Document wgKy1DLm5Kjz55pDjg8m9BxJV

FILE NAME: General Motors (GM) DATE: 1938 Oct DOC#: GM006 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions -Silver Jubilee Safety Congress NATIONAL SAFETY jht, 1938, Nthontl Sily Courcil. Inc. Prinled in lh U. S. A. COUNCIL, in c . sreword Till-. *1'r n 1 1 -i.'iclit11 > o f t he S il v er Jubilee C o ng r es s a n d e x position of the N a t i onal S a f e l y Council, O c t o b e r 1U-1-I, CHS, are published in tw o volumes. Volume 1 contains the iiciici.il a n d Mtbjeil sessions anti the sessions of the r a t i o n s Itnlti'tiial Sections. Volume II ennlains the Street and l l i q h u a v 1 raffic, the Commercial Vehicle, the Tran sit , the Child lidiicalmu, and the I Ionic Safelv sessions Volu me I is distributed autonialicallv to all industrial m e m b e r s ot the Council. V o l u m e I I is sent to m e m b e r s u l m are believed to be interested ehietlv m the sessions it contains. H o w e v e r , o t h e r Council m e m b c i s m a v obt a i n V o l u m e 11 U]ion request. M a n y m e m b e r s have f o u n d it o f benefit to d is t ri bu t e copies o f the T r a n s a c t i o n s vol ume s to both exe cut ives, f o r e me n .and supervisors, who have used the practical information they contain in safety programs a n d for .general reference p u r poses. h.xtra copies of the Transactions mav be obtained as f o l l o w s : ( >m_- to It) copies o f Vol. I, at $2 eat h ; II m mor e copi es. $]./.-> each, h. xtra copi es o f Vol. II cost 7 a cents cm b. Till'. Transactions are a conden-wl record oi the p ro ceedings ot the Silver lulnlee Congress. The papers and addicsscs have been edited to delete extraneous matter, ab b r e v i a t e t he lews i mp or ta nt por t i on s, a n d e m p h as i z e wlt.it m a v be of particular usefulness and value in promoting e f fective safety organization and other accident prevention measures. These volumes, ihetcfore. are a Somewhat a b r i d g e d version, compact, practical .and o f particular value to i b e s t u d e n t a nd executiv e i ut e ie st e d in achiev iii.q mo r e thorough aeeideni prevention success. The unequal m anu scri pt s arc .available for .additional reference, if desired, in the ides of the National Safety Council. Tl l l f N a t i o n a l S a f e t y Counci l , at its C on g r es ses . seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not pertinent to tin; amis oi the Lonepvss or winch mav he conliarv to die C ou nc il' s policies. It cannot accept responsibililv . Iiovvvvci, for all views expressed cither m the papers which have been delivered or in the discussions based upon these papers. N A T IO N A L SA FET Y CO UNCIL,lnc. 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago ConVens Counci l Ofticers and D i r e c t o r s ............................................ 4 Counci l P ur po se s and P o l i c i e s ............................................ 9 A nnua l M e e ti ng o f M e m b e r s ................................................ 11 An nu al B a n q u e t ........................................................................ 31 Special Subject Sessions-- Agr ic ul tur al Sa fe t y ....................................................... 33 Dusts, Fumes, Gases and V a p o r s ............................. 45 Fa ll s o f W o r k e r s ............................................................. 59 Fire P r e v e n t i o n ................................................................ G9 Go vernment al Officials ................................................ 85 He al t h Servi ce in I n d u s t r y ........................................... 101 I ndust ri al Ac c id e n t I nv e s t i g a t i o ns .......................... .115 I ndust ri al E x pl o s i o n H a z a r d s ....................................... 25 Industri al N u r si ng .......................................................... 139 Industri al S a f e t y L e c t u re s ........................................... 163 M ai nt ai ni ng Interest in S a f e t y ...................................185 M i d w es t e r n Rehabilitation M e e t i n g ..........................201 Oc cupa ti ona l D i s e a s e ...................................................... 211 O l f -t he - Jo b Ac c ide nt s ....................................................229 S a f e t y F u n d a m e n t a l s ...................................................... 249 Safe Us e of E l e c t r i c i t y ....................................................257 Sn'fe Us e of Petrol eum P r o d u c t s ............................. 269 Ac r on au t i c a 1 S e c t i o n ...............................................................281 A. S. S. E.-- En gi ne e ri ng S e c t i o n .......................................295 A u t o m o t i v e and Machine Shop Section ..........................301 Ce me nt and Quarry S e c t i o n ...........i ...................................313 Chemical Se c ti o n ..................................................................... 339 Cons t ruc ti on Secti on ...............................................................373 Food Se c ti o n .............................................................................. 385 Marine S e c t i o n ............................................................................407 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries S e c t i on .......................................................................................455 Me tal s Se ct i on ............................................................................473 M i n i n g Se ct io n ....................................................................... 521 Paper and Pul p S e c t i o n .......................................................... 555 P e t r o l e u m S e c t i o n ..................................................................... 613 P o w e r P re s s S e c t i o n .................................................................665 Publ i c U t i li t ie s S e c t i o n .......................................................... 671 R e f r i ge r at i o n S e c t i o n ...............................................................691 Rubber S e c t i o n ............................................................................ 703 S t e am Railroad ..........................................................................733 T e x t i l e S e c t i o n - ..........................................................................753 W o o d P r o d uc t s S e c t i o n .......................................................... 775 S a f e t y E x p o s i t i o n -- List o f E x h i b i t o r s ............................799 I nde x ............................................................................................. 805 .v ifio tiis l afety Council, Inc. HONORARY MEMBERS \ i \ 11:) \ tii 1ku\ vmi S u m . V.m .i m i k '' l\";. I Kl \ \ C \ MIT.I I I /. / u 1< 1*u \n a OFFICERS (1938-1939) I f I > I I \ M II , J *t c m I- m! (. \\ \ ice-1 ' r es a l e ni t o r ! i n a n e e a n t i T r u a - m t. r I ii*\ \ f v H. 11 \ kkI''U\, \ t e e - I 'j I'Milriit l o r l i u l u > l n a l S a i e l s 1,|: M n ! i it Mi ( l I\ 11h K, \ u f - l ' rt v]<lin( j', ji I *n I,] ic S.i t r! \ \ \ \i n ,y S IVu.Nf. \ / c c - ! 'f i nkU'IK N>[ K m o u t cri m, 1 A \ l vi i i w i.'.'i u, \ i e e 1*i v - u l e n l t o r S . Uv i v C o u n c i l s K 1 S " i i Ns i i v, \ tee I Ce l ent f o r M i ml t s| n |> A \ \ W i i i i M. v , \ i r e - 1'i(.-'niciiI t o r Ki l ue a t i on \ \ 1 C n m i k o n . S e e i e t a t y a n d M ; m a " in; P u e c t o r EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1938-1939) U J \ i . u u i k u , S p e n c e r K C l m . " & S o n s , {me .1 I. M \ \ w p f `a- l }`| \ Si l ent ( M I m ur.oi !->I , I 'a- i P r e s i d e n t ({ \ \ I'ooi.j s-;, S m i L t t r P i a m e (Hi C u m p a n \ t P I'oi m i , \ \ i-t* in *in P u b l i c S i . m u : C o r p o r a l i o u \ \ C ' w i i n i t i . . I'aM i 'r i ' i d i - n t \ \ . 11 t mi icon. N a t i o n a l S a i e f \ Co mi e i l , Inc. 1. C C w i n u i i . M u n u `4 S e c t i o n I\ o />if ( I. ( *a ( j i .v. \ r t u a ( n- a t a J u A S u n it, C c>i 11 jit i\ l.fUM \ lb Plot-. Past President l \ \ I J>mi*t . '1'tiv 1at | i ml C arlioiiiL l 'm pi r a t khi U h P o \u \\.v , ASsK-hn^mccriM" Section M \ i u t s \ I )o\v, I `,iv{ P r e s i d e n t W m i i k A. K m .umon:, l . ehi ^l i V a l l e s S a f e t y C o u n c i l !\\ut. K Sr-iUK, S:\feU Council of tbe Columbus Clmmber of Com- iiuria l> I* i . ' . X M t r., ( o m i t | (it ivi | a i e i n c c r H u n o { 1 n.in.KT, T b e P u l l m a n C o m p a i n P k s NK U l l . \ n < i s n x , I n t e r n a t i o n a l H a r v e s t e r C o m p a n s l l \ i : o : n (.. H o i i \ i \ . \ . I ncmjl<>\merit C o m p e n s a t i o n (.' onnni ssi ot j, X* u J i t ~e\ S. 1* l l u k K U . i , I S muI Sv c i i o n M H K ki i n, Interstate (.ummerce Commission 4 II OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued \ \ m . i i k ( ki.\n, Past President \\ m C K n o i i k , M d w a u k e e S.iWly VAimuK>u'u fi/.v }'. l .n . s '< PaM President V nos I! . \i\rl )f)\ u n. I ' S. IVpai i i mul of Aj;ricuU' i!e \ K1I( U \V. M \r,l I , CoilIUUsMi i|U 1 o M(.|nt \ el 1h \i s, \ e\V i V1 si V l )u Mil l I K \U Cl IN liH K. ^ a l< Cni Wf MM P. S Mi.i/t.ix, Public L tiliiic" S o lion 1 W M u .i.akii, lnduslii.il Cl o v e s C o m p a n y \ l u;m i) l. M ini k, K I d\i I'mil de nmm s N C muiuiij K l i m X i s x , l ) i i o : ! o r o f Public Saf et y, (. K vcl.md IK I O ' l l i a i W J u , Kuni-villr Satr tv Cnsimil W.\i MU S P \ i \ l , Ae t na l a t e & \iiiiialcd C o m p a a s l a w U. P.U Mi u, Past I*i Ciidi.nl C. K l ' i i 11fu>x i.. Past President I' () I' k k \uh, Mari ne S o tioii A n n i n S K i n ; i . \ , Industrial Pclatuuis l mu a Ini s, Inc. i . r ( \>i . ( {i .nuv A. P i n i m .i u , Past President K A Po t '.i l<l x, TeNtih: Section A V. K di iwi di k, })u)iilli, Misxalu; N I nm Pan^c Uabvvav Lowpany (ouau; K. S w r o u n , (iumi\il KNrtr i c ( ompany C iivkii * I. S n i i r , Past President I'k w k 'P S n i i n , Portland Cement Aw/crarort ( u \\ John H Si n. k m .u n i , Ma - ^ a e l u n n i s Saf et y C mined C \V S\i 11m. Standard Oil Company ( Indi ana) \V u 11 u I )i \ i S mmu. De l awa r e Saf ety C ouneil W A S n'ovv, Constructi on Section P T. SoM.Vsji.v, Ellina Service Company I i xi ii | S " `u .w i n , City 'PraItio K i ^ i i u v r , Chi c ago l oi J ohn SmwKl . i . , Consol i dated K d P o n Company o N V . Inc l I' T oi.m.w , Past President. ( n o u n . (i. T k.w i u . I it eater Chi c ago Safety ( ouneil. Inc. |iu P I.. Vo xi a i<(.ii, ( leneral K/cctno Company 1>i< C. II W aimin', Pasl President \ \V W i i u m 'v , National Const rvat ion Purean I> A P \uKt r. (Jarneuiv-IDinois Steel Company A u i h i k IP Vot-NO, Past Presi dent DIRECTORS (1938-1939) II. J \i.nun.u, Spencer krlloyi; N Sons, lne. A. K. \ k\jmkunc., Kast man K o d a k Company I. P\N\sii, Past President ( \i<i Pv uk i u , St Iauis S a f e t y Council P o II. Pi \ n u\ Plaeksione Valley S af el y Conned \\ A. P u nti i , Aut omot i v e N: Machi ne Simp Section Itc s' i s i \V. Puck', C m l c d States Rubber Produets. Inc 0 il S-v ICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued <' \V Iti II....'MM, r. i , | ' | l'.iilait I'- I1 I'1 ''VU, Juin-. N I. ai i rj dm Stri ! I tu j'01 atiun tl M Itu* , 1-.s, Smelali P i a n t e Oil C o mp a n y It I'. Hu m , Simili it* nil Ci\ 10 Safely Council f H I'Ui.JM', \\ I'litii-.m Public So i vice ( n i p o r a t i i m 1' S Iti.owN, S i m u l a i . I . V * nl> m !luii ; mu c ( a m ip.iu v J. II IIk o w n , l ' i 11*'li m u S u t i l , 11 \A . A Ituuv.' N, S a l o l i Dept , Nashvi l l e C h a mb e r o C o i m n c u o R A. I'. i ' i i in K, Ktilil'or Sootiuii VV . H (.. m i i .k o x , Nailon.il S.ui-t y Cuuncil, Ino. !.. C. C a mi ti , 11, A 11li no: Sootinn li *)n1 le1 \V. t ` \MIJ:1 1 I , Past Pi e - i di ut l m i ' i M i A . C a r i a -, EvauMot i S a f e l y Council R \ v Cali .vi V. Monodia Safety Council i\nei Kr 1. C a i 1 i.v, Aet na C a - ua l t y N; S ur e t y Company M u r i c i . C ha h 1.1.1, Ra l ni nv S a i c l y Council !.. O ( 1ii.i.v f r , E m p l o y t u ' Public:ion Secti on WM M. C i.akic, St. Joseph ( M o ) S a f e t y Counci l K r. v . v r m H. C u m i a n , Seattle T.tic N S a f e t y Counci l J. K C om i m :v , Hctldehom Steel Company ivi i n k J. Iti'.AN, K a ns a s C u i Saie!;. Counci l l.i u n A. D d m i , Past Previ di ut C. \ \ . D i.mit.s y , 'Plie Liquid Carlionic Coi'e'ratiou l 0. D o n o v a n , A S S E - E n e m e e r i m ; Secti on J a m i .s H. D i h.t .i.a s , 'Plie Pl;d.rel|'!iia C n , W o r k s Coiiipnny M arcus A. D ow . Plot President Du l.oi h I. D i. i hIN, Met ropol i tan Li f e Iii-uirance C o m p a n y O. M L hi vaki i s , J k., Safety Die., Swao i t - e Ch a mb e r o f C i m i m e n e W . A. E uiisom, Lehigh Valley Safety Conned D. D. F u n n k u , Consultili.:: Engi neer D onai 11 A . I ' i xki ii .i m k , T o l e d o S a f e t y Council Du. i l i K T E. F i.-iiur, Chi cago Rapili Ti ni i si t C o mp a n y Cm.,~ii it C. F i.s k . Herkel ey Trai i i e Saf et y Commi s si on H o w a r d if. l-' o. vm, P.ur roughs We l l c ome ( Co. ( U . S . A . ) lue. A rthur C. F k i a , Worcest er S af et y Council J ohn IS. Gin-.o.v, W e s t e r n El ectri c Company J.y i .u H. G i f t , P e o r i a Associ ati on o f Co mme r c e S a feti Counci l H o w a r d F. G i mi prT, El izabeth S a f e t y Council E iioak 1? GoR. suut , Grami Rapi ds Saf et y Council W . A . G itn p i n , A m e r i c a n T' eieplionc T e l e g r a p h Company F ari. E. G kovf.r, S a f e t y Council o f the Col umbus Ch a mb e r o f C o m merce I I i kr v G uiuui.k t , T h e Pullman Compa ny If. IhniTR, Refrigeration Section D. "P. I a r r i n o t o n , Uni t e d Sl at es i ' urevui o f Mi nes F rank If H arri son, Internationa! Harvester Company 6 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued C/ixs L. l i n t , New \ i r ( i ttit.d l.im JI \ i.'ur 11 t 111il l u xV, l in mph itu ul C<>ni|>i ir-.iInmi 1h>nnmsmi >ii, N(\C J l ls c y Lx i iu i r I Iijkii, M.iili-mi (mtul x Sul i i y Cduih i! S. I-. H dRi. m l , Pood Sri i i dl II;i i* II 111 \ c, l i n n i i l X tjn.ui x Siihrni \ \ 'I l \ Jxxus, I'liil.nli l|iln:i S.i11 l s ( mini il 1'. It. Johnson, Cmmm-ii i.il Vi !m K Secltmi Ttiuxixs I' Ki MIN'., Imiiisl i in) ( 'i>miiii".imi ol Ohio H. II Ki I i.Y, Interstate ( 'mniiH'i i'r Commi s si on Wx t . U K (i. Is INO, Past President \ Y m. C. K noeik, Milwaukee Safety CommisMi.ti \VM. S K nudsen, Detroit itulu-trial Safety Council Oi ro C. Ktintr, ('ircalcr Springfield Saf et y Council C. L a Fountain'i:, Great Northern Railway Company J. if. I.ix, Wo o d Products Section Mu.i.\un C. Lr.Errn, Child Hdiicatiou Section J ohn Ii. Lo.xn, Past President Tims. If M xcDoxAt.n, United States Department of Agriculture koiiutr A. M cA rthur. Transit Section Du Milt Kit M cCuxtock, Yale University Ami na t W. M acke, Commissioner of Motor Vehicle', N e w Jersey !'. \V. M atson, Minnesota Safely Council R. S. Mr.Tzeut, Public Utilities Section I. W. Mtt.t. utti. Industrial Gloves Company I f \not.D L. MtNr.it, E I. tin Pont dc Nemours & Company K. IL Mohi.f.v, Industrial Accident Prevention Associations Prop. UonKK L. MoitittsON, Street & Hi ghway Traffic Section E rnest Muitwtv, Albany Safety Council C. L. M urray, Mason Citx-Cerro Gordo Count) Safety Council Ei l o i Nt.ss, Director of Public Safety, Cleveland E. J. O'I'kiex, Jit., Louisville Safety Council Gruki.i. C. A. Oi'i1, The Detroit Edison Company W xi.ter S. P aine, Aetna Life & Affiliated Companies L ew R. P.xt.xirtt, Past President Pxvii ) A. P atton, Ne war k Safety Conned C. K. P eacock, Chattanooga Safety Council (JuxKi.t.s W. P enoock, Saf et y Division, Milwaukee Association of Commerce G. E. Pi.muo.vi:, Past President lb O. P ickard, Marine Section Ar.m.RT S. R ecula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc D r. \ R. Rt.tn'KC, Contra Costa County Safety l' mncil Lt. t H enry A. R i.ninoi.r, Past President Pun t te C. Rnoxtis, Meat Packing, Tanning N Leather Industrie.' Section 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Continued \ . C. UisMirui.i-K, Kochc- l er Safcl> C o m m i M.\KiiNi:> Kiri:, r a t e i n o l i Sa f e t y Council K. A. Roiu' r i ", Text i l e Section Ri mok ia"lba> SafeU Council ) \ A. knniN'in.v, Pa p e r <X Pul p Section P. i Rockhoi r, P o w e r Pro'** Section K.m .i'ii L. knock", J k . Chemical Section A. V. Know i di r. I it 11n t !i. M t w i b c & Ivon Unnue K;u I\n;iv C o m p a m VVu.n.ii Ko^ i.niiM'M, We s t e r n Pcnn-yvhania Sa f e t y Council Ci 1C S a m o r d , Ce n e mi Klectric Compar o ! I f n uv C S u i u tntr, lne Safety Council H \ kry A. S e n t i i / , Cinteti State" Steel Cor por a t i on or i V l a w a r c ( `h a r m s IP S cott, P a s t Pr e s i de nt l.\ui. S. Su Mei 7.1.h, Ct ica Sa f e t y Counetl i nNK 'I'. S h i xt s Por t l and Cement A" "oei atum Cii.N. J ohn* H. S ih M'.prnk. Mn*"acmi"vU" S a f c : \ Council I P. A. S i m u n , Petldeiiem Steel Co m p a m Kr m '.si I. S t u u x n s XAw Haven Sa f e l y Conned j r n i . t l . r r i S k t i i , Cl e\ e l a n d Saiet> Council C. W S u n n , S t a n d a r d Oil Company ( I ndi ana) \ \ \t ICR H i nt S m u h . Dei av. are S a t e t \ Conned \\ A S\"U , Construction Section K T. S**i.i NMi.N. ICliott S e r u c e Compari) Li-r.n. I. S ork\ " o\ . Cit\ Trarlic Inumeer, C Incaeo l, ( \ S ckin., Phdadel pi ua, Pa. Ci'.*i<e,j K. S'l i.piii:n<. Saf et y Pureati, Buttalo Ch a mb e r or O m merce Coi | o j j \ S i i i v . i n . , Consol i dat ed lui"im Co mp a n y of X. V. Inc \ kiiuu M T om , Connotine Marine inmincr C P T oi.m s n . PaM Pr i " i de nt M i n . i. T raumi.ix. Metals Section Clou.! ( i. I'k.u lap ( it eatej c incavo Saf el y Council, Inc. M \jou R I). T k i u h u , K u hm o u d Saf et y Council I imn'K 1% \ 11 /. S n p e i i o r oiat l a m p a " Count ) Sale') Council 1)u. IP L Vi Ni ni Mi , l m u r a i kl ect ri c Co mp ai o Uu- H u m I. M ici.u n , i laitmiore Safetv Council O k. C H \ Vu " O N, Pasi l >re"iiient f ` W m . M i s c o n , Saf e ! ) Oept . Au t o Citili of Rhode Cl aud S. I. M h i un c , Liberty Mut ual I m m a n c e C o m p a m A M . M'ii i i ncv, Xa t mn a l G u w n ation Bureau C h ak u .s l. M It.so.v, Menerai Mot or " Co r p o r a t i o n !*. IP M' i N").ia\ , Sa f e l y Oiv., 1In n mudi a m C h a mb e r of Co mme r c e M'. I W orth, International Hai vector Company A hihvk II. Voi'N'c., Pa"t Presi dent I. X u t t , Sa f e l y Bureau, Dnlntli Ch a mb e r of Co mme r c e Ccc The i purpo"< The throne prevent pIlC" ihreeth uiation Ree ' condita d X e a 'u acculen ti\e m Tito profit. 11<n. 11 resenti of be .a:.) f. hi r -i*, i .mio 11t e . n a a : 11*5*". and u are u: <\v-S -X. n:< >ti\ i impoi i i in the n. uiulei Iron . u attivi taut ' (he N in Ni of 111. hcrr-li Ti:, Krnn: miner <lc\ eh mak, - l une lu !n- n (inai igcnciC' ami m u 'Ji opportuni IiC' or t the phydcnl iy di<t 1'C Mimmcd up ini equal quantities ot` 'plicant s afni11 a;nl add an tmhinitcd erscvcrnncc. intere-h ork and success will THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 13, 1938 t *1 lie M-'-'-ion lor Ilie discussion o f o u t standing problems 1:1 the field o f oc c upa tional disease was called to order hy the Hon. P. I. A u s t e n , Chairman, the Illinois Industrial Commission, Chicago, who pro- sided. The Chairman emphasized the i m portance of the selected subjects to he p r e sented hy eminent speakers, and promptly introduced Ilu: first scheduled speaker. The Trend of Occupational Disease Legislation By H E N R Y D. S A Y E R Manager of the Casualty Department. Association of Casualty and Surety Executives Let its consider the dtlicrences between the accidental injury ami the occupational disease. por these distinctions are important and must constantly he h o m e in mind when we consider either legislation on^ the s ub ject of disea'C. or engineering methods of pre\ ent:on or control. Cenerai)) 'pinking, accidents occur at a s prone moment in point oi time, and, from the standpoint of fixing liability under any policy of insurance, it m in the future; that is to uw. at the moment of the acceptance ot habdit) under ;m\ insurance contract the accident tor winch liabihlv u u v h<' as sumed lias not vet happened That ftc(;ih111Iv is not so with the occupational dis ease iiisiuance !>\ its very natine can onlv assume liabilities that 11.i\ f* \c[ to a;ise--io*i those that have already accrm-d Warn. siuaLinu generali), the nidu-tnal acridi m is somet hi ng that can he seen -- men though unl mo' een. It ma> he vPualizc*ri and (Usci died in words, selling' forth s)`ecincally the time, place and maimer of happening. It can then he dctei mined, after the happening of the event, whether it was preventable or inevitable; brame, il any. can he assessed; (lie worker involved, or his foreman or superintendent, can he shown the fault, and effective measures can he taken to guarii against a like future hap pening. Hut some will say. truly, not all accidents happen in the manner described; that not alwavs ar e they hold to occur onlv- at a specific moment or under eh cumsianees whei c thev can lie visualized and described. M\ a dmi ni st r at i ve and court decisions, it s true m some jurisdictions that the definition of "accident" has been gteatlv broadened W e find the entrance of disease g e r ms into the h u ma n sv stem wi t hout visible t i a n ma , with resulting sickmss or death, and even the specific time and place mu defmilelv known, except that it i< m o w n to have probably occurred in the emplovnunt, being held to he an accident. i fliers \ s ] lull. t?S Ain, I P\ . I'li. t M X \ ,m .ntilit.ix e.i'-e: Venni-n % \ , m I*.-it l.um. ticr Co , 1Ci1 \\ i< .170, ;i iyIiohI r . i . nii'l misers.) Poisoning ot the bodv thiougii the elicits of a delet eri ous <>i toxic suhstau e used in the emplovnunt, the (lingers m winch were unknown to the worker, the emplover hav ing been negligent m safeguarding properly the use ot such substance, has been held to he the. result of an i ndustrial accident. (Victory Sparkler & Specialty Co. v \ Praneks. 1J7 Mar\l.uul, 3(m ; ,iml tlu* very recent case <>( Itl.-uk vs. Criwnm Auto ("* . Iowa Supreme Court, Aumi-a 5, 2M1, N.W. Is9.) And whcic neqlij/encc of ttic employer Ini' Iiccii -diovin, nn i nj ur y to heallli, even tliouqli not oecurrine; (hremeh n liappenin" ;it .1 eiven lime and place, tnit In repented 211 .lire-' o v e r mont hs ot time, !tn< been n> l>v an accident . N'l.ly I ' . I u Ih m A sIh *!.s C o ., ..rrna '/.s, a .-\ (/ is <.-i. ) -c .uul ot her t . i ' O 1 might cite .11 c \vi ptions ami mu the general rule > wii.it wn-!ilnli ' .m a c c u k ntal injurv. illk " i Uia> l.iit I> IbMIliU.' that IJitt* <I a d n n i n ' 11.i|oi\ o! tin- !.i\v ami Culllts ll.|\( liri ft dllCCtiv inspired 1>V l u l u l in tin- ncc--~if y r>f finding a !\ rur ;m m d u t n a ! ill f or u l u c h no rei mdv had !>vvu p r o v i d e d by spvtilic .r.:c mi the "t.uuti... Mil) we consider * a" 'tr.iu s m the wind, showing a I toward indu-stiial disease hahilitv ? a\ o b s e r v e d that the tendency of the is is in construe the term "accident" more limited manner in those state' e tlieu- is spec:hr. p r o vi s i on in the law my occupational disease-*. Thus, v. e elvar instances o f what lias been d `' judicial l e gi s l at i on, " that is, the ' broadeni ng the me a n i n g o f the hr.', over situations not c l ea r h included n the terms o f the l a w by the duly earn ed legislative authorities. ; us iiuv. eor.-ider wh a t w e mean or inM\ the t v i m " o c c up a t i o n a l disease." we hud a moi e difficult field-- dtihculi the standpoint of administration and al i nterpretation; and dtinrult iroin (audj-oint o f the d o c t o r and the en- at Is di sease* \\ l t hi nk we know, and . ' t t o " lav men the t e r m c o n ; u n s up : minds somethin.' f a rather d e n a t ur e W h e n we p:tu>e to consider it, imc, innuite ipi.ihneations (if the term vo us. and w e are c o n f r o n t e d with condition* that tall into the /one of - s u c h as, for example. whet her hera disease. A t any rate, we >av it is nor mal condition, a nd Jet it go at when u e come to add to the doubt lU "disease" the even mo r e mdeUutle i ccupai i onal " or "i ndus t ri al . ' ' u e mid es hi an area t o f hi ghl i ght sur:l hy a vast and inerea>i ny /one of \ s.jading oft into Fuchiau night, w then shall u e def i ne the term honal disease" ? diseases stand out in our minds as and dcfinitclv occupational. A s to have no great duliculty, either k y - islativcly or administratively. These include the wel l -known metallic and chemical pm sotts that a i e so definite and charaeP ri-tw a part of sumo industrial processes. Wer e the diseases arising from the use o f these substance-* the only occupational docUMs with which we need concern u i i m l v i s , the legislative dilhculty would he hugel y ta- m m e d , and we could sal'cl) entrust the pruhlem to the doctor and the cnymcei. , hut u e have s a il that the legislative problem i> not >o simple. X"or i> it simple administratively. W'e find o u i ' c k e s floun dering in a veritable morass, cither b o a u s e of the inherent difficulties of the situation, or because we have not or cannot agree on our ob j c r i i w It all parties woul d ru'ogm/e the di l i uul l i c' and the luuitatimis on u ha t industry ia:; do, or can fairly he e x pected to do, we could mtuli mo i e eonlukn:l>- face the future, i f we could agree that provision fur "occupational diseases" is not svnonv mous with General health and life insurance for mdustiial workers at induxtr\*> expense, then I am Mire we could gel somewhere very definitely. lint ha* there not been too much loo*e thinking on the subject? W c are n u t with a Cm lulls situation W'e find the advocates ot sO-c.d led "all- inch)- i \ e" 'ta(nto; y cov er ave deliberately seeking ind*hnite:ivss Thi s is unlike them, for w Ik u thc> know what their obj ective is, and are wilhu;--, to d o closc it. thev liave not refrained f t o m p K " iug thur advantage with definite ami spe cific pm pose, am! with t xact l anguage P accomplis]i that purpose That, at a m late, is c o r n a l legislative prru edure !hit in this held, eyiJ) where tho liahihiv o f the employer h made inescapable, the coiistaur Mi u g o i i u n is pm forth that it is n u d e for the legislature to attempt a deitnition or delimitation (it occupational d o - and. therefore, words o f the most general character should he employed, l e a v i ng to the courts the interpretation o f the law as they ' t x ht. I uhmit that U i> not the function o f the courts to make up the ieyislatixe mind; that is the function and the riyht and tlve duty o f the legislature X o r di oul d the legislature seek to avoid and evade respon>ibihty b> t r ansf erri ng to c o m l> and commission-, the determination of questions o liability which the legisla ture finds too diihcult for it to determine for ilbdf. cJl\ .< tii / I k '. u.\.' _ i. T o effect o n c r a ; ^1 under the o(/mpui>;it!tmi l.iv., ilit refill <. Iv* any xurlt " ui n;i l .ilid \ a ; i k l.i i ;11.1ye .i-> (hr t r im "any .uni all iia tijuinMu! ill-f.i'-t-N." ur by adding In 11:r tIt lira l'a>u ol ",n i hlri:!al m j n i y '' l In: plna-r "ami -hall unl ink o nn pa l mna l tit-'I'.hi is io i'm .lie an uikrtl aui hahthlyone: lh.it iiuy rnjuiie tn-lli'S and peihaps dmaj'pointin:; litigation l,( |<ie t?;t; meaning o f tin* lav* is r-l.il.lislu d , ami will must ft i tamlv he a t l i ' ' t i \ k f In w^r kt i s ami employ 11 An (*\ffl)f:it rule--a caidiual rule--m statutory dialling, m to im: wo o l s o f <U:it - mtf, rei lam ami umlei -uandable meaning, u-wd m their acceptance, rather than to f o m l to \agm-. uncertain and im-.umi^it "* uni tU, tu woi<U the meaning ot nl mi i mm. ha i r the e i u c l ot distorting the objective that u mnight. Cuntrencmy m In c11 h> muart.unty of language, ami e o nt r t n e i -> k. eU to litigation in courts. Litigation m expensive for all par t i es; it can't - delay ; ami it tiequeutl} causes hitter (ii-appoint :m ut it breed* rancor, it may o c n luu.il 'h-re-psi't tor [he law and lor orde'.K proce-- oi government. Wa y t!a a AmuM there. be this continuing demand for the a!l-mc!u-i\e coverage? Is it v. nil the \ ayue hope that satisfaction may te-aiit m some ca-e> of misturtuue to wmke: ' who tail \ i<. tii:i-* of the direa-C that liv-it-. a- all .uni l inks in waiting for us in our pho , m oat homes, yes, and even in our -hep, a- well a- in our empluyment ? lVrhap- not- yet if that were the design, a moi e -simple \ai\ ot succeeding in tt could not uti urwi -e he contrived Are wo to under "land that J a y disease of the tuo-t conaaoa and ordinary risk of life may become an occupational disease it il- source or -uppo-sed -cauee haul its origin in an u.-cifh nt o f the employ au nt or a c o n dition l l us r in'i'sHit. or if claim w;ii made that a piv-v M-slmy di-ea-c had hcen ay* yr.'uated hy "itch condition? That is a iarye older. It would mean that indu-Uy would heroine kahic for anv ordinary dmt;w* uf life, provided that disease could he, with a show of platt-ihihty, rvlaied to a condition or incident of the employment Such disc-aws are ahno-t too numerous to enumerate. Hut we know that il.tinm have been made lor tuln. fe ulu-i-s and heait di-ea-e, the two nio-t mum roim d o n i - e s and tlie cause ot more death* than any two other diseases Add to these pneumonia, asthma, a r th n t i . ilumnnh-ni. and a host of oiln r - ; and \w ill i il u m this tin beginning ni a -\si of* Inalili insili.m<( o f tie u.i m- t l y type a - '.situi moi i ovr : that would dis m u niate bitleily ayanisi ihe 111.11\ millionwho omi i . n i stufi ili ' UK ' m pi.th.ips tu.idv the same way. hut who h a w no via mi ill at ail again g v. ha h lo as.c--. |i.. tulli \ Should not ihe meal who tails \ u ton to a di-u.asi- of oidin.ii;, 1: 't whou a: i hiny Ior a joh I.-.; j (jst as mm h Ihi {<:w . u ot the -'late as the man who bv.roim. disahkd trout the r-ame dt-ea-e and wl: < i- s(j iintimate as to nave a job.' Ia t Us be realistic, about this rhiny called Ik all U ! Ill health is a deviation from the lucilia! Ih;t what is "normal:" H o w yrcul a devi a tion is abnormal? Disease is uf many ami \ ary ttty degrees. T o what extent does the mind affect the working s t at us' O r v. hat part in the situation is played hy "udi power" ? The - c are nor fanciful questions, they arc encountered and wall obtrude thcmselvcs continually in determination of compeit-ation for disease where we depart from ihe known and c h a r a c t e r i se occupa tional diseases. From these remarks perhaps mudo will say we are opposed to coverage of occupa tional diseases under compensation kiwXni so.1 The stock casualty companies represented in the Association have not op posed and do not oppose the puneipie ot compensation for occupational diseases, it thereby is meant Compensation for tlm-e diseases that ari.se from a "'trade ri-k." or from conditions that are normally and usu ally present in the particular employment, as dUUngui>,!u:d from those onl mary hu man ills that beset all of u<. Our view ol it I* that the policy o f coverage under the law is a matter of local concern, to he vktei mined hy local legislatures in the light ot Deal demand and with due i cynnl lo local opinion ul both lama and imlu-iry No employer in this ,iye can rea-amuhly object to lair compensation for di-ea'C aiming from mieli occupational risk-, any more them he can object to reasonable c o m pensation fur disabilities due to a e cn kUa l injuries. 'Tins cur.ceplhm of i i iliistryA . mkyai ion m, ho ue v e i , quite d i l i c i m t tiuin (he c o n ception of a mbhe. ohliyatiou to care :m Il Silver Jnhilee Safety Coarjress it! i (>iit(>( 11 .le lur all vH'kin1'-' and death 11<r a lui mi ui health ami hi e insurance hr l.illt i ul>l i;.i 1i<i i. H il Ik a V.ili'I mu*, tlu* nIilr.ilKm ni lin state and the nation j- 1 flic u Miv.iIihi <.t ndtishy alone *1 h r l e a - o i u b l e , t h e m i t l l i e e u l , llte s i m .iv l u i i n d u It s t " ih >< l i ai us* >1' u)>)iv.ii u .ij il-. u u i k i i> l ui t <.u III t u n , o f l u a i l l i i- p r o v i d e l u r [lu ; i (m re >t r c a s o n a h k r v ,.t <n u mi n l o i i n d u - l n a l h y g i e n e , a t u t o vide uinijn ti'.iuii i nils lui tlio-a: vo:;:nm> thal ;ui't i m m specific named djses lli.it arc tials occupational, c l urac' 'lu /I, and |uiili.ii In tin; p i oc c " - e s m trli the v. ui her i-. envahi <1 uhivtr\ will. I a m 'sure, v i e d the chai*ee tit t)ic occupati onal di sease problem, .t is j i r o w i t c d iimlrr ;i law that proiin*. the liability o f iiuliHii y in under* mdahle term*. in the e ar l y lay*, the ueral rule u ;in to i ncl ude occupati onal c;k s in flic compe nsat i on lass hy s p e c i f y r the particular diseases nr tlie partiou- etuu!uion> Ivadmu to di seases that are med tu he occupt n mal ami roni pcnsahh s w r call a " sc he dul e " law It is tin ni in which compensat i on tor occupaml dia-a'Cs is c o r e d in all ot tlu intries ot Kurupc and o f Smith Amer- It is so -ample , it is >o sensible; it )< .i s iJ\ a d m i n i s t e r e d . t h a t t h e w o n d e r i tin , i ci f pranec {|i (he principle is nui \ cr.sal. i we sstll keel ever be f o r e lis the prmie that a dHta-e. to he d e e me d o ccupa- must he "characteristic o f and p e u r lo" the occupation, there should he ercat difficulty m arriving at a proper utorv setup tor the cover age of all true ipational diseases Metallic poisonings characteristic of occupations in which i metals arc Used. T h e direnscs charactic o f vhrnncals, ot acids, or nlkaht s and fumes, are characteristic o f and liar lo tho<c occupations in winch the o^ces arc -o exposed. The diseases of respirator) system, due to the inhala nt dusty ate the natural accompnniatul the charai tcristic e li cit of work vh dusts. icn such clear and specific lan^tiai'C is d!c, why should we he asked to Use -, broad terms, the use o t which may ttito the i;ivin" o f a bl ank check by r\ ? If the purpose is not to charge rv with diseases which are not obar- ai tcristicall) the obligation <^f mdiisjiy. wiiy continually insist tipmi die U'e ot l.myu.iye which is sUsCeplihh of imfiutciptvlatum? Me well assincd, if heidaturv-. do not p e i l o i i u tiie ir duly and lay down clear dbilitions o f lialiility, industrial hoatds ami C'>nmii'sio:m lanimt in the presence nl tin* w khw s, orphans, and i ndu-lnal rtipph s, In' expected to exercise uM.ater coinage than (he legislatures The law m the hands of 'lull an administrative 1K.d\ will hr scanned. and 1 ear scanned in vain, tor limit mv: words or lanyuaec lo stay the hand ot industry's s*d f-ronstituled aim met The legislative tund, I am happy to rvport, in recent years has been toward the denude, rather than the indefinite Despite tremendous pressure, no legislature lias, in the past three years, adopiwl a hlmd. "aM-melusive'* occupational disease law, except Ne w \ ork, of wliich I shall speak more m detail presently Michigan. Rhode Island. i \ m i s \ 1vania, Delaware, North Carolina, and Washington, anionv* the states mu-t recently enacting occupational diseases laws, have a d o p k d the "svludutc" or -pwitiv nu thod ot coverage T w o y cai s ayo, ( di m amended its scheduled occupational di'casv law hy addin" dust diseases to its existing schedule In two other states, namely, Illi nois and Indiana, occupational disease !nu> have been enactcvl in yen. ral term-. H o w ever, in identical lan^u:is*c, the>c two states have undertaken to limit and define o ccupa tional dDeases and have attempted t h e n m to safeguard industry ayahi't liability for the diseases of ordinary life AUhouyii doubtless familiar to many, clw definition in the laws of those two states will hear repetition, as indientiu" the e x treme o f difficulty in attempting to exactly define an occupational disease. "Sec (). In this Act the term Occupa tjonal Di.sea-e' means a disease arising van of and in the course ot the employment Ordinary diseases of life to which the y;vneral public is exposed outside of the e m ployment shall not be compensable, except where the said diseases follow as an in cident ut an occupational disease as defined sn tins section. "A disease shall lie deemed to arise out o f the employ merit, only if there is apparmt to the rational mind upon consideration nt all the circumstance'., a direct causal c o n nection between tin* conditions under winch 0 Ci'it p a t i n Hill 1 1laV</ i 215 the wo 11: |S ;l>ri tunned ami tin' orctipalional (IlMM-Md. and w hu h i. an irp Mi n to ll.UC f'i>111m <d as a n.ilut.il unii lent o i i Ik- \vm Is a-, a iirsllll ,tf ihr t;v pt -sure oceaMoiud hy llu* nature <it the employ meut and w Idi It PU hr fail h, t i . ui d to llu: cinplnv im nt as 1III* po \ HU.t !r Gatp-v, and u 1m )i dt m-s in I l tIIIIt- ! n >i11 a h.i/.iu! lo w lm. ii w oi kirn n \\ OI)|<I IldW hern Ci!u.dl> 0 YJK)SCll outside ot the i ni|>l i\ ment. H a di-ia>c imi't Initu'uh uial to the ehar; i der ot" the hu'-iMi/'s" ami m<l iude pendent o t till.: relation of emjilcn or ami emplo\ uc. The tM-asit need not to haii )<. ell lot OlTM or expected Inst at U r its contraction it m u s t appear to have 1i.i<! its origin in a risk connected uitli the cmployaient and to have flowed from that source as a rational consequence.'' 1'mli.r tlii.-, tlitfinition no industrial matican, with any assurance, he i nformed uliat his obligation is to his uorknian, and assuredly no uorkman >11 It'vrinyj from di s ease can siinl) know whether he is e n titled to comjH n-ation under that law. O f Cuur-e. as is lo he expected, litigation over the interpretation o f tins dctinition is a l ready III pi ogress in both of these states And situations uiil arise constantly in the mini e u l n r e the facts w ill he such that only liiigalum in the courts will determine the liability o f industry, or theri;:ht o f the u in ker to he compensated. 1 lie el.uin- actual!) filed with the I n dustrial l i u i i mi -i u i i of Illinois already include undid.mt fever (a disease said to he commonly communicated b_v milk .and meat piuduets), tularemia, rheumatic fever, arthritis, rheumatic heart, heart disease, amehie dysenury, varicose veins, flat feet, athlete's foot, cerebral hemorrhage alleged to he due to overwork, syringomyelia, and nerve disorder. I have not mentioned the claims ior chaiacleristie occupational d i s eases, such as silicosis curhon monoxide poisoning, and the various other toxic con ditions which clcatly come under the Act. I have referred to the fact that Ne w \ Oi k, alone, has in recent years enacted a law covering oecupatjon.il diseases in g e n eral terms. N'ew York was the first state, I believe, to enact an outright compensation law for occupational diseases. It did so in 19?0. Th e law was a schedule type law. (it so happens that I had the privilege o f living one of those who collaborated in the draft^s^ing o f that law ) We were dealing with a new -suhjev t \\ t; e \ am in. d fll( l \ l-ta.; laws m ullii i lonntvu s and adopt .1 lia lot III dial - aui ud he-st ;wla,p l e d t- <>UI . t,, d il a >iis, mi nul) , ilu hie; h-l,i law <i'.i bn 11| M lional dme.i t -, The m ho Ink W.( -, i 1i G. time tu linn', u d . u m d a . m w :11:!1; lunee- .m's i lcu 1Ha vl lu w ,!) -i i . . IT 1' the m. 11c:<1ii 11* had h n u ail. 11;a d p, n e\ ei y dmease lh.if was a i-.a. aii.d ii.V/.'.' ' to llu: workers m New V'of lx Sl. e. w !: (lie. single eM"ejtnn ul tl a d mt do of the: iuay.s. hi order :-in .J> .iial i ei :mm. to l,riuni such condition-- withan ihe j m : view .ot the law. theic Wa-s l it.acU-d a: i a>! ditional item in the schedule, reading "aw. and all occupational diseases." The s c he d ule vva> not repealed, ami the admire.strativ e provisions in the law with respect to the schedule were continued. One o f the firs', questions that arose under this new law was whether the now classification super seded the schedule and the limitations stg forth therein, or whether it was an a d d i tion to the .schedule and applied only to those conditions nut previously Included therein The legislature, having evaded the duty of denning the term "occupational disease," the Industrial Hoard, which administers the law, adopted a definition. That definition is well worth repeating: that the Hoard deems a disease to be occupational only w licit it is "characteristic o f and peculiar to the trade, employment, or occupation" in which a worker was engaged. This defi nition was adopted almost verbatim in the Rhode Islam! and Michigan Raws The Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, however, declined to follow it, ami h> a vote of three to two, held that nay disease that arises out of a condition incidental to the employment must be deemed to be an occupational disease. (Hi>M<jp v-v. C o o l e r & V o l l o t k , J M A p p i i ..: c Division, 492*, IioMIk.tk Vs. PiJ M.w-w> Corpora l i o n , 251 A p p e l l a t e D h i u u a , ) The Goldberg case was appealed to the Court of Appeals--the court o f last re-ort in N e w York. So completely do thi facts in the Goldberg case bear out uliat 1 have sail! about indefinite liabilities under an allinclusive law, that they will hear lepctuam. Shirley Goldberg was employed to sell tickets in a moving picture theater. Her booth was on the sidewallCj, It was Kept heated, iu cold weather, b y ^ A i i a l l electric heater, operated from noth. She contracted what she described .< blotches or a ra-dt on her levs. T h e 'etche- or ra-h -In: claimed were due to te alternate lu.ilnr; and dul li ng of her -4 -* when die >\\ itc lied on or oiT the heater, hey did not Cuu-tiluP: a di-iihdity l low* u-i, on 1 oiuj'l.iiiit to her employer, >hc ua< >ld to Me her dm lor. \ \ hde on her way o m:c her doctor, on her own lime, >he I ' ipju-d on the si dewal k ami fell, f nu l uri ng ' n an Me Although the da> was cold and e ti 'titn.il there w.i' tee and '-now on the Icwuik. the claimant alleged that die tell !!> due. to v u n l . n c ^ resulting f rom m-c hlotclu ", and the Indn-iiia! I'oatd tumul; and tonnd that the cau<c of die dl w;h an occupational diM-.iM-, ch.t:a !<. 1 * tic o f and p<. 1 11i1.it" to |u 1 empl oy tin i:t The ( unit of Appeal-, in an opinion that . istlvs wi th logic ami >mtnd sense, struck, a- tree-tor-all r-\-tcm from the language ; the Xuw \ ork Act. They unanmmu-ly t'ti-ed to concede that this v.;is an ocewiiional disru-e. T o make uxcrv disca-c at ;ia>-c out o f and in the course of cmu u uu i t conipcn-ahle as an occupational .sea-e. they .-aid. woul d he to make the* mpen-'.Uiun law "the equivalent ot h i e a! iiealth i n- mane c . " Tiie court ftirciu r ul that to be "occupational," the di-en-c it'll he one which "re-ults from t i e uatc o f the employ m e n d ' : and that by i ure or the employ im.nt js imuut--cou'hii<.>n' which ail employees of a class arc Mibji.ci a I which attach to the occupati on--"a /ard winch distinguishes it from die u-u.d u 01 occupation^, ami is in e.\cc-> of the *./ard attending, empl oyment in g e n e r a l '* `idl.cr-.- `k ' M . n c> C o r p o r a t i o n . c ie c o l e -1 Ltnu.uv It, tOts. \nd rej>oricd m 27G, X. Y. : i l IJ .V V. Ct.vl U l ) Thus, alter more than two years of cat uncertainty a- to the meaning o f tin: v, the Court o f Appeals has eliminate`I >m the New* York Stat ut e the dAea-e- ordinary life which are only incidental speculativ ely related to the occupation lust a wo u l akoiit hernia a> an occup.inal (lise.i'e. W-vcr h e r Uo f o r c i r g a i d i d an occupational disease, hut quite k i n dly rcco^ni/id under certain circuit:* nccs as an accidental i njury-- the Orculonnl I h u a - e Law o f Michigan, enart<<l year, specifically i ml ude d hernia in schedule oi doca-es. Aot all berime. ve\er, are so i uclmkd, but only tlio-c .rly-,of recent origin, as to wl mh dis ability follows immediately, and in winch prompt report to the employer i-> made. 1 1: 1= is not Inr dittcreut t m m the rule in regard to lurma as an accident. luit in New- York, during the past ye/r, it has become somewhat the fa-hion to regard almost every liernia as eitlui an accident or ;vn occupational disease. 1 his f ol lowed on a decision ut the (.unit of Appeals, sustaining an nwaul tor l i n n u as an occupational di-ca-e win rein the* i n dustrial Hoard specifically found that no accident had occurred In the ca-c piesented, tlie worker was requited, m tin course oi his employment, at Ireijmnt inter\als, to rotate his body on the hips Thi s man was employed in a :;la--s faetir\ lie. ;.;atlieicd molten glass on the cud ol a punny, which he, in turn, .swung ahmit and placed in a mold Th e weight was n>t excessive, being only a matter o f a few pounds. Li allirming this aw ard, the Court o f Appeals .said: "Th e finding, supported by evidence, is that the continuous Catherine; and lifting u) glass frum a furnace involved a constant twisting and straining of the body. This process, from gradual stretching, resulted iu a herma which is a disease (Matter nt Al pci t vs. Po we r s 22.5 X. Y. 97, 101 ) There is medical testimony that claimant's o c cu pation would produce this disease and theie are judicial decisions in other jm I'diclious holding that hernia is an occupational ili-cusf (Marathon Paper Mills l\> v \ Ind Coiuni 20.5 \Yis. 17; Tiavcle-rs (in Co \ s Locke 56 l ed. (2nd) 4 U, -(-14)." ( T o u t vs C i l ' c t a L r H c u u w r s I i u , 27S X*. Y. J IS t Ci X*. H. J ii il .p .O .) I'erliaps the mo^t conlrover-ial que-tion i nvol ved in occupational di~ea>c k y i d a t i o n I-. th.e treatment o i liabilities tor <111' t di. c a- e s o f the lun,'S. In no cla-s of e a - c ' is tint ma r k e d difference between accident-. ;tri<in,^ tit a ijivcn time anil |>Iace anil o c c u pational diseases more prononneeiL In tlii. catce'oi > oi ca-cs, 0 ind -ihcosis, a n t h ; a m -.iliiV'i-, and a i bc s t o ds , all o f them i-.ruio f pncuiiinnoeonio-i . While ttie-o disea-c. in .sonic o f their f orms are among the most ancient, their ravages having been 1co nt i nued generat i ons ago, little has been l.r.ouu until recent vears of lln ir (vu-alimi. o i their pathology, and of their coniplhalioih with other diiea^es. A vast fund of k n o w l e d g e o f t)ie--e diseases has been {.till e red in the past p -ii years, and inten-r. c 01 I t it t ./ lO / .M . studies of Ilicir etiology and pathology an* "till oius forward Oiu. tael bt.'.iuN out dea r l y , ai;d that k, that llu-w ds-a"f') tU not pro'^rv^ to the point o f cii":\!ji111>' until a l t e r many \ca;> of expo-lire to duM T h e length ot time, varying trom ii\c to twenty-live or nn.iv war>, A dcpvmkr. t in h u g e mvn.Miiv upon the eo m' i nJi .111o n ot duM, the coni ' position of llit duM, the time ;uiit:dl> v\ postil dmm. ; wuhui'. ; Imuis, and the in dividual Mi-ecptihih'> 01 o-'i-'tauee ol the v, 111 !vi*i A no the i i.wt t h 't stands out is fli.it the (il.ro-k o f the Inn^s, once a c quit id, is p wma u u i l and incurable. and, in urn omphcal vd c.'M'n i> not MiwvptiMv to im'il'i al 111. at u k nl M a i n tfi<j11 -, 11o [-%ol wutkei s (od.u, ui nhr i;n law hut iliv common law, have In-in e m p l owd in uiipl<niiiui!.> expo.Miii; tlteni to more or k"> heavy concentrations of dit>1 for many yearn In the event of the enact ment of an occupational di-aa-sC law in cluding tho-v di-wu'-vs, industry will find itself, at the si i oke of a pen, liable for condition* already acquired through lony years of employment, an<) which may b e come doabliny' at ;m\ moment. In this sit uation, the best guaranty against disabk metit is continuous and steady employ mint. Manv a man, aetunllv aide to wank ami earn ynod u ; r '0 \ while he has a joh, will he aide to demonstrate by x-ray and clin ical examination the. presence of a marked i k ' s n e ot mIko m", when Ins jol> Mop" because of di prc--ion or othtrw i-w Hence ari-es the ipie-stion ot the so-called "acei tied liabilities/' Tin., term licit has come into common m e i.s perhaps not tin exact term, in that "liability" docs not occur until disablement, :ind tlic liability is only '`accrued'' at that time. What we have in mind when \\e discuss accrued liahilities is the coiulition o f fibrosis o f tlic limits which lias accrued and h a l i c e n acipiircd over a pcriud of years This condition, Heine; permanent, remains with the worker, whatever and wherever may be b n employment. Perhaps :i more ex.u t cxpi e'-unn would lie `'(i.-ilt nti.ll liabilities," and yet tin) an: more than |iotcnlial; the condition /ti\ in;; ri-e It. them is actually existent. Industry tills u> i|mlr truly that it canriot nov. pay full compensation out o i c ur rent income to all of tin- men employed m indi: -.try wh o may have in the p, in'i'ii r T1ed some deyree o f lihrosns ot the' ! r.tn if industry v.miiot assume t b - w b a!,ti ilk how mmdi h.-ss ju-stifiv;iltion p 1ll. isto c. ill upon uoiii.mvc, out " f till- 11]lniiimt-) o f :i:v\ t \ i :u , to pay toi di ' abh mn111' nc fp 11:'t.,(1 o w r the paM httvv n ) imi and fur 'whu h i l l ccri w d no pn m mm 1 f :i ihi- <i/fv':i?( situation. 1 )i.i - hi't u f. d 11vi rs-ary in manv - Il U' ' , i : viu phr. mi lit s to hi ((Hi[ii!U"i: and :ICi:;!. f I'lipPid. and if ii'i ai v v'.v nt ij.il!> t. iM Co:..; 'vii-aii d lor `.In,- :!uo-x avijmi vd dm to f:utim: vxpo-mn. to ah- T vv, {< :l , o .i( e \ l l nt, industry n o in the oMv..;aliou (if l. mupv.W a t <>n for paM v\p<sin k - . and Ilo h a . Cur.:;,u n-.ilion upon (he vx'-int ot v.\p> 'll w ;i)'h :; thv ci urt nunt of an ovs'u; '.ll :i 1'i.ii d~,; t - c law. T h i s , tbvi v h.is comIV into accc p t a m v in ' c u t ;i1 Malm the prin ti j . l v of graduated com pen sat ion bencli i ^ fo ; d.iM di-ea-es, limited to i u t i n c expo- am! eliminatim; in lar.ye me a-nre ttic LX po-;: n s o f the p.'l'!. V : ralee this system contpen-utiuu )' U' di,abb: :y or death oceurriir; <li.'.nnc,r dlie i i f ' i mot : til under the new l aw '\ o idd 1JC only a m miinal amount (It has bexn <ct Is low as 5 5IKI to start with). A pLl -si ill l1; d d o ! d u n n y the Second or third iuv-m; afiLT the enactment o f an occup.i.Uoual dl:c;i m: l a w will have been exposed, to al vo n a l i CXte :it at least, under (bat law. T*uc ON posu re is perhaps in itself tiwunicu-iU to aetu:ally result in any harm I hit ill 0 1nax nmn u henetits will be inn ea sed, i).. m! h bv nion th by small inert-mint.-. mittl ::i tlir eour so o f two or three years the full limit char cable to industry in the pa : ti. miar tale: will inve been reached Ti n- - l u n is not so complicated as it nn;;h[ m'i ui. Ti nC elTrCt of it is rather to jioslpiiiic tin Z o m z into vft vet o *l dust di -vayv law for a m:t!:tcr of t'.\ o or three \ . a; s. and vxpendi ce undv r 111A law lias dvim 'M-strated that f ew vlaim-s ai I-iv where thl` Cump'vn-.iii'.a hvi ic i:it^ arc "O liniii id. tlu: w m k u - :' l i vr r11i- to -s*a\ at \'.oil; a- I'Hl'.; a> incan. Jt m,iy )>c 1 that it \o . i k s h.n -hi. in 11:v ca-'V of tlir Pvr-*u who 1.vi", m u ' really total!;-, di- aUu ! in (he i at U i:i'.r!!;s of la w. \\ Iwn mm survd i>> ll.r liahibtv wi1i1 w Im b the ton j111*>\vi nu\ faiily !> chai c,.<d, it iloes no!. m fact, u m k a h.n d dnp, and u hen vom pared v.:;:ii the exa-tui system ill States not now umk i oi vii- u / . . \ t - > U i > l\ w national disease laws, it not only I" not .i hardship but i>. in tact, a great boon T h e pnnciplc of limited and graduated liability ot the employer for dust di-eases has been reco;.;iu/cd b> enactments in N e w York, Mulligan, I'cnns>| \ani a and Oliio. \ n unu-mal pn>\ish>n has been adopted *n the ''fate c>l \ \ .idlington, providing under their schedule to* in o f l aw that the cost ot compensation 101 occupational di'ciocs 'hall he divided equally het wi en the e til plover and his uu t ke rs , and deducti ons diall he made from (lie e m p l o y e s ' wage-, as comrdnUioii-, toward the insurance premiums involved But what, \nu ma\ ''ay, has all this to d o with the s.vlYtv engi neer 5 It has Hindi d he safety engineer can no longer regard himself as doing his mh it lie seeks only ways and means to eliminate the industrial accident. The in dustrial hvgieni't must become tlie coll eague of the industrial engineer. Medical ' Ci uae nui't give intensive thought and studv to ditcrmming the eUects upon the human system ut various industrial processes. atid exposure to variuits materials therein All exposures cannot he eliminated and still have imhi'trv pcrtwiin its functions. Must important, thcieiure. is the medical de t e r mination o f what are s a f e limits in e x posure's--the so-called "threshold limit'." The engineer cries aloud today for expert nodical guidance on this subject Armed vith Mich medical opinion and advice, the a<k of the engineer then is to devise pracical wavs and means for attaining condiion ; where such threshold limits applv Kvery industry presents a problem or erics of problems in itself Xu two inustries are exactly alike. What is tolerMc in one may be intolerable in another. Yhat is good practice in one indiJ'try my he totally inapplicable for practical casOns in another, 'flic task ot the etiinecr then is to and how right principles lav be made applicable. Industry todav. inore than at an> time t its history, mtist bear the burden o f ;>pon>ibility for the health as well as tor ie safety of the industrial worker, and if ib health ami his s af e t y are adequate Iy ifeguarded his happiness and the happiness f hose about linn will be increased The r e)re, it is of prime i mportance in the field * safety that intensive and increasing in- tercst must be given to industrial health. Tlie care for the health of the worker nui't not be confined to the guarding against those conditions that are mentioned specifically in the law. The engineer's tcsponbibihty is a broader responsibility than is the legal liability for compensation. I here can he no doubt that the enumeration in tlie law of specific conditions tor which liability is absolute will ho of great ad vantage to the industrial engineer in s e e k ing to enforce proper health standard', it is tar easier for him to obtain approval of his recommendations, if he can point out to management that the use of hen/ol oi ' o me bcn/ol derivative is specifically men tioned, and point to the specific paragraph in the law that cites the liability u! the employer for that condition No argument is needed to convince management of it' obligation in such a ca>e ' f he same is true with rcgaul to ail of the metallic poisonings and all of the other wide range o f chemical exposures Psyc ho logically there is great power in the printed word, and even the most backward manage ment may be made to respond when the clear mandate is set forth in the law. Not so easy will it he, under a general, vague, and all-inclusive occupational disease statute, to convince management that it lias .spccilu: duties with regard to tlie elimination of health hazards. Thus, we see there is an other and potent argument tor tlie schedule law. rather than the all-inclusive law. There is perhaps yet another and even more compelling reason for applv ing the rule o f sanity and common justice to leg islative mandate in the complex field of occupational disease. Shall employment he limited to those who arc plivdcnlly per i o d ? All humans are not examples of physical perfection, nor can we by legisla tive fiat reverse the laws o f nature which immutably decree that we shall grow older with the passing years We have seen and discussed the dangers inherent in the all-inclusive theoiv of stretching the law to cover every sort and condition o f disease, and to try to make them employment-related When that stretching is complete, when administrators o f the law find it easy and possible to burden industry with the responsibility of health insurance under the guise of an occupational disease sfatuu what of iJiom. n\ who, wanting employment or seeking to re tain it, arc not physically perfect yet c er tainly a n not di -.tf>fc<1' Much is heard lodav o f the (.head l o i t y year-line lor employ meut. Whale-ver the lav.ts may he as to that, is 1it not p<> .sibh -- if not pro balile--that iudtis try, in (U*"peralion and ;igainst it> d o i n g will lie t(>u ed c\ eiitualU to aei ept only those a mo n g whom the health hazards ;ire least unerrt a i n- the |>h\sic.illy perfect. the y ou n g and flic strong ? \\ e may well pan -e to COM- / / "ider the devastation Mich a situation noni' produce. (u the interest of all workers, the yomm and tin. old. the perfect and the nnperfew let Us not rni kuk upon Icgi'iati.V policy ' that can lead only to enlarging the field of tmetnploymen!, and to cln-mg the (Ini; of indu-trial opportunity to those skdhd and faithful winkers who, having passed the mctidiau of life, aie -iiltjid to iho' natural iulutniiies and ilk ni the tlt - 11 t> which aM men, intime. inu-t lu.w H andicaps in the D iagnosis of Occupational Diseases By C A R R Y P. M c C O R D , M.D. Detroit, Mich. It is a popular medical belief that o c c u p a tional diseases a i e far more 1iflic'tilt to r e c ognize and precisely to class a< such than ;tri) other type o f disease state. S o firmly is tin- idea rooted in the minds of some ph\sni.uis that they ar gue that o c c u p a tional diseases m \ e i should he made enmpciisahle because o f ext raordinary d i a g nostic diilicultic*. l.aUly, l \ el t cr m$ lias said, " T h e doct or? tell us then* are certain diseases that a i e incurable. Do you know what an incurable disease i<? It is one that the doctor? d o n 't k n o w anything about. T h e disease lia< no objection til briny cured at all." Th i s nia> he paraphrased by say ing : There are no lytdiagmxahle occupational diseases. T'ho only ones that appear umhagnosahle are the one< the physician? have not learned how to diagnose. X o occupa tional disease lias ever offered any resis tance of it< own to being diagnosed. The disease is pet fectly willing to be diagnosed. At least one-half of all occupational d i seases are almost self-diagnosing, particu larly when arising in groups; the remaining half present no greater difficulties than attend the diagnosis of some other classes of diseases. To maintain that occupational diseases are beyond the diagnostic skill of the physician is pure defeatism. With equal piopriety, if might he suggested that all neurology he abandoned because the m a jority of conditions arising in this field may not he diagnosed with ease. While it may he said that thete a i e no uiidiagtiosahle occupational di'Orn it mu* he recognized that many remain uiuha nosed, or mo i e often misdiagnosed. "Ikprime reason for this is that the i i ' i r physician ' u o only small nuuilui' m an one type of occupational discu-e 1 akin. Ohio as a typical industrial stale, the tom' number oi occupational (Inca-cs, com perm able and otherwise, reported to the St;it iJcpaitMKtu o f Health during the year 1^' was l,(>fn. On tr.c othci hand. llu.v. a: e this siate d.2(){) physicians. Tim-, only m occupational disease arose tor every a * doctors in the stale. Here tlu.ii is the foremost handicap t the recognition and diagnosis of ocrup.tion.il di-eases and at the same time back handed compliment to industry I* dustry, because of its prevention achii \ i ncut s has so limited the munher of cupational diseases that day by day li. physician is ordinarily not spurred to ti possdulity that any worker who <cck' h: protc.ssional guidance may ha\ e a ili'ea-e : occupational origin Here, too, is the tuud mental reason why more medical <eho" do not develop training department' in tb field or organize special hospital sc r \ a for flic cate of occupational di'-.me ! ticnts. Whi l e there are reasons for rejoicing tl. there are comparatively so feu occupntio; disease?, we should recognize 111. t th. are specific situations which introduce Ji uo'iic difficulties A nmnhcr oi the-e now presented, as separate entities Definition and T erm in ology M ik'Ii runfiiMou is c a l l e d by lack o f mi i A r mi l y and cl.ti tv in definition S c a r c e l y n\ t 'AD Mat > in tl ui r blalulcs accept the tine definition o f an occupational disease, i a lYu state', lienu.i is by law specified . an occupati onal di-c.i-i*. K dw fvi.r, in ti ic .Mjtiiil)' o f slates it is, when r c k i h d to inUiMrv as a cause, classed as a tr aumati c ujuty. in a tcu -t.ilfs, the definition o f i) occn ji.j 11a1:11 <11' ea st; p w n i d i d b\ statute sihdi that o i (.nil items later appeal in;; on IrmIhIcs tlieiN'i h c" d<> not conf orm to . definition furnished Wi ll i mnui ug legislators might enact a o\ declaring that t u o ami t uo make -evi n. it the inathciuatical facts still might rei.un otherwise. So with legislation ingiving occupational d i wa - c duiguoA-, there ay he d i ma n d s for h gal acceptance o f rtain conditions as occupational diseases hen elementary medical facts point other* isc. One group of physicians may reserve 0 term " i nj ury" for e xcl us i ve u-c in cone `.ton u it!i trauma, whil e another with lOprietv n n \ assert that occupational di -, ;s of many natures represent "injury" the .same extent implied bv the term " 'umati'm " I.et Us consider, for example, the occmrice of an accidental injury or the one uul and a clear-cut occurrence of an oc.pational di<ca>e on the other, both caused om one and the same substance. hut under Hi*rcnt rircunistauci s. It might come lit in a ifi\en factory that a workman u red a tank car, lately emptied of ben', and in the absence o f suitable protecc and precautionary measures might, thin ten minutes, become asphyxiated as result o f breadline benzol vapors. Mandly, such an nrcurrencc as this would accepted as an accidental injury and no npensation board would ever raise a s ion that M i c h was not the ca*c. hi the other hand, this same benzol, ci. f rom this tank car. might be utilized this same factory in f o m e produriive ration, gi vi ng rHc to benzol vapors. I)a> lay, another workman might inhale some hese vapors. In due course, this woi k I'liu: might product the usual and acteristic features of that occupational isc known as benzol poisoning. Here n it is most unlikely that any physician ompciwalion board would entertain any uncertainty that this condition represents a characteristic occupational disease. Iw'tv.ecn these extremes, there is same point at which difficulties would a r i s e in distinguishing occupational disease- t m m accidental injuries This Mime situainm up* phes to many other substances and m.ms other occupational diseases There i> pi i h a p s no warrant for any attempt at a hard and fa>t demarcation in tonus of time, in dieating where an accidental injury exp sure leaves oil and an occupational disia-e exposure begins. However, there may be some justification for the practice o f many physicians, who hold that if the exposure leading to damage is le-s than one work period, the ensuing injury- should lie recogni/ed as an accident. Conversely, it the exposure period extends for more than one work period, then the resulting damage may with propriety be a c cepted as an occupational disease. In gen eral, it may he claimed that one o f the disturbing handicaps to uniformity, clarity, and precision in connection with occupa tional disease diagnoses stands in relation to awkward legal situations, inadequate defi nitions, unsuited classifications and such Fallacious Medical Histories As a result of careful training, c \ e i \ physician is disposed to attach significance to the history statements given by a pa tient or members of his family* with re gard to any* disease. The le-- a p h \ d u n may know about the possible efioMgic factin any situation, the more consideration In i's likely to give to history' statements. It is human nature to associate all of our ills with sfimo particular happening or series (f happenings. A cold may be associated yxith a particular period of sitting in a draft. A gastro-intestinal upset is prone to be associated with some particular akoliolic bout or food engorgement. In the case o f industrial y\orkcrs. there is an especial proneness to associate au\ bodily ailment with some aspect ot work Inasmuch as almost every workman hopes, openl y or secretly, that any and all dis eases from yyliieh be may sufter may be laid at the door of hi- employer, he K most likely to stress and emphasize the high probability that this condition unfailingly was produced by the chemicals, gases, va por-, dusts, etc. that attend his wo i k oper- (_A . i t / ' u h ,u:l ' a.,, ations. This docs not necessarily repieseul didioncsiy oi cupidity on the part of tin- patient ami only may involve- those human frailties -h.lied hy all o f 1 0 . .Vo less, llu: hi'-loiy statement may tin duly i nl l mmv the physician in hi-, dingth *'/', may /tad to mi ai ia; .nosin.y, may pave tin- way tot imwai ranted claims or law suits without any c-vd intent on the pait o f the 1diy dei.m. It is most nntoi lunate tliat tile physician is all too often unable to appiaise the worth o f / c o r k history statements pro vided lie a patient. Let tn, for tire moment, assume that a specialist in ear diseases is visited by a patient on account o f deafness. In connection with the history, the physi cian may record that this patient is a drop forge operator. The physician may go ahead ami make many careful examinations, looking tor the cause of the deafness, from infection, from syphilis, from heredity, etc. It, however, lie had obtained a complete w o i k history, and was in position to evalu ate this work history, he might come at once to know that this drop forge operator is perhaps exposed to as much noise and concu-sion as ever arises in ordinary indust r i a / v v o i k and that the deafness present clearly is an oceupfStioual disease, resulting from sustained noise exposure. It may he asserted that well meaning physicians, without any evil intent, through their misunderstanding of patients' descrip tions of work operations have become rcspou-ilde for a high percentage of the large number of unwarranted suits that have flood.d the country in recent years. In .-diort, one of'the handicaps to the proper diagnosis of occupational diseases is to be found in the attaching of undue significance to the patient's statements as to wo r k con ditions, when the physician hi msel f is un able to apprai-e their reliability and merit. Some physicians need to make themselves more remote to the fallacy- that just because a woikmnn is employed in a dangerous trade, inevitably any ailment must neces sarily be the result of work exposure. The r e still may be a few persons who may believe that lead poisoning may arise from work in making lead pencils. Tim e as a Handicap in Diagnosis T o o often the physician well qualified in the field of occupational diseases, docs not see the patient or claimant whose condition is to be appraised until long after that time within which the disease might* havbeen diagnosed with precision. W'ithou' any puipusc o f condemning or iimling fault, tlie fail must he faced that in many i n stances the decision of a patient to blnim. his nilimiit on woi k cniisis was not mad within that pciimi wlwn some or all ot the characteristic m.mi testations were pi escut. Then, at some later time, a physician qualified m occupational di.siase work ui.i he called upon to examine the claimant o to reach a deci-ion based upon the exam nation of inadequate records of aiiwlhcr phy'sicinn who him-elf did not carry mu any examinations with particular leterenc. to that occupational disease for which a claim later lias been filed, 'l'his is asking too much o f the diagnostic ability o f any good physician. On the witness stand, the charlatan a l ways makes the Letter impression on a jury, because he is unhampered bv the caution and reserve that guide the up right witness. Being positive is otter, merely a matter of being wrong in a loud voice i Th e point is that the time to make a di a g nosis of an occupational di-vu-v is that perioil during which the disease exists. Otherwise, the most accomplished physi cian may be placed in an unfortunate p o sition in the reaching of his decisions. Insufficient Training and Experience An outstanding drawback to the propei diagnosis o f occupational diseases may he found in inadequate training in medical schools for this aspect of medical work. Thi s is not a thrust at the doctor, nor may any complaint be made against medical e d ucation today, it may not be expected that medical schools will markedly enlarge an already over-crowded curriculum to pro vide extensive instructions with reference to occupational diseases when the number of cases yearly is so small as to pu n id only one for every five Or six phy-icians. Ri-almng his own shortcomings in this field, a good general practitioner may h o n estly slum this type o f work, but this step on his p.ut may eventuate in even more undesirable situations. Th e patient, instead of living referre: to a heller qiialiliol physician in lln- held is given no advices, whereupon lie gran A i / c c r J i t n u , .'hi j i l y l u n y r i S S 11<-i low urd an interior physician, less conrnnl with the lack o f qualifications. T he .tent to which l.uk o f qualifications in nr:]'.ilion.il ili-cuse work may go is rellecteil the fact that rccmt ly a duly licensed Osician in the State o f Michigan reported i. i -tiual peristalsis" as a diagnosis of an s'Cupational disease. W h i l e lire unwi l l i ngnes s o f a physician to ccpt rcspousiluhti toe pathologic states itii which he is not cuiuetstutt is coeai'ltdahle, there still r emai ns a (lute to d i a l his patient into channels wherein adenat e sei \ ices may he p r o c u r e d Industrial Terminology One o f the most annoy mg handicaps in -Publishing the exact etiology ol a possible -'cupational disease resides in the widvrettd practice o f industry in using code mhuls in the designation of its substances. II inquiry, the patient may state to his lysieian that his wo r k consists of filling titamcr* with '`11-72." Hut, inquires the uysieian, "What is 15-72?" The patient iiuiiiues, "15-72 is a mi x t ur e of M-20 with '10 and L-b7." (Completely the physician left m the dark, hut if the truth v. ci e iowii it mi ght be s h o wn that this patient as e ngaged in the filling ot cans with a ii ni s11 remover, which consists of a mixiie ot wood alcohol, heii/ol and a s y n dic wax. Such .situations may hecume so conni-e that it ma y he al most impossible tor e physician to obtain proper information to wo r k exposures. Medical, safely, soI service or insurance depai intents ail iy ha v e diincnlty in obtaining full inniatiou as to actual chemicals and m ix es o f chemicals designated in production . atioiis only by code numbers. The Absence of Records 'lie maj ori t y o f industrial plants tail maintain sufficient medical and work irds to serve the physician properly in lection with occupational disease work x given instance an alllictcd workman gi ve as his occupation some innocuob as "elevator operator." He may tcibcr that the job be f o r e that was a< rimk driver." Th e r e his memory may Hi s wor k record may s h o w no itemt ransf er wi thi n the factory of his employ incut and no record of any pre. employ meat s. Al t ho u g h the x-ray o f the chest of this workman may strongly suggest the possibility of silicosis, nowhere on the work record may it be shown that tor a period of seven years at some much earlier time this workman was employed as a laborci in a pottery^, In this same connection it should be empliaxi/.cd that one of the many handicaps to the physician in making an accurate di agnosi s is to he found in the widespread practice o f hospital', of clinics, insurance records, etc , in merely naming the trade of a workman rather than describing his exai t occupation. It is quite insufficient for me d ical purposes for a record merely to show, lor example, that the patient was employed as an "automobile worker." 1'iuhr tinheading, there are perhaps not less than 200 different and dissimilar types of e m ployment leading to different exposures, such for e xampl e as to silica in the foundry, cyani de in the heat treating room, chromium in the plating department, lead in body tmt'shiug, and on and on. Lack of Library Facilities Wi t h s o me temerity the statement is made that regardless of many hook publi cations in the field of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases, special maga zines, and articles appearing m guicial medical magazine publications, there is. at this time, no condensed, informative niateii.nl on occupational diseases well suited to the met i s ot the family pi aetitionei. It is o f course impossible and undesirable that any attempt should be made to reduce all o f the lore o f occupational diseases to some thin book to which the practitioner may refer and with certainty obtain all tin guidance needed in the treatment and man agement o f occupational diseases. Granting all tin's, there still is occasion to assert that a real need now exists for a book publica tion on occupational diseases designed tor .services to the neighborhood physician who in the a ggi egat e sees far more occupational disease cases than the small number ot specialists in this field. Attitude Toward Industrial Medicine In times long ago, when mine workings, sawmills, ami railroad construction camps we re established in remote sections of the country, far removed from the usual sources o f medical services, it became necessary that the management bring into these iso- ' late cl wor k places a physician who mil'll! carry out all manner of medical services. TliC'e phs Mikin' set die liroktn a mi s of injured i mtui s; delivered llie babies of tlie mi ne r' ' u n i s ; treated the miner?' eluldren for ineti'les and mumps and ollierwi'e at tempted to meet the medical needs ol tin sc detached communities. Is nal l y the cumpanic' conii ilum tl to the income ot these pin siei.ms and ever) family ami entry 'ingle man wa- taxed a stipulated sum each mouth m -order to cover the physician's salary. Thus arose the term "Cmilract I'ln siettin." This perhaps did not always repie-ent the best o i medicine and not in all uistatucs were the-e contract physicians o i the highest type. Later sunu of these coiimmmties became larger towns, or cities, and other physi cians sought to gam a livelihood, only to find that the contract physician was in the saddle. Thi s gave rise to complaint and out o f this " 1'andora's box" have come ittinimerahle evils that even to this day a t tend the highest type of industrial medical supervision under the most ethical and commend.idle circumstances. It has be come a tradition on tlie part o f many of the medical proics'ii^u to blame almost am in.inner o f their economic dlbeulties upon indiisttin! phi sictatis. .So t eal is this tli-al'Uct i ou that some organized medical groups have sought to legislate against al most any form o i industrial medical prac tice and in Mime instances to deny m e m bership in medical societies to industrial phisicatts. As a result, industrial physi cians in some respects have been branded with a scarlet letter. This queer situation, strange to say, ma\ serve as a handicap in the diagnosis of occupational diseases, since some ot the best physicians, and particularly the mure timid ones, tear lest they may become b e smirched by cooperating in this type o f medical endeavor and to some extent shun any elo-e affiliation that might lead to lifted eyebrows by those regarded as the leaders of the profession. N o w that the American Medical A s s o ciation is somewhat alert to this situation am! has organized a Council on industrial Health, in-hiding some members with i n dustrial medical experience, it is to he hoped that after all the industrial p h y s i cian may b e mue respectable. New Chemicals A further deterrent to accurate diag nosis of occupational diseases is linked -up with an almost endless time ot new c h e m icals into iiulustiy's proris-c:-. Year by year, a far greater number of ne-iv c he m icals tire introduced than the number of investigations referable to their loxie.iti. L is of t en true that now he; e in the entire liti r.ilm e concerned with induMii.il t o x icology may any word he found aiding tinphi siei.tti in determining it a giie-n via uni a! might lie responsible tor a 'cries ot objec tive and subjective symptoms in any patient One of the most desirable changes needed in connection with worker health protec tion is the requiiement that no new s u b stance lie introduced into imltistiy on a production basis until it shall have been established to the extent possible, through animal experimentation, that such a sub stance is without dangerous potentialities. Significance of Handicaps in Diagnosis A recital o f the type just presented mi ght be continued almost indefinitely, but perhaps without profit. The entire situa tion nitty lie summarized by stating- that whereas occupational disca-es thrm-ilus are probably as diagiiosaMe a? an; ottnr difficult d a ' s o f diseases, just about cxeix stumbling block that may he- produced is laid tit the- door o f the phi sician since n i y seeking to acquire stilncient evidence upon winch to make exact diagnostic deei-ioii Tlie greater n u mb e r o i these Mumbling blocks represent no willful desire to hamper the physician, hut instead arise front the results o f peculiar circumstances that in some measure separate industrial disease? front the general run of alfhctious. As a consequence, large numbers of un warranted diagnose? of occupational dis eases have been made and arc being made Scores of suits have been instituted and some have he m won by claimants w h o s e claims possess no whit of merit, chicily b e cause well meaning physicians iniliappd;. implanted the seed of possibility that hi' disease might have been cati'i-d by work and that the responsibility might he laid at the door o f the employer. While the re sults may bas e appeared to u o t k an i n justice and monetary loss upon the cut ploycr, in the long run the interests ot the worker himself arc not served by these dir J n/'ih'i AltJvt v C Ol'.jriSi. .spin ions claims predicated upon improper medical ad\ tees. The usual Inal nf an occupatuaia! disease ease is a ti.ucsty. The bombasti c statement* o f some jili> 'riaiis, unattemled by any iota o f fact, bring into disrepute die intire medical prolC'sion and take away it* time honored traditions of intcgi ity and spill. A tin liar significance in tile misdiagnosis nl occupational diseases on the patt of ph\ ' i t ians is to he found in ime. .111 anted liaid'hips imposed upon employe.*. Keeently a pht-aeian made a diagnosis of silicon* in two workmen m a ghcii depaitlm nt. A s a result, wi despicad appicnhcnsioti' a i use among the remaining v . o i k e i s , sti l l. i s u e i e threatened, t a l k devciup' il ;i. to demands tor Il'ich v. age* because of un usual exposures and the expectancy or a short uo rk life. The employer was c o m pelled to spend some SS5.000 in the installa tion o f an elaborate dust control system. As a matter of fact, those two workmen did not sinter Iron) silicosis, were not in any wise disabled, had never been exposed to silica; no silica or any other harmful dii'ts were created. There was no need for the expulsive installation made and contrariwise other departments did pieseiit practical exposures for which this $85,000 might have been, spent to better adw.nrage in procurement of needed protection. The Road to Betterment Thi s entire discussion would be without any \alue if present day practices and si t uations only were condemned. More a c curate diagnoses as to occupational diseases are badly needed. T he s e uuitcr diagnoses will come in proportion to the extent that the changes now listed arc brought to ac tuality. (a) The general level o f knowledge of occupational diseases oil the part of the nodical profession should be increased hrough the introduction into medical cole.ge training o f a practical amount o f intructicm on industrial hygiene and occuational diseases furnished by men who avc had first hand experi ence in this field ini are not wholl y dependent upon textbook >re. Howe ver , it is emphasized that in ulci graduate medical training this form : instruction necessarily must be sharply idled because ot a c r o wd e d curriculum, it conversely more extensive instruction is badly needed under postgraduate auspices (b) In every industrial community, or at least in every mdiisttial state, there should be available for cooperation with the general medical prolession a numbci of much experienced and hip,lily skilled o c c u pational disease consultants, who, tlnough limiting thcii^profcssioiial activities to Ibis one aspect o f medicine, may become highly proficient in the solution of occupation.i! disease enigmas. (e) In every state and in some of the huger industrial cities, there should he maintained public institutions denoted to industrial hygiene and occupational di s eases whose technical services may he atailtible to ihe. physician in ch.uge ul p.itu u: , who may he suffering from occupational diseases, and these puidte bureaus should scree as fact finding bodies/ equally inter ested in the worker and his employer. (d) Muc h will be gained if all physicians responsible for the health of industrial workers in any capacity may make greater effort to obtain precise work histories, both present and past, and may seek to gain an adequate understanding'as to the work en vironment, its materials, machinery and possible exposures. ( e) Controversies should be eliminated in the largest possible measure from occu pational disease work. Many abler physi cians e s c he w all connections with this type of medical practice because of the sad e x perience that nearly every case may he so involved in controversy, litigation, di saf fection, until the good physician may feel that he may be degraded. ( f) A need exists for greater disclosure to physicians o f the chemical nature of work materials to the harmful nature of which empl oyees may he subjected. In dustry may have excellent reasons for hid ing the nature o f some of its chemical ma terials under code terms, but more often these rode terms are designed only for convenience and not for secret formulae purposes. A greater degree of cooperation on (lie part o f the manufacturer will even tuate in the better health protection of his workers through the more intelligent min istrations o f the patient's physician. ( g) Lastly, it may be pointed out that better diagnoses o f occupational diseases will c ome when the general m. dical pro- L ' ( i f 0 < i U l l i *. * i c/.'t l eg i o n, through iti organizations, shall alter i a t t i t t n l e Uma n l irirlitstriaJ /m<h- cine, rccoc.ui/e lliU 1>jic of vvotk Cu ;u%t the ;i})iilht>i' oi the umlcsnnhh: a>- prct'> o i i t . Uc i i i u I i o i h :, and may come to n . i l i / c that imliMry, under the guidance ot aide medical directors, i> the luentutious ource ot ininu'mn> c; hi s to he r e f i n e d tu almost c\er> speciali) m medicine, organized medicai pi'OH'sion u l x d c J u . celle should reader it' approva* and ..sup; to the cliorts ot lite ili> sici.cas earn-, seeking to pru'.eit u o t k e m from the m. datr'.er' connecied with industry'^ tli"in.i ot Mihstaitccs and woil; conditions. Necessity for Uniform Absenteeism Record In the Industrial H ealth Program By M I L T O N II. K R O N E N B E R G , M.D. Chief, Division of Industrial Hygiene, Department of Public Health, State ol Illinois, Chicago You ; nt all aware of the value of acci dent statistics. Yon know that without frei|i:ciicy and severity rates there would be no solution o f the safety problem and we would he groping in the dark But, since the are atailahie, we know where correctite measures are needed and this affords us an opportunity to correctly judge the value of ouc method of prevention over another. Tod. i t, the 'grip of statistical methods is closing down upon industry, medicine, public health and safety. Vital statistics, however imperfect, are one of the cliiet means now at tillable for measuring health, longevity and the progress of medical s e n ices m the battle against diseases. So well recognized is this fundamental principle that tlie effectiveness o f a city or state health department is judged, in a large measure, by the accuracy and com pleteness o f its morbidity and mortality reports and records. Tlie same principle obviously should hold true for the groups of workers employed in a factory, mine, quarry, public utility or department store. Thc-e rccoids are of value not so much io indicate what lias been done, although this is important enough in demonstrating to management the value of certain work and, therefore, the advisability of contin uing it, as they are to chart future action. Insufficient data have thus far pi evented the recognition of some health problems peculiar to wage earners and there is ample evidence to indicate tli.it moihidity and mortality rati s arc higher for sonic groups. Tln.-e excessive rates are especially i. able for unskilled woikcrs as shown tlie accompanying table. These death rates could only bate ! prepared by statistical methods of am sis arid, therefore, clearly point out w : one phase of our problem lies. If : nothing more than tins n e would i. plenty to do trying to uncover the u r i c . to health among the unskilled group workers. The morbidity and mortality data down by uniform and adequate repo: of cases can also s e n e as a ba-is tor ; vciition and health education among w ers, the same as is and has been done accidents. It may interest you to know time Kastman Kodak Company, Edison Eh . Illuminating Company. Hood Rubber i pane, W'eslingliousC, Metropolitan Lite. era! Motors, ami scierai others hate years made sickness studies with tin o i statistical methods. In this way were able to evaluate the dicci cut su problems confronting them and those ing attention, and at the same time these sickness records properly appand evaluated, they were able to c>. their employee's regarding di ge- t i n eases, colds, pneumonia, tubcrculou-. cer, skin disorders, as well as other incuts. Furthermore, studies conduct!.il in citie. industrial undertakings have sliov talue of stati-ili.il nut bod- m i e t tile incidente ot - m b diseases ainoiiia, tuhei cubisi', and degeneratiti _'l S u r e r JulnL'c Saf et y Congress Death Kates by Occupation <k. <,'M0-1*1 - v. t.ll MUM I u ll k Scmi-skil 1'1 <1kl r l.'iwkilt.-U w>r kt ( \U CV.:nrt t:o 5 his inu>; i 1417 7 2 N ri w'lMM ut Hi, /. i*:ci .6 72 102 1 1X1 V IX S 5'> 7 7l 0 1.15 ') ( itKtr nrl`{ I :unur< 70 .1 X5 l `JO X 106 6 Kale- .rt tun Uutl t 11;11 l m.il' -. kuot on t S Ce i i n > it.u.i m i srlcciri! St.ili - a- cs to be J11:;iier than the avuiagv ior c entire uulu'tiial population. Tins was *arly demon'll ated in a pneumonia stud) 11111!;' > i u l w ut leers which v.a-. conducted tlie L S I'tiMie ilealtli Service. Drury, some \ears ago. wa? able to show high rate of tuberculosis amcn;r worker* the a x- gr i ndi ng industry, and the Uarre, rniuni, sandy revealed a high tubercuis rale ainni); granite workers. Xudoubt. icr occupational undert aking would ve il data tor prevention, control ami eduiun were it possible to have adequate tisiical rceoicU as revealed in the' slide t >lu>u n von. fi- Sel hy ot t.encral Motors, in calhm: nh>n to hi- statistics n| i o u > that about o f a dav per annum is lost due to ncitional injuries and that includes occnoual vIi-e.t"C> as well, u h t r e a s , eight, or ten davs per venr is the total time iron! all illnesses. In I Jr N e w t's report tor the Ameri can College ot ;eon<, the figure-' are ahour tlie same s h o ws us that our industrial illiuss Icin is approxi mate!) iittecu times die >f our accident problem, is evident that industry could well .1 to concentrate on i llnesses ;imou; -earners, other than the occupational iCS. because they are* the ones that the greatest amount o f absenteeism re the* biggest drain on industry, the recent National Conference on i Conservat i on, it was esti mated that ition's bill for illness and premature a mo un t s to approxi mate!) ten bilol lars annually, ami that on every c day about four million persons in bled St at es arc incapacitated by dlX o doubt many industrial workers that last figure. imlusti ialist o f toda\ should Teeogat a sick worker is pumc to acci dents, the ./jualitv o f his work is of a lower grade, team work is disrupted, fac tor)- processes arc dislocated, undue burdens are placed on other wo i ke r s and the v. urkci himself become* dissatisfied If lie is o c cupied with wei ght ) - matters of policy ami production then >unicone m that oi gam/ution inust nsstnne the leadership and ac quaint him with the problem hv understand able and intelligent t a c t s and figures There are progressive industrial organ izations who may and have spent large sums o f money for the improvement of working conditions and for the care of workers who become ill, but without c m rent plant i nf ormat ion about die human Kirtur much o f this money and efnrt lets Ikcu spoilt oil "general principles" or per haps concentrated upon the <. Iniimat ion oi onlv one or two publicized health hazard', and uidv- from the standpoint of existing compensation laws, as for example, 'ihr o ' i x Hut the extent o f the health problem in a plant necessarily may not cud here. \\ iiii the p r o gr e s s o f i ndustry e-p c m IIv on the chemi cal side, n e w health pi ohU-r.-.s will arise resul ting in phv biological and pathol ogi cal upsets. T l i e elfect cm health will, t herefore, have to be measi uvd and evaluated. W e must have data in o u l w for one to j udge the efficacy of methods e mp l o y e d to c o mb a t disease, so wo must first know wher e health is being menaced, the relationship o f occupation to these dis eases and the causative factors responsible T h e records you keep will he a guide to ac tion as well as a record o f action T h e r e f o r e , 1 say, p r o ve your value to i ndust r y <ince ni auy a skilled industrial medical department lias been h u u u d m its budget and activities because it overlooked the necessity and value o f absenteeism re ports and record- whi ch could h a . e ! --n Used to enlighten ma n a g e ' .cut i e g a u h i ... Us Uccitl'alitmal / >iscasc health problems Perhaps in some cases the mdwt i i a l establishment ma) limi it <hflimit to lindo take a complete record - . Won or absenteeism I do urge you. though, to n u ke a start muneu here. It need not I>c too el.diorate. I l u ne heard it said that tin; ln-"t u ay to delect illnesses which arc causative of iilt'UUaM'in irinn w o i k is hv periodic ph\sical e \amin.it mn>. I am not iullv in acconl with tlin t\|e o f fir'ci cut ion. It ma j ' he Iie 11f u I u here the illness Unis longer than a we e k or ten ' d a \ s , but something should be clone about the frequent one, two nr three day absences, and J tear that periodic pJii>ie.il examinations will not help trememh>u-dy. Ti n- , of course, does not mean that luci li-t r ial medical services should a ban don or minimize that phase o f health ser v ice. The industrial hygiene divisions of State Health Departments and that of the United State Public Health Service are urging the cmplovmcnt and u>e of a uniform code for ricordine; and reporting* ahseiitccism o f tin. worker due to sickness, Forms and nielliods h.ase been developed after a study of some twenty \ ears hy the Public Health Sci \ ice and nho as a result oi (be recent National Health Inventory of chronic dis ease allietine; workers. Tlie aforementioned health agencies will gladly assist and c o opt i at e with industries desirous of wttmg up and maintaining records of sieknetliur particular plants An auah' U . evaluation oi tlicsc reports an- record another service offered b\ them to matia. meal. Hefore .dimi 111; you a f orm on uh/cl. collect >our absenteeism data, and which > he t c i mc d the " master sIiclI," l di oul d to acquaint \on with several import, items that must he 11a <1 tor w u r u c o bcJ on; they can lend iIj u d m Iu s n> ana! and evaluation T h e f orm i> self <\pl.i lory except for a few general remarks A card should he made out lur each every employee on the payroll, icgardi o f whether he or >he get' sick or not *J . is necessary in order to asceitaci the r.i of those sick to the number on the pay r. The workers' age, sex, color and oecupat. arc important to record since they will la. to be related to tlie specific exposed po; latiou. Under "occupation" state the work which the employee was engaged w iieu i sickness began. The "date disability bee-, should only be recorded lor one lull 1 or longer. In the column "work days luwe refer to calendar davS and this D nu \ >ary to pul lost time on a O 'l iqumide b.i for all employees. For "diagnosis," , should list die sickness or injury when ib nitely known; if there is any doubt ah the correctness o f the diagno-bq a statem* fl?! t h , u p , tini .Ve Sickness Record Form C-J. P . , 1,),s. r.l'ilil v K Pair mufnhtv Work Duvt .Oi! i.ttjr . / o y .0 . 1 ; /v II-,,.. h-t sHOwif !. .. ____L . Silver Jubilee S a fe ly Coiujress oi lli<* ->mplum- experienced liy the patient should In; recorded Tlic point is that tacts should he recorded and not yue-'-cs. It is i"(>re important, tor example, to know that ten men in a yiven occupation were di-nhlcd by "pain in the -tomath" tlian to yet ten difieient imesse- o i tin: di-case or ail ment can-nip; the pain. Another it..it importance on the record is "by whom diaeno-ed," and should show whether the dia.eno-is i n made by the family pliysician, plant physician, nurse or the patient hiniH'li. lender "Icrimnation" of case, one -houhl record whether the illness terminated in recovery, death, relap-c or ended in a chronic condition. 1 lie follow iny statistical information and data arc, therefore, pos-dilc if t h e ' items listed in the slide just shown you arc care fully prepared. 1. 1 he frequency or severity rate o i any y n eu di -ea-e tor the entire plant, individual departments or occupation- 2 The time lo-t due to any yiven di s ease or to all diseases combined m the en tire plant or by departments or occupation. .5. The mortality rate. 1 The case fatality rate, expressed as the percenta.ee of cases of a g i \ e n disease winch terminates fatally. The mtelhycnt application oi preventive mea-urcs, of control o f health preservation must have statistics and they will always lie an uiteyral part in the solution of any problem. That ft bolds true in industrial hyyieuc is represented in my next slide which shows that the strength of any wdiccl is dependent on each and every spoke and each is dependent upon the other, otherwise your structure is unbalanced or collapses ADJOURXMUST TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 11, 1938 I he first Hireling of delegate'' to the Steam Railroad Sessions was ('ailed to order In Mr \V \V. Wood. Superintendent id Sal et y ami Welfare, Hahimore <Sr Ohm Railroad ( ompanv, Raltimorc, Maryland, who presided. C. h a i r ma n Wood hriellv dui lined lite significance gf the programs of (he two sessions planned, and then i nt r o duced the first speaker. "Hidden" Causes" By FR E D W. SA RG ENT President. Chicago and North Western Railway Company, Chicago We have *ecn the evolutionary growth of accident prevention work from its in ception, as applied to the American rail* road. /Alanv of us l ure knew Mr. Ralph C. Richards intimately, ami discussed Ins hopes and ambitions with him frequently. Though he met from turn' to time v. uh dm. couragmg results, vet he never surrendered. He hud the inundation for safe tv work that is vastly enlarged and m rapidly ripening m:o collateral lines that are of heneht not r only to empi o\ecs and managements hut to the entire economic and social sliucture of > the country. in the beginning. and even until rather recent times, die greatest emphasis wa.- laid upon working rules ami pin sical conditions of plant and t aoht i c s; tn other words, a >a;e piaee i-V* vank There was evety rea son m the world why the gieaiest emphasis * 5hou;d he placed upon these (aeons, and, ; indeed, v. e ale not \ c l so far along that r we can aliord to lessen our y f or t s wi(h ' relation to these matters. In the beginning, the idea of a Miigiea! a department was to earn (or men and women * alter they were injured Gradually this j conception has hecu cnluigim: and changing i into a broader field ami greater service, it ^ a greater service is possible. Tins departV ment no longer has as its sole objective * the healing ol wound' and the saving of H human lives after injuries. f iradualh. steadily, the whole, conception of safety work has progressed ami evolved until to day it has become a nationwide aelivitv, drawing to its cause the he-t mind** ami the fmest characters m nnr social structure And with this greater interest m the work it has been hut natural that the whole scope, theory and conception of the mulct taking should gradually enlarge to embrace, the wider held ol accident prevention, lo uluch i am about to refer. hi recent year* many of the railroad" have enlarged their conception of tins work and have come t o the realization that safety work involves n u t only sale t ool s, s;ife wa\ and structures, and safe surroundings, but involves likewise, and with equal impoitancc. tiic very physical and mental c o n d i tion and attitude of the employee or omeer hnnsi.'ll With this thought m mind we have changed the title ol the head of our "ingieal o i g am/ al i on Horn that of `Tl ue i Surgeon" to that of "Medical Director," because il men are to avoid accidents we know that they mtM not onlv he surV>>mded with '.ate working rules ami s u e u o i k m g conditions, hut they themselves must he physically and mentally lit; arid that the so-called human element, al uavs and ever present, must constantly be reck oned with if we arc to achieve tire ultimate hcnencial icsults o carncMl) desired. \ ud "<i it is that m all tins work, whether ;i`\iVu (nu r.'i 11road nirlit 1>e pcnvuiuui nl-ci iVa"- miioveil J mg should Ih: Tivoli oi rams by '(juininv' (he U accordance with ihc law ! refutation- of thC"C ro}U'.rcr,-u-n'.' v. ill . -che" "lop cros-mie ;u'u- onl\ an aid lo a penerai Responsibility ' are i m o w d m d'd per mg accuienis >::;ce t'ncre automobile^ and 242.902 adc. th oppcjr; n:ui\ lor is apparent T h e pimhc. .i definite respo:isihi!it\ m i and enforcement ot sucii esuli in : : i.etum ot motor wl u el c " cars wni he harred from datimi o f tiu- iiceu'-mp ot :hosr menta 11> and pi>>"a and tliosc w itti a record :.p will nnt ho perniitled to ; th iiiehv. a \ s noi only ds at prude cro^;!r.p Imi nm- l uK thnt thr v.a\ n optine: to ero-s th truck' Ivarlv show that die rad,is th.eir opport umt y ;k r-v'tual proyre" m redueVi" H owl'NlT, t)u'> ha\ e ^e motormls ami t!u> are reach ,n no r-i|rr:i\r mun ii i" iKCCs-ary li.al th die cooperatimi ot siale .uno osiiccf" m poliemp th lossincs ni connection wiih e.ies on th Street" and plan of thi" nature--he ll" and the public-- woeid edcclive mean" ol eheck. uid reckless driving o u t The railroad" as a rule u \ p n \ c r s in the cities and inch they operate and are -peration. ics in education and law jcation is merely a method Steam Railroad 743 of iniormmp (he public as to the number <>; arcidcu:-, their causes and hnu thr\ may Ik: a\ended Willi thi" limited application nt eiiort, automobile arcidents of all kinds have Ikcii constantly increasing. We ha\ e louitd in our clt'o r u to proven! accidents to cmplo\ec< lhat \\ c must supplement our educational methods with rules reyulatinp the conduct of the udividual and that "ueh rules to Ik: cf i e ct i w must he enforced. It is imperative that a similar procedure be followed if we arc to curb the recklessness inherent ni certain motor driver. Ninety-live per cent of the motor dri\ers of this country arc competent and careful. It is to them lhat we appeal to aid us m the enforcement of such rules and regula tions as are necessary to eliminate from our liiph\va\s the one and one-half million drivers who arc reckless and incompetent. THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 13, 1938 Safety and Public Relations B y R O B E R T S. H E N R Y A s s i s t a n t to the P r e s i de n t , A s s o c i a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n Ra i l r o a d s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. ihc safety movemott, which constitutes one of the proudest chapters of American industrial achievement, naturally falls into two mam divisions Saf e conditions must lie created, in the first place, hut there must fe aKo created a safe state of mind. No doubt the pioneers of the safety movement encountered industrial managers willing enough to install safe equipment, hut sceptical ns to the need or the value of tiie education and exhortation needed to instill sa;e na y s fit thinking Every man knows that to get hurt will cost him tunc and money and sutfernig. these skeptics might have said, so what's tin: use of going to a lot of trouble to tell him so? t i e 'll take care of i . ms e l f ! t'ortimati 1\. the safety pioneers realized that sate:-. a matter of the min is of men jgst a- m.itk as a matter of machines, and that the -afes'. equipment and the saicst rules dal not, in and of them-idves, make a .-a;e man I h.cy fought their hat- tie for s.aiet;. on both fronts--safe condi tions, sc-, hut s me thinking as well, achieved through constant iteration and rciwration of simple principles. I he early leaders o f the safety mo v e ment pioneered in a field broader titan their direct goal ol promoting personal safety. They pioneered m the field o f s e curing and organizing the wide-spread un derstanding and cooperation without which their movement must have tailed o i its full measure o f success. H o w well they and their successors did the job is told in the statistics o f deeimmg accident rates, of lives and limbs saved. In these latter years, American industry is faced with the need for another sort of understanding and cooperation on the part not only ot those employed hut o f the whole public which our industry selves. In the short space of little more than a century, our American scheme ni enterprise has settled and civilized a cnntiinot It has made possible, a. standard of mate; ;nl plenty and well-being unknown hei ote in the his- toiy of the wot Id, and unknown el-cwhere m the world today. We are . -Id that one- tlu'rd o f tlie people of the nation are ill-fed. iii-boii-cd ami ih-emd. but n uid l.-ornc in mind that -.hen this . \ 1- ;nn v. ,y. of catcrpri-e b._r;n fuiicti: : :. century and a half ago. practically tin- .A v pop ulation . ill-fee.', ib-houfed ai.d ill-clad, according to our modern sMtit-ar-.l- M i s takes haee been trade, perfection t- a long way olf, but there is m the record of achievement much --e.Iid ground for pride. Today, as never he fore, lice bc-t opera tion. the safe functioning, t h e \ r ; y exi s t ence o f the vast and varied organization ot our economy oi free enterprise, depend upon public understanding and appreciation of what it is, what it does, how it works, what it means to all of us. The safety movement is Imill upon safe r s ' M s k" :u t y \ t ; it I ; I! t. I V