Document wNEmaa44BRXRw10K2Qz4a1eD

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1935 Sept DOC#: NSC425 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: NSC Safety News - No Halfway Measures Dust Control P-NSC-36 I National Safety News Published monthly in th* intertit of accident prevention and the health of industrial workers VOL. 32, No. 3 ______ _______________________________,_______ _____________________ CONTENTS FO R SEPTEMBER, 1935 [.,nii*>'iilc The 19.33 ('ungrsss Ciiy ..................................................................... 11 \\, lf.ilMV.iy Mensure} in Huit GonttO--Arthur S. Johnson.............................. 17 The !'river Has Hi* Trouble*--Hairy J. Orugas..................................................19 n I'.i'i-sibl* ''.'ifriy Mmiurp"---T. IF. Htguihl............................................. 20 . National Safety Council | Officer*, 1934-1935 , Jon* C* Lt*. Pr**Wnt i lloiM'fcf I. VI*fPr*lfni for i D.jteD.itFfli.mNt>o*i>i'. V|fvi*mtri*iit Tor l*ul tw H. P.*w. for * Safely Count'll* AmiKUT s. R*.,*!.*. Vlc*-lr*M<inl fr Ffidgln+vr. <`t W. Sm it h . Vf*Prt*`J*M* fr {n tlu * t m l Safety It. MTem. lmSon*lii..yPtry. fm* IIaisiv.%H. M.D.. VuvPrciUlcul fof II**MJ> .Hlikirt \V. WlMTNirv, f*r KOutation W iu.U S I- WtmTH. V lv^l'fvM itrot for l iliaiK* lll TlVMMIfrf \ \ \ II. C*Vfcmv v * `ri`;n mi ini Dirrtlor ,\n Au'ninium Analyzes Safely Savings--Stanley Pmihr-iip- .......................... 2.? limit) Rapids Is Safety C'onsciouf--Curtis Billi n f s ............................................,.2S Kamms Health Authorities Fight Accidents-- Earir G. Brmnt, ht. D.....................27 Stifw ui Safely-- Roy R. R andall........................................................................... 29 ileanini: IJvierior Wall* of Buildings by Sandblasting or Steamblasting-- Industrial Data Sheet D-Gen. 3 ..........................................................................32 Hairing ihe Standard* nf Industrial Medicine--3/. ,V. Karquht. M. D.................34 booking Toward the Congress..................................................................................3S Executive Committee ` Member! at Large Th* Amvrt Urnuia A. L. AJiM*TOMa. K*tmn *o4<iit v,a. T. H. Camo'. f t l r teCUOft* A**uei tieq * f AmrrlvMH ftllr*Mi4J J. R. Cciaiw t . Iktnii-hPMi St** Corp. IIajuiv ( i u iu M t . Tli* IhiJInwn Co. <t, T. I4ut vti* Cli co P a rtit 5Uurr and MU*r*ukf* *'<* IrtuMl C>. Thojcm P, Km*** InduM fU i Conimi** r*9*AX H. Mm O ipaiji U. s. urt*u of PStAII* A*<ta ' ** J. XlHM*. PartUnd CiMrtetH A iutfetion ,. Ha m A U M ix . K. I. * V* a t N* itwvir* A O*. , f in a it I?. &****. <-*n*?fJ I'Uctfiv Cv. aMT A, $<JiniTT. Vnitcil M!"' ***** Klifiirnlary Safeguarding 1$ Siili Im portan!........ .................................................58 And Sudden Death--J. .1. F n rtta j............................. ....................................... 66 Regula. Departments M.ixiwl .................. V t!*' M.iruKini: Oirt-etur' f jp,' ......................10 Tin .W u r l-edM ni ............. 30 likiii'inul Hvalih ............................................. Hu Uvillvlm H.ur.1 ........ 10 Pm tinaU .......... SJ Th* SjfT Lihwry................. <Vi Th* Hmr KiOl ............ an Cumin* Events .......... ................. ........... M V ith ih* ...............................* Tlw Huy S e n k ........... "S The Aeekkne btuomt ............... au t.Ak.M,\.v T. Fis h , Editor 1i'h ; Itti.uNos, Associate Editor Stahiy H. Kmshaw. Puster Editor C. H. Mn.ua, Advertising ^({inager 1-"i*:- iss V.J- NuuuiKil ftrty Couurti, lu*, l'rlnifj In C.AA, l'uMI*iid mnnthlr. V',1 ' "'xt-oU** imiiiyr jun* t. itl. t h l*nt uiltc si ChlciM. 111., under the ' 1 " r ''.Il 3. iS , A d itu lo n u l e n t r y a l S i. J * , y h. A llen, 'v '^ r r l i i H o n p rie lo m i inU era fu r l i r a i-opl u t th e .VATtOXAL S a F R T Y K T 'V S i",'i*' ian1<it'rnrth>,,*]>.caSplintiatlu1ncorapqinue,ntt.a n i . nHM<-u q u a n tity prie* ( r > uriy u i.a e rlp - S utncrtptiona a re ev ellab le n ty t m em hera et the N etloael Smtety Council. Henih*r A udit B ureau q( C irculation, Thi T H aiiie la imlwxne lu th e In d u s tr ia l A rta In d es. * n J opluliinn a d v a n c e d tn atu n ed artlcla a re ta hc u n d e rrto o d n in d iv id u el 1 'miiw ,,f th e lr a iith u re . n o t ih o e e a t th e X atlo n al S afety C o u n rtl, National Safety Council, Inc. . ( ' < # . -\t'it`OnuinfrrU4l'*-Xv*fPulHr*l --X**i*Stci*rinnj 20 North W scter Drive, Chieego, U. S. A. New york Office, ? Sett 41st Street Office of the Gducation Divide- r A - ** Safety Csuncil Repteientetivej C to aa n ci 1*. T .r in e . J l * i a t l i u e l l . Safety CauiKil w, . W .ttu a U en r Suitm , U rln u a rr Snfrty ,OrKti.a ril \\ ^eSnirljr tnril l> !.. I'l.NA--!- .......... . **.lv HmtUefUiUlTlKil!.. .VMMITT, |.,tUt^Vtlls- S..lfM, .V KttoXlUISK M, Orunrkl (rt-UlMh Viali*? U frt? I'.vuiulmi . Sectionel Repreientativee VK..w\rV, .liJ.taWuv..NF.iKWSte*UJ.e Maritar Hawmj <i. Strrri *n*i llw* Mfwto*vjsr CTenHtlaHar . A|HHtlvr mi. Mlir filiti 1. \V. AfcMtiil l,rfvn|l*m Ctu!pmril M imufarturr4 I. MVTKH U. Hut J. A. Vos. MeUl.A Pait President Ii m u t \V. C a a r m u A H O l Aar Mia T.. Mnarv l.aw 11. P.i..a PLAINTIFF'S D ana V ia S:Haaa* Ha u m C. KuiHaaea* EXHIBIT CAaarurtvuaf itP.. YTeety'HMan M .acva A. Dew L iv i! A. D klluia Casi. H. Al 'il Cxitui . }cer VVaaraa **.. Kiart Ilean a l. NiaJJ" I.T.<t:t.. Ilrx a v A. H rvinr.ra C. ItrsaxK inn-rrenxii C ,i \Y. U v>ar 1Vrtal#*l Honoiary Memben nanear W. <:*aei.i. A*gn. lATlOk rt* ' vw * V* N o Half W ay Measures in Dus} Control By ARTHUR S. JOHNSON ^ {# th .Ifni?*?, F.nnni*+rlttv Iwmrt/ufrii, ilMfrkUH Jwfltvl l.lUbliHii / io rriiif'i CuttifmttlH T O CONTROL 0 dust hazard to the extent iif making the occur rence of pneumoconiosis improb,*l>ii'. industry must do much mnro than hir, m:m h.inieul dust removal equipment ui.i ;t going. Witli it liter* imi.-t Ik* ,,1 y;i .1 routine of check :tn<l doubt* , u\ k. perhaps whole m*w operating practices and a sharp definition of re|xMisibiliiio*- This all boils down to day-to-day attention 10 a program de-icned ujxmi a long range health conM-rv:.tiiut policy. Half-way measures unrit.u.i'ii u> each other won't work. Nor is this .1 -done once, done forever" affair. Dust control i not an event, it is a program that never finish??. K.\(XTts ss-etn to lie in rather general .igna-mem about four grailes of pneu moconiosis hazard. Kirn, quartz caus ing real .-lirtisis. a serious solidification >( the mass nf the lung? by fibrosis or growth nf scar tissue. It takes year? to get -tan.-d. but once starte<l is prugres* ev . lil i-ill which will lint Stop Ulld . annul be cured. Afler e\|nure of 13. 'Uin J> years, men in certain trades ac- 'Unmlaie this fibrosis of the lungs which lessens iheir capacity for physical lnlmr. It makes them shori of breath and muses certain well - defined clinical symptoms. X-ray* of their chests show vharacieri-iic shadows. A few of these men die i, a direct result of this cundiliim. Although few of them hate their I'hy-fcal capacity to work lessened even in 13 i,r 20 years, there may lx? uctvtai impairment which predisposes them 10 liiiiercul'isis. The cause of this silt- n-,' ,'s is silica, as free <|unrtz, not coin* "ncf| with uilier elements in the form of dlic.or,. lint th<- quarts as found free in -rtniue. amt in ns purest natural form as Hint ;<anistcr. The studies made of r"'"'y ca-,. nf licosis and the exposure* "hirh , iht-m in the ruck imliis- lr'0s. sand grinding industries, fire- ri`-'k making, etc., have shown that the wui-h -, 1)1(j jjln( jt ,, proportion Oust control 1 not an vent; it ii a program that requires concentrated day-to-day attention al to the amount i silica in the air breathed. \ new ray of hope lies in some fairly good evidence that there may be mixed dusts in which such fust as limestone, gypsum, coal, hematite, clay or cement dilute the silica hazard and produce less physiological reaction than the silica content operating as pure quartz alone. A second group of dusts produces somewhat the same clinical picture as silicosis in it early stages, yet the x-ray of the chest shows the shadows pretty much confined to the lymph ducts. The damage appears not to be so serious as silicosis in many wavs, particularly in that it is not progressive nor does it prelisiwse to tuberculosis. The duns pro ducing it certainly shtwld lie classified as absorptive anl ihtfrfon* harmful al though not in the same category as pianx. There is mi qut**iHi but that lessened lung capacity results from them after lung enough exposure Imt it iertainly take nw lust ami more time to lower eapacily for work. Asbestusis falls in this group and apparently similar con ditions develop from exposure tj* * cesses of many mineral dusts relatively low in free silica content. Inert Dutls A third group ef mineral dusts may Ik* harmless in reasonable quantities. The result of wurk by some investigators which ha* been published recently indi cate clay, talc, emery amt carl.-orundum dusts to be inert. In some animal exiv'nmentation these lusts did nut |irodu'c fibrosis. t'liinrarily, there have lievn claims fur disability from workers who alleged that the exposure to these same dusts caused their ailments, Ex pert; stall* Hi* th< t"** ---- " mil produce dl-abling lung pathology yi'i we are laced with the facts of claims prosecuted successfully. (Quantity of dust, rather than quality, was doubtless responsible for any ill health. Some stale regulations require, dusi exhaust machinery on some ojieniitons. We must, therefore. Include for contrul some dusts which by nature may nut 1* harm ful. Our fourth *md* of hazard i- tuber culosis. Tuberculosis i> a disease caused by a germ, ami probably more useful work has liecn dun- to control this disease* than almost any other. Trom time immemorial the lusty iradtrs which we nmv speak of as having a silicosis hazard were always among the danger s| kiis lor mUrvulo-i*. What wr now kii'iw is this: that -Iho-is makes a first class place fur tuhcrculusis In thrive in and kill the paiirnt off much -artier than would silicosis aim*, I )pnh-o srins to be ihat perhaps simple silu-nsi? uncmiplicaied by m lvnulosb may .seldom lie fatal, but shortens the working life of the victim just aw angina, arterio sclerosis, and such degenerative diseases do. On the other Hand, we may expect frtmi tuberculosis one of two things: first, a man brings tulxirculusis. no mat ter how dormant it may be, intj a dusty trade, he may reactivate the tuberculosis and have his case diagnosed as "aggra vated by" the dust: or second, hv get ting simple silicosis or perhaps other pneumoconiosis. ami then contracting tuliemdosis from tubercular assxiaies either at work or elsewhere, die of tuber culosis fiijHTimfwin'il on silicosis. Tidier- culosis associated with silicosis does not rr?|xmi! well to treatment. Regardless of the fact that tuberculosis i< nn -  18 :tl. wc must face this (act. that tubercu losis is so often the disabling result <*f dust exposure. that dust control must indtitle tuberculosis contrul at the same lime. Measuring the Hazard Summarizing, we have three dust haz ards, (l) quartz, which products true silicosis -- 1; progressive, lung-disabling disease, (2) sumo dusts which produce a pathology which usually is not serious and is not progressive after exposure stops, yet a pneumoconiosis none the less, and t.jj some dusts which para doxically are probably relatively harm less. yet have Iwen (he claimed basis for tuberculosis ami other disabilities. In the absence of adequate diagnoses, occu pational lii-.torics and a more satisfac tory method of ad indicating claims than prosecution at common law. wt> must conclude that it i> necessary (n find a practical method fur laminiHing all mineral dusts. Let us now see whether it is necessary to give them all the same de gree of control. We have learned that the silicosis haz ard is measured by the amount of silica in the air breathed. This means that with but few exceptions it is directly proportional to the amount of dust in the air and the percentage,of silica that is in the dust. The stutlies'swhieh have established the safe limit, or tolerance, or threshold limit for continuous expo sure without deleterious effect, have ar-. rived at 5 million particles of quart* dust per cubic foot of air, none offwhich dust is larger than 10 mirra in size. I think we need u> digress for a moment to visualize what is meant bv 3 million particles of dust of such tiny size. U'a know if is invisible to the naked eve because t lakes is to 70 times that much to produce a haze, untl even that isn't visible as particles of materials. 'fSe particles, therefore, are so small as to thwart im.-gin.-.tinr. As one looks across a dusty room and .cui, gobs dirt fioating in the air, settling out rather rapidly, or being blown around by draft currents, he is told that 'hat is not die oust we are M iking about. The lunger fits in such liny particles that they could be run be tween the Searing and the shaft of a very fine machine and not touch, for a micron is roughU .00004 of an inch, b'ive particles " f sand, each piece so w ill a- ii hr iipty .02 of -in inch m loading a cubic foot. This meuns that if it is found necessary to exhaust the dust at its (Mint of origin so that that which gets into the breathing zone uf the workers will be S or fewer million invisible motes iti each foot of space, we haven't begun when we get out only the visible dirt. We are confronted with the astounding fact that the health hazard has not been touched, even though an exhaust is 98 per cent efficient in terms uf the weight of dust, if we cannot vis ualize such an invisible hazard, it at least^warns us not to throw together somejin ducts, motors and fans, and calf it dust control. Returning to our main theme, let me repeat 5 million particles per cubic foot :is the bench mark for quartz dust. Since the hazard is in proportion to quartz, the less quart* the less danger, or con versely. the less quartz the more dust may be permitted. Sow, is there a tup limit of dustiness which, regardless uf quartz content, might lie considered a maximum above which nothing would be safe, and up to which only the inert or so-called "safe" dust might go? It seems to be pretty well greed among the investigators that there is a top limit and this figure, or second threshold limit, is 100 million particles. In other words, no matter what the dust is, it's dangerous it the concentration is greater than 100 million particles per cubic foot. In between these limits must lie the points of safety which take the propor tion of silica into account. Standards for Oust Tolerance What i# the practical answer? A table of dust tolerances such as is contained in some state regulations does well enough, and in them w find a general agreement but with some variation. In principle most such tables show 3 to 20 million particles as the limits where the quartz content of the dust runs from 100 per cent down to 30 "r 33 per cent re spectively. To use these tolerances which are liased upon percentages of silica, both chemical and petrographic analyses of the dust must be made to get reasonable estimates of the silica. The sumpling ami analyses sr both very dif ficult and expensive. It is doubtful if the settled out dust represents the haz ard, and the raw material certainly does not. Also much evidence indicates that petrographic analvvs of the smaller *izi'.* i-- impczuiblv. it .--xtia to me hat. things by arbitrary standards. 1. w h ic h ire known In be I..,, quart. JO (u 100 per cent, which rcp.,^, Ihr cindi, in d u n d in in n which .ire . molding nperiiim il, n n d bloitinc up,.,, jhfjiivc pulcriimjt. ganixer brick rm ni,, . oilier uch operation, can w*ll be group.,! i limit uf ) m illion particles. 2. D uiu which com from the hard used in the building and monumental [rlur which run' JO fo )0 per cent qurti TM,j ... mixed fuunjry Justs, which started - k!i -u VO per Cent quart m the sand but li.m K t J.futcd hy tremendous quantities of im- L .. lime nr phosphate parting so rhar tfn breathed i\ often trie than JO pet ............ a practical iaf* limil fur tliem appear. .. > (0 million particles. .*. Fue the wlwile great range ol du%t. .uci. as ulc nr clay nr emery, which cunum u ihr no quartz or only a J or 8 per cent nnpm ;v fur which IINI million particles u j m m . hv-vxccvdcd de.i.f line, f .l.iuhf tfi.it , , - afli<rd to fake cliom o and he ..itimcd Cmitr.d utinft brings the-c litiM. dnuii ,,, 1. - [Oil liiifliim parlitle- I have ,,lu-ii . . . . . .e |J mdli.il> hut have bw n vCuM-if i.t ridiculous hveauve- that figure is cert.n- in arithmetical p/nf-'itn-n I I I the uln. lent. Yxt, v t arc* laced wills th,v ... Juppe * r pick Ju nr fill million pji ,,.,, install a Jui control procedure and find m d r course uf a number of years' nperarior the w* -till git disabling results. No du.t corcr.. that I know t<f has actually dermmstrate.! th* II, nr Jtl or |t)0 million residue is catotaernn. It mar he necessary, therefore. h> skip i hr- ance hit that type fit dust except to ay tin: winn ii is over 100 miltion it must be r.-li ccf Hi ^ e e t . jtt the dust dnwn as In-' < - rej-isuhly practicable, and u null... ln.de reasonable to me. We now understand in general term* what dusts, hosv much, and of "h.a sizes constitute health hazard*. Yw have a pinnt in which you suspect a ha* art!, l.el us examine what can In- dnr .ilxiuc it to evaluate your pari ind.>> ditions. Dust control is so expense-- .>"** should m u guess at the hazard. I; . dust Ha* n lut of quartz in it. -mifoundry molding sand, .mister. acercgale for tire brick, granite, sand a-"* for tool grinding, etc., there is a rit at'~ hazard. If you can see the dust. V"J know it to be a terrific hazard. If dh'if is settlement on ledges there is a ha Mai You can save yourself the bother vt !,|X' ingout the exact quality uf toxic." ,!1" proceed at once to put the dust control. Your problem lies m th- ' 10 million limit group. If, on the other hand, you daw " mixed dust* of low silica cootriu doubtful hazard, before bujio'4 contrul machinery you want to un.i ^ what the hazard is and how much. 1 first tltouvthi would tie to t A.  48 Dust Control (Continued counts, make analyses and rely upon those findings. I have said that i doubt the value of analyses. They may prove to be the only practical methods, but they certainly are not as good criteria as In know whether (he dust is harmful, and some moderate quantities under suspicion may be safe. We arc, there fore. very anxious from a practical standpoint to determine whether our dust is really dangerous or not. This x'vnis to me to he a tremendously im portant point, fur if certain lusts arc mu dangerous, the atmospheres contain ing (hem should not require such clean wcepmji a> thorn'll the quart/, content were there alone. Our present knowledge of pneumo coniosis i< vi limited, and especially our knowledge of these minor dusts, that we do nut know definitely which arc bad and which arc not. Good medical records of old employees, which records would show the incidence of pneumonia, tuberculosis, ere., would be helpful. X-rav of employees with 20 years or more exposure would be most useful, but Thr danger from inexpert diagnosis on the one hand, and misusqef the informa tion or, the other, makes'Examination of employee* for this purpose something to be avoided. I urge that more satisfac tory yardsticks for evaluating this haz ard be found, and the recent and current toxicity studies hold some hegfe for an answer. In the meantime, it is necessary to a*ittm e that all mineral dusts contain same health hazard and put them all un<ler control, and rely upon the low quartz content of the material producing the dust to locate U in the third or least harmful bracket. It may lie well to consider medical ex.tranatioTts ::s a dust control measure. It i.i recommended that new employees for dtfi'.y p i . h e found physically lit in order to avoid introducing men whose condition makes them liable to an early break down on account of defects or disease* aiready present, or who may in fect others by spreading disease. Proper diagnosis of such physical con ditions can only be accomplished by having a medic i! examination with xray* of the chest, including as complete ,i tuvd'V.i! and employment history of if = from pate iSj he made only by physicians who are qualified to interpret x-rays and who have training and wide experience in the diagnosis of respiratory ailments. The periodic examination is an indis pensable preventive measure which en ables the physician to delect diseases of the lungs in their early stages and at a tirqe when removal uf the worker from the-dust offers hope of recovery or im provement. in addition, the repeated routine medical examinations furnish a valuable means of determining the effec tiveness of dust control measures. While it would seem desirable to ex amine present employees to discover cases with active tulx.'rcuiosis, in order to assure proper treatment and prevent their spreading infection, this procedure is likely to stir up claims or misunder standings on the part uf the workmen. Such examinations, if mad, should be used pnly for rehabilitation purposes. Equipment for Dust Counts Our problem non is to suppress the dust to at safe limit. That implies its re moval at the source by mechanical ex haust. That implies counting the dust to begin with io order to have some basis for designing the equipment, and re counting to know that the equipment is -working satisfactorily. The impinger or 'standard method is complicated, slow, expensive and poor for routine checking although it must lx used as a standard for calibration. We, therefore, want a simple method, one that somebody not an industrial health expert can use sat isfactorily. Zeiss Konimeter is a satis factory instrument in the hands of the man who has hurt some training. The in strument is imported, is rather difficult to obtain, and not too expensive, under $200, I believe. Another instrument is the Owens Jet which has been modified by .Mr. ttaten of Harvard and Mr. Thompson associ ated with me in the American Mutual to make its operation simpler and more sat isfactory. This apparatus was built specifically for use in checking the dust control apparatus in a large granite shell, and is entirely satisfactory. L'p to the present time t do not know that any instrumrn maker has undertaken to r.i u-mi i.-TMf.- it, Itui ..iinty .> di-mand a reasonable price. There is also ; ingenious continuous dust jampim counting appnratus for keeping a tinuous count of the dust in a root der exhaust and it can be so arranc to control the ventilating c.\ mechanism, turn on more u needet turn it off when the satisfactory tions have been reached. This ha; designed and built by Mr. Hazan: Mr. Philip Drinker of Harvard i, far as I know, is still a laboratory ( I see nothing impracticable al>nL however, and for a large dust conm stallation I would expect it to be a* ful ns the automatic carbon mon detector and control mechanism m Holland tunnel. There are practical dust jiq/prr. mechanisms for samj blasting, :wmi. grinding. mixing. bagging. drilling. sive grinding, dry pan mixing .m< most every type oi Idealized ii|*r." generating dusts. They are cvpunless well-designed. They are (-, ineffective because, as I said l-.T they don't begin to touch the he hazard until they have got rid of t of the dust, which is the best they do. They wear out due to the abr: action of the dust. They cost a lo money, and the cost usually cannot justified on the grounds of impre work efficiency or quality of pnwi Occasional installations will lx- supporting. The Kelly trap on r drilling has been demonstrated to crease the cost per foot drilled but increased the drilling rate sufficie.' to offset the cost. Also in the c of air-conditioned rooms in which i celain enamel is prayed, the cm*'"' air conditioning system can !- nto control the dust and at th time be made economically <*mim reason of an improved quality enameled surface. Xo doubt there many installations which have altc demonstrated economy from otner sidrations than improvement to hw The point i wish to make is that improvement to health is too import to waste time trying to justify ">'* haust equipment upun economix. entions. Where operations arc fof out over a great area, as in the v.t^ foundries, it I difficult to avoid rati dust in the shakeout operation,except expensive mechanical installations M of those which have come to my at' tion have been installed for the e\ ,nv purpose of sand handling ami m ' >m'U crixs svrfi* f;ii' fptn 1 I. , i m* tvunujiv jh but ' ijii'i' <lo nul loucli the nticrugramt. Let us nuw look further to see whether some other remedies will he satisfactory. Supxjuc we leave the hazard alone and put respirators on the men. It won't work, except for very short periods or for emergency work, such as cleaning out dust arresters or loading tumbling |i.irrcK There should be no question ..Unit efficient respirators because the *'rsifeet Bureau of Mines is now prrparcd to make tests and an employer ,-.in justifiably limit his purchase to res pirators which meet these tests. Even ihotijrh respirators may lx efficient, they | ,irc uncomfortable, am) while it is not a | js.u % */* *w* f> hardship fur a man to wear a respirator j temporarily, or even for a week prha(H j dunm.' a period nt breakdown in the dust j system. 1 cannot conceive ot Happy Feet ivurkua ii remaining contented it they | have io "car resiiirators continuously It hu> often Iwrii said that mau is fur a long period. If they need to wear no bettor than hi* fee*. Mangled, them and don't wear them properly they bruised, brokea or smashed fbes might just as well not have them on at and feet not only take a man off all. tlie job, but cost real money in In operations which can be confined compensation, medical and ether in a limited space, such as sand blasting direct and indirect coat. In ad and perhaps shaking out some lyiws of dition such in ju rie s reduce the rasting3, the workers can b e 'in ta * i in helmets provided with an adequate supplv of clean air. The air-line helmet is morale of fellow workmen and slow down production. practical for continuous use. while a filter respirator Is practical for only limited periods. If the dust is extremely heavy, say 300 million particles of quart*, and a respirator is 98 per cent rflieient. the worker is slid breathing six milli,.!- particles, which is too much. Titiitk i-i respirators preferably to itq>drmcm exhaust systems. Whai dse can we do to get rid of the You can protect your workers' f t by insiating they wear-Lehigh Safety Shoe* with the improved steel box safety toe. Their feet will be happy feet, protected against injury and further--(^high Shoes arc built fur comfort, durability and appearance. EVERY-DAY w o r k s h o e s <Va. RIO -- Black E lk B l u c h r r , Leather Self and Rubber Heel. X'. 8JS -- Ail A bove, E x c e p t Chrome Leather Middle Sol. Army Grid Rubber Sol an! Rub. ber Hast. Sras VU EE dust hazard? The first to suggest itself w to get rid of the silica content In the dust, I know of one group of foundries which is conducting extensive research involving the use of molding sands that LEHIGH SAFETY SHOE CO. 31 S. SEVENTH ST. ALLENTOW N, P A . are free of quartz. That may prove to be thoroughly practical and is a step in the fisht direction. Any plant can study u operations to see whether the quartz ma* lofial that is being used can be elimi nated. Castings in some cases can be olrstnetl with water. Blasting can be <W frequently with steel grit instead of *and. Certainly foundries can use silicafree parting compound that is just as Bond as quart* dust. Silica packing FERA L N jfnti^Slip Treads Aim llnmznlun. Ahtmalnn and iVicn/ini PREVENT ACCIDENTS O N STAIRS and FLOORS A hard Metal a u n x lu t which is can an abraire nx< in h ard n aa to tfc diam and u n i n i durability and anti-lip sdUisMy. _ A IL ARE FIREPROOF ihotd.i U- replaced in annealing opera- O w |iiu U w t a d developer of Abreuve m<U for 'ions. Pulverized quartz is not needed ai an nlirasive. This is one avenue of tur"ml which should have thorough study in each individual case. ^ vcn though you get rid of quart* SAFE WALKWAYS Specify h'tmlun ami U<* Sun* AMERICAN ABRASIVE METALS CO. Irvington, New Jersey ^I'TFMnF.R. 193S I f) Reasons why CRn-COiRDS are J afe X. G-e-Cewl m d Rev-Card Sol nd H rtli contains ipproei. nattly 70% nativa cotton. C K O C O R D mnd R 4 IV*COH O i o i t i <tnd h f t ( f * rf HteJ in d a ifiti, iro n <tit ite ti f o m n t i , r tiir o e thufi, into /sfioriti, ft 4TiJ tit tri pitnttf U t and futi Ustioni, itone qutrriti, % m rtl t r t h o m i t i --r o h t r t S ftty it ff importimi fitter. Th Cotton is tvwtfd into tough l cords to incrosto roar. Corda aro plactd in (ho tola 3 . ON-END to prawn slipping. Non-Slip fm lurw rtliava tag 4. drain. Tha high pomologo o( cotton 5. rttiKt haat and cold. CORD-ON-END giva cushion 6. COMFORT to tha laot. Flaxihility and casa in walking. 7- NON-SLIP adds confidence and 8 . affinancy to tha wearer. 9 GRO-CORDS and RAWCORDS guard againsc loaf tinta accidaata troni dipping. 10, Sala worked aro afleiant ers and ara in demand. work Now-- before you have an accident is tha timo to porch ana shoes that have GROCORD or RAW.CORD miat and heels on theca. Y ear weak wilt ho asaro pleasant beesuse e l this added safety. W our extuttk.' a t itttt A nnual Safety C oncreta and CxpoalUan iiK tsi'it ,\o. is."brown Hotel. Louisville. Ky,, October t t- ll. l ll. The Lim a Cord Sole 3tReel Co., Dept. 7-F, Lima, 0 . N O N - S L I P S O L E S N D H E E L S Rubberized Fabric Link Mat This Non-dip Safely Mat it specialty designed for industrial utc where there it a lip hazard. In addition, they inertata the workers' efficiency as thay reduce fatigue brought on by stand ing on concrete, brick, tile or hard flooring, ideal for placing in front of machines and whara wet conditions exist. Heavy galvanized wire with eadmium plated dips and plates era used to prevent rust. Furnished in tiiai to meet your require ments. Low m cost and long wearing. Write today for prices and compiate information, THE BUXBAUM COMPANY Akron, Okio but cannot get rid of all dust, x you can do about getting rid of e,t of it by conducting operations in ; manner as to minimize the raisi dust. Explore your process, for ms and see how much residual dust I, the horizontal beams, ledges, etc some plants that have not been cifor a long time this dust has been ; to lie at the angle of repose and ti tration of a passing truck would li! enough dust in the air to be of it; serious hazard. This can be got r by a thoroughly practical means, as vacuum cleaning or blowing , with a jet of wet air or steam, p. rators are satisfactory for the pro:: of men doing the cleaning. There is an economic value in item. It has been reported bv 5 plants which heve improved their ho keeping by this method and have - . step farther ami brightened up factory rooms with paint and adeq: lighting that other accidents have o reduced and work efficiently inc.-n Certainly an extremely dusty place i; cates sloppy housekeeping. Housed? mg must be put on a periodic routine Dry processes will sometimes admit being changed to wet processes, or da processes. While dampness will not dust, moisture in the process will p vent the generation of dust in mu cases. Care must be exercised in im preting this suggestion because water a high speed grinding wheel does r prevent the dust. One of the most * ous silica health hazards Is wet grind! on natural sand stone wheels. The in* dence to tuberculosis is high. Water artificial emery and carborundum whet may or may not be beneficial, li i* F* mitted in lieu of dust exhaust in at !*' one state, but we are faced with u opinion that these dusts are imrmlr anyway, unless the volume is high. 1 worth depends upon getting the <!" well below IQO million particles. Having done all the housekeeping w process improvement that can be drvi*in lieu of exhaust, we are confront with the question of whether there -'Jl remains dust in sufficient quaniin ii~ some processes to make it nece>0 ' *' remove it by mechanical exhaust. Ducounts will tell the answer. Hand "i*fl Irons, such as molding, can hewithout raising much dust. Mosi aK chanical operations which use nr ate dust must be exhausted. It s w * ^ evitable that exhaust be used mi >"' dingers, rock crushers, dry p.-m.-. lC A.-wnmintf ihut we h:ivc nut n ' V >ti in iti.u i* " ``il *ivigm:U, hat mgs lx done to make it work? I have jjid that they wear out. You must put dust counts on a routine basis as a check 0f the efficiency of the system. Whether you us ' h Ze`5S or the Owens' or the imping*1- doesn't matter. The system must be explored constantly for leaks, the dust traps must be cleaned regularly, a,,ri the dust disposed of so that it won't i,;0, boo!: ir/.s the building. If the de sign contemplates returning the cleaned lif ip the building, extremely careful checking of it must be done in order that the hazard may not be compounded. It is poor practice to return the air to the building because operation is so often badly maintained. Who is responsible for a dust control program? The owners, through the man agement, are responsible for the provi sion of the equipment and the proper engineering to produce it. They have to spend the money and it is management's responsibility to see that it is spent properly. The initiative and the engi neering necessary to control the dust rest entirely with the management. It is not a hazard which can be controlied by* efficient supervision and safe practices alone. The supervisory department is reijxinsible for the housekeeping, safe practices and shop methods. Some assigned members of the supervisory de trim ent are responsible for the main tenance- and operation of the dust re* nwiv.ii equipment and for the dust counts used as a check on the system. If there ever was a nice machine re quiring constant tuning, it is a dust re* ntoval system. It won't work without this attention, The workers carry a responsibility too. They must use the safeguards pro vided. whether they be respirators or poftalde hoods to place behind hand tool They must not stuff bags into ducts t> stop drafts. Dust control is a cooperative thing--each division carrylnS its ihar# of responsibility. Nobody can avoid his responsibility and make tke thing work. A Correction Through an error in the caption actornpanying the illustration on page tl of the August National Safety News. ifrcrl p <t|0;)n j r., president of Con*** Motors Corporation, was referred 0 ** vice-president of the corporation. SF'f*T!-:.\lUEH. 1<>33 Wlign you make your next plant inspection, he sure to notice those tuore or icss out-of-theway drive belts, motors, s h a ftin g or other equipment that should he guarded, but that have been neglected.due to their location. It is a good policy to "protect every hazard even though the chance of accident ia seemingly It is real economy to protect your workers from possible injury and it is Safety Guard -Economy when you do so with II & K Guard Accessories. They are furnished ready for easy and quick assembly by your handy man in his spare time. Alt H&K Acctl& ritt art *4*r iniptf* /ftfiv MrW<r of ( J L i b o r i t o r i t f * ne. 114 Liberty St. NEW YORK. N. Y. 5<M5 Fillmore St. CHfCACO, ILL. USE a UNION or COLUMBIA CARBOY 1NCL1NATOR for the SAFE and EASY way to pour acid* and chemicals from carboys or small and medium size drums. A tried and proved device attractively priced. Sold on inouey-hack guarantee. THE INCUNATOR COMPANY-p.o. Scud for a completely illus* Iratiol and di-Kxiptiv.. bulle tin giving lull parliruhir.- and prives. l o x m innsavou, u w h .