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FILE NAME: CERAMICS (CER) DATE: 1937 DOC#: CER010 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Journal Article Abstract - Industrial Health Hazards and Employer Responsibility MiUHr* CERAMIC ABSTRACTS Compiled by The American Ceramic Society * Ross C. Purdy, Editor M ary J Radcutfe Emily C. Van Schoick D orothy J. T urner ) > Assistants ) Committee on Publications: J. D. Sullivan, Chairman, E. de F. Curtis, R. F. Sherwood, W. W. Winship, R. C. P urdy Volume 16, 1937 Abstract*: J. B. Austin, A. A. Ayars. Rudolf Barta, A. C. Bcvan, Devidas Biswas, L. T. Brovnmiller, W. H. Bruckner. P. P. Budnikoff and E. Stefanowsky, J. C. Chaston, W. M. Cohn, M. V. Condoide, Maurice Delangre, R. W. Devillers. A. H. Emery, W. F. Fige. W. D. Foster, J. L. Gallup, J. D. Gat, P. E. Grotts. Max Hartenheim, F. G. Heck, R. A. Heindl, E. B. Hewut. J. N. Hill, G. M. H utt, J. F. Hyde, Herbert Insley, C. B. Jenai. B. Z. Kamich, B. E. Kinkulkm, Seiji Kondo, E. H. McClelland, F. P. Peters. G. M. Petersen, C. J. Phillips, J. G. Phillips, R. H. H. Pierce, Jr,, Alexis Pincus, Katherine Reed, H. K. Richardson, A. B. Searle Stanford SetcheU, M. C. Shaw, G. R. Shelton, H. E. Simpson. A. P. Som. Erich Stenxel. H. H. Stephen son. A. G. Stern. B. H. Strom. L. E. Thiess, E. J. Vachuska.F. E. Vaerewyck. F. J. Zvanut. Editorial Office: 2525 North High Street. Columbus, Ohio. Publication Office: 20th and Northampton Streets, Easton. Pa. 10, No. t 1937 Chemistry and Physics-- General 137 uiwft \erum . Ge,, dctcrminisj rrplified de. detail. S E.J.V./. .a clay* i 12. Zavot. B. & E.S. f alumimaa, Jour. Kt. ); R.P.957. re converted These wert oxide. AliOt value for tk 0.002. V R A.H.; ent. H. L 935); Chen. have been plotted in a ternary diagram. These results .how that the pigments of the best hiding powers were pre pared from solutions with a titanium dioxide concentration falling between 13 and 10% and ratios ranging from 1/1 to 1/0.65. Seeding opalescence occurs at different hydro gen-ion concentrations with different concentrations of solutions. Illustrated. F.G.H. Viscosity and plasticity of disperse systems: VI, Ef fect of temperature and electrolytes on the plastic proper ties of kaolin. M. P. Wolarowitsch and D. M. T ol stoi. Kolloid-Z.. 73 (1] 92-90 (1935); see Ceram. Abs., 16 [3] 101 (1937). VII, Plastic flow in an apparatus with cylinders displaceable lengthwise. D. M. Tolstoi. Kol- Imd-Z., 73 |1) 96-101 (1935).--A method for determining the flow resistance and shearing modulus of high concentra tion mineral suspensions is described. The apparatus was designed particularly to eliminate surface gliding of the cylinders. Results agreed well with those obtained by the routing cylinder method of Wolarowitsch. At very small velocities, Bingham's equation for plastic flow does not hold for high concentration mineral suspensions. For Parts I-V see Ceram. Abs., 15 [7] 222 (1936). F.P.P. PATENTS Alkali silicate. Anders E. A. Cornelius (Helios Kemisk-Tekniska Fabriker A.-B.). Swed. 80.000, April 4, 1934. Chem. Abs., 29, 6000 (1935).--Steam is blown into an electrically heated bath of alkali silicate formed by the reaction of alkali chloride and SiO. During the process the bath is kept covered by a layer of the unmelted charge of alkali chloride and SiOi, with or without another substance, e.f,, lime, for the formation of double silicates. Method of manufacture of precipitated zinc oxide. G. Antonoee. Brit. 459,238, Jan. 20. 1937 (June 5. 1935). Production of a calcium alumnate suitable for the manufacture of sodium alumnate by treatment with soda lye. Aktieselskapet N orsk Aluminium Co. Bnt. 457,676, Dec. 16. 1936 (Aug. 30, 1934). oxidizing ac. i of SeOi an General oature of tlx at SeOi pro Animal silicosis. H. Szegmund. Vcrhandl. Deut. silicosis, is a frequent cause of death. The diagnosis of references. Path. Ges., pp. 262-71 (1934); Chem. Abs., 29, 8169 both silicosis and asbestosis is made largely by a correla 1 Chajilb . 1935). tion of history and symptoms with the X-ray examination. i [51 299-300 J Causation of pneumonoconioses. Philip D rinker. The treatment of pneumonoconiosis is preventive and residue after Joiir. Ini. Hyt. & Toxical., 18 (8) 524-36 (1936).--The symptomatic. The course of silicosis and of asbestosis is licic acid fa various pneumonoconioses and their causative agents are slow but eventually leads to incapacity due either to the iso1--;Iity <f discussed. Silicosis and asbestosis are definite diseases; disease itself or to a complication, frequently chronic ii - oand in anthraco-silicosis and various silicatoses, modifications pulmonary tuberculosis. The number of workers exposed it -__e free of normal lung conditions are seen. Effects of carbon or to harmful mineral dusts in mining and in industry in the l .on of hydro carbonates, gypsum, and iron oxides are also discussed. U.S. has been estimated as 500,000. E.J.V. r - hr. Result! Methods of estimating dust exposures of a workman in Clinical hematological studies for the differential di i fairly gree clude the taking of dust samples from the work place and agnosis of industrial silicosis. C. Schlomka and F. A. ed, all of tbr interpreting the results during the man's total period of N olte. Klin. Wochschr., 14,987-92 (1935).--The authors The rate a exposure. Errors made from estimating the composition have experimented with the pathological-anatomical ac rease in grail of dust from samples which have settled upon rafters in tions of the changes of the silicotic lungs in connection EJ.V. stead of using samples taken from the air are emphasized. with the heart and the complete bloodstream. With the RASSEN. t Permissible dust concentrations need not exceed 50 million assistance of electrocardiograms, they have been able to >s.. 29, 71B particles per cu. ft. for dust with very low quartz content investigate the condition of the lungs of silicotic patients. 167 (1935). t>r 5 million for pure quartz. In defense of the use of At the pouclinic of Bonn University, RAntgen observations ide with sal- standards of dustiness, the experience in S. Africa where of the last 190 silicosis patients were taken, and these were n>ipl. Reni. dust standards have been applied successfully for many analyzed according to pure radiological points of view. which estah years is cited. E.J.V. Various tables showing the bloodcounts of several silicotic - Se, and U Charles N. Brady. Anon. Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc., and tubercular patients were compiled. After certain pe nstants wen 16 2) 73-74 (1937). culiarities were established in the blood stream of the silico f M.H. J Chemical considerations on some pneumoconioses sis patients, it was found necessary to make further inves affecting pit (anthracosis, silicosis): I, Nature of the problem. R en tigations of the connections between the studies of the W o r k . l e i Fa*R*. Contr. Chim. In i., 14th Contres*. Paris, 5 pp. blood and the clinical RAntgenological status. To obtain a fate solution* ,1934); Chem. Abs., 29, 5774 (1935). most secure foundation, it was decided to separate those ric ashvdrid* J Clinical aspects, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumo silicosis patients from the others who showed an important cial titanitf coniosis. W. Irvkg Clark. Jour. In i. H yt. if degree of tubercular complications. A characteristic ion with act Toxicol., 18 [8] 537-49 (1930).--Pneumonoconiosis is a blood status was shown in stone dust patients. This shows with orthoo- disease resulting from the inhalation of inorganic dust, clearly excessive increase of white blood corpuscles with cctively, lA the two pneumonoconioses which produce disability are increased sinking at approximate normal counts of red cor f good hidiaf 'dicosis and asbestosis. The pathology of silicosis is char- puscles and distinct small counts of lymphocytes at rela asic titanhm by the presence of fibrotic nodules scattered tive transitional forms of lemkocytes in a streak prepara ccd nuclei.1 through both lungs, and that of asbestosis is characterized tion. The same symptoms, even if less impressive, are ies r'r bidirf sn interstitial fibrosis involving the lower half of both shown in a second group from the total of silicosis patients ci ition "ngs. Thc symptoms of silicosis and asbestosis are simi- as positive cases with tuberculosis complications. a. ,-wato the most important being dyspnea. The most com- W.F.F. mn complication is pulmonary tuberculosis whLh. in Colored ceramic aggregate for decorative concrete. 13S Ceramic Abstracts Vol. t (>, No. : iQ. C. W. Planje. Jour. Amrr. Oram. Soc.. 20 (31 00-90 cupational fibrosis contracted in the foundry ccnera,'- (1937) Diagnosis of silicosis. Emexy R. Hayhvxst. Amer. are those who exhibit evidence of concurrent pulmor.a-- infection or injury. It is the executive's responaibilr- -ra Labor Let Rzr . 26, 61-66 (1936): abstracted in Jour. In i. to inform himself on dust hazards, conduct surveys of i Hyi. & Toxicol.. 18 (SJ 131-33 (1936).--Factors necessary plant, and inaugurate a program of control. Prospects, to diagnose chronic silicosis are: (l) exposure to silica dust employees are grouped into three general groups; the, a; in sufficient quantity for 5 to 20 years; (2) determination which are fair risks and those which should not be employe by intraperitoneal injection of the nodule-forming char are indicated. C. recommends that an educational pr^ > acter of the dust; (3) nature of the work; (4) personal fac gram similar to that used in "Safety First" campaigns \ T J tors such as mouth, breathing, previous respiratory dis Inaugurated to combat the dust hazard. Discussion 5 . eases, etc.; (5) X-ray findings. Serial pictures should be 'Avxy et al. Ibid., pp. 130-90.--The various ways of pr; taken over a period of time. - he location of the nodules is venting are pointed out, and precautionary measure, n. characteristic, avoiding the periphery, symmetrical distri taken in the foundry are outlined. HES u bution. shape, and size. In this phase chronic silicosis is Industrial pulmonary disease due to inhalation of dwt if1 without disability. (6) Physical examination; no char with special reference to silicosis. E. L. Middlet-\ acteristic but some suggestive findings. (7) The pa Milroy Lectures, 1936. Lancet, pp. 1-9 (July 4); pp tient's complaints: these are negligible in the first and 64 (July 11, 1936); abstracted in Jour. Ind. H yi. i f T:r: M second stages, but later cough, dyspnea, pains in chest, etc., col., 18 [8| 129-30 (1936).--The first lecture is devoted may occur. E.J.V. silicosis, as being the most important of the pneumonocr- { Economizers and air preheaters. V. Wa l k . Elec. nioses. Particular attention is directed to the occurrer.,: X> Rev., 119 [3082| 853 (1936).--W. discusses the conditions of the disease according to occupation. During 1930 - which govern the design of economizers and air preheaters for use with boilers. . J.L.G. Epidemiological aspects of silicosis and tuberculosis. 1934, at least 1521 deaths occurred in England and Waltof these, 372 were caused in the sandstone industry, at: 326 were ascribed to coal mining; the manufacture of pc., Alton S. Pope and D avid Zaccs. Amer. Rev. Tuberculo tery claimed 270, metal grinding 142. gold miners, r: sis. 32, 229-42 (1935); Chem. Abs.. 29, 7524 (1935).--In turned from S. Africa. 104. and tin miners 91. The diseix representative groups of both granite and foundry workers is always originated by the dust of fine particles of fm III in Massachusetts, the frequency of silicosis and of silicosis silica; the way in which this risk is present in a number:: and tuberculosis was correlated with the duration of ex industries is explained. Sandblasting and the manufar posure to dusts containing free silica and to the concentra ture of abrasive soaps receive special note, as in both :t-. tion of such dusts in the occupational environment. hazard is so intensive that the onset of the disease is un Among granite workers silicosis was found in 15.2% and usually quick and its course rapid; thus only 3 or 4 yea.-' 3T with tuberculosis in 7.6%. Tuberculosis is the cause of of employment may have preceded the onset, instead death in over one-third of all granite workers, a propor 15 to 20 years as in most other occupations. The occu 1: tionate mortality 3 times that in foundry workers and 4 rence of cases in coal mining is unexpected, since coal itc- R_ times that in all males of 20 years and over. Among the is not a dangerous dust; apparently the disease is or.p Zr employees of 10 Mass, foundries, silicosis was found in nated by dust arising from the rocks among which silica 8.8% and with tuberculosis in 2.6%, a total frequency of found or from impurities in the coal. Out of 169 deaths :: ibf one-half that in granite workers. The silicosis in foundry- all coal fields in Great Britain, 147 came from S. Wale -re men was not only less frequent but also less advanced in this undue proportion has not yet been explained. Tn 13 degree than in the granite workers. Pneumonia, causing picture, both clinical and histological, becomes modicr: one-fourth of all the deaths of foundrymen, is the greatest occupational hazard .in the industry. Industrial health hazards and employer responsibility. W. J . McConnell. Trans. Amer. Foundrymen's Assn.. 7 [11 161-65 (1936).--The importance of greater attention when silica is mixed with other forms of dust; when coal - associated in the dust, the condition is known as anthraev 0t 'n sis; here the fibrous tissue entangles the coal dust and rf UD it to help in blocking up the lymphatics. In tr; ltT second lecture the influence of the dust of silicates. ` ' to the problem of overcoming industrial health hazards for foundry employees is recognized. Medical aspects are discussed, foundry hazards are outlined, and suggestions n for a control program are given. D. E. CtnoaNCS. / Ibid., pp. 166-79.--With the invention of the machine, dust became an industrial hazard. C. discusses the action of of chemically combined silica, is considered. Of thcN asbestosis stands out as most toxic; the particles consist: fragments of fibers, some 3 microns long and Vi micron diameter. They originate pulmonary fibrosis which more generalized and less nodular than that of silicos- 2; the condition develops quicker than silicosis, but the ter' `in dust in the lungs and points out that all dusts are not dangerous. Silica dust is one of the dangerous dusts but only when present in certain concentrations of certain par dency to succumb to superimposed tuberculosis is not l- wj pronounced. Other dusts considered are those of ** manite, china clay, talc. mica, and seridte; none of tb^ ticle sizes. The silicosis problem is complicated by the approach asbestos and silica in their dangerous quality lift fact that in many cases there is also decided evidence of The harmful nature of any dust may be tested by not# the presence of tuberculosis. In foundries many men with normal lungs work for years and do not contract silicosis the reactions which follow when it has been either inject' asubcutaneously or administered by the tracheal ru ` tr. although there may be evidence oi fibrosis. C. explains suspended in fluid; injection into the peritoneal the action of dust particles inhaled on previous pulmonary may also be employed. The theory adopted is that dui- Ih r ire injuries and states that workmen who are disabled by oc exert their harmful influence by reacting chemically i + .. - . -t . 1 j -.ve" ' . y li UH Ceramic Abstracts Voi. Iti, Xo. .') increasingly large- verdicts. The Workmen'-- Coni|>en<a- tion Act rat applied only to accidental injuries. Occu pational diseases should be compensated under an ar rangement similar to workmen's compensation but sepa rately, because there is so much difference between them. Partial disability should be compensated. It is difficult to obtain unbiased and expert medical diagnosis of silicosis and the degree of disability. There should be a special medical board in each state for such a diagnosis. Preven tion is more important than compensation and much cheaper. W.D.F. Mineral material* which produce silicosis. B. Goss- n er . Sprtchsaal, 69 [41] ik)l-<S02; (42| tsltl--17 (193(1).-- Lung diseases occurring in the porcelain industry are not produced by sericite or other minerals containing mica, as it is not present in the dust and mica is not contained by the siliceous materials used. This fact shows that lung diseases are not connected with the presence of mica. The appearance of silicosis is chiefly due to the presence of free silica in the siliceous rocks used. M.V.C. Protection of health of glass and ceramic workers. T. Thomas. Glashfdtt. 66 [491 325-26 (1930).--Measures to be taken in the case of various injuries sustained by workmen are discussed. M.V.C. Rating and performance of stationary steam boilers. W. S. Patterson. Combustion, 8 (2| 23-30 {1930).--The absurdity of the terms "boiler horse power" and "per cent of rating" as applied to modern steam generating units is discussed, and more rational expressions are suggested. The effect of variable entering gas temperature, operating pressure, and superheat on the boiler performance is an alyzed and illustrated by curves and equations. Gas- temperature gradient and draft loss through boilers are also discussed. H.E.S. Report of the Committee on Ceramic Education for 1936. H a ro ld E. W h it e . Suit. .4mtr. Ceram. Soc., 16 [31111-20 (1937).--This report includes tabular data compiled by E. E. Marbaker and E. H. Fritz. Suggestions for starting and maintaining a foundry apprenticeship system. J. E. Goss. Trans. Amer. Foundrymen's Assn., 7 [2] 323-50 (1936).--G. outlines points to be taken into consideration in apprentice train ing, such as methods of selection, testing prospects, age limits, rates of pay, piece work, requirements of a program, necessity of centralized activities, trial apprenticeship periods, agreements, kind of instruction, related work. etc. A discussion is included. H.E.S. Ix>)k lias complete information concerning the vannm chemical constants and characteristics ami properties ->r most organic and inorganic elements amt compound, fn addition, various qualitative and quantitative lie- termination procedures are given both for organic and inorganic substances. M.C.Shaw National Physical Laboratory Collected Researches: VoL XXV, 1933. H. M. Stationery Office. London. 432 pp Price 1 3s. The volume contains twenty-three reports oi researches devoted chiefly to the study of metallurgical problems. The reports cover studies of the various iron alloys, alloys of Au-Cu, Cd-Zn. Ag-Sn, and Ag-Hg. metallic cadmium, and the crystal structure of a- and J-manganese One paper is devoted to special refractories for metallur gical research. A brief resume is given of the propertie. and methods of producing refractory crucibles, muffles, and tubes from silica, alumina, magnesia, thoria, alumina-clay, and silicon carbide-clay. M C Shaw Official Year-Book of the Scientific and Learned Societies of Great Britain and Ireland; Record of Pub lications Issued during the Session 1933-1936. Com piled from Official Sources. 33rd annual issue. Charles Griffin and Co., Ltd.. London, 1930. vii -f- 170 pp Price 10s net. Xote'd in Xature. 139 [3500151 (1937) JL G Third Ordinance Increasing Compensation of Occupa- y tionai Diseases in Germany. M. Bauer. Reprint from Reichsarbeitsblatt, Xd. 36, Part IV (1936). 47 pp Berlin. 1937. The new ordinance relating to occupational diseases in Germany went into effect-April 1, 1936, superseding the Second Ordinance of Feb. 11. 1929. Several industries are added to the list of compensable diseases, including all the ceramic industries (previously only the porcelain industry was insured), sandblasting, and operations for cleaning castings and molds. Asbestosis in the asbestos trades and lung cancer in the chromium industries become compen sable. Severe silicosis, compensable under the Second Ordinance, is still the only form of silicosis insured against, but what constitutes the disease for clinical, rontgenolog- ical, and judicial estimation is definitely specified, thus doing away with a hitherto vexatious miscellany of com plications. Severe silicosis accompanied by pulmonary tuberculosis requires only the establishment of the severe silicosis in diagnosis. Among damage claims reported for occupational diseases since 1929, silicosis has stood ac the peak; in 1934, of 1043 cases. 522 were for silicosis; in 1935, of 1161 cases, 627 were for silicosis, with 140 deaths in 1935 from this cause. K.R. BOOKS AND BULLETINS Bureau of Mines activities in the field of building materials, D. M. B anks. ' ('. S. Bur. Hints Information Cin.. Xo. 6924,51 pp. Free. B. collates all publications by members of the Bureau personnel on the subject of build ing materials and includes reports published by the Govern ment Printing Office and mimeographed by the Bureau and articles in technical journals and cooperative reports. R. A. Heindl Chemist's Year Book. Edited by E. Hoes. Sherratt 3c Hughes, Manchester; Chemical Publishing Co., Xew York, 1936. 18th ed. Price 38.00 1257 pp. The hand- - NSW JOURNAL Staub (Dust). Edited by C. LAmmrrt. Vol. 1, Xo. 1. J April, 1936.- Published quarterly by Wilhelm Knapp Halle. Price 5 Rm. The Association of German In dustrial Insurance Societies reports on the current status of the dust-control compaign and surveys the literature Two or three original research papers comprise the first part of each issue, followed by reviews of pertinent litera ture arranged systematically under (1) dust research into properties, estimation, and measurement, (2) dust sources. (3) dust diseases, (4) other dust injuries, (5) p rev en ts methods, and (6) laws and decisions. K R =<