Document w5gd9mX6bVaOOJLQjzMb2374
FILE NAME Brakes BRK
DATE 1979 Jan 29
DOC BRK255
DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION NIOSH Report - Industrial Hygiene Assessment of Seven Brake Servicing Facilities - Asbestos
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSESSMENT OF SEVEN BRAKE SERVICING FACILITIES
,
ASBESTOS
Paul Johnson
Ralph D. Zumwalde
Dennis Roberts
January 29 1979
Division of National
Industrial Hygiene Section Industry Studies Branch Surveillance Hazard Evaluations Institute for Occupational Safety
Cincinnati Ohio
and and
Field Studies Health
INTRODUCTION
A major objective of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH is to determine environmental exposures of working populations through research surveys and industrywide studies Accordingly NIOSH is presently conducting research to characterize dust ex-
posure resulting from vehicle brake servicing operations Of particular
interest are the small diameter potentially respirable asbestos fibers
generated by these operations Limited studies have suggested that such
emissions
emissions
may
be
associated
associated
with
with
induced
asbestos
diseases
1
diseases
An estimated workforce of 900,000 brake mechanics and garage workers in
2
the U.S. are potentially exposed to asbestos
An estimated 118 million
pounds of asbestos are used annually in the U.S. for the production of
brake friction materials In addition to asbestos other materials which
are used in the manufacture of brake linings such as lead zinc copper
and iron pose other potentials for exposures Rohl and Langer identified
thirty materials or compounds that make up the binders fiber reinforcers
and the property modifiers as being present during brake lining manufactur-
ing
2
ing
SELECTION OF FACILITIES SURVEYED
The purpose of the study was to investigate and characterize dust exposures resulting from vehicle brake maintenance and repair operations taking into account the work practices utilized Therefore it was necessary to locate
facilities where brake servicing operations were performed in different manners i.e. equipment used number of vehicles serviced personal pro-
tection etc. Six of the seven sites selected for the investigation were automobile brake service facilities which performed from 2 to 45 brake jobs per week at an average of 65 minutes per vehicle At the seventh site studied a truck service center brake servicing took six to nine hours per vehicle with an average of three brake jobs per week Detailed airborne dust sampling surveys were conducted at each facility
Description of Brake Servicing Operations The servicing parameters found at each facility were basically as follows The vehicle is driven into a repair stall or bay for a brake system ex-
amination Pending repairs the wheels are elevated removed and then
inspected Loose dust is cleaned from the drums and brake assemblies by vacuuming wiping brushing using compressed air or a combination of these methods Parts are then replaced or repaired as needed and the brake system is reassembled and adjusted Test driving the vehicle for proper fitting and adjustment is the final phase of the servicing opera-
tion
A brief description of the individual facilities is outlined as follows
Facility A
This facility a fleet service garage was responsible for complete automotive maintenance and reapir with the exception of internal engine repair
and exterior painting The shop normally operates eight hours per day five days per week Of the seven employees working at the facility only three are time brake mechanics Brake servicing operations were performed an average of two to five jobs per week in either of
two service stalls
Facility B Although Facility B was an automobile brake service shop front alignment and tire sales were also part of the shop mechanics duties The three time mechanics worked from two service stalls 12 hours per day 5days per week Brake maintenance operations consisted of 10 to 14 jobs per week
Facility C Major services at this automobile brake service shop consisted of frontend alignment shock absorber servicing and brake maintenance The normal work week was made up of five hour days and one hour day Three service stalls were used by the three time employees for brake servicing operations Brake servicing averaged four to six jobs per week
Facility D Major services provided at this auto brake shop were front alignment shock absorber service and brake maintenance The three time employees worked from two service stalls hours per day six days per week The number of brake jobs averaged 20 to 30 per week
Facility E Plant E was the largest of the automobile brake service shops surveyed Other services provided by this facility were front alignment and shock absorber replacement or repair The five time mechanics worked from four service stalls nine hours per day six days per week Brake maintenance operations consisted of 35 to 45 jobs per week
Facility F The major services at this facility were front alignment muffler installation and brake maintenance Automobile brake repair operations were performed by the shop's three employees and consisted on the average of four to five brake jobs per week Normal brake servicing at this
facility took about 1 hour and 45 minutes per vehicle
Facility G This shop a truck brake maintenance facility involved a somewhat different operation and exposure Servicing operations were more complex and therefore involved more employees and fewer vehicles serviced The four
service bays at the facility were used by seven mechanics Other service operations included pad grinding riveting and punching pad removed and replaced on shoe sand blasting of old shoes and milling of
wheels
Sampling and Analysis Personal and general air samples were collected at each facility on different occasions during a year period Brake servicing operations as well
as other areas within each facility were monitored to provide asbestos exposure data Personal air samples were collected in the breathing zone of the brake mechanics using Millipore type AA 37 mm diameter 0.8 ...mpore size membrane filters at a sampling flow rate of 2.0 liters per minute lpm The filters were changed periodically during the work shift to prevent overloading of the collection media Peak exposures were determined by using Gast pumps calibrated at 11.0 and 10.6 2pm These samples were collected on identical media as above but only during the time in which workers were cleaning dust from the brake drums and assemblies Analysis of the membrane filters for asbestos fibers was conducted in accordance with the procedures outlined
by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods P & CAM 239 These procedures require
the counting of fibers greater than 5 micrometers in length and require the counting of fibers greater than 5 micrometers in length and with at least a 3 to 1 length to width ratio using phase contrast optical micro-
scopy at a magnification of 400-450X
Random samples from each facility surveyed as well as those samples
having high fiber concentrations as determined by the optical counting
method were analyzed on a transmission electron microscope utilizing
selected area electron diffraction and an energy dispersive ray analyzer
Sample preparation and analysis were performed in the manner described in
the NIOSH Technical Report Review and Evaluation of Analytical Methods
for
Environmental
Studies
Studies
Fibrous
of Fibrous
Particulate
Particulate
6
Exposure
Samples were observed at 17.000X magnification with fibers > 3 aspect
ratio sized by length and diameter Selected area electron diffraction SAED was attempted on all observed fibers for possible identification In addition energy dispersive ray analysis was performed on individual fibers to determine their elemental composition
Airborne samples collected at Facilities E and G were analyzed for trace metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in accordance with the NIOSH
Manual of Analytical Methods Volumes 1 and 5,7
RESULTS
Facility A Fibrous dust concentrations fibers > 5 ...m in length found at Facility A a fleet grage were similar to those found in passenger car brake service shops A weighted average TWA concentration of 0.12 fibers was found for one mechanic from the personal samples collected General area airborne samples indicated a range of concentrations from 0.02 to 0.07 fibers in the brake service area Table )
Facility B A TWA concentration of 0.12 fibers was found for a mechanic
Two
general area samples collected near the servicing of brakes indicated con-
centrations of 0.09 and 0.13 fibers Table )
Facility C
A TWA concentration of 0.03 fibers was found from the personal samples
collected for a brake mechanic General area sample concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.17 fibers Table 3 A three minute sample collected near a mechanic while cleaning a brake drum using compressed air resulted in a peak concentration of 1.82 fibers
Facility D The TWA concentrations for brake mechanics I and II at Facility D were 0.15 fibers and 0.10 fibers respectively General area sample concentrations ranged from 0103 to 0.14 fibers for samples collected at various locations within the facility Table 4
Facility E The sample results from the 1976 survey conducted at Facility E indicated personal TWA exposures of 0.08 0.12 0.07 and 0.10 fibers for the four brake mechanics General area sample concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 fibers Table A
Air samples were also collected at this facility in 1977 during a fiveday period Table B Sample results indicated TWA exposures for Mechanic I II III and the Partsman to be 0.18 0.07 0.11 and 0.11 fibers respectively These exposure concentrations represent a weighted average for all personal samples collected during the 5 day period TWA concentrations for general area samples collected during the week ranged from 0.05 to 0.06 fibers Short duration samples 30-60 seconds were collected to determine peak exposure concentrations to asbestos dust during the servicing
of brake shoes
Peak concentrations ranged from 0.45 dry brush cleaning to 14.54 compressed air cleaning fibers
Facility F Personal samples collected from two mechanics at Facility F Table 6 indicated exposures of 0.02 and 0.03 fibers respectively while the one general area sample had a concentration of 0.01 fibers of air
Facility G Facility G which was surveyed in 1976 and again in 1977 was involved
in the maintenance of truck brakes Worker exposures tended to be some-
what different as the servicing was more complex and the number of vehicles serviced per day much less However due to larger wheels and drums the brake pad replacement operation made it difficult for the workers to avoid the generated airborne dust Consequently the exposures were higher than those found during automobile brake maintenance
Personal samples collected during the first survey in 1976 Table A compared similarly to those sample results found at the auto brake service shops The TWA concentration for brake mechanic I was 0.05 fiber while the concentration for mechanic II was 0.18 fiber The second survey conducted in 1977 Table B however was found to be distinctly higher The concentration for brake mechanic I was 1.68 fibers for mechanic II 0.53 and for mechanic III 0.52 fibers of air General area samples collected in the 1976 survey indicated concentrations which ranged from 0.03 fibers in the eating area 0.03 to 0.11 fibers in
the bay areas and 0.12 to 1.18 fibers in the Relining Department
In contrast general area samples collected in 1977 at this facility indicated the following range of concentrations Office - 096 to 1.68 fibers Garage east side - 0.26 to 1.72 fibers Garage west side - 0.24 to 1.71 fibers It is readily noted that these concentrations are higher than those of the general area sample results found at the auto brake service shops The areas of highest exposure concentrations at the truck brake service shop appear to be in the vicinity of the rivet punch and pad grinding operations The rivet operator's TWA concentrations were 3.41 fibers 1976 and 4.47
fibers 1977 while that of the punch operator was 0.68 fiber
1976 and 7.52 fiber 1977
Metal Analyses
Trace metal analyses were performed on airborne samples collected during the 1977 survey at Facility E Table 8 and at Facility G Table ) Samples were analyzed for trace amounts of the following metals lead
iron zinc chromium nickel cobalt copper manganese and aluminum
As noted in Tables 8 and 9 most of the metals were either detectable or found in trace amounts
Fiber Characterization
Samples selected for transmission electron microscopy TEM were sized by length and diameter and fiber concentrations fibers determined
for total fibers and fibers > 5 m in length These concentrations were
compared to those found by the optical microscopy method and are reported
in Table 10. In all but 3 samples fiber concentrations > 5 ...mdeter-
mined by phase contrast optical microscopy were somewhat higher than those determined by TEM This difference could have been caused by particulate loss during the preparation of samples for TEM Another factor which may reflect the difference found in sample comparisons is the small number
of fibers observed on each sample Small differences in the number of fibers counted by both methods would produce significant differences in
concentrations
Besides determining the concentrations for fibers > 5 ...m in length total
fibers observed were counted and concentrations calculated As would be expected the greatest number of fibers observed were shorter than 5 ...m
in length 82
In addition to fiber sizing and counting identification was attempted on all fibers utilizing selected area electron diffraction SAED and energy dispersive ray analysis Approximately 50 of the fibers analyzed by SAED could not be identified due to ambiguous diffraction patters The
remaining fibers were identified as chrysotile 30 and forsterite 20
When energy dispersive ray analysis was performed on the fibers confirmation of the SAED analysis was made for the chrysotile and forsterite fibers Those fibers which revealed ambiguous SAED patterns were either too small for diffraction analysis or had undergone elemental changes probably as a result of intense heat The elemental composition of some of
-10-
hese fibers appeared to indicate a stage of metamorphosis between chrysotile and forsterite
DISCUSSION
Airborne asbestos sample results for all facilities appear to be
within the current OSHA asbestos standard This standard states
The hour weighted average TWA airborne concentration of asbestos fibers to which any employee may be exposed shall not exceed 2 fibers longer than 5 micrometers in length per cubic centimeter of air fibers > 5 cc The ceiling airborne concentration to which no employee may be exposed shall not exceed 10 fibers > 5 cc
However when the results are compared to the NIOSH recommended standard in which the hour TWA exposure to asbestos is 0.1 fibers > 5 m with a ceiling exposure of 0.5 fibers > 5 mfor any 15 minute samling period many of the exposures to brake servicing mechanics indicate concentrations which exceed these recommendations Although most of the reported TWA exposures are based on sampling times less than 8 hours usually 3 to 8 hours the randomness of the sample collection throughout the work day at each facility suggests a consistent range of exposure concentrations for any given operation These ranges of exposure appear to be dependent upon the work practices utilized in servicing brakes It is readily apparent that compressed air cleaning and to a lesser extent
-11-
dry cleaning can produce peak exposures which exceed both the OSHA
standard and the NIOSH recommended standard
The airborne exposures found at these facilities compare favorably to
studies performed by other investigators Studies by Lorimer et al1 and Rohl et al reported peak concentrations to asbestos fibers ranging from
6.6 to 29.8 fibers when compressed air cleaning was used In addition the elevated exposures found during the use of dry brush cleaning in Facility E 0.45 - 0.91 fibers were likewise substantiated by Rohl
et a12 study in which they found exposures ranging from 1.3 - 3.6 fibers
The one truck brake servicing facility G surveyed indicated high asbestos fiber exposures during the riveting and grinding of truck brake shoes 0.68 7.52 fibers A similar magnitude of exposures were found by Lorimer
et all in which workers beveling truck brakes were exposed to concentrations
of 26.3 to 72.0 fibers The practice of refurbishing and custom fitting brake shoes in automobile brake servicing facilities appears to be limited However the need for custom fitting of brake shoes in the truck servicing facilities is often necessary As demonstrated the exposures found in refurbishing truck brakes add greatly to the asbestos dust burden of the
worker
The electron microscopy EM analysis performed on selected air samples indicates that a majority of the airborne fiber exposures consist of small fibers ( < 5 um in length and < 1 um in diameter These results were
-12-
confirmed by studies of Rohl et al Lorimer et all and Lynch in
which they found 80-90 of the fibers observed by EM to be below the
resolution of the optical microscope The results of the EM analysis
also suggests that many of the chrysotile fibers released during braking
had undergone a decomposition phase and changed both physical and chemical
characteristics to that of forsterite
the study of Lorimer et al.1
These findings were supported by
The human toxicological siginficance for the inhalation to chrysotile
fibers is well documented However the health effects of exposure to
forsterite or transition fibers of forsterite are not well
documented In studies by Davis and Coniam and Koshi,,in which fibers
of chrysotile chrysotile and forsterite were injected into
the pleural and peritoneal cavities of mice the results suggest varying
degrees of toxic effects for all types The mechanism responsible for
these observed toxic effects is unclear but animal studies by Pott
et
11,12
al
and
David
et
13
indicate
that
the
morphology and
size
of
the fiber are responsible for its carcinogenicity It is suspected by
Pott et al that a fiber with a diameter < 1 ...mand a length > 3 m has the greatest carcinogenic potential likewise Stanton et 14 sug-
gests that fibers < 1.5 ...m in diameter and > 8 ...m in length pose the
greatest risk in producing pleural sarcomas
-13-
CONCLUSION
Results of this study and of other studies indicate varying concentrations of asbestos fiber exposures which appear to be dependent upon the type of brake servicing operation and work practices utilized It is apparent that when brake shoes are beveled ground riveted etc. that exposures to asbestos fibers can be quite high Likewise exposures generated during the cleaning of brake shoes and drums with compressed air and dry brush methods can be high for short durations of time
NIOSH has undertaken a comprehensive industrial hygiene study to address the following areas
1. Document work practices i.e. protective clothing respirator protection eating and smoking practices etc.
2. Document the use of engineering controls i.e. vacuum cleaners local exhaust ventilation etc.
3 Document housekeeping practices i.e. disposing of old brake and clutch materials rags etc.
4. Determine 8-10 hour TWA exposures and peak exposures to workers as determined by the different work practices i compressed air dry and wet brushing etc. utilized while engaged in brake servicing operations
5 Characterize and identify airborne fiber exposures using optical and transmission electron microscopy
-14-
Based on the data from other studies and the data from this study
demonstrating significant asbestos exposures during brake servicing
operations NIOSH has published interim procedures Recommended
Procedures for Asbestos Brake and Clutch Servicing to minimize
15 asbestos dust exposures
These recommended procedures are periodi-
cally updated as research data and engineering controls become avail-
able
-15-
REFERENCES
Lorimer W.V. Rohl A.N. Miller A. Nicholson W.J. and
Selikoff I.J.
Asbestos Exposure in Brake Repair Workers
in the United States
Mt. Sinai Journal of Medicine 43
207-218 June 1976
Rohl A.N. Langer A.M. Wolfe M.S. and Weisman I.
Asbestos Exposure During Brake Lining Maintenance and Repair Environmental Research Volume 12 110-128 1976
Jacko M.G. and Ducharme R.T. 1973 Brake Emissions Emission Measurements from Brake and Clutch Linings From Selected Mobile Sources U.S. National Technical Information Service 222-372
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations Title 29 Part 1910.1001 U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration Occupational Safety and Health Standards
Taylor D.G. 1977 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
2nd Edition Volume 1 P & CAM No. 239 Publication No. 77-
157
Zumwalde R.D. and Dement J.M. 1977 Review and Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Environmental Studies of Fibrous Particulate Exposures DHEW NIOSH Publication No.
77-204
Taylor D.G. 1977 NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods 2nd Edition Volume III Publication No. 77-157
Lynch J.R. Brake Lining Decomposition Products Journal Air Pollution Control Association Volume 18 No. 12 pp 824-826 1968
Davis J.M.S. and Coniam S.W. Experimental Studies on the Effects of Heated Chrysotile Asbestos and Automobile Brake Lining Dust Injected into the Body Cavities of Mice Experimental and Molecular Pathology Volume 19 pp 339-353 1973
10. Koshi K. Hayashi H. and Sakabe H. Biological and Mineralogical Studies on Serpentine Minerals in Heat Treated State Ind Health Volume 7 pp 66-85 1969
11 Pott F. Huth F. and Friedricks K.H. Tumorigenic Effect of Fibrous Dust in Experimental Animals Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 9 pp 313-315 1974
12. Pott F. Dolgner R. Friedricks K.H. and Huth F. Animal Experiments Concerning the Carcinogenic Effect of Fibrous Dusts Interpretation of Results Considering the Carcinogenesis in Humans Annales d'Anatomie Pathologique Paris 1976 Volume 21 pp 237-246
13 Davis J.M.G. The Fibrogenic Effects of Mineral Dusts Injected into the Pleural Cavity of Mice British Journal Exp Pathology Volume 53 pp 190-201 1972
14 Stanton M. Layard M. Tegeris A. Miller E. May M. and Kent E. The Carcinogenicity of Fibrous Glass Pleural Response
in the Rat in Relation to Fiber Dimension J. Natl Cancer
Institute 587-603 March 1977
15. Recommended Procedures for Asbestos Brake and Clutch Servicing
Division of Surveillance Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies NIOSH Updated November 1978
Table 2
Facility B Automobile Brake Shop Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
Sample Location
Brake Mechanic
General Area near
brake servicing operation
Volume
liters
758 190
312 282
Time
min )
379 95
156 141
Concentration Fiber > 5 m
0.10 0.15
0.12
0.09 0.13
TWA = Weighted Average exposure for period of time sampled
Table 4
Facility D Automobile Brake Shop Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
Operation
Sample #
Volume
liters
| Time
Concentration
min | Fiber > 5 cc
Brake & Front End Mechanic I
38 37 46
II
36
51
44
39
50 28 106
76 .../N^ .../N^
25 14 53
38 .36
2 107
0.03 0.37 0.14
TWA 0.15
0.21 0.05 2.33 0.04
TWA 0.10
General Area
W. Back Wall E. Front N. Side W. Back Wall S. Side E. Front N. Side W. Back Wall S. Side N. Side E. Front
40 41 42 50 49 48 47 32 43 34 35
98 50 64 82 82 82 84 130 82 116 136
49
0.09
25
0.03
32
0.09
41
0.06
41
0.07
41
0.14
42
0.04
65
0.12
41
0.13
58
0.13
68
0.05
TWA - Weighted Average exposure for period of time sampled
Table A
Facility E Automobile Brake Shop Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
Operation
Brake & Front End Mechanic I
Sample #
11 30 22
Volume liters
440 104
50 92
Time min
220 52 25 46
II
-
466
233
2
252
+ 126
19
80
40
29
52
225
12
72
225
Concentration
Fibers > 5 m
0.06 0.07 0.12 0.14 TWA 0.08
0.05 0.07 0.12 0.27 0.58 TWA 0.12
III
27 13
210 72
284
105 36
142
0.13 0.11 0.02
TWA 0.07
IV
10
208
104
0.03
18
42
225
0.33
20
240
225
0.12
8
102
225
0.12
TWA 0.10
General Area
Stall 4 Stall 5 Stall 1 Stall 5 Stall 2-3
25 14 26 24
84 452 102
60 128
42 226
51 30 64
0.19 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.08
Operation
General Area Stall 1 Stall 5 Stall 4 Stall 2-3 Stall 4 Stall 1 Stall 2-3
Shop Wall
S.E. Corner
Table A continued
Sample #
Volume liters
Time min
Concentration
Fibers > 5m
23 17 16 15
B
4 -
33
31
130 104 104 102 444 462
454
100
40
65 52 52 51 222 231 227
50
. 20
0.19 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.08
0.05
0.15
TWA - Weighted Average exposure for period of time sampled
Sample Location Personal
Brake Mechanic I
Brake Machanic II
Brake Machanic III
Partsman
General Area
Office
Southside
Table B
Facility E Automobile Brake Shop Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
,
Day of
the Week
No. of
Samples
| Collected
Range of
Concentrations
| Fibers > 5 cc
Weighted
Average TWA
Concentration | TWA
by Day Fibers > 5
by mWeek
12345
34322
0.05
0.1
0.07
12345
34322
0.02 - 0.26
0.12
12345
34322
0.09 - 0.15
0.20
0.18
12345
34322
0.05 - 0.06
0.05
12345
34322
0.01 - 0.01
0.01
12345
3333M
0.03 - 0.09
0.07
12345
3333M
0.04 - 0.13
0.09
12345
3333M
0.01 - 0.27
0.18
0.07
12345
3333M
0.06 - 0.10
0.08
12345
3333M
0.01 - 0.04
0.02
12345
33452
0.03 - 0.06
0.04
12345
3
0.08 - 0.29
0.12
12345
33452
0.07
0.38
0.14
0.11
12345
33452
0.07
0.24
0.16
12345
33452
0.15 - 0.19
0.17
12345
12343
0.06 - 0.06
0.06
12345
12343
0.03 - 0.78
0.09
12345
12343
0.01
0.30
0.15
0.11
12345
12343
0.07
0.24
0.16
5
12343
0.01 -0.06 -0.06
0.03
12345
22222
0.03 - 0.18
12345
22222
0.01 - 0.02
12345
22222
0.12
0.18
12345
22222
0.03 - 0.05
12345
22222
0.01 - 0.07
12345
87602
0.01
0.11
12345
87602
0.02 - 0.25
12345
87602
0.01
0.32
12345
10
0.00
0.14
5
87602
0.01 - 0.01
0.10 0.02 0.17 0.04 0.03
0.05 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.01
0.06 0.06
Table B
continued
Sample Location
Northside
Day of
the Week
12345 12345 12345 12345 5
No. of
Samples
Collected
Range of
Concentrations
| Fibers > 5 cc
Weighted
Average TWA
Concentration | TWA
by Day
by
Fibers > 5 cc Week
6
0.01 - 0.06
6
0.03 - 0.14
7
0.00 - 0.39
8
0.01 - 0.13
4
0.01 - 0.07
0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04
0.05
Peak
Cleaning with Compressed
12
Air
2
--
I
--
2.84
A A
Dry Brush Compressed Air
0.45
3
2
0.68
Dry Brush - Compressed
4
2
0.91
Air
5
~-
14.54
A
A A
A
TWA - Weighted Average exposure for period of time sampled
Table 6
Facility F Automobile Brake Shop Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
Sample Number
Mechanic
B1 Personal
Mechanic
B2 Personal B3 Area
Volume liters
360 196 150
Time min
180 98 85
Concentration
Fibers > 5
m
0.02 0.03 0.01
Table A 1976
Facility G
}
Truck Brake Shop
Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
Operation
BRAKE REBUILDING Brake Mechanic
I
II
Sample #
Volume liters
Time min
Concentration Fibers > Sum
69 75 87 92
60 63 57 79
88
102 158 194 152
52 84 60 122 194
2220
0.09
79
0.07
97
0.03
76
0.03
TWA 0.05
26
0.09
42
0.72
30
0.15
61
0.17
97
0.03
TWA 0.18
RELINING DEPARTMENT
Rivet Operator
11 " " " " " " "
67 81 96 89 84 78 72 57 58
Punch Operator
61 66 71 77
50 76
138
176 168
62 60 112 42
72 50 60 62
25 38 69 88 84 31 30 56 21
36 25 30 31
1.59 0.38 5.62 3.64 0.19 3.34 6.00 6.79 6.52
TWA 3.41
0.18 0.97 0.56 0.78
Table A 1976 continued
Operation
Punch Operator
" "
GENERAL AREA
Eating Area
"
1st and 2nd Bay
" " " " "
Sample #
95 80 97
Volume liters
152 74
138
Time min
Concentration
Fibers > 5 m
76
0.24
630
0.70
69
0.79
TWA 0.68
55 94
54 64 65 74 91 56
224 162
120 248 246 350
64 120
112 81
60 124 123 175
32 60
0.03 0.03
\
0.05 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.11 TWA 0.06
Relining Department
11 = = = = =
53 62
68
76 93 86 70
88 72 48 106 312 172 148
44 36 24 53 156 86 74
0.39 1.18 0.54 0.20 0.18 0.12 0.15
TWA 0.28
TWA - Weighted Average exposure for period of time sampled
Table B 1977
Facility G Fiber Air Sample Results
Optical Microscopy
Operation
BRAKE REBUILDING Brake Mechanic I
Sample #
Volume liters
-
8
13
240 246 280
Brake Mechanic II
Brake Mechanic III RELINING DEPARTMENT Rivet Operator
4 -
15
10 14
184 512
272
160 184 106 168 296
Time min
Concentration Fibers > 5 m
120 123 140
92 256
136
1.09 3.24 0.804 TWA 1.68
0.289 0.62 TWA 0.53
0.52
80 92 53 84 148
2.0 5.59 7.53 6.84 2.68
TWA 4.47
Punch Operator
12 16 17
100 126
66
50
7.31
63
5.90
33
10.92
TWA 7.52
Partsman
-
400
200
1.21
Operator
GENERAL AREA Office
Garage East
Garage West
Jone
Table - 1977 continued
Sample #
Volume liters
Time min
Concentration
Fibers > Sum
D 11
490 440
245 220
1.68 0.96
C 4 -
8 11
14
664 847 529 1366 1010 269
69 88 55 142 105 28
0.46 0.33 1.72 0.82 0.46 0.26
-
7 10 12 13
740 773 640 574 585 927 298
67
0.65
70
0 76
58
1.44
52
1.71
53
1.30
122
0.49
122
0.24
__L
Table 8
Facility E Automobile Brake Shop
Air Sample Results Trace Metal Analysis
Sample
Number 16 17 15 17 21 27 10 A 11 74 76 83 46 91
63 73 64 87 70 81 99 65
Volume
liters
670 809
92 880 756 373 450 756 234
8.0 259 346 605 486 480 276 326 373 262 124 320
220
Location of
Sample
General Area Northside
Trace Metals filter sample
Fe
Pb
Zn
17.0
8.0
< 1.0
General Area Southside Brake Mechanic I General Area Office
30.0 7.0 9.0
11.0
5.0
5.0
< 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0
General Area Southside
27.0
5.0
< 1.0
General Area Southside
16.0
5.0
< 1.0
General Area Office General Area Northside
Brake Mechanic III
Dry Brush Cleaning
General Area Northside General Area Northside General Area Northside General Area Northside General Area Office
< 5.0 < 5.0
13.0 65.0 16.0 14.0 33.0 33.0
7.0
5.0 5.0 5.0
5.0
5.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 6.0
9.0 < 1.0
3.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0
Brake Mechanic III
Partsman General Area Southside
Brake Mechanic II Brake Mechanic III
General Area Southside
Brake Mechanic II
{[
29.0
29.0
22.0
26.0
<
5.0
<
5.0
17.0
8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 11.0 5.0
< 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.0
a
Sample
Number 88 92 93 57 48 82 89 72 53 97 71 84 80 77 68 54 86 59
ite
71 58 46 43 78
Volume
liters 320
533 670 164 200
90 324 228 170 324 120 972 144 334 216 270 616 220 810 206 214 106 184
Table 8 continued
Facility E Automobile Brake Shop
Air Sample Results Trace Metal Analysis
Location of
Sample
General Area Southside General Area Southside General Area Northside Partsman Brake Mechanic III General Area Office General Area Northside
Partsman
Brake Mechanic II General Area Northside Brake Mechanic III General Area Northside Brake Mechanic II Brake Mechanic II Brake Mechanic I Brake Mechanic III General Area Northside Brake Mechanic I General Area Northside Partsman
Partsman Partsman Partsman
Trace Metals filter sample
Fe
Pb
Zn
52.0
5.0
1.0
37.0
9.0
1.0
17.0
16.0
1.0
32.0
< 5.0
1.0
28.0
6.0
3.0
< 5.0
< 5.0
1.0
33.0
13.0
< 5.0 < 5.0
1.0 1.0
23.0
< 5.0
1.0
12.0
< 5.0
1.0
8.0
6.0
1.0
9.0
< 5.0
1.0
< 5.0
< 5.0
1.0
7.0
8.0
1.0
59.0
< 5.0
1.0
7.0
< 5.0
1.0
15.0
9.0
1.0
18.0
6.0
1.0
18.0
11.0
6.0
32.0
5.0
1.0
43.0 8.0
5.0 5.0
2.0 1.0
12.0
5.0
1.0
Sample Sample
69 90 48 33 98 85 61 73 77 81 49 32
36 44 40 29 24 57 34 45 53
liters
206 373 458 222 648 916 172
5.33 479 533 1015 364 334 670 469 172 502
618 226 652
8.0
Table 8 continued
Facility E Automobile Brake Shop
Air Sample Results Trace Metal Analysis
of
LocSaamtplieon
Trace Metals filter sample
Fe
Pb
Zn
Brake Mechanic I
30.0
< 5.0
2.0
General Area Southside
42.0
7.0
1.0
General Area Southside
160.0
8.0
1.0
Partsman
31.0
5.0
1.0
General Area Northside
< 5.0
26.0
1.0
General Area Southside Brake Mechanic II
Compressed Air Cleaning
General Area Southside General Area Southside General Area Northside Brake Mechanic II Brake Mechanic II General Area Northside General Area Southside Brake Mechanic III General Area Office General Area Southside Brake Mechanic I
General Area Office Dry Brush Cleaning General Area Northside
30.0 17.0 . 36.0 43.0 30.0 21.0 22.0 18.0 25.0
9.0 23.0 14.0 33.0 30.0 19.0
9.0 32.0
7.0 8.0 < 5.0 13.0 13.0 11.0 7.0 6.0 < 5.0 16.0 5.0 21.0
6.0 < 5.0
9.0 < 5.0
27.0
1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Sample
Number 18 14
14
G
20 19 41 38 33 25 26 58 41 37 52 51 35 42 55
50
47
Table 8 continued
Facility E Automobile Brake Shop
Air Sample Results Trace Metal Analysis
Volume
liters
162 76
916 242 575 370 415 639 426 194 394 680 370 358 648 426 160 200
5.32 660 426
Location of
Sample
Brake Mechanic II Partsman General Area Southside Brake Mechanic I General Area Southside Brake Mechanic I General Area Southside General Area Southside General Area Southside Brake Mechanic I Brake Mechanic II General Area Northside General Area Office Partsman General Area Northside General Area Southside Brake Mechanic III Brake Mechanic II
Compressed Air Cleaning General Area Southside
General Area Southside
Trace Metals filter sample
Fe
Pb
Zn
24.0
< 5.0
1.0
52.0
5.0
1.0
21.0
8.0
1.0
19.0 | < 5.0
39.0
13.0
'
35.0
10.0
1.0 1.0 1.0
27.0
< 5.0
1.0
16.0
11.0
1.0
50.0
< 5.0
1.0
9.0
< 5.0
9.0
12.0
8.0
1.0
22.0
5.0
1.0
10.0
6.0
1.0
17.0
7.0
1.0
35.0
< 5.0
1.0
45.0
< 5.0
1.0
68.0
< 5.0
2.0
14.0
< 5.0
1.0
34.0 15.0
< 5.0 8.0
1.0 1.0
39.0
9.0
2.0
Sample
Number 31 37 34 21 27 26 28 22 16 10 3 8 A 12
7 B
Volume
liters
543 648 616 840 108 400 554 388 188
72 950 198 204 415 426 292 280
Table 8 continued
Facility E
Automobile Brake Shop Air Sample Results
Trace Metal Analysis
Location of
Sample
Trace Metals filter sample
Fe
Pb
Zn
General Area Southside
36.0
24.0
1.0
General Area Northside General Area Northside
Partsman Brake Mechanic I General Area Northside
9.0 22.0 14.0 21.0
6.0
41.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0
11.0
1.0 1.0
3.0 38.0 < 1.0
General Area Southside Brake Mechanic II
11.0 7.0
19.0 < 5.0
9.0 < 1.0
Brake Mechanic III Brake Mechanic III General Area Northside Brake Mechanic I Brake Mechanic II General Area Southside General Area Southside Brake Mechanic I
14.0 18.0 13.0 24.0
6.0 34.0 < 5.0 24.0
< 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0 < 5.0
10.0 8.0 8.0
1.0
<
12.0 4.0 2.0
< 1.0 2.0
< 1.0 < 1.0
Brake Mechanic II
12.0
8.0
1.0
Note Sample analyses for Mn Al Cr Ni and Co were not detected Limit of detection ug
Lead
Manganese
Aluminum
548
2 ...
10 ...
Nickel
Cobalt
Iron
5.0 ...
5.0 ... 5.0 4g
TV
aTdwes
nd
2917]
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bead
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o'T O'T - - - - - -- -- 9 0 9 0 9 0 9 0
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atdues zequny t-9 Garage Westend Westend $+9 9-9 {-9 9-9 oT-2 It-9 1 eT-9 yT-9
9 O> TV 9 O 9 0 >
9 0 Table 9 contiued continued - -~ iad -~ -- -
>
Table
aTdues any 9 O 9 0 O T 0 T Air Sample Results Results
~- ~- - -- -
-
Volume Volume --
Sample - - - o T - 9 T Fe Trace Zn mg Mn sample
sTewR yd
Z*E
Z E z < ,, ,, 9 T 9 Z 9 T
-~ ~ Ofice -~ - ~~
4153
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,
71 7 AIETFIOA sy[Nsey sTAeuyetdweg24818 TBI@W 7711111177777
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~ - Partsman Partsman -~ - -
0 9 4153 O OT 0'9 ,,,, ,,,, 0 9 0 9 0o 9
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Mechanic Mechanic
/ - FOTIO 2ATH
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4111451333
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radg *zadg *tadg
414513
28ATY 41145133 WATY 148.0 young JOATY
... ... 067 O9L Mechanic Mechanic DOYy o8Tt 3 3 90T 20.0 082 967 1
eTdues 23qURN T-a c-a <-d 7-d $- 9-0 oe g-d 6-G ot-d tra cI-@ eta 9T-d ST-a
TV O'T O'T
otdwes no 9 0 O'T
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Volume uz
-- Sample
liters
ag
Punch Punch
9 doug
qd
~
(penuyzos) sftkeuysy[nseyAVFT
anlyseayvagq TeIa_ 6 Sample
: Sample anlyseSample
-
Detection Detection
redo *zado
Uoy3FI07 6 young young
SUNTOA0.6 97T 99
stduze3qsun 9T-d ^'t-a
pe
detcted
Jou
e19M
OD
pur
FN
29 (3m) 3m 30 3u 3u 3u 3u
9
Toy
9 T O'T 9 0 9 0
sekTeu uozqe Jo
oetTdues 3FMT peay uoal outZ asourey adoy wmnuUyNT
:al0N
Table 10
Fiber Air Sample Results Comparison Between TEM and Optical Microscopy Analysis
Sample
Number
68
72
12
62
18
10
-
8
59
58
77
81
-
67
14
13
32
22
44
41
18 blank
37
79
63
L
A
G
i
68
Optical Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy
5 m in length fibers
5 ...m in length fibers
Total fibers fibers
0.54 6.0 0.58 1.18 0.13 6.84 5.59 0.82 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.38 1.44 0.01 0.26 0.24 0.06 0.12 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.12 0.17 0.18
0.06 0.12
0.25 5.97
0.17
0.67 0.10 0.07 0.33 0.02 0.0 0.0 0.19 0.16 0.0 0.0 0.09 0.04 0.0 0.01
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.42 0.10 0.14 0.05 0.50
0.50 11.33
1.01 2.35 0.74 0.43 0.39 0.02 0.11 0.0
2.72
0.48 0.08 1.43 0.09 0.16 0.0 0.01 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.86 0.20 0.43 0.15 0.73
% Fibers 5 um in length
TEM
50 53 17 29 14 17 83 100
0 0 14 33 0 0 100 25 0 100 0
33 33 25 40 41