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CAM-293 Talc and Pyrophyllite By Robert L. Virta1 Total domestic production and sales of crude and processed talc and pyrophyllite increased slightly from those of 1985. Exports of talc decreased slightly in tonnage and increased 14% in value. Domestic Data Coverage.-Domestic production and sales data for talc and pyrophyllite are developed by the Bureau of Mines from a voluntary survey of U.S. mines and mills. Of the 98 mines and mills to which a survey request was sent, 83 responded, representing 85% of the U.S. production data shown in table 1. Production for the 15 nonrespondents was estimated using reported prior year production levels adjusted by trends in employment and other guidelines. Table I.-Salient talc and pyropbyllite statistics (Thousand short tons and thousand dollars) 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 United States: MineTrpurcod_uc_t_io_n_, c_ru_d_e_: _______________________ Pyrophyllite ___________________________ Total _____________________________ 1,049 87 11,135 980 87 11,066 1,042 85 1,127 1,188 81 1,269 1,219 83 1,302 ValuTer:uc ______________________________ Pyrophyllite_________________________ $19,540 1,131 $18,998 $21,755 1,282 1,412 $27,768 $29,687 1,420 1,540 Total -------------------------- SoldTbryucpro_d_u_ce_r_s,_c_ru_d_e_a_nd_p_r_oc_e_ss_e_d:______________ Pyrophyllite ________________ ..:. __________ Total _____________________________ 20,671 20,280 23,167 29,188 31,227 915 110 1,025 1,038 125 1,163 1,101 97 1,198 1,067 rSl rl,148 1,070 83 1,153 VruuTer:uc ______________________________ Pyrophyllite_________________________ $82,104 $104,739 $112,515 $114,542 $111,924 3,557 4,057 3,578 r3,273 3,366 Exports2 Total (talc) ___ _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _- _-_-_-_- Vruue _______________________________ WoAIrmldp:p~PoVnrrrtotusdu~fuoe~crt~cioopnntsui_m_op_~t_iio_=n_=(t_=al_C=)_=3_=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_-=_- 85,661 232 $12,957 27 $6,264 820 r7,785 108,796 218 $12,916 44 $7,691 989 r7,781 116,093 256 $16,162 45 $9,156 1,009 8,396 r117,815 237 $14,282 47 $9,532 1,079 PS,661 115,290 234 $16,302 52 $8,715 1,120 e8,529 ~timated. PPreliminary. IRevised. 1Data do not add to total shown because of independent rounding. 2Excludes powders-talcum (in package), face, and compact. 3Does not include imported pyrophyllite. "Production, plus imports, minus exports, plus adjustments in Government and industry stock changes. 917 918 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 Legislation and Government Programs.~The Occupational Safety and Health. Administration (OSHA) enacted a ruling, effective July 21, 1986, that limits worker exposure to actinolite, anthophyllite, asbestos, and tremolite to 0.2 fiber per cubic centimeter per 'S-hour work period.2 OSHA also required employee training and medical surveillance when exposure levels exceed 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter. A9-month administrative stay was placed on that portion of the ruling covering the nonasbestiform varieties of actinolite, anthophyllite, and tremolite.3 Worker exposure to the nonasbestiform va- rieties was limited to 2.0 fibers per cubic centimeter by the administrative stay. The Environmental Protection Agency proposed standards under Section 3 of the Clean Air Act to limit particulate emissions from new, modified, and reconstructed calciners and dryers at mineral processing plants. Seventeen minerals and concen- trates including talc' are covered.under the proposal. The proposed. standard wo~d lim~ it particulate emissions to 0.09 gram per dry standard cubic meter for calciners and drYers installed in series, and 0.025 for dryers alone.4 The allowable depletion rates established under the Tax Reform Act of1969 remained at 22% for domestic and 14% for foreign block steatite. U.S. import duties on talc minerals from most favored nations were crude and unground, 0.02 cent per pound; ground, washed, powdered, and!or pulverized, 3.8% ad valorem; cut, sawed, or in blanks, crayons, cubes, disks, or other forms, free; and other not specifically provided for, 4.8% .ad valorem. The stockpile inventories of 1,081 short tons for block or lump talc and 1,809 tons for ground talc at yearend were unchanged from those of 1985. DOMESTIC PRODUCTION Talc.-U.S. mine production of crude talc increased slightly in tonnage and 7% in value. Talc, including soapstone, was produced at 34 mines in 9 States. Ten mines that operated in California, Montana, New York, Texas, and Vermont accounted for 71% of domestic talc production. Montana led all States in the tonnage and value of talc produced. The largest domestic producers of talc, listed alphabetically, are Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co. and Pfizer Inc., Minerals, Pigments & Metals Div., with mines in California and Montana; R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. in New York; and Windsor Minerals Inc. in Vermont and California. The Clay and Mineral Div. of United Catalysts Inc., a subsidiary of the Federal Republic of Germany's Siid-Chemie AG, purchased Southern Talc Co. ofChatsworth, GA. Southern Talc's Rock Cliff Mine was closed, and its Earnest Mine was reopened. A higher-quality talc was produced at the Earnest Mine than at the Rock Cliff Mine by using selective mining techniques.5 The Montana Talc Co., a joint venture between NICOR Mineral Ventures and Meridian Land and Minerals Co., began operating its mine and mill facilities near Ennis, MT. The talc was used primarily in paint, paper, and plastics.6 The Alberene Stone Co. of Schuyler, VA, was purchased by Suomen Vuolukivi Oy of Finland. The purchase included the 27-acre plantsite, machinery, buildings, and a lease on the extraction rights for the quarries. Suomen Vuolukivi plans to make fireplaces, wood stoves, cooking ware, and other soapstone products. The plant will operate as the New Alberene Stone Co.7 Cyprus obtained surface and mineral rights to 3,000 acres of land near Alpine, AL, including a 'mine that previously supplied the Alpine mill facilities With cosmetic-grade talc. In addition, drilling indicated large reserves of high qual,ity talc. Talc mined from Cyprus' Montana talc operations will continue to be processed at the Alpine mill.8 The company also announced a reorganization of its four industrial minerals divisions into one organization. Several regional offices will be closed, and its international marketing group will be expanded.9 Acqui-Tal Inc. merged with Vermont Talc Co. The Acqui-Tal mill facilities at Johnson, VT, were upgraded and new milling equipment installed. Production from the Johnson mill, which uses flotation processing, will supplement output from Vermont Talc's Chester mill.l0 Vermont Talc also planned to open a mine near Troy to supply talc to the Johnson mill. Drilling on the 600acre parcel indicated a large reserve of asbestos-free talc.11 The Pennsylvania Bureau of Mines and TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE 919 Reclamation issued mining and mine drainage permits for a talc mine in Fulton Township. The open pit has a proposed depth of 300 feet.12 Pyrophyllite.-Pyrophyllite was produced by four companies operating six mines in California and North Carolina. Total production increased slightly from that of 1985. Table 2.-Crude talc and pyrophyllite produced in the United States, by State (Thousand short tons and thousand dollars) State California ______ Georgia (talc) ____ North Carolina ___ Texas (talc)______ Other1 (talc) _____ Total _______ 1985 1986 Qwmtity Value Quantity Value 100 2,493 16 111 85 1,604 261 5,245 807 19,735 64 1,528 9 61 83 1,552 283 6,456 863 21,630 1,269 29,188 1,302 31,227 1Includes Arkansas, Montana, New York, Oregon, Vermont, Virginia (1985), and Washington. CONSUMPTION AND USES Apparent domestic consumption of crude and processed talc and pyrophyllite increased slightly. Sales of talc and pyrophyllite increased slightly in tonnage and decreased slightly in value. End-use distribution of ground talc was ceramics, 35%; paint, 17%; paper, 13%; roofing, 11%; plastics, 7%; cosmetics, 5%; rubber, 3%; insecticides, 1%; and other 8%. The largest portion, 55%, of domestically produced ground pyrophyllite was used in ceramics, 17% was used in refractories, 11% in insecticides, and 17% other. Table 3.-End uses for ground talc and pyrophyllite (Thousand short tons) Use ~rmm~ _____________________ _ Cosmeti~2 ____________________ _ Insecticides ____________________ _ Paint ________________________ _ PPlaas~tLi~--_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_~_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ Refractories____________________ _ Roo~ ______________________ _ Rub~r _______________________ _ Other4 ------------------------ Total1 _____________________ _ Talc 296 46 1 144 125 70 5 100 21 101 921 1985 Pyrophyl- lite 72 3 12 2 1 20 2 12 124 Total 368 49 19 146 125 71 25 102 27 113 1,045 Talc 343 46 6 168 127 69 3 106 25 90 983 1986 Pyrophyllite 64 3 13 2 1 20 2 (3) 13 116 Total1 407 49 18 170 127 69 22 108 25 103 1,099 IData may not add to totals shown because of inde~ndent rounding. 2Jncomplete data. Some cosmetic talc known to ~ included with "Other." 3Less than 112 unit. 4Includes art sculpture, asphalt filler and coatings, crayons, floor tile, foundry facings, rice polishing, stucco, and uses not specified. PRICES Talc prices varied depending on the quality and on the degree and method of processing. Prices, quoted by the Engineering and Mining Journal, December 1986, per short ton of domestic grourid talc, in carload lots, f.o.b. mine or mill, including containers follow: 920 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 New Jersey: Mineral pulp, bags extra______ -_ Vermont: 98% through 325 mesh, bulk __ - -99.99% through 325 mesh, bags: Dry prOcessecL _ - ___ - - - - -Water beneficiated _____ - - - New York: 96% through 200 mesh ___ - _ - - -98% to 99.25% through 325 mesh -100% through 325 mesh, fluid-energy ground ____ - - - -- CalSiftoarnndiau:U ________________ _ Fractionated ______________ _ NUcromad _______________ _ Cosmetic steatite __ - ___ - - - - - Georgia: 98% through 200 mesh ______ - -99% through 325 mesh______ - -100% through 325 mesh, fluid-energy ground ________ _ $18.50-$20.50 70.00 147.00 213.00-228.00 62.00- 75.00 83.00-100.00 165.00 130.00 37.00- 71.00 150.00-220.00 44.00- 65.00 50.00 60.00 100.00 Approximate equivalents, in dollars per al Minerals (London), December 1986, for short ton, of price ranges quoted in Industri- talc, c.i.f.main European ports, follow: NorGwreoguinand:(ex store) ___________ _ NUcromad (ex store) _________ _ French, fine-ground- ___________ _ Italian, cosmetic-grade __________ _ ChiUneKse2,0n0omrmeashl (-e_x_st_o_re_):________ _ UK325mesh- _____________ _ New York, paint, minimum 20-ton lot__ $126-$140 161- 224 168- 266 245 197 206 175 FOREIGN TRADE Exports.-Talc exports decreased slightly, although its value increased 14%. Prices ranged from $31 to $530 per ton, averaging $70 per ton. Mexico was the major importer of U.S. talc, accounting for 48% of the tonnage shipped, followed by Canada, 25%; Japan, 9%; and Belgium-Luxembourg, 6%. Canada and Mexico led in value of ~ports, each with 27% of the total. Sixty countries imported U.S. talc. Imports.-U.S. imports for consumption of talc increased 11%. Imports from Canada increased 26%. Canada was the leading source of imported talc with 72%, followed by Australia with 18%. Canada and China accounted for 67% of the value of all imported talc. Table 4.-U.S. exports of talc1 (Thousand short tons and thousand dollars) Year 1982 _________ 1983 _________ 1984 _________ 1985 _________ 1986 _________ BelgiumLuxembourg Quantity Value Canada2 Quan- . tity Value Japan Quan- tity Value Mexico Quan- tity Value Other Quan- tity Value Total Quan- tity Value 18 1,263 1 55 11 722 6 373 15 1,273 63 4,208 74 4,629 76 5,265 81 4,864 59 4,411 9 439 16 1,077 22 1,518 18 1,422 22 1,707 102 3,083 86 2,805 107 3,696 108 4,492 112 4,464 40 3,964 41 4,350 40 4,961 24 3,131 27 4,447 232 12,957 218 12,916 256 16,162 237 14,282 4234 16,302 lExcludes powders-talcum (in package), face, and compact. 2Jrobably includes shipments in transit through Canadian ports. 3Includes 56 countries. 4Data do not add to total shown because of independent rounding. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE 921 Country Table 5.-U.S. imports for consumption of talc, by country Crude and unground Quantity Value (short (thoutons) sands) Ground, washed, powdered, or pulverized Quantity Value (short (thoutons) sands) Cut and sawed Quantity Value (short (thoutons) sands) Talc, n.s.p.f. Value (thousands) Total unmanufactured1 Quantity Value (short (thoutons) sands) 14,868 $2,040 27,978 $5,126 1,807 $1,030 $960 44,653 $9,156 16 1,363 29 29,665 271 1,013 5,055 5,750 2,201 1,848 46,895 503 4,322 1,160 370 1,297 442 1,438 9,532 1986: . Australia ___ _ 9,353 569 Brazil ____ ~~ 50 862 423 Canada _____ China ______ Italy _______ 46 237 5 37,475 903 147 5,152 699 44 Korea, Republic oL_______ 3 1,130 319 rnher __________~~__~~__~~____~____~____~____~454~__~2,1~02 __~1,~509 Totali ____ 795 51,973 8,715 iData may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. 2Jncludes 15 countries. 3Includes 17 countries. Source: Bureau of the Census. WORLD REVIEW The United States remained the world's largest talc producer, and Japan remained the largest pyrophyllite producer. China, Japan, and the UnitedStates accounted for 45% of the world's talc and pyrophyllite production. Australia.-Thames Mining NL acquired the Mount Seabrook talc mine in Western Australia following settlement of a dispute over the legal ownership of the mine. Thames Mining also began mapping and drilling at its Livingstone talc deposit, near Mount Seabrook, to determine reserves and potential mining sites.13 Thames Mining granted Cyprus exclusive rights to purchase all cosmetic-grade talc produced at the Mount Seabrook Mine and a I-year option to be the exclusive purchaser of its industrial-grade talC.14 Canada.-Intemational Larder Minerals Inc. acquired the Harvey Hill Copper Mine near Quebec and began modifying existing mine and mill facilities for talc production. Proven talc reserves were estimated at 4 million tons, with additional probable reserves of 2.2 million tons.15 Steetley Talc Ltd. continued a multiyear expansion program for its Timmons Mine and mill facilities.. The expansion plans included installing a ball mill, cyclone classifiers, and flotation cells. These upgrades would double production to approximately 60,000 tons and increase its product line. Steetley Talc produced talc for use in cosmetics, paint, paper, plastics, and rubber.18 Bakertalc Inc. planned an expansion of its Highwater mill facilities in Quebec. The expansion was to include the purchase of a pebble mill to wet-grind talc ore for feed to a flotation circuit, doubling production capacity to 20,000 tons per year.17 United Kingdom.-Shetland Talc Ltd., jointly owned by Dalriada Mineral Ventures Ltd. and Anglo-European Minerals Ltd., obtained permission for exploratory drilling in a talc-magnesite deposit near Cunningsburgh in the Shetland Islands.is A/S Norwegian Talc modified facilities at Hartlepool for milling dolomite, mica, and talc. The company previously had processed the ore in Norway and shipped it to distri- bution facilities in Europe. Nortalc Milling Ltd. operated the mill facility, and Norwegian Talc (UK) Ltd. directed sales.111 922 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1986 Table 6.-Talc and pyrophyllite: World production, by country1 (Short tons) CountrY' 1982 1983 1984 1985" 1986e AAwrgnennWtinaa (_ta_lc_,_st_e_at_it_e,_p_y_ro_p_h_yl_li_te_) ____ Awnria (unground talc) ___________ Brazil (talc and pyrophyllite)3 _______ Burma _____________________ CCahnlraed_a _(s_h_ip_m_e_nt_s)___________________________ ~e _____________________ COlombiL ___________________ EgypL _____________________ Fmhmd ____________________ France (ground talc) _____________ Ge(rmmaarnkyet,aFbelde)er_al_R_e_p_ub_l_ic_o_f_______ _________ ___G~(steatite) _~ ~ H~e------------------IIntadliya((tpalycraonphlsltleitaetiatned) s_te_a_ti_te_)_- _- _- _- _- _- Japan5 _____'________________ Korea,Northe ---------------KMoerDeaw, R_e_p_ub_l_ic_o_f (_ta_l_c a_n_d_p_y_ro_p_h_yl_li_te_) Nepal' __________________ --- PNaokrwisatayne -(p-y-ro-p-hy-l-lit-e-) -_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_Paraguay ___________________ Peru (talc and pyrophyllite) ________ Philippines __ -'- _______________ :::~e===================South Africa, Republic 0(1 _________ Spain (steatite) ________________ SWedeu_______________ '- _____ TwwM _____________________ Th&lMd (talc and pyrophyllite) ______ U.S.S.R.e____________________ UnitedKingdome -------------United States (talc and pyrophyllite) ___ ZUw~myb-m-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ Zim~ ___________________ Total ____________________ 31,849 168,424 129,072 446t731 182 79,567 312 1,050,000 6,878 9,189 358,251 304,723 16,789 2,973 18,700 379,129 180,746 1,644,982 185,000 651,594 13,525 8,310 110,000 22,669 165 es,500 1,111 5,445 66,000 15,226 r76,816 19,569 33,798 24,249 560,000 21,000 1,1~5,415 1,262 299 298 r7,784,698 32,729 rI94,644 134,623 437,025 141 106,924 702 1,050,000 7,818 4,981 851,009 315,812 15,773 2,388 18,700 389,162 175,239 1,615,791 185,000 696,810 12,161 16,825 110,000 17;588 132 45,767 968 6,018 66,000 12,337 76,574 23,210 29,821 22,209 560,000 17,600 1,066,400 755 1,447 607 r7,781,l90 30,629 265,844 147,722 455,637 100 138,891 465 1,050,000 7,479 18,463 360,976 322,815 19,030 1,887 19,300 460,473 157,329 1,652,303 185,000 935,475 9,811 8,372 4157,554 17,161 165 10,183 1,022 6,838 72,000 15,886 79,628 19,712 20,591 31,393 570,000 r21,000 1,127,421 1,828 405 314 8,395,602 e29,OOO e276,000 144,903 4468,500 141 139,993 1,432 1,100,000 9,492 8,488 e864,OOO 842,705 22,835 1,901 18,700 422,111 142,875 1,580,978 185,000 1,027,880 32,959 6,630 rl65,OOO 22~8 r 132 551 380 3,976 72,000 15,925 97,859 15,432 19,357 47,926 570,000 422,046 1,268,750 r el,700 10,504 482 8,660,791 28,000 276,000 132,000 468,500 143 138,000 2,400 1,100,000 8,800 9,400 364,000 853,000 22,000 2,000 17,700 419,000 4166,676 41,470,889 185,000 992,000 22,000 7,700 165,000 23,000 132 1,100 1,100 4,400 72,000 15,000 94,000 42,205 423,757 45,000 570,000 22,000 41,302,179 1,700 4298 440 8,528,514 "Estimated. PPreliminary. ~vised. ITable includes data available through May 26, 1987. 2Jn addition to the countries listed, Czechoslovakia produces talc, but available information m inadequate to make reliable estimates ofoutput levels. 1iT9tal ofbeneficiated and salable direct-shipping production oftalc and pyrophyllite. 'Reported figure. 5Includes talc, pyrophyllite, and pyrophyllite clay. GDats based on Nepalese fiscal year beginning mid.July of year stated. 7Includes talc and wonder&tone. TECHNOLOGY The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health conducted a study of respirable crystalline silica exposures at a wall and floor tile manufacturing plant. The silica content of the pyrophyllite used in manufacturing the tile was estimated to be 13% by weight. Total dust and respirable dust samples were collected at work stations and at various locations within the raw materials storage building and processing building. Low employee exposures to dust were maintained through proper plant design, automated material transfer, effective ventilation, and good maintenance.20 Talc crayons have been used by industry to mark steel for cutting and welding and, traditionally, were cut from block talc. This technique is no longer cost effective because of competition from imports. Research was conducted on fabricating talc crayons from ground talc using mixtures of ball clay, binders, kaolin, and talc. Crayons formed using a mixture of talc containing 6% organic binder had good physical characteristcs in both uncured and cured states and had excellent marking properties.21 A transmission electron microscope study of talc-containing fibers was conducted. TALC AND PYROPHYLLITE 923 Three fiber types' were observed~talc fi- the European market increased from 16% bers, anthophyllite fibers, and anthophyllite fibers intergrown with talc. The fibrous morphology was attributed ~ crystal structure defects.22 in 1974 to 22% in 1984. Despite this increase, the use of talc. continued to be influenced by the geographic distribution of talc deposits.25 A study was conducted on the dust reduction capa\>ilities of five commercially available" bag valves-paper, polyethylene, extended polyethylene, doubletrap, and foam. Dust levels were monitored"during bagging, conveying, and. pallet loading. The extetlded polyethylene valve was the most effective valve type. It reduced dust exposures 62% relative to the standard paper valve at the operator location and. 66% at the bag stocker location. The length of the bag valve and the valve material were the most important factors in determining .valve effectiveness.23 . A survey of mineral filler and extender 1Physical scientist, Division of Industrial Minerals. 2Federal Register. Occupational Safety and Health Ad- ministration. Occupational Exposure to. Asbestos, Tremo- lite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite; Final Rules. V. 51, No. 119, J\lDe 20, 1986, pp. 22612-22790. 3_ _. Occupational Safety and Health Administra- tion.. Occupational Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, An-' thophyllite, and Actinolite. V. 51, No. 201, Oct. 17, 1986, pp. 37002-37007. , 4Environmental Reporter. EPA Proposed New Source Perfortnance Standard To Control Particulate Emissions From Mineral Calciners, Dryer Under Air Act. V. 16, No. 52, Apr. 25, 1986, pp. 2330-2331. 5Rock Products. United Catalysts Buys SQuthern Talc. V. 89, No.4, Apr. 1986, p. 10. 6Montana Standard (Butte). Talc Plant Opens at Three Forks. J\Ule 28, 1986. 7The Daily Progress (Charlottesville). Schuyler. Finds Hope in "Fire Stone." Aug. 17, 1986, p. 1. . 8Industrial Minerals (London). Cyprus Talc in Alabama. No. 229, Oct. 1986,p.68. 9_ _. Cyprus Consolidates. No. 231, Dec. 1986, p. 83. consumption by the paint, paper, and plas- lOYermont Business. Consolidated Talc Operation Re- captures Markets. Feb. 1986, p. 10. . tics industries w~ conducted for the period lBurlington Free Press. Vermont Talc Hopes To Open 1972 to 1984. In general, the market for New Mine. Dec. 10, 1986. 12Lancaster New Era. Talc Strip-Mining OK'd in Fulton fIllers and extenders in North America, Township. June 1986, p. 1. .. including talc, grew at a rate of 1.2% for 13Industrial Minerals (London). Thames Buys Mount Seabrook Talc. No. 220, Jan. 1986, p. 8. paint, 4.5% for paper, and 6.3% for plaStics. 14_.._._. Cyprus Gets Mount Seabrook Agency. No. 231, In Western Europe, these rates wer~.5.3%, Dec. 1986, p. 8.15Mining Magazine. ILM To Open Talc Mine. Dec. 1986, 3~1%, and 7.4%, respectively. Talc account- p548. ed for a small segment of the markets, 16Industrial Minerals (London). Steetley Talc. No. 220, Jan. 1986, pp. 36-38. ranging from 2% to approximately 15% of 17_ _. Bakertalc Expansion. No. 221, Feb. 1986, the total. consumption. Talc. consumption pp.9-10. 18Mining.Magazine. New Talc Development in Shetland, was affected primarily by the geographic U.K. July 1986, pp. 9-10. 19Industrial Minerals (London). Milling Facility for distribution of talc deposits and by the cost Norwegian Talc. No. 221, Feb. 1986, p. 12. and availability of talc relative to other 2Godbey, F. W., P. E. Caplan,W. N. McKinnery, and T. C. Cooper. Pyrophyllite Dust Control in the Wall and filler and extender minerals.24 Floor Tile Industry. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., v. 65, No.5, Mineral fillers and coating pigments were . Ma~ 1986, pp. 755-759. 2 Tanner,' J. T. Manufacture of Reconstituted Talc used by the European paper industry to Crayons for. Marking Steel for Fabrication. Soc. Min. Eng. improve paper gloss, smoothness, brig~t AIME preprint 86-77, 1986, 7 pp. 22Felius, R. O. EM-Research into the Fibrous Constitu- ness, opacity, and ink receptivity. Since ents of an Industrial Talc Powder. Abstract in Proceedings 1976, the use of mineral fillers has increas- of the 14th General Meeting of the International Mineralogical Association. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 1986, ed 5%, and the use of mineral coating p.97. , 23Cecala, A. B., A. Cavello, and E. D. Thimons. Dust pigments has increased 44%. Minerals were Reduction Capabilities of Five Commercially Available ch~Jl as fIllers and. coating pigments ac- ~ Valves. BuMines IC 9068, 1986, 10 pp. 4Harris, T. S., and M. Whyte. Extender and Filler cording to t~e type of paper being produced, Minerals in Europe and North America-Opportunities in the. chemistry of the processing solu~ions, Contrasting Markets. Paper in Proceedings of Seventh Industrial Minerals International Congress, Monte Carlo, the equipment used to make the paper, the Monaco. Met. Bull. PLC, London, 1986, pp. 23-34. process used for printing, and the ink type. -Clark, D. A. Minerals in Paper-The Quiet Revolution. Paper in Proceedings of Seventh Industrial Minerals Talc competed with kaolin and calcium International Congress, Monte Carlo, Monaco. Met. Bull. PLC, London, 1986; pp. 37-46. carbonate as a mineral fIller. Its share of I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I