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FILE NAME Kohler KOH DATE 1934 DOC KOH114 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Transactions of the National Safety Council Castleman File National Safety Council Document w= with cover letter or # memo ROM 54 NSC undated If DATE= 0 DATE 11934 9341934 exhibit # 55.01 exhibit index from # to # published article from peer reviewed journal article published __ from trade journal published ___ article from NSC Transactions of the NSC entire issue published conference proceedings unpublished presentation from conference unpublished internal report newspaper article letter _... memorandum industry warning labels OR _ sales literature industry recommended practices meeting agenda _ minutes ___ attendee list legal depo OR ___ legal testimony of other - +. 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S48 priheathey TRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS TRANSACTIONS oad. we Lae oe jaimereais RY, 5 Bere aa en 2: . 1934 193149314934 TRANSACTIONS TRANSACTIONS TRANSACTIONTSRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONSTRANSACTIONS TRANSACTIONS NationaNlational National National National National Safety Safety Council Council Safety T TWENTY TWENTY TWENTY SAFETYCouncilSAFETY Council Council IncorporaItend corporated Incorpated oo: THIRD THIRD ANNUAL CONGRESS CONGRESS CONGRES CONGRES ANNUAL CONGRESS Cleveland Cleveland , Ohio Ohio Cleveland Ohio OctoberOctober October October OctobeOrctober 5 Clevland October The Cleveland Cleveland Cleveland Carter Carter and and and StatleSrtatler Statler Hotels Hotels Hotels Copyright Copyright ht . SafetySafetySafety CouncilCouncil Council Inge | | I | . vay o4 Raa es Sm ts Gy = Seah 00448 00448 Publication Plan 00448 00448 THE TRANSACTIONS of the Twenty Annual Safety Con- 00448 gress National Safety Council 1934 are published in two volumes The first containing the General Sessions the Special Subject Sessions and the Industrial Section Sessions is presented herewith It is sup- plemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section the Child Education Section and Home ; Safety The large volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial mem- bers of the Council the smaller volume is sent automatically to mem- bers who are believed to be chiefly interested in those sessions It may also be secureodn request by other Council members For the benefit of many members who have found it advantageous to distribute copies of these TRANSACTIONS to supervisors fore- Tat ng men and others among their personnel who may keep them for contin- are aee uous reference the following quantity prices are quoted 1 to 10 Powne copies of the large volume 1.50 each 11 copies and over 1.25 each Copies of the smaller volume .50 each > ^' THE PLAN OF PUBLICATION is the same as that followed for cin Orr the last three years It is a condensed record The papers of cach OO session or division of the Congress have been assembled edited with car care and discernment to eliminate extraneous matter and abbreviate the less essential portions and the concise remainder is presented for nC study and reference Although not complete in the sense that every word is reproduced it is an interesting and valuable record which em- phasizes the memorable parts manuscripts are on file in the reference as desired of each Council paper or address Library available The original for additional Although the National Safety Council endeavors to eliminate from discussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which are contrary to its policies the Council cannot ac cept responsibility for the views expressed either in the papers pre- sented or the discussions thereon NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL INC 20 North Wacker Drive Chicago Safe Safe hed wet ese twe 102s cre- itin10 ach . inal 4 nal --... its acTC- 1200911 33182 N215 1934 CONTENTS PAGE Council Officers and Directors Seca e eee eens 4 Council Purposes and Policies 0.05... c eee eee Sc e ee eee eeee ever 9 Annual Meeting of Members ............ Seneca Ce ee ee eeee eee 11 Annual Banquet .... 00. ee eee ee eee tee en eee 21 Subject Sessions- _ Dust in Industry Steen eee 23 Fire Prevention in Industry ........... eee 31 Fusion Welding and Cutting ..0.....0........0008. 41 Industrial Nursing ........... . 45 Industry and Its Motor Vehicle Accident Problem 51 Maintaining Interest in Safety 0.0. ccc ccc cece eee cece cece 59 Mechanical Methods of Handling Materials see e eee eeee veeee 67 New Workers ............... tesetaveece 73 Poisonous Fumes and Vapors . eee eee .. 79 Safety Equipment .......... See eee eens C c etd e e ee eee eens ceva. 85 Safety Organization and Program bce eee eene bocce cence neces woes 93 Safe Use of Chemicals in Industry Seve cence ena 99 Safe Use of Electricity in Industry beeeeae eee ee The Injured Worker Why People Fall ce eens eens 103 All Ohio Day FERA Safety Conference Industrial Safety Lectures- Selling the Safety Idea 1... beeen eee seseeeee beens The Psychology of the Safety Movement in Changing Times Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section . Assonautical Section .......... ee ee Seen veces Se ee etec c eee eer ees an .A S. S. Engineering Section ee t eeee t eeees rr an Automotive and Machine Shop Section deena Peete tee eee eens se Cement Section 20.00 cee ence nee e eer eee cen eene Chemical Section ...0000 00 eens 135 140 149 153 159 163 177 187 Section Construction ........... . 199 Delivery Taxicab and Bus Section Ser ee nee ee eee vee 209 Food Section ......... Marine Section Meat Packing Tanning and Leather Industries Section Mctals Section Mining Section Faper and Pulp ....... ee eet nee tn ee ences coco ee 0000.0. e . e . e Section pect an ens tenes cece nena ee e eee ae e eens tenance eees beccaes . ^ etroleum Section 2.00 00.00. cece eee ecb ete cnet ene eeeeeees , Fower Press Section bbc vec eevee eee ee been e tenes bce eees . Fublic Utilities Section Quarry Section ..... Refrigeration Refrigeration Section Rubber .0..........0 2. 219 227 245 255 269 289 307 325 337 Safety Textile Textile Transit Transit Section Section Wo d Index. National Safety Council Incorporated HONORARY MEMBERS Assiolation OF IRON AND STEEL ELECTrical Engine^-KS ROBERT W. CAMFEELL ARTHUR WILLIAMS OFFICERS 1934-1935 JOHN E. LONG President ROBERT I. CATLIN President for Public Safety D. D. FENNELL President for Public Relations LEW R. PALMER President for Safety Councils Albert S. Regula President for Engineering W. SMITH President for Industrial Safety T. SOLENSTEN President for Membership Da C. H. Watson President for Health W. WHITNEY President for Education W. E. WORTH President for Finance and Treasurer W. H. CAMERON Managing Director and Secretary EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE L. Armstroxe Eastman Kodak Company C. B. AVEL Pas President 1934-1935 J. I. BANAS Past President C. W. BERGQquis Past President W. BRAUx Wad Products Section W. H. CAMERON National Safety Council ROBERT W. CAMPBELL . Past President T. H. Carrow American Railway Association Robert I. Catlin Aetna Casualty & Surety Company J. E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Company LEWIS A. DEBLO Past President MARCUS A. Dow Past President D D. FENNEL Consulting Consulting Engineer D. L. FENNELL Hansas City Safety Council CAPT W. FISKE JR Marine Section R. P. Fortuin Lizigh Valley Safety Council Harry GuilmERT The Pullman Company MERLE C. HALE Autoniotive & Machine Shop Section G. T. Hellmuth HON HAROLD G. THOMAS P. Keases Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee Railroad Ch Hoffman Street & Highway Traffic Section Industrial Commission of Ohio WALTER G. KING Past President Franklin M. JOHN E. Love The H. MacDoxan E. J. MEHREN I W. MILLARD Acetat HAROLD L. MINER E. ARTHUR T. MOREY f LEW R. PALMER C. E. PETTIBONE i C. E. RALSTox Wester k ALBERT S. R guta { Lt. Col. M. A. GEORGE &. SANFORD ' ROBERT L. Schmitt HARRY A. SCHULTZ CHARLES B. SCOTT LESTER D. C. W. SantH WALTER DENT SMITH R. T. SOLENSTEN CLARENCE P. TAVLER C. P. Tolman Past 1. A. Voss Metals GEORGE H. WARFEL U Dr. C. H. WATSON & A. W. WHITNEY W. WORTt Intern Intern Arthur H. Youxe p FREDERICK ARCHER WILLIAM F. Argens Argens ^ any A. L. Aamstrong William H. Baker ~ J. BANASH Consulti H. D. BANTA Paper & ERNEST W. BECK Uni W. BENN tt Werel C. W. BERGQUIST DAVID S. BeVER F. Blank Jones C F. BORKENTLAGER W. BRAUx Word Cot Pin H. BROTH PRESTON D. Causin W. H. CAMERON T. J. CARNEY Chica Atcen a eel ify AP no rah Se ent cil cil NEERS 135 135 ) - Officers and Directors FRANKLIN M. KRIML Evanston Safety Council Joux E. Long The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Thos H. MacDonald United States Department E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association Corp. of Agriculture 1. W. MILLARD Accident Prevention Manufacturers Section HAROLD L. MINER E. duPont de Nemours & Co. Inc. ARTHUR T. MOREY Past President Lew R. Palmez Past President C. E. PETTIBONE Past President C. RALSTOx Western Pennsylvania Safety Council ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. LT COL H. A. RENINGER Past President GEORGE E. ROBERT L. HARRY A. CHARLES SANFORD General Eleteric Conipany SC Louisville Safety Council SchuSchultz ltz United States Steel Corporation Scort Past President LESTER D. Sever Acronautical Section W. Smitn Standard Oil Company Indiana WALTER DENT SMITH Delaware Safety Council T. SOLENT Elliott Service Company CLARENCE P. TAYLOR Massachusetts Safety Council C. P. Tolmax Past President ert J. A. Voss Metals Section os GEORGE H. WARTEL Union Pacific Railroad Company en Dr. C. H. Watson . American Telephone & Telegraph Company Re A. W. WHITNEY National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters FT W. Worry International International Harvester Company Artings H. ING Past President DIRECTORS 1934-1935 . Child Education Section ADERN Safety Div Milwaukee Association of Commerce Eastman Kodak Company KER Quarry Section Consulting Engineer Faper & Pulp Section United States Rubber Worcester Safety Western Electric Products Inc. Aer, t4 sigeste A row iat EF om Us ds igs FR 4) > e ew tatetnc dorma de Ws Twenty Annual Safers Safers Congress National Safety Connel ROBERT 1. CArlin Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. CARL C. CLEMENTS Reirigeration Section Roscoe D. Coxus Rahway Safety Council . M. HERBERT Conson Safety Dept. Nashville Chamber of Commerce j E. CULLINEY Bethlehem Steel Company EDWARD DANA Boston Elevated Railway E. A. DAVIDSON Consulting Engineer RICHARD H. Darts Blackstone CHARLES D. Dawson Grand Rapids Safety Council Council LEWIS A. DEBLOIS Consulting Engineer JAY E. DECKER Mason City Safery Council JAMES B. DOUGLAS The Philadelphia Gas Works Company Louis L. DUBLIN Metropolitan Life Insurance Company CHARLES H. EAMES Textile Section D. D. FENNELL Consulting Engineer D. L. FENNELL Kansas City Safety Council DONALD A. FINKMEINER Toledo Safety Council CAPT E. W. Fiske Jr. Marine Section HOWARD B. FONDA Burroughs Wellcome & Co. C. S. A. Inc. R. E FORTUIN Lehigh Valley Safety Council E. N. OTHO GOLDSTINE Construction Section M. GRAVES The General Crushed Stone Co. HARRY GUILBERT The Pullman Company ISAIAH HALE The Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Co. MERLE C. HALE Automotive & Machine Shop Section MATOR BOLLING H. HANDY Richmond Safety Council D. T. HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines G. T. HELLMUTH Chicagofi North Shore & Milwaukee R. Co. CHAS E. HILL New York HON HAROLD G. HOFFMAN Central Lines Street & Highway Traffic Section CLAUDE J. HOLDING Albany Safety Council Julius W. HORRE Hudson County Safety Council Harry D. IMMEL Pennsylvania Dept. of Labor & Industry LEX JENSEN Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission EDGAR P. KAble York County Safety Council THOMAS P. KEARNS Industrial Commission of Ohio K. T. Keller Detroit Industrial Safety Council Ira V. KepNER Pennsylvania Sat Manufacturing Co. E. J. KREA Public Utilities Section FRANKLIN M. KREM Evanston Safety Council C. L. LaForNTAINE Great Northern Railway Co. FRANK J. LANAHAN Fort Pitt Malleable Iron Co. JOHN LAUERMAN Meat Packing Simon Lazarus Safety Council Tanning & Leather Industries Columbus Ohio Chamber of Section Commerce JOSEPH LILLICH Rochester Safety Council > DR R M. LITTLE New York Department of Education G. O. Lockwood Petroleum Section J. E. Love The Delaware & Hison Railroad Corp. W. R. Love Safety Div Birmingham Chamber of Commerce Y wee - T. M McCLINT 7. IL MCKENNE 1. McWORT McWORT T. MARTIN F O. Martin & W. MazSON E. P J. MEUREN P O. MEISner T. WM G. METZGER 1. W. MILLARD HAROLD L. MINER Henry Henry J. MIXEU J LAWRENCE M. R. B. MORLEY JOHN A. CARTEL GEORGE C. A. Opp LEW R. PALMER Joux C. PARKER DAVID A. PATION C. E. PETTIBONE GEN GEORGE B. F J. B. POWER Seat C. E. RALSTON V ALBERT S. Regula LT COL HENRY < MARINUS RITER F i G. E. SANFORD Go = HENRY G. SCHAFF T. A. SCHENDEL ROBERT L. SCHMIT * x H. V. SCHREIBER s. HARRY A. SCHULT : CHARLES B. SCOTT ; LESTER D. SEYMOUT f EARL S. SHARTZER SHARTZER RAY SHEETS M Dr. L. A. SHOUDY ERNEST 1. SIMONDS LEE E. SKEEL Clev C. W. Smith Star > WALTER DENT SMI * T. SOLENSten I E. C. Sprint Lans : GEORGE R. Stephen Lucius S. STORRS ere hy gE bin tpt fe Safety Council inerte inc Officers and Directors Works A. E. LUNDSTEADT Delivery Taxicab & Bus Section Department of Agriculture Thos H. MacDuxain United States T. McArthur Peoria Safety Council MCCLINTOCK Harvard University MILLER Illinois Steel Company South T. H. McKENNEY Chamber of Commerce A. D. McWHORTER Saiety Div Memphis ; H. T. MARTIN Fisk Rubber Company O. Martix Employees Publication Section J. Minnesota Safety Council F. W. Matson dn E. J. MEHREN Portland Cement Association Boel T. O. MEISNER Power Press Section Section Lt WM G. METZGER Mlining a h Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers W. MILLARD Nemours & Co. Inc. | HAROLD L. MINER E. I. duPont de ROLES HENRY J. MINEUR Elizabeth Safety Council M. MOORE Eastbay Safety Council LAWRENCE Accident Prevention Associations 5 R. B. MORLEY Industrial Section E A. CARTEL Carnegic Steel Company k JOHN rr GEORGE C. A. Orr The Detroit Edison Company Lew R. Palmes Equitable Life Assurance Society f C. PARKER Brooklyn Safety Council JOHN a i David A. PattON Newark Safety Council C. E. Pettibone American Mutual Liability Insurance Company GEN GEORGE B. PILLSBURY War Department is e J. B. Power Seattle Tramc & Safety Council a4 C. E. RALSTON Western Pennsylvania Safety Council ALBERT S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc. Lt. Col. HENRY A. Resinger Lehigh Portland Cement Company MARINUS RITER Paterson Safety Council ia G. E. SANFORD General Eleteric Company he HENRY G. SCHAFFNER Erie Safety Council T. A. SCHENDER Food Section ROBERT L. Schmitt Louisville Safety Council 11. V. SCHREIBER Transit Section Harry A. SchuLTZ United States Steel Corporation CHARLES B. Scott Bureau of Saiety Inc. LASTER D. SEYMOUR Aeronautical Section EARL S. SHARTZER Utica Safety Council RAY H. SHEETS Madison County Safety Council Dr. L. A. Sroudy Bethlehem Steel Company ERNEST L. SONDS New Haven Safety Council Lee F. Steel Cleveland Safety Council Council W. Smirn Standard O Company Indiana DENT Safety WALTER WALTERWALTER Delaware DENT SS MITH MITH Delaware Safety Commnei R. T. SENSTEN Elliott Service Company Lansdale Bureau Duifalu Chamber of Commerce United Railways & Electric Co. Sep a Bs am a] y Wo: a? ek aBen! S TTtcenttyehcura entyehura Ttcentyehura diom dioma a Nurety Congres Congress Congress Da F. M. Scrzax ALFRED H. S. Troy Safety Council S. General Motors Corporation CLARENCE P. Tay ARTHUR M. Toos W. Trescu Schenectady W. D. TURBEVILLE Massachusetts Safety Council Consulting Marine Engineer Schenectady Safety Council San Antonio Safety Council Voss A. H. A. Metals Section WALKER Rubber Section GEORGE GEORGE H. WARFEL WARFEL Union Union H. Warson Dr. Cassius H. Warson Pacific Railroad Pacific Railroad Company American Telegraph American Telephone & Telegraph Harry M. WeRPER Illinois Bell Telephone Company Company ALBERT C. WHITE J. Springfield Safety Council S. E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Company W. W. H. WHITNEY National Bureau of Casualty & WINANs Union Carbide & Carbon Corp. Surety Underwriters DR C.-E. A. WINSLOW Yale Medical School HARRY WISE SR Chattanooga Safety Council J. M. Woltz Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company W. E. WORTH International Harvester Company E. J. ZAUFT Safety Burcau Duluth Chamber of Commerce EARL W. ZIMMERMAN Safety Div Syracuse Chamber of Commerce J. B. Zook Cement Section rectly reaches our entire et from affiliat political free es ential national insuti an Inseparable national InsInsepearablpe arable iron insuti conditions and Today there are of the Canadian includes industrial u commerce clubs cerus including the corperan and big ste the United States the au our national industrial Feld The history of the detailed here Suffice to under auspices of the waukee in 1912 and as York the following year wn ship increased to 971 The pioneers of Americ dents were at unnecessary proper remedial measures 2 theory and to develop the could be prevented The : convinced that accidents R vented tion Striking examples vat Since the National Saic death rate in all fields exce motor vehicle accident prch slight decline in fatalities <5 a slight increase and the ri of 1934 that the year average results in motor + in commercial vehicle fleet laws and in cities win qu spots indicate that the nativ cation of the methods w: The National Safety and the best results are meuts have been made rate among employees largest steel industries have scores of industrial abling injury among their Along with these reduct Employer and employee he they did some two decades TWEN TWEN THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL A ip Se Dust in Industry FRIDAY AFTERNOON SESSION . " i October 5 1934 The session devoted to a discussion of Dust in Industry was called to order by : Dr. E. Meiter Director Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Employers Mutual Lia- bility Insurance Co. Milwaukee who presided Dr. Meiter briefly welcomed the delegates and then introduced the first speaker Types of Dust That Cause Occupational Diseases By LEROY U. GARDNER M.D. Director Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis of the Edward L. ; Trudeau Foundation Saranac Lake N. Y The speaker said in part Experience has demonstrated that the lung tissues can tolerate very large amounts of most kinds of foreign dust particles without serious nterierence with function The lung may be intensely pigmented by colored dusts with no evidence that respiration is impaired But dusts composed in whole or in part of silica have been shown to be dangerous because they stimulate the growth of the connective tissues of the lungs and bring about the formation of scar tissue This This destroys the normal elasticity of the organ which is necessary for respiration and it thickens the delicate membranes so that a free interchange ot gassess gassess impeded Fortunately these results only follow the prolonged inhalation of very large quantities of silica Experiments have demonstrated that the injection of silica into the tissues of the cells where the substance lodges and excites an inflammation Fealing takes place a very dense and characteristic kind of scar tissue forms siliceous dusts produce no inflammation and very little scar It has been such changes do not follow the injection of silica unless the particles ne three microns or less in diameter and unless enough of them localize occurs With larger particies the rate of reaction is so slow that little change within year As a general rule the finer the particles the more rapid the response The reaction to fine silica begins within four or five hours and If the for a period of years silica is combined with bases and progressive changes in the form The silicate of silicates it rarely produces of magnesium asbestos does teamation of tissue in experimental animals and in the human lung chimed other silicates are not generally hydrated chimed that a responsible silicate of recognized as irritating Recently it has aluminum and potassium called sericite is often asociated for most of the cases of silicosis This silicate a transformed feldspar associated with quartz and it has been identified in the lungs of persons suf- 23 ee the we ALERak ye 24 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council fering from silicosis However at least two types of sericite have failed to extite significant changes when injected into animals Experiments with this substance are still in progress Kaolin an alumino of potash has also produced quite characteristic changeisn the lungs of rabbits But our present knowledge does not permit us assume that silicates as a class will produce serious tissue damage Most observers now believe that uncombined silica or quartz is poisonous to the tissues because it is stowly dissolved in the fluids of the body Certainly the majority of the experimental observations suggest a chemical injury but it is dim cult to understand how enough of such an insoluble substance as quartz could be dissolved solubility within eight hours to produce a well marked acute inflammation : were the only factor one should discover a more active response after the injection of the more readily soluble silicates but such is not the case For merly it was held that silica produced its effect mechanically The hard sharp quartz particles were believed to abraid the lung surfaces and excite the forma tion of scar tissue as a manifestation of healing This theory is no longer tenable for when animals are injected with other hard sharp particles like diamond carbe rundum or aluminum oxide there is no inflammation and practically no formation of scar tissue Ultimately it may be shown that the irritation of silica is due to . : some unrecognized property possibly related to its atomic structure When quartz particles are inhaled they produce threz specific effects which are not excited by any other type of dust yet studied They alter the behavior of the pulmonary phagocytes they stimulate the formation of circumscribed nodules of scar tissue and they subsequently increase the susceptibility of the lung to infection espe| cially tuberculous infection Phagocytes that ingest too many quartz particles are killed by this irritating substance As the cells die they liberate their burden and several new phagocytes come out to take it up again By a repetition of this process enough phagocytes accumulate so that many of them ingest only a few particles Luder such stances the stimulus is not strong enough to kill but merely accelerates the motility of the cells They naturally tend to leave the air spaces enter the lymphatic vesi sels and accumulate in the lymph nodes This process becomes more ranid under the influence of the irritating silica and very considerable members of particles are consequently localized in the nodes After six or eight years the quartz in the nodes has caused a marked over- growth of the fibrous elements in these structures Ultimately the reaction develops to such an extent that the node is entirely replaced by a mass of coarse glassy tissue fibres often several times as large as the original node Such nodules en croach upon and compress the lymphatic vessels The drainage drainage system of the is choked and effective removal of subsequently inhaled dust is gradually gradually diminished Dust now accumulates around the lymph vessels and sheets of in this location These preliminary changes do not constitute the disease they involve silibosis afected only the lymphatic system The respiratory tissues are not apreciably afected In good storo ray films these preliminary changes may be visualized as a ening and beading of the shadows cast by the blood vessels together with a widen- ing of the shadow of the root of the lung The blood vessels are thickened because the most important lymphatic vessels course through their walls The beading due to the minute nodules of silicotic scar tissue in the lymph nodes within lung The root shadow is widened because of the silicotic reaction in the lynigh nodes in this location If still more dust is inhaled it can no longer be effectively carried off through the lymph vessels The phagocytes now carry it into the walls Often the cells grow themselves in nodules hut sometimes they the air space are scattered these locations the silica again stimulates the formation of scar tissue The rest is a general thickening of the septa between the spaces and the functional rtica the lung This change seriously as interchange lose ga- cannot take place through the thickened walls and the tissues lose their normal elasticity Less involved air elation through fuzeti interferes with of the walls stretch producing producing the condition known as emphysema patible with efective effective respiration With the formation of silicotic modules in the fatctioning 7 Dust in Fuinistry 25 disease silicosis is said to begin On the ray film such nodules cast clear cut und shadows accentuated linear Alds they increase in mumber and size they biot out the formerly shadows of the blood vessels In a well marked case both lung Alds may be thickly seeded with hundreds of such sharply derned rumdies nodular sitadows Where there is emphysema oiten at the bases no markings are visible - nd the film appears black The condition of silicosis is a progressive une and it continues to develop after a man has left his dusty occupation Serious results only follow however when he e leaves with many nodules in the lung tissue itself As such nodules increase in size they replace important functional elements Obviously the continued growth ot only a few nodules situated in the lymphatic system could have little effect other than to increase the obstruction already present The serious part of silicosis is its frequent complication by tuberculosis This may arise from reactivation of a existant latent infection or it may result from a new infection from without The danger of infection increases with the amount a silicosis present and it often fails The course of the infection in the silicatic produce characteristic symptoms for months is usually chronic or years after its criset Many times it is accidentally discovered in routine ray examination of groups groups of active workmen However evidences of disability are much more marked in silicotic individuals with infection than in those with uncomplicated disease Occa sionally tuberculosis may run a very acute course in the silicotic subject but this is also true in other persoONS The cause of the susceptibility of the silicotic lung to tuberculosis is not perfectly understood but it would seem that the action of the silica on the tissues creates a medium favorable for the growth of the bacteria The tubercle bacilli multiply and a slowly progressive tissue reaction ensues but the usual clinical symptoms of tuberculosis are often held in abeyance for a long time because the chances for absorption of poisonous products of infection are mini- mazed by the obstructed lymphatic system It is also possible that some of these prisons may be absorbed on the silica particles as Cummins has suggested Ulti- mately the infection gains the upper hand symptoms develop and death from tuber- culosis ensucs , The only other type of dust a generalige as pulmonary injury alunos in which generalige recognized a cause of severe magne masgniesuiumm This substance is brous e l in character and is more readily solubie than quartz Apparently the protective at per respiratory mechanisms seem inadequate to prevent the inhalation of many Pape such fibres and even quite long ones may penetrate into the finer bronchial tubes These structures have irregularities in their walls which seem to hold the fibrous dusts cytes cially In this location the asbestos particles are surrounded and ingested by phagoThe cells do not seem to be particularly irritated for they are not espe- numerous nor do they migrate rapidly into clumps as in the case ci phago ytes dealing with quartz Apparently most of them carry their burden of asbestos cialy ragments directly into the walls of the tubes in which they c The mildly irri- e ing dust sets up a proliferation of the connective tissue cells in the walls result- ing in collar thickening of the tubes Contraction of the new connective tissue narrows or closes the tube and thereby chuts off the ingress of air to the more Peripheral air spaces These spaces then collapse a condition known as atelectasis This in itself is a cause of fibrosis or scarring of lung tissue The result is a ^-brosis of numerous relatively small areas in the lung due to the collar constricting ^-ibrosis about many small terminal bronchial tubes The lymphatic system seems to little part in disposing of asbestos dust and very insignificant amounts of this Cust are found in the lymph nodes pe, Not a few cases of asbestosis die of tuberculosis or bronchopneumonia but the prevalence of the former infection is probably much less common than in silicosis Surveys of large groups of asbestos workers fail to reveal such a high incidence of tuberculosis as found in similar studies on silica workers TN The inhalation of unusual amounts of siliceous dusts apparently fails to pro- eee in NA d dmuyreure significant alterations the hung It is of course possible that injurious ones ultimately be discovered but none are recognized today The siliceous 028 aR pa pa micles enter the lung and are ingested by phagocytes as in the case of quartz 12-0 The The cells are not stimulated to move very rapidly and as a consequence of SPH tthhen en remain within the air spaces for a long time many Some particularly those con- as edcad os 000012 000012 000012 STE HO st aNWHER. 26 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council taining relatively few particles make their mulate in the lymph nodes In way into the lymphatic system and 17- sufficient mixed with small amounts of silica concentration they set low or perhaps because they are inflammation But this reaction up a grade progressive chronic nodes and about the lymphatic results only in a little thickening in the lymp black from coal or red from vessels The lung tissue may be variously pigme feres with function iron but there is no formation of scar tissue that mentation is not incrTehaesedsusbcuepttibitiliitsy to tuberculosis of the person with suer page unduly prevalent in coal miners and apparently that quite definite that presiona tion of cement The ray films of chronic bronchitis results from the innala nothing at all or a men working in siliceous dusts shows citter the blood vessels more or less marked accentuation of the linear shadows inflammatory the lymphatic trunkTshiisn of course is due to the chronic cast changes walls of blood vessels alot : The effects of mixtures of free silica and siliceous defined and should receive more serious attention It materials are less ciently as has been done in the past that the would seem unwise to assume diluents and that only the siliceous substances serve only as mental and clinical data quartz component of a dust is of significance Experi dusts are accumulating which suggest that at least nodularmafyibrmoastiseriianlltyhe mloudnigfsy atnhde taoctiionncreoafsequtahretz both in its capacity sto o me proodudcee example animals inhaling heavy concentrations susceptibility of to tuberculosis Fir silica and hematite dust for a mixture of equal parts of = shown not even the eight hours a day over a period of 14 months bare slightest indication of pure quartz dust inhaled nodule formation in the lung wheras also seems to be for only two hours a day produces definite nodulation H to tuberculosis true that animals than those inhaling such a mixture are much less susceptible miner some lungs show exposed to pure quartz definite silicotic nodulation In the case of the others only a very human few nodules and many no nodules at all cellular connective All exhibit heavy deposits of iron particles chemical tissue reaction When these findings can be with analysis of the lung tissues and the correlated which these miners have approximate amount of rock work performed some relationship between the exposure : isirloinca miannedrsthies fibrous nodule formation may be established Tuberculosis in these to pure silica aWphpaartently less prevalent and much less severe than in men exposed exposed exposed has been said of iron miners is also workers and coal miners It is probably true of founum have less tuberculosis than the generally accepted that men in the latter occupatie average for the age period Cummins believes they have the infection but that it is so that it escapes diagnosis atypical and benign in its manifestation manifestaion Mention should also be made of mixed containing large amounts of free silica in dusts like certain slates and these substances behave combination with silicates Experimental is complicating atypically infection The and do not produce nodular fibrosis unless there tionably such dusts same may also be true in human beings dispose to tuberculoasries caFrpomable of producing typical silicotic nodules and they Unques are more intensive study to From a theoretical standpoint they should receive clarify our views on the whole subject At the it appears that the action of their present tralized by the other substances quartz component is modified and partially which they contain Using Exhaust Systems and Respiratory Equipment To Protect Workers Exposed to Dust By STUART W. GURNEY and DAVID S. BEYER me Liberty Mutual Insurance Company Boston The speaker said elimination in their thoroughly thoroughly enforced in part A number of labor laws for a good these laws The codes provide two of that grinding the states Luting and polishing exempt from these provisions our states have had references to dus many many years but no state has as Ave states which we investigate wheels should be exhausted althougy provisions wh PROBAV~ NG~ Lexhausted althougy 2 ~~ FT TRY en oe. ae aerate * Dust Industry 27 This seems advised since a study of Winsor and Greenburg has shown that Heans eliminate the dust hazard wet and dry grinding in Connecticut by the application of water does not by any It may be remarked that with everything else equal a high static suction will give higher velocity at the point of origin of the dust fume or gas than a low this alone is not a measure of the effectiveness of any exhaust system Wisconsin has adopted the principle of specifying a limit to the number of dust particle of respirable size per cubic foot of air After all this is what we are primarily interested in to keep the dust contamination down to a point where it will no be harmful : a These variations and conflicting provisions in state codes merely reflect the gen eral lack of authoritative standards It is accordingly fortunate that definite steps are now being taken by the American Standards Association to develop the proper basis icr such codes There are two committees working on this problem the Ventilation Code Committee sponsored by the American Society of Heating & Ven- tilating Engineers and the Exhaust Code Committee sponsored by cational Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions the InterIt is also arranged to appoint committees to take up five specific subjects Abrasive cleaning chromium plating granite cutting rock drilling and spray coating If addition a Committee on Fundamental Principles of Design and Operation and Maintenance of Exhaust Systems will be appointed The two most important considerations in an effective exhaust system 1. Velocity of air flow 2. Arrangement of the inlets from the standpoint of ness to the dust source shape etc. are near- Many an installation that is otherwise all right fails to remove the dust success- mily mirely because there a series of tests that were F. Hatch Department of is not enough air being drawn through the system In conducted under actual working conditions by Theodore Industrial Hygiene Harvard School of Public Health a machine used in dressing stone was employed and it was noted that with an air flow through the hood of 230 cubic feet per minute there were over one hundred million just particles in the surrounding air When the air how was increased to a little over 250 cubic feet per minute the dust concentration had dropped to forty million a marked improvement As the air flow was further increased the drop dest concentration was relatively slower and it took a volume of about 380 cubic feet per minute to bring the dust concentration down to ten or fifteen million particles per cubic foot which was considered reasonably safe for this type of dust It is accordingly possible sometimes to take an installation that is not satis- factory and if the remainder of the system is well designed by merely speeding up the tower of adding a larger enc to bring about the desired results Another very important consideration is to get the inlets of the exhaust system 25 close as possible to the source of the dust The drop in efficiency as we get further way from the inlet is really surprising to one who has not studied the prin ciples involved It should be remembered that if we have the open end of an exhaust pine or air duct in operation the air tends to flow in from all sides even from behind the opening As we move away from the end of the pipe the velocity rapidiy so that even at a distance of five inches from the hood the velocity may be less than 10 per cent of that right at the hood inlet This is the most important consideration to keep in mind and one which is frequently lost sight of in designing exhaust systems It is not uncommon to see an exhaust inlet a few inches in diameter with which the person making the installation hoped to draw dust from a distance of several feet but the air flow even a foot or two away from fo the cotrance to the inlet may be negligible . Mena is Still another important consideration having to do with the design of the inlet is the addition of^ of^ flange The efect of this flange is to cut down the air that tw would flow in from behind the opening thus drawing it nearly all from the front Thus the efficiency of the system is substantially increased and the scope of the ex- ae haust extended appreciably without increasing the power consumption or otherwise adding to the expense of keeping up the system air There are also other considerations of perhaps lesser importance For example air cannot be iled from a distance by merely directing an exhaust pipe toward the point in question but it can be rushed or blown directionally for a consider een de {en cd sg PLA creat mC Teh gpa hee > 000011 000011 000011 000011 000011 es e yer etr ee tam wt tte PcLh tl i meoem 2h at, pet TT) 28 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Sofery Council able distance This principle may be used advantageously in directing the du toward the opening of the exhaust inlet and thus getting the desired results wit 2 lower exhaust velocity and power consumption than would be required if suci alone were depended upon This principle has been applied effectively in drillir material containing asbestos where the exhaust inlet is placed at one side of th drill and a small air jet at the opposite side of the drill blowing across the tabl turns the particles that would fly out from this side and directs them back in the exhaust system It is also being applied to foundry shake work Other considerations in designing exhaust systems include the elimination ( unnecessary bends or curves the provision of clean doors and the cor struction of joints proper Where there is a general ventilating installation and one or mor exhaust systems care must be taken to see that they do not conflict with each othe After an exhaust system has been installed it should be tested by taking actu dust counts to see that the dust is really being cut down to the desired such counts should be taken at intervals after the installation has been pomiandt eant see that it is still functioning property , The fact that the dust particles that cause the trouble are so small that the dust are invisible under ordinary conditions less than 10 microns or 2500th of a iuch in diameter often makes it hard to convince the practical plant manager tha there is any dust present it also makes it impossible to tell without the use of cial instruments whether the completed exhaust system is actually spe removing th an It might seem like an insult to one's intelligence to say that after an exhaus system has once been installed it should be maintained in good operating condition However the numerous cases que encounters in the plants where this obvious neces sity is not carried out indicates that it is really one of the major considerations in connection with the elimination of dust or fumes Cases the blower has in some manner become reversed so that and diffusing the dust rather than drawing it in other are not unknown where the air is being eleme em instances where ciency of the system has been lowered or its value nullified by clogging 5. connection or wearing out of the piping etc. are all too comma One concern of which the writers have knowledge has a U tube permanently installed in one of its main exhaust systems so that the foreman te safety man can tell at a glance whether there are any changes that would indicate a break in the system All such installations should have regular inspections by same cimper tent person as a routine part of their upkeep , It will be simplest form of sumcient here to this equipment discuss respiratory equipment is the filter respirator Such very respirators briefly The definite value ir temporary use such as sweeping up cleaning materials etc but they require careful fitting and constant supervision supervision they are being properly used It is our opinion after watching the sincere efforts in a number of plans to enforce the use of these respirators that it is rather impracticable to require them to be used on time operation One notices the men under these surreptitiously pushing the respirator aside and gasping in free air of water Certainly if they are to be used any considerable length quent rest periods should be allowed where the men can get out for a few minutes refreshment There are used for sandblasting for the purposes We believe type of apparatus helmet namely leaves the rest offers considerable hose could be practicable to pure air supjdy that is impos also the large fed helmets with which most of sandblasting etc. which have been carried to high state of to which they are adapted that much more use could be made advantageously midway between the fiter respirator ied respirator which covers the nose exposed With a light hose attachment of movement and if air outlets were one cutlet to another it considerable area They afford the weight and without the restricti fiter respirator 29 Dust in industry The Medical Supervision of Workers Exposed to Dust By W. J. McCONNELL M.D. Assistar Medical Director Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. New York City The speaker said in part The harmiuiness of dusts varies widely in accord- with the physical and chemical natures of each individual substance Certain ace soluble or slightly soluble in the body fluids and their harmful effects are dusts are the toxicity of the compounds formed Lead mercury and arsenic proportional to dusts exert their harmful effects locally are examples of poisonmouesmbrdaunstes aOntdhetrhrough irritation to the respiratory passages ont and mucous Carmic acid and alkalies are examples Attention recently has been called to the from active ores A fourth group harmful effect of dusts arising preably which are insoluble or very difficultly soluble in the body fluids may initiate of cists conditions These may be subdivided into fibrosis ; armful pathological lung dusts The organic dusts mainly the vegetable fibers such and ~ brosis producing dusts The fibrosis producing as moctor jliumtietehdemsop featrc. asarewefihbarveoseivsidepnrcoeductoinga few of the inorganic mineral df nsts asruech as free silica crystalline silicon quartz and certain combined silicates Of the brosis producing dusts those having a high percentage of free silica arc admited y the most important because exposure over a period of years to such dist^ distinctly predisposes the individual to tuberculosis The effectiveness of dust control measures in preventing diseases produced by ce z be determined only by careful physical examination of the workers s50 duses can under the guidance of competent medical supervision The benefits which exposed alike as a result of the physical examination acume to the employer and employee for employment as well as periodical examination of those already of 2 applicants careful consideration by industry of a program for engaged would indicate very from comul of sickness Such a procedure protects the employer engaging an ap~ canalready physically or mentally impaired who later may claim disability condition either not associated with employment or contracted during a pre- or a was employment The applicant's physical and mental condition is established and by seeping record of his subsequent illnesses and accidents the question of re- sponsibility for injuries and sickness need never arise The applicant is protected from engaging inbrwiongrkabfoourt wsheircihousheimips aiprhmyseinctalloyf DH adapted his bealth which if undertaken might easily For example an applicant with an arrested tuberculosis who seeks in a certain dusty occupation if allowed to engage in such work might readily Convert an inactive tuberculosis into an active one thereby endangering life or at east seriously impairing the applicant's future efficiency and earning capacity Whereas the saine applicant if assigned to a position that involves no such ex- pose might be expected to continue for years as a useful and productive work- Tear. The examination of applicants for employment likewise protects those that are already employed from the risks of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and various acute respiratory and other infections being introduced into their midst SR by a new applicant individuals who seek employment have never before re- Be Many of the younger of the de- 72 ved a thorough physical examination and consequently are unaware defects ee fers from which they suffer As a result of physical examinations many x located which may be removed or corrected before they have caused irreparable are definite z danadmagfienaltlyhercehbryoniicncrdeiasseiansgesthe Feufrftichieerncmyoroef tihnecipwioenrtketrubaerncduloofstiesn uanvserutsipnegcted dis- a. ae. cases of the heart kidneys and a host of other diseases of a similar naturewhiacrhe & discovered and the applicant referred for proper medical care and treatment n otheOrwfise evenmigmhotrehaivmepobreteanncposteponed potshtapnonetdhe intiil titaolo plhaytseical examination of applicants is the periodic examination and care of tid employees by industry Such a pro- cure to check the efficiency of preventive measures designed to prevent serves serpational diseases It offers the most effective way of controlling the health of ne agus #. 2 rd A Sit; rite ee ed 30 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council large many comes cone health groups of workers by discovering early not only occupational other conditions that go undiscovered until the worker is diseases disabled If the various contagious conditions acutely ill er infected thereby causing serious economic loss go unrecognized others of a group of individuals as well as endangering ton te tx the proc The information obtained from physical examinations affords the visor the opportunity to make certain that employees are medical spe out of which they are getting maximum results to engaged correct in suitable with posure to harmful environmental the effects of undue et- tional hazards conditions and generally to lessen all o As a public health measure it is impossible to estimate value of periodic examinations in establishing interest in sickness The set of a proper program~- for medical control of prevention depends upon the number of workers exposed to casa A series of articles under employees the title of involved and individual plant conditiona Hart E. The Medical Fisher appearing in current numbers Department Manual br of Industrial Medicine gives c prehensive account of the organization 1. The establishment of a medical and operation of department with a medical department adequate facilities and m ical personnel analysis of all who have operations qualified in the field of industrial medicine in the plant should be made and the A process process should logical list all effects possible health hazards and familiarize If necessary he should conduct himself medical superviser superviser with their physic harmful effects of new substances introduced is known In cooneration with other research studies to determine x into plant processes about which linie of the hazards and devise measures departments of he should investigate the exte 2. The routine examination of all acpopnltircoalnts for employment The . cslhaosuslifdiedinculnuddeera detailed history of the applicant's previous illnesses and accid a diseases of childhood respiratory diseases d b general infectious diseases venereal diseases and e accidents and defects A detailed history of previous occupations engaged in resulting physizi A mere statement of the type of industry in which the is very import slight value if any The exact duties applicant was engaged tas performed in each occupation should te noted and information ascertained as to the probable length of ous substances After the history has been taken and exposure to hazi- tion purposes if part of routine is made the a photograph for identi examining room where he is instructed to applicant should be directed to ination This examination should be remove his clothing for physical e made as complete as is considered necessary to determine the applicant's physical condition If the applicant has been or will be exposed to cases auf ray picture of the chest is an importat dusts which induce lung s part of the examination may be referred puss puss which indice the value of this method of diagnosis to an experienced roentgenelegis_ the experience of the reader depends upon the type of pictures taken who interprets them The examining physician i : smnauytunmeeadndadtdhietiuonrailne information obtained by laboratory analyses of the 1 able when desirable These aids to diagnosis should he provided or made ava but ee 3. The rating and placement of applicants In department the applicant should be rated cooperation with the pers past experiences also on his and physical and placed not only on his training z~ ring from time to time The record of mental abilities to fill vacancies oc- be the confidential property of the medicahlis dpehpyasirctamlenatnd mental examination shrekt Periodical physical examinations The frequency of periodical necessarily must defend upon individual circumstances examinations such examinations as determined by the according to the nee~ examinations are made for the first supervising physician Where given ample explanation of the beneftiitsmeofthesucehmpleoxyaemeisnatofionlsong standing be auces that their jobs are secure 5. Provision for the disabled Employees who course of employment shcard he assigned develop disabilities with or aggravate the disability to occupations which will or they should he provided for in other not ways ADIOUPAMENT ae 7 ON ne nT SED tderreorneeM 86 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council the manufacturer be permitted the hazard It is not code must enough to say in specify the actual a code that certain hazards must type of safety device to eliminate 7 the mentSpecifications for safety devices should be set up by and engineers or safety directors competent These specifications should be experie as it is possible There is no reason why one state largely should uniform so = tensile strength in a window cleaning device and another require 55,000 pounds pounds tensile strength If 55,000 pounds tensile state should require 62000 in one state it should be safe for a man's life in strength all is safe for a man's sae equipment should see to it that the states states Manufacturers of safery adopt a uniform standard in safety - . Safety devices in the shop have an almost incalculable visual value emploress The very sight of guards brings to their minds the thought of the to ing and willingness to prevent accidents wherever employer's back- see any proof of possible The employer can oral money spent by safety directions meetings of his employer when it is expended merely for committees or engineers but there is a visi ie presence of the employer's interest shown in Again there is every safeguard used in a shop guarded shop Toan added gain in the mental reaction of the employee in well if we work illustrate we are prone to be careless in our personal has or frequent a carelessly kept workroom or office We do not mind throwing a cigaret butt or a paper on the floor of a dirty room or office but hesitate twice before doing on a floor of a we so I believe that in a well guarded shop the scrupulously clean moral and and well roim a safe worker is greatly accentuated due mental stimulant to become workers to react by conducting themselves to guarding and that we can expez te There are plenty of instances where as safe workmen safety devices in accident prevention proof can be obtained as to the valse II A short time ago a project was comple oT within our own state in the nature of road building lasting only a few weeks and ss yet during that Had these time thirty pairs of goggles worn by the workmen were broken would goggles have not been worn there is no question but that thirty pers had eye injuries resulting probably in the loss of eyes to some of th 8 At the Greater New York Safety Congress held last winter statistics da- lated to the effect that the loss of an eye entailed a were Vee 12.000 In the instance I speak of the wearing monetary loss of approximate of thirty pairs of sured a possible money saving of some 432,000 goggica In the olden days the operator of a mill TOR expected breakdowns in his machinery expected accidents just as surely as te The situation is different now however TST an accident in a mill means an investigation as to its somebody's carelessness and in cause a rigid inquiry OS the operation because of the most cases a punishment for the man in charte safety devices is to accident All we need to do to size up the value devices and imagine what industry would be like today if all our safe practices were abolished and manufacturing plants returned to former careless state of years ago Protecting the Feet and Legs Hands and Arms Face and Head of Industrial Workers By H. R. BIXLER Industrial Relations and Employment Department Union Carbide Company Company New York City accident machinery The speaker said in part In recent publication of the Industrial Commissie of Ohio under the heading The Destructive Big Six I find the analysis of occupational injuries in Ohio in 1933 following centage of the total of all mishaps shows that a large mishaps in industry are directly traceable to six causes The most prolific source source of injuries to industrial workers is that of objects This cause is charged with 26 per cent of the for total injury claims for six causes for the year 1933. Next in with 24 machinery ST: Safety Equipment 87 per cent Falis of persons while fourth in order of x lead in severity Stepping upon or striking against directly er cent and the operation of industrial motor vehicles not directly related to our subject is sixth with 8 per cent In sum Tap Tap the 1933 totals these six causes it is iound that they were accountable sep Tap 73 per cent of al injury claims fied for over 44 per cent of all fatalities See approximately 80 per cent of all permanent disability cases and were charged approximately a time loss of over 1 per cent of the total for all causes One of the major considerations us in addition to the considerations in the design of protective clothing for special mechanical features of such clothing and equipment is that @ the materials with which they are made A specialist in the design of safety are offers the following comments : . Primarily three types of material are used in the manufacture of safety apnami. These are leather asbestos and fireproof duck Duck of this kind should fire reciy be called fame Flame duck when exposed to flame or eves at high temperatures will not ignite There will however be a process of axation which will everally consume the cotton in the duck Fireproof duck is the cheaper of the three substances ordinarily used and is suitable where the Sazard encountered does not require impervious protection Asbestos the second mer is also commonly used in the manufacture of protective clothing Many people think that asbestos is a heat insulator while actually it is a heat conductor Agestos can be compared in this relation to any other mineral and while it will not amine heat as readily as metal it certainly will conduct some heat Such equip- man: mer. herefore should have some heat insulation as for example a cotton lining in in asbestos glove Astestos of course is absolutely fireproof The third material commonly used in the maniacture of protective clothing is leather which for most y apparel is horserite or cowhide Leather can be either grain or split Icaber The grain leather is comparable to the tough outer layer of skin while toe split leather can be compared to the bottom layer of skin In tanning leather Rm ecessary to use of While there must be a certain amount of oil in the femier the buyer of preterive apparel must be careful that there is not too much ou in it since such leather when used near hot operations deteriorates rapidly Ea the estimation of specialist leather is the best article for round wear ; | and hard usage He believes for example that a leather legging should out- y wear at least three fireproof duck leggings and from two and a half to three asiesto leggings This same comparison applies to leather gloves He recommends csr cather for all general purposes except those where its weight will defeat is garoose by tiring the mer or making him too hot while working Many types of specially designed protective clothing are made of rubber or of a composition of some one material with rubber Such equipment is usually de- sed for protectioinn -\ 3eRa. ames and vapors Special connection with operations involving hazards because of work in wet areas and those operations involving the Eine Eine of liquids Special rubber protective clothing and equipment has been deme for clectrical hazards and include rubber gloves boots overshoes sleeves : C. hats and line cover z material such as blankets line hose insulator hoods <7 and protectors Feit is used in some 7 pes of protective clothing as a protection against heat where the use of clothing made from fireproof duck asbestos or leather is not de- sirable One industrial TL? pressed felt to make because of its protective The paper- secern having electric furnace operations uses protective jackets and trousers for its furnace operators Natures comfort of the wearer and relatively low cost material is pure we felt and offers good protection from acct of its low conductivity while it will burn it slowly and without flame : radiated will do heat on so very Referring to the firdetails st ttwo wo sections of our subject without attempting to go me the physical details say that protective clothing material requirements and mechanical design let us for the feet and legs of industrial workers would in- Core shoes toe guards pats leggings knee pads thigh guards and aprons for : Doperations Doperations In proteining the hands and arms safety gloves hand pads mit- . In firger cots arm protectors sleeves jackets and the like are commonly used In addition for complete body protection are found protective suits consisting of aes 3 ee Ke 000010 000010 000010 88 Twenty Annual Safety National Safety Council jackets and pants or complete jumper suits Protective ointments are also for the skin in operations involving acids fumes and vapors used industrial The third division of our subject for protecting the face and head of workers one which is receiving increasing attention because of the hazards in- volving the eyes and respiratory organs While eye protection has long been a part of industrial accident prevention work the necessity for the use of goggies is not fully recognized since we learn from the National Safety Council that there were 300,000 industrial injuries to the eyes in the United States last year each re- sulting in at least one day of disability Of this number 70.000 were compensable cases which means seven days or more of lost time for which the average cost was 375 and 125 additional for medical cost In 2,000 cases there was com- Ive plete loss of vision in one eye while 75 persons lost the vision of both eyes The Ao total estimated loss of 3,600.000 days per year from work was attended with a total cost in time lost compensation and medical bills of approximately fifty millions of fae dollars Perhaps the most authoritative source of valuable information for safety engi Bh neers at this time concerning the protection of face and head of industrial workers is the head and eye safety code which is now being revised under the supervision supervision of the American Standards Association The title of this code is being changed CRIN to the American Standard Safety Code for Protection to Heads Eyes and Respira- tory Organs A study of the code's revisions even in its present tentative form Ht will be of great value in the individual's consideration of our subject and in its final form when published will be of inestimable value AE Of special interest are the following requirements for respirators and gas masks NA as proposed in the revised code . Requirements for Respirators and Gas Masks The respirator gas mask with mechanical filter or hose mask is permissible The respirator shall be so designed and constructed that when it is worn in its proper position it will permit only air which has passed through the filter to enter the mouth or nostrils of the wearer The material used for the body of the respirator shall be such as to combine mechanical strength and lightness of weight The respirator shall be comfortable to wear and shall not impede free action by the wearer The facial contact edge of the respirator body shall not irritate the skin of the wearer and shall not allow leakage of unfiltered air If . rubber is used the rubber compound shall be free from jead and mineral sulphates If used in work requiring goggles the respirator when in place on the weare shall permit the use of various types of goggles without impairing the effectiveness of either the goggles or the respirator or the goggles may be permanently attached to the respirator An automatic exhalation valve is optional The gas mask is permissible and for longer exposures to any supply may be used for limited exposure gas a hose mask or For higher concentrations a hood with positive air The hose mask shall be of such design and construction protect the respiratory organs of the wearer from toxic gas and tight fit when in its proper position on the wearer . as to completely dust and make a Canister type gas masks shall be of such design and construction as to protect serncth the eyes and respiratory organs of the wearer from acid and organic vapors ammonia carbon monoxide dusts smokes and mists either singly or in combination where the oxygen content of the surrounding atmosphere is not less than 16 per aoe-ToR cent In places where only irritant gases such as carbon monoxide are present fone the eyes need not be covered Gas masks shall be of such design as to insure a aT tight fit when in proper position on the wearer Cartridge masks shal oe meet all requirements for the canister type except as to canister connecting tube and body harness Among the devices designed dusts by far the most impretant dusty operations such as injure the face the helmet for the protection of the indivirical worker against is positive pressure and metal grinding respirator is prefer respirator In particulari where the particles may Aldate per Ange of saree Safety Equipment 89 me 12 No it is essential that the apparatus |. provided with an adequate air drawn from a pure dust source Sime authorities recommend as x cubic feet per minute while others are are of the opinion that respirators on modern principles are efficient when used with but one or two of air per minute The source of air supply is equially important The ry frequently made of taking the air directly directly from a compressed air fine with providing the air intake to ne just particles Sometimes and there may be a possibility compressors the air of of carbou menoxide menoxide with a filter capable of removing compressed air line is wet and menoxide poisoning due to oil being y burned in a reciprocating piston compressor :. is unsuited for use in the respirator compressor The air under these it becomes necessary to install small rotary compressor blower supplied from a clean source of air This ' method is applicabic particularly to plants not equipped with compressed air Respirators should be selected for their comfort to the wearer and for their ; ' efficiency The manufacturer should be required to submit a laboratory t of the efficiency of his device for the purpose selected Although respirators homd never be regarded as substitutfeosr local exhaust ventilation they a practicable means of protection for workmen engaged in dusty operations cicly cicly occasionally or for short periods of time The positive air pressure provide carried type of regulator unfortunately cannot be worn by workers engaged in operations requiring an to move about tinhampered by air hose The only available protection worker under these conditions is to wear a respirator with a filtering sess of fibre or tissue Only those types which have been demonstrated to the necessary filtering medium to give sumcient protection against fine should be selected The importance of the use of the positive pressure respirator in dusty work on is illustrated by the results of an analysis conducted by Dr. Leonard Grammburg and Charles Pierce of the Laboratory of Hygiene at Yale University a#nection with the study of the subject of Ventilation and Its Relation to the roof roof Dust Gases and Fumes They found that air drawn from a cabinet amining 61 millions of dust particles per cubic foot retained four and half a um particles per cubic foot when drawn through respirator two million cies were drawn through helmet and respirator tenths of one million of is particles per cubic foot were drawn through helmet with positive air pressure but tenths of one million were drawn through a respirator and helmet pustive air pressure This demonstrates conclusively that a respirator alone imitations in effectiveness when used in heavy concentrations The reason for lack of satisfaction arises from the fact that the fit of the respirator to the face best ide ide by soit rubber which even though the heyeater heyeater is working Where dust exists which available is not air tight when cannot be otherwise controlled pal protection can be obtained through the use of respirators however if pramcable a positive pressure helmet system ould be installed since it gives a complete protection Safe Protective Equipment as Related to Accident Prevention By R. B. ROAPER Safety Engineer Humble Oil & Refining Company Houston Texas The speaker said in part I am convinced that a combination of education and equipment is essential for accident preverin work The use of protective ment cannot prevent all accidents nor can the training of employees prevent accidents No matter how proficient employees may become in the performance , they must not lose sight of the fact that certain hazards and conditions ; e protective equipment In order to determine just what equipment must experience in each class of work If it is of work are prone to receive injuries to be used it is found that men certain parts of necessary to study engaged in certain the body even in ed brsity 000011 000011 001 000011 000011 000011 ul Safety Council \ the vision to avoid ex- ole of human ive to us and ds of leaders nature and we can 50 needed for them TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL hE > ae ( it we Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman W. Nett Safety Equipment Service Ohio : Company Cleveland * | Chairman W. Millard Industrial Gloves Corporation Danville Ill vv. STreecasruerterarJ.yBoS.wkSeirrulMlineSafety First Supply Company Pittsburgh Pa Executive Committee at Large- Safety Appliances Company Pittsburgh Pa W. Bullard E. D. Bullard Company San Francisco Calif Frederick WauLERT WauLERT Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation Brooklyn N. Y. Charles H. Gallaway Gallaway American Optical Company Southbridge Mass rn ee BUSINESS SESSION September 30 1934 was then The x annual annual business meeting of the Accident turers . Section was called to order Prevention Equipment Manufac * Buell W. Nutt Safety Equipment after Service a pleasant pleasant dinner by General Chairman ports were heard from the General Company Chairman Cleveland who presided Re- mittees on activities during the past and the Chairmen of Standing Com- called for and year The report of the Nominating Committee follows: new officers for the Section were nominated and elected cag Chairman ville Ill Irwin W. Millard Secretary Industrial Gloves Corporation Dan- Pittsburgh Chairman GeoGreogrgee Pa Shull Shull , PrePsriesdiednentt Secretary St. William Wahlert Pulmosan Brooklyn 1 SSaaffeettyy Safety FFiirrsstt SSuuppppllyy Co. Equipment Corp. BBrraaddyy BldBgldg 176 Johnson Treasure E. 75 East WackL er DriveDiCchkiscoango PHriesident Standard Safety Equipment Co ExecutiExveecutive Committee Larne - J.T. Pres Mine Safety Appliances Co 201 N. Ryan burgh Pa Braddock Pitts- F. R. Davis New York President City Davis Emergen #pment Co mtg. Van teas angen 0 e 000022 R. T. Solensten V.Pres Elliott Service Company 242 W. 55th St. New York City B. W. Nutt President Saiety Equipment Service Company 1228 St. Ave. NE Cleveland O. ADJOURNMENT ADJOURNMENT Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers Who Made Exhibits at the Twenty Annual Safety and Exposition Statler and Cleveland Hotels Cleveland Ohio October 1-5 1934 Congress American France & Foamite Industries Inc. Elmira New York Fire protection equipment Company Optical American Southbridge Massachusetts Industrial eye protection service Bendix Products Corporation South Bend Indiana Automotive testing equipment Robert A. Bernhard Rochester New York Saf applicator bottles for antiseptics Binney & Smith Company New York City Emulsified carbon black for concrete pavements Bishinger Manufacturing Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Oxygen equipment products Bradley Washfountain Company Milwaukee Wisconsin Group washing equipment Brown Shoe Company St. Louis Missouri Safety Toe Shoes R. H. Buhrke Company Chicago Illinois Safety beits straps buckets and tool guards E. D. Bullard Company San Francisco California Safety equipment for mines and industry Burroughs Wellcome & Company U. S. A. Inc. New First aid and medical equipment Godfrey L. Cabot Inc Boston Massachusetts Emulsified carbon black for concrete pavements Chicago Eye Shield Company Chicago Head and eye protection equipment - Illinois H. Childs & Company Inc. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Safety footwear York City Cunningham Aircraft Corporation Sand blast helmet and suit Rochester 5 New York Davis Emergency Equipment Company Inc New First aid gas masks and safety equipment ; masks : aoe nee Accident Pretention Equipment Manufacturers Section fro 2 q | : i Eagle Signal Corporation Moline Illinois Traffic signal equipment and industrial timing equipment Service Company New York City Elliott of efficiency and safety Elimination of waste promotion Evans Products Company Detroit Michigan Railroad grade crossing and barrier and traffic signals The Stewart Corporation Cleveland Ohio Soaps disinfectants and cleaners for planned sanitation Davidson Motor Company Milwaukee Special police motorcycles and equipment Wisconsin Huster Auto Equipment Company Inc. New York City Fleet specialties rubber mirrors stop and lights Hynson Westcott & Dunning Inc. Baltimore Mercurochrome and Thantis lozenges Maryland Industrial Industrial Commission of Ohio Columbus Ohio Accident record charts and graphs educational safety literature International Shoe Company St. Louis Missouri Safety shoes Junkin Safety Appliance Company Louisville Kentucky Safety guards for punch presses Walter Walter Kidde & Company Inc. New York City Permanently piped fire systems and portable extinguishers Leigh Safety Shoe Company Safety shoes and boots Allentown Lima Cord Sole & Heel Company Lima Non soles and heels for icewear icewear Pennsylvania Ohio Liquid Carbonic Corporation Chicago Fumigant for infestation centr Chicago Illinois Mazwhyte Company Kenosha Wisconsin Wire rope and braided slings Martindale Electric Company Cleveland Ohio Protective masks safety roadway signals Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Insurance industrial group etc. , New York City Mine Safety Appliance Company Pittsburgh Mine and industrial safety equipment National Automatic Safety Sigma Company Safety flash signal for rear ci trucks Pennsylvania Chicago Illinois National Safety Council Chicago Foster Library Research and The Patent Scaffolding Company Ladders and scaffolds for industry Innois Education Divisions Chicago Minois industry and construction Portable Lamp & Equipment Company Company Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Electric mine lamps and safety equipment The Positive Safety Manufacturing Company Cleveland Ohio~ Power press safety devices Protectoscal Company Chicago Illinois Safety cans for washing benzn benzn storage etc. tank ittings Fuimosan Fuimosan Safety Equipment Creation Brooklyn New York Respiratory protection and g~ Enfety equipment ol. are AEE ta, ath 152 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safery Safery Council Pyrene Manufacturing Company Newark New Jersey Hand fire extinguishers and systems Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company Inc. Columbus Wooden sole safety footwear The Safety Clothing Company Cleveland Ohio Safety clothing and equipment Nebraska The Safety Equipment Service Company Cleveland Ohio Goggles safety clothing and other safety equipment Safety First Shoe Company Holliston Massachusetts Safety shoes Safety Signal Devices Inc Chicago Illinois Safety light for cars trucks and buses The Service Recorder Company Cleveland Ohio The Servis Recorder for trucks and buses Shepherd Safety Shoe Corporation Chicago Illinois Safety shoes . The Sight Light Corporation New York City Instruments for measuring light in industries etc. Standard Safety Equipment Company Chicago Illinois Dust protective equipment and general safety devices Stonehouse Signs Inc. Denever Colorado Metal accident prevention signs The Surety Rubber Company Carrollton Ohio Rubber safety equipment for linemen and industry Weaver Manufacturing Company Springfield Ill Automotive testing equipment West Disinfecting Company Long Island City New York Disinfectants insecticides and sanitary supplies Willson Products Inc Reading Pennsylvania Eye head and respiratory protective devices Mfg Corporation Brooklyn New York Fire extinguishers and equipment TIMENTIMEN TIMEN TIMEN TIMEN Chunnus The the Amig Mr. Johr i vention The that is and a de sight an learn to fact that pilots wi branch : or instr hooded modern ines the six wee trained Semi tion re here American carelessly helium inflated ship TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL >> American Society of Safety Engineering Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman E. WHITING Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. Boston Mass Chairman F. BLANK Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Chairman S. REGULA Industrial Relations Counselors Inc New York N. Secretary Dean KeefeR National Safety Council Chicago III Members at Large-CYRIL AINSWORTH American Standards Association New York N. C. B. Ace Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co. East Pittsburgh Pa J. I. BANASHt Consulting Engineer Chicago Ill E. W. BECK United States Rubber Co New York Y. H. R BIXLER Union Carbide and Carbon Corp. New York N. Metro- politan Chapte)r C. B. BOULET Wisconsin Public Service Corp. Milwaukee Wis J. E. CINEY Bethlehem Steel Co Bethlehem Pa R. E. Doxovax Standard Oil Company of California San Francisco Calif e W. M. GRAFF National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters New York cae Harry Guilbert Pullman Company Chicago Ill e A. P. HICKESTEIN Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry Pittsburgh e Pa Western Pennsylvania Chapter R. MCA K OWNIndustrial Commission of Wisconsin Madison Wis cei G. A. KUECHENMEISTER Dominion Forzz & Stamping Co Limited Walkerville Ont Canada M. G. Lzovo United States Eureau of Standards Washington Washington D. John P. McCaxx New England Power Engineering and and Service Corp. cester Mass Boston Chapter 17. Paine Aetna Life Insurance Co Hartford Conn Wor- G. E. SANFORD General Electric Cu Ethenectady 17 C. W. Smith Standard Oil Co. Ind . Chicago !! 152 152 000026 Natrona Satety Council ss--Mational Se Saket, . Ine, Niagara Falls. N.Y. Co. Niagaca Falls N. Inc. Co. Niagara Niagara Falls Y. < acturing acturing Menominee Menominee ridge Mas Wilmington Wilmington . & Wilmington Wilmington abor Trenton * Wilmington Boston Del Mass se Wilmington Wilmington X. Co. Discussio Discussio a general Ruuans d Table vs to the was general general Round Table p: rogram program general Workers nd the Armstrong General A Rochester Supervisor N. Y. This a- nd ANT TIENT THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL i i . Construction Section General Chairman Newark Newark NN. . J. Ty Officers 1933-34 RUSSELL United United Engineers Engine rs Engineers < " s od y' LoonsCotnrsutrscttoorss, Tr 1 ne. Chairman G. WICELES Building Trades York N. X. Employers Association, Ny . Chairman for Engineering Engineering Projects Co. New York N. Y. MANETTA MANETTA Jn. Thomason Starrety Chairman for Utility Utility Construction ing Corp Boston Mass Black ack. Stone & Websrep Magitrees- Secretary Chairman for S. Endineer E Office of the Chief of Washington Washington Eunotr Vaxnevaster, Engineers Accident Accident & Life C, of troit Mich MCKINLEY General Accident Fire & Lie Assurance Fund De. News Letter EGAR Calif GOLDSTINELOSTINE, ( State Cumpensation Calif San Francisco Chairman-- Chicago Chicago et Engineering Committee Ill tee Chairman-- C. Forester. The L, & Membership Committee Committee hurgh Committee NormanNorman Wriixes. Doyle Poster Committee Regid Quebec Can N. Dovrs. Reigeluth W. Program Committee Chairman Chairman Blakeslee Program Conn Pablicity Commuter Charan, J. WALTOs Hen~fl oo, Pablicity Pablicity adelphia CH Statistica PIT thangs WY. Apsociated Fiina Ltd. PittsAdjustment Bureau Bureau Sons New i America America Inc. Washington A, Svea, : Ghora Melery Heat Heat Gattract Mtunziteturere Bulders Mtunziteturere Mtunziteturere rq SOIC 109 109 1Ou Natrona Satety Council ss--Mational Se Saket, . Ine, Niagara Falls. N.Y. Co. Niagaca Falls N. Inc. Co. Niagara Niagara Falls Y. < acturing acturing Menominee Menominee ridge Mas Wilmington Wilmington . & Wilmington Wilmington abor Trenton * Wilmington Boston Del Mass se Wilmington Wilmington X. Co. Discussio Discussio a general Ruuans d Table vs to the was general general Round Table p: rogram program general Workers nd the Armstrong General A Rochester Supervisor N. Y. This a- nd ANT TIENT THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL i i . Construction Section General Chairman Newark Newark NN. . J. Ty Officers 1933-34 RUSSELL United United Engineers Engine rs Engineers < " s od y' LoonsCotnrsutrscttoorss, Tr 1 ne. Chairman G. WICELES Building Trades York N. X. Employers Association, Ny . Chairman for Engineering Engineering Projects Co. New York N. Y. MANETTA MANETTA Jn. Thomason Starrety Chairman for Utility Utility Construction ing Corp Boston Mass Black ack. Stone & Websrep Magitrees- Secretary Chairman for S. Endineer E Office of the Chief of Washington Washington Eunotr Vaxnevaster, Engineers Accident Accident & Life C, of troit Mich MCKINLEY General Accident Fire & Lie Assurance Fund De. News Letter Editor Calif GOLDSTINELOSTINE, ( State Cumpensation Calif San Francisco Chairman-- Chicago Chicago et Engineering Committee Ill tee Chairman-- C. Forester. The L, & Membership Committee Committee hurgh Committee NormanNorman Wriixes. Doyle Poster Committee Regid Quebec Can N. Dovrs. Reigeluth W. Program Committee Chairman Chairman Blakeslee Program Conn Pablicity Commuter Charan, J. WALTOs Hen~fl oo, Pablicity Pablicity adelphia CH Statistica PIT thangs WY. Apsociated Fiina Ltd. PittsAdjustment Bureau Bureau Sons New i America America Inc. Washington A, Svea, : Ghora Melery Heat Heat Gattract Mtunziteturere Bulders Mtunziteturere Mtunziteturere rq SOIC 109 109 1Ou STWENTY THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Ca Wa ad 1x a4 Marine Marine Section Section Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman H. Cogan Railroad Marine Service New York Y. Chairman -in Charge of Posters and -Robert F. Hand Standard Ship- ping Co. New York N. Vice Chairman in Charge of Publicity ArtiturM. Tod Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. Chairman for the Pacific Coast O. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of . Calif Terminal Island Calif Fo Secretary C. Holdex JR United States P. & I. Agency Inc. New York Netes Letter Hexky BLACKSTONE United States P. & I. Agency Inc. San Francisco Calii fi & Engineering Comite Committee Chairmin C. Enwards Consulting Engineer New York . . Y. Membership Committee Chairman E. Stewardson Stewardson Colombian Steamship Co. New York Y. Program Committee Chairman S. HeNTER The Atlantic Refining Co. Phila- delphia Statistics Committee Committee Besjans H. Seur Travelers Insurance Co. New York N. Stevedoring Oo mmittee Chairman C. Gusgowy United States Employees Com- pensation Comision Members at Frank W. F. BLACKTON Eric Railroad Co. Jersey City N. A. isa International Signal Co. New York N. W. Flexx Jr. Standard Transportation ( New York XIX CHARLES FLATHERS Eastern Steamship Lines Inc Boston Mass F. P. Shipping Federation of the State of Washington Washington Seattle Wash GRESHER M. GRESHER Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding ... Mobile Ala _ WM sawares Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Calit WA FINES FINES FINES Gulf W. Hais Marine Retining Retining Co New York X. York NI K. Tide Water Oil Co New York N. 227 227 ! : ' i STWENTY THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Ca Wa ad 1x a4 Marine Marine Section Section Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman H. Cogan Railroad Marine Service New York Y. Chairman -in Charge of Posters and -Robert F. Hand Standard Ship- ping Co. New York N. Vice Chairman in Charge of Publicity ArtiturM. Tod Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. Chairman for the Pacific Coast O. WOLL General Petroleum Corp. of . Calif Terminal Island Calif Fo Secretary C. Holdex JR United States P. & I. Agency Inc. New York Netes Letter Hexky BLACKSTONE United States P. & I. Agency Inc. San Francisco Calii fi & Engineering Comite Committee Chairmin C. Enwards Consulting Engineer New York . . Y. Membership Committee Chairman E. Stewardson Stewardson Colombian Steamship Co. New York Y. Program Committee Chairman S. HeNTER The Atlantic Refining Co. Phila- delphia Statistics Committee Committee Besjans H. Seur Travelers Insurance Co. New York N. Stevedoring Oo mmittee Chairman C. Gusgowy United States Employees Com- pensation Comision Members at Frank W. F. BLACKTON Eric Railroad Co. Jersey City N. A. isa International Signal Co. New York N. W. Flexx Jr. Standard Transportation ( New York XIX CHARLES FLATHERS Eastern Steamship Lines Inc Boston Mass F. P. Shipping Federation of the State of Washington Washington Seattle Wash GRESHER M. GRESHER Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding ... Mobile Ala _ WM sawares Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Calit WA FINES FINES FINES Gulf W. Hais Marine Retining Retining Co New York X. York NI K. Tide Water Oil Co New York N. 227 227 ! : ' i : fi age IG, aR = Bey aim Te TO tr errttare pa. Twrpethird Annual Safety Congress Safety Safety Bldg LIGNENaacht American DANIEL J. Murrity Murphy Bureau Bureau of Shipping Cook & Co New BYRON O. PICKARD Pacific Philadelphia E. J. Rob san American Steamship Assn . Ja Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry DockFrancisco Calif News Va Co. Newport K. Robisax Sinclair Navigation Co New York C. Routes Standard Oil H. L. Seward Yale Company of Calif San ARTHUR R. University New Haven Conn Savage Peninsular & Occidental Steamship A. J. S. Marine Office of America New Steamship Co. Port Tampa J. H. Tests New York State York X. Elliott VandevANTER Capt Merchant Office Marine Marine Academy New York Y. Washington C. of the Chief of EngineersEngineers Engineers Munitions JOHN G. D. WRIGHT American Export Line New Z. Associated Oil Co San Francisco York N. Francisco Calif ret TUESDAY MORNING SESSION : October 2 1934 The opening session of the Marine Chairman Frank H. Cogan the Section was called my order hy General Delaware Hoboken N. .. who presided Chairman Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. son of the Interlake Steamship Co. Cogan introduced fr Herbert C. Jack- Cleveland gates in the Chairman name of the City of Cleveland Cocan then presented a brief who cordially welcomed the dele- activities during the past year review and preview of Marine Marine Section men of including the work of committees The chairman then introduced thesecfitrisotnalspeofficeras okffeicrers and chair- The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By W. HEINRICH Assistant Assistant Superintendent Engineering and Inspection Division Division Insurance Co. Hartford Conn The Travelers The speaker said in ment of Commerce part According 342.489 tons of to data provided by the U. S. Departe ior export and import in the cargo United valued at 10.910422.000 10.910422.000 were handled on the rivers and lakes States in 1932 This includes handled 188.000.000 Estimated as well as at ocean ports cargo The payroll and for medical and payments for compensation hospital services amounted and to employers required was liability claims In addition to this the indirect mately four times costs of accidents in stevering approximately 14,000,000 as much as the direct stevering work is approxi- From these data accident costs or 56.0030 as follows costs may be expressed in Total terms tons and payroll Total st per ton 20c Total Total Part of total cost per 100 of payroll 37 per 100 of cost per ton not covered by insurance 37 fc payroll not covered by insurance 20.60 Part ni total cust It is fair to compare accident costs with other diing cargo iy rder that a Stevedoring operators the true picture of Port called overhead overhead costs in han- its relative he had Overhead costs 068 labor costs of 58 ; pk provide estimates : accidents 20 et know Case batch The raised clear the smashing been been placed from the ship insurance Property 300 The viously however Case No. 2 man a hatch man to hoist started giving clear clear of of thrown and various c accident the accident partial disabilit o There was no additional additional conit rate of 50 tn and immediatze goods 60 tons and was paid by dent other heads The is not accidents An accuin basic condi un mechanical are to be preven ie be deterummet Once it has must be made 1 : fi age IG, aR = Bey aim Te TO tr errttare pa. Twrpethird Annual Safety Congress Safety Safety Bldg LIGNENaacht American DANIEL J. Murrity Murphy Bureau Bureau of Shipping Cook & Co New BYRON O. PICKARD Pacific Philadelphia E. J. Rob san American Steamship Assn . Ja Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry DockFrancisco Calif News Va Co. Newport K. Robisax Sinclair Navigation Co New York C. Routes Standard Oil H. L. Seward Yale Company of Calif San ARTHUR R. University New Haven Conn Savage Peninsular & Occidental Steamship A. J. S. Marine Office of America New Steamship Co. Port Tampa J. H. Tests New York State York X. Elliott VandevANTER Capt Merchant Office Marine Marine Academy New York Y. Washington C. of the Chief of EngineersEngineers Engineers Munitions JOHN G. D. WRIGHT American Export Line New Z. Associated Oil Co San Francisco York N. Francisco Calif ret TUESDAY MORNING SESSION : October 2 1934 The opening session of the Marine Chairman Frank H. Cogan the Section was called my order hy General Delaware Hoboken N. .. who presided Chairman Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co. son of the Interlake Steamship Co. Cogan introduced fr Herbert C. Jack- Cleveland gates in the Chairman name of the City of Cleveland Cocan then presented a brief who cordially welcomed the dele- activities during the past year review and preview of Marine Marine Section men of including the work of committees The chairman then introduced thesecfitrisotnalspeofficeras okffeicrers and chair- The Economics of Accident Prevention in Handling Marine Cargo By W. HEINRICH Assistant Assistant Superintendent Engineering and Inspection Division Division Insurance Co. Hartford Conn The Travelers The speaker said in ment of Commerce part According 342.489 tons of to data provided by the U. S. Departe ior export and import in the cargo United valued at 10.910422.000 10.910422.000 were handled on the rivers and lakes States in 1932 This includes handled 188.000.000 Estimated as well as at ocean ports cargo The payroll and for medical and payments for compensation hospital services amounted and to employers required was liability claims In addition to this the indirect mately four times costs of accidents in stevering approximately 14,000,000 as much as the direct stevering work is approxi- From these data accident costs or 56.0030 as follows costs may be expressed in Total terms tons and payroll Total st per ton 20c Total Total Part of total cost per 100 of payroll 37 per 100 of cost per ton not covered by insurance 37 fc payroll not covered by insurance 20.60 Part ni total cust It is fair to compare accident costs with other diing cargo iy rder that a Stevedoring operators the true picture of Port called overhead overhead costs in han- its relative he had Overhead costs 068 labor costs of 58 ; pk provide estimates : accidents 20 et know Case batch The raised clear the smashing been been placed from the ship insurance Property 300 The viously however Case No. 2 man a hatch man to hoist started giving clear clear of of thrown and various c accident the accident partial disabilit o There was no additional additional conit rate of 50 tn and immediatze goods 60 tons and was paid by dent other heads The is not accidents An accuin basic condi un mechanical are to be preven ie be deterummet Once it has must be made 1 part of t' he public public the product which it news through mental PO sing sing a the irresistible media is it not with with all accidents- can be accomplished ount to perform their emselves {f they dent prevention This ldre to buy things sember of the Marine influence the workmen * notice of the timely sice I ICC whicwhhich hehe hashas been ced somewhere ander went some derwent to take the su^-ering He will be efficient worker be- him more safety attribute of ; osses which uable time feld board such the ro e in * are ot to operation today ever conspicuous see these boards adequately illuminated eat and clean looking i are naturali peak wards invoin iteris These , can per aling safety yer wishes Marine Section 235 of Some men's minds course are more sluggish than others in absorbing licas of this almost to the nature shop but safety can piant deck every shop piant deck workmen through the be visualized and is being visualized every day in ship and quarry in the country It is being old medium of posters as certainly as by verbal instrue- tion and every other means such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable through the National Safety Council It must be borne in mind however that the posters should not be allowed to become common Report of the Nominating Committee At this point Chairman Coran called for the report ensuing mittee and new officers for the Section for the ensuing of the Nominating Comyear were nominated and elected as follows General Chairman W. Fiske Jr. Scony Chairman the Charge of Posters and Vacuum Co. Inc New York Y. Robert F. Hand Standard Shipping Co. New York X. 1 Chairman in Charge of Publicity M. Tode Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. Chairman for the Pacific Coast O. Wull General Petroleum Corp. of Calif Terminal Island Calif Secretary S. Hunter The Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa News Letter Editor Blackstone United States P. & L. Agency Inc. San Francisco Calif Engineering Committee ChairmanChairman C. Edwards Consulting Engineer New York N. Membership Committee Chairman C. Holden Jr. United State P. & 1 Agency New York N. Chairman Program Committee Chairman E. Ames Lykes Ripley Steam- ship Co New Orleans La Statistics Committee Benjamin H. Self Travelers Insurance Com- pany New York N. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman C. Gregory Waterfront Employers Union San Francisco Calli Members at Large- W. P. Eiggs Navy Department Safety Engineer Washington C. F. Blackton Erie Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. Frank H. Cogan Delaware Lackawanna and Western D. C. Railroad Co. Hoboken N. J. F. P. Foisic Shipping Federation of the State of Washington Seattle Wash J. M. Griser Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co. Mobile Ala Wm Groundwater Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Angeles Calii Henry J. Heidorn Standard Shipping Company New York Y. Willard F. Jones Gulf Refining Co. New York N. W. P. Kain Marine Surveyor New York N. Y T. F. Kavanagh Grace Lines Inc. New York N. Y. R. K. Kelly Tide Water Oil Co. New York X. Stewart Lee Jr. New York Shipbuilding Co. Camden X. X. J. J. L. Luckenbach American Bureau of Shipping New York Y. Daniel J. Murphy Murphy Cook & Co. Philadelphia Pa Carl E. Petersen Newport News S. B. & D. D. Company Newport News Va Byron O. Pickard Pacific American Steamship Assn San Francisco Calif H. W. Proom Black Diamond Lines New York N. ~ J. K. Robison Sinclair Navigation Co New York N. J. C. Roblis Standard Oil Company of Calif San Francisco Calif Arthur R. Savage Peninsular & Occidental Steantship Co. Port Tampa Tampa Fla H. L. Seward Yale University New Haven Conn A. J. J. H. Smith Tomb Marine Office of Capt USN Rtd America New York X. New York State Merchant Marine Academy New York X. E. Storm Trosdal Jr South part of t' he public public the product which it news through mental PO sing sing a the irresistible media is it not with with all accidents- can be accomplished ount to perform their emselves {f they dent prevention This ldre to buy things sember of the Marine influence the workmen * notice of the timely sice I ICC whicwhhich hehe hashas been ced somewhere ander went some derwent to take the su^-ering He will be efficient worker be- him more safety attribute of ; osses which uable time feld board such the ro e in * are ot to operation today ever conspicuous see these boards adequately illuminated eat and clean looking i are naturali peak wards invoin iteris These , can per aling safety yer wishes Marine Section 235 of Some men's minds course are more sluggish than others in absorbing licas of this almost to the nature shop but safety can piant deck every shop piant deck workmen through the be visualized and is being visualized every day in ship and quarry in the country It is being old medium of posters as certainly as by verbal instrue- tion and every other means such as the Safety Instruction Cards obtainable through the National Safety Council It must be borne in mind however that the posters should not be allowed to become common Report of the Nominating Committee At this point Chairman Coran called for the report ensuing mittee and new officers for the Section for the ensuing of the Nominating Comyear were nominated and elected as follows General Chairman W. Fiske Jr. Scony Chairman the Charge of Posters and Vacuum Co. Inc New York Y. Robert F. Hand Standard Shipping Co. New York X. 1 Chairman in Charge of Publicity M. Tode Consulting Marine Engineer New York N. Chairman for the Pacific Coast O. Wull General Petroleum Corp. of Calif Terminal Island Calif Secretary S. Hunter The Atlantic Refining Co. Philadelphia Pa News Letter Editor Blackstone United States P. & L. Agency Inc. San Francisco Calif Engineering Committee ChairmanChairman C. Edwards Consulting Engineer New York N. Membership Committee Chairman C. Holden Jr. United State P. & 1 Agency New York N. Chairman Program Committee Chairman E. Ames Lykes Ripley Steam- ship Co New Orleans La Statistics Committee Benjamin H. Self Travelers Insurance Com- pany New York N. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman C. Gregory Waterfront Employers Union San Francisco Calli Members at Large- W. P. Eiggs Navy Department Safety Engineer Washington C. F. Blackton Erie Railroad Co. Jersey City N. J. Frank H. Cogan Delaware Lackawanna and Western D. C. Railroad Co. Hoboken N. J. F. P. Foisic Shipping Federation of the State of Washington Seattle Wash J. M. Griser Alabama Dry Dock & Shipbuilding Co. Mobile Ala Wm Groundwater Union Oil Co. of Calif Los Angeles Calii Henry J. Heidorn Standard Shipping Company New York Y. Willard F. Jones Gulf Refining Co. New York N. W. P. Kain Marine Surveyor New York N. Y T. F. Kavanagh Grace Lines Inc. New York N. Y. R. K. Kelly Tide Water Oil Co. New York X. Stewart Lee Jr. New York Shipbuilding Co. Camden X. X. J. J. L. Luckenbach American Bureau of Shipping New York Y. Daniel J. Murphy Murphy Cook & Co. Philadelphia Pa Carl E. Petersen Newport News S. B. & D. D. Company Newport News Va Byron O. Pickard Pacific American Steamship Assn San Francisco Calif H. W. Proom Black Diamond Lines New York N. ~ J. K. Robison Sinclair Navigation Co New York N. J. C. Roblis Standard Oil Company of Calif San Francisco Calif Arthur R. Savage Peninsular & Occidental Steantship Co. Port Tampa Tampa Fla H. L. Seward Yale University New Haven Conn A. J. J. H. Smith Tomb Marine Office of Capt USN Rtd America New York X. New York State Merchant Marine Academy New York X. E. Storm Trosdal Jr South Dect peer tm Sect centre ae . ae 2 Survey Survey Concil Concil Concil Ter and both of these vw treated from a haween the doctor suspicion of dis receive I ary compensation compensation compensation human nature into ion bound to occur by the company he is is employeeemployee and in favor rounds for suspi- suspilocar to keep keep his eyes Any miair favors from corporation physician compensation cases he is patients simply be timism Exaggeration d due to tie patient's ntentional exaggeration tion or prolonging the ext those patients who difcut most difficut and try- much is expected of us t time for = thorough Pre ague and obscure com- SCCs In many 0 y doctor before cult for us to tell the hat develop A few of o out their various aches patient resignation to and expect something le and cast away the or even tragic mistake tal part of our efforts are really it or about To an extent neces- examine these patients Appearance and human zer we can be of some seek information and routine commany busiis concerning not only Tv relatives and friends nnot afford the neces- e child into the tousil sician to care for his rk and asks us to call operated upon The ing at all tirigs to act All this comes to us unally C. 271 It is unally not The der is open THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAPETY COUNCIL Officers 1933-34 General Chairman F. BLANK Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Pa Chairman A. Voss Republic Steel Corporation Youngstown Ohio Chairman W. DARR Bethlehem Steel Company Johnstown Pa Secretary and Notes Letter Editor BERQUIST The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company East Chicago Ind Engineering Committee Chairman E. CcLLINEY Bethlehem Steel Company Bethelehem Pa Health Committee Chairman R. C. ENGEL The Corrigan McKinney Steel Company Cleveland Ohio Membership Commitice Chairman A. CuAFFIN Continental Steel Corp Ko- komo Ind Poster Committee Chairman D. SPEHT Keystone Steel & Wire Co. Peoria IIL Pragram Committee Chairman M. ALLEX The American Rolling Mill Co Middletown Ohio Publicity Committee Chairman M. LyTLE The Newton Steel Company New- ton Falls O. Statistics Committee Chairman E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pitts- burgh Pa Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman A. OARTEL Carnegic Steel Com pany Pittsburgh Pa Foundry Committee Chairman G. , The Buckeye Steel Castings Com- pany Columbus Ohio Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman J. BRAND Pullman Car & Manufacturing Corporation Pullman Chicago Ill Members at LargeL. S. Adam Hubbard Steel Foundry East Chicago Ind J. A. COLTRIX National Radiator Corporation Johnstown Pa H. M. CROGHAN Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind A. Davis Illinois Steel Company Chicago Ill Jons P. Ets Illinois Steel Company Joliet Ill E. A. ELLs Wheeling Steel Corp. Wheeling W. Va W. T. FILMER The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co Youngs A. C. Grason Spang Chaliant & Company Inc Pittsburgh 255 Dect peer tm Sect centre ae . ae 2 Survey Survey Concil Concil Concil Ter and both of these vw treated from a haween the doctor suspicion of dis receive I ary compensation compensation compensation human nature into ion bound to occur by the company he is is employeeemployee and in favor rounds for suspi- suspilocar to keep keep his eyes Any miair favors from corporation physician compensation cases he is patients simply be timism Exaggeration d due to tie patient's ntentional exaggeration tion or prolonging the ext those patients who difcut most difficut and try- much is expected of us t time for = thorough Pre ague and obscure com- SCCs In many 0 y doctor before cult for us to tell the hat develop A few of o out their various aches patient resignation to and expect something le and cast away the or even tragic mistake tal part of our efforts are really it or about To an extent neces- examine these patients Appearance and human zer we can be of some seek information and routine commany busiis concerning not only Tv relatives and friends nnot afford the neces- e child into the tousil sician to care for his rk and asks us to call operated upon The ing at all tirigs to act All this comes to us unally C. 271 It is unally not The der is open THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAPETY COUNCIL Officers 1933-34 General Chairman F. BLANK Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. Pittsburgh Pa Pa Chairman A. Voss Republic Steel Corporation Youngstown Ohio Chairman W. DARR Bethlehem Steel Company Johnstown Pa Secretary and Notes Letter Editor BERQUIST The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company East Chicago Ind Engineering Committee Chairman E. CcLLINEY Bethlehem Steel Company Bethelehem Pa Health Committee Chairman R. C. ENGEL The Corrigan McKinney Steel Company Cleveland Ohio Membership Commitice Chairman A. CuAFFIN Continental Steel Corp Ko- komo Ind Poster Committee Chairman D. SPEHT Keystone Steel & Wire Co. Peoria IIL Pragram Committee Chairman M. ALLEX The American Rolling Mill Co Middletown Ohio Publicity Committee Chairman M. LyTLE The Newton Steel Company New- ton Falls O. Statistics Committee Chairman E. RALSTON Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. Pitts- burgh Pa Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman A. OARTEL Carnegic Steel Com pany Pittsburgh Pa Foundry Committee Chairman G. , The Buckeye Steel Castings Com- pany Columbus Ohio Railway Car Builders Committee Chairman J. BRAND Pullman Car & Manufacturing Corporation Pullman Chicago Ill Members at LargeL. S. Adam Hubbard Steel Foundry East Chicago Ind J. A. COLTRIX National Radiator Corporation Johnstown Pa H. M. CROGHAN Inland Steel Company East Chicago Ind A. Davis Illinois Steel Company Chicago Ill Jons P. Ets Illinois Steel Company Joliet Ill E. A. ELLs Wheeling Steel Corp. Wheeling W. Va W. T. FILMER The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co Youngs A. C. Grason Spang Chaliant & Company Inc Pittsburgh 255 Canned - National Safety Safety Safety Safety Can ed Canned Charles W. HANKO Pittsburgh Steel C. Monessen Pa 0. F. HARVEY American Car and Foundry Co. New York Y. Hawkes MacWhyte Company Kennisha Wis HARVEY G. HESSEL The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Tube Company Chicago W. Frelax Kohler Co Kohler Wis fil A. Jarvis The Chase Companies Waterbury Conn A. T. H. LAUERMAN Republic Steel McKENNEY Illinois Steel Corporation South Chicago Chicago N. MEDALIE Interlake Iron CoCrop.mpCahicagonyChicSagooutIhll Chicago I W. E. MegraW H. H. Robertson ROBERT L. SCHMITT Company Pittsburgh Pa Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Louisville Ky Company J. K. STAFFORD Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co Decatur Ill to MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1 1934 The opening session of the Metals Section man E. F. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel was called to order by General Clair- Chairman Blank introduced Mr. Donald Corporation D. Pittsburgh Pa who presided Steel Co Cleveland who made Gillies President Corrigan McKinney vention City a brief address of welcome on behalf of the Con- General Chairman ties of the Metals chairman of standing Chairman Blank then Blank then presentedpresented a brief Resum^'of the Year's Section giving in some detail the activities of Activiofficers and committees whose work fur the Section introduced the first speaker was highly valued Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. TRANTER General Superintendent Middletown Division The American Rolling Mill Ca. Middletown Ohio The speaker said in part If we the same methods used for seek the solution of the accident problem by piant safety record For operating control we will more quickly improve the example manner as operating rules and safety rules must be regarded in the same installed in the rear of practice Some years ago safety gates had been tap holes and open hearth furnaces for the protection of men runners in a certain plant wholeheartedly by the furnace working on The safety appliance was not accepted fatally injured But after men this until a helper fell off the hackstanding and was Here is another accident the gates were always in place via via gas producer case A gas maker was seriously injured during the burn Investigation of the accident disclosed that the man had previ usly received a number of minor injuries while further developed that he working on this particular job It previous training If was this unsuited to this type of work because of age and the of light a danger man's signal and foreman had considered these minor injuries in accident would have been transferred transferred the man to a less hazardous jub this this prevented Discipline in accident prevention as well as Kaly when other means fail and leadership In case of a Men usually violation of resid tendent to the person who saich from superine committed the act god in operation should be resorted to villingly to proper inspiration villingly a word superine way Tu going about seurs due to an accident experienced work All through mo On the other ha previous ma day's work throu personal i injury We cannot si Section and expe experintendent ai 3.5 training not from the stancpo are closely rejate more experienced The question vidual instruction the hazards conn instruction by th of his long exper set by the forem have a great inf groups of new n the new employe addressed by the tive In addition advancement give the new me When the new as to the hazards a printed slip or properly instruct med to the Sa siens Training an are required to d training be accon expectation of ste and direct appeal tarn to work in or other piece of safety problems part and ask que Safety campai rovement it is paign is over 3 dant record First aid trai f the patient at Aught to every ently in order at training prog Health par in which can plays this r be m conditions which Canned - National Safety Safety Safety Safety Can ed Canned Charles W. HANKO Pittsburgh Steel C. Monessen Pa 0. F. HARVEY American Car and Foundry Co. New York Y. Hawkes MacWhyte Company Kennisha Wis HARVEY G. HESSEL The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Tube Company Chicago W. Frelax Kohler Co Kohler Wis fil A. Jarvis The Chase Companies Waterbury Conn A. T. H. LAUERMAN Republic Steel McKENNEY Illinois Steel Corporation South Chicago Chicago N. MEDALIE Interlake Iron CoCrop.mpCahicagonyChicSagooutIhll Chicago I W. E. MegraW H. H. Robertson ROBERT L. SCHMITT Company Pittsburgh Pa Louisville Car Wheel and Railway Supply Louisville Ky Company J. K. STAFFORD Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co Decatur Ill to MONDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 1 1934 The opening session of the Metals Section man E. F. Blank Jones & Laughlin Steel was called to order by General Clair- Chairman Blank introduced Mr. Donald Corporation D. Pittsburgh Pa who presided Steel Co Cleveland who made Gillies President Corrigan McKinney vention City a brief address of welcome on behalf of the Con- General Chairman ties of the Metals chairman of standing Chairman Blank then Blank then presentedpresented a brief Resum^'of the Year's Section giving in some detail the activities of Activiofficers and committees whose work fur the Section introduced the first speaker was highly valued Practical Safety from an Operating Standpoint By G. D. TRANTER General Superintendent Middletown Division The American Rolling Mill Ca. Middletown Ohio The speaker said in part If we the same methods used for seek the solution of the accident problem by piant safety record For operating control we will more quickly improve the example manner as operating rules and safety rules must be regarded in the same installed in the rear of practice Some years ago safety gates had been tap holes and open hearth furnaces for the protection of men runners in a certain plant wholeheartedly by the furnace working on The safety appliance was not accepted fatally injured But after men this until a helper fell off the hackstanding and was Here is another accident the gates were always in place via via gas producer case A gas maker was seriously injured during the burn Investigation of the accident disclosed that the man had previ usly received a number of minor injuries while further developed that he working on this particular job It previous training If was this unsuited to this type of work because of age and the of light a danger man's signal and foreman had considered these minor injuries in accident would have been transferred transferred the man to a less hazardous jub this this prevented Discipline in accident prevention as well as Kaly when other means fail and leadership In case of a Men usually violation of resid tendent to the person who saich from superine committed the act god in operation should be resorted to villingly to proper inspiration villingly a word superine way Tu going about seurs due to an accident experienced work All through mo On the other ha previous ma day's work throu personal i injury We cannot si Section and expe experintendent ai 3.5 training not from the stancpo are closely rejate more experienced The question vidual instruction the hazards conn instruction by th of his long exper set by the forem have a great inf groups of new n the new employe addressed by the tive In addition advancement give the new me When the new as to the hazards a printed slip or properly instruct med to the Sa siens Training an are required to d training be accon expectation of ste and direct appeal tarn to work in or other piece of safety problems part and ask que Safety campai rovement it is paign is over 3 dant record First aid trai f the patient at Aught to every ently in order at training prog Health par in which can plays this r be m conditions which Council -Group ? es Division_ Heavy da s Division Your Hou sei Co. South characteristic in by all the record of it is TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Mining Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman M. ARTITUR American Zinc Company of Tennessee Mascot Tenn Chairman in Charge of Membership Coal FRANK B. DUNDAR Pickands Mather & Co. Mather Pa Chairman in Charge of Membership Metal Mines- W. ALT Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. Calumet Mich Chairman in Charge of Engineering G. METZGER Hudson Coal Co. Scranton Pa Secretary and News Letter DANIEL HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. Entertainment Committee Chairman T. RYAN Mine Safety Appliances Co Pittsburgh Pa Poster and Slide Committee Chairman J. FORBES United States Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa Program Committee Chairman N. Hosten Coal Mine Section Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau Harrisburg Pa Publicity Committee Chairman R. Budo Explosives Engineer Wilmington Del Statistics Committee Chairman W. ADAMS United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. Members at LargeW. H. COMINE National Lead Co. St. M. F. FAIRLIE The Mining Corporation ada Francois Mo. of Canada Ltd. Toronto Ont Can- C. W. Grans Harwick Coal and Coke Co. Pittsburgh Pa H. C. HENRIE Phelps Dodge Corp. Bisbee Ariz THOMAS E. LIGHTFOOT Koppers Coal Co Pittsburgh Pa Lee Loxc Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va George MartINSON Pickands Mather & Co. Hibbing Minn D. D. MOFFATT Utah Copper Co Salt Lake City Utah M. W. PRICE Highland Coal Co Jeddo Pa L. T. Sicka St. Joseph Lead Co Bonne Terre Mo. mp Howard Howard Yerng Yerng American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co St. Louis Mo. 269 3s or Faar ie ee i bi Council -Group ? es Division_ Heavy da s Division Your Hou sei Co. South characteristic in by all the record of it is TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Mining Section Officers 1933-34 General Chairman M. ARTITUR American Zinc Company of Tennessee Mascot Tenn Chairman in Charge of Membership Coal FRANK B. DUNDAR Pickands Mather & Co. Mather Pa Chairman in Charge of Membership Metal Mines- W. ALT Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co. Calumet Mich Chairman in Charge of Engineering G. METZGER Hudson Coal Co. Scranton Pa Secretary and News Letter DANIEL HARRINGTON United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. Entertainment Committee Chairman T. RYAN Mine Safety Appliances Co Pittsburgh Pa Poster and Slide Committee Chairman J. FORBES United States Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Pa Program Committee Chairman N. Hosten Coal Mine Section Pennsylvania Compensation Rating & Inspection Bureau Harrisburg Pa Publicity Committee Chairman R. Budo Explosives Engineer Wilmington Del Statistics Committee Chairman W. ADAMS United States Bureau of Mines Washington D. Members at LargeW. H. COMINE National Lead Co. St. M. F. FAIRLIE The Mining Corporation ada Francois Mo. of Canada Ltd. Toronto Ont Can- C. W. Grans Harwick Coal and Coke Co. Pittsburgh Pa H. C. HENRIE Phelps Dodge Corp. Bisbee Ariz THOMAS E. LIGHTFOOT Koppers Coal Co Pittsburgh Pa Lee Loxc Clinchfield Coal Corp. Dante Va George MartINSON Pickands Mather & Co. Hibbing Minn D. D. MOFFATT Utah Copper Co Salt Lake City Utah M. W. PRICE Highland Coal Co Jeddo Pa L. T. Sicka St. Joseph Lead Co Bonne Terre Mo. mp Howard Howard Yerng Yerng American Zinc Lead & Smelting Co St. Louis Mo. 269 3s or Faar ie ee i bi SSUES rey. yt I, Ae . Mining Section 281 om mmm It is also to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitable for one mee company or location may not be desirable for another company For example in our two New York state mines which have the same regulations regarding safety Late hats shoes goggles etc. and where and every man is responsible for his the primary rule is own safety and for also enforce that cach the safety of his fellow asyeml worker great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines and mills Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign ruled in three columns one being for the month of the year while the other two are for the house- keeping rating and time accidents If the conditions are good a gold star is placed on the sign a red star is given if only fair a green star is awarded while for poor cleanliness A gold star counts ten a green five and no score is given for ref These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board and the basis of com- parison between the two mines is thereby made possible If a score is not perfect or at a reasonably high figure the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity If there are no time accidents a gold star is placed in the accident column The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the achievement of operating 162.912 hours with only one time accident which incapacitated a worker for two days and this record resulted in the 1932 award of the Sentinels : of Safety Trophy THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 4 1934 The Dust Problem in Mining Operations By D. E. CUMMINGS Assistant Director The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis Michigamme Michigan The speaker said in part Refuge can no longer be taken under ignorance that the prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease for the medical technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres What then the dangers should be the proper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory nanner Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are danger- G's when inhaied and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline silica are most dangerous constituting a specific tissue poison Where men are exposed to a suffcient quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only a true hazard always cars The dusts of silica in combination with other elements generally give rise pulmonary reactions sca and which vary which rather differ in many respects from those caused by widely among themselves in their harmfulness pure As a class and with the notable exception of asbestos silicates are less dangerous than pure crystalline silica Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of producing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves but when assocated with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangerous dust The efective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as three microns and smaller while the qualities of hardness and sharpness are no longer regarded as of significance The term pueumonokoniosis is intended to describe the changes arising out of the prolonged inhalation of any dust harmful or otherwise and does not necessarily imply the presence of disability or a predisposition to pulmonary injections The term silicosis reiers specifically to the disease which results from : the prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust and is characterized by a nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes and increased to pulmonary infections Pure silicosis should be regarded as a geniunt fo ora nam SSUES rey. yt I, Ae . Mining Section 281 om mmm It is also to be realized that a safety program or method that is suitable for one mee company or location may not be desirable for another company For example in our two New York state mines which have the same regulations regarding safety Late hats shoes goggles etc. and where and every man is responsible for his the primary rule is own safety and for also enforce that cach the safety of his fellow asyeml worker great emphasis is placed on housekeeping or cleanliness about the mines and mills Each department of the two divisions has a metal sign ruled in three columns one being for the month of the year while the other two are for the house- keeping rating and time accidents If the conditions are good a gold star is placed on the sign a red star is given if only fair a green star is awarded while for poor cleanliness A gold star counts ten a green five and no score is given for ref These scores are posted monthly on the bulletin board and the basis of com- parison between the two mines is thereby made possible If a score is not perfect or at a reasonably high figure the department which is negligent receives consider able adverse publicity If there are no time accidents a gold star is placed in the accident column The results of our New York safety program are reflected by the achievement of operating 162.912 hours with only one time accident which incapacitated a worker for two days and this record resulted in the 1932 award of the Sentinels : of Safety Trophy THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 4 1934 The Dust Problem in Mining Operations By D. E. CUMMINGS Assistant Director The Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis Michigamme Michigan The speaker said in part Refuge can no longer be taken under ignorance that the prolonged inhalation of dust may lead to serious disease for the medical technical and lay press is filled with accounts describing associated with breathing certain dusty atmospheres What then the dangers should be the proper course to pursue in meeting this problem and dealing with it in a satisfactory nanner Both industrial and laboratory studies prove that only certain dusts are danger- G's when inhaied and that quartz or other forms of pure crystalline silica are most dangerous constituting a specific tissue poison Where men are exposed to a suffcient quantity of very fine pure crystalline silica dust only a true hazard always cars The dusts of silica in combination with other elements generally give rise pulmonary reactions sca and which vary which rather differ in many respects from those caused by widely among themselves in their harmfulness pure As a class and with the notable exception of asbestos silicates are less dangerous than pure crystalline silica Not only are certain dusts apparently incapable of producing a specific harmful reaction when inhaled by themselves but when assocated with silica favorably modify the usual response to this dangerous dust The efective size range of particles causing disease is now regarded as three microns and smaller while the qualities of hardness and sharpness are no longer regarded as of significance The term pueumonokoniosis is intended to describe the changes arising out of the prolonged inhalation of any dust harmful or otherwise and does not necessarily imply the presence of disability or a predisposition to pulmonary injections The term silicosis reiers specifically to the disease which results from : the prolonged inhalation of harmful silica dust and is characterized by a nodular fibrosis in the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes and increased to pulmonary infections Pure silicosis should be regarded as a geniunt fo ora nam 282 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council tional condition but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis pulmonary seldom disabling to any significant degree Disability usually results from pulmonary infections generally tuberculous which the silicotic contracts or reactivates meet readily and handles less successfully than the normal person Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infection which will later prove disabling and to protect those who have pulmonary inf tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts In order to determine whic * workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infections all ep- ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of = complete chest occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenograms of the . Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends upon individual susceptibility and the degree of exposure it follows that these factors should be determined & accurately as possible Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate fairly accurately from a single examination and can be defined quite exactly in repeating these examinations at regular intervals The degree of exposure for ca individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service and the cos centration size distribution and composition of the dust suspended in each working place during each operation The method generally used to enumerate das particles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S. P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fehnel and Cummings Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques The co- ROP position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis supplemented by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of fre and combined silica and the other minerals eR A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the mortality records in and about the locality under study and by the information Z obtained from carefully performed mortem examinations on employees wh ene CF have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause If these p tata cedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervisio 4 meade e tin of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and confusing aspect tin of the problem the investigation will be worth while regardless of the condition few which are discovered Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig et! nificant hazard both the employer and employees will gain the protection whi this knowledge affords and if a health hazard is discovered the original invesuges 1h tage, tion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to ove come the dangers disclosed . cat The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can be reduced as succes fully as were accidents by the Safety First program and the chief requisite 1 success lies in establishing adequate control procedures The physical condition or all the employees must be determined at regular intervals and weil interprete roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure Men applying in work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examination including chest roentgenogranis Reliable records should be established to show the exact time place and duration of employment for each person working in hazardous positions Policies of employment should based upon an accurate knowledge of the that all of the workmen may be protected be worked out for each mine or plair condition of each employee si from contracting occupational disabilities Occupations should be selected which are compatible with the physical condition a the employee Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection or tir case of infection from harmful exposure to silica or the normal individual itun contracting either silicosis or pulmonary infections Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazare in mines or plants and it should become accepted practice where a hazard exista to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in the working atm s phere The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the L. P. H. should be adopted by all industries having a hazard not only to determine the anom of dust in the air Let more particularly to maintain a control over the effecti ness of the procedures adopted to reduce the dust eds should be keulavi will disclose the amount of dust present in each measures which are in usc : place and the prevent 7" 282 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council tional condition but it should also be understood that uncomplicated silicosis pulmonary seldom disabling to any significant degree Disability usually results from pulmonary infections generally tuberculous which the silicotic contracts or reactivates meet readily and handles less successfully than the normal person Every effort should be made to prevent silicotics from contracting infection which will later prove disabling and to protect those who have pulmonary inf tions from being dangerously exposed to harmful dusts In order to determine whic * workmen in a hazardous industry have silicosis or pulmonary infections all ep- ployees should have a thorough physical examination including the taking of = complete chest occupational history and satisfactory stereoscopic roentgenograms of the . Since the rate at which silicosis develops depends upon individual susceptibility and the degree of exposure it follows that these factors should be determined & accurately as possible Individual susceptibility to a dust hazard can be estimate fairly accurately from a single examination and can be defined quite exactly in repeating these examinations at regular intervals The degree of exposure for ca individual should be evaluated by determining the length of service and the cos centration size distribution and composition of the dust suspended in each working place during each operation The method generally used to enumerate das particles is that accepted as standard practice by the U. S. P. H. S. with the addi tion of dark field illumination as suggested by Fehnel and Cummings Size dis tribution studies can be made by any of the several satisfactory techniques The co- ROP position of the dust can be studied by the usual quantitative analysis supplemented by petrographic and rational chemical analysis to determine the amounts of fre and combined silica and the other minerals eR A medical and technical survey should be supplemented by an analysis of the mortality records in and about the locality under study and by the information Z obtained from carefully performed mortem examinations on employees wh ene CF have been exposed in the industry and who have died from any cause If these p tata cedures for recognizing and defining a hazard are carried out under the supervisio 4 meade e tin of an organization competent to deal with the many complex and confusing aspect tin of the problem the investigation will be worth while regardless of the condition few which are discovered Where the findings of such a study fail to disclose a sig et! nificant hazard both the employer and employees will gain the protection whi this knowledge affords and if a health hazard is discovered the original invesuges 1h tage, tion will serve as a guide to the program which should be inaugurated to ove come the dangers disclosed . cat The most severe dust hazards in mines or in plants can be reduced as succes fully as were accidents by the Safety First program and the chief requisite 1 success lies in establishing adequate control procedures The physical condition or all the employees must be determined at regular intervals and weil interprete roentgenograms provide a most satisfactory control procedure Men applying in work should not be hired until they have passed a thorough physical examination including chest roentgenogranis Reliable records should be established to show the exact time place and duration of employment for each person working in hazardous positions Policies of employment should based upon an accurate knowledge of the that all of the workmen may be protected be worked out for each mine or plair condition of each employee si from contracting occupational disabilities Occupations should be selected which are compatible with the physical condition a the employee Care should be taken to protect the silicotic from infection or tir case of infection from harmful exposure to silica or the normal individual itun contracting either silicosis or pulmonary infections Engineers should be especially trained to recognize and deal with dust hazare in mines or plants and it should become accepted practice where a hazard exista to maintain a constant check on the amount of dust present in the working atm s phere The method of dust counting accepted as standard by the L. P. H. should be adopted by all industries having a hazard not only to determine the anom of dust in the air Let more particularly to maintain a control over the effecti ness of the procedures adopted to reduce the dust eds should be keulavi will disclose the amount of dust present in each measures which are in usc : place and the prevent 7" Mining Section 283 Shortly after the inauguration of a program designed to control a known dust hazard it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure Personnel problems will arise due to the reluctance of labor to accept new procedures and in the end these problems must be dealt with by educating workmen to recognize the necessity for introducing methods to control dust hazards The question of what men should be told regarding ~ Their physical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual cases As industry becomes more familiar with titis problem it will discover the serious need for further research Since silicosis is a true occupational disease disability resulting from or at- tributable to it should be compensable in the same manter as other injuries susrained as the result of employment Only the intelligent cooperation of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration . : a Silicosis from the Operators Standpoint By G. C. BATEMAN Secretary Ontario Mining Association Toronto Ont Canada The speaker said in part It is important to know what causes silicosis but unless a knowledge of the cause leads to a cure it is not nearly as important from the operators viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence With all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years we still do not know the cause and we still have no cure but we have learned a lot - about how to reduce the incidence The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 1926. These provided for the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where they were exposed to silica dust for all such workers to be the holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis the respiratory organs and also for compensation to men affected by silicosis This legislation was introduced as a result of a survey in Northern Ontario mining camps which indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners There being no reason at that time to question the results of this sur vey the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated with the Government in the steps considered necessary to meet the situation fully When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario we were advised that men with a merierate degree of silicosis while not physically disabled were better of the injustry and that they should be paid a lump sum which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation We were further arivised that if we took active steps to clean up the then existing pension the more serious cases and remove men silicosis from underground the situation would be well in in the hand early the first pense would be the heaviest and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the auteprimary cases as they developed When the 1926 Amendments were approved by the mines it was our under- standing that men in tite anteprimary stage had suffered no impairment of working capacity and that the 500 payment was a compassionate allowance the rehabiliof tation and unt for disability We further understood that with the payment 201 to these men our responsibility in respect to them would be practically curled that deveirmed however position was different The Compensation cannot cannot make award except for disability and where disability established the claimant come back for review on evidence of accepted that silicosis predisposes man to tabereiosis followed secowlary silicosis as defined in the Inteprimary herculosi he fature time and from cause was consifiered consifiered consifiered be the result of tal disability compensation at an average unse Mining Section 283 Shortly after the inauguration of a program designed to control a known dust hazard it will become evident that marked improvements can be effected without incurring an impractical expenditure Personnel problems will arise due to the reluctance of labor to accept new procedures and in the end these problems must be dealt with by educating workmen to recognize the necessity for introducing methods to control dust hazards The question of what men should be told regarding ~ Their physical examinations should follow the practice adopted by any reputable physician in dealing with individual cases As industry becomes more familiar with titis problem it will discover the serious need for further research Since silicosis is a true occupational disease disability resulting from or at- tributable to it should be compensable in the same manter as other injuries susrained as the result of employment Only the intelligent cooperation of industry will bring about the formulation of reasonable occupational disease legislation and its fair administration . : a Silicosis from the Operators Standpoint By G. C. BATEMAN Secretary Ontario Mining Association Toronto Ont Canada The speaker said in part It is important to know what causes silicosis but unless a knowledge of the cause leads to a cure it is not nearly as important from the operators viewpoint as the knowledge of how to reduce the incidence With all the research work that has been going on throughout the world for many years we still do not know the cause and we still have no cure but we have learned a lot - about how to reduce the incidence The silicosis provisions of the Ontario Mines Act and the Compensation Act were passed in 1926. These provided for the examination of all men employed in positions in mines where they were exposed to silica dust for all such workers to be the holders of medical certificates certifying as to freedom from tuberculosis the respiratory organs and also for compensation to men affected by silicosis This legislation was introduced as a result of a survey in Northern Ontario mining camps which indicated that silicosis had made alarming progress among the miners There being no reason at that time to question the results of this sur vey the operators agreed to do all that was asked of them and cooperated with the Government in the steps considered necessary to meet the situation fully When this legislation was first introduced in Ontario we were advised that men with a merierate degree of silicosis while not physically disabled were better of the injustry and that they should be paid a lump sum which would assist them in rehabilitating themselves in some other occupation We were further arivised that if we took active steps to clean up the then existing pension the more serious cases and remove men silicosis from underground the situation would be well in in the hand early the first pense would be the heaviest and that from then our liability would be practically limited to the auteprimary cases as they developed When the 1926 Amendments were approved by the mines it was our under- standing that men in tite anteprimary stage had suffered no impairment of working capacity and that the 500 payment was a compassionate allowance the rehabiliof tation and unt for disability We further understood that with the payment 201 to these men our responsibility in respect to them would be practically curled that deveirmed however position was different The Compensation cannot cannot make award except for disability and where disability established the claimant come back for review on evidence of accepted that silicosis predisposes man to tabereiosis followed secowlary silicosis as defined in the Inteprimary herculosi he fature time and from cause was consifiered consifiered consifiered be the result of tal disability compensation at an average unse 284 ccnty Annual Safety Congress National Safety Council When therefore an award of 500 was made the Compensation Board immediately set up a prospective reserve for progression of an additional 11.500 with the result that we had an estimated liability to the end of 1932 of several million dollars most of which was outstanding With the passage of time it also became apparent that the removal of the men from underground employment in the carly stages of silicosis did not have the results anticipated The payment of a lump sum award did not in most cases serve the end expected As a general rule this money was expended for other things and themselves A certain number of men the men made little effort to rehabilitate silicotic continued in their underground employment and we found classi^-ed as in the rate of progression in those who continued as com practically no difference taken out of the mines Some of this may have been pared with those who were if the economic status had remained due to the altered economic status but even were forced to the conclusion that there was little if any benefit to tthhee s ma em ne bw ye removing them from underground work unless of course there was evidence of an onset of tuberculosis ; It should of course be understood that during this time active efforts were the mines to improve ventilation and to allay dust Without this the made by above statement would not hold true Steps were also taken by the mines to proplaced where the comlitions vide that men in the early stages of silicosis were underground were most favorable necessarily Our experience also indicated that the early stages of silicosis do not of working capacity This is all the more important un ac- Samat mean an impairment the difficulty of diagnosing silicosis in its early stages as there is no sharp webu countofofdemarcation between the anteprimary and the anteprimary or between line and as a matter of fact we believe that there is Moe anteprimary and primary stages in the diagnosis of silicosis than the medical men one a greawtillidnegalto maodrmeitunceTrhteaindteytermination is largely a matter of personal judgment and therefore subject to error A deal of what may be read into an ray ^/lm depends upon the technique hime great conditions will also give taking the film Certain other diseases and chest akey simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is safe to say occupational silicosis und tthheat withaonut aa ppedaefriannictee knowledge of History the diagnosis of Toto earlier in its stages would be practically impossibile unfair In view of these conditions it was felt that the industry was carrying an classifica- burtica and in 1933 the Act was amended The anteprimary anteprimary and primary made payable only for disability which means tions were deleted cofompweonrskaitnigon cawpaascity men with a moderate degree of silicosis actual impairment allowed to continue underground work and the industry was relieved from that the claimant must were to unlimited liability in respect progression by providing of leaving the employ- inake and establish his claim for disability within years ment : which he was exposed to dust to entitle him to compensation It is in many As I said before silicosiins hiiss escsoesnttiaolflypraonducetmipolnoyearn'ds tporoablceomnsiderable degree places an important item in it is a controllable item of expense If the employer simply leaves the matter blame but himself over what the hands of the docters he will have no one to practitioner and even of the reent it costs him The opinion of the ordinary practitioner be a little value Only the opinion genologist and expert chest and lung man may of silicosis from of those doctors who have had special training in the diagnosis those opinions both clinical and ray examinations should be accepted and even those cannot be accepted in all cases criticizing the members members of the medical do not say this with any intention of where so We but where the matter is so important and costly to industry of profession known about the disease and where there is still an element little is actually cannot the diagnosis of silicosis in its cariler stages too much care most uncertainty in scrutiny by industry witich has to pay the hills is be exercised and the closest be obtained by the employers and the doc it necessary The best results can only but the employer must consider his particular as one of his particular important tors working together but not ae important problems I have also stated that in the absence of any much more important important 284 ccnty Annual Safety Congress National Safety Council When therefore an award of 500 was made the Compensation Board immediately set up a prospective reserve for progression of an additional 11.500 with the result that we had an estimated liability to the end of 1932 of several million dollars most of which was outstanding With the passage of time it also became apparent that the removal of the men from underground employment in the carly stages of silicosis did not have the results anticipated The payment of a lump sum award did not in most cases serve the end expected As a general rule this money was expended for other things and themselves A certain number of men the men made little effort to rehabilitate silicotic continued in their underground employment and we found classi^-ed as in the rate of progression in those who continued as com practically no difference taken out of the mines Some of this may have been pared with those who were if the economic status had remained due to the altered economic status but even were forced to the conclusion that there was little if any benefit to tthhee s ma em ne bw ye removing them from underground work unless of course there was evidence of an onset of tuberculosis ; It should of course be understood that during this time active efforts were the mines to improve ventilation and to allay dust Without this the made by above statement would not hold true Steps were also taken by the mines to proplaced where the comlitions vide that men in the early stages of silicosis were underground were most favorable necessarily Our experience also indicated that the early stages of silicosis do not of working capacity This is all the more important un ac- Samat mean an impairment the difficulty of diagnosing silicosis in its early stages as there is no sharp webu countofofdemarcation between the anteprimary and the anteprimary or between line and as a matter of fact we believe that there is Moe anteprimary and primary stages in the diagnosis of silicosis than the medical men one a greawtillidnegalto maodrmeitunceTrhteaindteytermination is largely a matter of personal judgment and therefore subject to error A deal of what may be read into an ray ^/lm depends upon the technique hime great conditions will also give taking the film Certain other diseases and chest akey simulating that of silicosis and we believe it is safe to say occupational silicosis und tthheat withaonut aa ppedaefriannictee knowledge of History the diagnosis of Toto earlier in its stages would be practically impossibile unfair In view of these conditions it was felt that the industry was carrying an classifica- burtica and in 1933 the Act was amended The anteprimary anteprimary and primary made payable only for disability which means tions were deleted cofompweonrskaitnigon cawpaascity men with a moderate degree of silicosis actual impairment allowed to continue underground work and the industry was relieved from that the claimant must were to unlimited liability in respect progression by providing of leaving the employ- inake and establish his claim for disability within years ment : which he was exposed to dust to entitle him to compensation It is in many As I said before silicosiins hiiss escsoesnttiaolflypraonducetmipolnoyearn'ds tporoablceomnsiderable degree places an important item in it is a controllable item of expense If the employer simply leaves the matter blame but himself over what the hands of the docters he will have no one to practitioner and even of the reent it costs him The opinion of the ordinary practitioner be a little value Only the opinion genologist and expert chest and lung man may of silicosis from of those doctors who have had special training in the diagnosis those opinions both clinical and ray examinations should be accepted and even those cannot be accepted in all cases criticizing the members members of the medical do not say this with any intention of where so We but where the matter is so important and costly to industry of profession known about the disease and where there is still an element little is actually cannot the diagnosis of silicosis in its cariler stages too much care most uncertainty in scrutiny by industry witich has to pay the hills is be exercised and the closest be obtained by the employers and the doc it necessary The best results can only but the employer must consider his particular as one of his particular important tors working together but not ae important problems I have also stated that in the absence of any much more important important Mining Section $ ^ million the men have the ses serve Hings and of men ve found Os com have been remained benefit to here was rts were this the to proonditions ecessarily on ac- no sharp between there is Real men judgment > technique 21 ... 111 ue v $ .15 an unfair einssifica- ch means * silicosis ved from to know how to reduce the incidence than to know the cause preventive measures are as follows We believe the chief : ; 1 Improvement in fundamental working conditions in the matter of ventilation and allaying dust 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose physical condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis 3. Control of tuberculosis not only among employees but also those with whom they come in contact among | It goes without saying that it silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust the removal of dust will remove the cause This means ventilation and lots of it and where possible the wetting down of dusty places In mining operations the chief source of dust is believed to be from blasting therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important Ventilation and water will remove the visible dust from the air but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage It is the dust that ranges between one- half and five microns that is dangerous and so difficult to remove and the tity in the air can only be determined by some method of sampling quan- We would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law This may be all right on the Rand in South Africa where conditions are more or less standard but it is not advisable we t in the United States or Canada where conditions vary so greatly For one thing we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment of dust sample slides The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust atmosphere would show an high dust count Dust sampling however should be a part of the apparent very regular routine ae] using the type of apparatus best suited to the particular conditions and this will show whether the atmosphere is good fair or poor FESR Next carefully quires a tion and to ventilation and the select the type of men rigid initial examination ray By this means laying to he which men of dust the most important measure is to allowed to work in the industry This reshould include a complete physical examina- with the type of chest which would indicate their susceptibility to tuberculosis and silicosis can be eliminated The physical examination should also have a heneficial effect on the accident complete rate Uncomplicated silicosis is not a big problem but silicosis and tuberculosis com- hined represent a very real problem The measures are well known Particular care should be taken withdrawn from the industry and given proner care the employees live should also be supervised to see tuberazlar tuberazlar contacts for the control that men with and treatment that they are of tuberculosis tuberculosis be Places where not exposed to ote ant muust employe ey ee many cer * degree e matter in ver what he rent- le opinion opinions e ce e medical where to ment ol ee cannot 14 the most de Sittportant Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR H. H. MOORE and DR M. J. KELLY Medical Staff Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines Ltd. Timmins Ontario Canada speaker said in part In 1923 physical examination on empisement indicated of all underground men of icial certificate good for twelve months respiratory organs This certificate In the meantime an amendment for the appointment of medical Commensation Deard to conduct these examinations are scimmitted to silica of five year silicotics there is c any case and necessary contact with silica the Ontario Mining Act was amended to and yearly thereafter or twice yearly be employed the workman must hold an stating that he is free from disease of must be renewed at each annual examina- to the Workmen's Compensation Act pro- cers working under the supervision of the examinations Cases of silicosis arising at Workmen's Compensation Brand veri^-ed Ontario mines is check kept on tite steps are taken Mining Section $ ^ million the men have the ses serve Hings and of men ve found Os com have been remained benefit to here was rts were this the to proonditions ecessarily on ac- no sharp between there is Real men judgment > technique 21 ... 111 ue v $ .15 an unfair einssifica- ch means * silicosis ved from to know how to reduce the incidence than to know the cause preventive measures are as follows We believe the chief : ; 1 Improvement in fundamental working conditions in the matter of ventilation and allaying dust 2. A rigid initial examination to keep out of the industry those men whose physical condition would indicate a type most susceptible to silicosis and tuberculosis 3. Control of tuberculosis not only among employees but also those with whom they come in contact among | It goes without saying that it silicosis is caused by the inhalation of dust the removal of dust will remove the cause This means ventilation and lots of it and where possible the wetting down of dusty places In mining operations the chief source of dust is believed to be from blasting therefore the time interval before men return to a blasted face is important Ventilation and water will remove the visible dust from the air but it is not the visible dust that causes the damage It is the dust that ranges between one- half and five microns that is dangerous and so difficult to remove and the tity in the air can only be determined by some method of sampling quan- We would consider it a mistake to have either the type of sampling apparatus or the permissible dust count defined by law This may be all right on the Rand in South Africa where conditions are more or less standard but it is not advisable we t in the United States or Canada where conditions vary so greatly For one thing we do not know what constitutes harmful dust and there is no standard practice for the treatment of dust sample slides The untreated slide of a sample taken near a carbide lamp in an otherwise dust atmosphere would show an high dust count Dust sampling however should be a part of the apparent very regular routine ae] using the type of apparatus best suited to the particular conditions and this will show whether the atmosphere is good fair or poor FESR Next carefully quires a tion and to ventilation and the select the type of men rigid initial examination ray By this means laying to he which men of dust the most important measure is to allowed to work in the industry This reshould include a complete physical examina- with the type of chest which would indicate their susceptibility to tuberculosis and silicosis can be eliminated The physical examination should also have a heneficial effect on the accident complete rate Uncomplicated silicosis is not a big problem but silicosis and tuberculosis com- hined represent a very real problem The measures are well known Particular care should be taken withdrawn from the industry and given proner care the employees live should also be supervised to see tuberazlar tuberazlar contacts for the control that men with and treatment that they are of tuberculosis tuberculosis be Places where not exposed to ote ant muust employe ey ee many cer * degree e matter in ver what he rent- le opinion opinions e ce e medical where to ment ol ee cannot 14 the most de Sittportant Some Aspects of the Silicosis Problem By DR H. H. MOORE and DR M. J. KELLY Medical Staff Hollinger Consolidated Gold Mines Ltd. Timmins Ontario Canada speaker said in part In 1923 physical examination on empisement indicated of all underground men of icial certificate good for twelve months respiratory organs This certificate In the meantime an amendment for the appointment of medical Commensation Deard to conduct these examinations are scimmitted to silica of five year silicotics there is c any case and necessary contact with silica the Ontario Mining Act was amended to and yearly thereafter or twice yearly be employed the workman must hold an stating that he is free from disease of must be renewed at each annual examina- to the Workmen's Compensation Act pro- cers working under the supervision of the examinations Cases of silicosis arising at Workmen's Compensation Brand veri^-ed Ontario mines is check kept on tite steps are taken 286 Twenty Annual Safety Congress - National Safety Counci The act in its present form which had become involved by agamst possible future claims since been lost sight of or who in 1933 and served to clear the sumabog was pased of large sums of money in reserve umds the be up int who had by men adjudged atsilicotsic wiloicrotkic sphreoviwouislnyg a maimum ma were carrying on disability From the allows a man work without vised to quit regardless of of view the new act is a great step forward workman's point duties underground as long as he is able to continue at his usual Previously a workman was any serious degree of discomfort of fibrosis had been reached underground work whenanad csearctraiifnicesdtaghies rights to compensation his ability to carry on continued to work of the 2007 meu employed at the Hollinger examination of the chests Normal is a chest show- In the ray1933 determinations are graded as follows than the average mines during fibrosis where the condition of the lung is better found the ing little or no F. or More Fibrosis is a chest which is normally More Fibrosia for the age M. of the miner under consideration M. F. .. average adult at the age fibrosis than normal for the particular age Plus is a chest showing slightly more Plus is a chest showing considerably more M. F. P. P. or More Fibrosis Plus Silicotics are that group which fibrosis than normal and is a silicotic stage consideration the mining history and deal of fibrosis and taking into show a great Admittedly disability may consequent to silica are thus termed exposuTrheis last group ranges from the early silicotics with with marked a minimum disability not be present disability to the late complicated or secondary cases added that a large number of men at the commencement contact tuberculosis It must be and without previous mining experience or of employment at the Hollinger chests of M. F. P. rating Following are the results of this exam- with silica show ination 1.4 Normal ....eeeee ert M. 4 4 M. F. P. Average Silicotics contact with with silica of men working and M. Silicotic Next is an analysis of the changes in chest rating in 1933 Normal to M. F. Normal to M. F. M. F. to M. F. M. F. P. to M. M. P. T. D. M. P. P. to P. A. to P. eee M. F. M. P. M. P. M. ? T. - A. P. Total 497 ee to A. P 557 500 men in whom there was some 557 These ^gures cover approximately the change The in chest rating during the and the direction of It will he alserver 1500 men show no change an the previous year 266 show chests which in Shrosis rating while men showed an increase for the group Tite: slugys___improvement slugys___improvement slugys_improvemnt proved The explanation given bronchial respiratory intressen mor in the first place that some concurrent annual OSfi tion and so caused a complicated the picture at previous 286 Twenty Annual Safety Congress - National Safety Counci The act in its present form which had become involved by agamst possible future claims since been lost sight of or who in 1933 and served to clear the sumabog was pased of large sums of money in reserve umds the be up int who had by men adjudged atsilicotsic wiloicrotkic sphreoviwouislnyg a maimum ma were carrying on disability From the allows a man work without vised to quit regardless of of view the new act is a great step forward workman's point duties underground as long as he is able to continue at his usual Previously a workman was any serious degree of discomfort of fibrosis had been reached underground work whenanad csearctraiifnicesdtaghies rights to compensation his ability to carry on continued to work of the 2007 meu employed at the Hollinger examination of the chests Normal is a chest show- In the ray1933 determinations are graded as follows than the average mines during fibrosis where the condition of the lung is better found the ing little or no F. or More Fibrosis is a chest which is normally More Fibrosia for the age M. of the miner under consideration M. F. .. average adult at the age fibrosis than normal for the particular age Plus is a chest showing slightly more Plus is a chest showing considerably more M. F. P. P. or More Fibrosis Plus Silicotics are that group which fibrosis than normal and is a silicotic stage consideration the mining history and deal of fibrosis and taking into show a great Admittedly disability may consequent to silica are thus termed exposuTrheis last group ranges from the early silicotics with with marked a minimum disability not be present disability to the late complicated or secondary cases added that a large number of men at the commencement contact tuberculosis It must be and without previous mining experience or of employment at the Hollinger chests of M. F. P. rating Following are the results of this exam- with silica show ination 1.4 Normal ....eeeee ert M. 4 4 M. F. P. Average Silicotics contact with with silica of men working and M. Silicotic Next is an analysis of the changes in chest rating in 1933 Normal to M. F. Normal to M. F. M. F. to M. F. M. F. P. to M. M. P. T. D. M. P. P. to P. A. to P. eee M. F. M. P. M. P. M. ? T. - A. P. Total 497 ee to A. P 557 500 men in whom there was some 557 These ^gures cover approximately the change The in chest rating during the and the direction of It will he alserver 1500 men show no change an the previous year 266 show chests which in Shrosis rating while men showed an increase for the group Tite: slugys___improvement slugys___improvement slugys_improvemnt proved The explanation given bronchial respiratory intressen mor in the first place that some concurrent annual OSfi tion and so caused a complicated the picture at previous Mining Section 287 the situation reserve fundi advanced rating to be given The second explanation is that constant improvement constant in radiological technic is making diagnosis more accurate hut who had nimum or no forward as ite is able was ad It would seem therefore that on the whole able improvement from this viewpoint During the situation is showing 1933 no case progressed considerfrom the silicotic to the silicotic stage In the years up to 1933 120 men had been rated silicotic and the total cost to the Hollinger involved a sum of 915.950 which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future clainis been reached ensation if he : the Hollingen a chest show an the average found in the More Fibrosis Particular agt siderably more 2 group which history al may or ma a minimum oi disability and commencemen Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study of the dust problem at the Hollinger Mine 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by workmen in different occupations its chemical composition temperature humidity dust content and rate of flow . 2. air Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such , . In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness it was realized that no instrument has been devised which would measure the dust con- tent of the air with scientific precision Furthermore it was felt that the principal object of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was undesirably high and if such a condition was found to devise a method of reducing it Hence for practical purposes the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable The circular Konimeter invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners Phthisis Prevention Committee of South sce or contact of this exam- Africa in 1916 has therefore been used in the Porcupine District for the past eight years A summary of our investigations along this line may be given as follows 1. About 900 of the underground force are engaged in work which will pro- coma: duce dangerous dust if measures of control are not applied 2. Of this number a little over 400 are engaged in shoveling broken ore into cars and the average dust exposure does not exceed 300 particles if the muck piles are kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted 3. The remaining 500 men are engaged in drilling and blasting operations and are subjected to severe potential hazard Men engaged in stopes who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 particles while using the ordinary type drills It is felt that the use of the dustless type of drifter will reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particies 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra- tions of dust namely 1200 particles Where possible two development drifts are we worked simultaneously by the one crew so that the men do not have to go back through dense dust after blasting the cut There are only a few exceptions to this rule and witen necessary to go back to load the remaining holes the men are provided with the special respirator 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity of stopers we hope to deal with by the use of compressed air masks Also the practice of driving adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution silicosis of the silicosis problem the men at the Hullinger Mine are cared for under a contract medical system The incilities and service at mine office and hospital are most complete and efficient and in combination with the annual or annual check made by the medical staff of the Compensation Board is under constant supervision supervision Men report with conditions as tuberculous health of the workers or silicntic chest trouble Jocal miection teeth tonsils sinuses are singled out and treated ani ohservei and vacation periods witere necessary changes in occupation are made or rest advised At ing is usually wet crabes constant improvements have been made and at present the follow- A worker coming off shift removes all his amining clothing the set of honks attached to a chain ad~- Ebates height of 15 to 20 jest and hang th Toon ema em gem apes oe z Mining Section 287 the situation reserve fundi advanced rating to be given The second explanation is that constant improvement constant in radiological technic is making diagnosis more accurate hut who had nimum or no forward as ite is able was ad It would seem therefore that on the whole able improvement from this viewpoint During the situation is showing 1933 no case progressed considerfrom the silicotic to the silicotic stage In the years up to 1933 120 men had been rated silicotic and the total cost to the Hollinger involved a sum of 915.950 which figure includes the progressive and contingent funds set aside to cover future costs and possible future clainis been reached ensation if he : the Hollingen a chest show an the average found in the More Fibrosis Particular agt siderably more 2 group which history al may or ma a minimum oi disability and commencemen Two objects have been kept in mind during the many years of study of the dust problem at the Hollinger Mine 1. The collection of complete data regarding the nature of air breathed by workmen in different occupations its chemical composition temperature humidity dust content and rate of flow . 2. air Working tests of all practical methods of improving the condition of such , . In searching to adapt a method for the determination of air dustiness it was realized that no instrument has been devised which would measure the dust con- tent of the air with scientific precision Furthermore it was felt that the principal object of making determinations was to ascertain if the dust count of the air was undesirably high and if such a condition was found to devise a method of reducing it Hence for practical purposes the instrument which possesses a high efficiency in the range of desirable concentrations and gives a quick indication of dangerous quantities of dust is most desirable The circular Konimeter invented by Sir Robert Kotze and introduced to the Miners Phthisis Prevention Committee of South sce or contact of this exam- Africa in 1916 has therefore been used in the Porcupine District for the past eight years A summary of our investigations along this line may be given as follows 1. About 900 of the underground force are engaged in work which will pro- coma: duce dangerous dust if measures of control are not applied 2. Of this number a little over 400 are engaged in shoveling broken ore into cars and the average dust exposure does not exceed 300 particles if the muck piles are kept thoroughly wet and blasting carefully restricted 3. The remaining 500 men are engaged in drilling and blasting operations and are subjected to severe potential hazard Men engaged in stopes who do not have to return to the working faces have an average exposure of about 1200 particles while using the ordinary type drills It is felt that the use of the dustless type of drifter will reduce the concentration of dust to somewhere near 300 particies 4. The men engaged in development drifts are exposed to the same concentra- tions of dust namely 1200 particles Where possible two development drifts are we worked simultaneously by the one crew so that the men do not have to go back through dense dust after blasting the cut There are only a few exceptions to this rule and witen necessary to go back to load the remaining holes the men are provided with the special respirator 5. The high dust concentrations in the vicinity of stopers we hope to deal with by the use of compressed air masks Also the practice of driving adjacent raises simultaneously has reduced the hazard after blasting With the constant improvement and maintenance of general health conditions kept always to the fore as most desirable and necessary in aiding in the solution silicosis of the silicosis problem the men at the Hullinger Mine are cared for under a contract medical system The incilities and service at mine office and hospital are most complete and efficient and in combination with the annual or annual check made by the medical staff of the Compensation Board is under constant supervision supervision Men report with conditions as tuberculous health of the workers or silicntic chest trouble Jocal miection teeth tonsils sinuses are singled out and treated ani ohservei and vacation periods witere necessary changes in occupation are made or rest advised At ing is usually wet crabes constant improvements have been made and at present the follow- A worker coming off shift removes all his amining clothing the set of honks attached to a chain ad~- Ebates height of 15 to 20 jest and hang th Toon ema em gem apes oe z <. 18h: Zs eocement Nata yok i National Safety Council nunad Safety Congress Twenty 289 Council After during Congress - National Safety vary 14 w 13 hours, SOW er baths of temperatures e atmosphere tor hours during during of thoroughly dried dried Alter atmosphere atmosphere for 14 to during which they they are miner undressing undressing undressing miner passes through he series of vary- eel ihingg ing from coid After drying the shift locker where has clothes clothes before beginning beginning silicotics heahin nurse 1 placed ce his With view to reducing the inefxepcertiieonnced silicotics tuberculosis tuberculosis a clinic pas has in Timmins Timmins An health nurse employied public experienced experienced employied iuit full been established established established visit it her duty tuberculosis suspects patients patients all tacts tacts with contacts silicotics these cases and arrange arrange their examination examination and supervision treatment necessary patients and such patients bacteriological bacteriological bio- approximately logical logical 1933 radiologicaly radiologically by less severe cases dangerous cases of January January 1933 approximately aproximately approximately cases of tuberculosis tuberculosis have Since been removed January of sanitarium dangerous many severe cases ( placed rest the district district placed on bed home restricted restricted activity It more that removing is { 1 these these from contact silicotics that within It comparatively comparatively time tuberuclosis tuberuclosis from contact controlled controlled since comparatively 4 necessary precipitateprecipitate moderately necessary is is excellent excellent ADJOURNMENT ADJOURNMENT General Piee-On : Ch Gree Chairs Gre Gre Secretary ry Maine Programs York. Engineerin N Carroll C C hod phe cle i a) <. 18h: Zs eocement Nata yok i National Safety Council nunad Safety Congress Twenty 289 Council After during Congress - National Safety vary 14 w 13 hours, SOW er baths of temperatures e atmosphere tor hours during during of thoroughly dried dried Alter atmosphere atmosphere for 14 to during which they they are miner undressing undressing undressing miner passes through he series of vary- eel ihingg ing from coid After drying the shift locker where has street clothes before beginning beginning silicotics heahin nurse 1 placed ce his With view to reducing the inefxepcertiieonnced silicotics tuberculosis tuberculosis a clinic pas has in Timmins Timmins An health nurse employied public experienced experienced employied iuit full been established established established visit it her duty tuberculosis suspects patients patients all tacts tacts with contacts silicotics these cases and arrange arrange their examination examination and supervision treatment necessary patients and such patients bacteriological bacteriological bio- approximately logical logical 1933 radiologicaly radiologically by less severe cases dangerous cases of January January 1933 approximately aproximately approximately cases of tuberculosis tuberculosis have Since been removed January of sanitarium dangerous many severe cases ( placed rest the district district placed on bed home restricted restricted activity It more that removing is { 1 these these from contact silicotics that within It comparatively comparatively time tuberuclosis tuberuclosis from contact controlled controlled since comparatively 4 necessary precipitateprecipitate moderately necessary is is excellent excellent ADJOURNMENT ADJOURNMENT General Piee-On : Ch Gree Chairs Gre Gre Secretary ry Maine Programs York. Engineerin N Carroll C C hod phe cle i a) incil rkers both item to aid ! Of non wy comutitity if the in the past urance preve un paper . to criticize may still be d there are actions and it recognizes eration with ngineer has ! to analyze mt the oper at operating TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 -J General Chairman W. Black Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Elizabeth Chairman W. Breeland Lone Star Gas Co Dallas Texas Chairman Atlantic Division H. Brown Tide Water Oil Co. New York Chairman Great Lakes Division H. Herbert Standard Oil Co. Ohio land Ohio Chairman Continent Dizision A A. ODELL Barnsdall Refineries Inc. N. JJ.. N. Clever Tulsa Jr. Okla Chairman Gulf Division P. REYMOND Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana B Baton Rouge La Chairman Rocky Mountain Division V. OSBORN Standard Oil Co. Ind Casper Wyo . Chairman Pacific Division K. RiSERTS RiSERTS The Texas Co. Los Angeles Calif Nets Letter Editor O. Lockween The Empire Companies Bartlesville Okla Engineering Committee Chairman B. ROAPER Humbie Oil and Refining Co. Houston Texas Health Committee Chairman A. Jewett General Petroleum Corporation of . California Los Angeles Calif Poster Committee Chairman J. Program Committee Chairman Wiusos Associated Oll I. HIGHTOWER United United Co Gas San Francisco Company Houston Texas Publicity Texas Statisties Committee Chairman L. RISINGER Magnolia Magnolia Committee Chairman W. Myers Standard Oil Petroleum Co Dallas Co. X. J. New York Past General Chairmen R. S. DUNSIB Stamiard Oil C. X. J. New York Y. R. CURRIE The Texas Co Houston Texas R. E. DoNoVas Standard Oil Company of Calif San Francisco Calif e e C. L Hightower United Gas I mpany Houster Texas wee GFC F. PRUSS~-xo Union Oil Company of Calif Angeles Calif E. J. Saxx Socony Vacuum Cirp Cirp New York Y. W. Smith Standard Oil C. Ind Chicaz D. J. Wannaer Petroleum Safety Secretari N. DRAKESLEE Amtentan Safety Council Tulsa Amtentan Petroleum Okla Institute Dallas T 307 tne . incil rkers both item to aid ! Of non wy comutitity if the in the past urance preve un paper . to criticize may still be d there are actions and it recognizes eration with ngineer has ! to analyze mt the oper at operating TWENTY ANNUAL SAFETY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Petroleum Section Officers 1933-34 -J General Chairman W. Black Standard Oil Co. of N. J. Elizabeth Chairman W. Breeland Lone Star Gas Co Dallas Texas Chairman Atlantic Division H. Brown Tide Water Oil Co. New York Chairman Great Lakes Division H. Herbert Standard Oil Co. Ohio land Ohio Chairman Continent Dizision A A. ODELL Barnsdall Refineries Inc. N. JJ.. N. Clever Tulsa Jr. Okla Chairman Gulf Division P. REYMOND Standard Oil Co. of Louisiana B Baton Rouge La Chairman Rocky Mountain Division V. OSBORN Standard Oil Co. Ind Casper Wyo . Chairman Pacific Division K. RiSERTS RiSERTS The Texas Co. Los Angeles Calif Nets Letter Editor O. Lockween The Empire Companies Bartlesville Okla Engineering Committee Chairman B. ROAPER Humbie Oil and Refining Co. Houston Texas Health Committee Chairman A. Jewett General Petroleum Corporation of . California Los Angeles Calif Poster Committee Chairman J. Program Committee Chairman Wiusos Associated Oll I. HIGHTOWER United United Co Gas San Francisco Company Houston Texas Publicity Texas Statisties Committee Chairman L. RISINGER Magnolia Magnolia Committee Chairman W. Myers Standard Oil Petroleum Co Dallas Co. X. J. New York Past General Chairmen R. S. DUNSIB Stamiard Oil C. X. J. New York Y. R. CURRIE The Texas Co Houston Texas R. E. DoNoVas Standard Oil Company of Calif San Francisco Calif e e C. L Hightower United Gas I mpany Houster Texas wee GFC F. PRUSS~-xo Union Oil Company of Calif Angeles Calif E. J. Saxx Socony Vacuum Cirp Cirp New York Y. W. Smith Standard Oil C. Ind Chicaz D. J. Wannaer Petroleum Safety Secretari N. DRAKESLEE Amtentan Safety Council Tulsa Amtentan Petroleum Okla Institute Dallas T 307 tne . TIM EM TV-THIRD INNO GL SAFETY CONGRESS THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY COUNCIL COUNCICLONGRESS Public Utilities Section Officers Interests Pittsburgh 1933-34 General Chairman P,Xp Pepper Belt Telephone Telephone Chairman - Pepper Telephone Telephone Chicago Ill Chairman Chairman for Telegraph Interests W. Wait The Bell phone Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Pa. TeleTele- Tele. Vice KRE Philadelphia Philadelphia CompanyPittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa for Electric Interests Chairman Chairman Philadelphia Prograu Prograu Gouws Philadelphia Interests Philadelphia Electric Philadelphia Barana Laclede Light Secretary Secretary Barana A. Edwards Light St. Louis Mo. Gas Notes Letter Editor Calif Edwards San Diego Diego Consolidated and and Fe Jectric Engineering DiegoCommittee Engineering Committee OntCChaanaidraman MULLIGAN MULLIGAN MULLIGAN Electric Power Com- mission Committee Chairman HART Fister Health Ill . Fister Chicago Transit Transit Chicago Membership Committee Cu. Membership Colo Chairman A. KuiNGE Public Service Co, of Calurada, Poster and Film Strip Committee Chairman Poster Chicago 11 W. LUECK -CECK, 7 Publicity Commenweareialnrsy EFdatitson Publicity Committee ChairmaHn SHEDD Blucheld W. SHEDD Appalachian Electric Pp, Statistics and Contest ower Ca. Committee Chairm Ca Minneapolis Mmm rte W H. Deows, Northern 54 ' Special Representatives akkcs Pores 2. DesWELL San Joanvin ire) S. DICKINSON Pacific and Electric Electric Co San Francisco Calif PACE PACE Kens Perm Gas Light Light and Power Co. Altoona er, W. Lovn Alabama SPeorvwiceerSerCviceo. Birmingham Birmingham Ala Aitewma, ChiCcaagojit H. PTOLEMry Public Consolidated Gas Northern Illinois Jars Stilwell Stilwell Gas Co. New New Consolidated Appalachian Electric Power York Y. Co rte i W. BrenaNax Hudson Welch W. E. Doxa Niagara Hudson Power Corporation Syracuse Syracuse Syracuse Y. Pe j S. ; Paice F Corporation, Chicago Chicago II . S. ELT Wisconsin Wisconsin 4i Mecruten Mecruten Service Corp Corp Milwaukee ieage, Ti, a B. Mecruten Dorenarg; view ornMilwauker. Wik - nn TIM EM TV-THIRD INNO GL SAFETY CONGRESS THIRD ANNUAL SAFETY COUNCIL COUNCICLONGRESS Public Utilities Section Officers Interests Pittsburgh 1933-34 General Chairman P,Xp Pepper Belt Telephone Telephone Chairman - Pepper Telephone Telephone Chicago Ill Chairman Chairman for Telegraph Interests W. Wait The Bell phone Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pittsburgh Pa. TeleTele- Tele. Vice KRE Philadelphia Philadelphia CompanyPittsburgh Pittsburgh Pa for Electric Interests Chairman Chairman Philadelphia Prograu Prograu Gouws Philadelphia Interests Philadelphia Electric Philadelphia Barana Laclede Light Secretary Secretary Barana A. Edwards Light St. Louis Mo. Gas Notes Letter Editor Calif Edwards San Diego Diego Consolidated and and Fe Jectric Engineering DiegoCommittee Engineering Committee OntCChaanaidraman MULLIGAN MULLIGAN MULLIGAN Electric Power Com- mission Committee Chairman HART Fister Health Ill . Fister Chicago Transit Transit Chicago Membership Committee Cu. Membership Colo Chairman A. KuiNGE Public Service Co, of Calurada, Poster and Film Strip Committee Chairman Poster Chicago 11 W. LUECK -CECK, 7 Publicity Commenweareialnrsy EFdatitson Publicity Committee ChairmaHn SHEDD Blucheld W. SHEDD Appalachian Electric Pp, Statistics and Contest ower Ca. Committee Chairm Ca Minneapolis Mmm rte W H. Deows, Northern 54 ' Special Representatives akkcs Pores 2. DesWELL San Joanvin ire) S. DICKINSON Pacific and Electric Electric Co San Francisco Calif PACE PACE Kens Perm Gas Light Light and Power Co. Altoona er, W. Lovn Alabama SPeorvwiceerSerCviceo. Birmingham Birmingham Ala Aitewma, ChiCcaagojit H. PTOLEMry Public Consolidated Gas Northern Illinois Jars Stilwell Stilwell Gas Co. New New Consolidated Appalachian Electric Power York Y. Co rte i W. BrenaNax Hudson Welch W. E. Doxa Niagara Hudson Power Corporation Syracuse Syracuse Syracuse Y. Pe j S. ; Paice F Corporation, Chicago Chicago II . S. ELT Wisconsin Wisconsin 4i Mecruten Mecruten Service Corp Corp Milwaukee ieage, Ti, a B. Mecruten Dorenarg; view ornMilwauker. Wik - nn eh a OEc Er Le S Tm peP nG seE Safety Council Wisconsin me disabling agon no disabling in ale Missouri no dis- .; no disabling disabling in- ag injuries while work- ag injuries while work- no disabling injuries Hinnesota no disabling Nisabling injuries while : no disabling injuries Michigan no disabling bec Canada no dis- * no disabling injuries bree disabling injuries injuries while injuries while working TIPENTY ANNUAL ANNUAL ANNUAL SAFETY SAFSAFEE TY STAFEYTY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Officers 1933-34 General Chairman M. Graves The General Crushed Stone Co Chairman H. BAKER J. E. Baker Ca. York Pa Secretary and News Letter Editor PP.. Amears National Sand Association Washintgon D. Poster Committee ChairmaHn F. Yutter The General Crushed Stone Easton Pa and Gravel Co. Easton Pa Publicity Committee Chairmim R. Bovn National National Crushed Stone Association Washington C. Statistics Committee Chairman W. Adams United States Bureau of Mines Washington C. Members at Laye NORMAN G. Hought The National Lime Asociation Association Washington D. H. V. Jons L. OWENS Eastern Ruck Products Inc Utica N. PRINCE Stewart Sand and Material ( Kansas City Mo. WORTHEN The Conecticut Quarries Q. Inc. New Haven Conn WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3 1934 The opening session of the Quarry SectPeinnosylnvania was eil Director Dureau of Inspection Pensylvania Harrisburg Cement the Cement Pa who presided This Section Chairman Campbell introduzzi Quarries Company Amherst Ohof io wine the delegates on the part of Clevelan In lieu unable to Chairman of the annual report of be present a lengthy wire the Campbell then introduced milled to order by Johm Camp- Letartment of Laber und Industry scheduled to be a join session with A. Mori Works Manager made a brief address weleume sa Otho M. Graves him expr ; Ae | eh a OEc Er Le S Tm peP nG seE Safety Council Wisconsin me disabling agon no disabling in ale Missouri no dis- .; no disabling disabling in- ag injuries while work- ag injuries while work- no disabling injuries Hinnesota no disabling Nisabling injuries while : no disabling injuries Michigan no disabling bec Canada no dis- * no disabling injuries bree disabling injuries injuries while injuries while working TIPENTY ANNUAL ANNUAL ANNUAL SAFETY SAFSAFEE TY STAFEYTY CONGRESS NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL Officers 1933-34 General Chairman M. Graves The General Crushed Stone Co Chairman H. BAKER J. E. Baker Ca. York Pa Secretary and News Letter Editor PP.. Amears National Sand Association Washintgon D. Poster Committee ChairmaHn F. Yutter The General Crushed Stone Easton Pa and Gravel Co. Easton Pa Publicity Committee Chairmim R. Bovn National National Crushed Stone Association Washington C. Statistics Committee Chairman W. Adams United States Bureau of Mines Washington C. Members at Laye NORMAN G. Hought The National Lime Asociation Association Washington D. H. V. Jons L. OWENS Eastern Ruck Products Inc Utica N. PRINCE Stewart Sand and Material ( Kansas City Mo. WORTHEN The Conecticut Quarries Q. Inc. New Haven Conn WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3 1934 The opening session of the Quarry SectPeinnosylnvania was eil Director Dureau of Inspection Pensylvania Harrisburg Cement the Cement Pa who presided This Section Chairman Campbell introduzzi Quarries Company Amherst Ohof io wine the delegates on the part of Clevelan In lieu unable to Chairman of the annual report of be present a lengthy wire the Campbell then introduced milled to order by Johm Camp- Letartment of Laber und Industry scheduled to be a join session with A. Mori Works Manager made a brief address weleume sa Otho M. Graves him expr ; Ae | 350 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation United States Public Health Service Washington D. C. The speaker said in part Realizing the importance of the dust problem in industry the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines began its first study of the health of workers in dusty trades in 1914 in the mines of Joplin Missouri and later in 1923 the Public Health Service inaugurated a series of dust studies These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations Briefly these methods of study may be divided as follows 1 examination to determine the general physical condition of the workers under observation 2 special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting from exposure to the particular dust hazard 3 record of the nature and severity of the disabling illnesses 4 analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment 5 occupational mortality statistics relating to the specific dust and 6 autopsies The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health of workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant granite cutting industry anthracite and bituminous coal mining silverware manufacturing plant cotton cloth manufacturing and in municipal street sweeping Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate granite marble and tale quarries while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer from an excess of silicosis pulmonary tuberculosis after 2 to 10 years In the 15 years or more of exposure and developed group exposed to a lesser amount of dust silicosis developed only after prolonged exposure with no excess of tuberculosis It was found that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the extent extent and severity of the pulmonary damage Anthracite coal miners suffered from dyspnoca and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickness in addition an excessive mortality from influenza- pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found Bituminous coal miners experi- enced a generalized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza and pneumonia pneumonia Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with diseases of the upper respiratory tract On the other hand workers the general cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal negative for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when industrial population street sweepers compared with Drilling For five years the United States Bureau of Mines studied lead and zinc miners in the State District Oklahoma The ore here is high in free silica Of the 7.722 men examined a group of 1,647 or 21.3 per cent was definitely diagnosed as having silicosis not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis All the men diagnosed as having stage silicosis had worked an average of 13 years but those men starting in the mines after +) years of age worked an average i only 8 years The work of rock drilling in subway and tunnel construction in New York City is in mines at some respects similar to that of some of least in so far as the manner in which activities in the hard rock is evolved the type of dust and blasters resultant hazard Recently the result excavators was reported by the New York study of rock drillers Tuberculosis and Health Association An examination of 208 rock drillers blasters blasters and excavators showed that 115.7 115.7 per cent of the men had silicosis in of various stages of progression The exposure Sancting completed No these men 75 per cent had study of the health of sandblasters however a study of the dust exposure -! the United States Public Health Service for 20 years or more reported in the RES 5 reported ingration ingration with the gt gorSP abe: 350 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council The Dust Hazards in Industry By DR R. R. SAYERS Medical Officer in Charge Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation United States Public Health Service Washington D. C. The speaker said in part Realizing the importance of the dust problem in industry the United States Public Health Service in cooperation with the Bureau of Mines began its first study of the health of workers in dusty trades in 1914 in the mines of Joplin Missouri and later in 1923 the Public Health Service inaugurated a series of dust studies These later studies were all conducted in the same manner in order to permit as detailed a comparison as possible between the different investigations Briefly these methods of study may be divided as follows 1 examination to determine the general physical condition of the workers under observation 2 special physical examination to determine the prevalence of specific diseases of the respiratory system and the lung pathology resulting from exposure to the particular dust hazard 3 record of the nature and severity of the disabling illnesses 4 analysis and detailed study of the occupational environment 5 occupational mortality statistics relating to the specific dust and 6 autopsies The first six intensive investigations carried out by the Service dealt with the health of workers exposed to dusts in a cement plant granite cutting industry anthracite and bituminous coal mining silverware manufacturing plant cotton cloth manufacturing and in municipal street sweeping Brief studies were later conducted in certain slate granite marble and tale quarries while more recently a rather extensive study of the health of anthracite coal miners was completed These six dust studies showed that the workers in the granite cutting plants who were exposed to the highest dust concentrations were found to suffer from an excess of silicosis pulmonary tuberculosis after 2 to 10 years In the 15 years or more of exposure and developed group exposed to a lesser amount of dust silicosis developed only after prolonged exposure with no excess of tuberculosis It was found that a close relationship existed between the degree of dust exposure and the extent extent and severity of the pulmonary damage Anthracite coal miners suffered from dyspnoca and other signs of pneumoconiosis and experienced a high rate of respiratory sickness in addition an excessive mortality from influenza- pneumonia and possibly tuberculosis was found Bituminous coal miners experi- enced a generalized fibrosis of the lungs and an excess mortality from influenza and pneumonia pneumonia Cement workers showed some signs of early pneumoconiosis with diseases of the upper respiratory tract On the other hand workers the general cloth and silverware manufacturing plants and municipal negative for respiratory conditions and other illnesses when industrial population street sweepers compared with Drilling For five years the United States Bureau of Mines studied lead and zinc miners in the State District Oklahoma The ore here is high in free silica Of the 7.722 men examined a group of 1,647 or 21.3 per cent was definitely diagnosed as having silicosis not including those diagnosed as having tuberculosis All the men diagnosed as having stage silicosis had worked an average of 13 years but those men starting in the mines after +) years of age worked an average i only 8 years The work of rock drilling in subway and tunnel construction in New York City is in mines at some respects similar to that of some of least in so far as the manner in which activities in the hard rock is evolved the type of dust and blasters resultant hazard Recently the result excavators was reported by the New York study of rock drillers Tuberculosis and Health Association An examination of 208 rock drillers blasters blasters and excavators showed that 115.7 115.7 per cent of the men had silicosis in of various stages of progression The exposure Sancting completed No these men 75 per cent had study of the health of sandblasters however a study of the dust exposure -! the United States Public Health Service for 20 years or more reported in the RES 5 reported ingration ingration with the gt gorSP abe: Quarry Section 351351 351 National Safety Council This investigation indicated that judged by the mature of the dust and degree of the exposure a real hazard exists in this occupation This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety provided properly designed and well maintained equipment is used Diatomaceous Silica Workers Workers Most of the data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz Such studies have been made in the granite industry pottery trades hard rock drilling etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition I,, Santa Barbara County California there exists the largest and purest diatomaceous in silica denosit silica Recently the world This substance consists of about 85 per cent free an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than I year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years and more than 5 years All of the workers were Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of ray determinations social and medical histories and clinical examinations of the chests Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men Eighty per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition It was found that 60 men showed signs of early pneumoconiosis 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry Industry It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed shedis quarry work is done outdoors and lience may not be attended with very much dust exposure However certain quarry operations require the use of preumatic tools which are usually associated with the formation of considerable quantities of dust It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem Accordingly a study of a clinico- radiographic nature of 53 quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained The dust determinations show that nearly 38 per cent of the workers drillers were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the present time Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis and 4 of the 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition study suggests quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis as do pneumatic workers in granite cutting sheds Efect of inhaled Marble Dust The pulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust when inhaled in concentrations averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air produced a mild bilateral linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined no serious lung changes were noted and dust even after many years of exposure more marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 dolemite with no silica present there was no disability due to than 40 years in some cases per cent calcite and 2 per cent Dust Hazard in ibrasive Industry Artificial abrasives are widely used in industry and for this reason the effect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance In 1925 1920 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Norton Company at Worcester Mass made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- culosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments where no abrasive dust occurred In 1931. Kessier of New Jersey reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica abrasive powder industry dusts Exposure to Silicate Dust It has been the belief that the inhalation of composed of silicates combined silica in comparison with silica free silica in receptes receptes receptes the form of quartz was innocuous Of many investigators have Exposure become cognizant of the hazards of silicate pia Asbestosias fibrosis fibrosis Quarry Section 351351 351 National Safety Council This investigation indicated that judged by the mature of the dust and degree of the exposure a real hazard exists in this occupation This study also brought out the fact that it is possible to conduct sandblasting with safety provided properly designed and well maintained equipment is used Diatomaceous Silica Workers Workers Most of the data on silicosis have been gathered from studies made both in industry and experimentally on dusts containing free silica in the form of quartz Such studies have been made in the granite industry pottery trades hard rock drilling etc. There are other free silica minerals in existence that are not crystalline in nature but of an amorphous composition I,, Santa Barbara County California there exists the largest and purest diatomaceous in silica denosit silica Recently the world This substance consists of about 85 per cent free an examination was made of 108 workers selected among those employed less than I year 1 to 2 years 2 to 5 years and more than 5 years All of the workers were Mexican laborers and the examinations consisted of ray determinations social and medical histories and clinical examinations of the chests Dust determinations were also made but these were not reported The outstanding feature revealed by the examination was the splendid physical condition of the men Eighty per cent of the workers were reported in excellent physical condition It was found that 60 men showed signs of early pneumoconiosis 15 were in the moderately advanced stage and 6 in the advanced stage This latter finding was among workers with a history of exposure of more than 5 years Dust Hazard in the Granite Quarry Industry It is a common belief that granite quarrying is not so dangerous an industry as granite cutting in enclosed shedis quarry work is done outdoors and lience may not be attended with very much dust exposure However certain quarry operations require the use of preumatic tools which are usually associated with the formation of considerable quantities of dust It was thought that a study made in a representative granite quarry might cast some light on our problem Accordingly a study of a clinico- radiographic nature of 53 quarriers was made and occupational dust exposures were also obtained The dust determinations show that nearly 38 per cent of the workers drillers were exposed to many times the amount of dust considered safe at the present time Drillers were the only persons showing pathologic lung changes Half of these workers with an exposure of 5 to 19 years had silicosis and 4 of the 5 men with more than 20 years of such trade life showed this condition study suggests quarry drillers may experience as high a death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis as do pneumatic workers in granite cutting sheds Efect of inhaled Marble Dust The pulmonary fibrotic changes due to the inhalation of marble dust appear to be slight in comparison with those caused by stone dust containing a high percentage of silica in the form of quartz A recent study made by us among marble workers showed that although marble dust when inhaled in concentrations averaging about 25 million particles per cubic foot of air produced a mild bilateral linear fibrosis in a certain number of the 80 men examined no serious lung changes were noted and dust even after many years of exposure more marble dust under consideration consisted of 98 dolemite with no silica present there was no disability due to than 40 years in some cases per cent calcite and 2 per cent Dust Hazard in ibrasive Industry Artificial abrasives are widely used in industry and for this reason the effect of the inhalation of dusts produced in the manufacture or preparation of these products is of great importance In 1925 1920 and again in 1931. Dr. Clark of the Norton Company at Worcester Mass made investigations of workers exposed to aluminium oxide and silicon carbide dust produced in the manufacture of grinding wheels which showed that during a period of 13 years there were proportionately twice as many cases of pulmonary tuber- culosis among those working in the abrasive dust departments as in departments where no abrasive dust occurred In 1931. Kessier of New Jersey reported the occurrence of over 100 cases of alleged silicosis in the in which the dust consisted of 99 per cent free silica abrasive powder industry dusts Exposure to Silicate Dust It has been the belief that the inhalation of composed of silicates combined silica in comparison with silica free silica in receptes receptes receptes the form of quartz was innocuous Of many investigators have Exposure become cognizant of the hazards of silicate pia Asbestosias fibrosis fibrosis 352 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council of the lungs caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust has already both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by investigators countries but to date no studies have been reported in the United States dust which contains about 22 per cent combined silica has been Comca studied and the tae of effects the inhalation by workers has been discussed here In March 1933 Dreessen of the United States Public Health Service reported the results oboe study conducted among tremolite tal^' and slate workers The slate dust to which these workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates there being less etl 3 per cent of quartz in the dust being 45 43 magnesium The tale was a hydrous tremulite with silicate being 45 per cent talc and 43 per cent tremulite with no quartz present The results of the study seemed to indicate a relationship between the amount of caN fe s inhaled and the effect of this dust on the lungs of workers SON stre Statistical Studies Recently Lanza and Vane estimated that there are 500,000 workers engaged in the mining quarrying and manufacturing andussies in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is o> tailed Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance companies ae for the period culosis among 1915-1926 the silica showed that the exposed persons actual mortality from respiratory rim was about three times that of a silica dust group If one considers their data for certain occupations in om betwn mines and granite and sandstone quarries occupations known to be exposed high concentrations of hazardous dusts then the comnarison is more striking she ot the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the -- beanie pected deaths More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported by the Registrar of England and Wales 1921-1923 and sunumarized by Brit crores show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners while the rate 1a for all occupied and retired males was only 150. Other occupations with s De exposure showed an excess CMON From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced the inhalation of certain dusts it is apparent that a knowledge of the properties sree) of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology essential Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate stra these properties are the chemical and mineralogical composition of the dust concentration in the industrial atmosphere and its particle size b se diebwa In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indiezzed jn >. that a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates from respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry D4 of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry it was definitely proved == there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickn IASLC and death resulting from tuberculosis It is quite evident as a result of effective studies that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the removal or suppression suppression " of the dust to concentration considered safe However no set rules may be e lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt control in^'- trial dust Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine protection to be employed determine the type I The protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic may at times be accomplished by the substitution of a toxic material for the toxic = One example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic of artificial abrasive for sand in the sandblasting process in those operations which it is not essential to use sand a substance high in quartz content the mechanical enclosure of the creating process also serves protect worker modern An excellent illustration of this type of protection is sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects aforded by Sometimes Sometimes possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for dry proceses drilling instead of dry In one instance in the granite cutting mentioned an operator using a diamond point tool worked the stone resulting dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic fuos The was then requested to work the store dry as a result the amount of the high figure of 45 million particles per cubic foot In the weaving cloth it has been possible to fourth the Another exa possible to reduce amount present the amountcubic when the pro in wet confuctedbydre use ofa spray Re Wig oS spray weat methi 352 Twenty Annual Safety Congress Safety Council of the lungs caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust has already both in its clinical and roentgenographic manifestations by investigators countries but to date no studies have been reported in the United States dust which contains about 22 per cent combined silica has been Comca studied and the tae of effects the inhalation by workers has been discussed here In March 1933 Dreessen of the United States Public Health Service reported the results oboe study conducted among tremolite tal^' and slate workers The slate dust to which these workers were exposed consisted mainly of silicates there being less etl 3 per cent of quartz in the dust being 45 43 magnesium The tale was a hydrous tremulite with silicate being 45 per cent talc and 43 per cent tremulite with no quartz present The results of the study seemed to indicate a relationship between the amount of caN fe s inhaled and the effect of this dust on the lungs of workers SON stre Statistical Studies Recently Lanza and Vane estimated that there are 500,000 workers engaged in the mining quarrying and manufacturing andussies in this country in which an exposure to silica dust to a harmful degree is o> tailed Their analysis of mortality experience of twelve life insurance companies ae for the period culosis among 1915-1926 the silica showed that the exposed persons actual mortality from respiratory rim was about three times that of a silica dust group If one considers their data for certain occupations in om betwn mines and granite and sandstone quarries occupations known to be exposed high concentrations of hazardous dusts then the comnarison is more striking she ot the actual deaths among these workers was found to be ten times that of the -- beanie pected deaths More detailed statistics on occupational mortality as reported by the Registrar of England and Wales 1921-1923 and sunumarized by Brit crores show the high rate of 1.886 per 100.000 for tin and copper miners while the rate 1a for all occupied and retired males was only 150. Other occupations with s De exposure showed an excess CMON From the evidence just presented concerning the injurious effects produced the inhalation of certain dusts it is apparent that a knowledge of the properties sree) of a given dust which determine its capacity to produce pulmonary pathology essential Numerous investigations of the industrial dust problem indicate stra these properties are the chemical and mineralogical composition of the dust concentration in the industrial atmosphere and its particle size b se diebwa In an earlier portion of this discussion evidence was presented which indiezzed jn >. that a close relation existed between morbidity and mortality rates from respiratory diseases and the exposure to certain dusts in industry D4 of the dust hazard in the granite cutting industry it was definitely proved == there is a direct relation between the magnitude of the dust exposure and sickn IASLC and death resulting from tuberculosis It is quite evident as a result of effective studies that the remedy of the dust evil lies in the removal or suppression suppression " of the dust to concentration considered safe However no set rules may be e lished for the mechanical protection to be instituted in an attempt control in^'- trial dust Specific conditions encountered in a plant will determine protection to be employed determine the type I The protection of workers against certain dusts known to be toxic may at times be accomplished by the substitution of a toxic material for the toxic = One example of such a procedure is the possible use of a metallic of artificial abrasive for sand in the sandblasting process in those operations which it is not essential to use sand a substance high in quartz content the mechanical enclosure of the creating process also serves protect worker modern An excellent illustration of this type of protection is sandblast barrel used in the cleaning of small objects aforded by Sometimes Sometimes possible to protect the worker by the substitution of wet for dry proceses drilling instead of dry In one instance in the granite cutting mentioned an operator using a diamond point tool worked the stone resulting dust amounted to 22 million particles per cubic fuos The was then requested to work the store dry as a result the amount of the high figure of 45 million particles per cubic foot In the weaving cloth it has been possible to fourth the Another exa possible to reduce amount present the amountcubic when the pro in wet confuctedbydre use ofa spray Re Wig oS spray weat methi Quarry Section 353 in leyner and hammer drilling in hard rock although the new type of Kelly dust trap is now finding much favor for this kind of work . The Kelly trap consists of a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock surface No attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel The dust is removed by an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap Escape of aS dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces and the trap e is prevented by the air seal produced by the inflowing air Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the a worker's breathing zone may be kept down to less than 10 million particles per cubic foot with a 60 cubic foot per minute rate of air How through the hood This trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal however in underground work such as in mines and subways there is still the need to solve the proble~-n r of compact dust disposal equipment In certain cases such as in the sandblasting of large castings in sandblast rooms er the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet ra of the positive air pressure type In the sandblast investigation previously men- tioned it was found that when from 5 to 6 cubic feet of practically dust air minute are supplied to the helmet the worker receives ideal protection How- epevrer one must always bear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be the dust determination of the air within the heimet during blasting and not the we quantity of the air supply itseli In most dusty processes however the most effective means of dust elimination are by the use of properly designed exhaust ventilation systems Since in many instances it is difficult costly and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinity of a worker need first to determine the minimmu amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with immunity Such information can be made available by the type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service For example in the granite study already referred to it dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic foot 35 per cent fSrteuediseisliocfa dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity of 1.500 feet per minute as at the face of the removal hood would keep the measured by an anemometer than 10 million particles per cubic foot dust at the breathing level to an amount less A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection agamst dusts It has already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting it is important to have a designed device supplied with about 6 6 cubic feet of dust air per minute to give full protection to the worker With reference to respirators of the filter type there is still much to be accomplished in the design of an efficient and comfortable mask for continuous usa Of great value are standard methods for the testing of the efficiency of respiratory pro- tection devices Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular dust which the respirator is to encounter these tests to be made both in the laboratory and under actual industrial conditions He further suggested that some impartial should conduct such tests and certify the devices for industrial use the agency work being done on a cost basis The U. S. Bureau of Mines has prepared such a schedule for testing and approving respirators I wish to stress the importance of good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal of accumulated dust about a workroom but should also embrace eficient maintenance of dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment Systematic inspection of all dust suppression equipment should be an axiomatic principle in every dusty industry rather than the casual attention witch it now receives in many instances Report of for The chairman called the and new officers for and elected as : follows the Nominating Committee Nominating Commilles during the ensuing this point nominated . Quarry Section 353 in leyner and hammer drilling in hard rock although the new type of Kelly dust trap is now finding much favor for this kind of work . The Kelly trap consists of a metal chamber designed to enclose the drill steel at the rock surface No attempt is made to secure a mechanical seal with the rock or between the trap and the drill steel The dust is removed by an air stream and is carried into an exhaust system connected to the trap Escape of aS dust particles through openings between the uneven rock surfaces and the trap e is prevented by the air seal produced by the inflowing air Tests made on this trap under actual working conditions show that the dust concentration at the a worker's breathing zone may be kept down to less than 10 million particles per cubic foot with a 60 cubic foot per minute rate of air How through the hood This trap is a step forward in the program of dust removal however in underground work such as in mines and subways there is still the need to solve the proble~-n r of compact dust disposal equipment In certain cases such as in the sandblasting of large castings in sandblast rooms er the practical safeguard to the worker is to provide him with a mask or helmet ra of the positive air pressure type In the sandblast investigation previously men- tioned it was found that when from 5 to 6 cubic feet of practically dust air minute are supplied to the helmet the worker receives ideal protection How- epevrer one must always bear in mind that the ultimate criterion of protection should be the dust determination of the air within the heimet during blasting and not the we quantity of the air supply itseli In most dusty processes however the most effective means of dust elimination are by the use of properly designed exhaust ventilation systems Since in many instances it is difficult costly and at times an unnecessary procedure to remove all the dust in the vicinity of a worker need first to determine the minimmu amount of a certain dust which the worker can apparently tolerate with immunity Such information can be made available by the type of studies carried out by the Public Health Service For example in the granite study already referred to it dust at the breathing level of about 10 million particles per cubic foot 35 per cent fSrteuediseisliocfa dust removal devices used in granite cutting plants at the time this work was conducted showed that a linear velocity of 1.500 feet per minute as at the face of the removal hood would keep the measured by an anemometer than 10 million particles per cubic foot dust at the breathing level to an amount less A word should be said concerning personal respiratory protection agamst dusts It has already been shown that in the use of positive pressure respiratory devices in sandblasting it is important to have a designed device supplied with about 6 6 cubic feet of dust air per minute to give full protection to the worker With reference to respirators of the filter type there is still much to be accomplished in the design of an efficient and comfortable mask for continuous usa Of great value are standard methods for the testing of the efficiency of respiratory pro- tection devices Drinker advocates testing a device against the particular dust which the respirator is to encounter these tests to be made both in the laboratory and under actual industrial conditions He further suggested that some impartial should conduct such tests and certify the devices for industrial use the agency work being done on a cost basis The U. S. Bureau of Mines has prepared such a schedule for testing and approving respirators I wish to stress the importance of good housekeeping in the effort to combat the dust hazard Good housekeeping should not only imply the removal of accumulated dust about a workroom but should also embrace eficient maintenance of dust removal devices and respiratory protective equipment Systematic inspection of all dust suppression equipment should be an axiomatic principle in every dusty industry rather than the casual attention witch it now receives in many instances Report of for The chairman called the and new officers for and elected as : follows the Nominating Committee Nominating Commilles during the ensuing this point nominated . < IT RVIaria ek e en third Annual Safety Congress Safety Coaned General Chairman- H. Baker J. E. Baker Co. Werk Pa e Conn William E. Hilliard New Haven Trap Kesk Co. NewNew Haven Conn Haven e Poster Committee Easton Pa Chairman F. Votter The General Crushed Stone Co. , Publicity ml Washington Washington C. C. Committee Chairman R. Boyd National Crushed Stone Assn iington ngtStoantisD tic. s Committee Chairman W Adams C. S. Dureau of Mines Washi- Members at LargeSand A. Ahern National Sand and Gravel Assn Washington D. C. Norman G. Huugh The National Lime Assn Washington D. 0. M. Graves The General Crushed Stone Co Easton Pa A. L. Worthen The Connecticut Quarries Co. Inc. New Haven Conn The Foreman's Duties and Responsibilities in Preventing Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company Passaic New Jersey I The speaker said in part Ou my first jub in the clay it of a brick works witnessed a disastrous cave which so injured one of my fellow workers that he was totally disabled for life The accident was so plainly the fault of the foreman in charge that he was discharged for his carelessness That accident made an indelible impression upon my mind and let me understand as nothing else could what the responsibility of the foreman is in accident prevention for The foreman who is responsible for getting out the work is also responsible for the control of those conditions immediately surrounding the worker on his job He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers and their habits If he is a competent foreman he can detect those working habits which may result in acci- dents He should come to know his workers so well that he will understand when worries and outside problems are taxing their minds and powers of concentration He may not be in a position always to do much about the side problems but he can at least govern conditions on the job The foreman is the one who is most likely to set up conditias on the job which cause job anxieties for the worker He can do much to ease ease the worker's mind by keeping him informed about conditions which affect his men and the steadiness of employment He can help to reduce the fatigue his men experience and in so doing directly influence accidents which are related to fatigue Every intelligent foreman realizes the importance of the safety functions and that safety should be put upon the same plane of importance as the other duties his job includes If the worker is indifferent to safety it is usually merely a reflection of the foreman's attitude On the other hand if the foreman will but safe working habits the worker will proceed stand for nothing working habits very rapidly to develop saie Of course I recognize that certain workers have an attitude of recklesseness and bravado about them which makes them slightly contemptuous of the dangers of the job But it is up to the foreman to puncture this attitude and bring such workers down to earth ie A recent study of a company employing 6.600 workers cated that 48 out of the 6,600 had had 10 per cent of all the time accidents ie the entire organiza- tion The accident frequency among among these 48 men was fifty times as great as that . of the average for all workers fifty great The record also indicated that those men having the largest accidents were also the same men having the amber ? Thus minor accidents are of real significance to BB they point out to him the men who will most proba number of minor time accidents foreman because time accidents Foren Foren Failure t of eniore i A one of 2. D. workers H H their pri Do accident In alte of its in be trace foreman managem function The s Cross Fi given in be secur ever that further s any tho just as Reme with his busy wi baffing c fatal res immediat secured the lifele but only There herself througho taught c^ch cr gency f able to I w physicia physician < IT RVIaria ek e en third Annual Safety Congress Safety Coaned General Chairman- H. Baker J. E. Baker Co. Werk Pa e Conn William E. Hilliard New Haven Trap Kesk Co. NewNew Haven Conn Haven e Poster Committee Easton Pa Chairman F. Votter The General Crushed Stone Co. , Publicity ml Washington Washington C. C. Committee Chairman R. Boyd National Crushed Stone Assn iington ngtStoantisD tic. s Committee Chairman W Adams C. S. Dureau of Mines Washi- Members at LargeSand A. Ahern National Sand and Gravel Assn Washington D. C. Norman G. Huugh The National Lime Assn Washington D. 0. M. Graves The General Crushed Stone Co Easton Pa A. L. Worthen The Connecticut Quarries Co. Inc. New Haven Conn The Foreman's Duties and Responsibilities in Preventing Accidents By GLENN GARDINER Forstmann Woolen Company Passaic New Jersey I The speaker said in part Ou my first jub in the clay it of a brick works witnessed a disastrous cave which so injured one of my fellow workers that he was totally disabled for life The accident was so plainly the fault of the foreman in charge that he was discharged for his carelessness That accident made an indelible impression upon my mind and let me understand as nothing else could what the responsibility of the foreman is in accident prevention for The foreman who is responsible for getting out the work is also responsible for the control of those conditions immediately surrounding the worker on his job He has an unexcelled opportunity to observe his workers and their habits If he is a competent foreman he can detect those working habits which may result in acci- dents He should come to know his workers so well that he will understand when worries and outside problems are taxing their minds and powers of concentration He may not be in a position always to do much about the side problems but he can at least govern conditions on the job The foreman is the one who is most likely to set up conditias on the job which cause job anxieties for the worker He can do much to ease ease the worker's mind by keeping him informed about conditions which affect his men and the steadiness of employment He can help to reduce the fatigue his men experience and in so doing directly influence accidents which are related to fatigue Every intelligent foreman realizes the importance of the safety functions and that safety should be put upon the same plane of importance as the other duties his job includes If the worker is indifferent to safety it is usually merely a reflection of the foreman's attitude On the other hand if the foreman will but safe working habits the worker will proceed stand for nothing working habits very rapidly to develop saie Of course I recognize that certain workers have an attitude of recklesseness and bravado about them which makes them slightly contemptuous of the dangers of the job But it is up to the foreman to puncture this attitude and bring such workers down to earth ie A recent study of a company employing 6.600 workers cated that 48 out of the 6,600 had had 10 per cent of all the time accidents ie the entire organiza- tion The accident frequency among among these 48 men was fifty times as great as that . of the average for all workers fifty great The record also indicated that those men having the largest accidents were also the same men having the amber ? Thus minor accidents are of real significance to BB they point out to him the men who will most proba number of minor time accidents foreman because time accidents Foren Foren Failure t of eniore i A one of 2. D. workers H H their pri Do accident In alte of its in be trace foreman managem function The s Cross Fi given in be secur ever that further s any tho just as Reme with his busy wi baffing c fatal res immediat secured the lifele but only There herself througho taught c^ch cr gency f able to I w physicia physician aur :aemnsdohel Santen : * : an EP : corey PREM pues = gat THE THE PUBLIC LIBRARY LIBRARY LIBRARY LIBRARY at : : Do not remove date date date card card card card from ;. a8 # Rabeyakad Ferg NEY hd PTA epee et aTPat ehSoria aARNE rp edgyWhat ate!aeted a] a3204 =o. 3 Sead a oad n n te o Pp vdotsss we oc ANVMEIT OMIA Fi