Departure ; . Div., General Mptors:.C6/;p., Bristol,: Conn.; Off-the-Job and Public /?Wo/icmr--\VM. ATKiNsoN, Jr':, . Mgr., Safety & Health Services/: Continental Can Q);,.NeW:Vdrk, ;"./ .; ' ' Membership, Committee. .Chpinrian-^-Gs. A. . RitTUNC, Safety Engr; Buffalo (Stamping Plant,.-. . Ford Motor Co;, Buffalo, New. York ! i , Education. and. Training Committee: Chairman--Daijs'.' Winger, Safety.Supyr., Chewrolet; /Motor'Div./.G; M;;Corp;,'Q^cland/Ghto'.- . ; ' .:. . . ; . - - ; .. Staff Represenialwc--AstTHva >. KEu.y/ National Safety Council,|425 N. Michigan Ave-/ Chicago, 111. .60611 >. > - - -C/:.v : Program Chairmen', Forging--Frank;;P/ Haluska,;Safety Director,. Alcoa, Cleveland,.: '. Ohio;Metal:Stamping--WAuaztt A.;Peterson, Jr., Peterson Products'.Cofp., :Schiljer.V'. ' Mentbers--'P. D. Au,ing, Supyr; :of . Safety Manufacturing Development! .General Motors . ti/i.* -!_mit.' ..'Taw a .../s.. rr__d.,jj K ' / Of .Labor, Wage & Hour&i'Public Contracts Div., Philadelphia,.Pa.; Richard f..CjM.-- . . /.son,: Technical Director,' American Metal. Stamping Assn., Cleveland, Ohio; *John' Aj;'; ..- Churchill, Supyr. Safety Ehgrg!; Allis-Chalmers, Milwaukee, Wis.; Given. H. Dugger,- ; . Deputy Dir.,: Opcrationsir.Safety, U^S.A;E,C., Albuquerque Operations Office, /Altai-" / ; .querque, N. M.;..Clyde O; Enochs, Safety, Dir., Chevrolet-Flint Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp!, Flint; Mich.;. Frank Hausman, Press Specialist, Employers Mutuals of . " .Wausau,. River Forest, III.;; Frank H.' Holland; Mgr. Press Control..Prod./! Clark ' :-.o'... ' '/. '55 ' ! 1: i-W-f'rs. >'. A Controller Co.; Cleveland, Ohio; Rdtfpjrr. Jordan; Chief. Elec; Ehgr.. Minster Machine Co,,':Minster,..Ohio j.-Jon n. F. Kiss'inork, J; L..' Clark. Mfg.'.Co,, Rockford; III.;. W.;Hv /vs./ Kotiij'.s,. Senior.; Engr., Plant &Faetory, Western . Electric-Co., Columbus, Ohio; *T, A. ;' ; j . --kiiAki/)W|-Dir^of-Siifcty,:TDcere-&-TCo^-Molir)e^lll,;^M^-J^McCAirrjrifr-Safcty-Coii- '' suit,int. CoIumbus. McKinnon .Chain Cbrp.i' Dcfroit;- Mich.iJoiijsL. McCoot-; Chief Engr,.: " of'-Standard/Products, U. S. industries, Inc., Chicago,' 'III.; jAY-McKlIoeY, Safety Dircctorvt"Thc"Tappan--Cot^Mansfifeld,-Ohifr;rGtr>iv)ie"I"MfcsciAi4--Safety--Dircctorr' I'rcwer-Titchener Corp,, Cortland, N. Y,'; K.-.L. Moorr, Supt- ofEngineervI.umhermrn* . Mutual C;isiialty . Coi,; Cliicago, lll.| *(pJ), R. pimi.Admmistrator'Safefy, I.T.&T. V. Corp.,' New - York, N>: Y.; Aisoc, Newsletter Ed~-ViNaixr Poi'jjhA, i.Corp;. Saf. Dir., A. O. Smith' Corp,, Milwaukee/ Wi*.; *E.T>. SAuir.. Mgr.v/f Riant Training, Safety -..and Industrial. Hygiene, American Can Co,, New. Ybrk,. N, Y,;:MJ|oicau> W. Stitt, ' Regional Coordinator, Safely. & ' Health Services, Continental Can Co./ San Francisco, "CiiiiC;:':':;,;/;: -v.; '; ./ `Former fiencrarChairman . "- 56 . \ / National Transactions Volume 20 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N..Michigan Avenue Chicagoj Illinois'<6061 h 53rd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS .* i--*'-------- 4^-- --------------;--r:--4------. ^- .. Papers Delivered in the .. _. * PUBLIC UTILITIES SESSIONS CONTENTS - Five years of Future Dates for the National Safety Congress.! ... ... .4 Presentation of the William H. Cameron Award, i...........W. G. Johnson . 5 Safety Staff vs. Field .Managers --APackage Field Managers Will Buy............ . .... .J.D.Waid 6 The Gray.Area;...................... ............... P.'B. Kouwenhoyen. Dr. Ing... 12 Safety, Service & 5avings Through Baseband Live Line Work. ..D.C. Gaiennie 18 Economics of Safety Practices......... . .Willard W. Anders 20 ; The Foremen's Answer: Personalized Safety.. ......... At. O'Neill 24. . Manhole. F>re and Explosion Hazards..;........... .. . ;\ .^.G.L Chilbug 27 Human Faetors Block Communications.... .. ....... . .John Cost 30 Management's Responsibility for Safety Training... ..." ,G. W. Hathway 35 Use of Traifilng Aids in Safety training;., .y. .;.;. ___ _ H. E. Wedge 37 ,r~rOffl[e5ers of the Public. Utilities Section 1965-66.. ___ 4|`- ' Other Volumes in 1965 National Safety Congreu.Transactions!......ffock Cover PRESENTATION OF THE WILLIAM H. CAMERON AWAR^TO THE PIIBLIC UTILinES SECTION V '> % W. C._ JOHNSON J. ' ` - General Manager, National Safety Council - ;------l It. is a particular pleasure to presdit.-the .The purpose of .'the Cameron Award is: William H. Cameron Award, because Bill not solely to. recognize tHe-best seroon.- The Gameron" hired me in 1937 and gave me my - underlying purpose.Is to-stimulate-more and first promotion in. 1940. I have great respect, better sectional activity.Tn this, the plan has! for the memories of the determined'man who been notably successful--the amount -and - V. steadily built; the CountiPs-strength between qualify of sectional material and' activities 1913 ind 1942.:. has doubled during the brief history of the . , . I also "appreciate having the souvenir leaf- ' Cameron Award. - let honoring the 50-year history of the Public .Judging of .the^aqrard is carefully'done, Utilities Section, particularly for' the roster because you can: readily see.the sensitivity -. of section officers. Some'of the men who of- judging relative -performances' of com-' .served as early as 1916were"still active when portents of the CobnciL Different staff mem I came into this work; and Twill remember ` bers, separatdy grade the various categories . the fine work they* did on behalf of the . of activities scored in the competition using - National Safety Council and .its .PuMic rules bid down by the' committee 'of judges.. Utilities Section. Thc.gradings are discussed with the commit-' The safety movement as a whole is par- ' tee, but no modifications are made except as ticularly indebted to the"Public Utilities the criteria' for judging may be rerised and . . Section ; in two ways not- counted in the.' improved. No members ofthe.committee of Cameron competition: judges speaks with regard to the evaluation "- of his own section. Thus the integrity of -the . 1.. We are working asiduously to extend judging process has bear exemplary. . safcfy-.to small business through trade The " Public Utilities Section has ranked ' . associations. As we do this the question well up .in the competition .for several years.. may naturally arise as to whether trade associations "compete" with the Na- After many times as a'bridemaid, the section is. now the bride! \ -.. - - tional Safety Council .and its services to its members. We can show that this Among the sectional activities which were is not the case because of the situation .outstanding were the 'following: we have in the Public Utilities -Section 1.' The newsletter was-judged good, and and a few of the other-strongest sec- ' only the'exceflent-newsletters of a tor-.. tions-^namely, where the trade associa other sections kept it- from bring the tions have the best programs,'we find ..very top. that the Council's. sections are the ' 2, Membership activities were by far- the - . ' strongest Understanding of this permits ' best of any section. us to push the .trade association ap proach-in'new industries with the greatest of vigor.. ' 3. Technical publications activity' ranked just below 'the top' performance of the . best section. . " -. . 2. As -I .go about- the country- I - have -. 4.. The Congress program,-was judged out- .. ..- remarked that tune and.time agiun standing. . public utility executives-are tite strong - tight arms of the. state.and-kxal'safety . councils. No industry is doing more for state and local safety organizations, and. 5.' The categories of 6ff?the-job safety ac-' . tivity, training, and associations work' were the best of any.section' - this is a.great evidence of .the citizen-.' 6. Audio visual aids ranked just below the ship role of public utilites, as well as top seriion.'..- . a major contribution to the strength. It is a-great pleasure to present to Ted.' of the safety movement.! Wickbrd, your (kneral Qiairman, the trophy - ' 5- -V -V i i. . 1965 National Safety. Congress'- which is emblematic of the WUsm E committee,' and to the members of the scc- CamercnAywrd for year 1964-65 perform- , -turn.who had the wisdom to select this out- ance.' My congratulations to Mr. Widcord, . standing group toguidc thesection's affairs to all the members of the section executive' .-this past year. ' ' . SAFETY STAFF VS. FIELD MANAGERS -- A PACKAGE FIELD MANAGERS WILL BUY - . By J. D. WARD "" .y ' Outside Plant Safety and Training Administrator. American Telephone ft TelegraphyOx, New York, N. Y, Governor Pyle has described a safety man " working aloft was jnst more hazardous than as aoombinationof. evangelist, doctor, iaw- " other work operations, for certainly in a- . yer andengineer.While in various.stages of business such as ours climbing is baric; and his day to day existence this is true, the our praple certainly -should .loraw..how to - facet I would like, to approach is his role climb. as evangelist. I will try. to share with yon same basic concepts we in the Bell System me to .promote safety, and how we lave' reconciled-the dichotomy that can sometimes exist between the field forces .and those of us presently holding staff positions. . ' Our- thinking didn't go' this way, however, and our next step was to proceed, into' the field to try to bbserve what the problem was.' We found the problem in fairly short order. It was baric--onr people didnY know or' had. forgotten their original training on bow' .'The 'field manager has his problem and to climb, and work aloft safdy. .Further Spate basic responsibilities in terms of pro more; modi of onr supervision was. in. the- duction, qualify, sales and costs. There are samc boat.--v........ tubes when safety takes a bode seat to Ms. One of qur concepts'in the Bdl System is other more pressing objectives. There are that there is-'a right -way-tp perform a work, times'when all of us have taken dances operation. .' We . don't .believe that . safety and gotten away with it We. as safety should be taught apart from other training men, arc. here to convince oar cnlleagnes items hut should be an .integral part of all in the field that these risks must be mini-, -training.-The men we found that did not mixed through good organisation, planning know how to work aloft had been trained and. control. Wc also earn serve a function. the.- right way- but had .just lapsed into, as the conscience of our fellow employees bod work habits. Our problem was now in developing where, the needs are auHnl^ defiiiafSWKSt could we do about' it? We; ing ways- and means .of correcting problem as the safety staff,' had the responsibility to -situations. come up. with an idea that, would be uni- .It is in.this latter role that we; as.the, .versally acceptable to the'field forces; tint- Sifety Staff of the Bell System, came to they would be' willing, to spend -time and-, realize that we had a boric weak spot among money on, and. tint would be of the most - our people who are required to climb poles, immediate benefit to. (be force that nceded.it. and work on ladders above ground. Roughly, this, force consists of '95,000 .people. and there are over. 22^000,000 poles in sen-ice that .they could conceivably climb.' - The'only way to approach it was through, the eyes of a field man..'The easiest way would be to repeat the' man's -original train ing We doubted, however, that this would ' The problem was accentuated as.we re accomplish the desired end result; as this viewed every working aloft accident for. the was ..the same training-that was so soon post three.years. I suppose at tins juncture ' forgotten, and -we are now doling with a we could have come to the conclusion tint much more experienced force. We felt that *.."tvHQtyvfli,? Public Utilities we bad to -explain more of the "why" of - of our foremen .Who bad an employee in---- -...... woridngsafelyaJoftaswell-aslherbpw.-- :voIved-ina fatal accident- This particular - .. We knew from past experience that a "talk- -. accident involved an electric shock case' and mg at" type of training package developed really;, serves as an attention getting device . a "ho-hnm" ie^onsc from the people being to"driyeThome"theperfomil~aspcct'"df;"safetyr'~ trained. We needed something that the trainee 1 * 3 *F*o6l7lowing thi tape we proceed into -some ondd participate in. We also knew that the of the whys of safe-woriong'aloft. Our flrmnee fad to have some bane motivation to first analogy, one we will use throughout ^ . accept the concepts that we were trying to the training package; isa comparison of get across. our plant to a trap. Our challenge then 'was to -provide a train The . instructor- points not that SI. we dis ing package on how to work safely aloft turb'the balance of: the trap.-it-wili spring; that would: . - ` .and that what we are dealing with ur our - I..Demonstrate the right, safe, and eco- plant is a pretty, delicately balanced situ*-' normral way to do a job turn. The trap consists of all- the problems ' 2.'Motivate;the trainees to accept the one can encounter when climbing a. pole: ` training . . 1. Not. testing the pole-' before climbing . , X Promote the "whys" of .working aloft safely in order to equip oar people for 2 Failing to recognize the effect the work would-have on the balanced center pole better judgments 3. A shock load 4.'Allow-participation ' 5. Permit controls to- evaluate the effect of: training The package', we developed contained the following dements: - 4. A pole tint is rotted off- or broken be low ground level .- 3.- Effect of'moving weights (or a man ` climbing) 6.' An unsupported rotted pole - I)- Phase A consisted of .the presentation ' of. the problem, .explanations and'demon- 7. - When you swing' to the low side you againupset the balance. - strations of the ;forces at play in the'job I am Striving to briefly give' you an idea . operations that ate encountered, every . of haw-fundamental we had to get to push ' day, and the re-enactment of.six-fatal our points-across. -Were this an actual course - ' aocjdrnts depicting die results of not prop ' you would be participating with your solu- - erly conndering die potential effects of these tioiis to.some of these problems. ' forces. During' these, demonstrations, infor- - The stage is' now set to apply what has 'nation will be developed on what can be just .been demonstrated cooncerning the ' done to safely handle th^atresses and strains stresses'and strains that are fundamental' present in outside plant in' order to work to an outside .plant condition. Our method more safdy when working aloft. . of application is .the re-enactment of actual 2) Phase B consisted of presorting the.. accidents that.have happened-and .to'.dicit - materia] to be used in Phase C, giving in- comments from the group on what could or ' structions on its use, and directing the train should have beat done in; each case. We ees to theirassignments. hope' with 'these, .demonstrations to convince 3) Phase C consisted of the'-work assign- ',, the' individual that observations/ and tests molts.- The foremeri and'the trainees .as--. are for his benefit and fqr.his own safety signed'to faun, preferably' his own crew, will and welfare! ` y,.- proceed to a; pre-selected work location to . The first re-enactment we present is this: perform the' assignments covered in lesson - Due to a road widening :project- our line.' outlines.. To, he 'the most- effective; Phase C must tic moved. = The workmen are required . should .follow Phase A on the same or fot- to transfer-the existing'plant to a "new pole .lowing'day- In no case should the time in line that' has been, set. The transfer is in terval between them exceed one calendar progress. Two men are on the job and made - week. the following decisions:. .The training starts after a short introduc tion with the playing of a tape made by one' 1. Not. to cut the wire from the ground to avoid service interruption 7 i ' I965 Naticaal Safety Congress 2. One man would go down the road and . - .Tire third re-enactment concerns two W. ~ ~pIace~work signs :: . ; -- -stallers--assigned - to connect a new order `3. The other man dhnbed the.old pole to which required.a drop wire to be'run across remove the wire . a two-way street One installer fastened the ' VVe also fill the trainees in on other facts concerning the situation:such as the rake-of the.old pole, the tension each way, the age of the pole and height, the placing-of guys "dropwire-tothe-terminal-pole.and.proceeded' -' to terminate the. loop.- The', second -- man placed file wire on the .ground across the. street and then climbed the pole .on the and any other attachments that- may be on the pole. The instructor now brings the trainees up-to date by. telling than- that the workman has untied the .wire cm the .field side, and released- it .front the pole. He has right'to attach the wire. He-carricd it across' - his body' so that he'. Was inside the angle .- formed by the' wire. Again, vrith the situa-. tion set we would, proceed to' analyze -the' . rights and wrongs of - fins situation. - ,To' then swung around to the .road side and is about to remove the wire ' trigger this trap, the car to the right is propelled across the wire in the road catching'the wire as it~crosses it and pulls the' At this-point the trainees have been given - man-from thelpole.' Result: -Fatality.' -all - the facts known -to the two - workmen who were doing this'-job and all can pro - 'Our fourth re-enactment is essentially the . ceed with an analysis':. same situation , as the second.- This time the man is a repairman sent on ^casc of trouble. 1. Why did the workmen assume the pole In' order to dear the trouble;- be must lower ,- : was safe. to.climb? the wire, from the house to the strand to the 2. Should the wrapped guy- wore on this, ground. He again makes- many of the same pole have warned the- men of danger? mistakes: ; 3.- What specific safety precautions could -. have been taken before climbing the 1. Ladder - placed adding tension to drop . wire-" pole? 2. Ladder does, not "have strand hooks, -is 4. Could men have, performed the work ' not lashed ' . 'safely from the ground? 3; Man' didn't use belt around ladder and . 5: How could'.this' job have , been 'done strand- -------- safely-?-------------- - :__-_______ :______ ; ;__4._Ladder isextended mid one run above Once-'fiie discussion has finished, the in-' 'strand- --- structor then-proceeds to what'actually'hap-' 3.. No effort made to remove tension from - pened. At a pre-arranged signal an assistant ' wire "' ' '- triggers; the trap and the pole with - the This' time -when tension is released, the workman falls across the road. Result: .strand, swings away* from the ladder further Fatality.' than the. length..of the ladder and the mail - The nex^ case concerns a man' using, his . falls with his ladder. Result: Serious Injury. ladder. He is assigned to install a new tele-. . Our next situation- involves-* a two-nian -phone in a residence. On arriving at the crew assigned to dismantle a line which house, he found an existing'drop wire front ."crosses a non-navigahle'.'river. ' The crew the hquse.-to a span damp located across a proceeded, to the; .location'on the west'side street to the.-rear-of file house. He placed of tlie river'aii<J.cut 10'wires (each weight, his ladder on'the street side .against, the ing 50 pounds) leading to the next pole 645 span 'and climbed the ladder to remove the ..feet away: .They then.-crosicd. the river by old drop. At this juncture, we again would a bridge and each -climbed one'pole of. an discuss whaf the employee did wrong as.' H fixture oh the guy side, of the pole. One Well-as what, could have beat done -to do. man cut tlie five lines on his'side of .the the job properly. What actually, happened; - fixture and passed the .cuttefs to- his coAs the' man removed the drop the tension . worker who cut the other lines.' Again the was released from the strand'causing-the trap was' sprung with -the load released from strand to swing 'away' from the ladder then . ' tlie rivir. side of the-fixture.' The men were rebound throwing the employee off. Result: found, beneath the pole-;-one dead and'the Fatality. ' - otlier seriously.-injured.  Public Utilities / ' Failure to test the poles , (placed in.1927) 1. Tools--proper inspection and care _ ' was a contributing factor and. would have revealed ome pole completdyrotted off and the other- hollow to about -10 ;feet 'above ground. Any number of preventive-measures could .have been .taken. lad-'this fact been 2 Observations -- what safety ''measures-' and 'teste are required: in/the-job . 3. Tests--as a result of the observations, how do we -conduct.the tests' . realize!' . 4.' Climbing--hazards to be alerted for . Out last re-enactment concerns a situation'' - 5. Working--what stresses'and strains.ex-\ where a man was assigned to remove a cable .is't, what are'.power clearances 'and the 'from.a building that was. about to-be de . effect of' what the craftsmen Will' do molished- and .transfer the chble/to a new . on the existing.balances' '. pole to pole strand. Slade had already been pulled and .the.cable partially unlashed from - the existing strand.- The employee placed his ladder against the building and climbed it to remove a terminal and. also to remove 6.-. Mid-strand Practices--what different or . .' new methods^are required. 7. Extension Ladders--what are the spe- --.dal considerations of using ladders ' the remaining lashiiig to free the cable from '8. Wires--how are they placed in a safe . the' building.: The .cable was being tempos - manner - rarity supported by a line. As he re-' moved the support the load shifted violently --die hand line broke--the terminal pulled- across the employee's safety strap causing ' the ladder and'employee .to fall. Result: Fatality..- In this case- the' employee, placed The foreman first "explains the-importance -of safe-took.One of the most important; took is the body belt, it must be- inspected . for chedcs, cracks,.-firmness.of -rivets'- and deterioration, of stitdiing. .-' ` . himself hi thtf trap.. The slack load- in tins . A handline b also important -It should -be - case was probably a minimum of 500 pounds. -inspected for any signs, of ' deterioration, As in most of these .cases .the'irony was that opened, and examined' inside' for loose or other , help was readily- available both in frayed fibers, powder or dirt that'will cause '' terms of other employees and mechanical, -It to'wear out faster. help.-. ' One' of the essentials of working aloft is . Up to this point we have tried to drama- - knowing how to cariy your gear. Carrying tize and discuSs the penalty that poor obser- ' a handline secured to a wrench or any other . vation -and'poor-.-planning have had in sev-' -part-of-fhe-belt-can-be dangerous.--The-use-era! working aloft situation?--none of them of a carrier or., a loop underneath the belt uncommon to die everyday.'work operations will allow the handfine to run free should that ' our/ men are required to perform'. it become snagged* on' any. foreign object Tlirough .open-discussion-and questioning vfc This is -the only way a handline should be have asked 'the men' themselves to analyze ' carried aloft each of these.cases to determine what-was' Throughout tiie entire afternoon we'con wrong. We'have plso presented the coiise-' stantly refer .back/ tcLwritten - practices, so . .qtienccs. '- ' if'the trainee should subsequently, foigiit the. .. Having provided. the motivation towards proper way to work, he knows where he die right, way of doing a job and having can look it up. - .explained some of the "whys'-' of working it is essential aim that the men know their - with a plant that is under stress, we can pro .climbers arc in good shape. Visual inspection ceed 'to the right and safe way to do a job: . for. any loose rivets or worn straps should During this phase of the training which we be made. At least once a week;his climber, recommend should follow immediately, we should bp tested using a plane test' on a pine have the. foreman Work, in an on-the-job . board.-. The gaff. should 'cut. in within one - location with his men/ both demonstrating inch. If they don't, honing may be necessary and having-them demonstrate, to him the to sharpen the cutting edges. - proper analysis of a situation atid the proper Tlie cut-out test is another-indication on- use of'tools. ' - tiie reliability of. climbers. The gaff b jabbed This ja what the- foreman will try- to ae- into the-board ata'45.degree angle and then romplish in tiiis half-day session:' lowered to horizontal. If-horizontal pressure :v' I ' 1965 National Safety Congress then causes ,the d^nber. to cut out, remedial - Testing the"physical condition; of the pole. . measures should be taken. is also important -The pike test, which will ' Eye protection is also' covered. .-.'Spectacle . tell us- whether or not the pole is broken . - type glasses should'be"used when danger ex- offbelowgroundlevel-Wesound-poIes-by ---L: . ists from low impact particles. A different the use of'a heavy hammer to find whether type should be used when working-near.high or not there'is airy interior deterioration. A impact material.as demonstrated .by the. soundpolewillringsharplywheniiitby .a ;trsunee.:- hammer. A soft pole will gue a soft thud Some- tdephone operations do' require the wearing of insulating gloves. Tomrice sure . and'also the hammer will smk in if die pole is' imsonnd underneath the shell. ' thcse rubber gloves are in good shape; a cap- ' . See what the pole looks- Eke underneath \ tiveair test should, be performedprior to theground. Most deterioration .can be--de everyuse.' tected' within 12 inches of due surface- So, . . -.Under conditions where there is possibility dig around the pole to n.dqrfi of about' 12 of power leakage, we use a B .Voltage testef-"Checks.;shoidd be made an the tester itself.; inches and use a 'prod to determine whether or not there is any rot below ground.. ?They'should'be tested once a Weekat the- In some cases, it may be necessary to do - garage location and-date-posted an the cover a bene test on the pole This is usnally donc:. ..card. Visual inspections are also made for -' only-.-when other means fail to teB .tp the loose ferrules, frayed' or loose wires. The-, soundness .of die pde.or there are-questioa- temporary bond should also be inspected-as able indications.. As.the man-bores he ex- should the B shunting capacitor. This , ca . amines the. shavings, and after, be bores,-he! pacitor is. used when voltages are found to must'insert.a treated ping to bring'bade die . ' determine the extent of'-the leakage.--' - integrity of the pole. . - Ladders axe a tool that we rriy on that An alternate.means for testing for-a must be inspected to insure safety. The. fore- broken pole ii;*ilh theuse'of a handline ' man goes over.the rope,- rungs, siderails and. emund the strand.' Care .'must be exercised tests for lateral play- hy standing the' ladder not- to pull- the pole towards-traffic-or. to on its ride. This should be done at-least wards yooradf in such' a.-manner that a;, once a week. - broken .pole could cause injury. Without a _ As part of getting the' total .picture_ we_ strand, we can' use, the rope test by placing must examine the safety of the -pole which .the bne saffiaentljThighon the pale to give", we are required' to climb. First is external about a 45 degree pnlL-.- examination for cracks-that could indicate Any pole which is doubtful should be sup .deterioration-or could affect where you plant - ported. The cant hookskeep the.pole from your..climbersfas you climb. Pole markings- ' twisting.. Lacking other mechanical' means . can also te a. hazard. and, let.'ns not forget to'supporf the pole, three pikes can.be used: our old friendi the politidans. ;' We should- know .what Is above before we' climb; power--light fixture--attachments; . -`When.worldng.'in mid-strand it's.essential ! that werknow how -good the strand is...-Will it support our. weight? A line passed'over' With a ground on the pole we should test the strand and then the gradual applying 'of_ it .for extraneous, voltage. Through the use the fnH weight of the' man wfll'soontell. - ..of the . B voltage tester- which we have just ., -examined,- we determine .the exact situation. The light fixture should be tester-top.' Firid- . There- are..times when-yob are- nr. a tight. spot and raising your ladder could he a prob , ing some indication, of voltage, 'we use the 'shunt capacitor to determine whether the in dication was true or false. Some fixtures-. lem! .Hicre is the handline method of getting your ladder up;. If spacc is no 'problem, you can walk 'the ladder Uri. Always have your give false indications.,and the shunt capaci ladderVh* ooks ex.tended. ' * . tor dn{ns off. energy that can' develop from ' For heavy work we require the ladder be non-hazardous leakages. Finding it OK, tve lashed .at the" strand, When performing light' . use-a temporary bond to equalize any dif work, however,' the use of. the body'belt is ference, in-potential between the fixture and required. The body belt is fastened around the strand. the strand,- the ladder rung and yourself. -It - 10 L-~ ! 1965 National Safely Congress. THE GRAY AREA . By W. B. KOyWBNHOVEN, Dr. In*, Lecturer in'Surgery, The.Johns.Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland When the respiration and the pulse cease,' from hand to foot. The trunk, with the heart an emergency; dodops. which is frightening, . and lungs, lie in this pathway and'may be 'Under these conditions the person is ."clin - affected Sythe shock. An electric shock may ically" dead arid a physician may* write a be-harmless or cause traumatic consequences. .death certificate. It-is well-known, however, It may: ' . -that there , is 'fiscally sufficient oxygen in 1. Temporarily paralyze, the' respiration, - static blood to support life for about, two with continuation of the heart beat -until the minutes.- After. four to . six minutes - have oxygen in the blood is exhausted;-. -elapsed,' the brain begins to die and ^'biolog ical" - death sets in. The Gray 'Area is the - period ' between' ``clinkaT'' and "biological" "death. - ... ... 2. - Interrupt the circulation by thrawing the heart into'standstill or ventricular, fibril-; lation, and gasping attempts' to breathe ihay' continue for about 45. seconds; or '''. ' If you are on the scene, it is your respon sibility to immediately initiate .resuscitative measures* otherwise the alternative is death/ * 3.' It may -stop both the respiration the circulation simultaneously.; and : You mil have; to breathe for- the victim and ' In. ventricular-fibrillation the'-heart 'no circulate his oxygenated-Mood in order-to longer'contracts effectively; insicad each keep him in the- gray area until .help arrives, - bundle of heart muscle operates by itself or-until you are able to resuscitate him"and without regard to the others, and there is restore'his natural functions. -no circulation. It may be compared to an ' The common causes thjtt may-result hi the stoppage, of' breathing and the' heart are: heart attacks, drowning, insect stings,, as phyxia, and electric sbock/'Since most of you assembled here are' -in ;the . engineering field, it -is- desirable to consider`the effectsof electric shock on tlie'*breathing and the .' . . 8-oared racing shdL At each call'for-"stroke" "by the coxswain the crew pulls'together and the-boat goes forward.' -If one of the. oars-:. men catches a crab-or his' oar strikes a piece' of driftwood; the .coordinated action of the _crew. is .lost and chaos results: Forward progress ceases. To* restore forward .'motion heart. .to the shdl, all the oarsmen must cease their - . -: - **,r . individual efforts, come' to' reLfiid 'then he. Rlcctric-Shack . ,, ' restarted-by the coxswain. '.In electrical accidents, the most common' , ' I-'ir.utiE 1 shows a diagram-qf the heart path.of the current'through -the body is - and its. electrocardiogram. Electrical 'signals &A.NOOE AV.NOOE .* 1 A a 'A ^^ ' '1 ft r. . * e -V `fti . n RA RIGHT AURICLE LV. LEFT VENTRICLE I0. ?Q RV R1GHT VENTRICLE PERCENT RR INTERVAL FIG. 1--The heart.and its electrocardiogram. .. 12. 100 Public Utilities from tlie brain control many of -the body . Fictnut 2 shows tlie effects of one-second operations and tlie heart is- no. exception. . shocks on the-. Imman- body for a current The heartj 'however,' has its owncenteiv the ' path from" hand to foot- A shock "of this sinus auricular node, and may- operate with- - duration.'covers the entire heart cycle. .The but signals-from-thc-brain.The dectrocardio-L-thresholdbf-sensatibn-is-l-ma.-A-curreut-of~ gram shows-the electromotive- forces set up 4-7 mi's produces a sharp painful sensation, in theheart as measured byelectrodes on'the ' and one' instantly releases his'hold on.the" wrists arid ankles.' ; circuit''' The sinus auricular node is the coxswain - Man has two sets of muscles : (1> -the ' of the heart, and it'gives'the orders for'the - flexor-muscles with which'he grips, and (2)' heart to beaL-The P wave is.the small dec- . /the.extensor muscles with which he hits;... trical signal that it'sends to; the heart'fibres. An: electric .shock of 9 to about 25 -ma's This signal travels down through the tissues (Dalriel)* causes a: man to.'freeze : to .'the and the nerve fibres that lead to the.ven-'. circuit if his flexor musdes are-excited first; tricles, setting up the QRS complex. This is. . if it is the extensor muscles, that are excited completed in a few milliseconds 'and then he may fie thrown away, .- tlie muscular contraction. of the heart' fol .A current of 50-60 ma's to slightly ..over lows' immediately. When this is completed 4 amperes nay put the heart into' ventricular the heart recharges by. chemical means, as represented" by.the. T wave. Following' the'T fibrillation,'causing .the .circulation- to cease. In 'such cases 'the victim .often, gives a' .few wave there is next P wave a short rest period before the . gives the signal for the next' gasping breathsi The', human heart-' iardy recovers] .spontaneously-'.'from - ventricular stroke. .fibrillation.'-' '.The effect upon the heart that an-electric -shock may cause will, of course, depend upon Ihe.curTent; the duration of the current flow, and the point in .the heart cycle at which the shock-falls. The'heart is especially vulnerable to short shocks that fall in the T phase.* Currents ranging from .5-10 amperes fall' in a '"no. .man's land" where one cannot .' definitely foretell the result. For example I ..have never been able either-to fibrillate or, defibrillate a dog's -heart witli a current of. 1'A amperes. Currents from" hand to 'foot of . 10 amperes or, more will contract the heart RANGE OF EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT and-hoId"it-in-standstill as long-as the cur-' rent is flowing..They'may also paralyze the. respiration'. When the am'taq^is- broken- the .heart'may. remain- in standstill'or. it may resume -normal beating on its- own. Large currents may cause serious bums because of.', .the.- heat produced, by- the current, through thebody- -- . - Figure 3 shows shocks of various" du'ra~r :- lions and-magnitudes'that cause, fibrillation,' .A'. current of. V2 amperes,., flowing for .1/100th of a.second,-and. striking the hpart in the .T phase,' will produce ventricular fibrillation. As the. shock.increases in.dura- ., tion smaller currents will produce fibrillation,- and when 'it; reaches the' duration -of--one. second; the- length of'the heart cycle, the fibrillating current' falls to., around 50-60. .ma's- - .. . '' ` HAND TO FOOT mTMWW FIG. 2--Effects of one-second shock on the human body for a. current path from hand.to foot. Resistance of the Body' .' The-body offers .'resistance to the passage of an electric currentand a large part of this resistance lies-in the outer layer of-the ' epidermis--the horny dead layer of the. skin.' 13 - This. horny layer is' our best . protection . contact is mqdewith'.the raw flesh,- the re-\- against' the passage of electric ' current sislance..'is approximately. .300. ohms. Ahra- through the body. . sions and blisters destroy- the/protection that The resistance, of the epidermis* is not is offered by the epidermis. . uniform over, the body surface,'as shown in. ' ' When an electric currents'gets through the - Ficube '4. It is fow on'the paint* of the - high contact- resistance of- the "epidermis, it ; iiands,' the soles of the' feet, the-axillia,' the enters the derma, which is rich in. blood ' center of the. face, small spots in the, crock capillaries and is. a good- - conductor.' The *' of the elbow and back of the knees. There "electrical - resistance of the body, tissues and - .. is a .girdle_of .low.. resistance.- around, the -. muscles is practically .uniform, ranging from.. . .'. -abdomen. The skin resistance op the back of ' 100 to .110. ohms per-cm.*--Blood has a re a finger is' 8-lO^foicT higher than.it is on sistance of .96 ohms.. Hi iti passage through.' . the underside. the body, the current "spreads out in a fusi-* . - Skin resistance varies with the' perspiration and moisture, which may lower it to l/100th of its' dry - value. :The' electrical, resistance of ' an adult man, from hand.to foot,' may range form or- foothall shape.- Live.'bone lias aresistance of 700 to 900`ohms per cni.1 Hu man -. fat 'has a- high resistance, as much as several thousands ohms per unit volume. - - from 10,000' to 500 ohms depending upon the. In making' resistance measurements' of' the - voltage of the circuit,' the' area of the con* body, the voltage 'of the-circuit-, should he tact, and. -the condition of the skin.. If the more than 50 volts.- This-may be clearly, seen skin is removed from the hands arid feet and from the results in Table 1. ; - 14 "' Public Utilities graduation (ram high- school, and that' shfc had pricked her fingers With the needle. -.-. - "If tteemrfentpathway'through the_bimnan--body.involves no vital.organs, the. injuries are minimal except.for possible bums: In; each^lectricalshock accident'thereare many factors- which affect'the' seriousness of - -the. results; It Is evident that an . shock may fader.' the victim unconscious' . and leave him in that .gray' area, between -clinical and biological .death. \ * * Yottf Responsibility When, a companiptvor someone whom you . cfiance - to-sce,' fails to - the ; ground,, jou ' should run'to him-and- if he .is. unconscious ''.place, him-on his-back-and check,.for* breath- -. .ing and-'pulse: The best 'point - for -checking' . die. pulse is the carotidartery, which is just . alongside -theAdam's applpin the neck. You . may also lift his eyelids and examine the pupils--if they are dilated there is ho cir culation of oxygenated blood. Me is.in. tlie NORMAL SKIN RESISTANCE BITTERNS gray area. .It is-your responsibility to'keep EJ LOW BEySWWCE 1 him from slipping beyond-it;- 'V ' FIG. 4 - The first thing-you should do'is to extend ' his neck,'.pushing witiT otic hand On the ' . forehead and one hand On- the back of. the' Table 1' Body Resistance neck, so' as- to open his. airway. (Sometimes this', is all that a; victitp needs.) Open- the victim's mouth arid, remove any foreign ob- Voltage ' Current. ; Resistance jects. such .as (pose dentures, tobacco, or AC Amperes Ohms ' chewing gum. You may use'a.handerkerchicf - ' 50 500 1,000 . 0.005 0.42 .0.97 10.000 1,200 ' 1,100 ; to wipe his mouth dean. Then proceed to ventilate, his. lungs,by giving either mouth-lo- ' mouth or mouth-to-nose air or ventilation. -Give 2 to 4 quick deep breaths; bring, sure -These measurements were' made' on .the that the .diest riset. each-time, and check for ; dog, with electrodes on the- foreleg and hind the pulse mid breathings (Often-this ii all. leg.'There was a.drop.at the contact of - that the victim'needs.). If the'heart if beat approximately 49J volts. If this contact drop ing, -ventilate his lungs -about' 12'times _a ' is subtracted from the applied voltage,' the .. minute. If the heart. tr not beating, thenit resistance of' the body between the points of is up.-to you to .not only breathe'for him; _contact was of the order of'100-ohdis. but you must also circulate the blood- that ' I made U'study .of the-.'skin. resistance of you are oxygepating. . ' the fingers of telephone operators under con .The exact position* at-which pressure is". trolled conditions. These, tests hui almost: a, - applied is important- Locate the victim's year' and .were made at. 2-week intervals./ breastbone by the' notch at the upper- end One; day in' June; one of the subjects showed -and the xiphoid - (flexible .cartilage), at the very low resistance on the . fingertips-of hec. - lower'end.i-"' left hand. Inspection of her fingertips with ' ' Kneel beside the victim, either, side, keep-'. a magnifying glass showed no (yidence that - ihg .die finger* that, is on .-the- xiphoid in ' . would account for the drop'. Upon'question*' .- position, and place- the. heei.-of (he-other ing, she reported that the night before she hand on the breastbone immediately above ' had been waving''a dress for her daughter's Jh'e finger. Tins is where 'pressure should ' 15 L, / J'' > . 1965 NationaiSafely Congress i FIG. 5--Position af hands applying.external heart compression i extended position or neck to insure open airway. .be applied. Now . place the -first handon top One ftescuer _ ot the other, and' press down firmly, using your bade muscles. (Keep the'fingers of the; lower hand parallel-to the ribs. They should . not touch thp body.)' -' If'you .'are-alone and there-is neither breathing 'nor pulse,, after you .have given . the victim 2 'or 3 quick deep breaths,-yoii . should position your hands-and give 15 com Do this, once pet. second. Tins compresses - pressions at the rate of 60 times per minute; . the heart which.lies between the breastbone -then ventilate his lungs with two quick deep and the spinal column. . . . - breaths'and give 15 more compressions. You' Aftef the first two or three compressions -should alternate-these-two techniques until- you should be able to press -the'breastbone - help. arrives. v : . -downward about IJ4 to .2, inches; Blows _ should not .be-used; instead the pressure' Two-Rescuers should be applied firmly,' and at the bottom -' If- -there are two rescuers, onb- should - of the stroke hold- for a brief-fraction of ventilate the victim's lungs.while the other `~a~second T then; the pressure should he com- one `. applies--heart compression.^Kigube 5.' pletely released,' allowing - the chestto ex-, - illustrates. the porition-.of the- hands of a - pand. rescuer applying external heart compression- - When you press down; because of-.the - to. a' victim; as well as .the extended position heart . valves, blood 'flows from the right' of the neck to insurc an open.airway.Tn tills side of the heart- to the kings, and from die case; the nun applying heart compression -left side of thi heart to.-the body. When should continue' to work uiiinteiTupfedly-The. pressure is released and 'the-chest expands, one ventilating the lungs should blow only the right.side -of- the.heart .refills.-with blue when the other man is removing, the pres- bipod from the. body, and the left ride with, surc from the chest, - and Should do this oxygenated'red blood from the lungs." : after each- five, compressions. You must al- 16 Public Utilities wavs be sure flat (he chest rises when you Caution: 'Never practice heart compression are ventilating the lungs.- on a conscious 'person. Hie will resist -your efforts; However, the chest of -an' uncon-Effeetrvcness-of-Rcsuscitative 'Efforts' - -- sdous.Tperson Ts^Ycniarkahly flexible.1 The" Are you efforts effective? If so, the victim - ribs' are attached -to the breastbone -by a is in the gray urea. Yixiarc oxygenating his . cartilage and this, cartilage makes it possible blood and^circulating if! His color should- -to effectively apply heart compression. If improve; his pupils--which have - dilated-- ' the victim' is in- ventricular fibrillation, he should' constrict, and in this "clinical" death - must be tiiken toa hospital where a defibril situation the victim may move-his arms and . lator is available..' -legs, slightly. He may even attempt to- The report'of the Baltimore City Am breathe.. - * bulance Corps covers 153 attempted cardio : A' call should he sent for help and: an; pulmonary resuscitations between November ambulance.' Heart compression and' breathing 22, 1961 and Match 19, 1964, and dearly should be continued all the'time the-man is reflects the effectiveness of thorough training. .on the stretcher,- and after he is placed in - Of this number, a total of- 52- patients were the ambulance on, the way to the hospital. - delivered to the hospitals- alive,'' ami 15- of People have been :maintained viable in (lie these'arc living today. - gray area for periods of- one .hour, or longer, and your efforts may make it possible for. .' SUMMARY someone to see another day. .Steps.in Resuscitation. Mechanical Resuscitators . " Assume that you arc the only person pres ent when someone' collapses and falls uncon ' In many ambulances, pressure cycling scious to the'ground :' . .- -respirators are used. Hone of these ventilate, the. lungs while .heart' compression is beings given.. In .several reports of dectribU accidents received from utilities'companies, the state-, . ;STEP 1--Place the individual-in'a-supine . - position on a firm surface, sudi as the ground, as quickly aspossible. ment has been made that when the victim STEP 2-4Cned betide him and 1 deter was given mouth-to-mouth lung; ventilation .' mine and manual heart compression? he had begun . to.show signs`of returning life.^ However, when placed in the .ambulance - a pressure cycling device had been'used .and when he readied the. hospital , the physician reported, the victim. D.O.A. The American Heart Association,* in the May issue of its journal,-'Circulation, yuh- lished. an editorial relative to these pressure cycling devices, and I quote the followingexcerpt: . " . - . "The use .of .pressure-cy-ded automatic breathing devices in conjunction with exterral cardiac compressionhasbeen ineffective." Training " - (a) is he breathing? . (b) .has he a carotid (neck) pulse? ; =>' -(c) arc his pupils.widdy di lated.? . STEP" 3--Ejctdjd^fiw^iieck, forcing his * head back -into a.-sniffiiigp6si-v: . tion. Open his mouth anti re- . move any fortign objects.'.Give hinr'3 or 4 quick'deep breaiths,. . either hiouth-to-mouth -or ' mouth-to-nos?. His chest ... should rise, each time'you blow. 'STEP 4--Check again for'his ptdse. If it has returned, all -you need to First aid. personnel - should be. thoroughly trained in heart-lung resuscitation.. They should know what to do'and do it without '..do'is -to ventilate his lungs -abdfitT2 times per minute until he resumes breathing. . -loss of fime. - ' STEP 5--If' no- pulse is present, begin If heart compression is properly applied, ' ' heart compression at-onci^Lo- the chances-of breaking .a rib .are slighL However, if nothing is done, the alternative is. death. . cate his breastbone'- by-' the ' notch at' the upper end and .the cartilage.at the lowc'r end. 1965 National Safety Congress .... .place the heel -of the-, other victim's.color will-return, the pupils constrict,. -hand-on the breastbone adja and a palpable pulse may be detected...- cent to this .finger: V Remember that it is your-responsibility to' -^ppjy pressure, vertically act promptly ~ns~iimt. tr" limited. :It' is. im-' ' downward aboutonce a second, portantto know what to do -and to do.- it ____:__ . using your backmnsdes. The. -_at_ once and2effectively._Prociastinationire- fingers of the' lower . hand . suits in death... . .. - should be parallel to the ribs ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and no' pressure should be ' These studies'have been supported by grants ' applied by-the finders.. At the aid .of each compression lift* from, tbe Edison Electric Institute, tbe Na tional Institutes .of. Health, and the Heart Association of-Maryland. . .the hands .slightly ' to' allow . '.the diest to-expand. Give 15 compressions. ' STEP 6--Stop the compressions and give . ' BEFEBENE8 1. Status of-Closed Chest Cardiac Massage: W. B. Kouwenhoven and G. Guy Kntckerbocker.IEEE Conference Paper CF64-407. ...October 1964.'. two .quick deep hmg inflations, .. making ' sure that' the', chest . rises with each breath. - ` STEP 7--Resume heart, compressions. . 2! A. C. 8h6cks of Varying Parameters Aft fecUng the Heart: . . W. B. Kouwenhoven. G. Guy Knicker bocker, B. W. CbesnuL W. E. minor and D. J. Baas. Transactions AIKE. Communi cations & Electronics #42. p. 163, May STEP -8-7-Continue alternating the two .. techniques. - STEP 9--Wjien help comes'' have some one telephone for an ambu lance: and have, the second rescuer take over the breathing or heart-compression. The ' lungs should be inflated, after each fifth compression, While the pressure is .removed from . . the chest. ' STEP 10--Manual lung ventilation, should ' - be- continued until the victim reaches si-hospital.." If you are'doing an'effective job, the '. 3. Let-go Currents and Voltages: C. F. Dal . slel and F.- p. Massoglia. Transactions. AIEE, Applications k Industry #24. P. 49, Hay 1966.... '1 Lunr Cancer: Detection by use of electri- cal akin resistance method: J. F. Fries and Curt Paul Richter. Archlr. Internal. - ' Medicine; VJ1%- P. 624. -1964. 6. Closed Chest' Cardiac Massage: W. B. Kouwenboven.' J, R. Jude; and G. Guy. Knickerbocker. Journal American Medical ' Association, V.173, p. 1064.July I960. 6. The doaed-Cheat Method of Cardiopulmo nary Resuscitation.-- Revised Statement (Editorial): .Circulation, V.XXXI. No. S, May 1966. 7. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitations' by Tralnra Ambulance Personnel: R. -J. Wilder, J. R. Jude, W. B. Kouwenboven. and M.. C. McMahon.' Journal American .Medical Association,' V.190. p: 631, N6' vember 1964.' SAFETY, SERVICE & SAVINGS THROUGH BAREHAND LIVE LINE jpORK . By D.E. GAIENNIE ... =* Vice Prcs^-Operations and Engineering,Maine Public Service Co. ' How is it possible that a small electric . hpve called a ."dangerous practice", working utility located in the remote woods of Maine - on energized' conductors heretofore reserved has been able to compile such a fantastic for only the metal end of a. six-foot hot stick safety . and. production work record in 27 . and yet these men are working .with their months operation? .bare hands (which are. covered during ex treme cold for reasons of temperature only) , How is it possible to accumulate over 7,000. and month by month tiring tbe same pur unit hours of work employing what some*' ported,. "hazardous' technique"? .. : >V;; iTRHl AA! !'HIf.lK" t-. - Public Utilities ' Whatiype of own are these? Surely they Very.briefly, the training of the live Line . couldn't have been linemen "tutored"; under . Barehand crews -involved a fairly: intensive - the acreptedruleof, "man at ground poten-. program, consisting of -a full' day. in .the tial": Are the voltages, construction, climatic classroom discussing basic- theory,'4he priii- - conditions different\in Maine than -in' Cali ciple of Live Line Barehand, safe clearances, fornia or Florida, Tarns, yes, and even etc, with - each trainee - having 'a.'.classroom 'IlIinoisTTOiecfncal current ahyTeSs severe ~book^fudi^e-was"^iska7l(rstudy. After- in Maine tiran.it is in these.other localities? the first- day a one-hour, briefing, 'session. Are all the transmission lines located within, was held, each morning followed by seven reach .of paved highways? Is continuity of hours, of actual 'work on the 'Elbow with the service, so much more'important in Maine instructor! This was done for a minimum than in other parts of .the .United States? of three days. ' * Surely'there must be a reason for- the' After this intensive, training the crews apparent - results- and. answers to the ques were .assigned various simple jobs under ' tions asked. -direct., supervision of the.instriictor and ' I - would,-like .to explore .with you this * shortly after this, regular work,was assigned "Never, Never Land" to which Maine Public- the. Live Line crews.- During all or most of Service Company employees have so easily these sessions the' Safety Director was pres adapted. themselves. ent for two reasons; first, to:became thor - Very briefiy- I', will outline to you what oughly familiar with -live Line training, we did and-are doing, .the' safety .records and'^cond, to incorporate within our Stand we have-compiled and the'ahiiost unbroken ard Operating Procedure^ (MPS safety record of--service continuity as a, direct rules) *. a section . .on Barehand Live -line result of Barehand Live Line Work. work. Work practices- and. procedures are ' ' - We. lave two .Holan .aerial- elbows which regularly' reviewed with live. Line crews. are designated as "HVLL -Aerial Elbows"! :- Effective with-trsuning completion of .the .. They are in two ares, a 50-footer and- a first Live line crew -1 issued an order 57-footer. Both are- equipped With current . cancelling all planned circuit outages that monitoring and shielding devices, special lift ..involved curtailment of- service to customers . ing* boanis, and the many tools' required in and since that'time'we haven't had a .job this type'of work. ' that, couldn'fbe done, if the unit could get This equipment -is expensive, in fact, - to the pole dr structure'and reach, the. job' probably the most expensive aerial. units point ' - , manufactured today. As a matter of infor The climatic conditions in Maine -are quite' mation, the -511-footer costs in excess of. similar to. the upper _* peninsula area of $24,OQO ai|d the S/rfooter over $30,000 (this Michigan,, the* high Simas and the Rockies, of course includes properly sized vehicles), ..with a very .short construction season,* long. but we in the-management',of. Maine Public and. cold winters wilh the lowest, recorded Service Company did not -feel that we. temperature of 50* below, zero and; snow dared.use.initial.unit price as. the criteria depths, up to 10. feet are not unusual. Wind when men's safety was involved, therefore velocities during the' vnnter often range in purchased1 what we. considered- the best the 40 to 50 mph bracket to make -fairly ^.'However, equipment alone .will hot mean: Uncomfortable working conditions. .We do that -you could' duplicate'-our .record for . use "Swedish type" heaters within th^work without adequate training, proper tools, and -buckets which -help to'some degree. a-high'morale factor,'you're' "spinmng'your- * Maine Public Service Company's system ' wheels". is rural' in nature with, the largest town We gave a system-wide demonstration so slightly over 12,000 people and many, smaller all employees would know what.Live.Line towns, so you might say that we are riot a Barehand work was and what the Elbow metropolitan system.- We have approximately Could' do and shortly-.thereafter- trained a 1300. miles of distribution with voltages of crew -from the.Transmission and Distribu 2.4 KV, 4.6 KV, 7.2 KV, 12.47 KY With tion Department-The crew consisted of- a', conductors numing.from No. 8 copper to leadman lineman, a journeyman lineman and 336- MCM * ACSIJ, and approximately 500 ' a truck driver groundman.19 miles of transmission with' voltages': of 34.5 19 " L- 1965-National Safety Congress. KV, 44 KV and 69 tCV using conductors Elbow' is something almost beautiful' to be- froqi .No. 6 CW to"477. MCM ACSR.-ln Itoid, and I doubt'that it could-be improved analyzing -our system it can be- said that ' upon.1-! think~of~sn~episode which would 22 per edit of the total 'System"voltages are ihclirate this high rinorale. One oLthebSck below 5 KV, 54 per cent in the 12 KV up-men tned-.'to promote-the idea- to his range, and24per centintransmissiori volt upervisor^of-having-thc-leadman-in-one ages of 34,5- KV, 44; KV aid 69 KV..: Elbow be made "live Lihe lnspector and After 27 ;months of Live . Line- operation - Coordinator*,.-hi* 'thought being .that he -the crew logs indicate that slightly over -11' would automatically, .be asrigned to the- Elper edit of the work was spent on voltages -. bow crew on a regular basis, for according below 5 KV, nearly 54 per cent of the time .to him, he wasn't getting enough' "Elbow in tlie 12 KV radge and. almost'3f per cent- time". in the transmission .voltages. ' During this . Finally I ivould like to answer one of my same period of 27 months the dispatcher's first. questions, "What type of men are log indicates that 159 outages on the total, . these?" They are average journeymen line-- 'system were prevented as a direct result of -''-men previously trained in all die mechanics Live Line Bardiand. - of- their trade and thoroughly indoctrinated ' Since Maine Public-'- Sendee Company - -and. schooled in clearances .required from began .using Live Line Baseband over two - energized conductors. years ago, there has only been one accident . -Such' a lineman didn't, imagine -that ..it' and this had nothing to do with the technique would ever be possible to touch any enogized but was caused by the' truck driver stepping conductor with his bare hand but, just asfrom truck bed to- the body and slipping.. , soon as it was .explained and demonstrated Each crew has "back up", men in * the - . to him, Air saw-the possibilities aqd.he quickly various -T & D line crews. These men-fill' , adapted himself to -what .has become the the vacancies that are caused.by varalions-i'easy way. to work on any .'voltage. He is and the rare occasion that'a-regular crew -. also-an outspoken advocate of Maine Public member is rick. 7 Service Live.Line crew's motto, "if We Can The."esprit dc -corps" on th'c live:line' Reich Ifc -VVe Can Do It". ECONOMICS OF SAFETY PRACTICES By WILLARD W. ANDERS . Senior Chemical Engineer,' Department of.Public Utilities, Richmond, Virginia -; ' One of .the most important elements-to be It is certainly safe to say that the monetary' considered - by a -water utility, in addition savings from reduced injury rates outweigh . to the-important matter-of lessening the suf the .cost of a well-organized safety program.' fering -of human bangs by better and safer Safety-minded executives know.this also/but . practices,..Js. tlie matter of ecdnomics_pr jthe_fact_tha't_a_ substantial portion^ifjndustry safety,.as this element'has a direct, relation tolerates high injury rates' is strong evidence ship to the operating cost of the-utility .and that irony managers still have not, accepted is-'part of a -cost of doing business. Tiiis the idea; Probably the chief, reason is their statement applies to all industry' and is there . failure to see the -whole, cost fore. important for-each manager and super It 'should ' be rcincmbercd; that the two' visor to study. chief reasons-for safety programs- are? (1) As stated in a previous paper oil this same ..to prevent pain and,suffering and (2).to subject,*'- "It costs more'.to lave'accidents reduce - operation' .costs. Although- humane than, to prevent them,"-and this is a statement considerations, are pripory,. it is.also inipor- 1 often repeated by professional safety men. - taut to realize exactly how. much accidents f Public Utilities ' J can cost and how. the cost of operations can- reports that every, hour acodents .-kill:. 12 be--reduced by -the institution of 'safety persons; injure 1452 morel and cost $1,860,- programs.''- 000. Tbe total. cost per yearis$16,100,000,- It is' good business to change cardess, -unsafe worldnghabits into,safe; well-planned OOOL Every, year, industrial - accidents -loll ' 14400 persons; disable 2,000,000 othas, and - ^and wdl^organized practice. It'-was oot until -.- cost five bjllion. dollars.------------------ ' - 1926 that much stress; was placed on the The Bureau of-Labor Statistics; U. S. Demonctary/costs of acddentiln that year,, a "partment of Labor, reports that in .1963 the . study was made by the Travelers .Insurance 2004000 disabling injuries produced approx ' Company. This'"study of several thousand imately ' 42000,000 man-days of disability. accidents indicated that. incidental costs of The report further .states' that-.when future accidents, such as'loss'of time; damage to losses of potential Working time resulting equipment, - and spoilage - of materia], - arc'' from these injuries arc-taken into account, - four times the compensation and medical the ultimate total will be approximately-. costs. This' ratio. has been- questioned, but 171,000000 man-days of disability. This is . it does give safety people a' good rule for equivalent to a year's full-time, employment calculating the. average costs of--accidents. for about-551000 workers. . .Ifcinrich,. states that this 4:1 ratio should prove a powerful stimulus to preventive ac tion on the part of those employees who complacently accept losses as incidental to* their operations'Or who disregard accident costs because they believe that, overhead is only slightly affected by accidents. According to.the latest AWWA survey," water utilities experience an. average- of 3.165 disabling injuries per year .with oyer 1 70,000 days of work iaist as a result. Using the 4:1 ratio,, a. very conservative estimate of the cost to Ihe' -'utilities would -be-in excess of $5000000 per year. Every effort should be made to secure', According to a U. S.t Bureau of Labor - .reliable cost-information on which manage .Statistics report," the total economic loss-to ment can base its decision. It. must he rec- water, utilities due .-to-, injuries, induding di- .' : ognized that -.even -where -management ' is rcctaod indirect costvis estimated at400,000 safety-minded, .some proposed recoramenda- man-days or $12000,000. Whatever dataare tions must be viewed iri the light, of their uscd. it is evident that accidents are-costing. prohaMe effect on profits. -the utility huge sums of. money'add that - Most executives wish, to make their-plants .many small water' plants or miles of distri- " ..safe places in which to work, but they also "bution linetcould be -ronstructed.witfr-the------ 'realize their responsibility for running their money thus wasted 'each year. business profitably: They may,-therefore, he The "frequency. rate",or lost-time injuries reluctant- to 'spend money /Or'- safety pro per million man-hours worked in the'water'-' grams unless they-can anticipate saving.at utility is about 22.0. This compares with a least as much as they spend. Unless reliable frequency'-rate of-103 for the communica records., arc kept on .the cost of accidents , tions industry; 5:77 for the electric utilities; it is 'nearly impossible to' comprehend the' 507' for-the gas industry; and an average savings derived from a good-safety program.-' ' for all types of industry of 6.12,- The safety.-' ft is an .'accepted fact that safety reports records-for the communications, electric and' - expressed in terms'of dollar, sayings mean' gas utilities usually show improvement from., more-to'management than those that use.' year, to year, whereas the water utilities Have only .frequency-suid-severity-rates.--.\n~ex---- .shown_little-or-- np.-safety--progress--since--:-----'cellent plan for' a pilot study to determine - records . were first collected . and tabulated ' total costs* of accidents - is outlined in -the' for.this field. ... Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial The; "severity rale" or days of work lost Operations.* Water utility'managements can per. million man-hours worked.is'the standr use this plan wlufher'tliey arc self-insured or .are'externally^-protected through an in ard. by. which the costs of accidents .are appraised. Tire average severity rate-in'the surance company.'. water -utility industry *(534) is about the same,as that for industry as a whole (682), - The cost of accidents in the 'United States but very -high as compared with that for > is unbelievable The NationaTSafety Council" other utilities. .1 21 L i d ew'rt'rj# ?; 1965 National Safely Congress. - .A safety program instituted in the Rich . medical expenses for all injuries, major and mond, Vsl, Department of Public Utilities, minor, pins compensation paid to the'injured demonstrates the economics of. planned- worker. ___ ____________;______ ; ' safety. Until 1952, - the aocident .fate and The disqission so far Jns dealt with a losses." therefrom were extremely high. In - combination of water, gas and electric util-" , September 1952. the -writer was appointed itics.It-is-especially,important -to.scehow safety coordinator for this organization, a costs derived from accidents may he reduced combination water, electric and gas utility. - in water utilities, specifically. - - A safety program was begun, and progress - was apparent daring the first year of A gradual' decrease, in Richmond -water' utility frequency rates from 442- in 1952 . operation. After the safety program had to.23 in 1964 is noted,'-In studying severity been in effect for 12 yews,-disabling injuries decreased from three or four per month to two per year. Accidents are now the except, 'lion rather than the 'rule. rates 'during - the same period, special note should be taken of the year. 1958. The rate for dils year was 671 and represented a cost -of $137,500 to this utility. This was. a dis This utility. fully comprehends the cost of appointing year with regard to safety, but every injury, as it is self-insured - and an the.5-year period following 1958 has proved . -injured employee who foses time from work that the'utility employees-are'becoming more' receives full salary while on injury .leave. safety conscious and the safety program has It has been found that even what appears - begun' to. pay dividends. to be a .minor injury, often develops into a -The frequency-rate for this organization - very, costly matter. In 1952. a worker was during 1964 was about one-sixth, of the - burned and suffered a 60-per cent facial dis national average for water-utilities and the figurement He lost- 273 - days from work severity rate was about 70 per cent- below . and the accident cost tins organization the -national figure. .The- water purification $42200.'. plant has now .operated -for more than right - Back-injuries are very hard to handle and and one-half years without a lost-thnq injury. a slight-sprain.can become very costly. This -. The majority of injuries in'-the water utility utility experienced an example .of this type occur in the. distribution system where dig- ' - when a. worker's- apparently -slight back ging ditches, hand|ng heavy pipe, and .' injury resulted in a total cost to the utility . working in inclement weather present special or$7,7oo. hazards. I--To- reduce -the'- costs-of accidents isvto- ... Mai..working in .the'.customer--service . retluce -the number, of accidents. With the - division are also vulnerable to injuries from , complete backing of management, Richmond . :dogs and. other -hazaVds on and- around has shown marked improvement in its safety '' customers' homes. * i .. record over ai 12-year period.1 In the 3-year period prior to the initiation of a safety' program,,the average frequency rate was' 46.0 and-the severity .rate was -3,880. TheSe 'abnormally high rates represented, ari-annual cost In excess Of $100,000 to. this utility. In.1964, an all-time low of lj84 was realized.' If a safety program is to be!successful,. various means must be found' to create and maintain the. workers'interest Accordingly, weekly safety talks are distributed to all'' first-line supervisors of the Richmond De partment.of Public Utilities;'this means of communication is thought, to be one'of the .-.The..-severity rate'also- declined during best in helping to reduce tile -number of . thel952-64 period' from-3.880rfo~18 or -a-- accidentsThe - consensus-among-the- cm- 214-fold reduction. This reduction represents ployees is that the weekly safety talks have an annual saving' of more than $100,000 to been instrumental in redudng' accidents by _ ' ' this organization- During the period 1950-52, at least-40 percent- prior to the safety program, accidents cost Safety, plaques are awarded' the various - $222 - per 'employee per year. After the divisions in the deportment upon completion . .safety program was well established, during of a predetermined number of days or man the years 1961^64. . tlie' cost of accidents hours without a .lost-time injury.' Pais, pen declined to ah average of $2511 peryear cils, tie .clasps and playing cards obtainable ' or $530 per employee.- These costs were from the National Safety Council' and bear determined .by -applying the 4:1- ratio to ing appropriate safety slogans are presented - I1 jZL'/ t " ^ffi'<fvvl.n. H'f Public Utilities to employees for outstanding records. Safety "What the mind attends to, it considers. dash cards and seat belts are used on all What it does not attend to, it dismisses. vehicles! - But what-the-mind attends to cdntiiiu-. -The annual--'cost-of-operating- the.safety program is, on the average^ less tlian $1,000 . ously, it believes. ' -. _ - . And what it believes ln," it' dots." --or $2 . per employee per. year. Certain. From past .experience, .the reduction in _factors:must,-howcver,be_taken:into_account._ injuries which has' resulted- in lowered oo- The organization does not employ a full-time erating costs,' indicate the importance. of ' safety director; and the writer -devotes' ap keeping safety foremost-in tire minds of'all proximately one-quarter of his working time. : employees' at. all . times. It is now apparent' . to administering and coordinating tire safety -that !thty 'are more safety conscious 'than. ' program.' The figure of-.$1,000 doesnot take.. - ever. into consideration, the purchase, of safety In conclusion, I should like to say that a equipment, .salaries' of .personnel attending well-organized and properly conducted safety departmental safety meetings, or safeguard ; program'will-lower the cost of operation in ing machinery and housing facilities.-It* does nearly every brandi of industry. It is seldom' - include*-printing'the weekly safety -talks, . possible ' to -determine the exact, cost of awards to- employees, safety material -'.pur accidents, but by keeping records of medical chased. from the National -Safety Council,, expenses and compensation--payments,.'and and expenses of personnel attending safety applying -the- 4:1 ratio, management can schools and conferences.. - obtain accurate: estimates -df there, costs and - Working in the field of safety and striving the extent 'to which accidents increase the 'for the'utmost in accident preventjon.can be cost of operation. Tlie cost.of-maintaining very rewarding--but also- disappointing--to ' a good safety program is low when compared the- safety director or 'supervisor. 'Through . to the many benefits derived. - concentrated efforts, improvements in safety .' Managements' of most large-organizations records may be apparent in' two or three realize'that accidents are expensive That is years, but most safety experts coricede that why they supply full-time safety staffs and it usually- takes at least 10 -years to formu spen'd substantial sums* to maintain vigorous late, adopt and put a good safety program safety programs.'A Mg.-problem today is-to into operation. persuade the management of smaller'plants `At - Richmond, eight years elapsed before; ' to take the trouble to. find out - what their definite, progress could be substantiated.. This "long"period "was"attributed -to"difficulty en-~ - accident -of-time- costs really, amount ---"--7T--^ to over a. period : countered in converting.the .working habits The Safety `Practices - Committee of the. . of older . employees . into safer and better American Water Works.Association realizes, -organized practices. In Richmond's safety, that the water works industry is. not doing program, it is now felt -that a. pretty-good - a good job in. safety and -(dans arc 'now. job of "selling" safety to .the employees has under way to revamp the AWWA's safety been accomplished. program.'. ' '.' .-. In the wedcly safety talks> subjects of- Considering the savings^achieved. over a currcnt. importance are discussed. Not all 12-year period/ the' Richmond. Department subjects presented arc geared to on-the-job of Pub.Iic Utilities feds confident. that; as safety.'Many are' related .to home apd high '.stated before, ."it costs more to'have accidents- way ^safety--also vacation, safety. than to prevent them." It lias proved to-be' .good'business to save .$100,000 each year Accident-prevention must-be; a continuous ' by. spending about $1,000 on a safety . pro process and the secret of a good program gram. is repetition.' Bang motivated once a year . or so, whether it concerns religion,. sales, - Credit'for'portions of this paper and. the.' adaptations or the charts Is siren to a copy 'safety,'or anything-else, is-not going, to righted article In the JQOBNAL of the Amer have the same impact, rut a person as it would if the exposure were more frequent. ican Water Works Association, Vol. 56,. No. 8.. August 1966. entitled "Economics of Safety Programs' by Willard W.. AndenL ... A noted philosopher once said these words '.References: -- L Economics of Safety Programs,' Journal . which.scon to hit the nail right on the haul':' . AWWA, Aug, 1961. 1965'National .Safety Congress - . S. Henrich, H. W.,Industrial Accident Pre.-4 ration, McGraw-Hill Book Co.. Hew York * (3rd- Ed. I960).3. Occident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations. National Saety Council. Chi-cago Wt^Edi 19).-pp-10-16.-:--------------l Accident Facts. National Safety Council. Chicago (1964. Ed.). 5. More than 3LOOO Utilities Participate In- Safebr Programs. Willing Water, AWWA. 7:13 (Dec. 1963). .. . e. Injurlea and Injury Rate in Water Supply UtlllUea, 1963.- Report No. 83, U. & Bu- . -- iuui of Labor Statistics. _Dept.:of Labor. Washington, D. C. (1953).' - THE FOREMEN'S ANSWER: PERSONALIZED SAFETY! By E. M. O'NEILL ' Water. Distribution Division Superintendent Utilities.Department, City of San Diego, California We of tlic Gt-y of San Ditgo Water Dis- nature, particularly with reference' to. ways . tribution Division were having, scriobs safety in which-his own.reactions may be different-, - problans a few years back: In 1963 .it c'ul-. from, the average, or norm: Given' this. ' initiated with-20 lost-time injuries ; a' understanding, he can adjust.his actions to poor-enough, record for any -locality, but'-"- conform to the needs of his environment - worse in San Dicgd, where climate makes --he can take steps-to bring himself closer its own distinct contributionto good working.' to the norm. .- conditions. This-would be the ideal solution . What were the' causes?' Slackness of su- -but we aren't living' in a world of ideals, pervision?--poor morale?--budgetary' limita- .This is -a world of "make-do.". This' is a- tions?--lack of safety-derices on equipment? world where, our'safety , is in the hands' Had it anything to do with lack of incen- - of. others, even as others' safety -rests with live?--lack of . communication?--failure to' us: Clearly,-there .must, be controls, rules instruct in.the-correct method of handling-: and regulations.- And' individuals, you'and - - -material?-Frankly,-.allr'of these considera- .1, niqst be subject to" them--must Operate. --"tions played-.a part. ' Within that-framework,-if your-safety, and- - .But, in addition, and possibly-quite basic- . mine, is to lie protected. . " ally, accidents reflect the.attitude-action pat- How did a -large 'facility like our 'Water tern of each individual. Some people- arc- .Distribution Division implement an effec-' .- accident prone.- Analysis reveals" that many -tive-safety program? How does the safety -' innate capacities'are. of great, significance, message, reach all -those whom it is de- - Some of us have unconventional judgment '.-signed to protect? How is the.cooperation' Some of us' are stubborn, aggressive, while of- the individual- enlisted? These are the , '.others are. naturally careless or-unusually questions we- asked and continue -to ask. indifferent to details.. - - . These-are the questions we answered. and ' : In certain situations some of these quali-. corttinuc to.answer. ties.can -be life-saving qualities. - In other - ..The cost of the 20 lost-time accidents in' circumstances,; they may be life-destroying. 1963 was prohibitive. .It was measured.in' ' fri^afty casc^our degree of divergence- from- lessened efficiency of -operation,- increased -a norm does determine the degree of our production .cos'ts, 'dislocation of' persomiel'' -casualty .syndrome, our .likelihood of .bring -with resultant slow-down of normal opera- involved in accidents. Our hasic problem, tions. Far more'costly -was- the human - , .' then, was, and. always .will be, the attitude- ' suffering amt personal- discomfort of those . action pattern of rack individualt.' . - "involved The' ideal solution--.for the hazards at------ A review of our. safety-rccord-between tending a person with a casualty syndrome 1949-io 1939 revealed that- it had not "al ls a complete understanding of - his own .- ways been -had -Adherence tp. the principles 24 f I t L V ---tf-H . Public Utilities t * `. ii ; of safely' layed down by .the' tbcir Safety to-reverse the .trend--that, and'a real goal, '- .Officer; James Gleason had paid off over immediate qnd personal . ... One Hint would those years . . ;' Wc -had .completed five "help us saturate, ourselves with the con-- :: \ perfect'-yeaxs -without a' lost-time ; injuryr sept of 'personalised safety" : : .Each of these years' San Diego's City Man- " And so,: the "Accideiit Control Group" . ager had sponsored a . steak dinner _fpr._the_ -was--borrl,--with--tlie--General--Foreman--as-.-- entire division .with, each employee -invited Chairman and^ to- work -with him in.dose to sharejn the recognition Of his 'part in association, the- four Senior Foremen. Thry- . the year's record of achievement chose the name! But, after 1959 something had happened. '. Here,' then,- were five top supervisors, '' By 1963, contact had been totally lost A bound, together'by common goals, prepared . - new start had to be made. The urgency ;of to work out-, the - mechanics of-' a safety the ' situation became manifest when:-a program ".which'would: d) Do something worker- sustained a back injury while per-' about 'safety awareness; 2). Create a means forming his work to. quote him, "In the of augmenting .the: dty*s safety program; ' same manner'as he had always done it!" 3) ' Bring ` "Active - Safety" home to their This was the "shocker." This was the dr-, division' and,' 4) Personalise Safety. ' cumstance* that galvanized our. foremen into The "Go Ahead"'was theirs for'lhc'ask- ' 'action!' They -'awoke with concern--tlic -same concern that had plagued and frus trated me since 1959! . ing- . . . With piy blessings!! After all my previous fruitless' efforts, I couldn't have' been happier ' when they came to me - - It was- recalled' by "the foremen that -' in ' and my assistant superintendent to ask our previous years, the division had provided.' ."permission" to go. ahead on their own. -'adequate accommodation for bi-monthly di--. This was, .indeed,, the key to the .door! vision meetings' -which brought . all ', the . - The'' Division ' by the way, is composed. workers into close' informal contact with" -of :the. Superintendent,'.-Assistant Superin- -. each other and with division supervision. tendent, General Foreman.and four major .- .. It-was at these, meetings that impetus .had- sections each-headed by a 'Senior Foreman. ; been provided for open- discussion of com-. with three groups each in -turn headed -by mon problems--for `suggestions, reminders, - a-Foreman II. Each-'group consists of-sev- . and, perhaps most importantly, for inter eral .crews of from one' to four employees -' departmental and-divisional competitive achievement.. The necessity, of--freeway tie-, velopment had required the destruction..of - some of the .buildings, including'the audi torium at our old - station. The meetings were discontinued.' . to each crew,-. The - total- divisional complemcnt js '250 employees. . .With the. effectiveness 'of - a team, bf ' public relations ; experts; 'the "Accident Control Group" developed a program, cstab-. -lished rules,..guidelines arid a scoring sys It -was .almost, two. years later, on the tem. Not least of all they.established per- '. day -after Thanksgiving.' 1962,.before -the sonalized awards.-This is what-they set'up: .great move to a-new home was-completed. In the turmoil of the- move, months passed ' before meetings began again. .Number One was'a.grading system;pro viding a varying scale of demerits. appli cable- to . the*-following items' based on In retrospect we see that'this-gap was-, individual performance: the .crucial.petjod. It was during this, time of reorganization and reorientation that ..our .Failure to Attend safety effort was -sacrificed-to expediency Tailgate Session- '--15 = ' '. --to our''detriment. The seed - bf the 20 ' -.Each Traffic Accident' --10 - lost-time injuries. of 1963 - had been sown 1 '-... Each Traffic ^Citation' -- 5 | Now it. was'-early 1964, and already ten . lost-time injuries had occurred. It looked - . Equipment-Jot Site ' ' '. . 'Housecleaning ; --10' . as if an all-time high were again in the cards - . Sick Leave' '; . --' 5 for'us. The General Foreman and the Di-" . '* --'Safety Rule Violation ,.-- 5. to 15 vision -Senior Foremen huddled together for - It was felt that no demerits should be - -action. It was. decided that, a re-vitalized given'to one individual iii event-of a lost-! .'. force of competition was what was needed' time - injury. In that event, tire' entire Divi- * 25 I 1965 National Safety Congress sion has had it! 'A new-start has to be' . pervision, keeps on the alert' for unsafe made in' that case. * practices :and safety rule violations.. -Pre- The penalty-for failure to attend a" TaiP vmtive ineasura are prppoied,T andif prac- - gate Session is greatest of all because this. heal, put into effect to preclude the possibilityis the indispensable refluisite^forjucc<^_P-Lf J[?e?n! of.-|?cid^ts of_a_similar^_ of the Safer Program "Aerideiit Control **TM- Becausc each mmor injury is a poten-; Group" . envisioned. This is the 15-minute" rial major injury all. are reported. Monthly ' weekly individual crew safety meeting at reviews of minor injury cases .and.- traffic whidi a different subject, suggested by the accidents' are- held by Accideiit Control employees themselves, is discussed. Attend Group'with the persons involved present for' ance 'is inandatory. .and written opinions these considerations. In some .'cases. their and/or comments on;the subject of.the day. foreman and/or supervisor must be present-' are expected to be turned in. ' to give a- further ' accounting "of the dr- . - cumstancesl - .* ' -Within, this grading system the crews in each group compete with all the' crews What happened^asja -result of.-all these within the other two groups of that section . . efforts?- A. remarkable .."turn. about"I. By' Tor the. minimum number of demerits. The creating a better'safety climate through per winning group and section are given rec sonalized competition, the Division worked ognition on a bi-monthly basisat the . 363 days in* 1964 without 'a lost-time injury. Division All-Hands Safety Meeting.' This This was' a great victory... not in the sense was the Number .Two item,' -the -Accident' . of 'trophies won, nor award dinners. It was Control Group set up-^Personal Awards! - a victory , for individual responsibility, for-. - - Personalised Safety . . 1 `for all those who First, a bi-monthly'award is given to the had beenable, through.competition, to.im- . group in each of- the -four sections' with the lowest number of demerits. This award is "Little Willie", a -6* statuette- of "Will . prove their chances -of getting through one moment, to the next without-getting hurt . This had beep, the goal and the-achievement.- ing Water". It is a.replica of the "WillingWater" `figure-, designed by the American ...-We rejoiced in it . Water. Works Associateon and- -is compar- Now,',what has happened since? Well, like abele.to *?Reddy Kilowatt?*.' . ________ . so many important undertakings,,once estab- "lished and wprlang effectively, people -tend Second, a bi-monthly award, "Big. Wil to sit. back, take-'things-for granted,- 'arid' - lie" '(he*? 12' tall I), goes to one of. the admire their creative efforts!' They lose four sections for the best .performance of - the past two months. - - .' . sight, .of. -certain/ symptoms - which -would' ; ordinarily he . signals of pew -distress. By. .Third, in addition to- the "Willie" a late 1964.a little of this started-to faappenl - pennant with the' words "Safety Award" printed on .face, and reverse sides- is .awarded to each -field' crew in the winning sections. These flags are mouhted in a conspicuous place, on their motive' equip ment calling'public-attention to their, .safety effort and accomplishments.: Fourth, additional and special rejeognition' Ideally, one would hope, for at good safety I program'in operation; brie; that. is simple, thought .provoking; arid which-.would auto matically and constantly .perpetuate itself, with a minimum of effort ' . -. Here again, we must avoid bring' overly hypnotized fay a-world of ideals. Experience tells us that no matter how ideal-.or success goes''-to evciy-individual`who-works one or -more years without sustaining :a lost-time injury.'-This is in the form of a decal .about .2* .in diameter which he applies to his. hard ful a new progranTinaty'be; as lofig ais people are involved, constant effort; -review, arid corrective measures or . adjustments, arc necessary. ` hat Incorporated in the. attractive design of the decal -is the- number of years he has worked without losing- time as- a result -o.f injury/ ` ..." j 'In order to evaluate- performance and do the grading, each member -of the Accident Control Group, as part of regular field.su- ' When.should a.good Safety Program be'' subject to. review arid innovation? The 'Accident' Control Group asked themselves', this question several times,. But, all of us procrastinate 'arid they were no. exception. In December 1964, we appeared to' be start ing a series of very, minor injuries. This 26 ' . \. - Public Utilities time the Accident' Control Group ns right -- 4- AUhbugh original plans specified that on top-of iL ______ the. Acddebt..Control_Group- would consist - They met, brainstormed. reviewed and . of the four'Senior Foremen' and the General finned up their ideas. The bi-monthly awards Foreman, it was decided tint one of the of the "LittIe Willie,' and ',Big \Villie". the Hhree~Forpmen'T.I~froni_eaclt_section would"- . pennants/etc, would be continued. .But. they - 'alternate and be invitnl tb' attcnd each 'did .feel that the present bi-monthly' award - . scheduled monthly Accident Control Group ; program should be supplemented with more. Meeting. This, would place each Unit level frequent and more personalized recognition supervisor-doser to the safetypiclure, also _ and participation ;. . more and more entpha- . giving them a - 'part in. the running'and op on personalised safety through individual : eration of the Accident Control Group. competition! - S. Last but not least, it was derided that They decided, to add : 'three attractive, individual trophies would be 1.. More'-personal and individual awards. presented at the final safety meeting of each., . This could best-be accomplished by award year for'first, second; and third place "Safe ing wallets, cigarette lighters, tie dips, and - Worker of the -Year" winners. Each of these - pen and pencil sets'to the "individual" or winners would sit at ..the head table with the crew making the greatest contribution to the . Gponcitmen, Qty Manager -aiid distinguished - safety program on a monthly basts; guests at '.our "hoped for" - annual safety - . 2. A Certificate of Recognition. would he' dinner.' '. *' ' given to each individual who had made some - Because of these' innovations. arid addi- 1 contribution not sufiiden.t to win the otKer- ti6ns to our safety program, 126 days with-- types of awards; out-a lost-time'injury were completed as of 3. It-.was decided that-each crew would' August' IS,. 1965. We are now on our way ' have a-"safety engineer", with the assign- to a.second good year I ment rotated, among the crew members each.' I- would like'to leaveyou with* one final . week. He would `make critical notes relative .thought: .Our goal is based.on makirigsafety . to adherence fry the crew to - safety, rules, a personal matter through individual. earn-. procedures^ and. practices. He would fblow petition. This is certainly one of the greatest. the .whistle" on infractions only if-the vio^ motivating fariors in our progranv a greater iatQrdisplayed complete disregard. for safety . degree, pf partici^fioh. effort, and ..r?cog- ^. ' ruIeS-Withtlittskind of 'seifranalysts.- it is nitibn for the individual worker.'.- ' . hoped tint each crew member will make a . ` greater effort to- work safely. The' "safely.' But, .the whole key' tooiir efforts in. San engineer" would also report any and all Diego.and'the success so far achieved was. recommendations .to top level supervision the awakened sense o'f responsibility .on-the indicating .where management could improve part of our top Foremen--withoutstheirmio- the safety effort.' All reporting by'the "safety titrating force,, their dedication-and- constant... - engineer" would first be reviewed by the vigilaiice, no safety' program, no'matterhriw *' Accident Control Group.- 'sophisticated, would stic^eedl . MANHOLE FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS . By G. L. CHILBERG . Outside Plant Eng^.American Telephone ft Telegraph Co* New York City - Over the years, there have been too many have been avoided. Under the circumstances manhole fires and explosions, both major 'and with 'the knowledge that has'.existed for- and. minor. Too' many because -with the' about the last decade, there has been no techniques and devices that have' been .exist- '. excuse for any human injury from manhole, ent since the-tarn' of the-century, the great'. fires or explosions. ^. . majority, of these accidents could and should Since there ha/ been such' a- transition 27 ::h 0- .. ` 1965 National Safety Congress during recent years in the .circumstances, Has Association - has informally stated that (echniques.and levices surrounding 'manhole dess than five pcr'ccnt of the-household gas- `.fires .and accidents, it is in-order to provide now supplied is-of the- manufactured type ' some hackground-to'today's situation. and that evety that small amount is generally mixed with natural gas before it is' fed into MANUFACTURED GAS the mains. The 'Association further states Characteristics that -the per cent of manufactured gas s~up.plied is decreasing each year. From the inception of- illuminating gas until about 1930, manufactured gas was. Characteristics .- : -. generally, supplied - for household and indus trial purposes- Natural gas was' provided in only a few cities. : Manufactured gas -is- extremely- toxic and' 'highly explosive. Its toxic constituent is carbon monoxide which is persent.in large quantity and is highly combustible. The other major constituents-of manufactured gas are hydrogen and methane,- Hydrogen is- present in large quantity and is also highly com- bustlble. bratwa| gas consists'primarily of methane. It contains-no carbon monoxide or any other toxic- gas. Natural gas is highly combustible and from this standpoint- its presence pre sents a hazard. There is no need,.however, to test for tlie presence of natural gas in minute- quantities for health reasons. Up- to live per .cent natural gas in sin-air gas'mix ture.is neither injurious'nor'combustible. An individual can breathe relatively high quanti ties of air--natural gas mixtures'.over a. pro . From the viewpoint of personnel hazards, longed'period without ill effects. however, the..toxic element' in manufactured gas, carbon monoxide, is the chief concent, Detection - as its presence; even in-minute concentrations,' In 1816, in' England, Sir Humphrey Davcy can produce severe illness or even-death de invented a safety lamp that could be used in pending upon .the quantity present and the a combustible atmosphere.^ It consisted essen 'duration of exposure.: tially of enclosing the flame within a wire screen/Several,variations of ihi^safety lamp' 'Detection-' . ' principal lave been applied over the years - The ratio of hydrogen to carbrtn monoxide and -are available on the' open market today- ' in natural gas is relativtJy'ebnsisfoih 'Since to detect the presence of-natural gas.: - - , the. toxic hazard of small.concentrations of 'These indicators-work-on the principal ; 1 carbon.monoxide in manufactured gat con - that- when operated in a combustible atmos stitutes a severe human'-.hazard, it is only phere-the flame will burn'.higher; but when- logical that a test for carbon .monoxide be in an.environment of oxygen deficiency,' the' came the standard test for the presence of flame will bum lower or go out-entirely. manufactured gas..Several devices, have ..been Although these gas indicators are reliable .. developed for' tins purpose,; but all -of them instruments if properly maintained and used, ,--Y-jf. - 'employ a palladium chloride compounjl.which they are-vulncrable.'to human judgment and . discolors in. the presence of carbon monoxide. error on the part of. the operator. - -'' These devices, will detect the presence of ' In recent years, however, .a. gas indicator carbon monoxide - in concentrations as low working on an - entirely - different -principal _a.s_six_partsjn_10.000 pattsjnf.air. As_carbon_ Jiasicomc'. into, -general use.-This.is the so- monoxide is a major constituent of manufac called hot wire type combustible gas tester. tured gas,-ahd since-monoxide detectors will * In this instrument a platinum filament sur- reveal.the presence of very low concentra-1. ; rounded'by'wire gauze is connected in one . lions, -such a. test'will automatically indicate segment of a balanced' wheatstone bridge . whether manufactured gas is present in cither circuit When the filament- is heated* by an' toxic or combustible quantities. electric current,- it ignites any ^combustible. NATURAL GAf- gas around it This added heat changes the resistance of the-filament significantly, and. Since -the late .1020's ami particularly since the resulting unbalance can either be read on - World War II, natural'gas has progressively' - a meter or used to actuate an alarm. The ' displaced manufactured, gas for both indus-- wire screen around the filament prevents any trial and domestic purposes. The American. flame from .spreading. \ : ' 28 L- ,.J Public'. Utililies These hot wire indicators -are much more to tlie upper explosion limit the' remaining sensitive than tke safety lamp typc.require -air-gas.mixture in-die.`can. finally explodes ' essentially no warm-up period, and are much and blows the top off the coffee can. The less vulnerable to human error on the part reason that the flame burns as the gas es .<>i-ihe.'operator:---------------- --------;---- capes-from:the-can is because it mixes with the atmosphere suflidendy to produce a mix EXPLOSION LIMITS OF NATURAL ture lietween'tlie upper (12' per emit) and GAS-AIR MIXTURES . lower (five per -cent) explosion limits. ; . A- natural gas-air mixture is only com-' - hustible if .the proportion'.of natural gas. is, Lower Expiation Limit. between 5 and 12 per .'cent- of the total by . A natural gas-air mixture, below the lower volume. If the mixture has more titan 12 explosion limits (five per cent-natural gas) 1 per cent natural gas, it will .not burik due; will not explode whereas a mixture between - to the shortage of oxygen. If it lias less titan -the two explosive limits (five per cent to 12 5 per cent natural gas, it will not-burn be per- cent) will explode. We have a chamber cause of an insufficiency of -methane. 'which simulates a typical underground utility manhole, It has a transparent lucite front to The- safety lanSp type of- combustible gas permit visibility of tlie interior. It also has indicator will only measure down to -about' spark plugs in the bottom and-the top of' 20 to' 33 per cent of tile lower' explosion . -the far wall. There'is a means of injecting limit This range depends upon, tlie condition explosive gas and access 'tubes, so that the of the wick,, the deanliness of the wire conihustiliiliiy of the 'air-gas 'mixture' ran screen, the- care with, which the lamp, is lie measured at cither the top or the'bottom brought up to temperature, the-flame adjust- ' of' the chamber^ matt, as well as the care .of the workman using the lamp. * I will inject au explosive gas until.the mixture in tlie.-top of the chamber reads-to . The hot'wire type meter'will indicate this i between the. upper and lower explosive presence of combustible gas when the con -limits, while, tlie mixture, at the bottom .is centration of natural gas in .the air-gas mix liclow llic lower 'explosive limit f -wilf now ture is as low. as 10 per cent of the lower ' ignite the spark plugs' in the bottom of the explosion limit (LEL). Furthermore,- since-, clamber and the mixture does - not explode.- the device - reads on a.-simplc meter,- it. is By igniting tlie spark -plugs in'the top of the much. less vulnerable-'to human' error oh the - chamber, however, the mixture' dob explode. '. pan of the user. For these reasons, industry, This is merely to demonstrate the sensitivity in general has largely 'swung over -to the tint exists with reference to .the proportion hot Wire indicator type, of device in checking '-of natural gas in an air-gas mixture.' for acombustible mixture of gases in under ground structures. POWER AND-VENTILATION . - DEMONSTRATION OF EXPLOSIVE LIMITS OF AlR-SATUkAL CAS MIXTURES ' - -The presently available hot wire explosion -' meters are capable'of'giving-precise, and easily- read- measurements, of the explosive gas concentrations-in'any manhole. From Upper Expiation Limit . . detailed observations 'under controlled'con ditions; however, it has beeiidetermined that Tor illustrate 'the-fact-that~mo~ high-a-- -pockets of explosive' ebneentratiohs- bf"nat proportion of natural gas (over 12 per cent) ural ' gas ran remain in isolated ' locations in an air-gas mixture will not ignite,. 1*11 fill- witliin a manhole even though it tests safe a coffee can with a 'high concentration of . in the majority of tlie space. Furthermore, pure-gas. There is a hole.in the top through removing a manhole- cover apn permit the which the' gas can escape. Ill now light the . flow into a manhole from connecting duct escaping gas. The escaping gas burns quietly, runs' of explosive - gases, which have been and tlie air gas mixture .in the coffee can lying dormant in those condtpts. There is a does not explode. ' third possibility tint a leak ill adjacent gas As tlie flame continues to burn, however,, supply pipe lines may develop while wprk" the proportion of gas in the mixture remain is heing'.conducted in a. manhole and"cause ing in the can decreases. What it gets down ..the development of explosive gas concentra-  tr^M: ' 1965 National Safely Congress tions in (hat manhole even (hough it tested rate, of-gas. into such a manhole represents safe at the start of the job. a leak of major proportions. Tlte atmosphere' For these reasons,. the'7B3e0ll~Telephone^ Laboratories conducted an extensive series o'f tests to determine the' factors' involved' in. purging a manhole'bf"accumulated ex of~the-manhole-under-those-conditions can still be maintained below 10 per cent of the.' lower explosive limit- which fs considered completely^safe.- plosive Apises and in providing forced venti lation' `in sufficient quantities'- to maintain a . CURRENTLY RECOMMENDED safe working environment even when a sub- PROCEDURES ` . ., ' - stantial amount of natural gas wax- entering - The Bell System' recommendations to pro the' manhole. tect against- the possibility'.of-manhole A standard telephone manhole contains explosions or fires include the following: approximately 150 cubic'feet of-space.-A 500 . 1. Equip' or. make available - to -all em cubic foot-a minute' blower, which is the ployees who have occasion to. enter standard' capacity, working at its7 capacity ' .-manholes a standard hot wire type gas. will completely purge such -a- manhole, if indicator. . - ' contaminated by explosive gas.in two min utes.-A larger manhole would require pro-' portionately; longer. .. 2:. Require- that all manholes- lie tested with.-this explosion device before'it U entered -for. any purpose' and `regardless Furthermore, in the event that a gas source ' for hdw short a period.. in the'-vicinity causes natural gas to enter such a manhole, a 500 cubic -firxjt- per minute 3. Power ventilate the manhole for at blower will hold the atmosphere at 40 per. least two minutes before it is entered centLKL for an'M.l cubic foot a minute - and continue the ventilation , for the - gas entry rate, at 23 per cent LEI. for a entire period that .the manhole is oc- 5.4 cubic foot per 'minute gas entry rate, at ' cupied using a standard, blower with at 15 per cent LEL for a 4J cubic foot per', least 500 cubic feet.'per minute capacity. minute gas'entry rate, and at 10 per cent ' 4. -Retest the 'manhole atmosphere -with LEL.for a'2.5 cubic foot per minute gas - -the '-hot wire indicator at two-' hour entry rate. intervals during .the entire period that . To put this in proper perspective,-it should - it is being oexupied.- lie pointed out that-a gas-fired-home heating- - -Our' experience warrants" our -confidence furnace of' 120,000 BTU's output, which is that, .if the above procedures' are applied, a a rather large, unit, burns approximately two manhole explosion , or fire is essentially im . cubic feet per- minute of natural gas. Ob possible'during periods "tint the manhole is viously a 2.5 cubic feet-, per minute' entry occupied. '. ...: . HUMAN FACTORS BLOCK COMMUNICATIONS ` By JOIItt COST 7 - MethodsEngineeringrNewYorkTelephoneCo^New York - Two men meet on the pitcher's mound, which -is the cinter of the workshop for baseball-players, and exchange information. ' Seeing, and `hearing -facilities arc activated - for (he action which is planned. ' Iii the next few minutes. the. effectiveness of .this interplay- of. mental motivatibn re sults' in action. When the results' of the action follow. the plan; we know the ex change 'of information- was effective because, it was acceptable and the desired, result was achieved--the batter struck .out .- . Two other men meet in.their woricsiiop and exdiange information. Seeing and hear ing- facilities arc activated for,- the action .planned but the end result of this-sequoice is not -a .happy one because what was planned, did nqt happen."In-tliis latter instance; as in 30 i- i v Public. Utilities ilie' first! the men involved desired'effective These personal networks have'their branches and acceptable results. in many different areas and-arc-subject to. The~reason-why-success- docs-not-always--mahy-anajnricd-influencL_Ihis-inakes_each;: result is not easy to determine and. I will of an individual, and our personality pat riot say that 1 have the answer--but I will tern is as characteristic as our fingerprints, attemptlojustify-a'direclion'to~take~becstuse__ If you will^GDhceive df'aTpersorraS'beiiig in dealing with humans there is no one pre- the result of network influences originating set., panacea. Since . there are 360 degrees - in heredity and bring affected by background, available in-setting:dfrection,.it is more im- " training;' education,- social status, affluence portant than it seems. When you are lost ! and influaice of-the parents'TM both maternal knowing, only the direction quadrant can be . and paternal side and by contacts with peo- ' vital.. ' pie along life's path, you are aware that From the two situations, I used, the ball- each person is different and shows a distinct - players and the plan), workers, we can per- - and individual critical personality factor. haps start an the - direction by defining our From experience, either- by remembering terms. "Communication"'might be said to be what they had seen the. batter do before or the effective transfer of acceptable*inforuia-. |}y reading his'record. the pitcher and catcher lion- First, we. need a message-something that the man at the plate had a weak- that is important; second, we need a channel nets, The talent the catcher lul to remember to make the transfer--which can be sight, ^ to remind-&e pitcher; the talent the sound or action facilities.- Then we need a. pitcher had to deliver it,- as well' as his responder--to accept-the information, process willingness to accept the'- information and it and fihaljy produce effective action. tune it with his own in addition to his capa- We-had all this with the baseball players - bility to' go along with 'the decision. He' --die message--"he is a sucker for an inside could have been, stubborn- a'mLuncooperative ' curve"--the- talents of the batters as the - and despite the.agreement, tpuld have picked , channel' and both were responders. When ' that "time in his own mind .to try another the transfer of-information registered, effec-' pitch. live action was taken and the desired result What happened in the shop? The boss had occurred. . . experience;.lie had a message, he thought With''the worker in the sliop the message his pattern of operation was'accepted -and was "work safely--wear your goggIes."..The - he reminded the mah what he should.fk>. The channel was the. normal operation procedure man had - experience, job'; knowledge and --discussing job operations- in the usual man- knew what-'was*' required-of hini. He heard, her;-but the end result was failure'bepuse but in refusing to accept the instruction, he the message did not register 'and. there was didn't- listen-rin other-words, it didn't regis- no/rtsponder. The man heard, but he was ter aqd he didn't respond. nnoott alistreensipnogn--deitr, dbiedcanuoset -rheegisctheors--e h.neotwatos . whTehtheeroald tqTuesZtion ,coamneosiseto- wmheinnditafbaolulst accept the information. ... in the-woods tvhen no 'one is around. But . These two situations are typical and any. "sounds are made even though not registered, analysis'of- them applies pretty generally.to How many times' this happens .with people any. we might meet The. talents .of all -prin- and how difficult it is tordetermine the rea-'* cipals were involved- here; the information son for hot registering. - or facts themselves, how thqT were-acqiiirril^ Sonic reasons' arc: they "don't know " and remembered and the effective reactions "fon't aTC" or fjon't want to" Xbe area to situations all demonstrate the utilization' 6{ "don't want to" should be explored since -f complex background networks. Myriad ft concerns .the'critical personality factor in ` factors or components comprise complicated . the personal network that activates people, networks to produce messages such as we "Don't know" can be corrected by education transfer- among ourselves daily.- and, with programmed, learning, prooesses.a ' ; Whim certain components complement.- determination of. learnings registrations,- is each other -you might say they are "in tune" possible; so that it can be determined whether or "on the beam," -and are favorable condi- . they know what they should.' "Don't care" is -turns in which it is easy to accept transfer, a matter of motivation and'the effect of :an' ' /. / 1965 National Safety Congriu .. accident oil a person's'cpoiHini.ic and family crusading for ilmitr improvement. Marling, life , can lie impressed strongly enough' to with |icri<Mlic ihyiical ami mental testing of . iniure~ acceptanccr~ " . "driver*. Do you know how far they get? An electrical, analog condition using . Not very far, because public, feeling is -----------Ohm's-law-it-a-goad-cxample. .Since com?. against abrogating .the right to drive.. miinication is the flow of the driving force; -. People-who liohl.driver's licenses should, it is -necessary' to keep the stimulus' effective not .'feel. that they have a right Mo do as and' at a high level, while keeping the re* they please' behind the- wheel. A car-is a sistance or negative responses (don't want leilial. weapon--a guided missile so to speak to) at low levels.. '---and controls' must 'originate with the op Can this be done.primarily by physical. erator.- We should, communicate these. feel cnrrection-Mnaking everything fool-proof-or ings by acts and deed* to local and state by spending unlimited amounts- for safety, legislators, to prevail' being driven'to ridicu equipment of tlie safest kind? We should lous economic extravagance. know from, experience that a foot-and.his Free 'flow of information can also be good, health are soon -ported by his own - likened to pouring liquid from one container adions, and. efforts and- expenditures 'by to-anotherland'when all parts of the opera- . .others to protect hitn will lave little more lion are clear and . open, we obtain, what is . lion slight attenuation: -Most people who desired--acceptable transfer from one point, don't care will ultimately' find a way to. to .-another. fool around your fool-proof controls. - .' . In the Second instance^ - everything' looks ` It is. oversimplification' to say that acd- -the same and we assume it is and. start the -dents have-their base in only. two. compo -transfer: But the receptacle is not responding nents, people and things--the human factor and'is not accepting the transfer for reasons - and the physical--but it is true .tint people We.cannot see. Tlie receptacle lias, an.invi*- larc responsible for 92 per cent-of the acci ' ible cover- of dear plastic and'so no transfer dents and- tilings ~ are responsible for 8 per is possible. So many people are like this '. cent. Our biggest and most important prob? cellophane covered container.' They look all. lem'is to communicate, motivation to people right, they .act all right, and it looks like a 'to get them instinctively to .tfiinlc -and do in .'transfer of'-information is'being made.- lint ' safe manner--to develop labits.of.,care and for some unseen.or unknown reason, nothing 1 tlidughtfulncss. . is registering and your message doesn't get, .-. People . are' creatures of -habit, and tiie through. habits that make for .safe and liapply living 'An-electronic comparison might be-easily . should be encouraged. This -can be. done understood "by this.group.'We stall start with- by constantly. repealing' several small but tlie boss who has tlie responsibility for all basic warnings by k.ey people. Develop more operations. For best results heknows safety, .key people by formal'training,'.tiien .follow should.emanate-from' the..top, because !! i* - up-to have'them constantly set a- good.ex- sound' business and - good human relations. - ample and constantly remind, others to use -The bqss provides the message.or stimulus necessary care and observe instructions. -This will be- more,effective than physical improve ments. ' by emphasizing the .plant .policy .regarding safety, "It must be a safe place to work." Sol the message goes down and around the ....; Currently, Car manufacturers-, are getting - network of the plant organization. This net blasted to make a safe automobile. Do you work is- not unlike the personal network - know what,.a safe'car. would-lode', like and ' that makes us all individuals. .,' cost in. order, to be'sure no-cme .could get . hurt in if? It would look like a padded cell, with a speed of 5 miles per hour 'and the .occupants would have, to wear space -suits that would -put -astronauts to -shame. -That doesn't look like progress -to me. From- tlie executive operating office the message' takes, shape in'two .directions--line ' and' staff.' Which is more important depends 'upon another' complicated set -of dreum. stances primarily .concerned, until the type ' of operation. Usually, safety is predominately ..Certain motor vehicle, grtiups Having'the a line function, since workers will follow the - progress of motor vehicle advancement and boss' orders because he has more direct effect, public safety seriously-in mind have-been on their activities: .' 32 tr 1 .1 i : Public Utilities The mcwage is processed by the tine appeodages. Before a man puts his heart into organization of the .plant which amplifies or his work and follows instructions, he hears repeats -the. message... Here,jt. can. .be.aid__ or_sets 'the,,'.stimultu.. mesMge,ieyaipates_jt . for best results, and since the organization by -processes difficult, to determine at;a ' frequently. ~acto as a. filter or attenuation switching point just ahead of' what we will padrthymesggc fram'the frontofiicc shpoldJ call a flip flop, or gate- switdi--This can be so hpt. .that'when it goes through the operate like the cellophane cover of the organization line filter, it still' Ins - chough heat to melt the' lead in the feet of. the reluctant'dragons. liquid receptacle and is the key to the prob-lent of communication; A person 'can turn this on or off in an unpredictable manner .."So,-the message'is filtered, choked, yari- ' and his acceptance or rejection of the. stim stored, bypassed' or. beefed tip as It goes - ulus is-in'his power .to control. Acceptance through' the foreman to the worker. or . rejection at-this switchpoint has its. hosts in' tlie critical personality factor, that is a key While bade at.the staff organization, - - component of his personality .network. - tilings are happening, too. Depending on its . size,' the plant has a -safety organization -which las., several strata depending on 'the size of the plant. In the staff line the mes- . The CPF. (Critical personality factor) Is a: form of. network,, too. .Human relations experts'tell us we hove personality patterns' sage is scanned, modulated, verbalized or liecause wc want to.: given high' gain -amplification in the foim belong of posters, meetmjfs, movies, etc. ^ be wanted If-the staff is smart, it Will be putting its - be recognized as an individual '' modest budget to work on 'producing for- be treated fairly' ' ward looking motivation and hot backward - operate in a friendly atmosphere looking voluminous* statistics, which is much - be rewarded- like the Killyfoo bird that flies backward to -look at where it has' been, giving little . Connect this network, to the large'network thought to seeing where'it is going. are yesterday's, work and should Statistics consume -. where system it in belongs and. you have a- complex, hitman'values-that makes looking only a small part of the safety effort.. While - for the needle, in .a haystack a picnic. -the staff is diming that Thursday afternoon' You. stand on the pitcher's mound, or-in -at 4:00 pm is prime time for slipping acci the shop, and you transfer information-- dents,, someone is falling into'a hot vat on - most likely in the nature' of a request to get -Monday morning due to the lack- of land things' clone. Wheels.turn, lights light and rails. Keeping extensive statistics is an ex memory drums spin. Ah answer comes to pensive witch hunt. . mind which is a decision based. oo\ all 'the - The most effective components of .the line organization are engineering planning,, where "the faults are corrected 'on -'-the- original prints, and education. by adequate and con tinuous training of craft" and management people. fn the staff organization, observation and inspection along with meetings for discussion with the force, are effective -features. - components of this complex human'- factor's heAwork arid a button in GPF-ccmtrol is pushed. The'-flip flop switch opens or closes. --your request for-an'open mind flips - or flops.. Why? .Well,- here's where I- should -stop like! a Hitchcock, drama and leave jthe Solution, for you to ponder--or like the bev . erage -ad ays "Why do they buy so much of'our product? -We-don't know, but we must be-doing something right." The message duly processed, heads for We ay at this point' we won't know what, its- ultimate destination, the responder, who is causing accidents or why we are not is no less than any one of us^-or keeping ,, communicating--but we must be doing some to the. electrical analogy, -load on the'network. a high resistance x thing wrong, and it is about time to find out-what it is. An.expert aid that'successful Management makes its wants known by marketing is the effective application of mar-_ * two senses--the visual and the audible.. Man keting principles. Can't we therefore say~ hears and sees the message and. is capable that successful, communication is the effec of. responding by action.' through locomotoiy; tive application of communication principles? 1965 National Safety Congrtii This is implying much in a few words-- the most-effective,.but we have, been over/- but there-are.many things needing-to-be working one-way channels. We motivate done- to 'activate the right CPP-'tiuttoii for down, or think we do,' we. appraise and* the results you. want You won't get it apprise down and become complacent that by wishing for it, or by buying yourself this is the dattiial gravitational' flow or- broke with gimmicks.' You. can .do .it--" supervisory blanket control and there is no or get a higher percentage of acceptance other stray. Most of our modern circuitry liy instituting training programs'for. super lias a basic characteristic called "feedback" visors in 'the: essence of human .relations, where the stimulus goes round and round and,follow up with slop level or shirt sleeve and. gets stronger and stronger because it. type'meetings where the second , level meets regenerates back. info the network again, for informal discussions of the operations building up strength at is goes. minus the first level! People wifi talk when Since we have been talking analogies, who thdr immediate bps'ses a're not present, and is going to be the bright-eyed, brave guy what bothers people is what we want to find . to produce effective methods of feedback out so we do what brings -results. . '. from grass roots so that certain bosses be-.' Why do people push -the flop button on. . come aware of their subordinate's appraisal that critical sintch in their complex makeup? of - them 'and. their methods.? I venture a Why can't they dp what they-arc told? They guess, that walking the line, as we say, hav 5e and they listen, but it doesn't always ing sincere face-to-face- interchange* with register. Are your demands unreasonable and- . tolerance and understanding are'-going to be unrealistic? It is-very easy to be* unreason-, important componriits. able with safety demands and pui effective - People arc not complete machines - yet. operations <jut of reach or out of orbit .of * although a recent news story told of the operation that people feel it- should be in. "beast" that has been invented, which acts 'You are ihc.beiss, to be sure, but be.a fair almost human and even panics under certain and reasonable bass. Safety, and communica ' conditions. It. is .expected to be - used for tion need reasonableness -as a. basis for ac explorations where -humans would -be. in ceptance under all conditions. serious danger, to record important data.' A " There-is a brief'.ground rule worth repeat- great accident saver. Maybe they will be ing-liere; it is called the-three.'P* of admin-, lietter than 'people, but I don't think so. istration; There, is -nothing better than good warm. . .' be friendly . -people who are on your side--who Esien-- .be fair ' ., ;''. who register--who respond--rwho communi *. be firm cate--Cold Ness 'em--we need more of them These you can impress easily and in' a and more good communicators. hurry, white you are-searching for other- How do .you energize .a responder? Make more-complicated reasons.- It-is the basis for -him flip and not flop? It-'js a smart boss 'a good crash program for supervisors. En who realizes that' there is maliciousness 'in courage supervisors to do more "asking"-and all of us that comes but. at the darudert less, "telling." "Please" and "thank you" still 1 times. The milk of human kindness Js a carry tremendous electromotive force. Em-' good antidote for the poisoned* mind that ployees know, they have'to obey orders, so "doesn't , want to." why not butter them up a little--it is' the That is my message: if'you are'a good' least expensive secret -weapon you can em responder .yen}, will 'carefully.'search cadi ploy--and by using it supervisors will need?-" individual for that critical activating button less, sleeping pills. Supervisors are, human, - which is his own personality factor and pour too,-andare nonexpendable. your message right into his heart -Only by Two-way communication .'is accepted as- -so doing can you be sure of results.. Public UfflUkt MANAGEMENTS RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY TRAINING By O. W. HATHWAY President, CentralUlinois Light Company, Peoria, lit - We must begin with iminKciiMtit as a cant. Willi respect' to Josses -to (fie individuals. local point' ot out nlbcli.nn accident*--the involved, any loss,- regardless of where it- lime and production M a* a remit irf . happens, is-a calamity^the most "serious accident*--the hardship, pain and suffering thing that 'could liappen to people. that rexult from accident*. I want to hold your attention to' that 235- In approaching this subject it Ktmt pcrti- - million man-slays' figure. Can we. say that nent' that - we - look at the job of man- _ management does not have' the responsibility agcmeht--and I would like to', think -of* .for doing something to provide training and management at--"the act of directing the any other means at its command-to alleviate use of .manpower, materials, machinery and : this waste of manpower? 'Certainly, not . energy to produce-good* or services to meet an existing .need.*' 'Management hat oilier . responsibilities--the responsibility to secure capital and- manage that capital 'to build arid acquire its physical plant, flut the manage ment. I' am- speaking of - it tint of day-to-day dealing with people an/1 things, an/I I am sure you men are representative of that type of management in your respective c/jmpanies. .You either are responsible directly for acci dent prevention programs, or you are charged with the responsibility of producing goods Again, when I think; of management, I think of all levels of- management--from what we normally think of as top-manage ment down through Rich line of supervision ' until we get to. that supervision which 'is' -directly involved with the actual execution - of the work. ' Kach: level. of management . should-have spelled out in capital letters-- SAFETY TRAINING and ACCIDENT -PREVENTION as a most important func tion of management .- -or-servicet and rendering services to people- .A. general superintendent /if a machine Let us look at the size of-,,the.problem. According to the' 1965 .edition of "Accident shop, tool room, .or production- line -would certainly not think of buying a piece- of machinery costing 50. dr 100 thousand1 dol* < Facts," we rind there was a total lime loss iars, installing it in: the plant and .assigning. in 1964 because of work' injuries 'of Z15- *omerape - to 'operate flat * machine without million man-days. Now- I ltnow we'are used careful training, without an. opportunity to . to talking -in .terms of'hundreds' of million* become completely familiar with the opera ; of dollars, and billion* and hundreds of ' billions of dollars--but wlioi wc talk-about. tion-of the machine. 235-million man-days,- this is. something - to *We are concerned about -thing? that w.e tax our imagiriation,* and certainly sh ' ',J work with, but .we need to be equally con appall us.with the magnitude of the. cerned abouj the .people we work -with, and This is - six days less than* a ftilly^ear's make sure .that sire are- didiargjng our . labor of one-million then.' And mirtH'you--' responsibilities in providing -proper 'training these are just days lost froriiworlf injuries: for'them to. .safely perform th$ job that we This does not .take into account the time .expect thentlto perform, so- that reasonable ' lost as-a result of automobile accidents. VVe production standards and schedules can be - in the United States have seemingly 'become maintained. Anything that' interferes with increasingly' short-sighted to this* appalling maintaining reasonable production standards.. Joss.- '. and schedules is a breakdown of manage We have a.small- war going on in-Viet' ment. Nam and everyone is concerned about what -Every morning as you look at that guy in is Happening over there' to people. But the the mirror as you shaved you'ti better think- - losses . there placed alongside- of the fosses about what you are going to do this'/lay in . that- we.are talking about here are. insignifi-' meeting-that'responsibility. ... 35 :U I -Tl& "i '- 1965 Naliimol Softly Conprtu It'* a responsibility ami it-* a frustrating situation developed where thing* got out of fituationin many "instances, partirularfyfn-'-control.--One-manlo*thi*-Iife.-Now,tbese------------ - - industry that is-represented here tdday.< were not green men--they were , not new I can say for our own company-that our men--they were experienced men, . accident .prevention programr1xfei~lwiclt' tff~ inTnjTopln!m7"tli<r~*f(pervisor-arerl<3okcrl--------- --------- - IWO. and wr have participated -it* every : the one .axiom' of accident prevention, that' National Safely OittnCtl contest for com* _ is^-always be prepared for-the very .worst. bitted -gaj ami electric companies of our site - In a Very short - time- one- can acquire the over-that periml of years; and have .hern neressary -safety equipment .to. provide that '- ' recognized for innumerable outstanding -protection, lot the memory certainly last* a safety, achievements.' We have- had some very, very long time when the protection . years in which our performance'.was not "as - lias not been provided 'and something of this - good. Ahoiit- the time that.you begin to feel.' nature happen*. -These are some of the toils - you are 'doing a pretty good- job, this is a of management. warning that you should begin to loot -' .Regular programs of meetings in.which around and see-where yotir next accident tlie first level of management disciisses-Wtfh is coming .from. bemuse one is. getting ripe. the workmen the accidents which have taken --- - * Employee* Sri'otir Gas Department experi place are' extremely' beneficial. The results enced a. most regrettable and serious accident- of investigations, of minor accidents'-which - on the- 15th of March in which we suffered* could have been- serious .or lost-time are . 'a fatality, and had six or seven men suffer- .important ,as-a mean*'of-pointing-.out'un . ing from oxygen starvation lying in the foreseen hazards on the job. Minor. accidents . bottom of. a ditch--just because we snffered - may tie the Source of hut-time accidents. ' - a breakdown in management.' which failed and 'need to fie .discussed thoroughly- .with to provide-on -the job site, the proper tools'- the mm involved.. Reviews- of this type and' equipment 'which . were. available . ami cannot lie carried on too frequently, fp -a - required when performing work -in excava small"weirk"group of 15 or 20.mot, once a- tion*. We did not provide'on the job' the week would seem to be (he proper frequency. necessary-safety hand"'Bin's ami harnesses that Mir men-are -instructed to wear wlieii lliey engage in. this type of work. All this ' Reports of these meetings should be made " to. upper'levels of management so that they, . too, can see .tlie .problems confronting the - ___ ___ Jsappcned because the ..work lo.be performed men on the joli,anddraw:&n their^experience ^ -.was routine work; something that lias' been to overcome, some of the sitiiations. that* arc'.' '. done thousands of times kid was a simple. . particularly 'vexing. - Inspection of' the work - - job--hut in this particular ^ something ' area is extremely important. . went wrong, ami. when something, goes' ' f could name specific ifems. of management wrong, it is. too late- to get. the things that action .with respect to production that apply-. - you failed- to provide. . equally to .safety-training. .In -fact,- it -is most -. ... f wish .l- coilld explain to you whythis - difficult to separate-safe`performance on-the . happened. 'It is impossible to get all the job from good production'-performance on facts. This job of cutting a main and in- the job. - . serting a new fitting had been* performed 'Management's responsibility , for safely- '-by thi* crewat another location immediately training is all-inclusive. It is inescapable, prior to this particular situation, using simi- and it is a measure of your effectiveness as - tar mcthods-Tand yet at- another location a a manager... 36 i -*v ' -.** y \ Public UtWiki USE OF TRAINING AIDS IN SAFETY TRAINING . By H. E. WEDGE Aral Personnel Safety Administrator, Northern Natural-Gas Co. Mbmeapolia, Minn. --;------------- lam tare there are fcw-in this group who of our own. There is every reason to believe, would argue' 'against the need for Safety we anil cootinue to do so. training; Not only because; for many of us, V-thls activity jobs, hence constitutes a large part of our paychecks,. but 'rather obuer-. - Wc find .ourselves as safety, trainers,- therefore, justified.to* some, extent-at least, in our safety training -efforts. Our goal is-clearly ' - cause'we carry die conviction that of this type pays off in terms of training accident. -set; the the reduction.'in accidents. Our instilbtioa of' what has- been means, wisely reduction. *' caifed and widely publicized as the "Safety Yes, we carry the conviction and- we act Attitude"..Being.aware thjt an accident is upon it, despite the'fact that we are often : an accident regardless of where it occurs, rather hard-pressed to comply with requests we will promote the idea that "the safe way for economic justification of our. safety is the best way" in'ait we do.' (raining activities. Strange tiling about these . requests, they most often come when the It follows, then, that we will dun and safety -record -is good. This would lend plead, use reason or.emotional, appeal, try - understanding to' a statement' I once heard logic or threat--all in an attempt, to impress 'an old safety -man make to the effect that-- upon oar people that safety isn't a now-and- "At least one good thing comes from every - then consideration but a continuing day-to- . acddciit." t &y way of life. To borrow a term froni the -1 .don't mean Jo dwell on this economic justification business .but if. lhere-.be One among you who" lias developed a simple field of the profession^ educator, we. resort to ."overtraining"- in an attempt .to assure.', retention of oar messa'ge. formula, whifh proves beyond doubt that It may.be well-to digress a bit'at this jnoney^spent on safety training is. returned point-and explore.very, briefly the teaching1 ' ev&Tin like amount through accident rcdiic* . method "this term describes, It- is - both' the: . lion, please contact me later. I dare -say .root of our training attempts and the seed: I am not alone in my need for your words of one problem .we face. The overtraining of enlightmcnL niethod of instruction-has been known and ' ' - - Despite these-continuing and. often unsuc cessful-attempts.to justify safety training in terms of economics, most of management today concedes.. the need for and 'whole-' heartedly supports this activity. Indeed, most industries today' have active; on-going safety programs which their respective managementi .point to. with pride. -In point of faict, as safety records reach sizeable proportions, one* can-be. sure'the'general public will he . made aware ".of them.' No'one questions the' understood 'for some 'time.'..Simply stated.'it - means that' a basic message repeated and - repeated with or without variety., in its. presentation, -eventually will become part of the baric.teamed actions or reactions-.of. the `person or .persons at whom it.is directed.. No one has determined the optimum amount of presentation this'' requires,' so to be 'sure that .it "is firmly implanted^-excesses are knowingly resorted to and hence the term'' -"overtraining". ,' benefits-in, terms of consumer-reaction which Its origin is lost in antiquity, but' the ". favorable publicity ..for the safety - activity Socralic dialogues from which much of to-- can -produce.' day's programed learning springs,.the.Roman - Our. owji public utility field .is no except . catechism. awl. the totalitarian propaganda* lion- here. Although we are; classified by. "big lie" Technique, are all classic illustra some, of the .older .heads in this, field as tions of overtraining in action. Its-effective- - "Jolinny-Come-Latelies"'to the safety scene, ness' over the years has been proven but to we Jiave; .nonetheless, posted'and publicized achieve ful| effect with it today'has-become . Mime impressive accident reduction records extremely-difficult . / 37 1.1 - i -I I I ' I: J: . '* 1965 'National -Safely Congress Undoubtedly part .of the reason for this . 'dictated that the safety man become a trainer is the' growing sophistication - of our audi- of trainers. At each' District.'.headquarters ~cnoc-Thc~rapid'improvement in transporta withhra designated area.'of''operations,'one tion arid communication has made it difficult man is appointed as Safety .Chairman. That to keep ahead of that audience in' terms of appointment is,for a two-year period. 'Each novelty arid innovation. Each member of iKal of these individuals is prepared for His po audience, totfay is either vicariously or in sition by' bring thoroughly trained in the actual fact a well informed world traveler. stalls and techniques which characterize the As safety trainers, we have continued the conferencing method of instruction. He it 'effort-, however. -Faced with- the problems' is who presents, the program .-prepared by - peculiar- to our calling, we could do no other. and forwarded from our. general office at The- need for- novelty, variety; innovation specified-intervals. To do even a passable constantly with.-us, we quickly realized the `job of presentation of these.programs, our ' value of and pressed into use a wide variety Safety Chairman must spend some time in of training aids to help ns in our work. We . preparation for`each, and quite frankly, there ' have used movies, slides, records, strip films,' is little inducement for him to-spend thisposters, handouts, billfold cards; -flip charts, time. -. flannel boards, skits, buttons, awards; cer- ' Once-the novelty of actually being a leader - tificates, tapes, dummies--and each has 'pro duced good to excellent results--for awhile. . If a training aid proves effective, why not use it-and use it--tp the point where its novelty palb.-and its impact is lost . . of a conference has worn off, our SafetyChairman finds' himself' hard" pressed for strong inducements to spend time!in pracr lidng.a program for presentation. This,.in part, at least, is because those charged with . In- the recent past, audience participation writing these programs- find themselves has- been .widely advocated as the' key to equally hard-pressed to introduce new and . training retention. As many 'of you know, novel approaches, to their oft-repeated ma my company. Northern Natural Gas, has. terial.^ The very repetitive nature of the utilized-the participation method of training material .to be presented leads to an equally ' for some time now..The idea of personally repetitive presentation mode. , involving the audience in the program pres`; entation, having them' intimately involved in the' .learning process, if you will, has been quite successful.. - In short, .there-seems to be just so many , - ways that a given though^ idea or.point can - he- expressed in - words.' The key to the success of -the'conference -method- is .-the We can and do point to some of our . conference leader arid circumstances force recent safety' records With pride and hold that key into a stiff and rusty lock. : the' firm conviction that at least parts' 'of' those records owe their' being to our safety program presentation method. Used in coojunction with appropriate training aids, audi- : ence participation has produced a higher, percentage-of important safety message re tention..thaii ever before. ' At Northern, we have become increasingly aware''of this and much time, has been spent in attempting-to find a solution to the'prob lem. We find ourselves faced with a situation, where the over-all method' of- presentation is good, but the material itself is so repetitive tint the presenter finds it impossible, to'work Those of you Who have used .this so called up enthusiasm for it His lack-of enthusiasm "conferencing method",'however, -know that arid resultant disinterest in preparation -arc it does involve ope big problem in the form sure to be apparent to his audience, and they of. the 'tremendous - preparation - burden -it -will react accordingly..-The. message to he - . imposes on'the program presenter, or. con communicated is lost and there-remains only ference leader. At Northern as at; many of the memory of/ wasted -tiriie arid, even that yopr companies, the sizc of die; group to for only a short period. Many of us who be trained will. not permit one man to do have, given-the problein some thought have- all the training, especially if that man has come to the conclusion that its. solution lies accountabilities other than safety, the per in' the aids/to training which can be utilized formance of which he must-answer to man in the program's presentation. * - - agement I refer not only, to "the standard training At Northern, therefore, cirrumstanceshave aids, a number of w^ich I mentioned earlier. -- ; 38 ii Pnbtic Utilities but to'the gimmicks, the novelties, the un-. in some of the.specific gimmicks used or mpl.idndinir atleast pseudo-sophisticated proposed for use to date, allow me to de- audience would seem.to requirs.Eor lack of. scribe a-few::- " ' V ------ '- .. a better word. I'll call this the introduction . 1. Wehave used and'continue to use on a of "sanaf- into oar ttabmg programs.' ..review bans what we have come to call our Tins is thease of gimmicks'with a purpose- " "gjar board". This consists of' a jarge, and die .real reason* for' tny subtitle to this somewhat stylized map of our transmission talk. ("Never Underestimate the Power of . system. Mounted on the .board and located- tbe Dandng GirL") Remember, the building on the -pipeline .depicted on - the' map at and the retention of the safety attitude in : strategic points are pegs. Gears fit Jo these cadi member of our audience, is. still our - pegs; gears which are appropriately labeled, aim. In view of what can occur, should we to make a. specific safety point-and which, > fail, almost any method of achieving it can when- all are mounted, mesh and move as be considered'legitimate. With that in mind, one. We have found tins to be a very- we at Northern have begun our attempts to effective method of presenting' a safety introduce into our training programs the story. -.- -*. "Pazazz" I mentioned earlier.* Results are -2. We have'used h shadow-play technique far from, conclusive at this point, but are where a back-lighted-screen and the silhou enough to indicate we're beaded in the right ettes. of two players cast upon it from direction. . ' behind converse with a third player' seated - First; there-bas been an increase in interest in front of it ala the late Ed Morrow and ' on the part, di oar program presentors.' A his "Person to Person" show. The interview number of the gimmicks used* force the. .. these three play ouf.is carefully'structured presently to polish off* his latent acting to bring out safety attitude lapses and the ability. I say latent because there is some - consequences which resulted. "ham" in all of ns and our Safety Chairmen 3. We are planning the use of hand-pup are no exception. pets, the "Piinch" and caanter-'Tundi"^ of Second, there has been- a corresponding safety, if you will, where these two ancient increase in the interest of car audience. They actors will play out the theme of the'results are still hearing and- participating in pro that always occur when safety principles are grams where , basic content remains un -ignored changed- but where 'presentation has been enhanced, made new. and. hence more palat able by .the introduction of something differ ent. 'Greater retention of- the message, hopefully, will result. 4..We are in die thinking stage .on a diild's game approach to getting across the safety message where a misplay by a player will- produce a loud but harmless explosion to emphasize the results of snefa nfisplays. . Third, and tins'may .not be .entirely on should they occur on the job. the plus 'side;- the* task- of'' the program 5. The poet's license may 'be used also, writing group has become more ..difficult; - remembering that it-provides the means 'of the search for new gihmudcs is-not always individually condemning as long as.the. con- . easy and owe uncovered,, their incorporation '-demnation is cleverly rhymed The thought into a safety training program can often of some of. our'personnel participating, in an be a 'bit' of a problem. The- results; at the' activity of tins' type is Cause for- laughter, presentation point; however, should act'as. hiut laughter can be used as a vehicle tor the .a.very-strong inpentive to this Hgnhpressed safety message as well as the all-too-deadly group. ' serious method we often use. -.. Inconclusive results, - to be sure, but to Now, with certain .exceptions, noqe ofj the .those who would demand something more ' gimmick fdeas I have outlined' for yon here concrete; 'I can only answer as I answer- are hew. - In fact,. they have' existed for those who press for economic justification, ' years and have been used tot a variety of of-safety training; fcan't prove conclusively, purposes time and again. 'I'm not sure that that what I'm doing Is the best, but I do know what'the situation was before tmytiimg was done. Would you returnto that? this fact in itsdf'is too -important What is important ' that their use in the safety training field is producing remits. They may In .the belief that there may be interest even have been- used in safety work .before;  t'.' 1965 Motional 'Safety Congress but if-this beso, I would question whether .springs into; the 'mind--.-of- aii employee tlieir former use was quite at extensive.as immediately following a mental .-picture of - that to which they, are presently bdn't put - an automotqle wreck or a semi-dad female....... ....... There is one unexpected result which has is of no real importance. At this point, I ' __:__occurred_fronutheiruse_aIso: ..each gimmick. .can only say that it appears easier to first idea put forth at a field location seems to remember the" semftlad female, rather tfnri produce a number of others.From this, I an automobile wreck.'1 .- Have concluded that a lack of such ideas There may be others, in; this group who - should never be a problem. Their incorpora* may have entertained,' even acted upon simi . .lion into safety training programs will un lar gimmick* ideas to* use in safety tnuning... doubtedly remain difficult, but .'With-all due There may even be-the feeling that a "gim- respect, I leave that problem to our program- mick idea pool" of scene land might be of writers. ` ' value. I am sure that Northern would be. The other results I mentioned previously, more than pleased to contribute any such'.-" the increases 'in interest on the-part of both ideas we have developed to such a 'pool presenter and audience and the resultant should it come info existence: I merely leave ` . increase in the retention of the safety mes ' the thought,' plus any detail work' it may- sages we are striving to implant must make entail, in your capable hands. the effort worthwhile. 1 am sure that each.of us in the field 'of ' ' -This then is what I call the gimmick or safety training lias but one real gcnl.-That' "dancing girl" approach''to safety training. goal is to impress indelibly, upon the minds - .The impact of any training aid used must of each person - who comes in' contact -with ' he aimed -at. the building and retention of us-or our designated lieutenants in-the' safety a safety attitude in those beidg trained. training' effort, .tlic fact tint Safety Pays -Whether the safe way of doing something Always.. . I: *- 40 I  [' | OFFICERS OF THE \ PUBLIC UTILITIES SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 Central Chairman--Warms L. Clifton, Director of Accident Prevention,. The HydroElectric Power Commission of Ontario, Toronto, Ont., Canada first Vice-Chairman--Charms Sciiwp.ickart, .Vice 'President, Hoosier Engineering Co., Columbus Ohio 43216 ' Second Vice-Chairman--Kenneth G.` Crecar,. Safety-Director,' Metropolitan Edison Co.,- Raiding, Pa. 19603 .1- ' I Secretary--Frank E.r Johnson, Safety Administrator, General .Telephone Company of , I Michigan, Muskegon, Mich. 49443 : ' Program Committee--T. L. Powers (Chairman), Safety Engineer, GasDepartment.PuMic Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. 07KB; John R. Y(akan (Wcc Giainnan-- Electric),'. Division Safety Engineer,- Virginia Electric &/Power -Co., Alexandria,. Va. . 22314; William J.' Bryan (Vice Chairman--Gas); Safety. Engineer. Michigan-Wiscon sin Pipeline. Co., Detroit, Mich. 48226; John E. Frandsen (Vice Giainnan--Communi cations), Gcneral Plant Supervisor, Personnel.Northwcstem Bell Telephone Co., Omaha, Nebr, 68102;.John T. Cappio (Vice Chairman--Water), Safety Officer, City of Phifci . dclphia. Water Dept., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107' Technical Publications Committee--B.,J'. Lorenz-(Chairman), Manager of Safety. Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Hammond, Ind. 46325; Jj E, Affel (Vice Chairman-- - - Electric), -Safety 'Engineer, Commonwealth Edison Co,, Chicago, 111. - 60690; Alex . . j - Pierson (Vice Chairman--Gas), Safety Engineer, Philadelphia Gas.Works, PhiladeJ- | I ~ pliia, iPa.19122; T. H. Edwards' (Vice Giairman--Communications), Safety Practices Supervisor, Southern Bell. Telephone fit Telegraph- Co., Atlanta, Ga. 30301; George' C. - ' Son* (Vice Giainnan--Water), Director of General Services'& Assistant Manager, Los.. -. . j ' Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. 90054 ' -. . .- - ; . j t. !* j \ .; - Training Committee--Robert Ward (Giairman), Safety Director, Omalia' Public Power ' District, Omaha,-Nelir. 68102; Ernest' W.'Traut (Vice Chainnan),.Safety Coordinator,- General Telephone Co. of. Pennsylvania, 'Erie, Pa. 16512; R. P.- Bolerjack, Safety .. Director, Illinois Power Co.. Decatur, 111. 62525; Thomas V. Keane, Safety Representar '. live, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 19105; CwjON F.- Stanley, Safety - Manager, General- Telephone Co. of Florida, Tampa, Fla.' 33601.; -Richard V. Mdlen, - Safety-Tiainihg Instructor, Consolidated-Edison . Co., of,-New'Yoricj Inc.', New York,N. Y. 10003 >' ... ' 'Audto-Visual Aids Committee--H. C. Potthast (Chairman), Field.Safety Officer, Rural Electrification Administration, Menomonie, Wis. 54751; James D. HoAc fVice Chaiiman), - Manager, Safety Division, Union Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo. 63166; Donald E. Ryan, Safety Engineer, Washington.Gas Light Co-., Washington, D. G.20001; Y_A. Sielert, . -' i Safety -Administrator, Gerierai.- Telephone Co. of California, Santa Monica, Calif. 90406 . - Membership Committee--Robert. F. Mills '(Chairman),-General .Plant Safety Supvr., Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph.Co., Denver, Colo. 80202; O.- R. Bowers (Vice ' ' . *.- ' .- - :. - :' ;- . . . '- ' 41 . 1 t rv>t--.... OFFICERS OF THE PULP AND PAPER SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 General Chairman--Forrest E. Kimmell, Safety, Plant Protection Mgr., K .V P Sutherland - Paper Co., Kalamazoo, Mich. 49004 .' ______ ' - .'- - Vice Chairman and Program Chairman--Gordon B.Lemke, 'Dir. of Loss Control Research, . . Safety & Health Dept- Employers Mutuals, of Wausau, Wausau, Wis. 54401 Vice Chairmanand Newsletter Editor--Harry .R. Mesler, Jr., Dir. of Safety, The Ruberoid Co., Bound Brook, N. J. 08805 ! 'Secretary--Ross E. Scott, Mgr., The Ontario Pulp & Paper Makers' Safety Assn, Toronto I, Onb, Canada Regional Representatives--'Francis H. Wagner (Chairman), Dir, of Safety,- The. Mead * . Corp., Chillicothe, Ohio'45601 . (I* Lake States---'Arthur Carxe, Safety Dir., TheNorthwest Paper Co., Cloquet, Minn. 55720 .. Middle --Atlantic 'Vincent P. Coulon! Mgr. of Safety; Sealright <i>:, Inc., Fulton, N: Y. 13069.- ' Southern--'Dallas E. Henry, Safety Supvr., Continental Can Co., Inc, Hodge, La.71247 - Pacific Coast--Dan Adair, ' Safety Coordinator,. Pacific Coast Assn, of Pulp & Paper ' .Mfgrs., Portland, Ore. 97205 Canada--*A'- E.. Minor, . Safety Supvr., The - Optario-MinnesotaPulp & -Paper" Co^LtA, " Kenora, Ont.r Canada ' ._ Midwest--'Earl-F. Ripstra, Personnel Mgr., Container Corp;. of America, Carol Stream : . (Wheaton P. O.), 111. 60187., 'Central--H.'E. Newbury,'Safety Supvr.,'Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp., Ecusta Paper , Div-Pisgah Forest, N. C. 28768 . New England--1'Robert J. Gell, Staff Asst.,-Paper Mills Div., Eastman Kodak Co.,. Rochester! N. Y; 14650 ' . . Contest Committee^--A. Scott Dowd (Chairman), Advisory Consultant; Paper Industry Management Assn., Des Plaines, III. 60018; D. A. Cusano, Corporate Mgr. of Safety, Scott-Paper Co., International Airport, Philadelphia, Pa. 19113; *J. Fred -Berry, Gen. Ins. Mgr., Alton Box Board Co., Alton, 111. 62004; *D. V. Hill, Safety Dir., The Mead .. Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. 37660; Karl Simpson, Jr., Coordinator of Educational Services, . Paper Industry Management Assn., Des Plaines, 111. 60018' Special Projects Committee--M. Hi Miller (Chairman), Dir. of Safety, Dorntar. LtdMontreal 2, Canada; D. L. Eisenach, Safety Dir., Mando, Div/of Boise Cascade Corp.,; 49 t .International- Falls, Minn. 56649; Vekl Thompson) Safety Supvr., Kimberly-Clark Pulp . & Papier Co.; Ltd., Terrace Bay, Ont., Canada; N. C. Tompkins, Supvr. of Training, Continental, dan'Co,, Paperboard .& Kraft Paper'Div., New York, N; Y; 10017. Off-the-Job Committee--Richamd H. Wahlfeld (Chairman), Safety Coordinator, Bemis Company, Inc:, Minneapolis,-Minn; 55402; A. R.;Proffitt, Dir, of'Personnel/Fitchburg Paper Co., Fitchburg, Mass. 01421- ; _y.: Puipwood Logging Committee--Kenneth' S. Rolston (Chairman), Administrative Assist- antr-American-PulpwoodrAssn.-r-New-Yorkr-N--Y--10016;-/.-OMAR-LANG,Chiefr!W<x)ds Employment Unit, Brown Co., Berlin, N, H. 03570; E. N. Denison, Mgr., The Quebec Pulp & Paper Safety.Assn.,-Inc.; Quebec. 4, P. 2, 'Canada;-A. R. Bentlev, Safety. Coordinator,. Hiwassee Land Co., do Bowaters Southern Paper Corp., '.Calhoiin, .Tenn. ' 37309' - ... - Pulp Manufacturing Committee--Harris. K. Williams (Chairman), Coordinator, of Safety, Southern. Kraft Div;, International -Paper Co., Mobile, Ala. 36601; Robert jf. Ison, Mgr.' of Safety Services, Kimberly-Clark Gorp./Neenah, Wis. 54956; Jack F. Robertson, Gen! Safety Supvr., Crown Zellerbach Corp., Portland, Ore. .97204; H.G.'Barrett, Safety Dir., Ontario.Paper Col, Ltd., Thorold, Ont.', Canada; John S. Turner, Safety Coordi nator, Bowaters Southern Paper Corp., Calhoun, Tenn. 37309; J. W. Hall, Plant Protect tion Supt., Bowaters Newfoundland Pulp & Paper Mills, Ltd., Comer-Brook, Newfound-' landi Canada; YV- B. Ballincer,-Safety Coordinator, Brunswick Pulp & Paper Co., Brunswick, Ga. 31521 ... `. * /. * . s. '* Paper Manufacturing' Committee--Frank C. Harmon (Chairman),. Employment Mgr., Hollingsworth & Vose' Co., West Groton, Mass. -01472; R. H. Blunden,- Safety Mgr., Scott Paper Co., Marinette,. Wis, 54143; Chester W. Matzencer, Jr., Assistant Coordi nator of Safety, International Paper. Co., Mobile, Ala. 36601;- Richard H. Jackson, Mgr., . Personnel Services, Fine.Papers'Div., West Virginia Pulp & Paper, New York, N:.-Y.; Ed . E. Sutherlin, ` Safety Dir.; Georgia-Pacific Corp., Crossett Div., Crossett, Ark.. 71635; Marvin L. Strode,'Assistant Personnel Dir.-, Boise-Cascade Corp., Fine Paper. Div., Salem, Ore. 97301; Frf.d `Ellis, Safety Dir., Consolidated Papers, Jnc., Wisconsin . Rapids, Wis. 54494 Bag Committee--Harold Hewitt '(Chairman), Assistant Personnel Mgr., Bemis Company, Inc., Peoria, 111, 61601; T: R. Roberts, Personnel Mgr., Raymond Bag Co., Middletown, ,- Ohio 45042; -Durwood Alford,'-Personnel &'Safety Supvr., Gaylord Container Div., - Crown. Zellerbach Corp., Bogalusa, La. 70427 ' . Roofing Committee--John F. Tuffv' (Chairman), Assistant Ins. Mgr., The Flintkote Co., New York,: N. Y. .10020; L. D. Horoivitz,-Safety'Dir., Certain-Teed Products Cp., Ambler, Pa.; Joseph M. Cecere, Supvr.;-of Safety, Industrial Hygiene & Plaiif Pro tection, Johns-Manville Prod. Corp., Waukegan, 111. 60086 .. . Insulation Continittee--BuDwiN J. Lee (Chairman); Safety Dir., Wood Conversion Co., . Cloquet, Minn; 55720; J, M,'Pringle, Industrial Relations Mgr.,- Canadian Johns-Manvillc Co., Ltd., North Bay, Ont., Canada; -Verner E. Reuter, Safety and .Insurance Supvr., Mando, Div. of. Boise Cascade Corp., International Falls, Minn. 56649 Specialties Committee--Alfred B. Barnes (Chairman), Safety Engr., Fibreboard Paper ' Products Corp.,1 San Francisco, Calif. 94106; E. D. Lewis, Asst Indu'st. Relations Mgr., Container Corporation'.of '.America, -Philadelphia; Pa. 19127; B. E. McGarrahan, Safety Engr., The Mead -Corp.,'-ChilIicothe, Ohjo 45601; Oscar R. Rutledge, Jh., Safety Supvr., Pollack Paper Co., Dallas, Texas 75222 'wHtWimm'i Shipping Container. & Folding Carton Committee---Allen H, Watts (Qiairrnan), Safety - , Dir., Union Bag-Camp Paper Corp;, Savannah, Ga. 31402'; H. Gordon Baird,\Pers6hneF''-'Supvr., Waldorf Paper Prod. Co.,.St. Paul, Minn.-55114; Earl Sams, Mead Packaging Div.,-The Mead Corp.',. Atlanta, Ga.; G.M.. Scheli.berg, Asst. Dir. of Employee Beta-. tioris, Weyerhaeuser Co., Shipping Container Div, Gu'cago, III. 60606; F. E-Patterson, Safety Dir., Oliri Mathieson Forest Products Div.,'West Monroe; La.; L. B. Meabes,' Industrial Relations Mgr., Union Bag-Camp Paper Corp., Monroe, Mich. 48161; Robert -.- Riley, Mgr.- of ' Employee Benefits' & Safety'Packaging Corp.- of America, Quincy, III.' 62302 , Nominating Committee--^Merlin C. Race (Chairman),''Mgr., Safety Services,-St. Regis. Paper Co., New York, N. Y. 10017; *RobertJ. Cell, StaffAssistant,. Paper Milis Div., Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N, Y. 14650; *Vincent P. Giulon, Mgr. of Safety 'Seajright Co., Inc., Fulton, N. Y. 13069- . Staff Representative--Robert Currie, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan .Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611 ' *" Past General Chairman . 'I 51 i OFFICERS OF THE RUBBER ANP PLASTICS SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 General Chairman--P.]. Frame, ;Dir. ofSa/cly, Goodyear Tire &.Rubber Co. of Michigan Jackson, Mich. . . . First Vice Chairman--N. R. Hunter, Safely Engr.,-Dunlnp Tirc-8t Rubber Carp.;' Buffalo, . New- York.14240.'.- - Second'-Vice Chairman--1*. W. Boulton, Safety St Want Protection Supv.,. Polymer Corp., . Sarnia,'Ont,-Canada .Secretary--E,:JF. Goldsworth, Safety Diri; Gate# Rubber Co., Denver, "Colo. 80217 .. Newsletter Editor--R. P. Ayer, Safety Supv.; Naugatuck Chemical Div., of United State# Rubber C-, Naugatuck, Conn. ' Engineering Committee--J. R.". Wetheriiolt (Chairman),.,Safety Supvr.,-United State# Rubber. Co.-',"Gcismar,-.La. 70734: J. H. Hauer, Safety Dir., Ohio Rubber Co., Willoughby, .Ohio; W..-V; Kelly, Personnel Mgr., Stokes Molded Products, Trenton .N. J..08004; W.-'L. Catp, Manager of .Safety, The B. I\ Goodrich Co., Akron, Ohio -44318 ; K. G. Havener, Corporate Safety Eng:, United State# RuhbcrC6.,-New York, N.Y.-10020; - Health Committee--W. E-McCormick (Cltairmaii), Mgr,, Ind. Hygiene & Toxico!ogy,The B. F,.' Goodrich Co;, Akron, Ohio 44318; R. A." Manning, Mgr., Safety & Hygiene, Goodyear Tire &-Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio-44316; L. H.-Ballou, M. D., Medical Dir., . Firestone Tjre -& 'Rubber. Co., Akron, Ohio. 44317; R. "J". Evans, M.D., Medical -Dir., . . flates'Rubber Co., Medical & Dental Clinic, .Denver* Colo. 80217;.*S, A.-Wright,-Gen eral Supvr., "Safety St Hspkg. Dcpt.; Inland Mfg. Div., General Motors Corp., Dayton, Ohio 45401 .- .- .. . * V- ; - "- . . rf Membership Committee--T. IL Lkau (Chairman), Safety Dir., United States- Ruhl>er Co., . Detroit.Mieli. 48232; *S.`T. Burrows', Safety Dir., Mansfield Tire St Rubber Co., Mans field, Ohio; 'Frank G. Starbirii; "Safety D[r.,' Fireston .Tire St-Rubber Co.', Decatur," III. 62523 .. 1 - Education'Hr Training Committee--G. W. Nickel (Giairman), Mgr. of Safety, Armstrong Cork -Co., Lancaster, Pa. 17604; O. W. White, Per. Mgr., Corduroy Rubber Co., Grand Rapids', Mich. 49501; E. C* SheddJ Regional toss Prevention Eng., United'States Rubber Co., Naugatuck, Conn.; R. E. Rinella, Personnel Dir., Colonial .Rubber Works, Inc., Dyersburg, Tenn.; *G.H; Burkharut, Dir. of Safety General Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio-44309 Publicity, Trade' Association, and Liaison Committee--R. G. Forejt (Chairman), Mgr., fnd,- Relations,-General Tire & Rubber -Co., Pennsylvania "Div., Jeannette, Pa. 15644:' rCodes and. Standards Committee--*M. R. Batche .(.Chairman)Mgr.' of .Safety;-Firestone Tire' St Rubber Co*- Akron, Ohio 44317 - - -'. - Statistics Coinmilter--V, 0. 0kk (Chairman), Mgr. of Safely;-United States Rubber Co., ' Mishawaka, Ind. . " . Reclaim Manufacturing Commiitee-r*R. M. Boyles (Chairman), Dir. of (nd. Relations, -Midwest-RubberRedaimingCo., EasLStXouisrJi!.:62202;^R,_W,FiCKE51_Safetyj?ng.,.. ' Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co,, Akron, Ohio44316 ' -V " K.'B. CoBm, (Gtiairinan), Supvr. I)fant Safety &-Scur-_______ '' -. .. ity, Armstrong Cork Co., Lancaster, Pa. 17604 ; J. Gordon Dunbar, Din, Accident Pre-.. vention, Fornuca 'Corp.J Cincinhafi, Ohio 45232; & .F.. Met^ Safety Mgc, Copolymer Rubber k Chemical Corp., Baton.Rouge, La. ... ' 1 Fire Safety Committee--RoyNc Johnson (Chairman),.S.aftey Engt* The Armstrong Rufc' ' ber Co., West Haven, Conh. 06516; M. V. Barba, Fire and Safety Engr., B. F: Gmdridi Footwear Cb^ Div; of The B. F. Goodrich Co., Watertown,-Mass. Q2I72; L..S Hilton, SafetyEng., Raybestos^Mahhattai;,. ImvMarihattan Rubber Diy., Passaic, N. }. -'? - Off-The-Job Safely Committee--A, C. Howard (Chairman),.Safety lJir,, Ktlly-Springfieid ' . Tire Co.,' Cumbinland, ML; D. E.'Duoaow, Corporate Mgr^'Health. & Loss Prevention . .: ; w Sec. United States Rubber-Co., New York, N. Y. 10020; John Glenn-Jr.. Production'^ Mgr., Electric Hose-St-Rubber Co., Wilmington, Del. 19$99 ' : Synthetic Manufacturing Committee--David J. Mariani (Chairman), Safety Eng., Good- ' year Tire St Rubber Co.,.Plant No. 5, Akron, Ohio 44306;.M. P. Barker, Safety Engr., General Tire & Rubber Chemical Div., Odessa, .Texas ; J. B. Chenowcth, 'Safety ' . Engr., Goodrich-Gutf Chemicals', Inc., Institute, W. Va. 25112 ... .-' Advisory Committee--*C; E. Beck, St Clair Rubber Co., Marysville,:Midi.; *Ji..L,.Dean, ' Supvr, of Safety, Firestone Tire St. Rubber Co,; Memphis Tire Plant, Memphis; Tenit . ' 28107; *C. S.-kaWE*, Personnel Mgr., Carlisle Tire St Rubber Div., Carlisle, Fai17013; . , ^F. W.'.Sands, Chief-lnd..Hygiene St Toxicology, United States Rubber Co., New York; N. Y. 10020; R. II. Wilson, M.D., Medical -Dir,'The B. F. Goodrich Co., Akron/Ohio - 44318 . . ". '- -Staff Representative--R: 'G. Belknap; .NafiMial. Safety Council, 425: N. Michigan Ave.,' .- . Chicago, III. 60611 - j " *Past General Chairman ; , .' . : ' ' .- ' National Safety Congress Transactions Volume 22 0 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 N. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois 60611 53rd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS Papers Delivered in .'the RAILROAD SESSIONS CONTENTS ys Modem Hiring of Employees As Related to Safety... ... . .FttdJ.Mtycr 3 The National Safety Council and you............................L W. Dutton -6 Mainspring of Safety......... .. ..... J. N. Landnth 10 A Management Guide for Accident Prevention. . .Ralph J.-Crosby 13 What's New in the Grade Crossing Program?..'. ..... .George M."Dempsey 16 The. Kentyclcy Plan...... .......... ..............,H.,C. Daulton 17 Workshop Session ............................... ............. ;......... ............. .......... ... 19 Officers of the Railroad Sectiorr I96&66.'. .......... ... >............... 22 Other Volumes in 1965 National Safety Congress Transactions.... . ..Back Cover MODERN HIRING OF EMPLOYEES AS RELATED TO SAFETY, By FRED " J. .MEYER Director of Personnel, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, Chicago All of us might very well ask, ``Can my But after. 50 years there remains a vast company afford a- safety superintendent, or amount of unfinished, business; The pre a personnel manager?" I- say if you have ponderance of unfinished business, so far as not been able to make safety the responsi railroad safety is concerned, is in tiie area bility of everybody on your road, your com-' - where. you and I are both vitally concerned pany cannot afford to keep you on.the .pay . and where you and I must be successful in roll. If I have not made' good personnel the days ahead to justify our existence as practices the responsibility of. every super .railroad officers. This is in the area of em visor on my railroad, I have' failed' to earn ployment and employee relations. This is my salary and my company cannot afford to - `the new frontier far-progress in safety. This maintain my. position in the organization. is :the new frontier for successful, efficient So, first off, we recognize that you safety . and profitable railroad operations. men'and I have very much in common. , Let's begin by saying'that safety records' It is from this point .that I wish to. talk for a company are merely the composite -io you for a short while about an effective safety records of all employees of that road. safety program for the next 50 years. . We've got to quit talking in generalities and The past actually has been prologue. Your . get specific with individuals if we are to [ meeting today narks the 50th anniversary; successfully promote safety. of yotir first meeting.. During the 50 years The safety record of a man begin? the which have'passed tremendous improvements day he is placed on -the payroll, and at that have been made in railroad safety. Your time we may have already made several, mis Newsletter tails attention to some of the. takes which.will-lead to that individual end- important milestones in our section's, prog ' ing up ai a statistic in a poor safety record. ress. The key to safety ccruld well, rest with Had) of you can'cite from-your-'own ex selection'and placement of employees in their perience cise after case where improved initial job. The personnel department must materials and methods have resulted in assume, the responsibility for accepting for' vastly improved safety records. Each of us employment only those persons who appear would like to take some credit for this im - to be good "risks." For that reason most provement. ^- progressive companies today have developed Each improvement in the safety record , ` intensive programs of interviewing, testing, has resulted from improved methods of op- examination- and investigation to weed- out. e'ration and utilization of materials and undesirable, unstable, incompetent help in all equipment, and have, in turn produced, better- job classifications. methods of operation and more economical utilization of materials and equipment. The results.have made or. saved our companies money. , ' I urge you. when you return to your prop erties to sit down'with your personnel officer .and discuss- his efforts to find arid place em ployees. who appear to be the best qualified. It is inescapable that efficiency and. safety What you will probably.discover is .that your go hand in'hand. Safety and efficient rail employment manager has a job description road operations are money makers. Safe ..of every position on the railroad and a list operations dp not cost railroads a red cent, .of minimum specifications for employing new but actually'are .the only operations which men . for those jobs; Review these job de make money. ' This can be accomplished, scriptions with him. They must be out. of however, only it wfc make .'safety the re date, due to the speed with which modern sponsibility of every employee. technology moves. 1965 National Safely Congress One thing I know your employment man this point, thinking that proper placement ager will appreciate is . the opportunity to of employees was the .factor that would discuss job content with you and from your eliminate human safety problems in the .fu- . experience-gain-valuable insight into, your ture. While these procedures may substan- . findings where poor selection or placement tially. reduce safety , risks, they - are not. a has resulted in injuries. and possibly even cure-all. ~deafh~'lhat.could-havcTbe'en'avoidcd. T"\We stiHTiave many problefiis in-the-hu- Accurate job descriptions are the first step in placing the right man in the job. Next, talk to your personnel man about what he is doing'in testing, interviewing and investi gating applicants for employment This is a very important, step'in a good safety pro gram and can help -your company produce a good safety record It is of. little effect to try to dose .the bairn after the horse has been stolen.' An'inept, incompetent employee, once admitted to the service,- is well nigh impossible' tci remove, 'even after the 'fact of unsafe habits which show'up in his work. . The place to reduce the' exposure of unstable, mentally slow or unthinking, awkward or psychologically un man area, for two reasons, (1) the bulk of ' oiir employees -were hired before serious ef forts- at selection' and placement were initi ated in our companies and, (2)-even the.new employees selected by. the-most sophisticated personnel techniques must be constantly- alerted to the hazards that surround the jobs,.either .because of change in method or technology, or simply because of the nature of human beings to suffer lapses of .aware-.' ness of the power of habits, partinilarly bad ones,..in carrying out the job. '. .. In retrospect, we have made only- limited -. progress in safety education. In prospect, the area of safety education looms as the greatest challenge for railroad management fitted employees is at the hiring gate to-the One cannot place enough emphasis-on this extent possible.. Your employment manager challenge .of the future. Your organization will' welcome your help in getting this' point. : is. alert to the demands for safety education, across to all our supervisors.. just look around at your program, the-titles In some instances management and super-. of addresses mid workshops in this and other visors have, belittled and even ' opposed em sections,'the exhibitors who are here with ployment practices' .because .these. personnel products which, used by trained: employees' procedure's .'either were new and their pur will produce safe operations,, the safety films pose jnot thoroughly understood, or they -were which are made available to us for education restrictive in some manner.- The-supervisor - and training--all. are most, impressive. may. desire to hire for sliort -terra necessity, The skill with which . we'. handle safety- without regard ' to' the long.' range effect education will determine the success we have which improper ' personnel placement may as safety and personnel officers. 1. say, we have .on the long range operations of a de handle safety education, because we are all partment or company. Qn'our carriers today, responsible for safety. ' . ' - most of our operational necessities arc fore cast and planned. So should our personnel requircments.be forecast and-planned, so as . to give personnel departments, time. to. recruit and select qualified, safe personnel.. There are several areas where .We must be willing to stick our necks'out if we are to earn our way---If we succeed in making safety everybody's business--and some of these things will be-most difficult to do, ' I wish to emphasize what I. have just said difficult for top railroad managers to do and because your safety superintendents can help difficult for the -safety superintendent -to. do.. the personnel man and-,help you to compile First of-these'concems selection.of safety- a successful safety record'by talking about supervisors based on a job description: that this .point to ail supervisors with whqm you sets standards of performance. This may be * work. You can be the most effective sup-' a bitter, pill for some, of us personnel men port a personnel man has because, as safety- and I suspect a few safety superintendents supervisors,. you .come into contact with all to-swallow, but in'the future we.will have departments and all. levels of" supervision to do a better job of selecting our successors. and management in your firm. Just ask yourself"How-many personnel Now 1 would be naive if I left you at or safety men were-placed on their job ber V.rirvr..^, \ ; ' - : r-, Railroad Section cause they were really the best qualified , and rules. This is the vast area of educa for. the job? Or how many do you knovy tion and will require intelligent and creative who were placed on the job-simply because imagination by all of us. management decided to put themin person __ Fortunately, there have been signs of imnel work because they"were nice'fellows; not provemehtTiiFthis' area"r"Gonerihmbst"casesf particularly successful "in another job; but is the .use.of discipline as the.first and.only' <xmld be charitably placed in personnel or method of obtaining compliance with safety ' . safety "work?" policy, rules and instructionv Discipline . Let's .make no mistake. Employees and-' should be used only when all other methods fellow officers are keen to catch on to things -to .obtain this end have failed because use like this and when they, do the whole safety - of employees discipline is an admission 'of or personnel program will limp along with failure for the supervisor, to lead, communi out any real force or effecT*ir success. cate, instruct qr motivate. While discipline, In the future we cannot be satisfied with other than the best qualified personnel and safety supervisors. The functions of these departments; will be-as strong as top' man agement wants them' to be mid as strong as the men who are responsible for heading up ' . may be necessary, it; must be justified as action .of last- resort and, to be effective; it" must result in improvement of performance - in the future.. Unless'this is the result, the. discipline has been more detrimental than " effective. ' ,- the. Activities laid down by management in - The responsibilities of oor respective posi-. - these areas. :tions will become more and more similar in In too many cases there is no understand the years ahead. And, as'those respdnsibili- . ties develop, so do. our" problems, and. out ing of- company objectives on safety- and. almost.no statement, of company safety policy regarding safety responsibilities. In our com : of these problems come' opportunities to make a significant contribution to our firm's ' success, .. . -. panies, I'm afraid, few managements have done little about. safety except to assume that everybody was "for it" and then every supervisor set out tb develop a' set of' statis- ' tics to show that he was for it, too. There is near unanimous agreement amongrailroad chief officers that the most critical problem of their roads is' the development of competent leadership, In most cases this has'resulted in crash programs to develop . Of course, all of us will have' to really officers who can step into positions, of' re- f v search ouf souls in this whole area of com .jSponsibility in all 'departments. .Some of / ._. pany policy and consistency of company 'these officers- will come . from-a corps of'-J' r practice with that polio?. AS badly as' we highly select college graduates.in engineer^-- ' need to state our policy*and contmumcate it _ '.ing, business administrations and related to all employees,; we need to be /even , more .,fields. These men will, most often, be withi- certain .that that policy is not a sham,and. ! out -previous railroad experience and witlr that our .day-to-day management practices very limited business- exposure. .They will ' are-actually supporting it Even the best have to be trained. All their training on the ' statement.of safety policy is no earthly good job will have , to include'extensive training, if the lowest ranked supervisor, or, for that . in safety, in operations,: in rules. matter, the most menial -employee does not . put it into practice in all areas of his work;. By no means will, the college recruitment activities of our railroads produce enough Too'often we have failed to follow through ' officer potential to meet our needs* The bulk : s to see that company policy is actually put of our officers of the future will still come / into practice all the way down the line. If from'the ranks--section foremen, will cbn-' - it isn't, we 'have committed a greater man tinue to become track supervisors and road- . . agement sin than if we had never formulated masters, trainmen will be'promoted to train- ' a company'policy. Poor management by de masters, machinists and electricians will fault cannot be tolerated. ' become diesel supervisors and master me- ' In the years ahead we are going to have chanics. . to take a good look at how to improve our Selection of these supervisors is of' key communications of , safety policy to em concern to- the futpre of the railroad com-., ployees and to obtain compliance with policy .pany and the industry. Good training in -It LJ 1965 National Safety Congress safety does' not begin after this man is tion, manufacturing, and transportation.. In selected to be an officer. His training be- this respect the National Safety Council will gan while in the ranks. His effectiveness play an increasingly important role in help- as an officer -will be determined by the ef- ing us do the job. fectiveness, of training he had as a rank. . jf any; hope, for the hunanjace . - and filer.' The amount of Help you can get ;n ths day of swift and constant-change, it from this man as an officer will be in pro- |;es ;n the'success of education. Our world -portion to effectiveness with which he has problems will engulf us unless we leani to been trained in safety on the job by lus |jve with one another and unless.-each :of suPe.ry.,sorv -- us accepts the responsibility that is ours at ^Training, like safety, is everybody's busi- liome and in the local community, as well ness. We-cannot do it alone. As a result as those which we have, as world citizens. . we must, more than anything else, carry this More laws, more rules, more military power important message to supervisors in all jobs is not the solution. Hopes Tor the future in on' the railroad for the very existence-' of . industrial safety will not come from more railroad industry as we know.it .could very rules, or strict military type of enforcement well depend on the success which.we have" of than. . m developing dedicated supervisory leaded- Likewise the future of railroad safety de- i ship. who. in turn ran also teach, lead, in- pends upon the success , which those of us struct, motivate and-inspire by good example. jn this room have today in leadership, in . The. techniques of training and education communication and in, education of all eniwhether it be in technology, method, human ployees in our. respective companies. When - leadership or safety arc being better .defined we reach the point where each individual and'developed.. The "how" of training is an accepts his responsibility for safety .and area where personnel directors, trainees, and makes the safety of each of his ,'feilow safety ' supervisors will, if successful; meet workers. Kis responsibility as- well, then we and work. together. We shall "have to ask- can say that we have, succeeded in our. ef.for and receive help from experts in 'edu- forts. Until that day comes, each of us-must . cation and experienced trainers in distribu- work-and work and work toward this end.. THE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL AND YOU By L. W. DUTTON Staff Representative, JRailroad 'Section, National Safety Council A recent.check shows that 97: per cent of the combined objective of .all the sections all the'1 railroad employees in the United and df the National Safety Council'as a States and Canada'. work for companies whole. which are members of the Railroad Section of the National Safety Council. We-take .some pride: in this; fact. and challenge any . The Railroad - Section has always been very active in the work of the Industrial other Section of the National Safety Coun Conference, and there is a further point of cil to. show almost 100 per cent coverage in pride in the fact that a railroad man (our any given industry. good friend Roy. P. Hamilton of. the Frisco The Railroad Section is one of 27 indus trial sections of' the National Safety Council. The Railroad Section and all. the others are represented on the Council's Industrial Con Railway, now. retired) .has served as Vice President for industry of the National Safety Council and General Chairman of the industrial - Conference. Roy Hamilton, in ference, which, is a sort of parliament of. cidentally, has served as General Chairman all sections. Through-' the Conference, all both of the NSC Railroad Section, and the the sections work together to carry forward6 AAR Safety Section. 6 ' .' '- L- Railroad Section- The Industrial Conference in turn is di safety officer in order to let him know- of rectly responsible to the Council's Board, of your interest in safety. . Directors. . ' .' . . The value of your membership in the -The other program departments and divi National Safety Council is in how much sions-have -thtir- own conferences, each-re . you use it....... ......... __ :___ ' sponsible to the Board, of Directors: Traffic, The Council staff doesn't .daim to know Sdiool'and College, Home, Farm, etc. Each all the answers, but headquarters has an ex-' isprimarily-conccmed-with-activities-in-its--tensivesafetrlibraryanda-great-amountrof own area, but they, andthe corresponding Council staff departments, all work together toward the common goal 'expressed in the' Council's current theme, "Safety Everywhere ;.. . all the time:" ' published, material on i-ndustr-ia-l sa-fety. In addition, the Council-has access to publica-. tions and standards issued by other organ izations,- which can be of help to you. - There is a tendency for people working in . This fits in; neatly-with the objectives of any given industry to feel that their probthe Railroad Section'of the Coundl, for the lems are tuiique,and that nobody else outside section is deeply concerned not only with the of thdr-.industry understands them.. The safety of the railroad employee on the job, fact is, however, that the basic safety prob- but also with his safety off.the job, and with the'public- safety everywhere. This concern finds its strongest expression in the Signs of Life Program, sponsored by the railroads and conducted by'the National Safety Coun cil staff. This program is. intended to- edu cate the public in the observance of traffic signs,- including railroad highway crossing signs-and advance .railroad warning signs. Public officials, traffic safety officials, and volunteer organizations of.all sorts.cooperate in the program, and' through it educational .material reaches, the public from many.dif ferent directions. -. - lems are the same in aB 'industries. What ever your fields of endeavor, if. you will analyze your injury experience, ! predict, confidently that you will find that 20-to 25 per cent'of your injuries are caused by falls and another 20 to 25 per .cent are caused by mishaps in connection with the handling of materials. From the Very beginning of the atomic energy industry some 20 years ago, the spe-. rial hazards of radiation were recognized and' extreme precautions were taken every- step of the way to guard against these particular hazards. The result is that injuries caused The foregoing is a .general description of directly by radiation are almost nonexistent, the way the National.Safety_.Coundl.func- ..and a very substantial.proportion of the in tions, with particular emphasis on the'indus- juries that; do occur in plants manufacturing . . trial -safety phases. But what does this mean and using radioactive materials are caused 1 to' you as individuals? I would hazard a by--you can guess it--falls arid material guess .that almost all of you are employed handling. by railroads' which are members of the Na tional Safety Council. All of you who are in this situation can' consider yourselves members of the Council, entitled to all mem bership privileges. These privileges include the purchase of all Council, materials--post- In pur Railroad' Section, our experience has beat the same, notwithstanding the spe cialized hazards that certainly do apply to the. movement of rolling equipment. I am advised that the same is true in the- marine sh..ip..p..i.n. g, ^an^d electric public utility industries. ers, data sheets, films, etc., at the member.' cf which has its own special hazards, discount of-20 per cent, off that price. Furthermore, problems specific to certain 'Your- membership means help in solving -industries- very often also exist 'in many your safety problems. The Council staff other fields of operation. For example, the welcomes'requests for information from any. Chemical Section of the Council has pub employee of a; member company, whether he lished a long fist of data sheets dealing with is an operating official, a safety officer, a specific chemical compounds. .Some years supervisor, or a rank; and file employee. The ago, the. safety superintendent of a railroad staff, will do its best to find the answer to company wrote the Council, and asked for your problem, and. make a practice of send information with regard to the safeguards . ing a copy of their reply to your company's required for the location of an anhydrous 7 1965 National Safety Congress ammonia plant along its main line. The employees. The Council also offers a home NSC Chemical Data Sheet on the, subject study course for foremen, and" has various of this particular-material very'satisfactorily other aids to assist your training programs. answered; all the questions which this rail- The Council's awards for good industrial read company, had . . .._.............:___ -safety-records. (Awards, of Honor and of Recently, a questionnaire was circulated Merit, Certificates of Commendation) are by an outside group in a particular industry^ much sought' after- by railroad companies. having to do with problems eneouritered~in TheRailroadSectionalsohasitsow^Rail- the.use of powder actuated hand tools (com road Employees National Safety Award monly known as "stud guns."). It is our plan. Our Railroad Passenger Safety Award feeling -that' this group could have saved . program just got under .way this year. The itself a good deal of. trouble by referring Railroad Public- Safety . Activities. Award, the question to the Council staff, which has program is now in its 12th year. Those rail published'a Data Sheet oil this subject and roads which participate iri these award plans is also now. actively prompting the comple find, .them to be an- excellent -stimulus to tion of an American Safety Standard cov employee interest in safety, - and glso great ering these implements. . public relations material. - Perhaps the most important function of the National Safety Council is that of a clearing house for safety information. We commend to- your' attention the National Safety News. and particularly, the data sheets, one of which is. published , in the NEWS each'month,, articles dealing--with .various subjects, the "Ideas That Worked" department, and the "Consultation' Comer." - To you as individuals, one of -the great values of 'Council membership is the oppor tunity-provided to associate with people in your own field of work and exchange prob lems and solutions. * The "feeling of fellow ship. is also very worth-while. Sailors, miners, railroaders, steelmen, construction workers, all like to 'get-.together- with their own kind. . Membership.in the National Safety. Goun-r More and more attention is being'given dl in no way conflicts with the work of to . the production of Data sheets dealing local safety councils, ASSE Chapters, and- with-special sectional problems. In the Rail other local organizations; rather, what the road Section, for example, several data sheets Council, .has to offer supplements and rein- are in the mill, two of which will deal with fotces this type of local activity. - maintenance' of way machines, on-track and ''off-triick. - . . . -' The-mere act of joining-the- National Safety Council will not work any miracles A very worthwhile medium for the ex for- you. Unless you have, or' intend to set change of information is' the newsletter of up, a solid safety program based upon sound the section with which you happen to be management policy, the National Safety .connected. We feel that our-Railroad-Section Coundl cannot hdp you very much, nor- can ; has done a good.job-in gathering informa any other organization.' But the Council can tion on particular problems and publishing it be 'your invaluable helper if you have the for 'the benefit of all1 the members of the determination and the program to achieve a section.' However, newsletter - editors always safe operation. have difficulty in getting members to con tribute good factual information, and this is one way in which each member can contrib ute to the cause by making his' solution to problems available to others, who may be plagued by-the same problems. Since this month marks' the 50th annivep sary of --the Railroad Section, you' may^be interested in the following historical optline, which appears in the October RailrodB Sec tion. Newsletter: ' The Council-offers a total of ten one-week Milestones in Section's Progress training courses at-Headquarters irt Chipgo 1915--Fifty years ago-this month, in Phil each year. Five of these courses cover the adelphia,. at the fourth annual National fundamentals, of industrial safety; three deal Safety Congress,' 85 railroad safety men, with safety training and management tech - representing 35 roads,'met and organized the niques ; ope is on industrial hygiene, and Steam Railroad Section of. the National one is especially' set up for public' utilities Safety. Coundl.' This event followed. the .8 Railroad' Section organization of the Council by only two tion" in place of "Steam Railroad Section" years. * --for obvious reasons." - The first.General-Chairman'of the Section 1948--SAFERAILROADER, a pocket- ' was Marcus;A. Dow of the New York Cen sized ihagarinetie for distribution to railway tral.. .Others :.active;in-the-organization -of -employees, started publication with ran ini the section--and previously of the National. tial- circulation of 100,000 copies. Started Safety Council--were Commissioner Charles.. as a bi-monthly publication, -later' issued . Gr-McChord,--ICC ;~tr"Rr^Palmer~Associai_ monthIy!"PubIication continued for. 11 years. tion.of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers ; and R. C. Richards, Chicago'& North West ern Railway. , 1952--NSC "Award- Plan- for Recogniz-. ing Good Industrial Safety Records" in augurated. Railroad Section Speaal Com 1916-- ^Publication of "Bulletins" (posters) mittee" prepared special rules to apply the started--a series which continued for many plan to .railroads. years. 1954--Railroad Public Safety -Activities 1917--Publication of Newsletter began. Award Plan, (the Golden Spike Awards) * Newsletter editor having .trouble getting coii- -inaugurated. . tributions. . 1960--Committee on Motor Vehicle Traffic 1918-- Activities greatly stimulated by the Safety, at Railroad Grade. Crossings of-NSC- participation of the United States in the first Traffic- Conference created. Purposes, to World War and by the active'.support of the promote;, uniformity of slate laws "at high United States Railroad Administration. way' railroad crossings; .safer operation of. 1923--First annual Railroad Green Book; a .reprint .of an- address by L. R. Palmer made before the section -session at .the 12th ' Annual Congress. 1928--"First Annual Award in the Rail road Employees' National Safety Contest, reported in the fifth annual Green Book. commercial vehicles at railroad crossing;' safer operation of school buses .at crossings;; improved enforcement of-traffic'laws at rail road crossings;-.improved traffic-engineering at railroad grade crossings; to help promotethe Signs of Life Program nationally: . 1965--Railroad Passenger Safety Award 1931--Consolidation, of Steam Railroad Plan inaugurated. Section, National Safety Council, and Safety - And Future Plans--During its'50 years of Section, American Railway. Association bc- Existence the Railroad Section has produced ~cause of. economic conditions.' . hundreds of posters, a. number of films, and . 1935--Consolidation dissolved. The -Steam ' Railroad Section continued to- hold annual sessions at.the National Safety Congress. - many other materials for safely education. The members of the section have .also made extensive use of 'the ' Council's industrial safety materials. 1938--Steam Railroad Section formally re- organized. Plans for the immediate future include the production of more railroad'safety post 1941--Activities accelerated by the encour ers and railroad data sheets. The develop agement of safety effort by the Government: ment of. safety training programs and, .in Aided by money from the War. Fund to 'general, greater emphasis on supervisor Conserve Manpower, the section produced safety training, are in prospect Off-thc-job safety films and'other educational material,, safety will receive.increasing attention; Un and generally stepped up activity. ' der the new Traffic Conference Committee, 1946-- Signs , of Life program launched. grade .crossing accident prevention and'traffic This program is sponsored-by the National safety, generally will be pursued "with vigor. Safety Council with the cooperation of the The pioneers of the Railroad Section have Association of American Railroads. Its pur- left us a great heritage; a whole.new gen pose is to educate, the motoring public in' eration-of railroad-people who have been the observance of grade crossing signs and constantly exposed to safety education. There signals in the same manner as all other - are few" railroad employees today who have traffic signs and signals. 'riot served throughout- their entire career in 1947--Name changed to ^Railroad Sec the era of organized railroad safety. 9 * 4. ' V 1965 National Safety Congress " ' MAINSPRING OF SAFETY j_-_ By J. N. LANDRETH General Mgr.,Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe Ry. System, Los Angeles, Calif. - . , w- You' and I consider ourselves-~ profcs- meetings, bulletins, posters.- cliches, 'drawsionals in safety, and we continually seek ings, all of. which have been used to nn ways of helping others to understand 'and advantage, but there must .be enthusiasm __ . practice' this important facet of life. Safety "from the bottom to the top of.an brganizahas- never meant so much since the dawn tjon. . We- cannot write a letter and say ,"' of civilization or the beginning of. human - "I'm for safety" and-get the best-results. . history;"It is a privilege and an obligaton Safety- programs' are tiresome; unending ' " for us to vigorously push to successful ends jobs and .-need all of. - the. promotion and the safety programs. Higher speeds, greater .-enthusiasm we "can pump into them. force and weight, importance of time, and The foreman must be enthusiastic; also, * "the tremendous - value we now place on life, the-. general foreman, - the. conductor, the -niakes it all the. more important. . engine' foreman, the trainmasters, the'sii- * ' * The objectives of a safety program are perintendents, and the higher the reading mainly" to assist the balance of Jhe organiza- the better the results, linn to promote the welfare, of each indi;. virtual, prevent injuries and ^accidents, and assist the company in -achieving its basic objectives; i.e., reduce costs, make a profit and .perpetuate the organization. Some der. payments' do-not participate in safety programs but the objectives should be broadly You've got to live it and Breathe it and inject it -into .everything and everyone that moves. Now there are those who- would slow down, or stand still and consume' unnecessary time in the" claim of safety; but a safety program must be mixed in where speed is involved ..and must have a understood. part in earning a "profit for'the company, in Safety is an excellent vehicle- for promot- proving freight and the few passengers that . mg good employee", rclations-^to give cm- are left--we.must meet our-competition at ployecs". more than wages and to keep the service and. do it safely. The faster we. railroad running smoothly, hut unless the move the greater the-need, for safety and whole program moves smoothly and force-- ...we. are maying faster every, day. .fully at every i'hstance, the safety, efforts Safety is.-as if we. were climbing a high will fall short of desires. It may not fail, and" precarious mountain, whose top has but it will not be the desired success.. -never been seen, because as long as there Safety is a' fringe benefit-of the first is one injury we must keep climbing. Not order.' We want more-than the mere work all railroads,- or departments of railroads, men are appointed to do. We. want all .to climb at- the same rate or along-the sameenjoy satisfaction in their wdrk.just as tlic route. Some spring forward for awhile, and employees need, more from the company then fall back. Some come to rest on a than their money on pay day. If we do not ledge and go no- farther. We" see new and pul more -.into a safety program than "a. better records from time to time, when mere (Jesire to avoid the messy trouble of -someone does; a good job,' creates .enthu^accidepts, the program will not be a com-' -siasm, and their programs "flourish. plete success. Everything has been done to make safety Speaking of "professionals, there arc many , people in strategic positions in our lives that had better believe in excellence, There are many, I hope, who'arc excellent popular and attractive, except to declare it unlawful, but at the core and center of a ' good safety program is enthusiasm and- a sincere- desire to do better. . in their work and not just average. I'd Check the fellow who has a good safety like for them to be masters and to love record--I mean the supervisor or head of thet/ jobs and be happy while doing them.- a department, and you will find a fellow .- In my opinion the main spring of a safety with unending enthusiasm and one who program is- enthusiasm. There can be safety won't quit. If he has. trouble today, he re-' L, Railroad Section news his efforts tomorrow. It's not easy the period, and. then give 'the record which when .things go bad and one clumsy fellow runs from 500 to 600 deaths plus thousands after another proceeds to. louse things, up, of injuries'each- holiday weekend. The re- butracddent-prcvention allows no place for . cent Labor Day- weekend totaled nearly - relating. `. 600 deaths. Certainly the national campaign ______Safetyis_no/_an_exnct_sciencc_anymore_ helps to make .people mindful of the hazards than .is law or golf, but as .in of those arts we have learned the practice some essen "of speed stop the and ' care!essness,'but they do not tremendous destruction of life, in tials. We .cannot legislate - against human nature;;.however, it has been tried. only try .to educate it which-is We cana' slow flicted by the.group, as a less, the campaigns are must be continued. whole;-neverthe worthwhile ' and process.-A prize .fight is not won . by the l^fany diseases such as pneumonia; tuber final KO but by-long training, track .and culosis, and polio hive been brought under . other work that must be done to develop control. There are many others to be con thc'hard punch-long before time for the KO. sidered, but one of the'worst inflictors of ' In a safety, program we must be concerned about the little person-and sympathize with his shortcomings. If He slips, help him up and dust him. off.. If he continues to slip,, it might be necessary to'dust a little more firmly. .There are many ways to do this, and telling the story once is not enough. pain and death is our own carelessness. . Our advance in. the medical an<f those fields associated with' -life and health, have extended the life expectancy by several -years, while our accidental death rate, left : in . the hands of individuals, has ' not done so well. - There is one bright spot, however, the It seems that this simple story would be- - industrial world, where we can call on the. universally understood, but it has taken a long time to make progress. We learn from each other, and were each person left solely indi.vidual-to account for his-actions. .This is- your charge and mine and where we ran do our'best for . safety. A man-will not to his own perceptive resources, he would perish. Life would be impossible unless each of us...were able to draw on an enormous hesitate -to. do an act or take a chance which could cost him his life, as well as the life of others. store of perceptive discoveries,. inventions, . human creations. and experience that has ----- gone-before. Only nowjand then does one have an original thought of his own. The.pages of history, literature and. holy writings, all emphasize the good life--1designate between life and death--blessings -. and curses. Our job is to induce our people We spend ' fabulous sums to improve to "choose life, the better in a' whole and health, to immunize us from disease,- for sound body. Again, it's the job of an en- - surgery-and to patch up injuries, but it is . thusiastic team--not a onc-tnan show-- hard to induce, people to practice safety.' everyone, must get into the act--everyone It can only be because they do not realize . must participate. how bad it is to be hurt! .' Industry has made' more improvement in . At1 no other time in history has. so much safety- than' public agencies because of in been said and done to obtain financial dustry's better control systems; Improved : security , for later life._ There are constant highways and - facilities for public use have demands `for more . security .in all labor done much, but the great strides in safety contracts. There is no greater security than have been in industry. The. public has. spent welt-being,-and nothing more insecure than niuch on. their programs--tax money--while indifference to safe conduct. Security and industry, spent- their money for taxes and safety mean the same thing. We have just ran their business and supported safety pro assumed a' fabulous national ogligation to grams in addition. - extend health and welfare t all we can induce'to subscribe to it. Personal safety is just.as essential as financial security. - It is essential that all injuries or accidents be fully investjgated. Get the facts and place the responsibility. When it becomes known Safety warnings by the nation's radios that' everybody is going to be "called on the and other news media start' well' in advance carpet" following an accident, it -Serves as. of a holiday -seasoff and extend through- a good reminder for a fellow to keep out . ii i r ' 1965 National Safely Congress of trouble. An accident may be explained - that we did. 40 years ago. We are having in many ways,' but an experienced super less than half of the deaths and injuries visor can just abput tell. what .happened that we were haying. 20 years ago.' There ___ before lie hears the Ttories. ' ' -continues a steady decline in deaths and - Safety is . a state of mind and the way . personal injuries since advent of the' safety ------ ----- -some-live_I--am-convinced-thatlhe--man programs. We liave readied and saved many who gets hurt or killed, whether on the lives, or prevented; many personal .injuries ' railroad, highway, or at-home, simply is in the last 50 years and have made .our . not' thinking'about what he is doing. Many' business a-safe one. Undoubtedly, there are men work.a lifetime on the railroad with men here who have avoided, injury by the out an accident'or. injury. These, men are- lessons learned from safety programs. alert -and safety-minded, while the lazy- . At one time railroading was considered a minded, indifferent,-.'or maybe just thoughtr hazardous occupation, hut. the good work ` less, stumble into trouble. I've, found, too, of safety minded, or just smart men, has . that to give him a little trpuble afterwards changed that.- . '', is helpful as a reminder. The past, aiid the.-record, of-those who . After all of our programs' and-schemes, have- gone before; these 50 years; we have , . it is necessary to drive it-down the last' for- a. guide. I'm sure they did, the best they six. inches--that can't be emphasized too could and that none really . neglected' this . much or too often. The roots, of accidents, important'part-of the greatrailroad world. or better said, .unsafe practices, are often The present, volume of business would have . grounded in' thoughtlessness. To avoid in brought-the railroads to a halt, even in my jury people niust.be mindftd of what is time,- but we, handle if . now with ease and going on. ' ' ' at many times the speed. We will do even We do much of our work by habit -and most of our actions take place through "better and we will learn to do it with fewer accidents. ' . ." # force - of habit, but we .must' continually Safety and a program to progress is not press for people to keep in mind the job just a . matter, of popularity or a selling at hand to prevent injury. In our-business point, it is a survival issue and, w.e need there, are. certain tilings that must .be done to say it in words to make' it real- to those right the first time--before we have time who: do not understand. While it-has been to form .habits. The engineers nnd mechan- said that there is often an ulterior motive ___ . ' .ical! people build carsjhat run'full...speed.' behind safety programs-1-! never knew of the first trip.-The. first time an engineman a case where th'c basis of such a program .'.'runs an engine 100 MPH be must do it . was to save 'money.; however, who can : ; right, or he wight not get a chance to form- ' deny that accidents do -cost a lot of money. habits. -Many run locomotives, drive auto-, I'd rather spend my money .for something mobiles, fly airplanes, successfully, the first besides blood and -bones--tliose come high, ' trip.. Experience and practice improve, our as do lawyer's fees.. work arid makes it easier, biit not if we There will never be a time when we.liave lap'se into bad habits.. no problems or when we. will liave experi So-called accidents . are not an ill fate enced all . problems. \ banging over railroad men, nor any people, We should try to get . 'some exercise - for that matter, as an. inevitable result of every day. We can't sit'at a desk a week '-' action. They 'are' a natural consequence of or two and then spend a day'and night on carelessness, or thoughtlessness and- the ig-.' the road, or worse, at a' derailment, with noring of realities. impunity. 1 read an interesting item recently' Accidents, for the want of a better name, which said; in the-absence of physical.worjt, are in the hands, of people' and can be done to walk an hour every day is. the best in away-with. A positive proof of this claim surance against a heart attack. is the record of improvements in industry! According to Alexander Hamilton In We are. here celebrating the 50th anniver stitute, in the last. 30 years deaths from sary' of the Railroad Safety' Section. W'c coronary heart disease has increased 2000%. are now experiencing one .fourth of .the . due in part at least, -to lack of some- forth deaths and injuries per million man-hours of regular exercises. *. i 12 . /x. v V L'. 'Railroad Section This in a dose parallel to tlie killed and portant to officer* as anyone else. "Safely injured. we are -actually 'here to talk .about. is not aimed at any one group. It is uni ' The entire front isnot.a warning.o.f-what versal--it applies to. all and takes different may happen--itVa'slern- report tif'wliatir" --forms.----- ;---------------------- .--. ' ''------- happening. There are many forces: in motion with Historians and archaclogists tell us that which'we''will--eventually collide .unless we for centuries man-had no time for anything ".rrc^aleft-and^Jteerfocleartlicm.--Half hut to search for food--then he discovered - hearted men give half-hearted' response, storcable. grain which allowed him to store even -to this vital part of life. Plant your some food and gave,him time to start im safety -programs, in high places, and fill, proving the way he livcd-^prdbahly the lie-.- them with enthusiasm and have, it come ginning of the arts and<*cicures, Certainly down through tlie forces, and then you will a pari of safety is living :in such a'way have to'drive it down the last six indies. to.extend our lives to the utmost, in keeping Then tomorrow, we begin again; with a-fair balance.' The medical profession has said iltat there is a direct relation be tween strength and the amount of 'sleep we have. A tired railroad- officer, is not an' asset. What will the ultimate result of our. efforts be in this most worthwhile endeavor? ' Satisfaction that follows doing a good job, increased productivity, higher standards of living, a belter way of life, and a chance Health and well-being are' just as im- to live and enjoy it.' A MANAGEMENT GUIDE FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION By RALPH J; CR08BY Marsh A McLennan. Inc.: New York. N. Y. Understand the l!undammtdlt - ing from accepted right working methods. A 1..`The-prevention of accidents,, unwanted and unplanned occurrences, is an `important factor in the efficient performance of each small" percentage qrc the result of unsafe conditions that can also tic detected by con trolled inspection techniques. department of the company. . ' S. The reasons why workers engage ii 2. The responsibility for .the prevention of accidents is a line function and must be . shared by all supervisory personnel, in the practices that cause accidents arc the same reasons'why they make mistakes in the per formance of their technical Skills. same manner ai they share the responsibility 6.. Workers can'be .supervised as respects for performance in other activities. adherence to safe working, habits in the 3. Accident prevention does not involve an . same manner as they arc supervised in the additional work load on' supervisori. It is' performance of their job requirements. . the responsibility of supervisors to anticipate and take action to. avoid any occurrence that will interfere with or add to the- normal operating cost of a department. Accidents do Interfere and do increase overhead expeases. 7. The cost of accidents which.is added to the overhead., cost of operation, is not limited. to the amotmt'bf money paid for compensation and medical bills. This may be the chief factor influencing the insurance cost, but overhead, cpsts include the down 4. The prevention of accidents is. practical time, delay, waste, damage, loss of use and because very few accidents are from unfore other incidental expense which in the aggre-r seen or unexpected circumstances.- The great ' gate are substantially more than the claim majority are the result of employees deviat payments. . 13 '-jt 1965 National Safely-Congress . 8. There is a basic philosophy that cannot doing a job.' They' should be' told no job. be . ignored and which is the foundation for anticipates that a person will have an acci- '. practical accident prevention. This-philosophy dent or..'be injured. Each job lias , been establishes certain truths which properly_ Jbphght out so. there, are -no.unusual physical comprehended prdvides~the necessary infor demands on an individual. mation- to approach, the. control of accident causes. ' ________ ' .' - (2) Development of Operating Rules-- -Acc'idoit-prcvention-is-primarily~thc process^- 9. Certain procedures constitute the frame of checking for. the existence -of unsafe work upon which a program is built These condition's or unsafe work' performances. are-similar,to the procedures established to There should be. no reservation in any su carry oiit any' function' affecting' efficient pervisor's mind as to what are the,important .'' operation. instructions as related to the people under* . 10. The responsibility for accident pre-.. his or her direction. , vention also involves accountability. Not only Each -job. should be studied and specific i? it necessary to carry out the mechanics of .rules developed that reflect the experience of a program - but performan.ee 'should be individuals plus the knowledge gained from .measured by the results that have been past accidents; .Studies made, with the stand-'. accomplished.' ard list of accident types in mind will bring - . 11. -The cost of administration, of an ac cident prevention program can be credited with a marked improvement in supervision to light many serious potential causes that -can lie made the subjects of rules or instructions.- and more efficient employee performance. (3) Instructions of Supervisors--We. can not expect that supervisors will automatically Apply the Fundamentals assume a full share of responsibility for' 1.' Express your attitude as respects com pany interest in accident prevention. 2. Show - supervisory .personnel the eco nomic value of accident prevention. their part in an accident prevention program.. . They frequently have mental - reservationsabout any- statement that says that.they are responsible, for the accidents occurring in their departments. 3. Identify-your objective , of maintaininga safe working environment and attaining continued safe performance of employees.' For example, supervisors often fail to understand the close -relationship of accident prevention and performance efficiency. They- 4. Outline your policy by establishing the labor under the false impression that acci procedures that will be followed to attain* dents are bound' to.happen and not much, your objective. can be -done about it They ask "what more 5. Designate the responsibility of accident prevention as an integral part of the daily performance.of all.supervisory.personnel. 6. Appoint an administrator of the pro gram who will keep you -informed of prog ress or need for executive action. can I do than to tell a-person how to do his work." They do not-appreciate the epportu-' nities they have to see accidents 'in the -making. In order to overcome these obstructions, supervisors should receive instructions that specifically explain the importance' and prac . Essential Procedures of the Program . tical'approach to each part of the. program (1) The Indoctrination' of. Employees--' as it affects- their daily, activities. If super Employees should be indoctrinated on all phases of their participation in- the program. visors are to inspire their men to a higher concept oL- working- safely, the first step is ', They should understand the interest man * to build their conviction :that it can be done. ' agement has in their' safety. They 'should be The biggest roadblock to improving the atti- . . told what management has done to make tude- of the worker is the foreman's dis their job and working environment safe. belief that it can be done. They should be shown that accidents do not (4) Inspections and Observations^--Check- occur from unexpected or unforeseen cir- ing for the detection, of accident causes is a cumstances, but are the result of employees ' prime requisite. for effective accident pre deviating from standard "right ways" of14 vention. A procedure must be established for 14 i . Railroad'Section .making such inspections not only, by the to look for evidence,of the same cause that safety, administrator but by someone within has already produced accidents, each'department The inspections should, not Such a tabulation is a perfect guide when he limited to physical-or mechanical hazards making checkinspcction* or for recognizing hut observations should be made of employee ,Jle rcI<Ii,iw ,,f a cause especially when the performance to. assure that instructions are severity of injury or loss is not great enough Jwg_fo!low.ed_The_ppernting_niIes_aiiiLlhc_to attract much attcntioi^m^to inake-miifh causes of past accidents offer an excellent fJ{ an |rnj>rtsirrn. -guide for the supervisor who is sincere in , - . r , . , . his efforts " " can :,`w> W**1' lo advantage when a `department head has occasion, to. talk to a (5) Reporting of-Accidents--A procedure sirpervisor about his performance or tack of must be established for the reporting of all performance in controlling unsafe work accidents regardless of -the severity .of the methods, resulting injury or loss. (8) The Cdntrol Unit-- Management But insofar as injuries arc concerned, when they require only first aid treatment, MiffidenJ . information should be recorded in the daily log to enable a qualified person to review tlie data and. determine . whether or hot tlie -occurrence warranted a more tliorough investigation. It is the severity potential should establish a procedure'that will enable the safety administrator to make direct contMt at a level where cxeaitive action can be taken when the need arises. This control could be an individual or a group but in. any case '> should have tlie authority to make divisions ar,d to.act when facts are presented., represented iii the accident cause rather than The. control unit should be the place that the`'extent of injury- tliat shotlld influence a progress report would be considered, our Return. .Often, the causes of major and . When weaknesses in `the program arc minor injuries are the same. - recognized, they should be evaluated from (6) Investigation of Accidents--A definite the point of view of bow much an improveprocedure must be established for . the. in- . .ment should affect the over-all performance, vestigation of all accidents. This is' something . This report of progress prepared periodi- . more-than the reporting of the occurrence. _ calLy. by. the'safety administrator should'jtib- Our objective.'is to learn what we can from mit not only statistical data bn accident fre- the accident so effective corrective measures rjucncy trends but should provide a continuing can be taken, to prevent a recurrence from ~ evaluation of the effectiveriess of existing the same cause. procedures which will identify-the outstand- Since we depend.upori the supervisor to control employee performance or conditions under his charge, he should be the .one to make the investigation. An accident is evi<fence that something has gone wrong and it is rightfully a-supervisor's responsibility that deserve preferential treat.niait.'_The . report should`indicate- the action that is long taken and the progress or r^f5 foJLj.ack ol progtas m solving the problem. This will give management the opportunity of - supplementing the action if to control any'occurrence that interferes with necessary, planned operations. Check the Performance ' (7) Correlation of. Accident .Data--A pro cedure. should be established that will require' the safety administrator to correlate the ac- f cident data required from the investigation' reports in a manner that will focus attention on unfavorable trends or outstanding acci-. dent causes. A simple means of accomplishing - this ' objective is to tabulate accidents by agency and cause for each department The agency can be interpreted as being the object, equip- ` ment, job, or area that best identifies where . 1. Dii'isional Managements Participation--' x Has the program been properly-in. interpreted' at division levels? b. Have all supervisors been told tliat they will be held responsible for- results? .. c./Has the administrator recognized any weaknesses in carrying -out a procedure? d._ Are you provided with progress in. ` formation to ' supplement statistical data? 1965 National Safety. Congress 2. .Instructions of Supervisors-- a. Are. supervisor* given instructions in_the.basic*_of.accident prevention? Ii. .What do they do individually, as respects instruction' of employees, _diccking-.perlonnancejs,-job_studics, accident investigation? . J.' Instruction of nqn-Supervisory per sonnel-- m- a. Are employees indoctrinated as re spects their participation in the com pany program? b. Do they receive supplementary in struction on the job? c. 'Does the supervisor talk with them individually to detect any wrong . attitudes and correct any erroneous concepts? ' '4.' Operating Performance Rules-- -a. -Have specific rules been developed for .each job? b. Have so called "safety rules" been made an integral part of normal operating procedures ? c. Are existing rules modified in the light of experience? S. Check Inspections' and Observations-- a: "Arc regular check inspections made for the detection of'unsafe physical conditions? .; b: Are observations made by super visors to. detect deviations froth standard practices? c. Arc standing rules checked periodi- cally for compliance regardless of any lack of accidents'? . d. Are special check* made to; verify the effectiveness of any- corrective . action initiated Jo"Control some ac cident cause? 6. Reporting of Accidents-- a. Are all accidents reported regardless of the severity of resulting injury? b. Docs the record of minor cases contain sufficient information to eval uate the potential probability in event of- a recurrence? c. .Does the supervisor have knowledge of the minor cases? 7. Investigation of Accidents:-- a. Are accidents investigated and- the probable cause determined? b. Is the immediate supervisor required to submit his investigation? ;c. Is the supervisor's .investigation verified by his superior? - 8. Accident Study--' a. Is the information available from investigation reports correlated in a manner - readily, directing attention as to-where to look and what to look for to detect probable accident 'causes?- _______ b. Do supervisors have this kind-of record for their department to guide their checking? c.- Are potentially serious accident causes selected for special attention? d. Is any attempt made to secure inci dental accident cost-data? WHAT'S NEW IN THE GRADE CROSSING PROGRAM? V By GEORGE M. DEMPSEY Asst. Supt. of Safety,'Chicago,- Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, Chicago Before turning over this portion of the Committee on Motor Vehicle Traffic Safety program to my fellow participants, I would 1 at Railroad Grade Crossings, held oh the like- to discuss briefly a few of the items morning of October 26, 1965. that were brought up at the meeting of-the If was pointed out that there had been 16 Ir.' .1 . Railroad Section a fairly consistent decline i/i the. number of fatalities at highway-railroad grade ' crossings since-1935 reaching a low figure of 1,055- for the year' 1959.' During the following four years,-1960 thru 1963, the /average. mimber_odeaths'/waj._l,188-but a- very, sharp increase to a figure of -1,418 occurred.in 1964. The "near miss" program was reviewed and emphasis was placed .on the . need for more reports by a greater number of rail roads. With 15 lines reporting these ex-, pcricnces of "near miss" and violations of the law by school bases and trucks trans-; porting ' flammable* or explosives, actually, only 185 reports were, received at the office of the National Safety Council so that there is a need for more reports in order to establish a more complete picture of the overall situation. The cooperation of I'resident Daniel P. Loomis of the Association of American Railroads in writing the cx- ccutives of member roads encouraging greater activity 'in . this field should be effective. :---- :--' .------ The dash'board stickers produced by the National Safety Council covering the signs at^gradcvcrosjingsrwill^shortiy^undergoa- slight revision -to make it conform with arrangements in all states, California in particular. At present about 70,000 of these stickers have been, distributed, mainly by State railroad associations and by individual railroads, and it is hoped-that even greater use will be made .of these stickers,- princi- - pally on school buses.. .Tile National Safety Council-will-soon release a very informative booklet on the. Signs of Life, dealing -with all traffic signs and signals. Copies will be distributed to all Railroad Section members. Watch for it At this time I would like to have Mr. Daulton" tell about the- Kentucky plan.' c. THE KENTUCKY PLAN By H. C DAULTON Director of Safety, The Louisville &. Nashville Railroad, Louisville, Ky. ... The .chairman of the Ohio Railroad of our passenger trains..He'saw six specific Safety ' Officers' Association has kept .me and 'definite violations in TOO miles. Next, informed of ihe .activities of-that organiza we invited one of .the. staff instructors of tion. -I had the opportunity to attend one the State-Police Academy to ride the loco of their meetings in Columbus, Ohio, and motive of a train. Newspaper publicity was there, at first hand, I saw the cooperation given these trips and we also publicized given to the railroads by the agencies of them in our own company - magazine.. the State of Ohio. We felt we now had sufficient-background'. That gave' me the needed impetus, to. start to ask the safety representatives of the a campaign for a similar program on our major railroads to join us in an organiza own railroad. Propitiousjy, at about the tional meeting. All but one railroad was same time, the Regional Manager.'of the represented and, of those attending, only ' Chesapeake & Ohio Railway wrote the chief, one road's representative stated he could operating officers of the Kentucky railroads, . not obtain managerial permission to parr proposing -a "near miss" program in the ticipate- As a result of that meeting, the Commonwealth of Kentucky.. That was all Kentucky Railroad Safety - Officers Asso-. that was needed'to .'give, me the green light ciation was formed, A chairman and vice-' to go ahead. ' ' chairman wer elected and objectives Before embarking on a formal program, established. ' we felt it advisable to'lay. a foundation to. Subsequently the . short-line railroads in show visually the need for it Td.start off, Kentucky, were approached to cooperate in we invited the Director of the-Kentucky the: "near miss" program-and the majority .__ _ State Police to ride the locomotive of one of 1 them responded enthusiastically. At their . .17 L 1965 National Safety Congress request, the L. <Sc N. has furnished to sev eral of them supplies of . the. observationreport form. We now were ready to approach state officials and the chairman and vicc-chair"man were"directed to proceed accordinglyWith thy trip oh the locomotive of an L. & N. passenger train still fresh in his .mind, the Director of the Kentucky State . Police received us graciously and assured us of his full cooperation. He. suggested to all employes in Kentucky. When.reports of violations .are received from employees, our division superintendents, are instructedto write the vehicle owner a. friendly letter, citing _the place, date_af|d_time__of_thc-__ "violation, and asking that the hazards in volved be pointed out. to the driver. A copy' of' such letters , is sent to the Secretary of the- Committee on Motor Vehicle.. TrafficSafety at Railroad Grade-Crossings of'the ' National Safety-Council: that we hold a subsequent meeting at. the All of the report forms then are sent to Kentucky Police. Academy' and offered the. the Safety Department where they arc use of their library as a- meeting room.' processed, and a. photostatic copy js . sent --' About a month later, the Kentucky Rail road Safety Officers Association .held a meeting at the Academy and acquainted the Director of the Academy, and-the Director of the Governor's Action' Committee, for Traffic Safety .with the details of the "near miss" program.^ to the. Director of the State Police.-.After review in that office,, the reports are sent to the. appropriate state police post forselective education and enforcement. In. in corporated areas, where the state police do not have jurisdiction, th'e reports are. turned over to the appropriate police authority,.- The Commonwealth of Kentucky is re training every, state policeman' as .well. as the driver of every state-owned motor ve hicle.' At the time of our meeting at the In the event a school bus is involved, the report is sent to the Director of Pupil Transportation who takes- prompt and posi tive action. Academy, one of the training schools for state police was in progress and H. C Eicstam, of the New York Central, was asked. .to address them, on our program. The'plan has been in. effect in Kentuckyfor less than a year and no comparison can yet be made: We are convinced,, however, of die value of the. program and have Previously the L. & N. had furnished' to extended it over our entire system. We are the Director of Pupil Transportation of the - also making out the observatiomreport form Kentucky' Department. of Eduction suffi on actual grade crossing accidents and sub cient National Safety Council dash stickers' mitting them ta the appropriate authorities. for every school bus. in Kentucky. When, We are continuing to invite-police officials, the'"near, miss" program was. explained to judges; newspaper reporters, and other pub the director,' he, too, assured ' Us of his lic figures to. ride the locomotives of our department's full cooperation. As evidence trains. And practically every month we of that cooperation; we know of two school carry in our L. & N. Magazine a feature. bus drivers who were .relieved because of article concerning .these observation trips. . .their failure to stop at crossings. If your Safety Department is under The - L. & N. .had printed a postal-Card- staffed, you will -take on a good bit of work size observation report form, similar' to in organizing and carrying out a "near., that' used- by the Ohio Railroad Safety miss" program,'but if one life is saved, it- Officers Association, and distributed -them18 is all worthwhile. 18 Railroad Section WORKSHOP SESSION Presiding: L.C. McDowell, Superintendent-- chain of command does tlie weak of Safety, Chicago and Northwestern Rail- link exist? way.Chicagorflllnoisr----------;---------------- ~ A. -At the p6mt~bf "immediate' super Operating Workshop--Cold Group Moderator: B. L. Schoech, Assistant . Genera) Manager, Chicago, Rock Island and' Pacific Railroad, Des' Moines, Iowa. / Railroads continue to experience a large visor--be it a trainmaster, travel; ing engineer, yardmaster ,or other . person in charge. These supervi sors must demand .arid receive" ' acceptance of responsibility from conductors and foremen.- -number'of injuries, to the train, engine and yard service employees. - In addition to the responsibility of management, it - appears 2. -Q.. Why is the supervisory .'chain of comrriand'weak at this point? that an increasing number of employees are A- The immediate supervisor , may not' failing'.to accept-. .their responsibility for be properly trained.. The superin accident prevention. v tendent may fail to emphasize that , 1. Q. .In what'ways do train, engine- and yard service employees fail Jo ` accident': prevention is the most . important part of the supervisor's accept their responsibility for ac cident prevention? A. .{Summary of gfoup discussion) : Carelessness--caused' by permitting ' work,' and .that he desires, safety, as well as. efficiency. The super visor'does'not spend'enough time . with. on-the-grouftd observation of * employees- for various reasons un work to become ' routine, leading less he is. properly; instructed to to a false sense of security about . do so. Some supervisors.have large safety. Also, the employees began territories and a lot of- paper work taking- safety rule short-cuts. . and may not have time enough 2.- Q. Why do train, engine and yard with their employees. service employees fail to accept their responsibility? 3. Q. How can .this situation be cor rected arid maintained? . A^. Failure to know .and safety rules, lack of understand' proper in . structions .and lack of personal . pride. - .' . "A. By proper training of supervisors for safety and by having sufjfident number.of supervisors to cover the territory properly. Having the 3. Q. How can this situation be cor new supervisor spend some time rected and-maintained? with an experienced officer , will A.'By the use of. proper training, |- help him to become* aware- ojf building-better morale, use of m- -hazards that- may. not be. just com ccntives and disciplines and proper mon sense. The supervisor must -. on-ground supervision. ' be told that he is responsible for safety supervision. Operating Workshop--Blue Group Moderator: Vi. .R. Freyer, Superintend Engineering Workshop--Gold Group ent, Chicago and" Northwestern Railway, Moderator: B. J. Worley, Engineer of Chicago, III. .Maintenance of Way, Milwaukee- Road, Railroads -continue to experience';a large Chicago, -III. number! of injuries to train, engine and yard Railroads continue to experience foot I in service employees. In' addition to the re juries that could have'been prevented with sponsibility of the employees it would'appear the use of safety footwear. . .. that there is a weak link in the supervisory chain of command's accident prevention efforts. .1. Q. What-is' the best way to encourage eritpjoyees to .purchase and use protective footwear without' mak ' ]. Q. At what point in the supervisory ing the. requirement a condition of. 19 1965 National Safety. Congress . employment, and without tfie com pany bearing the cosft1 - ployees working around, the ma chines? A Supervisors must set the example, A. Have manufacturer . train engi- and'wear-safety shoes. Supervi- . neers. and' supervisors and then sors should stress' the hazards and have supervisors ' train employees. the necessity of wearing-safety--------- --=--Following-up-of-propei^operating shoes. Safety shoes should be procedures by supervisors. Safety made readily available -to' cm- department must distribute apei- ployees. . , dent investigation, reports- to all 2. Q. New styles of protective footwear, suchwedgies, Wellingtons, etc.*, are now; available. What .arc .the. merits or faults of establishing standards for protective footwear, points ^on the : railroad' so . ifltat everyone .will .become .aware :.of. dangers. Supervisors must ' have * re-training and advanced, instruc-' lions for all new machines. , for the various types' of work? - 3.; Q. What should be'the Safety depart A. .Supervisors should'advise but not-, dictate the proper-style of safety ment's role in the. purchase of " such: machines? - shoes tobe worn for the particu-. A. Must witness madune demonstra lar' job. tions with . eyes ..'open to discover" 3. Q. What are thc^ merits, or faults of providing, payroll deduction privi leges, and'the merits or faults of permitting a representative of a shoe company having such, priv ileges available to the employees? hazards and partiqipate in super visory training.. Safety Depart ments should receive ` history, of .. machine operators from other railroads and furnish such reports | to the Engineering Department. A. Payroll . deduction, seems prefer Mechanical--Car Workshop--Gold Group able because safety shoes can be obtained at any time .by. - an em ployee with proper credentials. No objection to a representative . Moderator: j. D. O'Neill, Assistant perintendent Car Department' Chicago Northwestern'Railway, Chicago,' III. Su and" of the shoe company explaining Railroad safety representatives and. other- - shoes and proper" fitting. , officers..observe employees committing un safe acts and/or working without protective Engineering Workshop--Blue Group Moderator: R. W. Bailey, Engineer of Scales mid Work Equipment, Chicago and Northwestern Railway,.'Chicago, 111. equipment in the presence of their im-. mediate supervisor or foreman. Some of these foremen and supervisors feel that they are responsible for production supervision and that, the safety man is responsible for Railroads are - experiencing., new accident . safety, supervision. -.' ...... ............. prevention problems with increased use of on-track and . off-track maintenance equip-, ment. Several railroads are experiencing serious accidents and fatal injuries with the use of such machines. 4. Q. What isr;the major cause or causes of accidents resulting from . die operation of .such machines? K Q. What are the best methods-of training railroad foremen and su- .... pervisors in'. accident, prevention? A. State company policy and teach jhst what the supervisor must. do : in regard to accident prevention , " and to protective equipment Super visors must be invited to periodic * A. (1) Inadequate training, (2)- In- meetings with safety representa- . experience, !3) . Complicated con . tives to keep up-to-date. trols and (4) Poor: maintenance ' prpeeduris.- ` 2. Q. How can we convince foremen and supervisors that they, must.,be.re-' 2. Q. How can we provide the proper sponsible for both production; and " safety-training for operators of safety? 'such machines and other em- A. Show than the triangle-of produc- Railroad Section tion. consisting of efficiency, quality and safety and that it-is impossible to. have a separate supervisor for each.' The same supervisor must control the three angles as produc-----1-------- lion_will Tail-.apart- if any one of . them is missing. ' - Q. What arc* the best methods of ob; taining and maintaining the proper, altitude of , foremen, and super visors? A. By personal contact with all super visors; By appealing to the; per sonal pride of supervisors and by enforcing the company policy. . Mechanical--Car Workshop--Blue Group Moderator: J; T. Erilc.hman, General Su(icrvisor. Car Inspection and Repair, Atchi- . son, -Topeka and Santa' i'e Railway, Topeka, Kansas. Slipping, tripping,. falling - and alighting from or getting .on equipment account for. a . great number of shop injuries. 1. Q. What can lie done to-prevent. such ' injuries? A. Proper instruction must lie pro. . vided. Stress the necessity of go<*l housekeeping and the wearing , of proper shoes and clothing. InsT.t on compliance with rules pertain ing to such hazards. . 2. Q. What .can lie done to encourageemployees to assist in keeping their own work area clear of tools not in use--scrap,.oil, grease and other obstacles?. ' ' A. It is necessary .to establish and maintain a policy of cleanliness and orderly` arrangement of tools. Proper containers must be pro vided for scrap. Educate the cm- . . ployce to the-effect'that.it is for his benefit. Supervisors must make . daily inspections, requiring compli ance with the policy and pointing * out the hazards involved. ' .1. Q. Tom or baggy- clothing may`con tribute to such injuries. What can be done to encourage employees to use -proper clothing? . A. The supervisor must .set the cx' ample by his own use of proper clothing. ..He must point out the .hazards" and state .the policy on -N ..improper clothing,'using diplomacy . and tact. Appral to the personal ` priilc of individuals if necessary. 21 L OFFICERS OF THE RAILROAD SECTION NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 General. Chairman--T. L. Hildebrand, Soo line Railroad Go., Minneapolis, Minn. 55440 Vice Chairman--]. T.Andrf.w, Great Northern Railway, St. Paul, Minn. 55101 Vice Chairman--G. R; Knight, St. I-ouis Southwestern"Ry. Lines, Pine Bluff, Ark. 71601.. Secretary and Newsletter Editor--'Ll C. McDowell; Chicago & North Western Ry., Chicago, II!. 60606 .'. . ... Associate Newsletter. Editors, Canada--J. G. Beldham, Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Ry; Co., Hamilton, Ont,-Canada; Southwest--H. A. Likderer, St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co,, Springfield, Mo. 65802 F.asl--W. C. Lara wav, The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Co., Albany, N. Y. 12201 IVesf--I'.W. Ackermann, Denver & Rio Grande Western R.R. Co., Denver, Colo. 80201 Central--R. C. LlNntiuisT, Northern Pacific Ry. Co., St, Paul,. Minn. 55101 Southeast--J. W. Tiiompson, Seaboard Air Line Railroad Co., Richmond,-Va.'23213 -* Contest und Statistical. Committee--\V. W. Osborne (Chairman). Norfolk & Western Ry! Co., Roanoke, Va. 24001; J. P. Bond,; Sr. (Vice Chairman),. Baltimore & Oliiji R. R. Co., Baltimore, Md. .21201; W. B. Groome, Union Pacific Railroad, Omaha, Nebr. 68102; 'R. P. Hamilton, St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. C|., St., Louis', Mo. 631.09; H. A. Hopkins, Missouri Pacific Lines-T. & P. Ry., Missouri Pacific Bldg., St. Louis,-Mo. 63101; F. C. Lainc, Central of Georgia-Ry. Co., Savannah, Ga; 31401; W. C. Laraway, The; Delaware & Hudson Railroad Cix, Albany, N. Y. 12201 .' Audig Visual Aids Committee--L. E.'Wall (Chairman), Illinois Central Raiiroad, Chicago, . III. 60605;. F. R. Ellis (Vice Chairman), Reading Ry. -Co., Reading, Pa. 19601; J. C. Mackenzie, The Alaska Railroad^ Anchorage, Alaska'99301-;. R. W. Bowman, Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad,'Greenville, !Pa.. 16125 ; J.-P.-DoNAHtJErillinois-TerminarR.-R-. Co:, St Louis, Mo. 63101; D. F. Gifford, Chicago Great Western Railroad Co., Oelwein, Iowa - S0662:. -' .. .-- '- , Railroad Highway Traffic Safety Committee--G. M. Dempsey (Chairman),. Cliicago, Milwaukee, St P'aul & Pacific Railroad Co., Chicago, III. 60606; J. P. Koloc' (Vice Chairman), Illinois .'Central Raiiroad, Chicago, 111. .60605; L. G McDowell, Chicago & North Western Ry., Chicago, III. 60606; ;*H. G Daulton, The'Louisville & Nash ville Railroad Co., Louisville, Ky. 40201; E. H. Blewer, New York Central System, `Cleveland, Ohio 44113; 0. W. Smith^ Grand Trunk Western R. R. Co., Detroit, Midi. 48226; H. E. Shaughnes'sey, Erie-Lackawaiina Railroad Co., Cleveland, Ohio 44115 22 /, . -' - ' r & Home and Off-the-Job Committee--D. D. Baird (Chairman),-Atchison, Topeka & Santa. Fe Ry, Chicago, III. 60604; J. G, BeldhAM (Vice Chairman). Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Ry. Co., Hamilton, Ont, Canada; J. R. Bannerman, Canadian National Rail-, ways, Montreal, Que, Canada;. R. C. Lindquist, Northern Pacific Ry. Co, St Paul, Minn. 55101; L. R: Tilly, Peoria and Pekin Union Ry. Co, Peoria, III. 61611-; EG. Husk, The Pullman Co, Chicago, 111. 60606 _M.etnb_ership_jCammittee^D. JC_MiLLEBl(Charmanj^-The-Southern-Pacific-Cd,-San-Fran------ - cisco, Calif. 94105; H. A. Hill (Vice Chairman), Richmond, Fredericksburg & Po tomac Railroad Co, Richmcmdi Va. 25220; S. E Cavauem, New York, New Haven & Hartford. R- R. Co, New Haven,'Corai. 06506; V. E Smith, Terminal Railroad Assn, of St: Loiiiis,.St Louis, Moj 63103; D. E Johnson, Kansas City-Southern Lines,'Shreve port,'La. 71101;.. W. R. Brown, Lake. Region, Norfolk. & Western" Ry:-Co,,. Cleveland, Ohio44101 ~ Nominations and Elections Committee--*G. R. HuntooN" (Chairman), Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R. Co, Chicago, IU. 60605; *W.-V.'Hayes (Vice Chairman),.New York Central System,. New York, N. Y. 10017; *D P. Russell,. Canadian PacificRailway Co, Montreal, Que, Canada Program Committee--J. T. Andrew.(Chairman), Great Northern Railway, St Paul, Minn. 55101'; G. R. Knight (Vjce Chairman), St Louis Southwestern Ry. Lines, Pine Bluff, Ark.'71601; R. W.' Cassidy, . Chesapeake & Ohio-Baltimore & Ohio, .Baltimore,..Md. .21201; D. F. Gifford, . Chicago Great Western Railroad Co, Oelwein, Iowa 50662; ' R. P. Little, Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co, Joliet 111. 60434 Publications Committee--C. E' Garcelon (Chairman), Bangor 8( Aroostook R. R. Co, Bangor, Maine 04401; R. P.` Little (Vice Chairman), Elgin, Joliet & 'Eastern Ry. Co, 'Joliet IU. 60434; ,M- MT Echols, Western Region, Norfolk & Western'Ry. Co,;.St Louis.Mo. 63101; Geo. 'J- Barry, Chicago, Milwaukee, St Paul & Pacific Rdilroad Co, Chicago, HI- 60606; J. I, Rohwedeh, Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry. Co, -Proctor, Minn. 55810 ' ", ` ' Training Committee--R. M. Downes (Chairman), Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Ry. Co,,Proctor, Minn. 55810; Ross Van NesS (Vice Chairman), Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy R. R. Co, Ottumwa, - Iowa 52501; E H- Byes, .The Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co.; Huntington, W. Va. 25718; J. W. Thompson, Seaboard Air line Railroad. Co.; Richmond, Va. 23213; J. E Slaven, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R. Co, Chicago, UL 60606 ' Staff Representative--L. W- Dutton, National Safety Council, 425 N. - Michigan Ave, ". Chicago, III. 60611 . Past General Chairman I l '' * ' V Ll Quantity Ordered - -* . *. ,, Stock Vol. No. . No. Title 1-9- 10 or COpiM more 022.35-1 1' General Sessions & Index-to all Volumes $.75 $.60 022.35-2 2 Aerospace; Air Transport -022i35-3- -3- ^Automotive.* Machine ShoprPowef Press & Forging . .75 T .75 .60 .60 022.35-4 .4 Cement, Quarry * Mineral Aggregates' .45 . .40 022.35-5' 5 Chemical A'Fertilizer .75 . .60 .022.35-6 6 02235-7 . 7 Civic Leadership; Church, Women, Youth, Farm .. .75 : .60 Coal Mining 35 .60 022.35-8 8 Construction; Public Employee .75 .60 022.35-9 9 Electrical Equipment . .45 .40 022.35-10 10 Food* Beverage, Meat Packing, Tanning & Leather Products; Trades & Services : .75 .so 022.35-11 11 Glass * Ceramics; Rubber .75 .60 02235-12 12 Industrial Subject Sessions; Associations 1.00 30 . 022.35-13 13 Labor -. - .75 .60 02235-14 14 Marine .75 .60- .022.35-15 15 Metals - ' .45 .40 02235-16 16 Mining .75 .60 02235-17 17 Motor Transport; Transit - .75 .60 022.35-la 18 Occupational Health Nursing 02235-19 19 Petroleum ` .45 .40 .75 .60 022.35-20 20 Public Utilities : .75 - . -60 022.35-21 21 Pulp* Paper;Printing & Publishing .75 .60 022.35-22 22 Railroad 022.35-23 23 School & College. .- -.45 . i.oo .40 .90: 02235-24 24 ' Traffic .75 .60 02235-25 25 Wood Products; & Textile .75 .60 02235-26 .26 Public Safety 022.35^27 27 , Home Safety. .75 60. .75 .60 022.15 - COMPLETE SET OF 27 VOLUMES $11.85 Automatic 20% discount tp National Safety Council members; or 10% discount to government agencies. Please-enclose check with orders less than $3.00. SHIP TO: Organization_________ ` -; - _________ Address______^________ :__._________ - -i L' - ' ' . City____ _-------------- --------------- ------------ State to Attention of_ 7ip Code--__ __ BILL TO: Organization- Address_______ City--________ i. to Attention of_ .State. .Zip Code, . Customer's Purchase Order Number. MAIL TO:' NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 425 North. Michigan Avenue Chicago, Illinois .60611 2M26602 raiarco n m.s.A: 022.35--22 24 LJ NationalSafety Congress V Transactions * Volume 25 NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL v 425 N. Michigan Avenue ..... Chicago, Illinois 6Q6II hr- r,f 53rd NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS . Papers Delivered iii the . \ WOOD PRODUCTS SESSIONS CONTENTS Safety Problems in Furniture Plants.ahd Their Solution.. . .. W- D.;- Williams 5 A Specia) Safety Program for the Wood Furniture Industry. . . ,... W. C. Creel .7 Safety in Plywood Production. (Slidescript)......Si Bowman ' 8 Noise`Control- in the Wood Products Industry.; . ...... ' .James Grady 11 Logging Safety ..... ... , ...:..:,,T. R. ShddOn .13 Reducing Logging.Costs Through {Accident Control....Frank R. Groic 18 Delivered in the V : . . * , . . TEXTILE SESSIONS . . . . 1 _ t Effective Safety Management in the Textile Industry.___ ,Y.. .7KL Grander 23 Safety and Ciemicals in Textile Operations...... ... Jack-T. Garrett ' 26 A Successful Safety^rogram. j..'.^:^2MartinJ.jQaineannen--30 Officers of the 'Wood Products Section 1965-66.......... ........ , . 38. .43 Officers of the. Textile Section. 1965-66.. ___ __________________________ 45 Other Volumes in 1965 National .Safety Congress Transactions......... .Back Cover 3 tyi+immmm I OFFICERS OF THE " TEXTILE SECTION " -- NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965.66 General Chairman--B,-, S. Strength, Safety Supervisor,'Cficmstrdrid Co., A Div. of ^fonsarito Co., Greenwood, S;-C. 29647 . Vice Chairman--John .G. Savers, Safety Consultant, Employers Mutuals of Wausau, Charlotte, N.C.28201 Secretary--Fu^o L. Th'ackson, Claims Adjuster, Abney Mills, Anderson, S. t,29621' . Newsletter. Edilor--l.M. Davidson, Division Engineering Mgr., American Mutual Insur- . ancc.Companies, Atlanta, Ga. 30329 .: > ., . ' . * ` Engineering & Health .Committee--Raymond E- Mack (Chairman), Safety Supvr.,-Fire stone Textiles, Inc., Gastonia, N. C. 28053; Bruno J.Dygdon, Personnel Administrator, Joanna Western Mills .Co.; Chicago, III. 60616; William A. Hawn,,Dir. of Safety, & Training, Graniteville 'Co.,' Graniteville, S. C. 29829;' Frank Hornby, Jr., Insurance Mgr., J. P. Stevens & Go., Inc., .New `York, N. Y. 10036; James F.. Jones, Asst. to Mgr./Engrg. Dept.; American Mutual Insurance Companies, Atlanta, Ga; 30329; 'John - B. Skinner, Chief, Industrial Hygiene Section, American Mutual Insurance Companies, Wakefield,'Mass.-01880; R.iE.. West, Mgr.,'-Personnel'&' Safety, Magnolia 'Finishing Plant, .Blacksburg,'- S. C.' '' Education fSr Training Commitlee-^R. W. Lans, Jr., (Chairman), Plant.Mgr., P.F.M. Div;, Johns-Manville'Products Corp.,- Marshville, N.` C. 28103; Mrs. Olive B. Cooudce, Personnel Mgr., Doughboy Plastics Production, Inc, West Helena, Ark.;- Lyman Cunningham, Safety Dir.,'E. T. Barwick Mills, Inc., LarPayette, Ga.; Ralph How\ land, Head, Public Relations Dept., .Chatham Mfg. Co., Elkin, N. G-.28621; 'Charles L. 'Trommer, Corporate Safety Dir., Mohasco Industries, Inc., Amsterdam, N. Y. 12010 Synthetic fiber Committee--'Glenn G.-Fleming (Chairman), Cbrp..Safety- Dir., Celancse. .. Corp. of America, Charlotte, N. C. 28201; 'Robert I. Barr,, Safety Supvr., IRC Fibers Div., Midland-Ross Corp.,- Painesville,' Ohio 44077; Henry L. ThOrpe, Supr. Safety & Plant Protection, Fiber Industries, Inc., Greenville, S, C. 29602 .' Cotton. Ginning Committee--Robert Collins (Chairman),' Executive Vice President, ..Arkansas-Missouri' Cotton Ginners Assn.,' West Memphis, Ark.*72301; Arthur'B. Bond, Education Specialist, Production & Marketing Div;,' National .Cotton Council, Memphis 12--Tenor^-VERNON-P--MooREi-Engineer-ih-Gharge,-U.S,D,A,-Ginning-Rescarcb-Lab.j Leland, Miss. 38756 ;Alpred M. Pendleton, Extension Agricultural Engineer, Dallas'2; Texas . .. . .. .' -' Off-the-Job Committee--*A. E. Connelly-(Chairman), Safety Supr.; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co;, Martinsville,. Va.; Sidney f. Marsh, Mgr.,. Personnel Administration, Burlington Industries Itic., Greensboro, N; C. '' fire Committee-r-]oHH' M. MeAlpine (Chairman), Supr. of. Safety & Plant Protection, ' Celanese Fibers Co'., Rockhill, S. C. 29732; 'Forrest N.' Petty, Safety & Benefits, Dan River Mills,"Inc., Danville, Va. ' Publicity & -Association Committee--W. C. Creel (Chairman),' Safety Dir., North Carolina Dept, of'Labor, Raleigh, N. C; *Mrs. Ida C. Ayers, Asst Jo Director of .Personnel, --:------- Collins &. Aikman Corp., Albemarle,- N-C 28001 ______ __ ./ . . Rides'& Regulations Committee--*H. S. Baucom (Chairman), Director of- Safety, North , Carolina-Industrial Commission, Raleigh, N. C 2760?.; *W. M. Kleinmann, Safety Director, Johnson& Johnson, Chicago, 111. 60638 . . Contest Committee--*E, L. Fermenter (Chairman), Senior Div. Service Representative, Loss Prevention Dept, Liberty .Mutual Insurance Co.,Spartanburg, S. C. 29301 T Nomination Committee--*Guy A. Booker (Chairman),- Safety Supr.,. Chdhstrand -Co,, A - Div. of MonsantoiCo., Pensacola, Fla. 32502; *Mrs. Ida C. Ayers, Asst, to Director of ' Personnel, Collins & Aikman Corp., Albemarle, N.' C .28001; `John. B. Skinner, Chief, Industrial Hygiene Section, American Mutual Insurance Companies, Wakefield, .Mass. oi88o ;. Advisory Committee--Guy A. Booker, John B. Skinner,. Mrs. Ida C. .Ayers, A. E. Connelly, Forrest N.Peity, .E..L.Permenter,'H. S. Baucom, C. L. Trommer, R. I.- : Barr, W. M. Kleinmann, Glenn G. Fleming Staff' Representative1--Paul- Schleich, National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, I1L 60611 '. _ * ; Past General Chairman J ] 46 . 1 National Safety Congress - Transactions Volume 27 HOME , t NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL . . | ',v 42" 5 N....M....io..h. igan Ave*n* ue Chicago,.Illinois 60611 jtt-^rjvrjr t: r<i# vyrrfyn"'**-*- NATIONAL SAFETY CONGRESS _ . 4- Papers Delivered in the o, ; HOME SESSIONS ' . !. '.. ; . \. .', CONTENTS *-"/. . Role. of Schools and Colleges in Educating for Home Safety.Everett-Mgrcum 5 An Expen'mental Study of Home Accident Behavior...Joan S. Guilfoid 7 Do- We Recognize a Home Hazard When We' See-One?..Virginia ColHesh ' .15 r . (Dan Gfwings) . * Safety and Consumer Products. .'. : . . ..Marjorie BsKeiscr 18. > Consumer Education .Programs in Safety;........ ' V- ' ` ".4 *. . ` . ...... .....Marion Seitz 23 * ' * .* James.Hickey 27 What the 01 listing Means. ....... ...... ...... . .. ^Robert B. Bradcr 29 The Role .of Ma.ss Communication in- Safety..;... .Harold Mendelsohn, PhJDi 32 Sending- in the Need 1 ... . .......... .... Arch McKihldy, Jr.- 38 * . ' . t^ Symposium on Child Accidents.................................. ....-..'...(Panel)' - 44 Five Yean of Future Dates of the National Safety Council.... .,59 Members of the, Hqme Conference 1965-55....... ........ ........ .. 50 . Other Volumes in !965 National Safety Congress'Transactions.-........ .Back Cover "N .-, I- ' *.. 'r'' ".A-. . v....` < MEM/BERSOFTHE \ -- -- -- r-^- HOME CONFERENCE NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL 1965-66 Hat .Miss~RosEHARvr'A8'i;HUiA'ij^'Hdinc_'Strvicc Director, Harper-Wyman. Company, Hinsdale, III!; Sidney F. Ascher, Regional Aaddent Prevention .Consultant', Rejpon II, U. 'S.'Public Health* Service, New York, N. Y.; Paul E. Baseler, Executive Director, Building Officials Conference .of America, Chicago, 111.;.Mrs. Marcella :S. Beatty, Executive Director, AFL-CIO .National Auxiliaries, Waslungton, D. C.; Rickard C.'. .. 4 Bond, Professor,. Environmental Health College of Medical. Sciences, School of Publict ` Health, University of .Minnesota, Minneapolis; Minn.; Alan C. Borg,-Building.Editor, The Amcricdn\ .Home, The Curtis- Publishing Company, New York,- N.: Y.; Caesar Branching Health Education Associate,'.Office'of* Community Services and-Health- . Education, ' Equitable ' Life. Assurance Society, New York, N, ,Y.; Percy Bucbee; .General- Manager, National-.Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass.; Mrs. Lucile -Bush, Consumer ' Education Director, Johnson's Wax, Racine,. Wis.;'. Charles ' M. Cameron; Jr., M.D., Professor, Public Health Administration, School of Public Health, The Uriiversity o'f North Carolina,'Qtapcl'Hill, N. C.; Alfred Ws Cantwell,National -, Director, Safety Services, American National Red Cross; Washington, -D. G; Mrs. - Marilee .B.' Cavender. Accident Prevention Coordinator, Tennessee'-Department of '. Public Health,'.Nashville,.Tenn.; Miss Mary Champun, Health Consultant,'National . Council. on . the Aging, Inc., New.-York,-N. Y.; Austin G. Chidester, Jr., Field Representative, Delaware . Safety Council, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; Bernard Daitz. ..- Ph.D., Consultant, Restorative Services, Division of Chronic Diseases, U: S. Public Health Service, Washington, D. C.; Miss Nettie Day, Chief, Accident Prevention . Section, Division of Epidemiology, North Carolina- State Board tof 'Health, Raleigh, . N. C. ;',,Miss Helene Deming, Director, Division;"of School, Farm. & Home Safety, . Iowa State;Department-of Health, Dcs Moines, -Iowa; Miss Edith R. 'Doane, Director,. . ." Family Safety Division, New Jersey ..State Safety Council, Newark, N.' J.'; Miss.Violet `G; DuBois,' Chief,' Division of. Health- Education, Omaha-Douglas County . ' HealthDepartment, Omaha, Nebr.; Donald ;A.,.Dukeu>W, M.D.-,Department of Health Education,' American Medjcal^Associathmr'CKicago, III.; Alfred S. Ercolano, Execu tive Director, American .Nursing Home'Association, Washington, D. G-;-Mrs. Helen .B, :Francis; Oak Knoll Farm, Wilmington, III. (Represents American Home Economics' Association); Robert G: Frazier, M.-P-v Secrctary> American Academy of Pediatrics,.' Evanston,'111.; Richard E. Gallagher, Health. Education.-Consultant, Division of .Acci- . dent Prevention, U. S.' Public-Health'Service, Washington, D. G; George Gehres, . Training Coordinator, Biir^u of Local Health. Services,'Florida. State Board of Health,. Jacksonvillc. Fla,;. MrsVSall.Y GendreWj Director, Home Div/sion, Lduisvillc Safety- Council, Louisville, Ky.; Victor C. Gilbertson, Minneapolis,' Minn. (Represents Amer .. 1, ican Institute of Architects)'; Dan.C. Gowings, Assistant Professor, School of Health, . . Physical Education & Recreation, Department of'Health, and Safety, Indiana State . University, Terre Haute, Ind.;-LaRry A. Hafgood, Assistant Secretary, Kiwahis lnter- o. national, .Chicago, III:; George 'W.Hakpei^ Professor of . Mechanical . Engineering,'' **' Department <ff Mechanical & Y/idustrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, III.; ' Miss Lilly D. Hoekstba, Administrator, St. -Louis Children's Hospital,. St. Louis, Mo..; MisS Wilkie Hughes, Assistant to Executive Director, NationalI Association for Prac- --. tical Nurse Education and Service, Inc., New York, N,- Y.; Mrs, Berne Jacobsen,. Safety Chairman, National Congress of Parentt & Teachers, .Seattle, Wash.; U.udakd A. . . .I ! Jones, Director, Small Homes_Cbuncil, Uniyersity-of-Illinoiir-MumfordHousc,--Urbana^--- III.; Mark Kenyon, Ph-D., Executive Director,' Nassau County Medical Society, Garden ' City, N..Y.; William J.Kerns, Safety Advisor, Manufacturing.Division! Humble Oil & Refinmg' Company, Linden, N. J.; Arvole Kraus, Division of. Accident. Prevention, . Arkansas State Board of Health,.Little Rock; .Ark.; John P. Lamb, Jr., Ph.D., Dean, .College of- Health, '-East Teiuifissce. State University, Johnson City, Tenn.; Norman- - . Ledcin; Managing Director, Greater Kansas City'Area Safety Council, Kansas Gty, Mo.; Eugene L. Lehr, Deputy Chief; Division of. Accident Prevention!. U. S.' Public f --^Health Service,-Washington,D. CTjFRED-LoNG.-MD.rDirecto^of-Health,- Peoria Gty----- . tHealth Department, Peoria,, III,' (Represents. American. Public .Health Association); . Lucille J. Marsh, M.D., Regional Medical'Director, Children's'Bureau,'Chicago, 111.; Robert J. Mason, M.D., Birmingham, Mich. (Represents American. Association of Poison Control Centers) ;. Stanley A. Mate, Director, Training Activities, National Rifle Association of' America, Washington, D. C; Mrs. Marjorie B. May, Director, Edu- . cation and Home. Division, Greater New York Safety Council, New York, N.- Y.; ' . Levitte Mendel, Associate Director, National Health Council, New York, N. Y.; . Roger J. Meyer, M.D,, Clinical Director, Children's Rehabilitation . Center, University - of Virginia School of Medicine,. Charlottesville, Vai;. Salvatore , Miano, Chief, . . Accident Control. Section, Division'^of Environmental-Health;. Philadelphia Department of- Public Health, Philadelphia, Pa.; Miss Stella. Mitchell, Home Management - Specialist, Division of Home; Economics, Federal Extension- Service,. IL S. Department . of Agriculture,- Washington, `D. C.; Mrs.' Charlotte Montgomery, Editorial Depart- , ' ment, Good Housekeeping Magazine, New York, N, Y.; James'E. OINetl, Director of : - Industrial Service, National Society for the Prevention of Blindness,'New York, N. Y.'; A. Faegin Parrish, Director, Division of' Housing Hygiene- and Accident- Prevention ' Service, Georgia State Department of'Public Health, Atlanta, Ga.; Miss Kathryn Philsok! . Professor, Housing and .Family Development, Department of Management, ' Virginia . Polytechnic' Institute, Blacksburg, Va.; Miss Glenda 'Pifer, Extension . Specialist in Housings & Equipment,, College of Agriculture; University of Illinois, Urj>ana',u III.-; -EdWard.'Press, M.D., Medical Assistant to the Director, Division of General Administration, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IIL; J. O ' ' Robertson, State . Fire Marshal,' Office of . the Fire Marshal,- Baltimore, Md.; A, B. . . Rosenfield, M.D., Director,. Division of Special-Services, Minnesota State. Department. - of -Health, Minneapolis, Minn.; Miss Luida - E. Sanders, Director, Health Education - . Division, Wisconsjn State Board of- Health, Madison, Wis.; George L. Scharring^ ; . hausen, Jr.,-Park Ridge; Illinois (Represents American Pharmaceutical Association)'; F. ,J. Schlink,...Presfdeint; .'and Technical Director, Consumer Bulletin Magazine; - Washington,-N.`J.; C. George Segeler, Director, Utilisation Bureau,'American Gas Association, New York, ,N. Y.;' Miss Marion Seitz, Supervisor, Special Programs, Con Edisp^i, New York,. N*. Y.;. ALbin. Sella, Supervisory Engineer,'-American Insurance 'Association,' Chicago,- 111.; HilLa Sheriff,- M.D., Director, Division of . Maternal -5t .Child-Health, South. Carolina ;Statc Board of Health; Columbia,'S. C.; ... .Miss Jayne Shover; Associate Director, National'Society for Crippled Children, antf : Adults,-'Chicago, .111.'; Abner D. Silverman,^ Assistant Cotnmissioiler for Managemcnt - Housing and -Home Finance Agency; Public Housing' Administration;''Washington; .-. D. C., Miss Milored S. Sommer, Assistant Secretary & Office Manager, Underwriters' - Laboratories, Inc., Melville, L. I. ; K. Y.'j' Irving Sunshine,- PhD., Technical'Director, . : Poison ' Information' Center, Academy of^ Medicine of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio; Emu. A.' i-TBONt,- Director, of ContinuingxEducation, School of Public Health, Uni- . versify of .Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Mrs. Alice P.;Tice, .Executive Secretary,.. _ - Roanoke, Valley Safety Council, Roanok'e, Va.; Miss Ruth -Tuckey, Executive. . Director, Community. Nursing Service of Oak IJark,.& River Rorest, Oak-Park, III. (Represents National .League for Nursing); James T.-Wadkins, Managing Director,' . v . -. ' 6! . > 1 t f o.- iP xrf2*sr9?gs%iL -------------:--Richmond--Area--Safety-Council, Richmond, Va.; Julian A. WaCT.ee, 'UpD^'Coordi- - nator of Accident Prevention; California Stole Department of Public Health, Berkeley, Calif.; Miss. Maky M. Weeks, Program Specialist,- Health and Safely Education, Girl Scouts of the U. S; A., New York, N. Y.; Miss Janice R. Westaby, Assistant Professor," Public Health Administration, School of Public Health, The University of North. Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.; William'V. White, Special Assistant for Liaison. ' Division.of Accident Prevention, U. S. Public Health" Service; Washington,' D.`C.; S. L. Williams, Employee Relations Department, Safety aitd'Fire Protection Division, /; ..du Pont de Nemours & Company. "Inc.; Wilmington. DeI.; MqE W. Yates, - . .. Accident Prevention. Coordinator, Memphis & . Shelby County-.Health Department, - ' Memphis,-Tenn.- ' ' , _ . . .... NSC Vice President for 'lloines--J. H. Tyler McConnell, Secretary .and Member'of . - Finance Committee, Herdcs-Powder Company; Wilmington, Del. . . - * -t\ J r :: << .4 . 62 X /< * School and College Conference NEW CbNCEPTS IN DRIVER EDUCATION Presiding: Robert Semonisck, Campus High School, Wichita, Kans. Retarder: Harold Schultz, Central High School, Hay City, Mich. Oiscussitm Leader: J. C. Angelo Crowe, Consultant; Driver Kduc., State Dept, of Hihic.. : AllantarTia: The- first speaker was Dr. Xorman Key, tion teachers.'safety supervisors, and college Hxecutiye Se'crctary,' National. Commission safety jiersonnel. ,IJr. Key stated comj*- on Safety Education, National Education As-, tencies are important. Teachers must have sociation, Washington, D. C. His topic was a mastery-of the known material in.the field. "Implications qt the Conference fin Driver. They must know the instructional strategy * anti Traffic Safety Teacher Preparation ami that will lie effective. ' CcrlificatiaiC" * *. Realms of responsibility were suggested. ., ' Dr. Key stated he was. certainly -encour On the college and university level it is im aged by the .project. The project identified portant to designate a single .person to co what has to be taught regarding safety-fin ordinate activities to maintain -sin effective , th.c schools, why it' has to lie taught in program. The college and universities should o schools and college-, and .-what should he provide the budget from within the institu . taught. tion. Outside help can lie accepted, but. the Dr. Key told, of the implications , of-I'lth-' main source should lie from within the in lie - Caw *89-10 regarding safety (-duration. stitution. . Status of - safely education should He gave two supjioiitions. Hirst, stipjiose all lie commensurate with, that of other pro the proposals coming in from local school grams provided hy colleges- ami universities. districts do not. have anything to do with It is-also important on the college and uni safety education. Second, what .if. all were * for -safety education: It would lie impossible tors the I Jcpartnienl of Education to ignore all- the proposals that versity level to have' a graduate program that will lead to a Masters or Doctorate Degree. . " . ' . Oti the level of the State Education * I)c-. " have something to do .with* safety education. partriient, it person should-lie designated re*, Dr. Key stated that* tlic atisw'er * is in our sponsible.- .for -safety. education. Tlie State' hands, and we now' have "the opportunity to '-Department-.should' insure that each boy and . include, safety education -in-the. proposals girl receives safety .education on all levels.. being submitted. Certainly, we have to pro Dr, Key .rotichidcil that the project is. a' vide all the elements of .education a child lireak-through. Wherc-do wc go from here?- 1 needs. Safely education is necessary so that . children can i-njoy the general education they are offered in our 3-hooi-. . Dr. .Edwin Hc-Izcr of the University of Xew Mexico .reported on a study made at the University of Illinois on the advantages According- to Dr.- Key, the project was ;md disadvantages of.left foot bnikiug. The timely considering the changes taking place topic of the study was "The Quickness of. in public education today. Selected Right Emit-and* l.cft* Foot Hniking . Ope of the benefits of the six regional workshops set up' following the Conference itself, was the determination of a' sequence to be followed to" receive n inajor in tint field of. safety education. Undergraduates do - their' student tciithing in their major field. If a major is.provided in the area of safety Techniques." *. . .*- - Dr. Helzar gavel two reasons why the study was made,. -(I) Because of the differtines" iifopinionC regarding wlifcliis best-- left or right foot braking.and (2) to illus trate flic quandary that teachers, iire in re gard braking procedure. __. ~ education, they can now-do-their student The following are findings and conclusions leaching'in this area. of the study. . . The purpose of the .project was, to acquaint us with the .competencies needed ami the preparation necessary for Driver Educa .1. Left-foo.t hraking .with the left .foot' poised on the brake pedal is sujierior to the * right-foot .braking in the "usual" manner 51 J965 National Safely Congress from the-^standpoint of . quick-braking _hut hut. as superior as would be expected from : a consideration of brake response time' alone, ami certainly iiot as superior as lias...some times been claimed... 2. Right-fool braking fn the "usual" man- ner^is"St'ipendr_trnlKrleft;tdot braking -tin- less the left foot is already poised on the `brake pedal when a demand for qujck brak ing occurs.' " four students during a class period during a regular school day. Two types of assistant devices (hand and foot mill nils) .-ire firing used and each type is available in the automobile as well as in the simulators. Also used arc foot accelera tors, brake and accelerator jiedal extensions, steering knobs, electric seats, and windows, power steering brakes, and adjustable steer ing wheels. 3. A "power-type" brake pedal can be ex pected to- result in brake response timeswhich average approximately .04 seconds faster than those obtainable under similar right-foot braking-conditions with a stand ard-type brake pedal--more' or less depend ing on the' .differences between brake pedals in the cars being- compared. ' ' 4. Users of "automatic pilots" ought to disengage the device when in 'a situation where demand for braking is not unlikely, or perhaps'poise their braking foot over the brake pedal.-. For those persons who advocate the adop tion of left-foot- braking, they should be aware, of the following points: Teaching procedures ire the same as pro vided other, students and driver education classes. y' For.the duration of the grant, license ex aminers come .'to the' school to administer examinations for instruction permit to pros pective driver education students. . Upon .com pletion of the course, .students are taken to the Department of Motor Vehicles for their driving test. ' As of October, 1%5, 49 students had been trained under this program. Dr Harry Fletcher of the Institute of I'ublic Safety, Pennsylvania State. Univer sity, spoke . on . "Teaching Basic Driving Skills and the 8mm. Loop Film-" 1. The potential savings arc not as great, -There is a' definite need to increase the as sometimes have been.claimed. quality and quantity of high school driyer 2. Unless-the left-foot brakcr already has bis left foot poised on the brake pedal when the situation demands quick braking, he is education when you consider the number of students who are not now - receiving tlic course, the number of students receiving tile apt to actually, he at- a slight disadvantage, 3. The question .of whether or not. there is an "appreciable" danger of the left-foot ' brakt-rV failing to release the accelerator, and hence possibly rausing or intensifying an accident, does not appear to have been studied. -" minimum "30 'and 6" requirement, the at tempts being made' to lower costs, and the coming population explosion. .- A .study was made .by Dr. Fletcher at "McGiskcy High School in Lancaster, Penn sylvania .to investigate the possibilities of. using 8mm continuous film loop cartridges projected in -daylight for individual instruc An application was made for and a grant tion in teaching ,i particular driving skill. was . received from -the Department" of Health, Education and Welfare through the Vocational Rehabilitation Administration "lb One-hundred and twelve-.11 tlr .grade stu' dents were selected largely on the basis of compare the .driving skills of physically dis- no or negligible experience in driving skills. aided high school students, with those of They were `screened, pretested and .assigned _nomdi>ableLstll'rcnts_in_the^Sainc-.schqol-syS' - by a random method to four groups. ______ tern and to demonstrate the practicability and F.acli group was scheduled for four con methodology of teaching the disabled to secutive'days to receive the following treat-: drive. . ' ment each day: Under the present program, training is given during the regular school year and during Summer school. Students arc-divided into groups according to the .type of dis ability. Two teachers, usin'g one mobile class room and two driver training cars, will train Group I.--Mo-insfruction Group 2--Film-self instruction .' Group 3--Live instruction . Group -1--Film instruction and live instruction . School' cmd College Conference . Teaching 'outlines were prepared which dent's actual driving time in the automobile followed the_stc}rby^stcjr_pr6ce(lufe outlined could be-increased as'he'wouftFjicrfOrnnlre' - in Sportsmanlike Driving. task immediately instead of watching m-car The exercises which were scheduled each day for four days were as follows: 1) First day, .starting the engine. 2) .Second day. -putting the car in niotion and stopping. 3) Third day,, backing the car. 4) Fourth day. turning around . on a narrow street. Data demonstrations and then performing the task; and -when repeating a demonstration, an instructor sometimes make changes in his presentation while the filmed demonstra tion never ovcrhxjks an explanation or for gets 'a step. obtained by pre and post Written tests and Mr. J. H. Angelo Crowe,.'Consultant, performance tests were used to compare the Driver 1Education, State Department of Edu .four groups in the mastery of technical in- cation, Atlanta, Georgia, served as discussion . formation and performance of selected driv leader. Questions were submitted from the ing skills. floor and answers were given to those ques The following' conclusions were' made: 1. Naive students who were substantially equal at the start of the study learned tech nical information regarding selected driving skills. equally .w'ell under these teaching methods: film demonstrations, live . demon strations, and a combination of film and live tions. . The following questions were answered by Dr. Belzer: . Question: .Were the following factors con sidered regarding left foot braking: the flut tering taillights and the increase'! Jvisibility for brake fade? ... . demonstrations. Answer: Cars could have a built-in ten 2. Students' initial performances of se lected driving skills were hot significantly different when taught by film demonstra tions, live demonstrations, and a combination of film and live demonstrations. 3. The number of practice trials needed by students to correctly perform selected driving skills initially showed no significant difference when taught by. film demonstra tions, live demonstrations, and a combination of film and live demonstrations. sion control for the brake [tedal. The left foot area could have a treadle instead of a pedal. so a person would not have to hold his foot over the pedal at all times. For those who forget to take- their foot off the accelerator, a device could be built in to make the engiue idle automatically -when the brake pedal is depressed. ' .. Question: Richard Shook, Department of Public Safely, Iowa. Wouldn't the tension, adjustment for each driver have to be dif ferent? 4. Students'' total performance of selected driving skills were not significantly different when' taught by film' demonstrations, live 'demonstrations and a combination of film' and live demonstrations. Answcr-: Ccrtainlwyou would have differ ent tension adjustnTCnts for wife and -hus band, hut it would be the savings ^stopping; distance warrant-this? 5. Those students who were taught by film demonstrations, live demonstrations, and the combination of film and live demonstra tions learned-technical information and per formed driving skills at a .statistically sig Question: Leslie Silvernalc, Michigan State University. Didn't the Chrysler Qar- [viralion find' that with the left foot poiscfT over the brake pedal, they saved thirteen feet at.30 MIM1? . . - nificant level .over (or better than.) tlirFc Answer: The Ford-Motor Company bad. : who received, no instruct inns .at--all. -- --------- . five - professional-drivers in 1939 Thunder--;--- Dr.- Fletcher stated that the findings of this study indicated that film loops' can lie used in the development of sclcrlcd driving birds. They had a saving of .09 of asecond ' with [tower brake at 30 miles per hour and .12 of a .second with standard'brake pedal. skills. Therefore, filmed demonstrations seem Question: Dr. Silvernalc. 'Would it be a I'vofTer certain advantages such as a saving giyid idea to use stopping distances in your of the'instructor's dcmonslration time in the research? automobile.can be realized hfecause it would Answer: The objections to. that would lie not be necessary for him to personally dem that most drivers are more experienced with onstrate each lesson; (he' value of the stu- one foot rather than the other, and many .53 i III . j Ij J 1965 National Safety Congress ' . - .' . t more subjects would be needed.- To be ac- students arc in regular schools. The stu- curate you would have, to train new drivers--dents want the course right now. The course in just one method. In a laboratory you can is'offered in three schools each semester so - control the variable more- easily. those students who take the course at the Question: Dick Simpson, Western, Illinois. beginning of the semester arc younger. What Was the time lapse, between tests, and Question: Mr. .Silvcmale. Could the banddoes this .mean each student took -120 tests? icapiied students take the course iira regular Answer: The time lapse Was only a few seconds and each student took a total-of 120 tests. ' . Driver Induration class.- Answer: The equipment is in regular Driver- Education, cars, so I can sec no oh- . Question: Were the left-fooled individuals jeetion. eliminated? . . ' 'Question: John White, Jackson, Missis- Answer: We determined that tlircc of the sippi. What is the behavior pattern during hoys and three of the girls were left , footed. 'be training period ? They tended to he slower with both feet, Answer: The students-arc very motivated. but there were not enough subjects to draw They have been faced with a life-of immo- any conclusions. bility and now they have a chance to get. The following questions .were answered by. - wheels. They are well disciplined, well be- Mr. Valentine. .' have'd, and very cooperative! .. Question: George Mathcs, Springfield, Illi- Question: Gary Anderson. Are these stu- nois. What is the; basis for accepting liandi- dents more of a road hazard because of their capped students in I.os Angeles?. disability.-' . ... Answer: It is the subjective opinion of Answer: As long .as they have, the same the driver education teacher'and also the 'equipment in their own cars, they are just Motor Vehicle-. Hurcau which h:is to issue as familiar with their cars-as you arc with them a learners permit. vours.- They have learned to adjust to their Question: Walter Lunsford. How many disability, handicapped students do you need before itQuestion: With.hand controls, can a is feasible to adapt a program for these m;tl student still, operate the car..- nor- shidents? . Why arc many of the students Answer:-Yes,-I have operated the cars . so young. witli controls to make sure they were work- Answer: How many arc in specially desig- . ing properly.' The cars can be .used first nated schools . for the handicapped ? ' This period -for the handicapped mid second period program should lie no different than oilier with a regular student, -just \ell. them. "Don't programs for these students. Many of . these touch the control?." ^ j. "" - - ' ' _. t __ v 54 L .i > i -.-t SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION SECTION INSURE ALL-AROUND SAFETY--IMPROVE / ATTITUDE - Presiding: C. B. XEMON - Dir., School Bus Safety, School Transportation Div., State Department of Education, Santa Fe, N.M. One of the highlights of school trans particularly the section on school transporta portation's section activities is the project, tion. The recommendations were submitted "Criinchie Goes to . School," the ' schoolrbus- .and the new forms will be used as corrected. seat belt research project; representing a , 1 The' film, "School Bus Safety With Strings jointventure ofthe. National Safety Council Attached," is being Well received by school and UCLA to - determine' the feasibility of ^ transportation' officials throughout the coun- using seat belts and other restraining devices' ; try. -The state .of Pennsylvania, for example, on "school buses. '. purchased 22 copies to'be. shown-to school This research marks-the first direct jar-, bus passengerswthroughout. the state. It was ticipation of the Council in such' activities. voted. Safety Film of ' the Year--by the The project is supported bya grant of' funds National Committee on Films, for Safety.. by the Aljied Chemical Co. and is matched . A. booklet, "Here Comes The School-Bus," .by funds from..UCLA. A bus chassis was is'being developed and will be available for. donated for the project by General Motors, schools to furnish to school bus j>assengers. and a school bus (conventional 60 passen It contains the rules as set forth in the film ger meeting NEA specifications), was do above mentioned. j. nated by Superior Coach. Inc. The-research The School Transportation Section is us -is scheduled for completion sometime in 1966. ing the Driver Improvement. Program as.one ' The Section' has also' reviewed National of- .the tools to .promote school, bus driver Safety Council's Traffic Safety .Inventory, training. HOME ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS ATTITUDE By REV. CARL Tl UEHLING Pastor, Christ the King Lutheran Church in the Loop, Chicago, Illinois I've had the feeling, that this whole sj>eech homes and gathered iri small groujis in -the -is condensable-intb-tli'c-foui'-words that form .street,--and in-one such group-a nfan- was its title--Home Environment Affects 'Atti- . telling. everyone not to get excited,-to be tude. Home environment docs affect attitude, calm, to determine, the-damage .and then dc-\ of course. What could be more obvious? cide what to do. A-woman in the crowd But other factors also are. influenced by. agreed; that'he - had a good idea, "Biit," she home environment.'Judgment, for example. said,, "if I were you, I'd go into the house. Some years ago a hurricane struck at town' and put on my pants I" with such ' force* that trees were uprooted,- What happens in one area of life has its - roofs blow/i off, windows' shattered, and . influence upon' what happens in another area, houses moved off tiieir foundations. When and. what' happens'to one jierson- has. its the storm eased, peojde. ran from their influence upon what happens- to; another Y':- School Transportation Section person. The tensions build up, theaggrava- agrarian society each man's home and prop-.' ' . lions-multiply, and ourlifetoday shows, the 4 ehy were his .world, and he sustained hini- results. . .......... .. ... _seif within that world.' Today, almost-no . It's enough to make' you worry ; in fact, _worryJtselfJs_a product, of the time. What. worry can do was illustrated by some statistjes a few years ago;showiiig that in onelarge company nine . out; of , ten cases of one> farmer included, sustains himself;........ Instead, we live in profound dependence upon one-anothen,Not^nianyJ<gl_us produce anything all`by ourselves;, those- who ao production work receive parts already manu- ' worker inefficiency were caused by worry, factored from someone else and makeother A. life insurance cbrnpany ^found that four things that go to others for further assembly. . out of five nervous breakdowns began riot Huge percentages of us. produce ;jfi,qthing . in actual events, but in worry/'A'-medical. whatsoever. What, after all, do secretaries clinic's analysis of its patients showed: that Produce? Or executives? Or accountants? 35 `per cent of all illnesses started, with Our interdependence is further emphasized ... i worry! No wonder Peter Marshal! once by thefact that'more and moreof us choose. prayed, "Save .us from the sin of . worrying to live in communities;'where we receive the ' lest stomach fleers be the .badge .of ourutilities .out of the'community, as well as . lack of. faith." the securities.'.We don't dig. wells, for. our - '.!. We'll return to "lack of faith", after a water; We get it out of the .town's water bit, but first it might'.be useful to compare system. Nor do we carry sidearms for our. , . what is with what used to be years ago. - defense; instead,'we hire a police force. In ; . Grandfather, .or mayhe'-great-grandfather;' -dozens of-ways, we have become'iriterde- was an essentially independent person. If he nccd hosts .f oth,er .l*0#- himself hadn't carved out the piece of. land most of them anonymous,, m order tp live that was his, he at least kept it carved out, as we choose to live. . ' and he made. it . do* what he wanted it to Years ago, the sanctity of a man's own do, without, much help from anyone, else, place and work and home was never disHe'saw it'as himself .against the World, and tiirbcd. If his. wife-happened to. burn the' . he liked it tha't way' for the-most part, and toast, he might have taken out his displeasure for the-most part he survived. He didn'ton the. cows, but no one else. Only acts of have the shiny appliances that clutter bur God could reach in from the outside and homes, nor did he need them. He .didn't cause him distress. But nbw man faces ail have a'car, but then- he had, no place'to "the world-and is faced by it; he distresses- | go. Nbr.did be have life insurance, or.s'ocial ' all of the world and is distressed by it.-His security, .or unemployment compensation, or' home is. ingredient in a vast and. cotifused minimum wages:-And, of course, he; didn't arena--an ingredient ah .'that if -anything, have regional schools,'and his children, when has suffered 'terribly from this change. ' they went, walked to the school house. ' George Buttrick-once put it litis way: "Our Yet those good old days were not very good, for all of Ibe sentimentality with which wc surround them. The .schools of today produce brighter youngsters by far mechanistic, urban and warring world has wreaked its worst, havoc on the home, which for many people nowadays ia.only.the place- to' which they go froim-the-garage." No than did the old ones, and m the so-called, longer is it their castle,, tlieir place of . welfare legislation we've passed you find refuge, their chief Joy.'Since what happens j' ` laws that prohibit child labor, and others in the world can have such irritating effect, tliat relate to job safety, and. stiff others that ? man's home can turn out to be the most . have,to do with compensation for."the in-' irritating of ail. the ingredients in bis life.-, jured. Not one of us could honestly hppe And to this poiiu in' the history of otr ' for a return to what was. People today live culture the imitations irritations ' have preionger an.d more comfortably, but- they also vailed. Should we' probe deeply enough into live far less independently than did their our collective id, we may discover to be ,j grandfathers. ( nothing .other than' our tensions between. ! ` This is not to- say that wc live in some . independence and-interdependence. John j 71* -,;r.fprm of slavery; the Vetter way might be Donne insisted that "no man is an island;" . '. . j ' to-describe it as -interdependence. In the,old but he. lived a long time ago, and the truth I 4/ "l .\ * .1965 National. Safety Congress ; of his statement'never fully blossomed until calm judgments of the drivers of school this century in which we not only have buses. -- responsibilities for;what happens .around us, ... Thereisn't.a-wholc'lot-thatyou can do but"areuna'voidably'entangled-in,what hap- 'abouLthft.Jiomes from which those drivers pens around us*. I'n fighting the ^entangle; come, other than through the drivers them- ` r_ments and"tKeir"implicati6nsp1ye^tt phiipjfe^selves, buf_thereis~at'lrast"tHat wedge and . We want to stand1 straight; and tall on oue-'^therchance that it might reach behind locked . own two feet.-.but we cannot stand at all doors and into human hearts. without leaning on.a million others who also This suggests a need to know people and arc leaning on us.. to know them well A friend of mine who Each angry', reaction only, gives us more distress.. We are not independent; for all of our struggles,-nor will we-bei We-need an acceptance of what we are. If we could, but reach such an acceptance of interdepend;-: has a small industrial concern testifies to -.the value of knowing his employees, and bn a more than casual- basis. He knows where they live and 'how they, live, flic dreum. stances |of their family life, .their interests! their ambitions;-They, in turn, are aware of cnee, we might also- reach a degree of'ma his interest in them. He tells me that times turity that would: have its beneficial effect have come when by invitation he* has steppied in dozens of. directions.' into the middle of., a family's division in "AH right," we .might- say to ourselves, order to bring healing and peace: . . and'to anyone.else who might listen, "we .do No pne- has the right :to interfere with- .not* stand .alone; we' cannot.make- it alone. another's-life. Yet, the World .today is such . We need what others have: Maybe what they that other people's lives are doing their own have will lie good for us, and maybe what ' brand of interfering. It may be none of my we have will be good for .them." business if a man. fights with his wife! but Coming'back to where we were when we. what if he then drives my child to'school? began,'if the home`environment Can influence Be that as it may, there is this need ' for attitudes, an.d if what happens .out iii the. interest and concern and for more than sur world'can influence, the home environment, face'acquaintance with others. . why must we presume that the net results'- H. A. Overstreet once claimed that "the -- will be. ulcersali - around ?- Granted, the.. re- . "most dangerous-members of oiir- society. are----- ... suits so far .have been one mess'of ulcers, those grownups whose powers of influence hut need it always be this way.? Cannot- there are adult, but whose* motives, and responses be a change in the vicious routine .some are infantile." What do we do about infantile where, . sometime? Thurston, the famous adults, if'not to guide them* by our own magician, used to stand in the wings just example, into maturity? ' . before a performance and say,. "I love this audience. I'm going to give my best to them and. they, are going to resppnd splendidly." -,The audiences, of course,. always did just that; And. maybe the results of interdepend ence in any area are no. more magical. than that': you start with the one; factor you '. If- we' know others well enough; we will know-their needs, and with the foiowledgc. -of need there must come the willingness to reach-to that need, in kindness and concern. You can't be content to let a man drink himself into isolation '.from his loved ones, to let a' tragedy in a. man's home grind his . know you can control--yourself. . life into utter despair, o- to' let'thet tensions . , Therefore, it mig^f' be very well for us of our day. become aggravated'by'theJtenr . to mention thc' factors that- influence a man's sions of- a household to the. point of -explo- ; performance, and'to say that,if his home- sion.. life is bad lie. is liable to . carry a grudge to work that could'affect his judgment.' - Again, wliat .you are able to do might be limited. indeed, and there is'- nothing more - Interdependence not only creates the prob ' wrong than the :effort to help! where.no help lem, it also supplies the answer. There is a is wanted, but -the danger of making that circle of influence that starts'in this room . ldnd of a mistake is'hardly to be compared . and;.radiates to the highways of the. nation to the danger to.huinan life such' an un-. where' thousands' of young lives - are being - resolved- situation might produce' around. entrusted, to the steady eyes, firm hands and. three.o'clock some afternoon. 46 ' \ 4: ;: /; t; Ii School Transportation Section tf. '":r However, there: may still be at prior, point Our homes need to be places of .love and .. of influence. If what happens at home js . peace, enriching'and fulfilling our fives, not as important aswe'thinkir is, and "if those ~~ only: for -what-: we-might get outj of than,. . who drive " school buses ought have pleasant -but also for the "sake of those powers or ----- homes- for- the - sake-ot thdil-iafe- driving:i_factors tHaL are aboye and. beyond them. . habits, and . if you have a`contact or two For those who transport ;the children of~ through your work" which, might have influ America to their schools, there is the respon ence upon them, use it. . sibility of discharging their duties safely. A And so, since" we're getting persona), it man can believe in such, a cause. and live; might be time to talk.about faith."It.was. for it Peter Marshall who. said that our ulcers " might be "a badge even "as, I suspect, .of - our lack .of faith, the;divisiveness of .the modern American .home is 'an. indication ol Our lives are marked by the purpose .we ; give to them, "and the faith in which welive them, day by" day." And it all begins, the same" lamentable condition. There, is . a does.it not, with you-T-your, life, your work need for faith,'" which `could be most simply and your family? There was One who said, n and inoffensively defined as an acknowledge-: long ago, that ."faith might be "something as . ment of a "greater power* This acfcnowledgc- .- small as a-mustard seed, but.it could move' . ment. then, has .its determinitive. effect upon mountains; Wc know that it also can save ' otir lives. lives"! . ' :.v ! !- f" JOB ENVIRONMENT AFFECTS ATTITUDE By JOHN JENKINS Asst. Dir.; Pupil Transportation,'Jefferson County Schools, Lakewood, Colo. It is an "accepted fact today that, "Job . In. order" to better1 understand my topic,.. ' "environment--affects--the - attitude_of. any-, f. woiifd "like to give" the picture of my en worker/' The same is definitely true'of:.our -. vironment with the-Jefferson County School__ School bus drivel's. It is" the supervisor's." District, Colorado. ` obligation to provide a suitable environment . We had 143 school buses last year. Today for employees which enables them to grow' in dignity and stature. ", we have 153 buses in our fleet.. . What, then dq Workers want? Davis polled a random sample and-came up with the following basic employment wants: Our-'part-time, school bus drivers number 194 of which "about 160 drive -each day. Fifty . per`cent of" these drivers are women/. . 1.' Good Leadership 2. Good information and communications, regarding goals, policy . We had 707 bus routes .last year, with acount of 879 for this yeari .We. service-nine high' schools,.18 -junior . 3. Dignity" and.respect . " 4. Incentive and opportunity to grow and *" progress, requiring "effort, and competi- . highs, and "49 elementary -schools. A total of 75 schools serviced,'approximately. -21,000-- students hauled, with approximately'30 per cent of-our schools being waflc-in-schools. - .tion ' . .. 5/Relative independence aiid freedom ' . i We average 22 special trips" per. day; planetarium, out-door .educational school, , 6. Relative degree of. security and'safety athletic events, music; and field trips, bitting 7. Working conditions, comforts and sal the summer months we have taken, students aries comparable to community stand- to. New. York City,' Canada, arid Chicago . ards for departure to.Europe. During' the ram 8. Pride of -accomplishment in useful mer `.we have taken students to Mexico for work that contributes to social needs' a period of 30 days. 47 I. ' iI ; V. U- 3 -* 1965 'National Safety Congress. We give speciaj educational opportunities . a.. Miles since last accident to our mental and physical handicapped chil- ' 1 __ b. _Days_since _last. accident___'____ drenr"which^involves^special education" bus/ routes, door to door, wheel-chair.cab, a total ' c. Safety Stickers placed on buses of 86 such bus routes. d. .Safety Bulletin Boards in.Driver's 7.---f--' Room-1-----------1 -----7---- :------------- We operated 26 summer school bus r6utes . for our summer school program last sum- 6." Safety Award Pins ' nier. This was bur first service to summer , 7. Local and state school, bus driver's school although our school district has main- rOadeos .tained a summer school program for over . sjx years. Last year we . traveled on an average of . 10,000.miles each day on regular bus routes.. This, was done with' a fleet of 143 busts.' This year it' will be greater with' 153 buses. In my six years with the school, district,' I., have seen, our fleet grow' from 81 .buses to 1S3 buses. Our county is 680 sq.. mi. It includes sub ' .8. 'Recognizing the' individual..:driyer on the bulletin board when a parent or ' P.T.A. writes a letter of thanks for some service beyond the regular call of duty. 9. Operation Policies and Safety Manual - has' throughout it two quotations, which we remind our drivers., to remember and practice-: urbs (flat lands) at the'foot of the.Rockies, "Safety is No Accident" East Slope,- and. many miles -of. winding . "Keep `Eni Rolling Safely snow-covered -roads in the Rockies. Our County' system '.of Transportation is built - geographically - around locations, which we. call' terminals. These'- terminals'.operate under ' We' believe-that the Bus Driver's Envi-. ronment on ' the job is created by' other, factors of equal importance: _ the direct supervision' of a coordinator, and.! . l. Bus Driver's Flower Fund (Friendly ? -a. mechanic for minor repairs. We have our relationship, Hospital) central office (Service. Center), the Bear '. 2. Concession Fund (Coffee, candy.' bars, Creek Terminal, the Evergreen Terminal, '' cigarettes) and the. West Jefferson Terminal, a - total of- 3. . Employees Council (School District . four terminals in Jefferson County. ' Organization) . Our coordinators, (foremen) supervise ap. proxiinafely_3S_fo"40_buiriIfivers. "Through- --AbilityofSupervisortoCawmusticate------ ~ these coordinators we.funqtion as a county With the Driver unit, following the same procedures-and' Little or nothing .can.'be accomplished with' policies throughout our county system. our drivers unless we have' the ability and -. Supervisor's Attitude Toward the Safely Program for. W-hich-He is Responsible: the- means to communicate with our drivers. ! He who. solves, the -communication - problem today is'.worth his weight in gold. We at The supervisor's attitude toward'the safety tempt to'work at this problem by:-. program;-.for which he is responsible is a'definite .'factor in the type of environment created for - the bus drivers ' on '^the job. Supervisors .. and personnel must be .united . in mutual' interest if they exepet to meet I'their, individual goals.-We must continue to . work at this job, by:- 1. /Operating Policies,' spelling out' in.Jay- -' man language what is expected of each . driver; when- and how to do it, and why " . 'it must be done; :. .2. Memos' covering a specific situation '. that has developed. . 1. Providing .a safety manual, where'the policy is-spelled out - 2. In-Service Meetings 3. Insurance Accident Reports 4.' Accident Hearings 3. Private conferences, from, the bottom .. to -the top, verbal and personaL . 4. In-Service Meetings where (Organiza. -. tion Meetings) drivers receive one hour ' pay-/ . 5. Annual Work Shop; just before school 5.. Safety Charts in the Bus" driver's starts, assignments arc made, new'and ' . Room ofd drivers operate, -thdr bus routes. 48 School Transportation Section 6. Fair, treatment: this is equity, which- man cargos, to the life, and function of the means - that the - supervisor's action' 'is vehicle, and to the cost. r' ^consistent- and-in-accord .with the total --School,buses, gliould Jbereplaccd whenever situation, not just the, "Letter of the they are unsafe, or tlij repair "arid: upkeep Law" ' cost is greater tlian the replacement cost Altitude ofMaintenance Personnel . Toward the Bus Drivers Our system used' in Jefferson County makes these- two - sections . separate and distinct. . .spread out over -a period of years. Years of service, miles traveled,; type~orepairand-- ' maintenance service received' during the service span'are all . factors to be eonsidered in replacing buses in the fleet Parts and . cost:of parts, sdme out-dated, are to he taken 1/ Bus drivers write up anything, needing into consideration. New buses often are repair or attention, .' 'cheaper than-maintaining some "Old Dogs" ' 2. Our operation policies tell the. driver "Old Dogs" are' costly in parts and' labor that.he.is responsible for his bus. being to keep running. Proper.'cost records show. in good mechanical condition when he . this fact, which is what, often gets the . dfives it off the bus lot to make his approvaLfpr new buses.: . ;runs; . - Garage facilities. HjHipment to do the re 3. Shop'personnel check, the driver's prob pair-' work required,' trained and', skilled' lem lists, make-the necessary repairs, mechanics all are a big factor in' holding complete the report--showing date of down.the .cost of- maintenance and creating . work, parts used, labor involved, and the1 ability to "Keep- 'Em Rolling Safely" cost. These reports 'become a part of The bus driver's' ropni, the mechanics shop each, vehicle's record and during the facilities', these are a part of the total envi-' summer months,'.each, bus is .given .a ronment that makes lor better results in' a. j "C" check, complete .over-haul, re-con- school transportation system. We have on .. diticming the vehicle for next year's the drawing' board, .our -hew. transportation' operation. garage^ office, parking lot, paint shop, body - 4. Any vehicle showing' mis-treatment, shop, upholstering shop, glass shop, and ' such as side walls of tires rubbed wash rack! We believe that the location and against the curb, is investigated.by the relationship of each section to the other _ supervisor and the district foreman .at ' sections'of our. division is a . great factor in a conference held with the driver and- _securing.bctter_operation and,efficiency. This a decision is. given, with recommenda job environment will affect the attitude of" tions of how to .stop this action. our drivers, mechanics, and our office Termination of - the driver may ,be the personnel. . . , result of final action: Support of Transportation Program fr&m - .. Our maintenance personnel are 'not bus School Personnel Administration Teaching, drivers. We- -attempt' to keep personal con- Maintenance,.and Custodial -. tact between' mechanics (maintenance per sonnel) .and bus drivers at a low.level. Our This brings the supervisor'into full focus. experience'shows that this helps to . eliminate If ;tliis man, In charge of transportation, sells "'friction between the two groups.-But'our- his .program to ali. school personnel, he then maintenancepersonnelare. fully, qualified^as - can-sell these same influential, -people, .the bus drivers',-and they do drive whenever we' --need for tools, (personnel-., and equipmchO- have 'ah emergency. ; that- are- needed to do the .job. Supervisors must .plan, they must dream a little, and they 'Quality of Equipment and Facilities ' must never stop trying to sell their program A poor school bits with a good school bus .' to "the powers that -be." It is essential that driver will somehow , get by for a -short . they Have a program. period of time. A'.good school bus with-a School bus transportation is the tail of poor school bus1 driver- is unsafe and in'a the' school! system they represent But keep short period , of time, becomes'a pdijr -school . in mind that- the tail can get attention from bus. Proper driving skills 'are important ' the head, if that tail (the supervisor)' keeps . factors as related to'the safety of our hu- biting away at the problem. Litfle fleas oh a 1965 National Safely Congress'. dog's tail often get the attention of the dbg's. fleet,- the age' of the buses, the total head and demand that the head do something number' of routes' traveled, the' number about the tail that the dog wags. of miles traveled daily, the. number of -- Supervisors-must-wake~up.-They--must[ Keep .records; develop a system to buijd an -. organization; read current magazines coyer-" -ring-modern-sdiool-transpoTtation;-show- _i_ items of cost; show wise spending of money. Supervisors must keep records and data that the superintendent, 'the' board of education, and the press can' use and understand' in .. -.- selling- the transportation program in their school district, to the parents, the voters, and - the tax payers'. The . supervisor must under stand .production engineering.. children hauled daily, the total number of special trips per day, the number of accidents .(major'and minor), the total number of children' hauled -on special education routes, and : the number of bus drivers involved.' This., report. is. good for- the superintendent to use. at board .`meetings ; when - the budget is being discussed as related! to .transpor- tation and. new buses. This , report helps , the supervisor sell his program--to all his. superiors .in the school district. . The.motivation process must be used by '.supervisors: . 1.* Determine.objectives Providing Drivers with Tools ' . 1.- Give specific instructions concerning the authority of the bus driver, '" 2. Emphasize ' 2. Give instructions in human relationship 3. Communicate `. . as related to children.. '4.'. Integrate Interest . 3. All buses-must be Equipped .with flares, Auxiliary Conditions (Training, Equip< ment and'Environment) markers, first aid' boxes, .a blanket; and ' fire extinguishers. Give demonstrations' of how. to use this equipment .6. Develop Teamwork 7. Efforts to Motivate . ... t . 4: If..good equipment, is.purchased,.prop- erly maintained, land carefully used,' it Selling your program involves. Where are . will give service for a predictable length you today?'Where do you want to go^next of time. It is a: source of .aggravation year? How are you going to accomplish this, to many supervisors that people do not. "goaf? ' , ....... dpera't'e ih the same way. . " 1. Continue to improve your transporta 5.; Instruction in safe driving techniques: tion division. Improve your bus service'' -.-'"a. Test all applicants ` to schools and parents. Improve your . b. Train new drivers under the wheel public, relations. .c. 'Give over the road- test, and .written. 2: Cooperate, with all service, groups or . examination covering the "Operation divisions, discuss bus problems with . . Policies and Safety Manual"' . drivers, -teachers,' (Bus. Rider's Rules), `..and principals. In our system the prin- cipal has. the authority at his respective school,, therefore, we take great care in keeping:all .principals happy.. - 3. Use yoiir local newspaper, radio. Op-. - eratiori Policies Manual, the. State - : Department of Education,- Highway Patrol 'or State Police, local police, - d. Re-train.and test whenever the need ' arises c. Keep personnel card, [file folder, data of license, accidents, situations ' involving demerits' '* f. Keep.drivers- bus route folder with ' typed bus .routes: showing time . and:, -stops and [schools serviced . State' and National Pupil .Transports- g. HaVe. weekly report count card . tion Associations, and .the ' National ... made daily and turned in each Fri- Safety Council to. communicate ideas . day, dr the last school- day of' the about safety and operation services for wedc `the tax payers. We. advocate that if :a driver is to. drive 4.' Make reports, about every .three- his-school bus safely, he must, first control months, showing the number of buses his students. riding behind him, - before he in your fleet, the total capacity, of the ..can operate the vehicle properly. .1 School 'Transportation Section 1; . Automation of Transportation Program' on a card or a disk or a film, and fed into v Automation is here,, it's progress, we will' a computer arid stored. This memory storage all -have to deal with it to some .extent in ' can .be added to, deducted .ftom,:.or partly f time.--Many-transportation system's are al replaced as your Alia changes and -your per-, i ll ready moving.forward now; .the University sonnet feeds this ' information "-to the card of Mississippi is making a pilot-study of !a. punch operator. bus 7transportation "syston" in the"' state' of"' --Leturnotbelike the old man and woman California. This California system is said-' . who were watching their , first steam engine tp.be the largest school bus transportation The old man said, to his wife; "They'll never system1 in the world.'. The study-will consider get that-Iron Horse started". Soon. the.old V automation of all bus routes, carding the ..wood burner let off steam and. started to ,t` (-. entire ..transportation system, fhe data von move away from the station. The old man .these cards being . placed, into computers, .then .said to his wife,' "They'll never get added to, deducted, from; as the need arises, that thing stopped," and always ready to give-out the nec.essary One of the most important factors as re ' information by pushing a button. lated to school,.bus drivers is the.'moral or : .In our Jefferson County School System, ' spiritual side of. the driver.- Bus dii'yers our staff of supervisors, coordinators, district must be.interested in children, and the wel foremen, and office secretaries attended' an fare of: children.'We recognize this in introductory computer course once a week Jefferson County, and. on. the last-page of for two.hours for 12-weeks. This1 course, our Operation Polity , and Safety Manual, simple as it. was,' opened our eyes to the we state the following:, . . `many things that could'be done-with auto._ mation in our transportation' division.. '' "It is far better''that we light one-litt.Iecandle, than that we curse the darkness." V ' Any system' you as supervisors operate today -in school bus transportation can be. '.done by automation, quicker and better than you are now doing the job. If your school "If a man -is to.'successfully speure bis rights and privileges, he . must assume the full responsibility that is related :to these district has' I.B.M. or some other automation. rights and privileges." .machinery, it.is' a certainty that you will "Don't say the thing's impossible^-- soon be on automation, if y.our fleet numbers ' Chances are you'll rue it, '. 40 or more buses. For some darned fool who doesn't know, - Whatever you are doing. now can be set .. Will come along and do it!" i1 ENVIRONMENT CAN CREATE . AN ATTITUDE QF :/ SAFETY - By ROY GROSSMAN School Transportation Div., State Dept of Educ.,. Columbus, Ohio ,j , The community environment' cah and does Environmentiias:been~defined'as-the-stini-- ! affect the attitude of employees of a school' total of - conditions'and influences which bus transportation system, and. therefore, affect the life and development of a person, . the working relationship between the school . ` . . , I and tonununity. As .a representative of the Ajt environment pan be changed, and in school system, a school' bus driver can do 50 [g, attitudes -will be affected, Statisti- i much to develop favorable, attitudes in the tally it has been .said each individual will community, in its relationship with the school affect the lives of seven people a day.. How- system. The most Influential element of the ever, in the interaction between school bus environment is-people. drivers, students, and parents, a great' influ- . ' .51 ............ --.... at  . . -. v T ' . : ' 1965 Xtilioiial Safely Congress \ cn.ce is exerted by tlie bus driver on the Ii^ selection and training of bus. drivers " of. others. ' ' is very'important,-since, si school bus is Parents or ' members of the community " ~ TeldoirTIfSTteTcliers at 'wbrk in' the "classroom as frequently as. they see. the school bus ^ driver maneuvering, his. school.bus,downJhc_ only as safe as its. driver. If members ` - v ^of .the- community- are to respect -the drivers, the'driver should- be-of the quality arid type deserving respect In - roadway. This is a good, reason for .using: ."order- to- upgrade-the?htisdriver we - the best , selection, procedures and training, "could'use the following'steps: methods to obtain a' capable individual , who a. In recruitment, try to obtain the- is safe as a driver as wejl as a credit to-the best. Use all media to obtain ihetn. basic principles of education;^ . Ask present drivers, for references.' By proper utilization' <pf school buses dur b. Application forms. should" be prer ing the day, the school bus driver should be; included ,in the complete school system. A . . school bus driver may be .considered as a teacher on.wheels, because'-he is. constantly \ being observed by the students oh the School bus and by the members of the community as he or she operates the school bus. As . observations arc made by others.'attitudes . arc created: One attitpiledhaf'caii^bc- taught . is safety, and safety habits can be formed in ' students as' they.observe the bus driver. pared, completed, and checked.- Es tablish 'a personal history form for " "each applicant c.. A personal interview Is a - necessity ... between the supervisor and appli cant. .; di Testing of driver should include a medical history and a means to evaluate their performance, as . "drivers. .* A great percentage of school bus drivers have lived in the community for some time, whereas many teachers may not live in. the ' school district. Or arc' relatively new in'the prea. As :a result,; the drivers may. have a better, fecling of the pulse of the community, e. Proper, training- procedures should included pre-driver training before .employment, and an in-service' train ing program with constant' observa- lion of the school bus'driycr during tim<^ of. employment. . . and if they arc enthusiastic about-their worlc and proud of their schools, this pride can be transmitted to. the community.. ' When trying , to understand, .community environment' and altifkdcs,- questions should be asked regarding the entire school district such as : '' f. Evaluation of bus drivers should .be based on the quality of performance. 1., Service, and safety awards should be given on the basis of criteria used for ;safe driver awards from :A.A.A:, N.S.C., and .independent . insurance companies. ' . .1. What is the community attitude toward operatingvieyies .and bond ..issues?. Do . property., owners feel 'taxes ." are too ' high?. A merit rating should be usedin connection with salary scales, and the rating permanently re- , corded in. his personal file. 2. What is. tlie community attitude, toward the ' educational, programs? Arc morie schools, better programs; more qualified personnel - needed ?: ......... - - "r - - 5. Does-, the community think the buses are in safe' condition? If drivers areto care for them and. students are to _be^proud. ride; them.^school buses' 3rrAfc~schd61"bus~irrutcr~andT schedules 7" should be kept:in top mechanical con satisfactory for parents,, students, and ' dition and appearance. The. buses should officials? School time schedules may .-: leave- a- favorable- impression as' they , have to be altered.! obtain bus scry-' ! proceed downthe. road.-. Remember, icq ..if additional students, are to i>e .. new school .buses' are replaced by capi \' transported to ' school without ncccssi*. tal expenditures and cost of operations ' - fating the purchase . of. additional - from operating' funds, both supplied by equipment- ' taxpayers in the local community. If * 4. Are .parents, students and administra- .' new buses are.lo be purchased, older . tors satisfied with (he drivers? .The ' equipment should ' be properly, main- . ?. 52- School Transportation Section . tained if people are. to vote additional . Three' major elements; affect the. pupil money: in. the future. Spend wisely, transportation environment: manpower) ma 7 take advantage of lowest- costs, for the chinery .and motivation.'' The - transportation- -highest_quality_repairs_The^public' is supervisor must know .his community, its, very much aware of foolish spending, - desires and expectations. To. succeed with* ' Frequently this requires the construc- -people we miist work hard. It has been said ~tion~6f'a~maintenance~fadlity-fcrproj>-'- -that;90 per:-cent:of-the-success;'of-any-ven erly. care for the' school district's'equip- ture: depends upon your, success with'people. ment, ' .. -If the transportation supenrisor is to -be a 6. Are members of the community prop-1erly informed about rules, regulations, and- -local- transportation' policy?' The success and carry out his duties, decisions should be reached only after developing the' following. personal attributes:. transportation' supervisor should .estab- - 1. Self awareness. Know, how to motivate' list) lines of communication within the . yourself before you try to motivate community. -The community will'be in _ others. ' - . . " formed of the relationship, of the trans-,. . portation . system. between community and school by the following means:': 2. Empathy. Look at things as -others . would. . ' 3. Objectivity.'Be fair- and consistent in. a. Local- newspapers. The use .of pief .. dealing with subordinates ahd superiors.. lures is a must These could include pictures, of the' complete fleet, safety award 'winners, or special - occasions siicli as bus inspections, " : - : -The creativity of new programs may be limited-, but they must he implemented and executed . by the transportation supervisor. ' Renumbering the expectations.and.capaMli-,' ' b. -Television. Plan the .use of movies i ties'of the local community, a program for:. . or action pictures of school bus ac- . safe school ' bus- transportation should' be' . tivity during:the school year, such undertaken by first forming the goals to be as emergency evacuation procedures,, reached and working backward to establish or loading and unloading students programs or projects to teach the .goals. at school, in connection .with- the When programs are established definite poli- . total school programs. . cies.- should be developed- to cover specific c. Radio! This is. an effective means of problems in-the local area. Alternate courses informing a "large number of people . of .action should be established, if: the pro ip a short 'time of sudden or un- gram should change. A method of evaluating _ expected events, such. as. cancellation . and selecting programs or projects should be * of schools "or early dismissal.. established .so any well-reasoned alternate d. School districts annual' report. An program could-be used, if necessary, to reach annual report* is.'a . means, of dis- the desired goal. 1 -. tributing statistical. information to The following projects can be worked'into show the public how transportation . a .program whereby .all members' of the com is a -part of the school- system. munity are able to work together toward a -. c. School newspapers. This. medium common goal: . affords an opportunity to use per sonal interest:stories.for the school' publishing, the'paper. ; I. Set up school bus, shelters at pick-up'points. Establish, shelters in a safe area. --;f.--Brochutes.-"Tips-for-Safer--SchoolBus Trips" is an example of a way - . . to . inform students and parents on ' a more personal and direct ,basis. - 2. Designate . permanent bus. stops so stu-dents" khonTCxactly^where-torbe~and7 when, thereby .'reducing . the. heed. for. . last, minute, hustle and bustle. . ' g. ' Service dubs and-organizations. .As' transportation supervisor, .make" yourself. available to these groups .' 3. .- Create walkways for pedestrians so if transportation is' not provided, students will still have a 'safe route to- school. as a speaker' and -promote the qual 4. Provide for safety equipment, at cross ity of_ services' afforded by ' the walks, ' ' School "system. 5. Carry on .a safety training program for :" , ' 53T ?> 1965 National Safety Congress students in the local school, using slides \ tion. available to answer, inquiries from or movies taken .of .the school district's. parents, students and teachers. - - .. buses and students. Have transportation''' -supervisor and drivers show the proper method to ride 2 schdol bus. Furnish' : ; the classroom-teacher with information.; to continue instruction in a. unit on ' -safety af a later date. ' Through, the cooperation ;of..air members of the schopl. bus transportation section, working with 'school. administrators, guided by the-transportation supervisor,-the-environ ment can be: changed to create a favorable attitude in the community toward the school, 6. Cooperate in safety-training programs system. Safety can .-be taught by example of P.T-A.'s and service organizations by school bus. drivers until it becomes a where parents can .receive the'same . habit for. students, parents and all members instruction as the students in theclass-. of the community, Remember, actions speak - room.'.. louder than words, and . are the foundation 7. Make routing and scheduling informa-" upon which attitudes "are formed. . ENLIST COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS By WALTER MORRIS Assoc. Mgr, Pedestrian, and School Safety Dhr., Traffic Engineering and Safety Dept, . ' American Automobile Assm, Washington, D.C. This topic, using a guideline established by ship lost on the high seas of the stormy ' the dictionary definition of the title, would , Atlantic, having drifted many days without be "to secure th.e support or aid of a body seeing'any rescue ships, discovered its water of people having common -interest in an supply had been, depleted. A few more days association.";. went by and- the survivors' became quite .1 can't think of a'common interest more- desperate. Suddenly they sighted a ship and' important. to any person than the safety and. began to signal' frantically. A great sigh of well being of their children. This is even-, relief was given by all when they saw it' more true when the safety of,.a child is alter its course and head toward them. As given into'the hands-of a person who drives the ship drew near,-they called to the oflicer a vehicle. For the 'first time, in the school who asked what their: need was, "we hive experiences of. my children, I have a'school: no drinking water." His answer was, "Throw bus- rider"in the family. It- has been inter-: a bucket over the -side, and drink all you esting to hear all. about the new classes and -need, you're in the,-estuary of the Amazon. teachers. River, just off jthe coast of South America. It's amazing how detailed the explanations - The water is fresh, not salty."' ' are about .the looks.and personalities of these The point- of -this little episode is that adults. But; when rite child was asked about' the school bus driver, the answer was, "Oh, . almost every one of iis .many, details of. our jobs is. so close to the that we.often-for- -itViust-sdme lady /--r---------- _ get.to.experiment, .explore or-investigate the - aids-available to us right in our own back The important' point is that he. did bring : yard Today, it is my hope to explain what home an attractive-leaflet' outlining the- bus ' local, community organizations 'are'willing safety , rules for- riders, and. a message , to . and ready to offer and to suggest some mate parents signed by the superintendent of rials and . publications' that are available to schools. I.hope that all 16 million'or more . you. Although only one copy'of. a worth school bus passengers and their parents re while publication may be provided, if it con* ceived a printed message similar to this. tains something that can be adapted to your I'd like to share a little story with you. -program to help make your drivers, pupil' "A'lifeboat loaded-with survivors- from a' passengers' and' their parents more safety- Wptr*sfcm9ty School Transportation Section . minded, it is worth your time to request certain that you 'make the best .use of mate-' additional copies. rials and personal services that are .available . All. of you-'know the saying, "You can't . from the many,community organizations will judgeabdolTby ifs"cbver."'HereV what one ing to -help -you.-This- brings_us,to the. coni:.... ....... person , reported on his reviewing of reading munity 'organizations which I- believe you- materials: "We read it all . ._.,spit some can call on for help. I-have divided them of it in' the.waste basket .'digestTor" -into- two -groups,- one-I-wilLrefer...to. as_the__ - personal knowledge about 80 per cent,' and "do" group, and the other as the "do have" about .10.per.cent sifts back to you." If group- ' .. your drivers can show a .10 per cent im First, the "do". group is so. designated. provement and you. can-derive an increase because, their value tb you is their "people of 80 per cent in personal, knowledge,' I'd power." Members of these organizations can say the reading time is worth while, even help you tell your story, support you. oh though the cover illustration didn't tempt problem programs arid, where irioney might .you to'open it- " be involved, help raise the' finances needed. Your most important goal as a school 'The second, the "do have" - group, is so transportation supervisor is .to reach three. named because organizations in this category. groups of.people: First, andforemost, is the may have local and national strength. For school bus driver. However, your pupil, pas the most part, organizations listed in this sengers and the. public, 'both as parents and group have publications,, films and other - - motorists, must be part of the safety team. materials appropriate for teaching. Where- Educating these, groups about safety meas copies in quantity are not provided gratis;: - ures that they should practice is a task! The. sample copies of the leaflets, booldets, posters principal. road block in getting through to and other such aids are usually provided and ' people, as most teachers, parents, and others arrangements'can be made to fill orders at ' in .'responsible positions will agree? is com production costs. munications. . ..In the "do" group, I would suggest the This field of dealing with people is com-. following'for Group I: - . petitive. Haring individuals develop greater understanding. of. any subject is- a tough assignment. In your position of leadership, . look for the following qualities, in. persons Civic and Service Clubs.. I; Lions - - " 2. Optimist with whom y6u- work.. -'-.'3.' Kiwanis T. Ideas*--to.develop a workable program. 2. Energy--to give leadership-in committee work, .. 3.' Money--to supply financial'backing. ... When using- the .aids,- materials and serv ices of community.' organizations that are available, for improved training - of your drivers, consider the formula for' learning - and remembering. Eighty-sevenper cent 'of learning is accomplished -through our sense .- of sight-The other four'senses . ; taste,' toudi, smell and hearing account,, for the remaining 13 per cent- HoweVer,. remember.- ing is best when a person - sees, and hears. About one-fifth is' remembered- when you tell something; one-third when .you show a - person' something, but- pne-half when' you both show and tellyour audience. . . 4.: Rotarians . S. Federation of Women's Clubs 6. Community Civic Association - 7. Volunteer Fire and Rescue Units . ,8. Church -Clubs- Group 11. News- Media - 1. Local newspapers S- 2.' Radio and TV Stations y/ . .3; Local business publications .4. School papers jr In the "do have", group-: Group I--Safety Councils and Automobile' Clubs - Group II--Insurance Companies Group III--Truck Associations--local, ' state and national * My reason for- calling, this formula to - Group IV--Automobile Dealers Associations - your attention is to emphasize the need for Group V--Medical Association and Red' preparing your training program to make ' .Cross' . 55 ' ewsatauskapu 1965 National Safety Congress. ' Group VI--Public Utilities--^Telephone compose and usually results in a request . -- company; gas and electric , similar-to many you have all received at company. Metropolitan transit--. one time or another. "Please send md any-, Public Service; units. thing and everything- on .the. subject, of During the -workshop sessions, you-are all .. safe, driving ..and. traffic safety education." welcome to review the items that I have The - advantage, however, is if. the letter brought.along. Most of these may fit in that. contains an invitation., to a person to'par-- -area-where 80 per-cent-is-digested- for-per-- ticipate. oh_ a.program, .if.gives.himisome--. sonal knowledge', but there are others, that, tiling to show his superiors, if an approval' in my opinion, should be presented to every- is' needed. You also have confirmation of ` driver whether'behind the wheel of an auto- - your, request,'as .well as. the acceptance of mobile or a .school bus. the person' to appear. This is also true if - Since organizations have been named , as sources of assistance, you are probably thinking how one-should- go about enlisting their aid. My -own feeling is based on the 'premise-that people like to feel that they'are published items are to be furnislied, ber . cause between the time the letter- has been written and mailed the time it gets, some one has forgotten to prepare a shipping label. --.... needed. For this reason,'.here are some en-. .Success or failure, depends to a great 1 listing suggestions: extent on two small items that many of usr. . Personal request Go directly to the person you help. Present your `problem or feel plan can and - indicate the manner in which .you feel person or organization he'.xepresents the can' * be of assistance. I.f you are aware of one . item or. service that is available, ask for often, forget: The first is recognition or credit to those that have offered assistance; the -second is a thankyou for the time and effort a. person has taken, to contribute something. If you .use-a page or adopt an idea from some source, a credit line-onacknowl-edgement - is good-' insurance. Where a ' that- specific item. The person will usually copyright' is in effect, permission will usually ' respond imd follow up with helpful sug be granted, for reproduction of illustrations gestions. - and printed text with no obligation -to. you. other than the credit' line. When writing a Telephone request 'letter of thanks, enclose a marked.copy of The phone is the..next best medium; par your finished item. You can count on future ticularly if the person you want to contact' . assistance when you' share your prid'c with . '- does hot live in your immediate - area. Again, the specific request will more often ; those who have contributed. than not get an affirmative answer. You In coiflfc|usion, may I dose with a definition. also have the advantage of giving a verbal It is humorous, but very true, and seems; description of an item or program about appropriate for every job we do; which you are' seeking ideas or suggestions. ' .We have two. ends with a common, link; Letter, request _ With'-one we sit--with one we think. - A-letter asking assistance-is the least de- SUCCESS depends on which we use, 'sirable type of request. It is difficult to Heads we win,.--Tails we lose. ' 56