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APPENDIX D
METHODS FOR CONTROLLING RESPIRABLE COAL MINE DUST FROM OVERBURDEN DRILLING AT SURFACE COAL MINES
This appendix focuses on methods of reducing excess respirable dust exposures during overburden drilling, the activity that places surface coal miners at the greatest risk of exposure to respirable crystalline silica.
D.1 ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Engineering controls for overburden drilling include dry dust collection systems, wet dust suppres sion systems, and enclosed cabs [Zimmer and Lueck 1986; Volkwein et al. 1979]. Proper maintenance of the dust suppression system is critically important for drills using dry dust suppression methods. Failure to rigorously maintain these systems will result in inadequate dust control. Acute silicosis has been reported in miners operating equipment that relies on dry dust suppression [NIOSH 1992].
D.1.1 Dry Dust Collection Systems
Dry dust collection systems typically include a drill platform shroud, a drill stem seal, and a dust collector.
D. 1.1.1 Drill Platform Shroud
A drill platform shroud is essentially a skirt made of a flexible material (usually rubber) that hangs from the underside of the drill platform and surrounds the drill hole. The shroud enclosure, which is maintained under negative pressure, contains the dust that comes out of the drill hole. When the system is equipped with an adjustable shroud, the shroud height (the distance between the ground and the bottom of the shroud) should be kept as low as possible. A BOM [Zimmer and Lueck 1986] study found that although results differ with various drills, the control efficiency generally decreases as the shroud height increases. The same study reported that for the two drills tested, control efficiencies varied from 99% to 41% over the 0- to 27-in. height range and the collection system performed most efficiently when the shroud height was no greater than 9 in. In practice, however, maintaining a consistent height around the shroud because of uneven ground surfaces is not always possible.
278
Appendix D
D.1.1.2 Drill Stem Seal The point at which the drill stem passes through the drill platform can be a source of dust emission. To control this dust source, a flexible collar that acts like a seal is placed around the drill stem at the platform level. The integrity of the seal must be maintained to prevent dust leakage.
D.1.1.3 Dust Collector
The dust from the shroud enclosure is transported through a duct to a collection chamber containing paper or fabric filters. An exhaust fan located on the clean side of the filters maintains a negative pressure inside the duct and the shroud enclosure and draws the dust-laden air through the filters at rates greater than 4 to 6 times the bailing airflow and varying from 600 to 6,000 cfm, depending on the size of the system. The filtered air is exhausted to the atmosphere and the dust is trapped on the filters. The filters are periodically cleaned with a reverse pulse of compressed air, which sends the collected dust into a hopper for discharge onto the ground away from the drill crew.
Test data have shown that dry dust collection systems are capable of achieving greater than 95% control efficiency [Zimmer and Lueck 1986], but this control efficiency may not always be reproducible in practice. Table D-l summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of dry dust collection systems.
D.1.2 Wet Dust Suppression Systems
In wet dust suppression systems, water is pumped from a storage tank into a line injecting the bail air into the interior of the drill stem. The water droplets in the bail air coat and aggregate the dust as they are carried upward through the drill hole. Thus, the dust is suppressed by the weight of the moisture as the air bails out the cuttings from the hole. Because the water is expended in the process, the storage tank may have to be refilled one or more times per day. Normally, the water has to be transported to the drilling site.
The effectiveness of the control also depends on the experience and skill of the driller, who controls the flow rate manually with a control valve. The driller often must adjust the flow rate based on his visual estimation of the moisture content of the cuttings. Excessive water in the bail air would make the cuttings too heavy to be bailed up the drill hole. Also, cuttings with excessive moisture would plug up the air orifices of the drill bit. The flow-efficiency relationship may have to be determined more than once in a particular mine because it is affected by different drills, different bit sizes, or different types of geologic strata. A flowmeter should be installed at the control valve to aid this determination [Zimmer and Lueck 1986].
In one study [Zimmer and Lueck 1986], for example, control efficiencies for a selected drill varied from 9 % at a water flow rate of 0.2 gallon per minute (gpm) to 96 % at 1.2 gpm; the greatest increase in control efficiency was in the range of 0.4 to 0.6 gpm. These figures are valid only for the conditions under which the tests were conducted.
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Coal Mine Dust
Table D-l. Advantages and disadvantages of dry dust collection systems*
Advantages
Operate at any outside temperature Do not require any expendable
material (water) Function well when properly
maintained and operated
*Adapted from Zimmer and Lueck [1986].
Disadvantages
Expensive to install Expensive to maintain Require conscious effort by driller
to ensure efficiency May not be suitable where ground
water or coal-bed fires are present
Bit life can be shortened by 50% or more because of the degrading effects of excessive moisture on the bit [BOM 1988]. When outdoor temperatures drop below the freezing point, the system must be heated to alleviate operational problems. Antifreeze compounds may be added to the water to prevent freezing, but this method could be extremely expensive when large volumes of water are used.
The control efficiency of wet dust suppression is similar to that of dry dust collection [Zimmer and Lueck 1986]. Table D-2 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of wet dust suppression systems. Figure D-1 illustrates a wet dust suppression system.
D.1.3 Enclosed Cab
Drills come in different sizes. Depending on the size, the drills may or may not be equipped with cabs, and the cabs may be partially or totally enclosed. When a totally enclosed cab is available, an effective way to protect the driller working inside the cab is to pressurize it (positive pressure relative to the outside) with outside air drawn through an air filter capable of removing respirable dust. A NIOSH health hazard evaluation [Cornwell and Hanke 1983] reported that the use of a pressurized cab alone (without dry dust collection or wet dust suppression) could afford a respirable dust concentration that was 70% lower than that outside the cab. Subsequent information [Cornwell 1990] revealed that the air filter used for the cab was graded as 99.9% efficient in removing fine test dust as defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers [SAE 1987]. Thus, the control efficiency may be highly dependent on the grade of the air filter.
Air conditioning should be installed in the cab to eliminate the need for opening the cab door or windows in hot weather. When the cab door or windows are open, even the best dust filtration system will not be effective. The air conditioning unit needs to be rugged in construction. Ordinary automotive air-conditioning units are not able to withstand the severe conditions found in the mining
280
Appendix D
Table D-2. Advantages and disadvantages of wet dust suppression systems*
Advantages
Disadvantages
Inexpensive to install Inexpensive to maintain Function well when properly operated Not affected by groundwater or bed fires *Adapted from Zimmer and Lueck [1986].
Must be heated in cold temperatures or used with antifreezing additive
Require some expertise on behalf of drill operator for proper operation
Require use of expendable material (water)
May cause decreased bit life and drilling efficiency
Rotary head
Figure D-1. Wet dust suppression system. (Source: Zimmer and Lueck [1986].)
281
Coal Mine Dust
environment [Volkwein et al. 1979]. Ideally, the air conditioning system should be incorporated into the engine intake system to reduce the number of maintenance items and to insure proper maintenance of both systems [Volkwein et al. 1979].
D.1.4 Improved Control Technology
D.1.4.1 Dust Agglomerator In a dry dust collection system, the discharge of dust from the dust collector accounts for 40% of the respirable dust emitted [BOM 1989]. The discharged dust can be dispersed by the wind, from impact on the ground, or by equipment driven over dust piles. The dispersed dust poses a potential health hazard not only to the drill crew but also to other miners working in the vicinity. An agglomerator tested by the BOM [1989] offers a solution to these problems. The discharged dust is fed directly into a device that uses gentle water sprays and a spinning motion to coalesce the dust particles into nonrespirable pellets.
D.1.4.2 Water Separation
The moist environment around the drill bit in wet dust suppression has been noted to reduce drill bit life by 50% or more [BOM 1988]. Water separation is a method used to prevent water from reaching the drill bit, thereby prolonging the bit life. In this method, the bail air is guided through one or more sharp turns as it travels down the interior of the drill stem. Because it has a higher inertia than that of air, the water cannot negotiate the turns and thus is separated from the bail air. The dried bail air continues to travel through the drill stem and out of the air orifices of the bit. Under positive pressure, the water is forced out through weep holes into the annular space around the drill stem. Consequently, the drill cuttings are wetted as they are carried upward through this annulus by the bail air below. The BOM [1988] reported that no significant difference in the dust control efficiency was noted between water drilling with and without water separation and that data from one mine showed a greater than 400% increase in average bit life--9,000 ft per bit with water separation versus 1,938 ft per bit without water separation.
D.2 WORK PRACTICES
The selection of a suitable drilling site affects the control efficiency of a dry dust collection system. A drilling site with a flat surface should be selected because this would allow uniform shroud height around the drill. Sometimes the ground surface can be leveled with appropriate equipment.
Where applicable (and coupled with proper maintenance procedures such as replacing worn parts when required), periodic and pre-operational inspections should be made on engineering controls. The following is a checklist of inspection items associated with the different control systems:
Diy dust collection system
-- Check the integrity of seals and shroud material.
282
Appendix D
-- Check fan belts for proper tension and for wear and tear.
-- Check fan blades for wear and tear.
-- Check the integrity of dust collector filters.
-- Check exhaust ductworks for leakage.
Wet dust suppression system
-- Check the control valve and the flow meter for proper operation.
-- Check pipe connections for leakage.
Pressurized cab
-- Check the integrity of seals around the door and windows.
-- Check air filters for dust accumulations.
-- Check fan belts for proper tension and for wear and tear.
When the drill is operating with a totally enclosed cab, the drill crew should stay inside the cab with the door and windows closed as much as practicable. When work must be done outside the cab, the drill crew members should try to position themselves upwind from dust emissions. The drill crew will drag dust with them into the cab as they enter and exit during the drilling operation. Therefore, good housekeeping is necessary to maintain a relatively dust-free environment inside the cab. Vacuuming is effective but may not be practical at the worksite. Whenever possible, wet wiping is preferred over dry sweeping. If dry sweeping is used, care should be exercised to prevent dispersing the settled dust. Cleaning with compressed air should be avoided.
Where a dry dust collection system is used, the shroud must be raised periodically to let the cuttings spill out of the enclosure. The drill crew should be careful to raise the shroud only enough to clear the cuttings; at the same time, they must keep the shroud height low enough to maintain the dust capture efficiency of the system.
D.3 ENGINEERING CONTROLS AND WORK PRACTICES FOR OTHER OCCUPATIONS
For other surface coal miners who are potentially exposed to respirable crystalline silica and respirable coal mine dust, general industrial hygiene control methods should be applied where they are feasible and appropriate to particular operational conditions. Judicious application of engineer ing controls (e.g., local exhaust ventilation and enclosures) and work practices (e.g., equipment maintenance and housekeeping) is needed for occupations such as bulldozer operator, shotfirer, pan scraper operator, truck driver, and crusher attendant.
283
Coal Mine Dust
Table D-3. Dust suppressants for controlling particulate emissions from unpaved roads*
Category
Description
Examples
Salts Surfactants
Adhesives
Hygroscopic compounds that extract moisture from the atmosphere and dampen the road surface
Substances capable of reducing the surface tension of the transport liquid, thereby allowing available moisture to wet more dirt particles per unit volume
Compounds that are mixed with native soils to form a new surface
Bitumens Films
Compounds derived from coal or petroleum and mixed with native soils to form a new surface
Polymers that form discrete layers or membranes
Adapted from Rosbury and Zimmer [1983].
Sodium silicates, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, hydrated lime
Soaps, detergents
Sodium lignon sulfonate, ammonium lignon sulfonate, calcium lignon sulfonate, Portland cement
Asphalt, oils
Vinyls, fabrics
D.4 DUST CONTROL ON UNPAVED ROADS
The application of dust suppressants to unpaved roads in surface mines is generally considered useful in reducing dust emissions and improving driver safety by increasing visibility [Rosbury and Zimmer 1983], The benefits of reduced dust emissions from treated roads could extend to miners working in the vicinity, and especially to truck drivers, in the form ofreduced exposures to respirable crystalline silica and respirable coal mine dust. Table D-3 lists the various types of dust suppressants.
REFERENCES CITED IN APPENDIX D
BOM [1988]. Impact of drill stem water separation on dust control for surface coal mines. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Technology News No. 308.
BOM [1989]. Dust agglomerator for surface coal mine drills. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Technology News No. 338.
Cornwell R [1990]. Telephone conversation on January 17,1990, between R. Cornell, Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, and H. Chan, Division of Standards Development and Technology Transfer, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
284
Appendix D
Cornwell R, Hanke W [1983]. Hazard evaluation and technical assistance report: Mine Safety and Health Administration, Morgantown, WV. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Report No. HETA 82-112/113/114. NIOSH [1992]. NIOSH Alert: request for assistance in preventing silicosis and deaths in rock drillers. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 92-107. Rosbury KD, Zimmer RA [1983]. Cost-effectiveness of dust suppressants on surface coal mine haul roads. Unpublished paper presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, Atlanta, GA, June 19-24, 1983. SAE [1987]. Air cleaner test code-SAE J726 JUN87. In: SAE recommended practice. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, pp. 24.45-24.59. Volkwein JC, Covelli A, Thimons ED [1979]. Dust protection afforded by enclosed cabs on surface and underground mine machinery. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Technical Progress Report 109. Zimmer RA, Lueck SR [1986]. Investigation of quartz dust sources and control mechanisms on surface coal mine operations. Vol. 1. Results, analysis, and conclusions. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, NTIS No. PB-86-215-852.
285
APPENDIX E INTERPRETATION OF PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS:
SPIROMETRY
For evaluating the results of spirometric examinations, the largest FVC, the largest FEVi, and the ratio of the largest FEVi to the largest FVC (FEVi/FVC%) from each worker's pulmonary function examination should each be compared with the lower limit of normal (LLN or 5th percentile [ATS 1991]) derived from the reference equations of Knudson et al. [1983] (Tables E-l, E-2, and E-3 for males and Tables E-4, E-5, and E-6 for females) or the most current equivalent. When previous test results for a worker are available, a physician should also determine whether any significant change in FEV i has occurred over a period of time. See Appendix G for the criteria for interpreting longitudinal changes in lung function and for a discussion of technical considerations in the use of spirometry for screening and surveillance programs.
REFERENCES CITED IN APPENDIX E
ATS [1991]. Lung function testing: selection of reference values and interpretative strategies. Am
Rev Respir Dis 144(5):1202-1218.
Knudson RJ, Lebowitz MD, Holberg CJ, Burrows B [1983]. Changes in the normal maximal
expiratory flow-volume curve with growth and aging. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:725-734.
286
Appendix E
Table E - l. L L N fo r FVC fo r males
oo
cm
Os
00 Os
s
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CO CM
Os CM
wo q
Tf
Tf
CO wo
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VO q
CM q
00 q
Tf p
Os
rOs
CO o
OS o
VC -3 -3 -3 CM CM* CM CM* CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM* CM CO CO
3
8
so Os
CM o
00 o
wo
CM
rCM
CO q
Os q
wo Tf
CM q
00 q
s
O r**
VO r-
CO oo
Os p
WO Os
pH O
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Tf
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qf-H
3
8
8
CO
Os
WO CM
q
t-
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VO wo
CM VO
00 VO
w^ r-
p
r00
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8
8
CM
00
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OS Vi
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CO CM
Os
CM
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rq
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w-l p
Os
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S
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p--< cm <N CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM* CM* CM CM CM* CM CO CO CO CO
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CM
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5
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q
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fsl pH
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CM Os
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5
Tf cm cm CM CM CM* CM CM CM* CM* CM* CM CM* CM* CO co' CO co' CO* co co co'
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CM CM
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800
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Table E - l (Continued). L L N fo r FVC fo r males
Coal Mine Dust
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3.52 3.47 3.43 3.38 3.34
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4.42 4.73 4.68 4.63 4.58 4.53
3.93 3.88 3.84
3.75 3.71 3.66 3.62 3.58 3.53 3.49 3.45 3.40
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3.99 3.95 3.90 3.86
3.77 3.73 3.68 3.64
3.51 3.46
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cwso s:
4.86 4.77 4.72 4.67 4.62 4.57 4.52 4.05 4.01 3.96 3.92 3.88 3.83 3.79 3.74
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S'' S' S' S'
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4.84
4.69
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3.76 3.72 3.68 3.63 3.59
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3.96 3.91 3.87 3.83
3.74 3.69 3.65
C0O0 8
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0000
187 4.31 4.42 4.54 4.66 5.07 5.02 4.97 4.92
4.73 4.24
4.11
3.97 3.93 3.89 3.84 3.80
3.71
a
0000
4.35 4.47 4.59 4.71 5.14
5.04 4.99
4.21 4.17 4.12 4.08 4.04 3.99 3.95 3.91
3.82 3.77
cs
ON
Ocsn
00 o
wo
5 owo S' s
00
S'.
ocs. VcOs
S'
cSs'
cs
S;
wwoo
8Bs wo wo WO
wo cs ON o
cSs wo wo
00 q wo wo
VqO wo
00
S'
wo
cs VO
W0 q
s- s1
oS
S', WO SS
ON OO
4.64 4.75 5.21 5.16 5.11 5.06 5.01 4.96
4.36 4.32 4.27 4.23 4.19 4.14
4.01 3.97 3.92
3.84
8
4.45 4.57 4.68 4.80 5.27 5.23 5.13 5.03 4.98 4.94 4.42 4.38 4.34
4.20 4.16 4.12 4.07 4.03 3.99 3.94 3.90
WooO a S' s'
191 4.49 4.61 4.73
5.34 5.29 5.25 5.20 5.15
4.35 4.31 4.27 4.13 4.00 3.96
00
q
S' S'
192
4.90 5.41
5.27 5.22 5.17
4.37 4.33 4.28
4.11
CS
o
CO
0s0.
so
cOsN
wo
c0s0
193 4.59 4.71
5.43 5.38 5.33
4.56 4.52
4.43
4.17 4.13
s 0o0
S'
ro
S'
19 IS
I
Appendix E
Table E -2. L L N fo r F E V i fo r males
58
3
3
3 c0o0
cs
CO CS CS On CsoS sco CS CS
(cm) 17 21 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 45 47 49 53 55 57 59
191
0000
8
ri CS CS
s
cs
o
cs CS CS* cs* cs
ocs CwSo oCO VCOO S; $ CwSo
cs* CS* CS CS CS cs cs
wCSo
CS CS CS CS cs
OCSn CS
157 2.52
2.52 2.48 2.43 2.38 2.34
1.97 1.92
1.83 1.79 1.74 1.70 1.65
1.56
T9I 991
61 svz
0000 P4
991
081 681 861
T00t
861
ZYZ LYZ
wooo
181 981 061 661 LYZ
0o0
981 161 6 9 Z
c0s0
961 LZZ
961 0YZ
ooe 96Z 98Z
LLZ
o8
ZVZ L9Z
s cs
LLZ
cs CS CS cs cs
8
VO
LYZ LLZ
cpsM cs
VO CcsS
ZLZ
ccss rcscs* cs'
VcOs CO VCOO
ZLZ
cCsO cs
CS cs cs cs* cs cs cs' cs cs* cs*
ocs wcso cs cs
3 8 wo 8 wcso oCO wCOo 8 9
CS CS CS cs' cs cs cs cs cs
8
Tt
Os
3
Ocsn
CS CS cs' cs cs cs cs* cs* cs
eTsi
CS cs cs cs
0o0 00 0cs0 CS cs cs
8 ccss CS cs
oCO
TCOt CS*
OCOn
so CS CS CS
oCS VCOS
wCOo
3
CS
5
o
Tt
wo CS*
owo
StjO-
owo cs
wwoo
CO cs
VCOO
wwoo cs
8
VwOo VO cs* cs
wo VO
CS CS CS* cs cs cs cs cs' cs cs* CS
Os Tt
owso
tC-O CwSo 0w0o cs cs' cs
cs
Tt
cs
so
Tt
8 c-;
cs cs
o wr-o 00 V0O0
CS* cs cs cs* cs cs* CS
0w0o Ct-O* CS cs
158 2.56
2.87
2.53 2.48 2.44
2.11
1.97
1.84 1.79 1.75 1.70
159 2.61 2.71 2.81 2.92 2.63 2.58 2.54
2.07 2.02
1.93
1.75 1.71
160 2.65 2.75 2.85 2.96 2.68 2.63 2.59 2.54
2.03
1.94 1.89
1.80 1.76 1.71
s o00 VOOn cs cs cs*
T00t wOon 8 cs CS CO
8 0o0 CO co
8
CS Ot-s T00t 0000 rO;n cs cs cs CS
Os VO
CS cs
161 2.69
2.31 2.26 2.22 2.13 2.04 1.95
1.77
162 2.73
2.94 3.04 2.79 2.74
2.65
2.51
2.27
2.13
2.00 1.95
163
2.98 2.84 2.79 2.75
2.61
2.41 2.36 2.32
2.23 2.18
2.05 2.00
1.91 1.87
C00S
164 3.02 3.13 2.89
2.57
2.33
1.92
TCOt
OCOn
rw-o cs
r- 00
VO
cs' cs
VO 00 V0O0 8!
8 CO
C00S cs
o
Tt
VOOn
VCOO cs
wo
Tt
ON
Tt
owo
OSZ
0C0O cs
3 cs
r-
Tt
VWOO cs
8 wVOo CS* cs
0w0o On 0T0t O00N TOtn cs cs cs' cs* CS
0000 cs
CS CO
VCOS CO
WO wo r-
VO r- r-
3.07 3.17 2.94 2.90 2.85
2.62 2.51 2A1
2.38 2.33 2.29
2.15 2.11
1.97
166 2.90
3.11 3.21
2.90
cs cs
2.56 2.52 2.47 2.43 2.38 2.34
2.07 2.02
167 2.94 3.05 3.15 3.25 3.05
2.91
2.73 2.61
2.48 2.43
2.21
168 2.99 3.09 3.19 3.29 3.10 3.06 3.01
2.87 2.82
2.67 2.62
2.53 2.49 2.44
2.31
2.13
169 3.03 3.13 3.23 3.34 3.15 3.11 3.06 3.02 2.97 2.92
2.83
2.67 2.63
2.54
2.27
170 3.07 3.17 3.28 3.38 3.21 3.16 3.11 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.93 2.88 2.77
2.68 2.63 2.59 2.54
2.41
3.11 3.21 3.32 3.42
3.17 3.12 3.07 3.03 2.98 2.94 2.82 2.78 2.73 2.68 2.64 2.59 2.55
2.46 2.41 2.37 2.32 2.28
C0O0 cs
o00 <o
172 3.15 3.26 3.36 3.46 3.31 3.27 3.22 3.17 3.13
3.03 2.99 2.87
2.78 2.74 2.69 2.65
2.51
co
Tt
cs
r-
Tt
cs
cwso
VwOo cs
oc^ cs
00
Tf
CS*
cwso cs*
vo cs
VvOo cs*
wo cs
Tt OcN^ 0w0o 8 cs cs cs cs
173 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.51 3.36 3.32 3.27 3.23 3.18 3.13 3.09 3.04 2.92 2.88 2.83
2.61
ZLZ 99'Z
rw-o cs
CvoO cs
cvos rvq- cs
rcs*
VO CS
o00 cs
On 0o0 cs' CO
8 CO
0cs0
CO*
174 3.24 3.34 3.44 3.55 3.42 3.37 3.32
3.23 3.19
Tt CO
2.93 2.88
2.70 2.57 2.43
0cs0 co
3.28 3.38 3.49 3.59 3.47 3.42 3.38 3.33
3.24 3.19 3.15 3.03 2.98 2.94
2.53 2.48
WooO cs
176 3.32 3.43 3.53 3.63 3.52 3.48 3.43 3.38 3.34 3.29 3.25 3.20
3.03 2.99
2.81 2.76
2.58 2.54
OvqO cs
V0O0 cs
8
CS*
00
Tt
CO
CwOo co
3.36 3.47 3.57 3.67 3.57
3.44 3.39 3.34 3.30 3.25 3.13 3.08 3.04 2.99 2.95
2.81 2.77
2.63 2.59
00 ccos CCOO 0C0O CS CS cs cs cs*
289
1 <3
Coal Mine Dust
Table E -2 (Continued). L L N fo r F E V j fo r males
58 3 \
9
290
(cm) 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 9 4 1 4 5
51 53 55 57 59 61
3
Os s
Tf rq
Os tq
00
8
so Os
8
SO o
SO
o cs
so cs
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so cq
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cs cs cs* cs cs cs CS CO CO CO CO co CO CO co CO
00 q
CO tq
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00
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Os
os Os
3
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SO *-4
o cs
so cs
o CO
so CO
o Tf
so
cs* cs ci cs cs cs cs CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
co Cq
00 tq
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CO Os
81
3
8
S*-4'
Os
cs
Os cs
Tf CO
?
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o sq
cs cs' cs cs CS cs CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
rq
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00
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s cs
Tt CO
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sq
CS* cs CS cs cs CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co
cs 00
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00 CO
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cs cs cs cs co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO
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r*Os
8
8
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O
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o
8
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cs cs
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t-** CO
cs
r-
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SO Os
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cs s;
r-
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o
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S;
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3
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o cs
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1-H so
VO so
sq
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3 s8. Tf Os
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in o so so so
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sq r-.
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3 3 8co
O^s4
cs
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\ so Tf so
so o so o so
sq t*^
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co* CO* co co' CO* CO* CO CO* CO* CO* co' CO* CO CO CO CO
3 300 CO 00 CO 00
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s o so sq r- 00 00
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CO CO CO CO co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO CO
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$ 3*4 so
r*so
cs sq
sq
cs tq
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3
85
8
co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tf
so cq
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sq
r-* sq
cs tq
r-> tq
cs 00
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CO Os
00 Os
CO O
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co CO CO co CO co co CO CO CO CO co CO
O'
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sq
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tq
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cs 00
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cs Os
00 Os
CO o
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co co CO CO co CO co CO CO CO CO CO t*-' rf
8 83
o so
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so sq
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00
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rOs
r- co 00 CO o cs
CO CO co CO co co co CO CO CO CO
TT
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so
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so sq
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cs
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO tj-
Tf*
CO 00 cs cq tT
soOs 3in SO
os sq
so rq
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8
Os
o
3
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co CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO
cs r- cs cs cs cq ^t* O' ^t*
800 CO os
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in q sq tq rq CO
so o
8
so o
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SO
CS
cs
cs rq
cq
CO CO CO CO co CO CO CO S' rr
^t*
8CO 00 CO Os
Os
V S tq tq 00 00 o
so o
o9--4
o
cs
VO cs
9-4 CO
v cq
cs
CO CO co CO CO CO CO S' S'*
Tf <fr*
Tf Tj-
cs rq
S cq
O 00
Tf 00
00 00
CO Os
rOs
o
so o
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Tf
00
cs cs
SO CS
cq
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CO CO CO CO CO CO CO S' S'
Tf ^t*
8 8so
o rq
rq
00 tq
cs 00
r00
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SO \
CO 00 cs V o SO
oo
cs CS
CO CO co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
Tt
3 3so Os
to so so
00 cs V o so s co r^ cs sq tq tq 00 00 00 Os Os o
o11 4
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tf
3so
9t
Os
CO so
00 so
cs sq
S sq
o tq
S' rq
Os
CO 00m
00
Os
so Os
8
CO CO CO* CO CO co CO CO CO* co* CO CO CO* co' O'
190
179 180 181 182 183 185 186 187
r-00
Tf
00 s
CS
00
00 00
N Os
^-4 9-4
193
Appendix E
Table E -3. L L N fo r F E V 1/FVC % fo r males
53
3
$
N
Vl/>>
jvn>
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CO
in
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a
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p Os SO
p
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p Os so
co Os so
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p
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CO Os VO
CO
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vs SO
co Os VO
co Os SO
co Os SO
co
Os VO
p
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co Os VO
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CO
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in n in in n n n m wo m VTi in in in >n p in in in in in
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Os so
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p r- O' r- r- r-
r- r- r- t-N.
pr- r- r-
r- O' O' O' O'
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Os vo
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Hvsi so
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Os VO
Os vo
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Os Os VO
Os
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Os
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Os
Os SO
Os
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Os
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Os Os vo
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nvsv SO
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n VO
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291
Coal Mine Dust
8 3
am u # sS
tr CL
v a V) f* 1/} no m co m
in Os
r^
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h-
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co co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO CO
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8
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si NO
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On NO
si NO
NT) NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO >n NO NO NO NO NO
soOn On On On On ON ON ON On ON On ON ON si ON si
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO VO VO NO NO
VO NO NO NO
r- r- r- r- r- r- r- t- r~ t-* f- r- r- tOn On On ON On On ON On On On On On ON si ON si NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO VO NO NO NO
On On On ON ON On On On On On ON On On On ON ON
8' On 8 ON 8 8 d ON 8 8 8 8 8 8 On 8
NO NO
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pH
pH pH pH pH pH ^H pH pH pH pH pH pH pH
r-*
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o
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ood o oo oo o ood ooo
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NO
r--
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00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
r-
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ph pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH
r- r- r^ t*^ t- r-
t- r^ r-
r-
CN cn cn cs CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
ph
pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH
r- r- r- f- t- r- r- r-
r*
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pH
ph
pH
pH
r- r- r r*-
N; Tf
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pH
pH
pH
pH
pH
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pH
pH
pH
r- r- r*
r-* r-
no o NO in p in in o NO in NO NO NO o in NO
pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH
t- r- r- r-*
r- r- r r** r- r- t^
p p t>'
r; r;
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ON ON On ON Os Os Os On Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os
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pH
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pH
r*** r- r- t- r- r*' r- C^ t^* P^
pH pH ^H pH pH pH pH pH pH pH pH H pH pH cn ci (S r4 CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN r** r- r- r- r- r- r- r- r^ r-* r- r-
co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co <n (S ri CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN r^ r-* r- r- r-* r- r- r- r* r^ r^ r* r*
in NO NO m NO m in NO in in NO NO NO NO *o NO
cn cn cn ri CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
r- r-* r~ r^ r- r** r*-
r** r* r- r- r-' r- t*"*
P P P PNO vo so p VO p NO p NO p NO VO
cn cn cn cs CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
r- r- r- r- r- r*-
r- r- r** r*
00 00 00 oo OO 00 00m oo cq OO' 00 00 oo oo oq 00
cn cn cn CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
r-* r- r- r** r- f* r-
r- r- r* r- r** r-
r-
P Po o o o o O o o
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co co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co CO CO
r- r- r- r** r- r- r- t-* r-
r-
o o Os 00
r- p NO NO
CO CO CN pH pH o
CO CO cn CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
r- r** r- r- r-*
r* r- r*
r** r- r- r-
o o Os oo r^
p *0
't CO cO fi pH pH o
co CO ri CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN r- r- r^ r- r- r- r- r- r* r- r- f"
o O Os 00
sCO CO CN CN
r- r- r- r-
NO NO NO Tfr CO co CN pH pH O
pi pi CN pi pi pi Pi CN
o o Os 00 r-
NO NO NO
CO co CN -H pH o
co co cn CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
r-- r- r- r-
r- r-
r- C^ r-
o00 On
pH CN CO
NO NO r- 00 On
r- pH
rpH
00 pH
00 pH
00 pH
00 pH
00 pH
00
00 pH
00
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00 pH
pH CN CO
Os O On
pH
pH
292
Appendix E
2.24
2.14
2.02 1.99 1.97 1.94
Table E -4. L L N fo r FVC fo r females
1.93 1.91
2.00
2.03 2.00 1.98 1.95 1.93 1.88
1.97 1.94 1.92 1.89 1.87
2.00 1.97 1.94 1.92 1.89 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.79 1.77 1.74
1.76 1.73 1.71
53 55 57 59 61
wz
861
961 861 061
661 16*1 961 661
061 861
981 681 161
2.01
1.81
1.77
53
3 pH 00
00
pH
00
CN CN00
o
pH
CO CO CO
CN oi oi oi oi oi oi oipH cs
3
o CO 00 00
fH pH
CO VO
00 00 pH
00 NO 00
pH
1.88
o
CN
8
CN
pH
CN
CO pH
oi
O' H
oi
o
ri CN
CCNO oi
O'
rCNi
0 CO 01
CO CO
oi
O'
CO
oi
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oi
2.25 2.23
8 8 CO VO ON
O
pH ^H
CN CN CN CN oi oi
VCON
OCNs
CO CO
VO CO
Os
CO
9
oi oi oi oi oi CN
CN CNVO 8
o 00
CNO
H
pH
pH
CN CN CN CN oi oi
CONs
CN
CO
vcno
ON
CO
CN
vn
oi oi oi oi oi oi
1.84 1.81
00 00
O
CN
3
CN
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o
CN
p4
CN
pH
CN
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CN
rCNi
a
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pH
CO
oi
co oi
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1.94
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2.40
5
O'
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2.35 2.33
1.95 1.93
8
8
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pH
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pH
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pH
CCON
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CN CN CN CN CN CN oi oi
VCOO OCON co 8 ONtn oi oi oi oi oi
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8
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s
CN
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CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
2.29
2.32
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2.59 2.56
2.46 2.43
2.65 2.62
2.55 2.52
2.45 2.42
2.55 2.52 2.49 2.41 2.39 2.36
2.35 2.33
2.25 2.23
2.15 2.13
2.05 2.03 2.00
1.94
31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
CN
3
CN
g
CN
pH
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vo
^4
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00
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933 913
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961 661
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2.19
2.22
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2.49
vvoo oi oi
2.45 2.43 2.35
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pH
CN
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4 CN
wo CrNi
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CHO CN
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8
CvoO VVOO 8 CVOO vo 00^ COO; O0^'
ci CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN oi oi oi oi oi 01 oi oi
pH
i>4
00
pH
CN
VCON
0CN0
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CTNf CN
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voo Ovnn oi oi
8 VOs. COO; VOO'. ON oi oi oi oi oi
2.65 2.62
2.41 2.38
2.73 2.83 2.93 2.91 2.88 2.86 2.83 2.75
2.26 2.32
9LZ 9L'Z 993
L9Z
LZZ LVZ
2.84 2.81 2.79
2.74 2.72
2.73 2.71 2.68
2.64 2.61
2.61 2.58
2.33 2.31
pH
O'
pH
CON
C'CNf
CON'
oi oi CN CN CN
CO 0CO0 CN CN
2.44
00 pVHO CN CN
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cn
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ri CN CN CN CN
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8 oi
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2.94 2.92 2.89
2.85 2.82
2.81 2.79
2.80 2.78 2.75 2.73
2.65 2.62
WO 00
ri
cn
CN
rCNi
2.35
2.42
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2.61 2.58
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27
a rCN- co CO 0CO0 pTHf V) oi CN CN CN CN CN CN
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cn oco CCOO CO 8 3 o*a** oi CN CN CN CN CN CN
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17 19 21
Nco VCOO OCOn
8
On
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8
ri CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN CN
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vo 8 oi oi
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2.79 2.89
2.95 2.92
2.82
2.55 2.53
5
148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
293
(c m )
Coal Mine Dust
Table E -4 (Continued). L L N fo r FVC fo r females
19
8
rt 3 0T0f in Tmf 0in0 VO s 0VO0
r; 0r-0 00 0S0f o00q q
CN ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
s
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294
Table E -5. L L N fo r F E V i fo r females
3 3
cTof
co
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OV
Ov OCOv VvoO
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2.13 2.25 2.09 2.06 2.03 2.00 1.97 1.95 1.92 1.89 1.86
1.77 1.74 1.71 1.68 1.65 1.62 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.50 1.47 1.44
191 891
161 161
ZVZ
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2.27
2.03 2.00 1.97 1.94
1.88
1.82 1.79 1.76 1.73 1.70
1.65 1.62 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.50 1.47
06'1 961 LVZ
991 691 991
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181 061 66'l
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2.00 1.97 1.94 1.92
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2.68 2.79 2.58 2.56 2.53
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1.93
961 661
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2.71 2.61 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.46 2.43
2.34 2.31 2.28
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2.14 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.02
oo
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3
04
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co
VO
3
0000
>0
SO
VO VO
Appendix E
o-
VO
00 VO
Coal Mine Dust
Table E -5 (Continued). L L N fo r F E V i fo r females
3 3 ^4 v 9s hIT) V) V) CirO> tH V) 9Tsf rT*f o cTof "T & Tf < 9cos r co V) co CO co fH co aN r* (S to cs 3
v tf"H*
w .w.
296
21
$
^4 o
s
S
8
4 r^*4 Os CcsS
rcs
OCO
ccqs
wo CO
rCO-
ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
o 3 p s cs T*4f
o
cs cs
to
rcs
ocq
ccoo
wo cq
0cq0
8
CS cs ri ri ri ri ri cs ri cs ri ri ri ri ri ri
3
S
o
cs
to
r**4
ocs
CcOs
tcos
c0s0
ocq
cCoO
to cq
ocqo
Tf
CO
ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
ro-
o
co
t^o4
0^40
o CS
cCsO
CSOS
00 cs
*4 CO
co co
VO co
0CO0
Tf
3
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ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
o
co
VO
00
cs
CcsO
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00 cs
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cvOq
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3 rT-f Os
cs* ri ri cs* ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
c^o4
VO
00
cs
Tf CS
CVOS
COSs
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a
rcq-
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3
rT*f
%
cs wo
ri ri CO ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri CS* ri ri ri
no4
Os
cs
Tf cs
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cCOs
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to
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cs wo
wo wo
ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri CS* ri ri ri ri ri ri
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cs cs
cs
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cs CO
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wo wo
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ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
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cs
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s
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to
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ri ri ri cs* ri ri ri ri cs* ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
to ri
00 cs
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cTof
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to
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p4 SO
3
ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri cs* ri ri ri ri ri
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f-H CO
ccoo
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3
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ri ri ri cs* ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
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ri ri ri ri ri ri CS* ri ri ri CS* ri ri ri ri ri
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r
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Ops
ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
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to
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cs VO
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r* vO
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to vq
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ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri ri
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Appendix E
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3
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V) lV/>) CVO)
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u
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21
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25 27
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p vB
p so
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cs VO
rr-
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p 00 vo
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r-
p r-
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r*
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p
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cro-'
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r-
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cs*
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oo
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jo
WO
cwso
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wTot
wwoo
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cwo-
pH
0w0o
VO
159 160 162 163 164 165 167 168
297
Coal Mine Dust
Table E -6 (C ontinued). L L N fo r F E V 1/F V C % fo r females
$ o 00 r-* to vt CN O Os r- q CN Os 00 SO
r-' vO
8
id VO
td VO
to VO
td VO
td VO
td VO
s
3 co CN o 00 r- *o CN q q VO CO Os
K vd $ vd d
vo VO vO vo vo vo
to td td td td d s VO VO VO VO o VO
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VO
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vd vd vd vd VO VO td
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co O 00 q to CO CN o 00 q to Tt CN OS r- SO
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q 00 VO to co
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CO Os 00 VO o CO O 00 q o CO CN Os o o Os Os Os Os Os Os Os 00 00 00 00 00 00 r- r^ vo vo vo VO VO VO VO VO vo VO VO o vo VO
co VO CO pH Os 00 vo to CO CN o oo to Tt CN
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r- r-
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r-
cn o 00 q o CN -j q VO cn PPM q q
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r-
21
q qOS to CN -- 00 to q CN o 00 to
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r- VO to CO CN o 00 r- to CN Os 00 VO to CO
PH pH
r-* r-
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r-
pH pH
vo
r-
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r*
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CN
0P-0H
CO 00 pH
00
pH
298