Document wDxMDV4OLRnD9noeg9J0z98M4

"SuPont Magazine vorvj J^yralin Adds to the charm ofthe dressing-table HERE is about Ivory Pyralin that atmosphere Tof good taste which delightful design and ex quisite coloring always give. Its constant useful ness is an added reason for its immediate appeal. Ivory Pyralin comes in complete sets with every latest accessory for the dressing-table. All of its exclusive designs are standard so that, if preferred, one can obtain a few pieces ana add to the set later. Each piece is marked with the name "IvoryPyralin' in tiny letters. It will not tarnish, chip or break; it is easily cleaned and is quite the finest in every respect. You will find it at the leading merchants'. The La Belle Pattern--featuring the trans verse handle, exclusive in Ivory Pyralin. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS QC COMPANY, In c ., Sa l e s De p t ., Py r a l in Div is io n , WILMINGTON, DEL. _ ........ -- ___: 1 ---- - - = : DUPO ZINE [4 Vol uuie XIII AUGUST, 1920 Number 2 Immigration and the Labor Supply An examination of tin1 offset of the war upon the influx offoreigners into the ('niteil States OR many yours immigration inn: hi-c-n Hy !' ! .KSiJK MW 1< urn Fone of the most important facurs in the indirwrinl rleve'.upment of the b-imomit' Stal i-Lit'kln f'-, f. dii Hi ini dc IWiiionr- iS, Gtin United Slates. Before the Great War 1 his ing tnc* outbreak of the war is striking* a comparison of the actual figures with the pre-war tome is even more significant. The normal .rend of the- pre-war years is country was largely dependent upon immigration for the addi indicated by a solid diagonal line, which has been projected ms tions to its labor supply necessary to meet i he needs of it:, rapidly a broken line) up to 1920. This pre-war -.rend of immigration expanding Industries, The tear suddenly shut of! the greater lias been determined by fi it ing a straight line i u the annual dal a part of this stream of by the mol hod of least inmiigrathm: and k v o i XI MUMS ii IJJMIGHA-Vr.s AIUUUXG IN UNITED ST V! i-->. YEA US E\IUM, squares. The normal since the eec-salion of V, i'i ii MJUAIAi. TlilJXU iji- TMill-WAjl YEARS trend line thus deter hostilities the number r, mined dearly "brings out ot ioreigncm nommg dr*-.s^ the fact that immigra into the country fins *,f tion was increasing at a l)ean exeee?iingly small. very rapid rate up to the This situation has cre time of the war. The ated fears that the projection of this nor United States may he mal trend line shows us faced with a .serious what might have been shortage of labor un expected had the same less immigration k- forces that were affect soon resumed mt a ing immigration before largo scale. the war con tinued. Wit Imui riitempring Tf immigration had to determine how continued after the out great n labor supply break of the war at the the country needs, an same rate as before we examination of some should have received immigraison statisrics during the live years may jrove of interest. beginning July 1, 1914, In tlte 15 years end and ending June 30, ing June 30, 19U, a 1919, atotal of 6,316*425 total of 18,877,089 im immigrants. The actual migrants arrived in number coming during the United Staler. these live years, wan tmly Tills was an average 1,172,679. A comparison of 891,805 a year. During the five of these years which imme of them:! ual number of immigrants entering the country dur diately preceded the outbreak of the war (1910-1914) tat total ing eni-h of these live yearn, with ike number wo might have number of immigrants entering the country was 5,i 7-1.701, or exixtetod under pre-war conditions, is even more interesting. an average of mere than a million a year. Buell a comparison is shown in the following table: During die flve. years ending June NO, 1919 tthut is, ike five years beginning with ihe .sumimT in which toe war broke uiUj only 1,172,079 immigrant* entered the United Sfm.es--an YEAR EXi>]\7:.; Ju n e ,10 NORMAL IMMIGRATION ACTUAL OS PRE-WAR BASIC IMMIGRATION average of 23-1,536 year, nr only a trifle morn than a fiflh 1915 1,188.989 326,7(0 of the j mmher that had been fuming before the war. 19 U> 1,226,117 298,826 The HlWt. of il e war upon immigration is perhme more' 1917 1,261,285 295,401 clearly brought out in the accompanying graph showing the 191 S 1*100.183 110,618 iota! number of immigrants arriving each year from 190b to 191 9 1.317,581 141,132 1919, inclusive, with the normal trend of the pre-war years. While the actual fall ng off of immigration in the years follow- Tula! 1915-; 919 (UHU25 J ,172,679 n. I'UNl \l 11 \ZINT,, rip\ i*UU by I-.. 1. I'ih j i li* A r;ii.Hr< N G<mi}K*u\ . Inc. ^Mtecrtpiiau. ji1 >-rui-, !] vt-ar- J. K. SHIT,']/. Ylaiiajor:*' JMiti-r I. I?. U 1Nf.iFE> I ER, A .r Nl Md.r Publichera mar rcprinl, \<ilh crclil. Ml sirtidf* ami ilhistrniioii.. <"W "pt tte.-i' risrryiu" ,> ~j.r-einl rijb;, Kte-iflv|*e* nil-, .vhc-u jn../, n<l>\ W fuxmi-fedi q j i i-'i{Uct. 2 I>U PONT MAGAZINE A truer picture of the effect- of the war upon immigration is During the last 6 months tf 1919 the situation became e\en gamed, however, by an analysis of ti e excess of aliens enter more acute, for only 20,875 Immigrant aliens arrived who were ing this country over those leaving it in other words, of the classified as common unskilled laborers, while 109,298 emigrant net increase in cur populaCcm dim t.u immigral dm. aliens of like classification left the country, a net loss of 88,888 For the five yearn ending Juno .HO, 1019, thqcxcesHof arrivals during these fi months alone. over departures was only 481 ,884 or an average of H?i,H77 a year; whereas during the five years before the war the excess The Outlook of arrivals amnunfed in 8,816,1-16, or an average of over 663/100 This sirnation has made some observers fear than a very a year. eomidofubie actual reduction of the country's existing labor The graph at the right shows the animal net immigration for supply might be experienced m the next year or two. Appar he years ending June HO, 1908, ently, however, the tide has now i-o 19 i Si, inclusive. For the years ending June HO, 1918 and 1 begun to turn. While no immigra tion statistics for the country as a 1919, this exc-rss had declined to 'whole are at present available for 18,585 arid 20,790, respectively, recent months, 'figures for the compared with 817,519 in 1910 port of New York show that as ami 815,308 01 1918. many as 32,000 immigrants hay# From July 1 tn December 51, arrived at that port in a single 1910, a total oi 253,926 aliens week,, and that the. excess of arrived in the 1'nit.ed States, arrivals over departures has been while 212,652 left, showing a net as high as 8,000 In a single week. mimicrration for the half year While these numbers are con of 11,27*1. siderably below those of the Loss of Unskilled years immediately preceding the war, they indicate the possibility loihor of a much larger immigration than we have had since 1914. Of course, the figures given It Is believed by many com above do not represent net petent observers that a decided changes in the country's labor revival of immigration will take supply, for they include many place within the next year or two women ami children. We find, and that, unless drastic restric indeed, that the departure ol' unskilled laborers was mom pro \ki IMMIUK.-Vf IO.N\ 1Kj &--IV19 TEAKS ENDING JUNE m tions are imposed, we'May see" the pre-war immigration figures nounced than the figures given would indicate. During the five years ending June JO, 1919, the lW"jiifrun v,};li Jjj\ 1, IMUj , Hit* I iiiu-ti Sl*1t:e Cim'rnmciit hiw kept et Tit-orJ <j thir rmrabi:* <if aii>.-n }r\hij: the iruntuty u h vr*H a-j the rmrwhcr ent'-riug it. Tin: pupil tbi n:l in I Ik c: pojnilutioit <:" equaled before manyyearn. There are, of course, obstacles still stand ing in the way. For one thing, our number of emigrant: aliens leaving the country, who were classed as common unskilled laborers, exceeded by 151.780 the number of immigrant aliens of like olasriiication who entered it. It is true that, during this period there was u not gain of 74,563 Vi(M i,y rC niii`t>j iirmmg t.vcr -;ich 3*ar nine: ifai; rcu>ni has |i*u ki'j i. dtjsarJin^ 'I Jti* m-i iiitniteratioit figures thus Irom which lh aliovr prajiri wm nrtf|irri, lire >* fiillinv-i. (In; yir . lining iJn: G,>v'-rr,ri.!u**ii lijicm y*sar", which end ,hine3<): 190.1--209,16? 191!--513.85* 1912--161,863 3SU3-- i'H-l--71,9,2Tb 1915-- SiU-76 IVki--123,>11 Vi 17--Z16,VK. j4!S-- l,i!I5 2*1,"9y immigration laws now impose restrictions that" did"'not "exist before the war. Furthermore, steamship accommodations are. not at present available on the pre-war scale and it may possibly be several years before they will besufficient to takecare of asgreat foreigners who were classed numbersas came in the yearsprior as "farm iaixwer?," many of to 1914. Restrictions on the em whom doubles* entered imlus- igration of their people may also ir'ud plants instead of going to farms after their arrival be imposed by foreign countries. It therefore seems probable here; but even if we deduct this number from our net loss that the growth of immigrationto pre-war proportions maybe de of those diissbied ns unskilled laborers, thuro would still layed for severalyears. Rut very much larger numbers than came be h net Jass of 77,217 in the five years. during the years from 1914 to 1919 may confidently be expected. Fewer Shotshell Loads l\y h. K. UAiAlN Ktt many years manufacturers of shells have re-cognized that- stocks of jobbers and dealers; help to eliminate confusion in reduction in the number of loads would help increase pro- handling stocks and shipments; make the salesmen's work duetiua and cfikilwicy, if only by eliminating thousands of ordeersasier; release warehouse apace for other profit-paying purposes; for special and freaky loads cm which t here is Utile or no profit. confine the investment tu a minimum, ami make for quicker Three thousand or more jobbers, who carry shells In stock, tonover and greater profits. catalog them, take orders for them, and endeavor to please The response was unanimous. Hundreds of jobbers, by 1 heir trade with the smallest. stock and investment possible, return mail, heartily indorsed the movement as the best step have also felt that such a reduction would he desirable. taken in the ammunition business in a long time. The advantage of fewer loads is even more pronounced When As all of the loading companies are members of the Society one considers 80,000 to 100,000 retail dealers, who handle shells. of American Manufacturers of Small Arms and Ammunition, The Du Pont Company, with the idea of rendering a common the subject was brought up for discussion before that body. service to manufacturers, jobbers and dealers, addressed a Every manufacturer commended the plan and promised letter to the jobbers, asking if they would favor a movement co-operation in reducing the number of shell loads. to reduce the number and variety of shntehell loads. It was This movement, inaugurated by the Du Pont Company, b pointed out that nueh a reduction would: Simplify shotshell certain to he of great benefit to all parties interested. IK Kies Park h im! tli e "'Sport Alluring i fif: ii!;i< { f'ar)*. \ uicmi'lw mv-ilr- in a qutrl >l!c) t:."i. i.i-i.-ii t.% 'vifuiv'. !- * .){'' rnggi'.t) fi'Ui! t .i I i'l | fl'nk . r-1J ` IJI ! !'.< fl'l i . -' * ! ! t-I i I i-.l'i: I'i? . !'!!) 11 I-V.,;i ' t if.r- [('I! j,,\ W suflltl! ! \ I ' i ViUujii'il -* f* t i\-trf i ioi i, tii . ii] . f :t i ! u;- in :)'it-'lfet'CF^lS|ilK llKS " < !< !: I i <;.*!} ill! ?;i\ > I ft _ "ViM'-'i i' .iM K.' \ic> rival tliit *14htir lieanly .W"!' ! I! . !! "i1 ! ' Of"] thf "Si|1TOlifelStl!" . ! fi HMK ; #S:'I ................?......1..1:i li::-i. iI''.. :i .rj <4.1 1.1l.ii1h! 's%-' jH< il'-Ji%% i'TH'ililiC'vVrr !>' Hi :0 - iii;j \ m ! I'm1 .---i >. -11 i 11 I i fr'r ifxfviHimi. ii.i-m: .I 'ii' --.iiii \ !!. r.i i:,. ; > .i j'-!,i*-i Hi;]; .-if'ifii-Vl'Tii ...........................- .Ml fHS*-'i *. l!ic V f C l !i* '-|n Ij -IK<l>`nl : i ill % iii* N jfi! I)ii Hii .. i.!- > 11,-. . ' r. : !< ii* ii (si.r.iixiiiUil'i, *..(!.-..ii.J . i .. !j>. ji .-| % .k : i : u--.r -if ! %% . .sr:-!1 ! :: 1 .<: i: j, - 11.: !(.!! :. f . . " I'm]*, aiw* ti-< i'l1*' K. ii,..--* :!!. -null ii.i;: |i.i--i i-.rsi* a , 1 (,' * -1*-1 .-! < j . ; I < w i 11;11V I ..! |--J,| ! .1 : .j-!-.. ^ ifi | {.. .iif-ii J1,. 111 ->:> n. 1 !*i- .- l v. i ii {,. " ; tin-cm i `Out H"h p r 4* ! ht* 11 si II **' / h h DU PONT MAGAZINE Charcoal Sulphur and Saltpeter Take a trip with the writer to a plant where this trinity of raw materials is made into Mack powder Partial view of Nemoar# Plant, Want Virginia* showing fchre mills. The buildings in tb* foreground are raw material storehouses T must be confessed that I experienced a vague feeling of I uneasiness just as I was about to make my first visit to a black powder plant. However, as I stood on the crest of a MI, separating the village of its operatives from a largo powder plant, and looked down upon the valley studded by a variety of buildings, ail apprehension left me. For it must be said at once, that I had never seen a more beautiful setting. The sun was just peeping over the hill. The morning rays accentuated the picturesqueness of the slopes with their patches and fringes of the forest, not long ago an unbroken mantle of green. Off In the distance were cultivated areas, close to eozydooldng houses, whose spirals of smoke lazily announced the comforts of the hearth. The very stillness and beauty reassured me. The superintendent of the plant was to serve as my guide and together we walked down into the valley. As we approached the entran.ee, I remarked the pronounced absence of rubbish or under brush about the buildings. We went into the office which adjoined'the one entrance to the extensive area. Here, I was requested to leave all matches in a metal container. My shoes were examined. They had rubber soles and heels and passed muster, as no projecting nails could cause chance friction, Leaving the office, we pro ceeded to the raw 'material storage houses. My guide stated that the black powder made at this plant contained three ingredients--Chili salt peter, or sodium nitrate, sul phur--often termed brim stone--and charcoal. The sodium nitrate is shipped from Chili In bags. These hags are emptied into storage bins, and after being washed are salvaged. Huge heaps of ,the..raw materials are kept, in .stock, and ample provision is made against a possible shortage* as a result of irregular transportation. The first step in the process of manufacture is the pulveri zation of the sodium nitrate. This is accomplished by passing it between huge cylindrical rollers. The resultant powder then passes over an electrical magnet in order to remove particles of iron frequently found in crude sodium nitrate. The requisite amounts of sulphur and charcoal are weighed, and charged together into cylindrical drums of iron. Hash cylinder contains a number of Iron balls. Their total weight is about one-half the weight of the charge. As the cylinders revolve,' these tumbling balls 'grind"and 'mix' the sulphur and charcoal. After continuous revolution for about ten hours, the contents form a uniform, fine powder--the so-called * `pulverize dust. After the completion of this "powdering/' the mix- tare is passed through a wire screen, with 24 meshes per square inch. This operation removes such foreign matter as may be present. The three harmless mate rials are now ready to be mixed intimately with each other, thereby forming ordi- ' nary blasting powder. . We. foliowed...a.small, car.. |. containing weighed amounts | of the crushed sodium nitrate * and the mixture of sulphur { and charcoal as it was pushed j to a stone structure, called a 1 M AUGUST, 1920 5 ``wheel mill." This was simply a large, circular room, entirely open on the side lacing the hill. The roof was constructed of light sheet-iron, loosely fastened to 1-beams. The guide said that this was a safely pre caution. If, by any chance, an explosion should occur. Its force would he exerted upward and outward: away from, not in the direction of, adjacent build in gu Tin* open side would offer an easy outlet for Uie expanding gases, and the result would be rather a flash titan an explosion. In this room was the equivalent, of a giant mortar and nestle. A bowl-like ves sel of iron, about ten feet in diameter, formed Hit- mor tar. Wooden staves covered the lower surface and there was a wooden rim of this tub - like container. The pestle consisted of two iron i'ni^ vie * wheels, each about six feet in diameter, with a face of twenty inches. Each wheel weighs about ten ions. They are mounted so as to revolve without touching the bed-plate. Small plows precede the wheels, and keep the powder under the lal ter. As we wore leaving the wheel-house, workmen approached with several cylinders containing tho three ingredients which form the charge. The contents; ven'e poured into the veroel and moistened with water. Standing outside, we next watched the operator who started the wheel-house machinery. ``You see," said my guide, "the Hunting device in at a distance from the fcuifcing. The operator must be far enough removed in order to avoid any possibility of injury, in ease of a flash. No one is permitted ro enter while the v/'u'cti cm in motion, except ?hc orer-'U-r. lie Minkf - !w;e? The press used Is quite similar to other hydraulic presses, blit the action is in a horizontal direction. The box of the press is about ten feet long and two feet square. It is consmicted of hard wood. Vertical plates of aluminum are placed in this press box. They are held in place by removable finger boards, in which the slats are at equal distance from each other. The moist, thoroughly mixed powder is introduced Into the box by means of wooden shovels and falls between the aluminum plates. It Is slightly tamped by the aid of a wooden stick. When the box is filled* the finger boards are removed, the ram moves forward by the application of hydraulic pressure, and the powder is thus pressed into cakes about 1M inches thick and two feet square. Next follows griimikitkn in a so-called "c orning mill" or "graining mill." The "press cake" passes between pahs of zinc mils, four in number. The distance between the rolls regulates the size? of the grains. Under these Tolls an oscillating shaker screen separate* ihr coarser from the finer grains. The coarser sizes pass from one pair of rolls to the other until they are all crushed to a standard t:me. The grains are then conveyed ijoui iku corning null io the glazing or finishing mill. Here they are dried and polished in largo revolving h&rreH A small amount of graphite is added t;o furnish lb polish and give the grains a coating that makes them more resist not io moisture. The dust resulting from the granulation of the powder in the coming mill ami the glazing mill in returned to the press r.dl. vkr-w- h. mixed with "wheel cake," arid pressed again. A:V r mwg dried and polished the powder is taken :o ;f cri-.Yghouse. There, in an oscillating, separating * muA.hti. ti-ed with screens of the proper mesh, it is .( jj.irm.'d hie the different sized grains desired, and ; ' :{i u poU ci; into s t eel kegs ready for shipment. The ..pwmhe : '.quired to make a finished keg were watched : with imwtM. hut this will be treated in another article. I U-r uu- Nemours black pmsder plant, profoundly impo ',1th the operation that lake the three otherv.; .* *\!,vs materials charcoal, sulphur and saltpeter mb .-:..i muieis them into n product, that has so :.ii!er:u!ly tided in making and preserving onr nation. Interior of a jurrs- iniil, showing the pjrehh iind finished charts- visits at intervals, lo o >scrvc the condition of the charge." If is human nature to "want to see the wheels g< 'round,*' but 1 needed no urging to remain at u respeda hie dintnnce, and to he satisfied with the e.xplanattoi that, the plows keep the ingredients under the wheels and that Hi wheels bring about a perfect mixture bj pushing forward and twisting sidewise, thereby producing a genuine mortar and pestle effect. The product of this operation is termed "wheel caked The cake is t alcen to the press mill. It contains less than three per cent of moisture at this stage. DU PONT MAGAZINE Walnut--the Cabinet Wood Superlative -Vo one of the Ameriran htirdivoixis is prized more highly hy the wood-worker and wood-finisher than this treasure of the forest HERM ia a belter reason than patriotism By J. COLEMAN BRNTLKY It is one of the most widely'- distributed of all Tor national pride for the appreciation of American walnut above the English or Circassian variety. nur trees. It grows sparingly over a wide terri tory from New England west lo Wisconsin and southern Minnesota, and aa far south as Texas and Florida. Its host It deserves appreciation, Nor is this appreciation based on development, both in ri&e am] quality, was west of the Allegheny sentiment growing from thoughts that wander back to the Mountains ami on the fertile slopes of the Appalachians in boyhood bnl you slept in, and of which your father said, "I North Carolina and Tennessee. cranked nuts that grew on the tree whose wood now makes . . The. walnut seldom is found in pure groves. The trees usually your bed/' There are heirlooms in nearly every home today, occur in widely scattered groups made of walnu l, select id and built or aa isolated individuals among when the germ of modem iniLir-try those of other species. This con was yet undiscovered, Such fur dition of growth, together with the niture possesses the natural charm, great demand for walnut lumber of the itself, and in addi during the past, has tended to tion it is graced with the carv ings that result from unhurried indicate a scarcity of marketable timber. It is true that a large workmanship. When we regard the great mass of furniture constructed annually, we look upon the treasured pieces portion of the available lumber has bonn cut, but a careful Inventory' made during the World War, of the amount of walnut available over with a sense of the enduring quali the entire territory, has revealed ties of this product of American unexpected quantities. This sur soil. We little wonder that a tidal vey was made for the purpose of wave of recurrent favor is in prog ress, bringing on its crest, wal nut "the cabinet wood of the elect." In the early settlement of our country, trees were cut down mainly for the purpose nf clearing semiring this particular wood for the manufacture of gunstocks and airplane propellers, but only..a small proportion of the available supply has been utilized for this purpose. In appearance, the walnut tree the land for agriculture, and few or none suffered more than hlacK walnut. This came about because it occupied the best and most fer tile lands in the valleys and low foothills bordering the principal usually Is very symmetrical, with a heavy crown and short trank. This is particularly true when the tree is grown in the open where it sends out limbs low on the trank and they become forked and gnarled. streams, lienee it was the first to he attacked. This early land clear ing exacted large toll from the trees. In the unthinking haste so dispose of them great numbers of trees were burned. Because it is durable and easily split it fur nished fence rails for many farms. The pioneers early realized that In dense forests, or where they are crowded during early develop ment, the trank tends to lengthen into a tali tapering column with a much reduced crown. It Is a tree requiring a great amount of light, consequently its foliage Is hy nature very tilin'"' and ''dues'' not completely shade the ground the qualities inherent in walnut made it a wood admirably adapted for purposes more valuable. There followed a period when this timber v.us eat without any consideration A typical American v.ainut tree 30 to 45 inches. underneath. , : The average height of' the mature tree is from 70 to 90 feet, with a diameter at the trunk of There is quite a variance from these for future supply and alarm was felt ihat it would he figures in different districts, as individual trees in the mure exhausted. Its scarcity, or rather its value, is evidenced fertile regions frequently attain a height of 11.0 feet, while hy the price during the eighteenth century when walnut low-spreading treea in the open may have a girth of was worth three and one-half pence per foot. At the IS to 20 feet, - - same lime two other important woods cost two-thirds of a it is interesting touche that the white "English walnut" penny and three-sevenths of a penny per foot respectively. At is of the same species as our own American walnut, as is present, lumber cut from walnut brings the highest price of also the Circassian walnut. - This latter species comes from any of our native woods. the Black Sea region where the trees grow under very unfavor Nrir is its value limited alone to lumber cut from the body of able conditions. Their struggle for existence is evidenced by the the tree in the sawmill. Limbs, crotches, and stumps arc soughL weird, twisted and streaked appearance of the cut timber. to bo worked into veneers, gunstocks, and for numerous other The grain cf the American walnut is much more regular and purposes where fancy woods are desired. Stumps of frees cut uniform than the Circassian walnut, except in the "burls," years ago in clearing kind or getting timber are being dug up which have an exceedingly involved grain. The sapwood is and are sold for large sums. Fence rails have been gathered for rather thin and light in color, while the heart-wood is a chocolate turnery. Old furniture in secured and rut into veneers and For brown which darkens with age and exposure. The sapwuotl is other purposes to which it is adapted. in. particular demurd for furniture, cabinet ami interior work. There Is no definite territorial boundary for black walnut. AUGUST 1920 The walnut "burl" Is a large swelling caused by injury or distortion, occurring sometimes In the touches of the trees, but more frequently at the.base of the trunk, or in the roots. These burls when sound are very highly prized as they produce veneers of unusual beauty. The wood of walnut is open grained, ft shrinks but slightly when drying, and with proper care will not check. It is used principally as a cabinet wood and interior finish, although factor and now ranks on a par with the more expensive imported woods, The present-day tendency is toward simplicity in interior finish, woodwork, paneling and doors. The burden for productog artistic effect therefore depends on the beauty of the wood * ' of gunstocks and tool handles, It is true that our present styles in furniture revert to the period designs, Queen Arme, William & Mary, Heppelwhite, Adam and Sheraton. True, also, that modern furniture art has added to the charm of these designs, by elimination of some of 'the' elaborate detail without sacrificing good proportion dr form. But even today the craftsman looks to the forest to supply the wood that will lend the proper character to the . Sixteenth century French carved walnut table design. Due credit must be given, thirefore, to men--that has at all times met the require ments in utility, availability and beauty- walnut. The American walnut even in the days of the earliest colonists possessed a real value. There '' are countless records to show that, this wood .. commanded a ..prominent^ .. As a mark of especial regard, Mrs. Washing ton, the mother of "George," selected a fine mother, Betty Carter. - class of furniture even to the present day.' It ,. ... - m of the intricate designs and figures. ....... .................. As previously stated the development of our present-day furniture, although based on the -period-designs,'"has"undergone a-radicalchange:.. The grace and beauty of the period design have been retained, but the elaborate detail has been eliminated for the purpose of attaining distinc tiveness through dignified simplicity. In this development walnut has been a predominating .... .....: ......... ..... Modern buffet of American walnut itself. For this reason walnut is selected for many of our public buildings, magnificent hotels and palatial residences. The color of the wood...-a chocolate brown, and Its . very fine, satiny texture demand a series of finishes some what different from those used on other American woods. TMicbldf mist be developed and the beautiful graining Continued on page 13 .i - : - : : - ' ty tovy... .:Vj: . < i: t ; . mm V .'k Try: sag :TT - - 4-v iS MrrB 'pi if, ! m .ri v- : ___Li *"----!----r- ! ! HH mm lJul Miniera American wtttuiu udiea*l. Huts ii beauty **i ibe tigurad panel* 8 DU PONT MAGAZINE The Work of Making Playtilings The manufacturer ufplaythings wrcstlva with many problems and worries, but Fahrihoid helps him out of marry a hole OTS art made for fun, that k, if you regard Ry EATUi li. JEN Kb and uncertainty about its reception in the toy Ttoys from the juvenile viewpoint; their market. Anvers there A (he question: Will it purpose h-: to give pleasure and amusement: to little folks fall flat or "go hig;* in ioydom? There- is Ote haunting fear that who play with lhem. But if you suggest to a manufacturer thathte new toy may not strike the childish fancy after the manu it imm he fun making toys, the chances are lie'll give you a facturer has gmm to the expense of equipping his factory lu cold appraising look ami either say "Yes/' with a large-sized mental reserve turn, or else hell say: `Thin? Well, from the outside one might think so, bin from the viewpoint of a r.oy designer and nviimfuetiirnr, take it from me, there's little fun in their mala tig. Far from HP* The truth k, inymaking is u h serious a business as you will find anywhere. 'The kiciory hands probably get as much pleasure out of their svork as any class of employes you am produce it on a large scale. iThe brighter side of the picture is revealed when the manu facturer produces a toy or playt hing that strikes t he fancy and scores a hit. Fortunes have been mad** by the timely introduction of a .single toy or plaything, and it is noteworthy that sonic of the best money-makers have been the simplest in design and eonsiriicuon. likely to find, hut the pleasurable high spots in 1 he front office Miniature reproductions of living and are few and far between, if you accept the1 versdm of many inamirmteehieeis have always engaged the manufacturers. alien lion of toymakers lx`cause young The reason is that toy manufacturing is a highly competitive children, from JI {, to 4 years old. appear to business, and one Unit- in a large degree requires ability to antid- pate the whimsical fiinchs of I he child mind. The man who can do it successfully needs to K-> a ;<tu- 1 dent of child psychology, some what- of a prophet., a mechanic, inventor, and lie must bo a good % buyer. a clever seller..-and in short, a thorough-going business T-VT man; for planning, making and selling toys is. not only highly competitive, but it Is a highly speculative hu.vness. iJiliy5 Sol It requires close tigering all around to make the profit and loss statement at the end of the year pleasurable to look upon, A I.y few cents a yard un a fabric, a -L- screw more or less, a slight: dif ference in the gauge of a metal park an opera i.ion added here or eliminated there in assembling. : v t. as oi c.d nk i: C ty i ii < r. in hi V, t ii!- hi !;!*: : , ink Billy, the b<j!>Siy hors*, will likely have a aaddt< made of FnhriUoJit, uu-.ujilly in a ifrairi lhn-lu<uka i-jcaclly like -va i cowliiiU and the toy falls within or without the required selling price or the necessary margin of profit. Back of this is the eternal racking of minds for ideas---the life blond of (he toy trade; and after the toy is made, the worry 1. ,; :in 1- reaucco, m size to tUxii* and Korvkuj.-ihi* uso the measure of their little hands and minds. Look over the array of toys and playthings in any large de] sirtmen t store. Y oil'll be surprised to find that Ihe world of toys k largely our own workaday world In mlmaiimi The same things we older folks use, live with and work with are nmdo for on f eh ikirei i to j day \v il li. Kxumi ne t he bed.ter grades of these toys and you will discover that they are not only facsimiles in form and appearance, but the toymakera have actually used the same* materials as are found in the original objects reproduced. Commenting rrn this fact, a toy designer Kays: l`Ymi must make good with the child: he is now more broadly educated than in the past; he is a surprisingly keen observer, never missing details. Miniature reproductions must be made as realistic as possible, for we know that any attempt to do wholesale faking or misreprosmiimg in the design of a toy is a-monl sure to be discovered by the child/' Thai explains one reason why Fnhiikoid in its various quail- AUGUST, 1920 ties is sc* often found in toy construction. It is an exiremely type in a skin of brown atbgator-grain Fabrikoid. Incidentally, versatile material, widely used on all manner of real articles, almost, any other animal can be accommodated with a good and logically ii is selected for use in the manufacture of t heir repmcitjcltur of his own hide. toy reproductions. It is only natural that {Jolly's carriage The sanitary qualities of Fabrikoid also recommend its use should have a Fabrikoid top just like the one on baby's own in toy making. go-cart, and that dolly should wear Fabrikoid bootees. Whynotf? Baby may throw Baby wears them. Both the toy automobile and the real ear his bean bag have Fabrikoid oimhions, although there la a vast difference wherever lie will-- between big horse power and little foot power. Likewise, daddy andhnuiumlly does and baby's doll both find the Fabrikoid upholstery on their ---but it will not chairs comfortable. absorb impurities. Another important reason lor the use- of Fabrikoid on toys is It will get soiled, explained by the fact that this material can he obtained in a but no mailer-- wide variety of colors, grains and finishes. Probably no other lumber can dean it typo of fabric meets so many variable reip.iiremonis in the toy perfVvi !y under l he trade. Borne dolls are covered with Fabrikoid sheeting of just water faucet. Kven the right color and grain to give the appearance of an infant's If baby pui.H a pink skin. The same doll may \\ear slippers yi black glazed Fafcrikoki-covured Fabrikoid resembling patent leather, or perhaps a waterproof toy in his mouth, hat ef blue, red or green. "Billy," the hobby horse, will likely have a saddle made of Fabrikoid, usually in a grain thuL looks exactly I ke real cowhide. Baby's toy football will be mafic of Fithrikoid in a most convincing pigskin grain. Big brother, with the baseball habit sprouting, will invest, in a five- eent bail with a Fabrikoid cover that looks exactly like horsehide. And the seat- of his velocipede or sisters tricycle will probably be covered with another type of the sumo material, very likely in the two-color effect of Spanish Dolly wears Fabrikoid bootees. Why not? Bhy wear* them leather. And youT!i find that the toy alligator in the play box feels quite at home- and looks the part of his proto there is no harm done for the coloring matter does not come out. Finally, an important reason why toymakers use Fabrikoid so extensively is that it makes possible important economies in production. The toymaker can spread out fifty or more thick Naturally dnilv'^e-ij Triads should have a Fabrikoid lop just liko thii one on baby's own i;i.*-crt nesses, lay on his pattern and cut out at one operation with an electric knife all the material needed for hundreds of toys, The pieces are all of the exact shape and size required, ar.d nf uniform thickness and tensile strength. Iv'hinifokj cut.i-ing saves time ami labor. And the material lossis pram Fully negligible. Subsequently these pieces A five-cent baseball, with (% Fabrikoid cover that looks exactly like harneI side is feonnil la please go through the minhines like so many pioeoo of wood or fin, wholly free from the variations that in some materials require such tedious and cosi ly hand work. As the material lends itself to labor-saving processes that insure large production at. low cost, it becomes invaluable to toy manufacturcm, who are called upon to make many articles to retail at. prices as low as ten cents each. On high-grade toys, where it is hnimilmil io use nmierlals that will be durable and not show evidences of wear, nothing can take the place o! Fabrikoid. The malcrial is made l-o .stand hard and rough usage without diminishing in any degree the beauty of its appearance. For these qualities it is also highly regarded by makers of Indian suits and other elothea for play purposes. Practically nothing can ha3.pen to alter the color or finish of Fabrikoid. The material dues not fade, discolor or stain, and for all requirements of the toymaker it is readily Both tbw loy auto mobile iwl 1 he real car have Pa brikobi cushions available at a price ihut makes it extremely practicable. Not long ago a noted Jrimlorgarten export addressed a con vention assembly of toy manufacturers. Her recommendations may be compressed in one sentence: Make toys more simple, more durable, more useful, and above all else make them hygienic. The trend Ls certainly in that direction and toward a more extended use of Fabrikoid, Ill DU FONT MAGAZINE Sonic Craclities on Coal-Tar Crudes fhr aeathe chemist has iennual to release medicines* munitions, and dyes illimitable from unpromising black coal tar OAL-TAB ehenmtry L probably the By DR. THOM AS II. NORTON incandescent- mass of coke; the separation C most complex branch of human know!- ^ edge. All of the substances included under the designa of the three volatile constituents; the start of t.he humble, homely tar on a career of kaleidoscopic brilliancy! Coal-tar products involve the use of raw materials and tion of coal-tar compounds, as well as the whole category of vary frequently of facmii-iiimmluelLired products. The former are organic compounds, contain carbon. With this carbon is com termed technically eoal-iar crudes, the latter, coal-tar inter- bi nod either oxygen, hydrogen or nitrogen, often all three, more mutates. The first category Is comparable to cotton, wool, iron frequently but two, in n few eases but one of the trio. In not orejortlic trees of the forest-. The second a few instances, even this single mem bur is replaced by some other element, usually chlorine or sulfur. The known compounds containing the four primary elements much inti, the hundreds of thousands. Arithmetic fails to grasp the possibilities of the various forms in whirh the quartett*. are capable of existence, and infinite are their derivatives containing other elements. The countless host of coal-tar com pounds, resulting from the multiple methods of voruhimng carbon and it.-; throe dose com rados, includes a vasi number of substances most useful i/t the arts. Some are valued therapejth- agents: others are delicate flavors or fragrant perfumes; a small number are helpful to the photographer; a ftw.holong in the class of powerful explo sives; many replace in the arts divei widely used natural products, such b rubber, camphor or the like; linallj . there is a vast and steadily increasing array of coloring matters, providing for all gradations of tint, and meeting all passible needs in the dyeing or staining of textiles, leather, wood, straw, feathers, hair, and other products, also, 11f ais it s r< innlerpartin cotton or woolen yarn, pig-iron or steel ingots, lumber or wood pulp. For the present, let us consider only the small group of coal-tar crudes* Most people think of coal tar as a iiiaLcrial for roofing, for lining Bessemer converters, for making 'electric arc- lamp carbons, for preserving timber, and, in recent years* for laying the dust on the modern highways, - - By the help of fractional distillation t.-ie chemical contemporaries of our grandfathers showed that tar was net a uniform, homogeneous body. On the contrary, if: has been found possible to isolate from coal tar, thus far, no less than '2&0"BubatanceS"Of"&'4efmite ecm- podium. Many more still await com plete separation in the pure state, and chemical identification. Most of these compounds are present in very small amount-H. Many are liquids; a few are gases dissolved in-the liquids; a number, are solids, also, in the state of solution* All of these substances result from the action of a high temperature upon complex combinations of carbon with the other elements, forming a consider able fraction of coal. Thus fur they have not been isolated nor in the application of pigments. The poet visualizes a mult itude is their chemical nature known. of new and wonderful products, revolutionizing our tastes and Carbon, in very finely divided particles, suspended in the tar, habits and the very conditions of our existence?, winch the imparts to coal tar its black color, and forms from 7 to 38S'* of chemLta of this and succeeding centuries will gradually evolve Us weight. The world's annual production is in excess of 3,600, from the sadly non-esthetic and prosaic coal tar. If relrospec- 000 tons, derived partly from gas works, but chiefly from coke tivo, there flashes through his mind the long panorama of eons ovens, - and cataclysms preceding the formation nf the snmher-luied Now' how is tar separated from its constituents by "fractional liquid; the luxuriant tropical vegetation of the carboniferous dis dilution?*1' The tar-d:stiUcr begins by operating on largo period; the slow conversion of that rank growth, buried beneath quantities of the liquid--as much as 40 tons at a time--using sand and mud, as thousands of years elapse, first to peat, then a cylindrical, wrouglit-iron. or steel retort. All vapors volatil to lignite, finally to coal; the thud of the miner's pick; the dull ized pass through u long condenser coil of iron tubing, with a report of a blasting charge; the return to sunlight; the entrance' bore of 2 to 4 inches, terminating in a suitable receptacle. Th*-* ini o ; ho glowing coke oven; the swift tragedy of disintegration, distillation Is interrupted at certain points and the cornicle:: m; uas and tar and ammonia pour forth and leave behind an AUGUST, 1920 ii fractions are removed, These fraction* are usually f.vr: in mriTiher, and averagt1 us fnli.nv.N:; TKMjJEiiAT l' !<! ATTAINED 1. Tar water (containing amino- r.ia).............. .... USPO. 2. Light oil., . .. 210" 0. Carbolic oil..................... 220" 4. Creosote oil.. .. .270'' 5. Anthracene oil. . . . 400 {>. Residual pitch................................. HCliil'J.NTAUE up T \B 10 " l,V Fractions 1 and ?. sejcmiie from each other in two layers, the light oil having a density of 0.025, an compared with water. Each of the four fractions 2, 2, 4 anrl 5 in then siihmli t ed to a very careful rectification hi a ro culled Savullo still. The domi nant. feature of this apparatus is a long column, divided into a series ot chambers by perforated platen, in which higher boiling portions of the current of vapor are condensed and returned to the still. The result, is that liquids, having boiling points not very far apart, are separated from each other lit a fairly high slate of technical purily. Fraction No. 2 yields benzene, toluene mid the xylenes; No. d yields phenol, eresols ami naphthalene; No. 4 yields small amounts of the* same three compounds, hut is used cir.eify for impregnating and preserving timber, (especially railroad ties arid telegraph poles}: No. 5 eontains about .10 per cent of mil hi'&oene. am! the residue is used us in the ease of t he creosote on. The compounds enumerated above form the essential basis upon which (he coal-tar chemical industry of today has been erected. A few miner compounds, pyridine, quinoline, carhazol, aceimphihcne have been isolated, and have a limited technical use, but quantitatively they may bo almost neglected in study I3itery of coko aecntt ing lite main ou Linen nf the industry. Benzene, toluene, the xylenes, naphthalene and anthracene Lokii....................................... 700 lbs. tire hydrocarbons, i- e. composed of hydrogen and carbon In Tar............................ 50 lbs. van ing proportions, Phenol and thu eresois contain in addition, Gas water. 9 to 11 gallons, yielding ammo oxygen. They are allied by composition to the organic alcohols, nium sulfate. ........................ 12 lbs. but possess somewhat pronounced acid properties amt form Gas 30f> cubic meters............ . . 170.4 lbs. salts with the alkaline meiills. Benzene in the gas.... ................. 9.2k lbs, In point of importr.nep. for the rlyoshiff and allied industries, Bcnzem in the tar.. . ......................... .5 lbs. benzene and naph Total benzene........................ ........... . 9.K8 lbs. thalene are by far the" leading" mem Toluene in the gas.. ............. ......... 8,12 lbs. Toluene in the tar................... . .4 Iks. bers of the small Total toluene........ ........ . 3.52 lbs. group. A second. "clai&InGludes tola- Total benzene and toluene................. Naphthalene. ................................. 18 4 lbs. . :).() lbs. ene,anthnieene and Anthracene............ . .2 lbs. phenol. A third Phenol................................................................ 7 JJ>5. COAL too% COKE class of greatly in ferior value com prise? the xylenes ' andbhe eresola...If Coke plants are usually so equipped that when the gun which issues from the ovens in such abundance is passed through socalled scrubbers most of the two hydrocarbons, benzene and 72% of Coal they were nm-exis- toluene, present as vapor, is recovered in the liquid form. In GAS 22% OfCbd tentin tar. the loss would be almost negligible, The the manufacture of illuminating gas, however, they are allowed to remain in the form of vapor, in order to increase the luminous power. other five com The coal-tar crudes are often submiMcd to various processes pounds are indis of purification by treatment with chemicals, or by reriist.illation pensable. The sep or sublimation, in order to remove small amounts of Impurities aration.- into two. which might Interfere with their satisfactory utilization for classes concerns only the relative amounts employed in the chemical industry of today. But revolutions are as common in chemical technology a.s they are in Mexico. The year 1250 may witness a complete reversal of the above classification. The average amount* of t he products derived from the distil- specific purposes. Sometimes this Ik done by the tar distiller. In large plants, manufacturing uri.ikial colors or explosives, the refining often takes place in the works where the crudes arc to be employed. This was r ofably the case with K. J. da Pont de Nemours & Co., when il; began to manufacture synthetic dyes. Now, nearly all the crudes, required for its varied opera tions, are supplied in a sd-uie of sufficient purity by the tar l.itum of JU00 lbs. of h.tummous coal are as follows: Conthi act! on page 111 12 - .... ~. . ; ; ;:... ~ ;. ..; # DU PONT MAGAZINE : Campaigning Willi Pyraliii fancy a circus tulhottL pi`anuis. popcorn ami fomonarh1! I'he him i>: i<\-s absurd than l think of a popular campaign icuhnut spccrhcs, parades and t ampaign hiiUnits OHN HyaU, a typesetter in Albany, New' York, in UH6d recommends Ms choice to oilier voters who are still undecided. J was nursing a mm finger where the skin had warn thin from Tho button prompt* inquiries and discussions, .sujpit^ix a topic handling a sharp-edged piece of metal. lie went u> cup of conversation wherever ;t goes and by the leaven of many board when; a bottle of "liquid cuticle" was kept., but it hailpersona! com:Arts ea-'h day it helps mightily to arouse; int.cresi; tipped over a id the collodion had run out and solidified cm Useand enthusiasm in the campaign. The button is a booster, shelf. This hardened material interested the young printer, who serving to "step up" the current of popular :u'chdm for ihe exrxsrimnntcd with it amt eventually succeeded in producing canuidate 'w hose photograph is reproduced on it. pyroxylin. And a sore huger was the starting point hi its But let no tme i magi no that buttons have been limited in their discovery. use to polith al campaigns. Far from it. It may turprise you Pyroxylin is used in the industrial arts in thousands of ways to know that probably as many are used In sales promotion that Mr, Hyatt never dreamed of when he discovered It, For campaigns as have ever been used in political campaigns. Home example, he probably never considered that in an other fabri years ago one of the larges:: jrumu far Hirers of tobacco products cated form this new material might some dayhelj: elect, eongreen in this country adopted the policy of inserting a handsomely men, governors and presidents of the United Stales. The lithographed builtm m each package of ekpirvtU-s ]>repared fur chances are that he never dreamed of the utility of buttons in market. Coluiutl reproductions of marc than novoidy mitiomd sales campaigns, nation-wide drives for funds and in scores o" llagK were featured cm t hose buttons. v.-hich were *o attractive other ways. Yet buttons--campaign buttons -have become to buyers of cigarettes taut millions of packages wore sold. To influential faelnrs m almost every Held of human endeavor. supply the demand created, one manufacturer of buttons was Putt0113 have been employed in political campaigns for mere ea'leii on to make them in Jots of jlfreen, twenty f ve ami even than thirty years. A comparatively small number were dis fifty millions at tt time, 1'oople eolkwi vrl hul.dms just as at ore tributed during Harrison's campaign in 188fe Four years Inter, time they collected postage clamps. 'Tho burton ertr/e was on. in the i>nr*iikniiiu\ nice that returned Cleveland u winner, more ltememhcT the phuto-hutton series featuring famous base- buttons were used; ami in the next two campaigns, wher McKin fell] players? Fifteen millions of these buttons were distributed; ley and Bryan fought for White House honors, they wane very and, of course, you recall ihe time when curiam young individuals extensively used. Since then no presidential campaign has been iu your borne town talked about the streets wearing buttons conducted without distributing millions of them. Kmm new fearing such hurrspriom; on them j \s "Oh you kid,'7 "Gee, i!m cm until November they will be worn on Hie coat lapels of voters lonesome," "Let's get acquainted," and other expressions of in all sections of the country. the day. It: was the aflerinath of the period when bran!shaped Do buttons pay? Unquestionably r.hey dm fur otherwise ihch candies appealed with seutimenhd phr&.es printed on them. urn would ! jive been discontinued long ago by campaign Other series bore reproductions of the ships of the Navy, cat - managers. No nominee can interview every toons, Indians, brownies arid many other sub w,er. Kwn i,he dist ingmshecl party orators am jects. Inciden'iillv, many of the American slang ufciraet only a fractional pari of the electorate . phrases were translated into < Tunesu symbols and to poiitfeal f lootings, and those who do attend : primed on buttons to Induce the oriental smile. are for the most part old-time converts to the : ... . Bear in mind that the so-called ``button craze" i ausR. For ibis reason the meii who direct ' '" was tho result of u carefully prepared sales modern eam.uugns depend most: largely on the promotion plan to dDtribute merchandise. How influence of personal workers and a continuous well this phtii succeeded may lx? judged from the barrage of publicity to bring in the voles on reported experience of one manufacturer and election day. The campaign button, is only om distributor who conducted such a campaign, of many other mediums employed, but it is a featuring buttons as a premium, and developed good one because it lends package sales of 800,000 a itself both to general public day. ity purposes and to effective Do buttons pay in busi use by personal workers* The psychology of a cam paign button is subtle. Worn on the coat of a voter it indi cates the wearer's preference for the candidate repre sented and identifies him Jk A.-, Tv. kt :>*'. :v\ v -frn- DO --<:.S <: ye- f ness campaigns? The answer is that they have survived the test fur longer than a generation, and they are . still, used successfully.. The . only trouble reported by the button makers at this time is with Ids party, Jf the wearer that they are unable to get is influential in the com rawr material and labor to munity, tho bul l on visibly A lew of c-wopifem keep their machines busy AIXiUST, mo n turning om; orders. In recent years ImU-ons have found a sheet of paper is cemented underneath. If the impression is remarkably extensive use in campaigns to raise money. Merely made on paper, a sheet of transparent pyroxylin sheeting 5/1000" to mention the Liberty Loan campaigns, the War Savings Stamp thick is cemented over it. After the sheets are printed, the enmnaign, and the numerous drives far contributions to the button disks are cut out on punch presses, and all the purls Red Cross, Safari imi Army, Y. M, C. A,, V. \V. C. A.( K. of C., except the pin device --are assembled on machine*. So for no Y. M. H. A., and other agencies prominent during the war, one has invented a machine to insert the? pins as satisfactorily brings to mind the rule that buttons played or-y a short time as this work can bo done with human huger*. ago in mailing those efforts so successful. Particularly in the In large establishments huttor. making machinery is arranged Liberty Loan eumpn:gn* t he presence of a button on a citizen's in battery form, and the busy operators follow the practice of eout became an evidence of his subscription ami the mark of singing as they work. One girl can assemble about lO.OdO bis pm rinlixm. jusi us the absence of a campaign button raised buttons a day. Merely to handle the normal influx oi orders in the presumption of disloyalty to t he government. one plant requires n weekly production of 750.0(H) buttons, bur It- is idle to attempt, enumerating all the types of campaigns it has mechanical faeiliries. U> produce 1,250,00D daily. Of in which hufto?:H are used to serve purposeful ends. They fit into course hundreds of thousands more are made by other manu practically to ery plan i.lial. involves co-operative effort and facturers. Incidentally buttons; are sold by the pound rather requires publicity cither in a local Amin by numerical count. or national way. They honsi. towns As this is being written, manu and municipal protyd.s; they iden facturers are already speeding the tify delegates sit con wo linns; they production of millions of campaign welcome homelmt tie scarred veter buttons for one political party. ans; they protest against Increase When thewires flash the decision of in trolley hires; they identify by the convention now in session, the rmmlxcrs the empluytw of large go-ahead order will start millions industrial plant* and of corisi ruction more through the button factories force*. in iumdreds of oilier ways of the country. How many mil they serve useful purposes. lions of buttons will be employed in Few people have ar y idiv, hmv the coming presidential race cannot many buttons are made each year be estimated wjtli any degree of for campaign ami sales purposes. accuracy, but as one manufacturer Even those who imtnufueium and Which one `i who was interviewed expressed ii, soil them hold up their hands when yam ask for a rough approxi "Probably there will he enough to go around/' mation of the number. Among several estimates obtained from Manufacturers who have succeeded most conspicuously In men in the business^ notably the most, conservative one came producing bul lous have been careful to use the Ixitr: raw mate from an interview with u branch dice manager for one of the rials obtainable in order to secure the most artistic effects. larger,f; manufacturers of nowhy bn- urns in the country. Obviously, the quality of the pyroxylin sheeting is of the utmost Incidentally, he 1ms the reputation having sold more sales importance. If must be thoroughly seasoned stock of uniform promotion and political campaign hub nits than. any other mint thickness, eolur and composition and must present a smooth living. 11 is estimate was from To.OOD.UOO to .100,000,000 a year. priming surface hi order to be well adapted for half-tone repro Several operations are required in making burtons of this ductions and color work. Pyraibi sheeting in both transparent type. The shells and collets am stamped out of metal sheets by and opaque colors 20'' x 50" and 5,1000" in thickness lias been specially designed die-presses. Another machine fashions the extensively used by manufacturers aiming to produce buttons of pin device. Reproducing the photograph or printed design is the finest quality. Although Pyraliu, along with other product* accomplished in the usual manner employed by pho Mm?:igravers, of its kind, will play a part In the campaigns of the year, it has no prim mu and lithographers. The printed or lithographed impres political favorite to boost and will likely lie represent**; in all i he sion* are made in imiinple form either on sheers of pyroxylin or buttons issued by the various campaign committees. Pyralin of paper. Manufacturers vary in this practice, If the impression can be depended upon to do good publicity work for all candi is made directly on the pyroxylin, while or colored stock in dates by visualizing and recommending them to the electors of sheets 20* x M\9 or 9AV x m*, and lU/HiUO" thick are used, and a the nation who will ho railed on to make their choices next fait. Walnut--Lite Cabinet Wood Superlative ConiinmYt from pa>jv 7 accentuated to the best, possible advantage. A paste wood filler ia commonly uatd to Jill the open grain of the wood. The (iaixlijjig coats consist of the satiny sheen of wax ur the somigloKK of rubbed varnish. Quite frequently ateo the Idler is preeodec! by a coat of walimt Acid Stair with the same types of finishing coats. All of the f-nishes fur walnut are formulated for use on walnut and wallml. alone. The wood possesses such an important place in furniture and interior work that, these special development* are a necessity. It true that- other finishes have been used, but: they do not develop the real beauty r>! the grain, and do not bring out t he color and text urn of the wood. The natural walnut effect is produced by idling with Wheel er's Walnut Paste Wood Filler, followed by a coat of Du Pont White Sholhu- and hrdbhmg coat* of Bridgeport Standard Prepared Wax, or Wheeler's Varnish. A slightly darker finish is obtained by ilie use o! Wbender'* Golden Oak Paste Wood Filler, with the usual finishing coats mentioned before. This Golden Oak Filler is sometimes desig nated as a Dark Walnut Filler. A linlsli particularly adapted for period furniture of walnut may be had by titling with Wheeler* No. 7H William & Mary Paste Wood Filler, and finishing over with shellac and varnish, nr shellac and wax. Sl.il! another Hierf, of 1 he 'mine rich. brown walnut color is produced by the use of No. 4 American Wal nut Acid Slain, No. 17 American Walnut Wheeler's Paste Killer and Wheeler's Interior Varnish. All of idle finishes men! ior.tui are very similar in color. The difference consist* mainly in the depth of color obtained the purpose ht?mg to retain as nearly a* possible i he natural euforof the wood wit h t he full development of the homitifuf grain. This Is particularly true of the veneers eul. from the "burls" which form particularly attrad ivepanebfor furnitiiroanduiterior work. The A replied.tiral Service Bureau, Paint & Varnish Section, B. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware, will gladly furnish additional data on the lints king of this wood, applicable tc the furniture-, cabinet ami woodworking trade. 14 DU PONT MAGAZINL Blowing a Bank Vault. h was a near job done after hanking hours, but the yeggmen had no part in it O, the ancient order of safecrackers had By GU V G. MEAN of six inches. The loading charges varied from N nothing whatever to do with the Superior l to i . h-pauiKl of 20 per cent Bed Cross Bank job. It wasu legitimate industrial undertaking that Extra dyanrffe per hole. Each charge was primed with a Mo. (I required careful planning and a fine sense of judgment in doienlgectric blasting cap. The holes were first tumped with ordinary the wurk. The A. Mourmari <fe Company large bunk building piaster, but as this was found to be unsatisfactory, Superior cont raetors \\ ere just red clay was substituted beginning work on a with much better results. $60,000 joi> that involvxi From three to nine remodeling the vaiih.saml holes were fired simul lobbv of the United State* taneously. The ' largest National Bank af Su single shot contained 1M perior. Wisconsin. This pounds. The concrete institution had cud grow j i was cracked and loosened its spare facilities, and from the steel in such a needed a larger lobby, a way as to make its now vault and more cage removal very easy, * " ' space. But a solid ob Although considerable stacle stood in the way, doubt was expressed as taking up floor spore te the probable fate of needed for enlarging the the several large plate lobby and cage enclo glass windows, absolutely sures. It was the old no damage resulted either vault. A new one was to to the window's, the fur be located further bade niture or the vault below. in the room. The entire banking ma- The most* d i I'l'itei; 11. ehmery wan left in the most expensive part of the work was to get rid of this old vault, room and the hank carried on its business without interruption. which was 21 feet 2 inches long, 10 feet ft inches wide and 10 feet Altogether, 12 U pounds of dynamite were used. The total 4 inches high. The walls, which averaged 10 inches in thickness, cost of demolishing i he vault by the use of dynamite was $262.50 were built of concrete, reinforced with ;l.{-ineh round steel alt of which, except about $15.00 was paid for labor. But if rods spaced at intervals of six inches m center both ways. the work had been done by hand labor alone, the cost of demol These walls had to ho removed to the floor level without injury ishing the vault would have reached $075.00 according to a con to a similar vault: immediately underneath in the basement. servative estimate. Thus by investing about $15.00in explosives, Out of doors this task would be a simple blasting job. But the MoormanOom- indoors, wilh the vault surrounded by valuable fixtures, and with panysovofl $412.50. plate glass near by, ,VI nroover, the the use of high method ernpiciyed explosives would be resulted in a wiving attended with con of time. J t is doubt siderable risk of ful if the vault damage. could have been Many claimed tom down by hand the only safe way within six weeks, to do the work was mid the employes to " fear'' it" down" of the bank would piece by piece by have been subject hand labor. They ed to the annoy- considered the use nneo of dust and of dyn amite haz- noise during that ardous, and, there period. A week's fore, impracticable' time sufficed to do for the task. Not the work with dy withstanding their namite after bank fears, Mr, Albert, ing hours. Thus, superintendent, of the contractors eonstru c tion, gained five weeks' deddedtotryblast- time by using ex ing. Arrangements plosives. were made and the This work clone work wasbegun one in Superior clearly night after banking demonstrates the hours. .The .vault., praetieahility and ,11 !w... was shut in by a economy of using Sliowtr.R ll\e upocinff of I-iotoM screen of 2-inch explosives to demote-1 planks lo protect structures inside of !: :i! ili i'* the banking room from flying fragments. Holes, spaced eighteen points again to the i> pn;d:i inches apart on centers, were drilled into the vault lo a depth and the helpful char;: *t-r .i - W l.U i Vr. r Turnover--Bigger Profits MORE shells loaded with Du Pont Powders are sold than all others combined. Seven out of ten shooters use nothing else. Put these fast-moving shells on your shelves and cut out the dead ones. Carry the complete Du Pontline "and you reduce the number of dif ... ferent. loads you .have; to. carry 75#--your. stock will move out more rapidly and your turnover will be fester. The Du Pont Company has been making powder ... for.118 years...Their long experience and great . resources are your guarantee that their products : ''are"the 'best that can be made. ' They have a plan for boosting sales in your vicinity. Ask for details--and, on your next order for shells, " .............................. Specify Du Pont Powders. * * ... E. I. du.Pont:.de.. Nemours.. & Company, Inc. . . Sales Dept.; Rifle and Shot-Gun Powders Division Wilmington, Delaware 16 mi FONT MAGAZINE Some Crudities on Co;*l-Tar Crudes jl-om -pane II refiners. The only e.wcplkiii is anLhnuvm*. This material is received from the tai works in a very impure form. The process i>f refining if is very complicated, involving both chemical and mechanical treat men. It in fully as difficult at the preparation of any hitermeriiaie from a erode. Finally, a feet descriptive notes on the leading coal-tar crudes: Bahmsi-i, discovered by Faraday in 1 H2h, was firm prepared in large quantities, in 184X, under the direction of A, W. Hof mann ilhe wrirrr's leuciicrh It hi, when pure, a colorless, mobile, highly refractive liquid, cvli h a speciik* gravity of 0.874. boiling at HC.4ct\, and solidifying at 0 to whi'e crystals. It is Ui admiraole solvent forints, resins, iodine, sulfur, phosphorus, rubber and other substances, it: can advantageously replace gasoline as a motor fuel. its chief use is based upon its easy conversion lo aniline, the most important of the coal-tar intonr-edml t-s. To i.l k x s is very similar to benzene. ft boils at 13 (FC. and docs not solidify at- - 12X'\ The specific gravity in 0MttL ll is not employed as n solvent, hut is equally available, with benzene, as a motor fuel. It serves as the tm-Jai material for the maim fuel im> of the high explosive, T.N/f. It is readily converted into lolulULne, analogous to aniline in composition, properties. and use iu color manufacture. The three Xy l k x es are of almost kkmUcul idmmenl and physical pro; jerries, boiling at I.WtS* to 142". They rue o/ limited use in dye manufacture, yielding colors similar in composition iu those obtained from benzene and toluenes Na p h t h a l e n e, discovered hi lain, is obtained in L1it? form of whiter crystals, melting at SO3 and boiling at !H,S J. I Ms easily sublimed and volatilizes slowly at ordinary twifienihires. It is employed Mr carburet Uni' UlumhiHtir^ gas, is n povverlnJ antiseptic ami is valuable in medicine. In the form of moth bails it. is of common use. A multitude of derivatives are used in the manufacture of dyes. Ax t h r ac EiSE, discovered in 18;J2, is obtained in the form of colorless crystals, with a beautiful blue fluorescence, ir.eiting at- ITT' und soiling nl MW. fts numerous derivatives are employed iu Uie preparation of a variety of dyes, notably of artilidal alizarin, Finee 19UU, the most important progress in tinctorial ehimislry has boon accomplished by the aid of anthracene- compounds. Ph en o l (carbolic acid), discovered in 1S34, is a white crystal line soiled melting al 41r and boiling af 1ST'. Ttis highly corro sive on the akin, extremely poisonous, ami of widespread use as un an Aseptic. Large amounts are required in the manu facture of phonographic records. Nitric acid converts phenol tnlu picric acid, t he powerful explosive. The three Cees o l s are closely allied to phenol in every respect. They find a limited use in dye manufacture, but a more extended use as antiseptics. The members of the quintet of principal crudes, two liquids ami three solids, are closely interrelated. Phenol can he manu factured from benzene almost as cheaply as it can be isolated from coal tar. in fact, It was so produced on an enormous scab? during the Work! War, when the demand for picric acid far out ran all possible supplies, arising from ihe distillation of coal. Thomas A. Edison promptly introduced this synthetic produc tion of phenol a few weeks after the war began. He has so perfected the process that it will continue to operate after a return to normal conditions. Toluene, likewise, can he manu factured from benzene with ease, hut not with quite the same possibility of economic production as in the cast? of phenol. Naphthalene has been j irepared by synthesis from benzene, or rather from various derivatives of the hydrocarbon. The opera tions are. however, difficult and costly. There m no prospect that uny of them will evei enter into the domain of technology. On f he contrary, naphthalene and several of its derivatives are easdy decomposed into benzene compounds, and these opera tions are of great eetmomje importance. Anthracene arid sonic* of its derivatives can be prepared from benzene ami benzene compounds. In a few instances such operations are in current industrial use. Similar relationships exist in the case of the minor crudes. As in other families, dsspite the tic* of kinship, there is a great divcrHiy of temperament in this quintet. Mobile, sparkling benzene and toluene present- in their viva city ami volatility a genuine Gallic type. Naphthalene is a restless Wandering Jew, ever changing condition and location. Anf hrm'eno m a phlegmatic Dutchman, staid and unemotional, but capable, in the domain of color, of awakening lo a riot of hues, rivaling thorn of Rembrandt in bis Amsterdam studio. Corrosive, biting phenol is the chemical counterpart of & cynical, pessimistic old maid, carefully Lo be? avoided. In the alembic and crucible of the chemist, these crudes are transformed into some three hundred compounds, destitute, in most cases, of distinct commercial value, hut susceptible, by further chemical treatment, of conversion into thousands of dyes, meduimtb and other products, demanded by our twen tieth-century civilization. into your factory and improves working conditions. It's the Mill White Paint that "Doubles Day Light," and makes possible sanitary conditions, so essential in food manufacturing plants such as is illustrated. Send for folder 'Efficiency Made JtlUo use Du-Z>'t" E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Incorporated Paint and Varnish Section Du Pont Explosives Service --Everywhere Demand-- When the Powder Fleet Sailed WHEN the great fleets of zebrastriped ships sailed eastward, Du Pont Explosives Service looked first to the needs of the industrial users in this country. Nowhere was a mine allowed to slow down, a quarry to stop or an excavation to go un finished because of the lack of Du Pont Explosives. This was in keeping with our policy, fixed over one hundred years ago, to let nothing interfere with our Service to the Industries--but it took the greatest makers of explosives in the world to cope with the great emergency in the last five years. Our unequalled experience in this field puts us in a position to advise on any phase of the use of explo sives, their storage or transportation. This experi ence is available to everybody. Now--as always --for most satisfactory results, specify "Du Pont." E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. Snips DpptExplosives Division WILMINGTON. DELAWARE