Document wJjDZm9M1Lw0mqrDRQvxxbz3

326 NOTES TO PAGES 177-79 5. Bejach, Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung, pp. 1-7. Eugen Duhring, Engels's antisemitic nemesis, opposed tobacco as "unclean"; see Frederick Engels, AtitiDuhring (New York; International Publishers, 1939), p. 130. 6. The Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner, publisher of Der Tabakgegner, was es tablished in Dresden-Biihlau in 1912; that same year an Alkohol- und Tabakgegnerverein was established in Hanover, headed by Hermann Stanger; the Graz organization was headed by a Dr. Meister. In May of 1914 an "Inter nationale Anti-Tabak-Liga" was founded with German, Austrian, Danish, and Swedish representation; the league organized antitobacco congresses after the war. See Bejach, Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung, pp. 3-4; Egon Caeser Conte Corti, Die trockene Trunkenheit: Ursprung, Kampf und Triumph des Rauchens (Leipzig: Insel, 1930); and Richard Bretschneider, ed., Der V/eltbund der Tabak gegner (Internationale Anti-Tabak Liga): Vorgeschichte, Griindung und Entwicklung (Dresden: Emil Pahl, 1939). The Bund Deutscher Tabakgegner was moved to Berlin in 1936 and renamed the Deutscher Bund zur Bekampfung der Tabakgefahren, where it was attached to the Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft fur Rauschgiftbekampfung. 7. John C. Burnham, Bad Habits: Drinking, Smoking, Taking Drugs, Gambling, Sexual Misbehavior, and Swearing in American History (New York: New York University Press, 1993). 8. Die Genussgifte, for example, was published from 1904 to 1938 under the title Die Alkoholfrage; after 1940, the journal was titled Die Volksgifte. Auf der Wacht was subtitled Amtliche Organ der Reichsstelle gegen Alkohol und Tabakgefahren, combining both alcohol and tobacco temperance. This last-named journal was published by the Wacht Verlag, which also published the WachtZeitschrifi: Kampfblatt gegen den Missbrauch des Alkohols; Garungslose Fruchteverwertung; and tire Blatter fur praktische Alkoholgefahrdeten-Arbeit. In 1937, the print run for Wacht Verlag journals was 310,000. In 1940, the publishing house became a division of the Reichsgesundheitsverlag. 9. Robert E. Gaupp, Emil Kraepelin, Emil Abderhalden, and Adolf von Striimpell, "An die Deutsche Arzteschaft," Miinchener medizinische Wochenschrift 68 (1921): 832. 10. Bejach, Die tabakgegnerische Bewegung, p. 6. 11. Louis Lewin, Phantastica: Die betdubenden und erregenden Genussmittel (Berlin: Georg Stilke, 1924), pp. 320-21. 12. Hofstatter, Die rauchende Frau; compare his equally paternalistic Die arbeitende Frau: Ihre wirtschaftliche Lage, Gesundheit, Ehe und Mutterschaft (Vienna: M. Perles, 1929). 13. Gilman, Freud, p. 176. 14. Boehncke, "Tabak und Volksgesundheit," pp. 625-30. 15. See my Racial Hygiene, pp. 228, 239-40. 16. Corti, Die. trockene Trunkenheit; Walter Hermannsen, "Erzieher und Erzieherin! Ein Wort an Euch!" Die Genussgifte 35 (1939): 74-75; Fritz Lickint, "Nikotinmissbrauch .und Nikotinismus," Zahnarztliche Mitteilungen 30 (1939): 306-9. Otto Neustatter, an Austrian socialist, characterized smoking as "lung masturbation" in his "Zur Frage des Lungenrauchens," Miinchener medizinische Wochenschrift 78 (1931): 794. The expression "dry drunkenness" dates from the NOTES TO PAGES 179-81 327 satire of the Jesuit poet (and smoker) Jakob Balde: Truckene Trunkenheit: Straffrede wider den Missbrauch des Tabaks (Nuremberg: Michael Endter, 1658); for background, see Sigmund von Birken, Die Truckene Trunkenheit, ed. Karl Pombacher (Munich: Koel, 1967). 17. Conti's words were spoken at a May 25,1939, Berlin meeting sponsored by the Werberat der deutschen Wirtschaft; see Volksgesundheit und Werbung, pp. 7-10. 18. Blaich, "Nazi Race Hygiene," p. 15. 19. John Hill, Cautions against the Immoderate Use of Snuff (London, 1761), pp. 27-38; Samuel T. von Soemmerring, De morbis vasorum absorbentium corporis humani (Frankfurt, 1795), p. 109. Joannes Jacobus Holland appears to have been the first to propose a link between smoking and cancer, in his Dissertatio inauguralis medico-chirurgica sistens carcinoma labii inferioris absque sections persanatum (Rinteln, 1739). 20. Juraj Korbler, "Thomas Harriot (1560-1621), fumeur de pipe, victime du cancer?" Gesnerus 9 (1952): 52-54. 21. Etienne-Frederic Bouisson, Tribut a la chirurgie, vol. 1 (Paris: Bailliere, .1858), pp. 259-303. A good early statistical review of the role of tobacco in cancers of the mouth, lips, and esophagus is Hugo H. Ahlbom's "Pradisponierende Faktoren fur Plattenepithelkarzinom in Mund, Hals und Speiserohre: Eine statistische Untersuchung am Material des Radiumhemmets, Stockholm," Acta Radiologica 18 (1937): 163-85. Sigmund Freud, who contracted cancer of the mouth in 1923 and eventually died of the disease, in 1924 and again in 1939 attributed his malady to his fondness for cigars; see Gilman, Freud, pp. 175 and 177. 22. Friedrich Tiedemann, Geschichte des Tabaks (Frankfurt: H. L. Bronner, 1854), p. 371. 23. Michael Kaminsky, Ein primdres Lungencarcinom mit verhornten Plattenepithelien (Greifswald: Med. diss, 1898). 24. Isaac Adler, Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912), p. 3. 25. Georg A. Brongers, Nicotiana Tabacum: The History of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoking in the Netherlands (Amsterdam: H.J.W. Becht's, 1964), pp. 228-29. At the Paris World Exhibition of 1867, a machine capable of rolling 3,600 ciga rettes per hour was exhibited; see Paul Seufert, Der Feldzug gegen die Zigarette (Basel: Ernst Reinhardt, 1964), p. 33. By 1933, a high-speed rolling machine in Dresden operated by only three or four workers could produce 400,000 ciga rettes per day; see "Allgemeine Tabakgegner-Umschau," Deutscher Tabakgeg ner 17 (1935): 17. The Philip Morris factory in Concord, North Carolina, today produces more than twice that many cigarettes every hour; see Christian Tenbrock, "Glimmstengel mit Batterie," Die Zeit, March 31,1995, p. 39. 26. "Rauchen: Wie Gut," Der Spiegel, January 22,1964, p. 63. 27. Hess, Rauchen, p. 49. 28. Anton Bock, "Das Lungenrauchen," Vertrauensarzt 6 (1938): 155-56. 29. See, for example, Kurt Wolf, "Der primare Lungenkrebs," Fortschritte der Medicin 13 (1895): 725-38, and the references cited in my "Nazi War on-To bacco," pp. 444-45. The turning point in the acceptance of an increase was the