Document wDd7rYdOLq5mbq4p87Gvznq5V

FILE NAME: TCA DATE: 1976 TCA002 DOC#: TCA002 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Consultant Inspection Test Report #1481  REPORT of. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE TESTS for ASBESTOS FIBERS conducted at TILE COUNCIL OF AMERICA PRINCETON, N.J. on July 29, 1976 TEST REPORT #1^81 Prepared by: ET ROSSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES' Engineering & Technical Consultants 1999 Ri. 70 Cherry Hill, N. J. 0 8034 Distribution Mr, Frank Bernett, M g r ,, of Research (2 copies) Mro Bob KleinanSp Mgr0 Technical Service Report Issued: August 13*p 1976 JAN U s 1393 .OVV/!- SALDIBAR-TCNA 1753 TABLE OF CONTENTS X INTRODUCTION o o o o 'o . o o o d o o . o o o PAGE ^ II RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 III DESCRIPTION OP TEST ............ 7 IV CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . o ' ............ 8 Total Fiber Concentration Daily Average Weighted Exposure V DATA SHEETS .................................... ... . . 12 Events Log Lab Data Sheets APPENDIX' Paper entitled "O.S.H.A. Fiber & Mineral Dust Tests" O.S.H.A. Standard, FEDERAL REGISTER, V o l 0 1-0, October 9, 1975 2 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1754 I INTRODUCTION Tile Council of America requested ROSSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES to conduct industrial hygiene tests specifically for asbestos fibers at its plant in Princeton* N.J., as per Proposal #76-139? dated June 25? 1976o The sampling was conducted on Thursday, July 29, 1976 Samples were taken, by means of approved Personal Air Samplers, from an employee working in the mixing room to simulate mixing conditions. The exposure to Johns-Kanville asbestos fiber (Crysotile) occurs vrtien a dry powder of silica and asbestos is mixed. Mr, Bob Kleinans wore the Personal Sampling unit during the test. The testing was done according to procedures established by O.S.H.A. as referenced in our paper entitled "O.S.H.A. Fiber & Mineral Dust Tests," which is included in the Appendix of this report. The RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS are in Section II, Section III con tains a DESCRIPTION OF Tz)ST and Section IV, the DATA SHEETS, includ ing an Events Log. ROSSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES wishes to thank Mr. Frank Burnett and Mr. Bob Kleinans who willingly assisted whenever requested. Note* This report pertains only to the samples or sources tested. Information contained herein is not to be reproduced, outside of the Buyer's company, in whole or in part, without the prior written approval of ROSSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES, or the Buyer. 3 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1755 II . RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS . RESULTS The results of the Asbestos Fiber Counting Test are shown in Table I below ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTING RESULTS Sam Per ple sonal No, Sanrole No, Location/ Activity Total Count FIBERS 5 ju or longer Concen Allowable Avg, tration Limit Count Fibers/ Fibers/ ml (1 ) ml (2 ) Extra polated TV/A (3) 5 m or longer fibers Allowabl Limit for TWA (4) Bob Kleinans Ceiling 1 pi Light Dust 24 1,20 6.84 n/a* Two concen Conditions tration fibers, is 10 . 2 Stationary P2 Sample 28 1.40 1.00 fibers/ 1,00 ml if ml if 5 u or Bob Kleinans 5 ro P3 Heavy Dust 33 1.65 9o4 longer n/a* longer N Conditions TABLE I Notes:. 1) 2) 3) 4) Concentration of fibers/ml is calculated on basis of sanrole volume and area of membrane filter and microscope field area. Fibers counted are 5 microns or longer. Allowable Limit is 10 fibers/ml ceiling limit in the size of 5 or longer,, based on O.S.H.A. limit, Extrapolated TWA is a mathematical calculation, TV/A is Time Weighted Average, Fibers are microns or longer. Allowable limit for TVA is 2 fibers/ml. in size of or longer based on 0,,S,K,A, limit as of July 1,, 1976, See discussion on Page 6, Not applicable. 4 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1756  .Photomicrograph view showing smaller asbestos bundle of fibers- about in the size range of 15-25 microns* Note: All photomicrographs are shown at a magnification of .520 X using phase contrast optics. " 5 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1757 CONCLUSIONS Table I shows that Samples #1, #2, and #3 for the day sampled, July 29, I976, 'are within the allowable limit of exposure to asbestos dust concentrations of ten fibers (ceiling concentration) .for a mini" mum- of 15 minutes in any hour of any working d'a y 0 It also shows that Sample #2 is within the allowable Time Weighted Average exposuse limit of 2 fibers/ml0 The backup Time Weighted Average calculations are shown in Section IV for each run0 It is based on asbestos exposure during the time sampled The previous national emission standard (effective June 7, 1972) for asbestos, published in FEDERAL REGISTER, Vol, 36, No 235 Pages 23^2-23^3 by the E.P.A., and in FEDERAL REGISTER, Vol. 37 No. 110, Pages. II3I8- H 322 by Q.S.K.A, states: "The proposed standard would limit occupational exposure to 8-hour Time Weighted Average (TWA) airborne concentrations of asbestos dust not exceeding five fibers longer than five micrometers per milliliter. Concentrations above five fibers, but not to exceed ten fibers (ceiling concentration), would be permitted up to 15 minutes in an hour, but not for more than 5 hours in any one 8-hour day." The new proposed national emission standards (effective July 1, 1976) for asbestos, published in FEDERAL REGISTER, Vol. *K), No. 197, Pages *f7652-47665 by O.S.K.A., lowers the permissible exposure to two fibers for an 8-hour Time Weighted Average exposure. These standards are now in effect.. . Under the O.S.H.A. limits effective as of July 1, 1976, only sample #2 is within the TWA limit of 2 fibers/ml,, OoS.H.Ao presently requires periodic monitoring at intervals no longer than six months (membrane filter method). Medical surveillance 6 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1758 is. required for all workers who axe exposed to asbestos as parr or their work environment,, Required components of a medical surveillance program include periodic measurement of pulmonary function (forced vital capacity (FV'C)) forced expiratory volume for 1 second (FEV^) and periodic chest roentgenograms (posterior-anterior x 1 ?"), She use of respirators and protective clothing may vary depend ing on concentrations of asbestos dust at peak work intervals or based on Time Weighted Averages per testing interval Recommendations for respirator types and protective clothing necessary when exposed to asbestos dust can be found in OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO AS3EST0S by NIOSHp 1972o SALDIBAR-TCNA 1759 Ill DESCRIPTION OF TEST Miss Elizabeth Mahaffy* Chemist/BioXogis1 0 and Mr. Joseph Grella* project Engineers conducted the sampling. They arrived at the plant at 9s00 koU o The sampling was completed by 12*00 P.M. After a brief discussion with K r 0 Frank Burnett and Mr. Bob Kleinans, Hiss Mahaffy and Mr 0 Grella left the plant ,, Three-Millip ore Membrane Filter Cassettes were utilized with the Behdix Personal Samplers to obtain the integrated samples 0 The membrane filter cassettes were returned to the lab for analysis. A representativ section of the filter was cut* properly mounted on a glass microscope slide using a 1< 1 mixture of dimethyl phthalate and diethyl oxalate and examined at a magnification of 4-00X using phase contrast optics. .The number and length range of the fibers observed in a given area under the microscope was recorded and this figure was used to calculate the number of fibers per cubic centimeter (or milliliter) of air sampled. Photomicrographs of asbestos fibers found were made to illustrate how the concentration of asbestos is visually counted. Fibers having an aspect ratio of 3 si and which were 5 microns or larger were counted. A minimum of 20 fields was examined and then the fiber count totaled. This is an exceedingly skilled and painstaking operation requiring 2-3 hours for each filter under microscopic examination. See the additional words in Procedure #113 included-in the "O.S.H.A. Fiber & Mineral Dust" paper which can be found in the Appendix. 7 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1760 V? CALCULATIONS Total Fiber Concentration Daily Average Vfeighted Exposure 8 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1761 iw u i-r ai a i u w ~7/l. a . u J t i L o f Engineering & Technical Consultants _ 1999 R. 70 ? Cherry Hill, N. J. 08003 ,.,_l'iauc L/y V .// t,'.' Checked bv `^'r , De sc r i p t i on (MnuPoftB M F u-t c & `P rfts g *jfti feartuifl / v , N ^JSS&ag K3g4- (SiorrA71,000)- _ p,eEa</ ir* \/olu*r>c. Soumplcd S/>WPtFR I FL*tVA/Vtn " 2 S S "n sfn ' Ftfet AdEfrs aC O S ' ms*" K*- 171^(50 S a m p u iJ- 7A TE O-.LPM S a h p u ^ T me,' \5 ~-o SflM.PUiOfr \/(OLUKC H fiTE X TTE I o t a t. T i n e a_s C o o r j r z b l 4 fl\/ Z J \ r E M -t G o U att ( F t E u b ^ - S . o xL?n i6" 0 m ;^. = 30,000 nais. 1. 2. C a l c o l a t i o /u >I FiStft. Co^C'E^rr*5^ATJ0U -- 0 * ^ 0 yi7lt^wC?V) -- C r * S ''mf Fie^s (^irUT 3 32~o fooo Fora #RA"73 South eastern Division 250 ARIZONA AVE., N. E. 1 ATLANTA. GA. 30307 I ( 4>r.JL* S-fT.-^-O * _ _ C" ' SALDIBAR-TCNA 1762 oJO u name,. CouU C 'il -- "--- -- Engineering & Technical. Consultanti 1999 Rt. 70 Cherry Hill, N. j/oaPoT- ' I'ltiuc Wjr . I . f-; tr t , Checked by De scripti on fMllllP^AE. feftHuweJ 6 A/gmgg EJg4~ Cnun-fi(l7f;C O /}ir N/o IlM ^ j#wl. = Pi0Etis/ , Filter.Area n1 Flfibd A<ufr= . O A T k s-- 0 0 & ~ rM1" ^ [71,000 S^MPUJUfi- "RaT 2,0 P/W1 5 a H P l 1iJ6.T7m e .I /2 .0,r * ; m SflH PUjJdr \JoLOHE : O T oT A u T-g E Coon/TC ' H aT X* T T 6 7,0 xLP 4 0 V 0 ,0 O flv/&{LA M ett (jDOfJT ( 6 F iE u b s ) /, ^ C alculation _ C otJC .V -T& P rT\O U -- ( & * - Or b o ^c 0 ^) tn h C O * j_ = 40^.00 /> 0 BflEfts Forra #RA-?3 t'^yyir-^'Bvyw * > -tJ Southcoxtern Division 250 ARIZONA AVE., N. E. 1 ATLANTA, GA. 30307 /<9 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1763 /O ht-C Cr-'J^r^ /i t*M Engineering & Technical Consultants __ < --:' =r ,199 . SB 9 Rt. I 70 - C*e.hierrIy: Hill. = N . J. ' 08003 = c *` u c <-- y C h e c k e d b v > /?yg - ~ 5 Des erjp -tio n [MiiUPaftg M fcftKUl-fl y v , X (ftlie race Qg-j- Cgpr'+Yni.COo)- _ pl6EnJ /)lr" Voluvrie. y 0 jM3M2FuTCft 'U.TEA. AiXt a mw1 FiEt AUSfr= .OftTftiw* ./'r%tvl_ 171,000 5 aMPlUJ6- 7 W & * c^. L/^ 5 A t f P U U T 7 M ' ^7 <2 SfltfPUiJfr l/oLOH. cZ.l P/1 x T t A l.* h e c a- C oorJTz3> s? 3 IH a t TT /s~.c.*/*.= 30 3 c^cco KvJi, /}\/e.r a &- fJer C ooiot" (^3 F ieu^ C a l c u l ATi u Co^F yJTkPtf\ou" ^/u, or i-o-^er^ = 0/ C ` HCfts/ . ^ . Pona #RA-73 SdutHeolfern Division 250 ARIZONA AVE., N. E. - 1 ATLANTA. GA. 30307 \ <404* 377-424R ^ Pace 7 / SALDIBAR-TCNA 1764 Y DA?A SHEETS Events Log Lab Data Sheets 12 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1765 M N 0 LOCATION . * WENTS m S E 1 7- 7 Q -7 ''LOG SALDIBAR-TCNA 1766 lat) # Job Job Name Sample JL - TTLf O n o M Z u set;<L S-j& l - 199? Ri. 70 - Cherry Kill. li .J. 05003 Ah E!ofrJ ji i_____ . Date Wade by - M 1L L J L J d h j- . Checked by PARTICLE OR FIBER MICRON SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY COUNT Magnification H - t id X ________ Classification A s zr s t DS Type Reticle Psm rrO AJ Sampling Method Ms * a--u ~ i~>r-rr r Sample Time /<T,0 .Operation A Field Xr . -w No. a 0 t. n2 . <5 p . 1 % 6rl nJ 2 b 6A/T 3 k <3<17 V 5 /Co 7 6 ff'f fc PARTICLE SIZE CE FIBER LENGTH .5-5 5-10 /A 10-20 20-50 p . 30-I00 j x >100 1 \ 1 1 r? 1 7 /ci * 8 fCj 9 {Citi c? 10 I " S' ^ 1 1 ltv 12 ,>7 0 13 .IK ?c,l\ 1 l >2 l \ 1 1 1 it'i 15 iCy 1 16 ic7 'I1 1 11 _ J ____ 17 H ! 1 18 ic jr tfl 19 ic a h i 1 20 0$ 1 Totals | O i o 14- u 4- o Percenx 1 ~ ~ cP f 5 1 i.57S> f ' - . n I! O 1 . Must count at least 100 fibers or a minimum of 20 fields, o s o 2, Count only fibers having an aspect ratio of at least 3 i1 and a length of 5 microns or larger, 3 Latitude is left-to-right on filter, Longitude is in-and-out on filx 4, This distribution IS NOT on a weight basis. Average Fiber Count Form HA #130D ~ / //" Total Fibers Counted /.<3, . SALDIBAR-TCNA 1767  999 Rt. 70 Cherry Hill. NJ. 08003- *Lab # 3T3ZS Job # ` Job Name TTlf Sample V ia _ ^ S ajULS: IB3b Ah E-QICA Date ____ Made by Checked by LA J ? '; -.Vf PARTICLE OR FIBER MICRON SIZ5 DISTRIBUTION BY COUNT Magnification O Classification T/P.fA. Type Reticle _____ P ~ rQ rJ Sampling- Method Operation Af.x/A^o- 3jlJ2J3J+ME n^Sji ampl!e" T?ime No. a n0 < 5 t. s. 1% 2 I 3-7 3 r 4 qv ' 5 6 7 % V. G, 31 8 ?? ZL 9 10 34 11 i' 12 a -:j1 13 ls_ Hi. 14 hi 15 16 ):r Jo 17 !C{. i s 18 1/..- p'. 19 (01 20 r ;rD T o ta ls O Percent O . 5-5 ;i !1 1 O _j O 5 - 1 0 j i 1 0 - 2 0 ^JL 2 0 - 5 0 /fc 50-10 0 R > 10 0 a. I r f 1 1 i 1 1 =R 1 1 1 j .~) ... .5 ! 1 l1 1 I JL t -2. O O 47./ 7. i j O O 2 Count only fibers having an aspect ratio of at least 3*1 and a length of 5 micro .os or larger. 3o Latitude is left-to-right on filter. Longitude is in-and-out on f il 4. This distribution IS NOT on a weight basis, ..... . - AS*~ Average Fiber Count /.v SALDIBAR-TCNA 1768 m ? Rt. 70 Cherry Hill. H .J . 08003- Xab # Job 21 Job Name T ile ( n o r j r . n . o- A h e l s a . Sample TL^An.L. S3jl2 ____ Date Made by 6",4 . Checked by - / ;./ . PARTICLE OR FIBER MICRON SIZ5 DISTRIBUTION BY COUNT .Magnification - D d X _______ . Classification Type Reticle Sampling Method Field L T0 No. a n <5 /& t. a. PARTICLE .5-5 /i SIZE CS 5-io j t lOperation fc_________ _ tJlULiE.tlOERQSample Time C .7v> `I33R HSNSTH 10-20 ja. 20-50 p . 50-I00 r \ >100 a 1 '3 2 it. il ,/. 8.1 3. * T 1 1 \ ! k itj; 5 }/;; |J 6 if; 13 7 fr li--' 8 *v / n 9 C: i0 10 1 e. i 1 1 Ho 9L* 12 Ho 1=| 13 !i? if . 1 -5 ! ..3 5. \ ' 1 --* 1i. 5. =2. lk n 1 ! 15 US \h 16 ns \ I s _ 17 in `r 18 Hi it / 1 19 Ho 12 1 20 ,01 if i 3L Totals o o 1 h-- i3 _ U. o o Percent J r> ry U 7..XT .3*^ 1 IrZ .I o o Notet l 0 Must count at least 100 fibers or a minimum of 20 fields,- 2 0 Count only fibers having an aspect ratio cf at least 3*1 and a length of 5 microns' or larger. 3 Latitude is left-to-right on filter. Longitude is in-and-out on fil 4 0 This distribution IS NOT on a weight basis. D{ n ^nn _ /p Average Fiber Count / m ^ a. ^ ^ : v. ____-u- ^ SALDIBAR-TCNA 1769 Paper entitled "O.SoH.A. Fiber & Mineral Dust-Tests" 0,,SoH,,Ao Standardr FEDERAL REGISTER p Vol. October 9 1975 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1770 O.S,,H.A FIBER MINERAL DUST TESTS by Don Frost,, Lab Manager & Elizabeth Mahaffy, Chemist ROSSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES Cherry Hill fN,, Jo & Atlantat, Georgia & Painesviilef Ohio The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 commonly known as 0;S.H.A. regulations contains over 7 000 codes,, In this paper we will review three of the substances, asbestos, silica and cotton dust which N.I.O.S.H. (National Institute of Safety & Health a branch of 03.K.A. placed emphasis upon when they initiated their Target Health Hazards Program in January of 1972 N.I.0.5.H, maintains a current list of. criteria standards for exposure to more than twenty hazardous materials The O.S.H.A. codes require that effective August 27 1971 (except for asbestos) all plants with employees exposed to dust or fibers be provided with protective equipment and the operation analyzed to determi: If the contaminates can be eliminated or reduced at the source. This means that it is not enough just to give the operator a breathing mask but rather definite steps must be taken to reduce the contaminate level. The similar effective date for asbestos was June 7 1972. A detail analysis of the requirements of these three materials follows : Asbestos is a general term used to describe several fibrous mineral silicates that occur as white, gray/blue or green masses, either compact or of long silky fibers. The most important'types are: Chrysolite - a simple magnesium silicate; .amosite - a complex magnesium iron silicate; crocidolite - a complex sodium iron silicate Some 95 percent of the world asbestos production comes from chrysolite. The principal danger o asbestos fibers is caused by inhaling. Prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibers between 5 and greater microns (one-millionth of a meter or 1 / 25,000 of an inch) long can produce a lung disease known as asbestosis The nasal pharangeal area and bronchial tubes tend to trap out the non respirable particulates end then dispel them by ciliary action. If this exposure continues for 10 to 20 years, the -tissue reaction progresses until a generalized, diffuse fibrosis occurs, causing severe respiratory disability including lung cancer. The respirable dust may cause a mesotheloma (layer of the lung or gut lining) tumor to develop or even gastro-intestinal cancer Th 'analysis of filters containing asbestos fibers is much more difficult. This requires at least a S3,000 trioctal microscope with phase contrast optics and an attached focusable Polaroid camera. The microscope should be located in a laminar flow booth or in a separate, clean room with temperature and humidity controls. Most important, it requires a skilled technician trained in the filter handling and optical procedures and with the patience to perform t h e `required statistical sar pling techniques. Figures on ?g, 4 show asbestos fibers at various magr fixations and with the Forton recticle as background. The statistical 1 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1771 counting plan requires couiiuj.!^ n u c i o a- ----- ----- -- . . Analysis sectionT Sometimes it is necessary to count the fibers in 100 or more "fields" in the Porton recticle. This has been compared with .searching on your hands and laiees to count four leaf clovers in a one acre field The 0 oS,,H.Ao codes currently require every employee exposed to asbestos fibers to be tested at least every six months and the records be maintained for reviev/ by O.S.H.A. representativesB O.S.H.A. codes state employers shall provide a medical examination within 30 days of the employees8 first occupational exposure to asbestos and provide at least an annual examination thereafter Also an examination is required within 30 days of termination of employment These requirements are fully detailed in Reference (10 )0 Many plant engineers/hygienists are not aware that on July l s 19760 the O.S.H.A. limits on airborne asbestos will become more restrictive as shown in Table A 0 The future proposed codes are also shown below SUMMARY OF ASBESTOS REQUIR5K5NT3 Primary Requirements Present Code Effective Code Since 6/7/72 On 7/1/76 Proposed Code 1. Allowable Ceiling Limit 2 Allowable TV/A (Time Weighted Average for . 8 hours exposure) 10 fibers*/ ml 5 fibers*/ ml 10 fibers*/ 5 fibers* ml /ml 2 fibers*/ .5 fibers* ml /ml fiber defined as larger than 5 microns in length and having an aspect ratio of at least 3 si.. TABLE A On the following page are the actual results of an asbestos test conducted by ROSSKAGEL & ASSOCIATES. The Table I results, listed in the column headed "Extrop d a t e d TV/A 5 ^ or longer fibers" shows one man's exposure above the 5 fiber limit (the limit allowed through July 1, 1976 and three men exposed to a level above 2 fibers (the planned new allowable limit effective after July 1, 1976). .These asbestos levels were reached in a process using asbestos pallets. On Page 4 are photomicrographs showing the high density of asbestos fibers in this test. The photomicrographs show fibers of 5, 10 and 27 microns in size. SALDIBAR-TCNA 1772 JL A RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS RESULTS The results of the Asbestos Fiber Counting Test are shown in Table I below ASBESTOS FIBER COUNTING RESULTS Sam Per ple sonal NOo Samle No* Location/ Activity Total Count FIBERS Extra 5 j u or longer polated TWA (3) Concen Allowable 5 ml or Avgo tration Limit longer Count Fibers/ Fibers/ fibers ml (1) nl (2) Allowac Limit for TWA W 1 ; 2 ** 3 Mr. P39 CCaassttienrg Dept. 121 6.05 2.22 Mr. General Heloer Pif-0. Kiln Dept. 89 A . J-5 1 .5 9 Mr. Hand Molder Mold Dept. 514 25-7 9o'l6 Ceiling 2.22 concen- - tration- is 10 lo59 fibers/ ml if 5 m or longer. 9.16 Five fibers ml if 5 m or longer General A Vk6 Serviceman 207 l o A 3.90 Mold Dept. 3.90 TA3LE I Notes? 1) Concentration of fibers/ml is" calculated on basis of sample volume and area of membrane filter and microscope field area0 2) Allowable Limit is 10 fibers/ml ceiling limit in the site of 5 -ai or longer, based on 0 oS.K.Ao limit *3). Extrapolated TWA is a mathematical calculation. TWA is. Time Weighted Averageo 4) Allowable limit for TWA is 5 fibers/ml in size of 5-d or longer, based on O.S.K.A. limit. It is expected July 1, 1976, this limit will be changed to 2 fibers/ . ml. See discussion on Page 7, SALDIBAR-TCNA 1773 - -\ j V ' . 4- ^ . , A. . _ I p Vf^j ' Sif' 'Photom ^ ^ -**: ~"~1 * ` >-'-*- JJJS- 'asbestos fibers of varying micron sizes found in the Personal Sampl- v ing0 .' -____ V ~ v l ` ' "^>['*1 i 4' y :llL \ \ - : M j V ^ ^ ^ ^ T h i s fiber is about 27 microns in iS ize y .- -- '-l~ m \ r ^ . ' ? ov .* r S J T \' * < > s `\ ,J* r r ;. ? ..v All photomicrographs are taken at 520X magnification using phase con trast outics. SALDIBAR-TCNA 1774 Silica is an oxide of silicon and is xne c n a r a c i e n s u e iiisisui.ciiu __ <0f a great variety of minerals, including quartz, cris to halite, tridymite ""'amethyst, and sand. It is widely used in cores for metal casting oper ations,. ceramics, decorative materials, insulations, floor tile, building materials and glass. Inhalation of these particles can produce rapidlydeveloping (acute) or chronic silicosis - a disabling lung disease Typically the lung tissue reacts to the presence of silica particles by forming fibrous matter around the particle Evidence suggests that particles belov/ one micron (one-millionth of a meter) in size may be the most dangerous since they nay penetrate deeper into the lungs in high concentrations (See Figure I)fl In rapidly developing silicosis, symptoms appear 8 to 18 months after the first exposure,, Chronic silicosis., the type usually encountered in industry, generally, is produced only after years of silica inhalation. The symptoms for either type are the same slowly increasing difficulty in breathing under exertion. .In some worker large masses of dense fibrous tissue develop in the upper portion of the lungs, leading to severe respiratory crippling. Tuberculosis is a freque complication of silicosis. Listed belov/ is a summary of the mineral dust (silica) limits. These requirements are fully detailed in Reference (11) SUMMARY 0? O.S.K.A. MINERAL DUST LIMITS Silica: 'Crystalline s Quartz (respirable)------------ 10ag/M^_________ ' fo respirable quartz + 2 Quartz (total dust)------------ 30mg/l??_______ quartz t 2 Cristobalite: Use f- the value calculated from the count or mass formulae for quarts. Tridymite: Use i the value calculated from the formulae for quartz Amorphous, including natural diatomaceous - earth. 80m g A r TfeSlO^ Coal dust (respirable fraction less than Sfo quartz)---- ----------- For more than 57* quartz----------- Inert or Nuisance Dusts Respirable fraction----------Total dust---------- --- ------- Notes t 2 oOmg/lP or o lOmg/f/r_______________ respirable quartz + 2 * 5mg/M? 1 5 n g /W 1) Respirable dust consists of particles v/hich are .5 to 10 microns In diameter. 2) mg = milligram 3) M = cubic meter TABLE B SALDIBAR-TCNA 1775 DUST PENETRATION INTO LUNGS On -the foilowing pages are the actual results of dust and silica tests conducted by 30SSKAG5L & ASSOCIATES. Remember, in testing for silica, one actually performs a normal dust level test and then analyzes the catch for the silica content. The final results show on Table II that two of the ouerators0 ex posure to dust was oyer the TLV Threshold .Limit of 10mg/r.:3 of air as listed in the last column. Note that three samples were taken on one man and two samples on each of the other two men. This was done to avoid too"high a filter collection by using more than one filter. Note also the proportion of the dust loading caught in the cyclone or that caught in the filter (the respirable portion). In Table III it is seen that all three operators' exposure to free silica ranged from h.l to 10$of the respirable dust ca ator was within the calculated TLV. However, each of the three operator exceeded the T.7A for free silica which is specified by N .1.0 ,S 0H.' as a maximum of .050mg/i<l3. 6 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1776 RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS & KECUy^EINJATIMS Ru ES1 UL1 TS' The data from the Personal.Sampler tests is presented in Table II he low 8 PERSONAL SAMPLER DUST LOADING TEST DATA : Personal Sampler Time Flow Sam Dust Dust Concen Thrc Installed on Sam- Sam Rate, ple Test loading tration 0: and Date pie pled, lit Vol tht0 ma./m3 of Lim . Job Description ; # Min ers/ ume, cy fii- air utes min. m3 clone ter Total ?.est>i- of rab'le# F 30 1.86 .080 o3 . .1 Mr. 12/ 17 P3^ 120 1.86 .223 3.0 loO ID-.3 8.26 i Cupola Operator * P37 104- 1.86 .193 2 08 2 MrTM 12/ ?31 100 2.0 .200 1.0 Q if- 28.9 1 *5..71 n Grinder/Ladle 17 P36 111 2 . 0 .j.222 ^.8 Hrr* '3; .Line Miscell aneous 12/ P32 17 P35 97 2.0 97 2.0 .19^ .19^- 1.0 2?,,2 12 .Q 1 fc.O TABLE II * from FEDERAL REGISTER, Vol. 36, No. 105 Kay 29, 1971. -This is allowable limit for 6 hr. exposure of fugitive dust. It is also sometimes written as 30 m.p.p.,c.f. (million particles per cubic feet). # Respirable concentration is based on filter catch only. This . is the amount of particulates which went through the inlet cyclone and were deposited on the filter. This respirable portion represents particulates which are believed to be distributed as shewn'in the following table taken from the U.So Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service Publication # 6l L 0 100# respirable at 2 microns 75# respirable at 2 .5 microns 50# respirable at 3-5 microns ~ ' 25# respirable at 5 microns 0# respirable at 10'microns Below .5 microns a major portion of the respirables are believed to be entrained into the lung tissue and to then ; enter the blood system, alimentary canal and are excreted. See also, the reference page in the Appendix from the H . E .V. Syllabus on "The Industrial Environment." . 7 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1777 The data fron the silica analysis the filter samples irom the Personal Samplers is shown below* ' PERSONAL SAMPLER AIRBORNE SILICA CONCENTRATION RESULTS ss Personal Sampler Installed oh and Job Description Mr. i Cupola Operator Filter Dust Lo ading Respi rable ' mg . Percent Silica* by Wto Silica Limit mgm/m3 # Respi rable mg/a3 Respirable Silica Results (as .compared with Table I* Col 8) Exceeds Within TLV TLV TWA*' mg/oe 4.1 10.0 .41 y o23 1 0r0\ . 2 MGrr.inder/Ladle 5.8 50 1.37 y .14 Mr. . 3 Line/misc. 50 4ol 1.6 1 ,21 TABLE III y .08 * See"Section III for description of NIOSH method used to determine silica concentration. Silica (Si02) assured to be~100* quartz. Time Weighted Average (Corrected) - Each operator wore Personal Sampler for 3 t to 4J-. hours. The other tasks projected over 8 hours were assumed to have no free silica involved TLV = _______ 10_mg/m3______ _ froB a .C.G.I.K. Manual Respirable Quarts + 2 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1778 Cotton dust occurs throughout the textile industry and affects cotton* flax and soft hemp workers The greatest exposure to cotton dust generally occurs during the carding of cotton - an operation that combs out cotton fibers and sets them parallel by drawing them between toothed cylinders However* machinery throughout the cotton mill must be cleaned frequently* and much exposure to cotton dust occurs then While the exact effects of cotton dust are not known* prolonged exposure to heavy air concentrations can cause a d isabling l u n g disease known as byssinosiso It has been determined that it is not the cotton fibers themselves but the materials adhering to cotton fibers * such as unwanted leaf* stem and bo l l trash* w h ich whe n inhaled* elicit a n allergic reaetio: o r response ,, Byssinosis g e n e rally advances through three recognizable stages, The first is commonly called "Monday fever" and begins only after ex posure of.more th a n 10 years, Workers develop an irritating cough* tightness of the chest and breathlessness. The. attacks us u a l l y come on Monday* or after a period of absence from the plant and last only a day or so? hence the nam e "Monday fever". In the second stage* these symptom extend over more days in the week and finally become permanent,, If exposure to cotton dust is ended at this stage* recovery can occur. In the third stage, the tightness of the chest and labored breathing become so distressing the worker must leave the industry. The disease can progress then to chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Listed belo*.v is a summary of the cotton dust limits. m e n t s are. fully detailed i n Reference (12), These require SUMMARY OF COTTON DUST R53UIR5K5NTS Primary Requirements -------------- ---------------- - Allowable Limit No government code A.C.G.I.H. suggests TLV of .2 m e / cubic meter TABLE C SALD IB AR -TCN A 1779 Testing Now that you understand the problem, how do you analyze each em ployee or work station? This is done with a Personal Sampler which con sists of a battery operated pump, a flow regulator and a filter assembly The two major suppliers of Personal Samplers are 3endix and MSA MSA, Millipore and Bendix manufacture plain filters and Andersen 2000 pro vides a filter head which can separate the respirable and non-respirable dust (see FIGURE II) The plain filter head is used for sampling*fibers and gravimetric sampling. A filter head with an upstream cyclone (vertical elutriator) is used for silica/dust and cotton sampling (see FIGURES III & I V ),, MSA and Bendix supply the vertical elutriators The reason for'not using a plain filter when sampling for silica and cotton dust is .that from"a standpoint of health, only that portion of the dust which is deposited deeD in the respiratory system is harmful (See FIGURE I for lung penetration"). Therefore, NIOSH has divided the contamination levels into respirable and non-respirable categories The respirable contaminants are between .5 and 10 microns. These are the contaminants which remain in the lungs Most common filter heads for measuring silica dust do not differen tiate between respirable and non-respirable. ROSSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES uses the two category filters, but also makes use of the Andersen 2000 Mini-Sampler (see FIGURE II) head on certain tests for two reasons. One reason is the Mini-Sampler is smaller than any other filter head used for dust and the second is that it divides the respirable dust into 5 -size categories. This is important both for which area of the lungs is affected and for selecting control equipment, we also use the MSA^flat filter for many applications. A summary of the filter types is shown in Table D below* SUMMARY OF FILTER & CYCLONE USES Substance Filter Type* Is Vertical Elutriator (Cyclone) Esc'd. Asbestos 1. Cellulose Membrane Fiber (recommended by NIOSK)# No 2 PVC (recommended by MSA.)# Silica, 1. Cellulose Membrane Free (for colorimetric analysis) Yes 2. PVC (for X-ray diffration) Dust 1 ..Cellulose Membrane ` * ' oZPVC Yes 3. Anderson Cascade Impactors Cotton I. Cellulose Membrane Dust (for fiber sizing use) Yes 2. PVC (for gravimetric use) TABLE D ^(See Notes on following page) 10 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1780 * The use of the p r o p e r type of filter is v e r y critical when exami- ' nation is p erformed since the microscopic filter itself must be : ' cleared by a specific clearing solution. Some filters used in sampling as T r i a c e t a t e 'metricel have a clearing solution, however, the clarity with which to optically size fibers is not as sharp as other filters A different clearing solution is used for each filter type # 37 mm dia filters Extreme care must be utilized during the actual test to insure accurate results. The sampling period should be from 2-8 h r s .* depending on circumstances. If less than "8 hrs. of testing i.s done, the TWA calculation is corrected to an 8 hr. base. There is some confusion on whether the actual sampling period should include time away from the work station for lunch and breaks. We suggest the following guidelines. If an operator is exposed to severe dust, for example, only during un loading of bags for one hour at the start of the shift, then it would be an overly severe test to only conduct sampling on him during that time (unless a "worst c a s e " test is d e s i r e d ) '. The time sampled should reflect his normal operations, preferably for at least k hours. The photos in the attached Procedure #113 show the preferred loca tion of the Mini-Sampler on the shirt lapel near the nose. The Mi n i Sampler or filter head is pointed downward so as to simulate the nose and not collect particulates falling from gravity e f f e c t s . The flow rate should be checked periodically during the test since it can change due to the filter loading or the battery discharging. The person being tested should also be watched to insure that he doei not ca a n y t h i n g . which could affect the accuracy of the t e s t . Persons wearing the equip ment have frequently been caught taping the filter with a dirty glove to get a higher reading for v i n d i c t i v e ' r e a s o n s . The test pump is u s u ally attached to the belt in back of the operator as shown in the photos The sampling flow rates' should be set for 1.0 to 2.5 liters/min. or as limited by the Personal Sampler pump capability. The person conduct ing the test should check the flow rate at least every half hour and more frequently, if necessary. However, this is only the first half o f the test. ROSSNAGSL- & ASSOCIATES can provide the samplers or you can' buy them and do this part of the test in your own plant. The second important cart of the test occurs when vou end the test, shut o f The pump the filter and then face the lab a n a l y s i s . ' The filters used in collec tion of cotton dust and silica dust are cried in a desiccator and pre weighed to . 1 mg. before the test and then dried in a desiccator and weighed'again after the test to determine the weight of dust collected and then divided by the sample volume to arrive- at a concentration level which is compared to the limits in Table B C. The attached Procedure #113 "Checklist for O.S.H.A. Personal Sampling, ** details the other important considerations to be taken to properly conduct such tests. * sampling as low as 1 5 minutes is acceptable for asbestos ^1 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1781 P E R S O N N E L SAMPLING vjirvuimI Andersen Mini-Sampler MSA pump',, gravimetric filter and cyclone Bendix pumpp gravimetri filter and cyclone FIGURE III 12 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1782 * The final test report should include copies of all the original field data and calculation sheets as well as backup photomicrographs R0SSNAG2L & ASSOCIATES is able to issue all its. 0 0S eH,,Ao test reports within a maximum of 10 v/orking days. If you have an inplant dust or fiber problem it is to your advantage to take steps to determine its severity before O.SoKoA the union or a legal claim requires it, It is your minimum responsibility References g ` (1) General Industry Guide for Applying Safety & Health Standards c 0S0H0A0 2072 (2 ) Target Health Hazards 0,,S,H.Ao 20510 (3) V/hat Every Employer Needs to Know About O.S.K.A. Record Keepings OoS.HoA. Report ^12 W Record Keeping Requirements under the Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety & Health "Act of 1970, (5 ) Federal Register,, (6) Federal Register V o l a37 N o 0 202 dated Oct, 18, 1972 Part I I 0 Y o l 037 No dated June 7 1972, Part (7) Federal Register (8) Federal Register, Vol,, 39 No 125, dated June 27 197^, Part II Vol. fO, No, 197 dated Oct, 9 1975 Part II (9) NoloO.S.K. Manual of Analytical Methods 197^_ (10) NoIoO.S.Ko Criteria Document - "Occupational Exposure to Asbestos" 1972 (11) N 0I 0O 0S.H Criteria Document - "Occupational Exposure to Crystalli: Silica", 1974 - (12) N.I.O.S.H. Criteria Document - "Occupational Exposure to Cotton Dust", 197^ *13 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1783 ] L. CHECKLIST 199 9 RT. 7 0 CHERRY HILL. H. J. 08003 . (609) 424-4440 FOR 0. S. H. A. PERSONAL J 250 ARI ZONA a i A T LA N T A . GA_ 503 07 (404) 377-4243 PROCEDURE =1113 SAILING' 3/22/76 0 Lab and Test Equipment Preparation 1, Determine which type of filters will be used a 0 Cyclone & Prewelshed Filters* Two types depending on r Size* 37 mm Mfgo * Bendix, MSA b 0 Filter in Plastic Holder Size*37 mm Membrane Filter MfgoMillipore, Gelman Co Andersen Particle Size Distribution Filter Head 5 plates plus final filter FilteriType A Glass Fiber 25 mm 2 o Verify the Personal Samplers are proparly calibrated. 3o Desiccate fillers for at least 2^ hours before weighing. 1-0 Record weights on RA Form. #26 and. keep weighed reference fi in desiccator. 5o Get all batteries charged from power packs 6o Check calibration of units for filter to be used. Bo On ~Dav of Test lo Start Events Log Sheet on RA Form #28 upon arrival and then contact operating personnel at test location, 2, Just prior to start of test, place pumps vertically and tur on and adjust flow rate for test. Use required flow rate. Filter head must be attached for this adjustment, 3,, Carefully place equipment on person to be sampled. 3e sure to have filter pointing down and close to nose of operator, see attached photo page for proper placement. Check each individual wearing a filter ana'flow rate at least every If minutes. k 0Record each time an .individual's pump is turned on or off, such as for lunch or leaving the plant. C * Post Test Lab Work 1. 20 3 -f-o Dry filters in oven if gravimetric analysis is to be done, Desiccate filters or sampler plates for at least 2k- hours before weighing, Weigh and record on RA Form #26. Keep samples in laminar flow booth in particle size lab. D 0 Microscopic Examination 1, Follow Micron Size Distribution Analysis Procedure #11^ or O.S.H.A. Fiber Statistical Microscopic Sampling Procedure - 2, Save all filter samples in p r o p e r .labeled and dated case, 3o Take at least, one typical photomicrograph of a group of fil if customer requires Particle Size Distribution analysis. ` ' SALDIBAR-TCNA 1784 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1785 r. \*i-m v*-** . N J . (201) 3 3 9 -4 2 0 9 A IR - WATER - NOISE Engineering d Testing Consultants 1999 RT. 7 0 CHERRY HILL. N. J. 0 3 0 0 3 (609) 424 4440 Soitthoaitom Division 250 Arizona Avenue N. I Atlanta Georgia 30307 (404) 377-4248 O STACK & EXHAUST TESTING O BES1GN OF AIR/WATER/NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS O SPECIFICATIONS / DRAWINGS O CHEMICAL. ANALYSIS O GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY O INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE (O.S.H.A O WATER POLLUTION TESTING WE PERFORM FIBER AND DUS? TESTING TO O.S.K.A. REQUIREMENTS R0SSNAGEL & ASSOCIATES is fully equipped and experienced in conducting asbestos 9cotton, rock wool and other fiber tests as as dust tests to the O.SoHoA* requirements This includes performin: both the ""Personal Sampling" (at a rate of 2 liters/min) plus the very specialized sample preparation and microscopic fiber counts using statistical techniques under 400X-V30X magnification A fiber is defined as larger than 5 microns in length and having an aspect ratio of at least 3*1 Analysis is done in our laminar flow 51clean booth" in our temperature and humidity controlled laboratory Our comprehensive test report will provide you with precise problem definition backed by photomicrographs We utilize Criteria Documents published by NIOSKi f "Occupational Exposure to A s b e s t o s 1972 .o "Occupational Exposure to Cotton Dust," 197^ o "Occupational Exposure to Crystalline Silicaf" 197^ If your company requires these tests, be assured ROSSNAGSL & ASSOCIATES will provide prompt efficient testing and analysis service Call or write for further informationi Wo Bo Rossnagel, P.E. President (609) 4 2 ^ - W * 0 D J Frost Lab Manager Call our Southeastern Division (Atlanta) office Keith Bentley Division Manager (JfOJf) 3 7 7 - ^ 2 ^ 8 * Occupational Safety & Health Act of 1970 Form #RA-65E " TEST IT FIRST SO YOU REALLY KNOW WHAT THE i A IS *1 SALDIBAR-TCNA 1786