Document wD22JvdNdyaEvYpjzEjQKvbod

FILE NAME: Pennsylvania (PA) DATE: 1968 DOC#: PA034 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: 1968 Updated of 1961 Govt Regulations for Threshold Limits in Places of Employment . RULES AND REGULATIONS COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH CHAPTER 4 Article 432 Regulations Establishing Threshold Limits in Places of Employment* (Adopted October 27, 1961) Section 1. Purpose The purpose of these regulations and standards is to p re sc rib e minimum req u irem en ts and stan d ard s for the m aintenance of o ccupational health in places of employment in P en n sy lv an ia. Section 2. A pplication T h ese regulations and standards sh all apply to every place of employment. Section 3. D efinitions A. "A tm ospheric co n tam in an t" sh a ll mean a harmful substance or m aterial in air u su ally occurring in the form of a d u st, fum e, g a s, vapor, or m ist. B. "D epartm ent" sh a ll mean the Departm ent of H ealth, Commonwealth of P en n sy lv an ia. C. " D u st" shall mean finely divided solid particles d isp ersed in air and having been formed by mech anical means such as grinding, crushing, blasting, and drilling. D. "F u m e " shall mean solid particles dispersed in air resu ltin g from som e chem ical or physical process that involved a change of state, such as com bustion, sublim ation, or evaporation and'con d e n sa tio n . E. " G a s " shall mean a form less fluid occupying the space of enclosure. F . "G eneral or dilution v en tilatio n " shall mean ventilation provided to dilu te the concentration of d u sts, fum es, g a s e s , vapors, or m ists in the atm osphere of all or part of the p lace of employ m ent. G. "L o c a l exhaust v e n tila tio n " sh a ll mean that type of ventilation in w hich suction is applied at the point of generation of d u sts, fum es, g ases, vapors, and m ists. A dopted pursuant to the provisions o f the Administra tive Code o f 1929: A c t o f A p ril 9, 1929, P .L . 177 a$ am ended. H. " M is t" sh a ll mean liq u id dro p lets su sp en d ed in air. I. " P l a c e o f em p lo y m en t" s h a ll m ean a lo c a tio n or site where an individual p o ss e sse s employment in a trade, occupation, or profession for the sake of monetary gain. J. (am ended A ugust 18,' 1964) "T h resh o ld Lim it V a lu e " sh a ll mean the maximum average atm os pheric concentration of contam inant to which w orkers may be exposed for an eig h t hour work ing day. (T hese v alu es are se t forth in T able 1 hereof, which table is a part of th ese regula tio n s .) K. "V apor" shall mean any liquid, except water, which when held in suspension in air w ill revert to it s o rig in al liq u id s ta te after r e le a s e from heatfchem ical action, or pressure conditions. L . (added August 18, 1964)' "S hdrt-T eiiiT 'L iffiit" s h a ll mean the maximum atm ospheric co n cen tra tion of a contam inant to which a workman may be exposed for a specified short-tim e period. The concentration represents an upper lim it of expo sure for the specified time and assum es that there are sufficient recovery periods betw een ep iso d es for recuperation. The daily average exposure to the contam inant, including th ese ep iso d es, sh all be such that the threshold lim it v alue se t forth in T able 1 sh a ll not be exceeded. (T h ese valu es are se t forth in T able 2 hereof, which table is a part of these regulations.) M. (a d d e d J a n u a ry 25, 1968) "C o n fin e d s p a c e " s h a ll mean any tank, vessel or area so enclosed that adequate dilution ventilation w ill not be obtained by natural a ir movement. 1 REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS S e c tio n 4 . E m p lo y er's D u ties A. Every employer shall in sta ll and provide such control m easures and protective equipm ent as is required for the protection of health . B. E very em ployer sh all inform and p erio d ically instruct his em ployees regarding known hazards and proper m ethods for u tilizin g in d u strial hy giene control m easures which are provided. C . When it is n e c e s s a ry for an em ployer to provide protective equipm ent, such employer sh all pro vide an approved means for cleaning and steriliz ing such protective equipm ent, and the employer sh a ll cau se such equipm ent to be m aintained in a clean and sanitary condition. R espiratory equip ment sh all not be p assed from one man to another until such equipment is clean and sterilized . When filter or cartridge type re sp ira to rs are u sed , such employee shall have such resp irato r for h is own exclusive use. R espiratory equipm ent and replacem ent units sh all be sto red , when not in u se, in approved containers. D. (am ended A ugust 20, 1963) When em p lo y ees are exposed to compounds capable of causing occu p ational d ise a se by inhalation an d /o r skin or m ucous membrane absorption, the departm ent may require their employer to provide p h y sical exam in atio n s and other te s ts for them at periodic in te rv a ls. Section 5. Threshold Lim it V alues and Short-Term Limits A. (am ended A ugust 18, 1964) No em ployee sh a ll be exposed to atm ospheric concentrations of con tam inants which concentrations may give rise to occupational disease. T ables 1 and 2 shall be used for the determ ination of p erm issib le le v els. B. E xposures to atm ospheric contam inants or ad v erse environm ental conditions not referred to in S ection 5A sh all be controlled when n ecessary to protect health. Section 6. Air R ecirculation and D isch a rg e A.- No a ir from any lo c a l e x h a u s t v e n tila tio n s y s te m may be recirculated w ithout express approval by the Departm ent. B. The discharge of air from any ex h au st system shall be such that no air contam ination w ill enter any window), door, or o th e r o p en in g o f a n y work area in quantities sufficient to create a health hazard to or in such area. Section 7. Confined Space (amended January 25, 1968) No individual shall be perm itted to enter any con fined space u n less another workman supplied with emergency protective equipm ent is stationed outside the confined sp ace to summon help and to a s s is t the workman and until one of the three follow ing condi tions have been met: A. It has been a sc e rta in e d by air sam pling th at the atm osphere in the confined space contains an adequate quantity of oxygen and that harmful atm ospheric contam inants have been diluted to safe concentrations prior to and during occu pancy; or B. The workman is equipped with a supplied-air respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus, a safety harness, a safety line and protective clothing, where necessary; or C. It is ascertained that no harmful contam inants are present and m echanically induced dilution ventilation is used before entry and during occu* pancy to insure an adequate quantity of oxygen in the confined space. Section 8. H ousekeeping A- T h e in te rio rs , e x te rio rs , and e n v iro n s of b u ild in g s w here hazardous m aterials are u sed , sto re d , or handled, shall be cleaned and m aintained in such a m anner as to prevent harmful exposure to hazardous m aterials. B- Em ployees engaged in such cleaning operations and a ll others who may be exposed sh a ll wear protective equipm ent as is required. The cleaning operations should be done by suction apparatus. C- Where w et p ro c e sse s are u sed , rea so n a b le drain age should be m aintained. F a lse flbfcrs, p lat form s, m ats, or other means of safe footing should be provided. Section 9. L abeling A dequate identification, w arning, and caution lab els sh all be applied to all containers ofhazardous chem icals. 2 PHD --Ch. 4-432 (amended August 17, 1965) REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS Table I. Threshold Lim it V alues Substance" 8 -hour maximum average exposure Mg. p e rb P .P .M ." C u. M. A cetaldehyde Acetic acid A cetic anhydride A cetone A cetonitrile A cetylene tetrabrom ide A crolein A crylam ide--Skin A c ry lo n itrile --Skin Aldrin (1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 10-hexa- chloro-I, 4, 4a, 5, 8 , 8 a-hexahydro-1 , 4, 5, 8 -dim ethanon a p h th a le n e )--Skin A llyl a lc o h o l--Skin ^Allyl chloride Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) Allyl propyl disulfide 2 --A m inopyridine Ammonia Ammonium sulfam ate (Amm ate) Amyl a c e ta te sec-Amyl acetate Amyl alcohol (isoam yl alcohol) A n ilin e --Skin A n isid in e (o-, p -iso m e rs)--Skin Antimony ANTU (alpha naphthyl thiourea) A rsenic A rsine A zinphos-m ethy l--Skin Barium (soluble com pounds) B en zen e (b e n z o l)--Skin Benzoyl peroxide Benzyl chloride B ery lliu m Boron oxide Boron trifluoride Bromine B ro m o fo rm --S k in Butadiene (1,3-butadiene) 2-Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) 2-Butoxy ethanol (Butyl C e llo s o lv e )--Skin n-Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate tert. Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol tert. Butyl alcohol B u ty lam in e--Skin 200 10 5 1 ,0 0 0 40 1 0 .1 - 20 - 2 1 10 2 0.5 50 - 100 125 100 5 0.05 25 - 1 - 1 0 .1 0.5 1 ,0 0 0 200 50 200 200 200 100 100 5 0.3 - 0.25 - ' -' - 15 - 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 - 0 .2 0.5 - 5 - 0 .0 0 2 15 ~ -- -- _ - - PHD--Ch. 4-432 (amended Jan u ary 25, 1968) Substance 8 -hour maximum average exposure Mg. per P .P .M ." C u. M. tert. Butyl chrom ate (a s 0 0 3 )--Skin n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) Butyl m ercaptan p-tert. Butyltoluene Cadmium (M etal d u st and soluble sa lts) Cadmium oxide fume Calcium arsen ate Calcium oxide Camphor Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbon black Carbon dioxide C arbon d is u lfid e --Skin Carbon monoxide C arbon te tra c h lo rid e --Skin Chlordane (1,2,4,5,6 ,7 ,8 ,8- o c ta c h lo ro -3 a ,4 ,7 ,7 a -tc tra h y d ro -4 ,7 -m eth an o in d en e)--Skin C h lo rin a te d c am p h e n e, 60% --Skin Chlorinated diphenyl oxide C h lo rin e Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride C hloroacetaldehyde C hlorobenzene (m onochlorobenzene) O -Chlorobenzylidene m alononitrile (OCBM) C hlorobrom om ethane C hlorodiphenyl (42% C hlorine) --S kin C hlorodiphenyl (54% C hlorine) --S k in Chloroform (trichlorom ethane) 1-Chloro- 1-nitropropane C h lo ro p ic rin Chloroprene (2-chloro1 , 3 -b u ta d ie n e )--Skin Chromic acid and chrom ates (a s CrC>3 ) Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction) C o b alt Copper fume Copper dusts and m ists Cotton dust (raw) 50 10 10 -- -- -- _ -- -- 5 ,0 0 0 20 50 10 -- -- 1 0 .1 0 .1 1 75 0.05 200 _ -- 50 20 0 .1 25 -- - -- -- 0 .1 - - 0 .2 0 .1 1 5 2 5 3.5 _ _ -- -- 0.5 0.5 0.5 _ -- _ -- -- _ _ 1 0.5 _ _ 0 .1 0 .2 0.5 0 .1 1 1 3 REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS Table 1. (Continued) Substance Crag (R) herbicide (sodium 2-[2,4-dichlorophenoxyl] ethanol hydrogen sulfate) Cresol (all isom ers)--Skin Crotonaldehyde Cumene--Skin Cyanide (as CN)--Skin Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone Cyclohexene Cyclopentadiene 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy- acetic acid) DDT (2,2,-bis (p-chlorophenyl)- 1 , 1 , 1 - t r ic h l o r o e t h a n e ) --Skin 8-hour maximum a v e ra g e . exposure Mg. p er1* P .P .M ." Cu. M. 15 5 - 2 - 50 - - 5 300 - 50 - 50 - 300 - 75 - 10 -- 1 D e c a b o ra n e --Skin 0.05 -- Demeton (systox)--Skin - 0.1 Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy- 4-methyl-2-pentanone) 50 _ Diazomethane 0.2 - Diborane 0.1 - 1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene d ib r o m id e )--S kin 25 o-Dichlorobenzene 50 - p-Dichlorobenzene 75 - Dichlorodifluorome thane 1,000 - 1,3-D ichloro-5 ,5-dimethyl hydancoin _ 0.2 1,1-Dichloroethane 100 - 1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride) 50 1,2-Dichloroethylene 200 - Dichloroethyl ether--Skin 15 - Dichloromonofluoromechane 1,000 - 1, l-Dichloro- 1-nitroethane 10 - Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1,000 - DDVP (o,o-Dimethyl-2,2- dichlorovinyl phosphate)--Skin _ 1 Dieldrin ( 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexa- chloro-6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7, 8,8a-octahydro-l,4,5,8- d im e th a n o n a p h c h a le n e )--Skin 0.25 Diethyl amine 25 - D ie th y la m in o e th a n o l--Skin 10 - Difluorodibromome thane 100 - Substance 8-hour rpaximum average exposure Mg. p e r1 PlP.M." Cu. M. Diglycidyl ether (DGE) 0.5 - Diisobutyl ketone 50 - Dimethyl acetam ide--Skin 10 - ' Dime thy lamine 10 - Dimethylaniline (n-dimethyl- an iline)--Skin Dimethyl l,2-dibromo-2,2- dichloroethyl phosphate 5 -- 3 Dimethylformamide--Skin 10 - 1 ,1 -D im e th y lh y d ra z in e --Skin 0.5 - D im ethylsulfate--Skin 1 - D initrobenzene (all isom ers)--Skin 1 Dini tro-o- creso l--Skin - 0.2 Dini trotoluene --Skin - 1.5 Dioxane (diethylene dioxide)-- Skin 100 - -- Dipropylene glycol methyl eth er- Skin 100 Di sec. octyl phthalate (D i-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate) 5 F.ndrin ( 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,1 0 ,10-hexa- chloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4 a,5, 6,7,8,8a-octa hydro-1,4,-endo- 5,8,-dimethanonaphthalene) -- Skin E p ic h lo rh y d rin --Skin EPN (o-ethyl o-p-nitrophenyl 0.1 5 _ thionobenzenephosphonare)-- Skin 0.5 E th an o l am ine 3 2-Ethoxyethanol (cellosolve)--Skin 200 _ 2-Ethoxyethylacetate (cellosolve a cetate)--Skin 100 Ethyl acetate 400 _ Ethyl acry late--Skin Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 25 _ 1 ,0 0 0 , Ethylamine 10 _ Ethyl sec-amyl ketone 25 _ Ethylbenzene 100 Ethyl bromide 200 _ Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) Ethyl chloride Ethyl ether Ethyl formate 50 1,000 400 _ 100 __ Ethyl mercaptan 10 4 PHD--Ch. 4-432 (amended January 25, 1968) REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS Table I. (Continued) Substance n-Ethy lmorphol ine -Skin Ethyl silicate Ethylene chlorohydrin--Skin Ethylenediamine Ethylene glycol dinitrate (Combined EGDN + NG)-Skin Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (methyl cellosolve acetate) Ethylene imine--Skin Ethylene- oxide Ferbam (ferric dimethyl dithiocarbam ate) Ferrovanadium dust Fluoride (as F) Fluorine Fluorotrichloromethane Formaldehyde Formic acid Furfural--Skin Furfuryl alcohol Glycidol (2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol) Hafnium Heptachlor (l,4,5,6,7,8,8a-hepta- chloro-3a,4,7,7a-terrahydro4 ,7 -m e th a n o in d a n e )--Skin Heptane (n-heptane) H e x a c h lo ro e th a n e --Skin Hexane (n-hexane) Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone) Hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone) sec-Hexyl acetate H y d ra z in e --Skin Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide--Skin Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen peroxide, 90% Hydrogen selenide Hydrogen sulfide Hydroquinone Inert or nuisance particulates Iodine Iron oxide fume Isoamyl acetate Isobutyl acetate 8-hour maximum average exposure -Mg. perb .P.M .a Cu. M, 20 _ 100 _ 5 _ 10 0.2 -- 25 _ 0.5 _ 50 _ 15 1 _ 2.5 0.1 ,000 5 _ 5 5 50 __ 50 _ 0.5 _ 500 1 500 100 100 50 1 3 5 10 3 1 n fK 0.1 100 150 0.5 -- _ -- _ 2 IS 10 8-hour maximum average exposure Substance Mg. perb P .P .M ." Cu. M. Isophorone Isopropyl acetate Isopropylamine Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) Ketene Lead Lead arsenate Lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma isomer)--Skin Lithium hydride L.P.G. (liquified petroleum 25 250 5 50 0.5 - - -- _ __ 0.2 0.15 0.5 0.025 gas) Magnesium oxide fume Malathion (o,o-dimethyl 1,000 - -- 15 dithiophosphate of diethyl m e rc a p to s u c c in a te )--Skin ' - 15 Manganese - 5 Mercury--Skin - 0.1 Mercury (organic compounds)'-- Skin Mesityl oxide Methoxychlor (2,2-di-p-methoxy- phenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane) 2-Methoxy-ethanol (methyl cellosolve) Methyl acetate Methyl acetylene (propine) Methyl acetylene-propadiene - 25 - 25 200 1,000 0.01 - 15 - - mixture (MAPP) 1,000 - Methyl acrylate--Skin 10 - Methylal (dimethoxymethane) 1,000 - - Methyl alcohol 200 - Methylamine 10 - Methyl (n-amyl) ketone (2-Heptanone) 100 - Methyl bromide--Skin 20 - Methyl chloride 100 - Methyl chloroform (1,1,1- trichloroethane) Mcthylcyclohexane 350 - 500 - Methylcyclohcxanol 100 - Methylcyclohexanone 100 - Methylene bis phenyl isocyanate (MDI) 0.2 Methylene chloride (dichloromethane ) 500 Methyl formate 100 PHD--Ch. 4-432 (amended January 25, 1968) REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS Table 1. (C ontinued) Substance Methyl iodide--Skin Methyl isobutyl carbinol (methyl amyl alcohol) --Skin Methyl is o c y a n a te --Skin Methyl mercaptan Methyl m ethacrylate aMethyl styrene Monomethyl a n ilin e --Skin Monomethyl hydrazine--Skin Molybdenum (soluble com- pounds) . (insoluble compounds) M o rp h o lin e --Skin Naphtha (coal tar) Naphtha (petroleum) Naphthalene Nickel, metal and soluble compounds Nickel carbonyl N icotine--Skin Nitric acid p-N itroaniline--Skin N itrobenzene--Skin p-N itrochlorobenzene--Skin N itroethane Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen trifluoride N itroglycerin (combined EGDN + NG)--Skin Nitromerhane 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane N itrotoluene--Skin Octane Oil m ist (m ineral) Osmium tetroxide Oxalic acid Oxygen difluoride Ozone Parathion (o,o,diethyl-o-pnitrophenyl thiophosphate)-- Skin Pentaborane P e n ta c h l o r o n a p h r h a l e n e --Skin P e n ta c h l o r o p h e n o l --Skin Pentane 8-hour maximum average exposure Mg. p e rb P.P.M .3 Cu.M . 5 - 25 - 0.02 - . 10 - 100 - 100 - 2 - 0.2 - - 5 - 15 20 - 200 - 500 - 10 - - 0.001 2 1 1 -- 100 5 10 0.2 100 25 25 5 500 - - - 0.05 0.1 1 - 0.5 -- -- -- 1 - - ' -- -- -- -- 5 0.002 1 __ _ - 0 .1 0.005 _ - 0.5 - 0.5 1,000 6 Substance Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) Perchloroethylene, (tetrachloroethylene) Perchloromethyl mercaptan Perchloryl fluoride P h e n o l--S k in p-Phenylene diam ine--Skin Phenyl ether (vapor) Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) P henylhydrazine--Skin Phosdrin (2-carbomethoxy-l- methyl vinyl dimethyl phosphate) --Skin Phosgene Phosphine Phosphoric acid Phosphorus (yellow) Phosphorus pentachloride Phosphorus pentasulfide Phosphorus trichloride Phthalic anhydride P ic ric a c id --Skin P iv a l Platinum (soluble salts) Propane Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) Propyl ether (isopropyl ether) n-Propyl nitrate Propylene dichioride (1,2-dichloropropane) Propylene imine--Skin Propylene oxide Pyrethrum Pyridine Quinone Rhodium --Metal fume and d u sts Soluble salts Rotenone (commercial) Selenium compounds (as Se) Selenium hexafluoride Silver, metal and soluble compounds Sodium fluoroacetate (1080)-- Skin 8-hour maximum average exposure Mg. per' P .P .M .a Cu. M. 200 - 100 - 0.1 - 3 - 5 - - 0.1 1 - 50 -- 5 - 0.1 0.3 - 0.5 2 - 1,000 200 400 500 25 75 2 100 - 5 0.1 - - 0.05 - - 0.1 - 1 0.1 1 1 _ 0.1 0.1 0.002 - - 5 0.1 0.001 5 0.2 - 0.01 0.05 PHD--Ch. 4-432 (am ended January 25, 1968) REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS Table I. (Continued) Substance Sodium hydroxide Stibine Stoddard solvent Strychnine Styrene monomer (phenylethylene) Sulfur dioxide Sulfur hexafluoride Sulfuric acid Sulfur monochloride Sulfur pentafluoride Sulfuryl fluoride 2, 4, 5T (2, 4, 5-T richloro- phenoxy-acetifc acid) Tantalum TEDP (tetraethyl dithiono- py ro p h o sp h ate)--Skin Tellurium Tellurium hexafluoride T EPP (tetraethyl pyrophosphate) --Skin 1, 1, 2, 2 -T etra c h lo ro e th a n e -- Skin 1, 1, 2, 2-T errachloro- 1, 2-difluoroethane 1, 1, 1, 2-T errach lo ro -2 , 2-difluoroe thane T etra eth y l le a d (a s P b )--Skin Tetrahydrofuran Tetram ethyl lead (TML) (a s P b )--Skin Tetramethyl succinonitrile-- Skin T etranitrom ethane Tetryl (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl -- m ethylnitram ine)--Skin Thallium (soluble compounds) --Skin Thiram (tetram ethyl thiuram - disulfide) Tin (inorganic compounds) (organic compounds) Titanium dioxide Toluene (toluol) Toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate o -T o lu id in e--Skin 8-hour maximum average exposure Mg. per b P .P .M .a Cu. M. - 2 0.1 - 500 - - 0.15 100 5 - 1,000 - - 1 1 - 0.025 - 5 - _ 10 - 5 _ 0.2 - 0.1 0.02 - 0.05 5 500 500 _ - 0.075 200 - _ 0.075 0.5 1 - -- 1.5 0.1 _ 5 - 2 - 0.1 - 15 200 - 0.02 - 5 - Substance 1 ,1 , 2 -T rich lo ro eth an e--Skin Trichloroethylene T ri chloronaph th a l ene --Skin 1,2, 3-Trichloropropane 1 ,1 , 2-T richloro 1, 2, 2-trifluoroethane T riethylam ine T rifluorom onobrom om ethane T rin itro to lu en e--Skin Triorthocresyl phosphate Triphenyl phosphate Turpentine Uranium (soluble compounds) (insoluble compounds) Vanadium (V2O j dust) (V ,O s fume) Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene) Vinyl toluene Warfarin (3- [aacetonylbenzyl]-4hydroxycoum arin) Xylene (xylol) X ylidine--Skin Yttrium Zinc oxide fume Zirconium compounds (as Zr) 8-hour maximum average exposure Mg. p e r1 P .P .M a u. M. 10 100 - 50 - 5 - 1,000 25 1,000 - 100 _ 1.5 0.1 -3 . - , 0.05 - 0.25 0.5 - 0.1 500 - 100 - _ 0.1 100 - 5 - - 1 -- 5 - 5 NOTE: The word "S k in " following a su b sta n c e 's name in d icates that the substance can pene trate the skin to cause system ic effects. a P arts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volum e at 25C and 760 mm. Hg. p re s su re . b Milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. PHD--Ch. 4-432 (amended January 25, 1968) 7 Substance A cetic acid A ceto n e A crolein A crylonitrile Allyl alcohol Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) Ammonia Amyl a c e ta te Amyl alcohol A niline Benzene Benzoyl peroxide B ery lliu m Boron trifluoride Bromine 2-Butanone (MEK) 2-Butoxy ethanol (butyl cellosolve) Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol tert. Butyl alcohol B u tylam ine tert. Butyl chromate Cadmium oxide fume Calcium oxide Carbaryl (Sevin) Carbon disulfide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride C h lo rd an e C h lo rin e Chlorine trifluoride C hloroacetaldehyde Chloroform C o b alt Copper fume Cyanide (as CN) C yclopentadiene DDVP Demeton (Systox) D iacetone alcohol o-D ichlorobenzene l,3-D ichloro-5,5- D im ethylhydantoin 1,1-D ichloroethane REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS T able 2. Short-Term L im its Maximum average.exposure for the time period specified P .P .M ." 40 1,000 0.5 40 5 Mg. p e t b T im e in Cu. M. m in u te s -- 5 - 30 - 5 - 30 - 30 10 _ 5 100 - 30 200 - 30 150 - 30 50 - 30 75 - 30 - 10 15 - 0.025 5 1 - 5 0.4 - 30 300 - 5 200 300 150 150 5 - ' 100 400 25 ' 3 0.1 1 400 200 150 50 _ - - 0.1 0.3 10 30 2 0.5 0.1 5 - 3 0.5 - 5 30 30 30 5 30 30 30 30 30 15 30 30 5 5 5 30 30 30 30 15 30 30 30 " 15 _ 0.5 15 200 - 30 Maximum av erag e exposure for the time perio specified Substance 1,2-DiehIoroe thane (Ethylene dichloride) D ichloroethyl ether 1 ,1 -D ich lo ro -l- nitroe thane D ield rin Diethyl amine D iglycidyl ether D iisobutyl ketone D im ethylam ine Endrin EPN Ethyl acetate Ethyl acrylate Ethyl alcohol Ethylam ine Ethyl benzene Ethylene diam ine Ethylene glycol dinitrate and N itroglycerin Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether ac e ta te (Methyl Cellosolve acetate) Ethyl ether Ethylene im ine Ethylene oxide N -E thyluiorpholine F lu o rid e Fluorine Form aldehyde Furfural Furfural alcohol G asoline H eptachlor H eptan e Hexane H exanone (MBK) Hexone (MIBK) H yd razin e Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen sulfide Iodine Mg. perb Tim e in P .P .M .3 Cu. M. m inutes 200 -- 30 35 -- 30 10 -- 30 -- 1 30 100 -- -- 30 0.5 -- 5 50 -- 30 20 -- 5 - 0.5 30 - 2.5 30 1,000 - 15 50 -- 15 5,000 -- 15 25 . _ 30 200 -- 30 20 -- 5 0.2 -- 30 50 1,000 5 200 -- 30 -- 30 -- 3 -- 30 20 -- 15 - 10 30 0.5 -- 5 5 - 5 15 -- 15 50 -- 15 500 -- 30 - 2 30 500 - 30 500 -- 30 200 -- 30 400 -- 5 1 -- 30 5 -- 5 20 -- 30 3 -- 15 20 -- 5 0.1 - 5 PHD--Ch. 4-432 (am ended January 25, 1968) 9 REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS Table 2. (Continued) Maximum average exposure for the time period specified Substance Mg. pcr^ Time in P .P .M .a Cu. M. minutes Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) 100 - 30 Lindane - 1 30 Manganese -. 5 30 Melvinphos (Phosdrin) - 0.5 30 Methyl acetate 400 - 5 Methyl acrylate 25 - 30 Methyl bromide 20 - 5 Methyl cellosolve 50 - 30 Methyl chloride 100 - 5 . Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-rrichloroethane) 1,500 5 Methylene bis phenyl- isocyanate (MDI) 0.25 5 Methylene chloride (Dichlorome th an e) 1,000 _ 30 Methyl mercaptan 20 - 5 Methyl m ethacrylate 200 - 15 Methyl styrene 100 - 30 Morpholine 20 - 15 Naphtha (petroleum) 500 - 30 Naphthalene 15 - 5 Nickel carbonyl 0.04 - 5 Nitric acid 15 - 5 Nitrogen dioxide 25 - 5 Octane 500 - 30 Ozone 1 - 30 Parathion -- 0.5 30 -Perchloroethylene 200 -- .30 Phosgene Phosphine 1 - 5 1 - . 30 Phthalic anhydride 4 - 5 Propyl alcohol 400 - 30 Pyridine 10 - 30 Selenium compounds (as Se) _ 0.3 30 Styrene monomer 100 - 5 Sulfur dioxide 20 -- 5 Sulfuric acid TEDP -- 3 5 -- 1 30 TEPP - 0.25 30 1,1,2,2-TetrachIoro- ethane 10 30 T etrahy drofuran 500 - 30 Tin (inorganic com pounds) _ 5 30 Toluene 600 -- 30 Substance Toluene-2,i-diiso* cyan ate (TDI) Trichloroethylene Triethyl amine Trinitrotoluene Vanadium (VaO , dust and/or fume) Vinyl chloride Vinyl toluene Xylene Zinc oxide fume Maximum average exposure for th time period specified Mg. p e rb Time in P .P .M ." Cu. M. m inutes 0.02 _ 5 200 - 30 100 - 30 - .5 30 0.5 30 500 - 5 400 - 5 300 - 30 - 10 30 " P a rts of. vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume at 25C and 760 min. Hg. pressure. ^Milligrams of particulate per cubic meter of air. 10 PHD--Ch. 4-432 (amended January 25, 1968) REGULATIONS FOR THRESHOLD LIMITS T able 1. (C ontinued) Mineral D usts Substance Silica C ry stallin e Q uartz (threshold lim it calcu lated from the formula) C ristobalite (same) Amorphous, including natural diatomaceous earth G raphite S ilic a te s (le s s than 1% c ry sta llin e silica) Asbestos Mica Soapstone Talc T rem olile Portland cement M iscellaneous (less than I% crystalline silica) M .P.P.C .F.c . 250 % S i0 2+5, 20 15 5 20 20 20 5 50 50 cM illions of p artic le s per cubic foot of a ir b ased on impinger sam ples counted by light-field techniques. PHD--Ch. 4-432 (amended January 25, 1968) OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH - New& ----------------------------- V iew s D ivision of Occupational Health Pennsylvania Department of Health P a l l 1965_________________ _______________ .__________________________T o l. 3 . Ho M alignancies In A sbestos Worker* - A P relim in ary Beport - W ithin r e c e n t y e a rs and son the th e re haa b ie n a co n sid e ra b le amount o f m a te ria l in the lite r a tu r e which Indicate* th a t aabeetoala la d ire c tly re la te d to th e incidence o f a a lig n a n t tumore and can cer. i s e a rly a* e ig h t year* ago a Pennsylvania p a th o lo g ist rep o rted th a t he had seen a t a u to p a le a rai^y c a n c e r caaea i n persona who a ls o B u ffered fro * aabeatoela The p a th o lo g is t i s on th e s t a f f o f a h o s p ita l which re c e iv e s e o a t o f the p a tie n ts fro a a nearby town where a la rg e asbestos p la n t i s lo c a te d . This p la n t nakes a s b e s to s t e x t i l e s and a ls o b rak e lin in g s and c lu tc h f a c in g s . The fin d in g s o f th e p a th o lo g is t h a re c re a te d concern i n th e a sb e sto s in d u s try and i t was f s l t appropriate fo r our h ealth department to review the problea. To o b ta in as com plete a s to r y as p o s s ib le th e re c o rd roams o f s ix h o sp ita ls which draw t h e i r cases p a r tic u la r ly from the area of th e asbestos p la n t were searched f o r cases where a s b e s to s ls was- co n sid ered during th e p erio d between 1956 and 196U. S e v e n ty -fiv e h o s p ita l re c o rd s coded as a s b e s to s ls were lo c a te d . These were people who e i t h e r were diagnosed on adm ission, on x - r a y s , or a t autopsy to have a s b e s to s ls o r a s b e s to s ls was m entioned i n the d i f f e r e n t i a l d ia g n o s is . f A fte r o b ta in in g th e 75 r e c o rd s , an a ttem p t was made to lo c a ta th ese form er p a tie n ts . A la rg e niznber were no lo n g er a liv e and th e i r su rv iv o rs had to be c o n ta c te d . For th e se 75 an o c c u p a tio n a l and smoking h i s t o r y was o b tain ed from th e i r su rv iv o rs and/or from p la n t management. Seven e ith e r had n o t worked a t th is p a rtic u la r asbestos p la n t or the diagnosis had been re je c te d . T his l e f t 68 a sb e sto s w orkers who had worked in one p a r t i c u l a r p la n t. F u rth e r stu d y o f th e se re c o rd s shoved th a t 21 among them n o t on ly bad evidence o f a s b e e te s is b u t a ls o were s u f f e r in g from can cer. Twelve o f th e s e had lung earsajr and nine had v a rio u s o th e r growths such as b la d d e r can cer, leukem ia, e t c . The smoking h i s t o r y o f th e 12 lung c a n c e r cases re v e a le d th a t f i v e had n ever omoksd which i s more o r le s s th e same d i s tr i b u t i o n o f smokers v e rsu s non-smokers as in th e g e n e ra l p o p u la tio n . Of th e n in e cases w ith o th e r mall gramole , two never smoked and th r e e were c i g a r smokers o n ly . A nother i n t e r e s t i n g f e a tu r e was t h a t among th e o th e r c a n c e rs, n o t the lung c a n c e rs, th e re was one case o f a m alignant mesothelioma* A nother i n te r e a tin g fin d in g was t h a t o f th e 21 cases w ith can cer 13 worked In the te x t i l e departm ent o f the p la n t and fo u r worked in brake lin e m anufacture. The departm ent where on* nan worked remain* unknown and th e r e s t worked a t various o th er Jobs. - 2-y Two o f th e U lu n g c a n c e r c a s e s and one o f th e ly m p h o b la sto m a c a s e s had worked In th e a sb e s to s p la n t fo r a t o t a l o f on ly s ix months which I s a r a th e r s h o rt e x p o s u r e , and o n e w o n d ers how much t h i s s h o r t e x p o s u r e nay- h av e c o n t r i b u t e d . E ig h te e n o f th o n o 21 e n s e a h ad s t a r t e d w ork i n th e p l a n t p r i o r to 19liO a n d 12 had s t a r t e d work p r io r to 1920. Of th e 21 c a se s o f c a n c e r 11 w ^re b o rn b e fo re 1900 and o n ly one was bom a fte r 1910. _<j tsQ U i low 90: onary A trier a City: ' Funes Co., lemieal aneous 960. lidosis, ecker, >p Dis M.H., th Bii Mei! 619 M al g a i t 2s i n A s b e s t o s W o r k e r s A N I.,l SEN, Mt), HARRISBURG, PA IT H IN recent years and months a con siderable amount of evidence has appeared . the literature which indicates that asbesjsis is directly related to the ncidence of r ilignant tumors antJ cancer.1'3 As early as ten years ago a Pennsylvania lahologist reported that he had seen at -ultopsies many cancer cases in persons who also suffered from asbestosis. The pathol ogist is on the staff of a hospital which re ceives most of the patients from a nearby town where a large asbestos producing plant s located. The findings of the pathologist lave created concern in the asbestos industry and it was felt appropriate for the Pennsyl vania Health Department to review the prob lem. Exposures in the Plant The following information was obtained Tom the files of the health department which has studied environmental exposures of workers in this plant on several occasions in the past 30 years. During this time there ias been a tremendous improvement in dust Conditions in all operations and dustiness has been held close to or below the present jfhresbold limit. The textile department used chrysotile, primarily, for many years. It was not un.ommon for the milled fiber received by the textile plants to contain 30% or more of fines. The fiber of today is very much cleaner than that received prior to 1950. The use )f light oil in the blending department 1egan around 1955. This was helpiul in improving conditions and minimizing dust. Prior to 1950 amosite was processed in small quanti les for making thermal blankets. Although he processing of amosite never exceeded >ne card and the operations were at t.mes miermittent, this operation was much dustier nan from cards processing chrysotile. Croddolite has never been handled in the texti e tepartment. In the friction products operations ex tensive changes in fife formulations have Submitted for publication June 6, 1966; accepted . July 1. From Division of O c ... itionul Health, Department rf Health, Harrisburg, Pa. Reprint requests to Division pf Occupational Health, Department of Health, P.O. t 90 Harrisburg, Pa 17120. taken place over the past 30 years. Prior to 1945, coal tars and pitches were com monly used as im] egnums in making brake linings, clutch facings; and packing materials. Since 1945, thest hav< been essentially re placed by resins and other materials so that at present only a very small amoum of car and pitch is used in pack'- lg materials. A small amount of crocidolite is still used in making some packings. The Study Since asbestosis is a disease wl :h, once established, progresses even after exposure to dust ceases, it was decided not to ask plant management for cases known to them. Instead, the record rooms of oix hospitals which draw their patients from the area of the asbestos plant were checked for cases of asbestosis. Admissions only for the period between 1956 and 1964 were included:, Seventy-five hospital records coded as as bestosis were located. Asbestosis was ciiag nosed in these people on admission, by x-ray, or at autopsy, or asbestosis was men tioned in the differential diagnosis. After obtaining the 75 records, nodical, occupational, and smol lg histories were obtained for all these former oatients. Many were deceased and them survivors had to be. contacted. Other data were obtained j 'Oi I plant management. Seven either had not worked at the asbestos plant under study or the diagnosis had been chang'd. This left 68 asbestos workers who had wunvari at one time in the above-m mtioned text?1': jina friction materials plant. Further s tudy of the records showed that 21 of these : it only had e aence of asbestosis but also hi 1 suf fered from malignancy. By the time of tlu T able 1.--Number of Cases and Duration ofOccupational Asbestos Exposure by Departmtuis E x p o su re D uration Lesa than 30 y ears 10-2 y e a rs 20-30 years 3<H- yenro D epartm ent T e x tile F ric tio n Textile U nknow n and F riction 1 0 1 I 3 3 3 1 1 ' 6 1 Arch Environ Health-*-!?rl 13, N qv 1966 Material may be protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code) 630 M ALIG NANCIES--LIE B N Case Birth 1 1911 2 190G 8 1898 4 1907 6 1895 a 1901 7 1901 8 1895 9 1897 10 1906 11 1895 12 1903 13 1907 14 1901 16 1894 IB 1884 17 1901 18 1888 19 1877 20 1895 21 1894 D eath 1962 1B59 1958 1961 1961 1956 1957 1956 1958 1961 1960 1956 1961 1961 1956 1959 1962 1964 1960 1958 1957 T a b le 2.-- Summary of Cases Studied Type of Tumor Length of E m ploym ent in Asbestos Bronchogenic carcinoma, histologic type unspecified S quam ous cell bronchogenic carcinoma Squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma O at cell bronchogenic carcinom a Squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma Bronchogenic adenocarcinom a A naplastic bronchogenic carcinoma 1935-1957 1929-1959 1918-1928 1927-1957 1947-1961 Only 6 mo 1919 3 mo only in 1923 Bronchogenic carcinoma, histologic type unspecified Squam ous cell bronchogenie carcinoma A lveolar cell carcinom a of the lung Carcinom a of the lung, origin and type unknown Lung tum or, x-ray diagnosis 1925-1937 1922-1954 1950-1960 1926-1960 1919-1955 A naplastic bronchogenic carcinoma 1928-1961 Intra-abdom inal ad enocarcinom a, origin unknown 1984-1942 C arcinom a of the colon Lym phatic leukemia, ebronicity unknown 1922-1956 6 mo only 1941 M alignant lymphoma Chronic lymphatic leukem ia 1926-1942 1938-1947 A cute leukemia, type unknown Carcinoma of throat, origin and type unknown M ultiple myeloma Carcinom a of prostate, m etastatic 1922-1949 1935-1957 Carcinom a of bladder 1917-1937 Type of Employm ent Yarn tw isting 1984-1982 W eaver 1929-1959 Breakline weaver 1918-1928 W eaving and later loom fixer Laborer sweeper, picker house W eaver--la ter lath foundry worker Area unknown, later hotel operator 1923-1967 Linotype operator 1921-1923 Carding room, gardening for 19 y r th e re a fte r W eaver 1922-1954 Friction m aterials, laborer on lathe Inside d riv er in weaving room Loom fixer, m achine shop forem an, toolm aker General forem an-- spinning before last job Most of the tim e in friction products, sp in n in g 1922-1937, later upholsterer W eaver Sweeper and laborer Ju n e 12,1941 Mechanics helper for 45 years fo r trucking company C arding room supervisor Laborer--handtrucker --supplied weavers w ith spools; farm er till 1937, sexton a t church till death S hipping room only W eaver-- loom fixer, textile foreman 1936-1947, p acking mil] 1947-1957 Supervisor friction mill 20 years 1917-1987, ice cream m a k er 20 years 1937-1957 S m oking 12-15 cig arettes 1 pack/day No cigarettes No cigarettes 1 pH ck-f/day Cigars only No cigarettes 1 pack/day Less th a n 10 cigarettea/day Unknown No cigarettes 2-3 cig arettes/d ay No 1 pack/day 5-10 cig arettea/d ay No No cigarettes, little pipe Very few cigars only 5-10 c ig a re tte s/d a y P ipe only 1 pack-{-/day R em arks 30 yr fo undry w ork Also cirrhosis of liver P robably not to asbestos P robably not a s b e s to s Diagnosis from h o sp ital reemvno autopsy | P ro b ab ly not dm? to fiBtestos * 3 coronaries T ashes tois study all 21 had died. Ten of these cases paper which appeared in Cancer in A ugust have also been reported by O 'Donnell in a 1966.4 T hirteen of these had lung cancer Arch Environ Health--Vol 13, Nov 1966 Material may be protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code),, marks foundry cirrhosis liver ibly not it< lbcstog ibly not . eato losis fron;:;:;:;:; pi ta l recci;^;: lutopsy bly notdurt jhestoa itosi August cancer M A LIG N A N C IE S--L IE B E N sl right had various other growths which uded two abdominal cancers, one bladder liftthiT. two lymphatic leukemias, one acute | f | ua, one lymphoblastoma, and one 11 ^ | i e myeloma. No cases of mesothelioma hjxrt<> in this group. There were four cases III: foi mer plant employees but these em- had been admitted to hospitals either | | p o r o 1956 or after 1964 and because of re not included in this study. , ! The diagnosis of the condition of these 21 ...s had been established in 13 by au- 'jp :y, in four by operation, in two by biopsy, in two by x-ray only. Vhe death certificates of all 21 were obif-d. The malignancy diagnosis was re ported on 15 death certificates. Six were Signed out as follows: two as cardiac failure, llis s coronary disease, and three as asTiislosis. If death certificates alone had been jtliilized in this study, these six cases of . |> x) incy would have been missed. The smoking history of the 13 lung cancer 'W ip its revealed that five had never smoked, vi-ven imoked, and in one case no smoking |im| y was obtainable. Of the eight pa- ts with other malignancies, three were % itte smokers, two never smoked, and three were cigar smokers only. f if the 21 patients with cancer, 13 had liked in the textile department of the plant i for a sum total of 301 years. Four | wurkVd in the friction materials department it total of 48 years. The department inhere one man had worked remains unllijtn '-n and three others worked at various >lr which included both textiles and friction materials (Table 1). wo of the 13 lung cancer and one of the Ipijjfioblastoma patients had worked in the :<ciestos plant for a period of less than six lths each, which is a rather short ex, psi re. One wonders if this short exposure could have contributed towards their dismse. Eighteen of these 21 patients had x,ed work in the plant prior to 1940 and nad started work prior to 1920. Of the . 21 patients with cancer 9 were between 50 jpiiif 50 and 12 were over 60 years of age ' {Table 2). Comments and Conclusions The incidence of malignancy in this sek lte d group of hospital admissions with asbestosis was very high--21 out of 68. This is eight times higher than in the general population 45 years of age and o.. ~r, for the eight years of the study period.5 The incidence of 19% (or 16% if we do not consider exposures of less than pne year) of lung cancer in this group of work ers with asbestosis is comparable to that reported by Isselbacher1 who summarized data of various authors and reported that of 603 persons with asbestosis, lung cancer was found in 83 (13.8% ). It is also close to that reported in the literature review by B ehrens8 who collected 44 cases of lung cancer ( 14% ) in 309 patients with asbesto sis. Only three patients with these malig nancies had their first exposure after 1940, when dust conditions had been much im proved. A repeat study in the future may clarify whether this reduction of cancer occurrence in more recent employees is due to a latent period, to the age factor, or to the dust control measures instituted by the plant. The patients with lung cancer were gen erally younger than those with cancers of other organs. Eight of those in the lung cancer group were under 60 and all eight of those in the other group were over 60 (Table 2). Summary A study of 68 hospital admissions with asbestosis from an asbestos textile and fric tion materials plant included 21 malignancies -- 13 of these were carcinoma of the lung and eight carcinomas of other organs. Eignteen of the patients had exposures to as bestos in their occupational environment for a period of 10 to 36 years. Only three pa tients had their first exposure after 1940. Extensive dust control measures have been instituted by the plant. REFERENCES 1. Isselbacher, K.J.; Klaus, H.; and Hardy, H.L.: Asbestosis and Bronchogenic Carcinoma: Report of One Autopsied Case and Review of Available Litera ture, Amer J Med 15:721-722 (Nov) 1953. 2. Doll, R.: Mortality from Lung Cancer in Asbestos Workers, Brit J Industr Med 12:81-86 (April) 1955. 3. Hueper, W.C.: Environmental Causes of Cancer of the Lung Other Than Tobacco Smoke, His Chest 30:141-159 (Aug) 1956. 4. O'Donnell, W.M.: Mesothelioma Associated With Asbestosis: A Report of Three Cases, Caticer 19:521 (Aug) 1966. 5. Cancer Mortality and Morbidity, Harrisburg, Pa: Pennsylvania Department of Health, 1964. 6. Behrens, W., Jr.: The llinieal Picture and 1 li thology of Asbestosis, Z Unfatimed, Berufskr 45:129, 1952. R lv ,;; Arch Environ Health -Voi 13, Nov 1966 Material may be protected by copyright law (Title 17, U.S. Code)...,.. ..., ^