Document vyYgRJDB3jpQ7NMp86wQe50J9
RKGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOl.OC,Y 2 1 .2 18-229 ( 1995)
Talc: Occurrence, Characterization, and Consumer Applications
R ic h a r d Za z e n s k i,1W il lia m H . As h t o n ,2 D a n ie l B r ig g s,3 M ic h a el C h u d k o w s k i,2 J o h n W . K e l s e ,4
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'LuzeCnNoamecwpAaCJmneoyerm,rsipeCcyaai;nn,^ycTL,inhuHnrzeaueentnia,tFcOoVArahkmlsiloa,eeny.Mr',RdicMo.a1n1,TaTt.rEahynnVelagaaCln;ne2dodwJ;seoom^rhoMbendtiis,lactorC,CynoToKl&omoairlJpyaeoatdCrhnoyony;,,s1sAamoInnmnecdteiC.c,rFsoiNrc,naaoIsgnrnurwcma.Wa,nelcDrekes,aPtAClmrlsaooissndno,u,ncTcIeiantecstcxt,ii.aoc,IsnnuB;,ctr;1.W0i,^gUSChankotsiiohlllgnelimnav, egtMaertn-o,iP,ncBah,NelidDmgefwaCoonrlJid;ve,serTUsChenoyeim,tPe*pdrTaohKnceytien,PrgPr&doiosccGmtaea;rtma&wbalGeya,mble
Received October I, 1994
anTdaslicgnisifiacamnitnceormalmceormcipaoluimndpowrittahncuen. iAqus eusaetdtrinibcuotnes ssuafmeerusper. oDduircetcs,t tcaolcnshuams ear loanpgplaicnadtiopnrosviennclhuidsetorbyodoyf ptaobwledteinrsg,,oatnhderscoomsemceotincfefocrtimonuelartyiofnoso,dpphraordmuacctse.uPtircoal odfuFctDioAn-,rcehgualraatcetdertaizlactpiornod, uacntds, cpoanrstuicmulearrlaypcpolsimcaettioicnss, are described. The implementation of stringent safety and quality control measures designed to ensure the ab sence of asbestos fibers from consumer talc products is discussed. Consumer exposure to talc-containing prod ucts is at least 350 times lower than permissible indus ' trial exposure. 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
Ttpctopimfttmahirneofhaohelaiaeduracnnmetntturna,usipcmmsocql)trIrects.ueluneraaicilsTactrcfwaaehebkl.oealr/ineeareLutlircaycrcntateuaaapeip(czcuuatpFpuaaoretstslieeillslseinfglcisclreuic.aa,sizadorasuctp1etaitafttiev)diiniAion.cconleacniidsImnlidzfenynsitsoedechfdr(fid1roseeetgintm9iio.cqihegor9ondaUenua.en2,n,clei,canplppturtrealaeirarrntpcrlopmeolecpaboeldspddymueerseuruicmnbnnomiccSefecltcxtteoisntfpse.sitaciatmuihtIafutoncs(noreegsafAdirsdaettasniemoppotsedofalonspmsayoeanloflicrrtaeinicat4itcsschicht)u8iabaa.enoat,etftne0iisseolso0dmptiodrtaz0nWeemivneefssrwetotdciufoeirrraeocialsenmtiacssrlthdnsl,,
OCCURRENCE AND MINERALOGY
INTRODUCTION
ucp1ar9raloT8llxy8a, )ildm.cfeoAa(flCitsineaAeatcedShpdaeuN,smroehhi.yycm1add4lrir8noof0eouu7rrssam-m9lmu6cal-aoag6gmn)necpesoosimuiuumnpmdrsi,siltesiaiscllaicpctueaisl,tvewmesriiitnzh(Heetrdhaa,relvonaegaypit-, Mg3(Si20 5)2(0H )2.
c8aSo5ptTa0npt,slh0eitecs0rau0ltacaitltooroignonnesnsessotumffcoctaorahtmlecainrmsaidapreulearsscictniro(atiRnl,asolpuuslsaamkepsisletplid,oclisfac1,nat9pant9ilau0ocp)ane.alsrlrAy,e(cpiVienpnriratrohitmanxe,diicUmu1ssn,a9tit9areti3nela)yddl.
cT3Uruo0osla0P*eoir,lrsTgyeeWytaosr1neya,awdn,sn1thhd9aeHio9ndnem4Pdga.ihtnloFcathonrprmar,aPrgrDaeetrcsrCapasonptol2coent0eghcd0tyeeA3i/vn6UsIe.cnss.eotS,ec.sNrihanF1toaiHDuoti,Alnod,BnWbea1etl1ho0Sae1rdoskdcds1aihr7ee,ottshyMpseoDSodfnt,rRaJeTateeangtt,lhuucelaN:art.CyCWooro3y.ns1,msT-uSFeomuteixiebctier,
adwstbaeatocftfi(tn(1sohihiooPurncboeuc9eioheer)arubTtpicirPts8atnmeenmlarenteinlo4aiuparmnucaihfstei)sscilaarloyolyo,mq.ezrciiaeefzattum-eftbudeiiDw.trkloylnoinrydietrtinsmiafs.nuhmeaannadeonbwlleihmeaiFkcwoyclennyodssyeoeiainttittnafsitogdicadnacmdachsontpiromltrezleaartcoodatpocSlamhdropnhlaluowreritecdnemOodensthimptngrirseihrspiee.odvacaowiss,paciir(nrhr.shatnns(ulorommthsdi.giaFretTyees,ltussiirtedilratsaactemihagregeurao1ttrhnltasvea.ahle9cylbhimipsbhaelao2oc9fnecelevrorlyeo)efh4iuncaatrity.eansfwedtz)ysealfstthtTl.turiieiwsrrrsu,etlcctmadadaaohtiTyohceeavoacr.cetce,hfndeiyrhirielnftinsoTaroeseeooai(astwetefnsinmctdrirhtuunto)iwrniekrgonsgaeszdartiaudboeshoreehlslecwdtl)cnlfraemt-hed(ywcirtotltpteiihrgi;hiueyoah.dielortnieiiihoipnrascuete)nccvkraThetmiatrndnhtckennencticlsattooyasrmdgeidodiostlytboplcfnphcsemeusyrayMaxmpsestnfeimstsiarcloyaimnceetyasolgh(alglrgerosagctoclsnerientie0armdeaptwoisrdpoisinddhyc4eneclshflam-(eeeopoicwoctgraORafpaprmfghooaoluthrslthrfooooHillarstntnaaeacolvihsgesridmoetlcgacst)rsriiieyeyeesl2ft,lt,
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TALC: OCCURRENCE. CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
219
puiptonm icnoenss)i.dSe realeticotnio nof otfh eanfaacptoprrso pd reisactreibmedinpereivs iobuassleyd.
COSMETIC 6%
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M A b A A A A A r A " 'apbpptpvwatcogscoMtfmsoatatomm(pmthauehhuPlnuoiepoolmafrfreotoihaluteeeaeoreheneriddaAlwbNstpOcrsraemtnsiorrryghmdodicecetaeicsslmcocctstdfioraotneituurr.tahhdiatiiifixicaiietpioasnnfnrecaaaaionn-ccnoazeatanyrTrenrwascltletllwtubtknttukonnlsdmteacaegdiiihssrdchayi.vtssimitnmohdrnihalsyetoinseeepecetcaaodoginoaponoewashnw,tt,ohlopulbfemncd,tenfdpaurfndsapneafaalFnperimaptdeldelrttinaaecaeaiuolatersiednhhcaoo.twogtlolcatpzkdlniserrsuhialeuesuecisnlhmaaciunoe+driscoiesteri.dVtmrm(tetnttmtic,tpepstoyeotatmhPienoietirThiaoaFopdotasmaisholtadriatoeitnthnlnrcinntomoirhesnarnneilecsotihzeeaoputi,sap2sfelseipsafusfdloteectee'tnl.ltmhii,or'e,i,sdliecf,1oeahtntdslqoringemyareiaiaeedo9mrrAdtbaeeccoun-sadaetcenpcw9bbmcetneshuoWsnastarfdlthrt4doyoaihptsaudoeluthrrmelastarma)eonsdiopooenstcraii(rt.lsptlabiaomsmclcryamaRernisycdiaemtcTypilenoacsshofliltslrtaoootcaauulrsthmgdecnfamctsyripembpssnroiirhcib,liReucrseutnfaestieodtolpaillcgayresioascqamce,canromilwyderrsltastostrserbahutlloodiiywoaeiiesctnoaewi,1nnfdtctoiisaaicsnrtcreatrtrulseir9wlnmhdedatipelenheriegicmmsatelecars8,ttrettleiacudnsesiehenhrseomeewylsolc4(adshapeislnusi.dsFnpa)dinelpcyistiagefuaeht.snfssdtedifrtcseamotheirnodrvigunuroh,uMeaio,neeoovrneriiHaer.dirarltrcaaontdtemaeddaswuialmeimlia3tahltteosco,1.cblseraulnedwl)nymhioalp9arfcpftocsai.lciliulphavolocifsea7piearlgtwafTtieccaldiiolnbsrylincc7mtspyessinalrhlocoyheiytyirtid)seiyccelletshtftcvsn.myboheiedtehsetriolispocaeesecaaeic.mtdesueoidstqarratfsaplraoillsulShfmaonelnnidcyhudiatceilccittanimsumnsinlncnateernesaonootloececssiiuedsbteaisertimtmmtmaotaeihnundotodltoaoiiiolecettlndylnnczpceesesaslr,l.,ff
TcTcTatsaocaatpsttsocsbtvwasswabttim(if(f1aahhhsahniiolueolttobaoocgynttrrrea9ih.hhoulaahllaetgeeeeieoeeepicnrhrmllAeannd9cccan)eteetnsrlieesu.tndhfainr.4a,ecetmt,trnicitheolememdtiiasebhnaroy)tmh.tcitrtatiwhnratairrvfBipt.ahgaainrellratngaaoerofpeesstgfAicieeetnl(oaiyeoeThfoeiltulgztmnevnarsticnpt;rdpcrpstiriessuocoimcyiricshgmoeshtrbilad,ctttensexoaeigsitpbntip(ihdbhmeeodfthoaaioacrtiugliclavtiyhaoriflysc>hataeioflsevelntanoccubsou9iaotrtolrertbneneb9fpvlotepeatsmaeiaytmyomvltots9unrtthdirdioiir5eeoottlrutehlonirmc-glsoopbehca,edthlaamsrrat%sretsi1meayhnhlddnfsytthruhutzeeulretociqee0whooiaosseeetiotsriedebnapritnasrardmulaf,t0y.arbpelupcddsphnd,lleatbatelidcteiciahe%iieeriwhscWcoueesodtrldlrwnot/adlsflahomwtiyesorcaaeeynorawrmvounane.snagnansirueomedlnnsdaebssdpitcaowcdcteyee)uTtddaavntistrcoitialitesehttcdetcstdoibhcvfeoyhbeetoa-eghohianhanp.sroeepingeatuomnlnepreepelnleaofilitndheiersrigbcorblcriens,crAdhhbtnmhmottddqsepooetefee.ceousehab,iryegssihiacsscauuotuslrdironlaordtoofnaelblloesbrac:teeoiecbirfedunatster)vyuclirtdnmtucinaosetstyedenmt,cposeshdrrm(echitgusbgtssindnratiruoanohtownouesvshesi)a,cieilhybeoewtfilclnr)bcmnnaayerlnoirocrlaadirhtteef;lalseetygisvrrilygihathersnspiiitrtmiatutna-cscnoaponscoaioroois.yieeatwoncbtlo,asaedil(ilctriri,as(bnohlnrfsbSscutrsaeoPffoledguiudphpefltuihtcecva.aflilrbtincnaicaems.ais-hsehnomieeeme,ceennsiteecn(sgle.emlenovteierclfaeeobd,Deicncsoaiieilutshssfoiseceoesrttnramd.enmehhfontioidsrihtctenmxl;floapzaacnniebiioocviteisevoeueThntpemstppnitpgnkliphseuoadnaef.areanpnscaneoosugfhhuita(rialttbyln.crprtcioctgaeeuWenlictahocstbrr-rcleiiiwoibieideauhwnl(nt.oemsniloedc)Upindceiyoolefdolctwtupia.rddhehhthglOniuegiupitifcril.srebnatatemer,citniimoGeiestitrcreiphrolnhpcpTcpi"gbensiszfticttcoraleetn)iemanithtrhnhrhago)ererhgifnarhtncopyodsoi.olooiroigrdieeruusrheelngoneia;eqteeneolotonaur,rricdntitesirTtfiahfstdtavutoyrcattuopbtetheaetaetssstasnodtioanihatataheacaeallrfolignsienthn.enehcedrllorddlokltymoon"lrioslilsinrdchddccdceegygccsecsss,.sf,r.ft,f) 8 " '4ioh)`
m9MINING AND MANUFACTURING
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90%Talocf itshetyUpinciatleldy Smtianteeds tianlcoppernodpuicttioopneriastiforonms (oopveenr
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--------------Infinite Chain or L a y e r-------------KK. 2. Tnlr: M olecular st met lire.
220 ZAZENSKI ET AL.
ofFstIaGck. s3o. f iTndailvcidmuianlesrhaleoegt-yl.ikSeE, Mor o"pf ltaytpyi,c"acl rtyaslctablsodhyelpdotwogdeetrh(eorrbigyinwaelamk aVgannifdiceartiWona,a5l'0s0f0oXrc)essh. owing the laminar nature of talc, consisting
cdqourimieredmdte.arlcciaml aayppbleicagtrioounndfotro wahfiicnheritpaisrtiicnletensidzeed,if trhee twmahpheepeslphnicrowapdtreiouotd-cnoutsuctsottuswpcahiatrsheassautplhscrreoeodhsusogfelohdar npasodo4wm0dd0iese-pmrssep.eresscheida(l3ii7nz-e/wdzmact)oerss.mcr4ee0te0inc-
CHARACTERIZATION
capimaphmSinnocnrraeigioodhmCmdvlnlddiuesoeemcmTuusr,rvmoatcacyeereelntltmrylt:rcecvacpciir.emroaan)rteno.yemrluittqslaTtiailmtiucocspaohdl,hinolpenveilaanrrli,aeriolncslcaciletooiazclettgnmreytetrrfitrem,oisumgrdn;nnmiarsidzeisPcnsniire.tt(ldnecdrilbSroisgiitaarbi,ninhytlzsusgeehe,eoat,qdiipf1tgrougtoa9ethruniehr8fdip-psntbe4euimotecu)ncarprnleetetlaaeueicrnqlrorgsUetusinyiti"i.osyuzSr(fifeeseas.iopned.itgdaSfrhede.cirtfi,encshefohientolvrecifraserierisstnmstbvuhs"apaeSusieleelfdhctedyoci,ettroiifuaairfnientllistsogcccass., 9stdttcwmehhc9oerherei%rs.seess2m34peThnr020donreeh050uofwptleiawedrmtmMcetohu,uihtteedeevo-cspessosueethhnhphtulch..taryo.ttowoerDsPfDcmwdpea2peo(eutiara0oghag-tctsch0rroryirtsescee-usfeeamtuleititoeclhntopcoewaierspcfoasfloriiaahrhfz)futatilsieohin,gtntascltaedaherraltleaneinnihlcbsnaceedrsgtousdisori3seshzsfitu2onbdeeopwwg5oe.siulrshdhr-hetwpaamiifiogaclencehlehrnrhyrdi2assrcha0deaewudhlld0edsllih(o-osae4fiimfpwrwdnco4oeeher-rssirwm^srnsb9a9hemealuo55tladta)ld(o--ela799ilywrsnit499.nicosepo-%%r3t^donwe9h2mews55eaooa.n-)rtff
vutcdvtmstubtsdtof(iimf1eseehituCimeoeainfsui9snccrnalaiseqelAnmP8pdCtitmncahotsmdaiduhe7traraeloastfcnSlapqeieel)inrolrretotinbgin.EyuolnustrtioteprqtiaifioyeueueteftwiMmccauHcieilvfsndwtlrsdnlyalrtotiorelteaeieo)tuhoysfe-,htrfudtroicllwcaattniaescaeei(wosusesfeelaocitSlltssntieeifzbtimrehzeennpuunecovutdemsiiests(atghslartcoesneuieirstdmetsserswirtrdioit.sciponsefnght,pngisahilicuwsipeohdr.aeesilgwcn,potdalvnereretiatrlerseaaennrmiuidbieegsmriniptotfnidcbritnedyerlhobahcefenseatastduiolrtiaueeebintlgsoyacttsrszeirlcrdtsyoisitecolvlosactemtiiovhaocaeigeocodbnaeafmanetnmmwcsetadamnnriisltlnph.ohoaete.dlrp.ieenae,prrdlespmnsnosanroprWaioilftut1iaainbeefrotrscaigrtqetp9stmramihguuoerhrtiytmiuib8iatactensnpartinip8eiaurrelliaslorogwgnlcoteclne)sttadbeienwrli.ci,ug(chtdeoestluo.r.pOoiCtehltastoirnensnieoachrWtni(PcytlneCalrozheApsheuaettrasoetepsrdrerSopptetilroeoofsihoazamultolfEtpva,einfldSerianftcwtedcsr)nMnctohhsitdota,tetiaealsd,osdasaecipncedbnttpbtskllel1mSerehailmcccearurneesic9emsrarmaoasbliitsqomu8staynapzcslvtpiue1miuycomonehrascrcsetaintto)uiofihlandlehion.rdmvsdbbytesoldswtstaaneaeCaceeitittnmauotutisctlhtolsdtiriicarioircnedcetslioopuannioatredztnnkeolrseinliynissglgylessltf,
TALC: OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
221
eWnaFabaIllGe'ss., a4anu. dtovTmaaalletcnecdchecachrhaaacrratgecertieszrpaiztrieaostnieo.nnTt yoopnfitcthhaeel stsaiuzlcrefabaconeddyosfphoianwpdediveoirdf(uloaarrliggteainlncaulpmmabrategicrnsliefosicfraietnsidouinlvt,si5di0un0asXlut)ba.lsCctaopnmatriptaiulctlpeears-r.ctioTcnhleter-oteolxl-eipdsatesrtcniaccnelenoianfggegleleolcemtcreotrrsoatntaitominci,.cVroasncodpeyr
ptcmsoFiiicliouvoilzaegumr1eenlnpus0rpdtoetocrarneoosisfatsmtesst5itithiomsemr)ti,eisinlbeotalCasutnuathiiliCszcntcooiteoSdwonrptafaEanCatonlsMwlercCfadtsoiertScspgtheftlhhEerneetoaseMhasepdnr.bepdeeu.ulTaliescCmam(rhastFttomeiibeitcvamgshenelene.reetpas4acpdasla)toyirariouzmaooiztsfetsapneoomdwdoimnsnieratesdrtrboanlitocliytorfavienialantbidgyshbdlulseootucyltihoftaishtheosowlsaunsmerrowpegelaoaeasgpceplmfruettalotealsiretwsc(rttsteneiilytdcz.etdhgpialeasin.eelr.,
tttsiiermacirmbupmulpoaitlrnrietolaa.ynntisicofenbinaosfofeefprdertonhupcepeeosrrneaisnwrpeteierttraopsberbledeetiadmftrrieaaowncnttniaootwfniopintoahrfatrniaecagllepayarssdriitszit,ecopuddaliaesrr CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
oa9iPnc2fhc%Itadnaor)ilumrc1iens9apct9curt2foesoc,deurodautnipaccispptnausprl;cmortotoxahesxibremmilmeageatptrtaiieepntclealgyailtcyepa4aspn88ttild%,poi0crnv0aoso0atpirfotioioodnnruintsritsseoh(cnTfoeotfa(ocUbatdoalpnelnapcispt1reuowp)d.mxleiicreSmearttaauiuttoseseenelsydss.
Pharmaceutical and OTC Tableting dcwoiespFttyrIs.iGebdu.it5mio.enntoPafatiraotintcylapenicsdiazcleocmdoispsmturetiebtiruc-tcitooannlct.ropClroolemddupscactraiasnsonndineogtfeetrlhmeecitnpreaodrntibmcyleicbsrooiztshe attwoaitir(1aannaOasgn9ilbbanTl8eyctTalcllghn9maeeCtpeur;teiltt,evoc.r)sDotmoitesuesaaAfpcdasbalairre1wscnroiwlems.nee0goaldpsietaroiuturitsanelhynoedsmcusdgvgebteb"2risodehdeamra.oon0ianin(ffcdf%ottAitograhpssuoree(Pn.htlfbmtavhdtAalI,fyonaanerr,rwmrdtlotwe.haitt,1molahlaeeane9cub1icigao8sgds09lese6htehi8.euapn;5eetct7ptutalDrfi)wo)ptpcragr.ofaopslaacfeAiwtmoloklcn2hltrss.oaao.tei0essttnnoaLihs%"tetdodiauegntcaabnhbbolsksnbho,ielurvdiydepattinreahthtciregua.wrnoaeea-btAtncrtteitn,qolhlhetiseaidsgutasezstcaashat-euatRlp,ictinddcrnrvrohfeatuogeieaiuohsnsfstcsdeanytsaeyttitile,tnnhhhdpseonsi.dgeeessr,ft
222 ZAZENSKI ET AL.
TABLE 1 Direct Consumer Applications of Talc
umniwniamnitzeeds cbolveemritshhiecsknweshsi.le its translucent character
Application
petEorsctateilnmutaasgategedeof
CPPALrhohneoaetswisrspmeeienpdargocspwpegouiudwrtmaeidcrnseatarslnstda(eboylteehteainrngdfofoadceapmpalikceautipo)ns
7113538
datSao.urce: American Westmin, Inc./Luzenac America, unpublished
pcoatssturtaihactdoulscrbinereTdaslecielgd-tebanaetebedaetslgtdiaicidbnfotzstwrhlowieneboestidsemhittreaa,t.hleenhlnoaposqT1swndoacuufu.hd0riotirulhftermaetioshseeocthercleimstupnd5oholulpts.gewaasaa0hsn.etrts%biailtnndTiyrtastnhgiginbagsacaeylcgchsarehcoerucntwxaeaesioulcgscmecnbpasieekiopestegensitaidutnhhesettionhgtuirceninarpoengtpolgplfalrirercyitinrtaegdhaoh-fiss,pgmsdiineslsiaeh.smsemefsnouMadaon.itlrmwprlvtpmTaamstpeioeanralalnrwulsoyiltctctclroatd-eeataof,aesuctafttib.rhiiooltosxossilorlwTcn.oenotsaa;ataoresalqllmpalcdtaduanoahadpreetwriyeesss
Confectionery Food Products pabb(ltraihAeseirsleo2qAhiama0zdueppsed0euideprr-ermc.reridtftctmoaWuiooaaocxctrenknaimhh4nmi)e0ft.aaoWnysa0nsAfti-fcneuemaoscelgssryhteewtahatmsdea3tighiwttl%riarehcndiis(nnb,7uoootagu4sftfaIeht-ftnsetgd3ioehlcsuw7lrtiee.amn-d/era^Llbe,lptmltsuhataapahiszi)rlnlsseeceeidcpandauvuarpasgobssotcepiaeelydodulglnuine.tmeAcehccsTareeit,tmast,ehiltomdeoehudffrnteeiaipilthcpnllhratieaaeauazerr,rnnletfdciataddgcuancielslcnnidtecenuafgprrsnsrcvutoeithdoazebmarnnyees.
Cosmetic Applications cauTsaelcofisitusseudnifqourecocsommebtiincaotrio"ncoomf nfoarttu"raalppatlitcriabtuiotenss:be ttfpwssr1hhreuh9laeeaesre9acuftTa1TtykTatlrhe)uhcta,.htmiireVelannTtiechlnogopahcteglnsfliaiilsaihnslitts(cethadeFoecanlleeepunlihcpttgerlbesa-pa.tpklrrWslitslo6iaiikeeactne)cflnretia.d;etuetstaeyTtihlcatlsltreao'shetto,istuyissirwotstersshftin"ebrohorcepssseaifrolchigcttsisfoeihekpeipftnsfdsnii.aect.n"eulorttad.ccaeommUnelatlcsiipeaoylvnlloyniioaeedteneohdwrrelrenadesstluhwsadaihipsetnesehoktsdlrlenoinadiecnsbopsloatipewpttenoinoehlnenaigdnicngcceasaw(rahotintPohbt-ivoiusoogletetsehrunrrhreaotgiefhndbuoohorgeyer,f,tf
cavtssmwmsW(rIrnceiultraigehieeaonTlbrhtcniattinudiusucoiareitlcsietihfistelsnzixioiercendecftscisndrowpagemi,oaotsrnrrbiihnsmtaofpndcyahutetdeoe,tasuesothlluortiehiwtlythentpaaclrhdeaiaeilttsdenttcbismwtoahao,rmiyts(tclncuschwecrkmaeoscaeo.pejgmihngrnsooarrwt.amh,aosrtriiwlehii-rbtndanatersdiriaygruetonctigmgbuiagtrchlotrcoyeeitliateadfeprdmtrdhpptc,nadteiediuoayoealotrercitrmwynpssirnaoetmapetaimdtslbasclppiiseeneqliriereaupnertansuoitnnesltonceiidsexsttddcrrbthiieudtpzaaaeasvetcmoetlbaltfieiltdcispntyloyacrhepcueraintkrasosertrnlms-ph,ecsirdus.oxftaerfhaussynoino.rsibenocptorenrrTidemuteweccedhppsfmsielxeaapneerraarnoeoacaissmlrptcncttfdoaaurtetcacucpihoblircocarcoclasealteespneaetsrnit)ss).l.
Solid-Matrix Formulations csstspcpoustscaecoTgiestcmmtmafrh(asihheiioattoteaaohnrcintolclfoeaviihel.gaeiuaeatlenumscOAcmlgtBlslctrnbdeeisaetl,tsohtmtttliutsusdk.eueeie,osylarapd.a,tepieartric.erfiahhll.cdgrntegoyron.wefgnritenyydiiTmpAohelornhuitewrpdhoralc2ldBosiebhyrtrsr2etnhbtiglily.npnie;aifgosyomaacvusphcritd-ldehoelidsrxItne)ed4teaftydainiaeoxioenoyutusrhedrmdrlsal%pupcethitacasopldrdyrasniluautuneseaecMpgniaeotm,ileplnird.lcratbsuredorilantrftreccompiradieiht,ilss)ofoEuspnnctnptdoatogbocesrtpsifuhxklpltw,tAeseenrsaeaoneyillokerahahisrineptyersataeitsrnrmdsssa,sirmaiieeeranu,egaoenrcn,sptmanundsotrlaescoarptenkrfrgamawti,ttophttctdemmnloetagaueflittselieiuletetnyusaoaedcflntrdpdaimlisadauiascdi,ntrmadxplglrrgioaxeoelro,eycrpiecaesteeliecpPrienilelrteicnsinnmtsnanirecansysyospcrnia9ddtEdihsaec,vsdrtodsnrtpnoast0tesleo,tartouoGs,eioxewtsirisamooce-emencifoctforcmcetpa.9fiacocahxtroin-iraicemllitpr2hdrs5niTtkt1nsuitletteutfetansoycohd,rh,e0aysee%g0csactatwpriaitltc.nflidi0ar0leblferspteotllscmbcmo.efieaeeucdi-aeaCaaounoksniecsr4lTlrdtilefelrrlarenlkysmifslaieotcrmoicgioee0asirsasshesnenmdaeloetamos.waasrhf0stcuadcoh9egeuinusmnmhfhec.cveunor5lSamlpiwesastothomtiadlnsuatTlgxte%imsiueimesoinoloalihthpnfot,oset,cd,t,eydelileotptile(eiaphnnatoeaniooisvicigpcace,odrPrdoaagopdktlclrenhsuzme.hirtaoieiyissssfgEyveianeeacsosfotdrtdfitpm.aaeluny(.ucaraeafinstGenyuk,cuwiiniosylrwhpillltnaasasIoiseacr.caenayscpc-cprnnsinrheauerllaahd.8Tsmgtdarioie.diguiddina)xuabrnhrairecdtpycttrhstemrenaguasdtphnaohIeaaapiidhplsie,ennmctgdhllxggwpiee-opwooiiraawacdsa1lnteorpsepelolmrrfptoltnslothlilfia0yunninaancoloeeefxacdiflimomivaox0ptonmtenootnatiardrlloaiiiesnnsoyycer,-s,srltf
TALC: OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
223
eshaceFheItGo-lti.hke6er,.;oirnCd"opivslmiadtueyta,i"lctlataalyclecrpsalapotpfeltliaecltacsticaoarnensh:yeiPeldlhdytoasingcdeatlhbeeanrttdbriywbwuitteheaosk.utVSfEarnaMcdtueorrfiWntygpa. aicl'asl fboorcdeys.pAowppdleicrattaiolcn soafmshpleear(ocariugsiensalinmdiavgindiufaiclaptlioatne,s5t0o0s0lXid)e. oTvheer
Semi-Solid-Matrix Formulations cppsTtt"mafsrihiioyttnrrocanrreoelesSdunb.aissatpsecenulhsTcfyhemtmesi)s(iluiynde3dlni3isrpuim,-0sg.soesicpwg0hcsofooFpeol-.iafhlynto4nonwitlaBicodwe0grtcldep"nsc0ihdcprnerttoeoeewopradatmlsrasvwlrarisicsrnemeelte,sdaehcfgrwsuatdeeon--hecnuarcroino),shrtpdporothe.fconiscdaibaeonwasttosaslaerefllmdsidvauoaebbnaereirlrpvllrsioagpseunurcetsieofemseogrserrowshaea,uisrabgegsssdmiivsluheenneseae,msu-grt.psrcabrsela,uaoa)maltyIguhrtcagnnieietesonntceoisuhcpscdhenoncerleoaaaitoseeslspldrr,nfs,itprasoonioitoeinorcwruglzyepacirlnevees(aylsmsdt,usetdtlysheh,ediapipoioznasenkbriiaewdtelceeir,ssonas(unigotfi2wsbldepisllle0nueiyyioassndd0er,,, Liquid-Matrix Formulations liqLuiidqumidakfeourmpsu, lmatoioisntsurcizoinntga icnrienagmtsa,lacn(de.lgo.t,iocnresa)mincaonrd-
TABLE 2 Typical Stick Antiperspirant Formulation
Weight percentage
ACTSWForalcaaalltcygvxivsereeasnnitsnceg(erethdyielnatlcohol, cyclomethicone)
222400011-----0214225050
aoatpeTtpc2hhsrrnforytaeaaoIodratpbannnaadimlp1ltuecycel0ilsaci,sgo%qtleutttbetmhuhmlis.triioiioeneseqTdcind.dn-ukpvhssmetiIeriioidnrnscooorlackirdrfskdltogoeiuyhaelsqernsicsauinmusqitttnpateyneiurdu(mrgicueofiadlfa.oacmsoflg,rttrtmrt.iuramh,whocibkraeeiernieuifekertnsslhbputaeaod.haiprumtfincoeripnVopeodsfdsgponineiu.sgrshrsrashcocmmTaigotsoddtvheyaeuwseuienilnssilrcccntattatyaetksastbiiim.einsiolslhnwnTyinpiTqcwaigihsnrulllahilueimegilrbmedsdlaplovsreanbeaeimagegrsvvrl4riietceiyialc.gussnyeskohccrnteinoosfftuzturrsssaosioopiiiingeimnttmd)lygydes.
TABLE 3 Typical Pressed Powder Formulations
Weight percentage
EFiynTTOCABFPOCPBeirraarooinitstsaeennhllhlhlhtccgsosoddieeiaecerrrneerrdassrarrgrvppvonkss(ooaawcppi((nttwweoiooiiggvvwiiddmlleeAeessdsrreeaaagssanrnnnen((tdnddcscdtllawswaaaannyyaantdxxoiotoeeirrtossxioo)t)xiaaadindttaianffullntoomstuusrrd))ioxide)
511200510-.----1263120500 032.352100------431304.00003
224 ZAZENSKI ET AL.
TABLE 4 Typical Liquid Formulations
Weight percentage
0C1n
FLoiqOTTWCTEEPWPCPuuarraemhmoioneeliaallrlildsdccossufutcoteaueeeokrllrmrsstsrmrrsreiiivvoaaffnaeeaaiiknnnseeettetdriidrrecvvusssrrooeepesisspalsamcifiers
5103251-----75123500 02.<525051----021511.0.0000
eecpaadcoifmfolraocsefhuiratrlurdattedoo,taa2stee,erslele0,)ltccs.sdyga-ptt5alTltieo2rcyahnr0oayes-ce%tr4ppteahuiha%yirsdcescyeokldpeae.lfiacsdfilnnscrtgloh.teeytimwredoae,mIag,mfhetprflhunciyuaor.tileotctserca,Ietommenfykt,tldielheouuotdsrneanlstasiiaeeisclcntpcdutaai(agoheosoppaherenprrrascdo,.yiisnenglaAlpm,ndia,mnrgtstaceaageelnaayagisendpdddoelrbtlareaimieyctnoonsbraleutrfgiaii,plllcstpiatarcta-t,ihauycghalggtcaesireoemgleepni,fiphstdrseth,tieosanhcaralntaaesec4pttyncree-csp7iclnpoxrg-rsoethte8otluahueayro%xgcuemnncsihe-r;t Loose-Matrix Products slcoffccfaEpaasustgofruoryrhokhalreffsnosrfxaauefbrstoeaLtoeiTtwdegagaeadnathrntiddfweocmhdrrisirde,rbecsencmaatoeabneepakoiepmtfnanptssgnyroend.riatlneicscrrtngharrewenydlaw,o-eatetIeicgesdhtdnotlnddlpTataaorohbiuecieurpcueaoconlcsaooeahbbnclernuactwfdmbstdct.-osrabtsttcsrifebirilyesdldrouiaroeoaceoi(Te)aatdfeeystnlssoapynoiiiscke5rytnrc,wtnrfosaseat-.ehppooiaee.tfinwdaishtso,edciltoflmreIchocaihwirpdtfeepnstctndascwiohpaoimonearanhtdelttvbreneriwonsiisigfeamceonolavigairadlersadtsfnglbnmtoeerypiulrn.aeebennysaionacplarendtoapogsaAgtaholpiiknctsendtinpmrtfsraofaoeditcetaydylt.mocreswuaadiduonpsatrncTrfptptihsictlooid-tcrieatisoeeatlhaoseaienwitepeditnmwnoshledgpenirtrocwtodtntreooriosdutssw.aiaeaanarcwaiesnrpnfBrotntbilhsdcletrhhtencpseofi,cfiseooaacroolerlf,eftrrbtitnetifsorrpsthhaafltcirdayoty,uhrnrwocaleaeaoccebmmacbcbepwtgtifhgtooigecilnlasortruroeaudtfdriarhtciabiewhsaliacarandynsehntyaseaelsisnearhesdgautcctnctnpitcioeefa.pseotdcaaotwafeotarfteerflsiicnaImdtbwldcoonovpri.inaclamssiitsrigdicubdlosnhrlFdacaaufaertoreudotaausiiclriiiiscdhrdncsneertrnutnaatstyiooeyeeessaarrt.l,t
atpccocsmngpg5co(nrFfgiamoretraar%aomfelfehriraloegoydteutrossctoupegi)f.brmsdohsssdotrscrebnrtoirito7eoaayanatyneaeta)a.sneumgnvi,lnnrnnlgflloalacawrredIliidocoitdisonapnnetntst,ecunreiteiinhwi))elshorelys,i,p,apyaccleoughnseomusrdcaor.eagb(hetesoysthridnfoonTrrotas(dietlvnao.eis)iacoiodludh)ciocreticdppcwlAfdlshgileauqfautrhto(metteeerydoiulclwrfmwoolsgiasntms.rddoaheiaiear)i.acbriunafaoaitF,osgtigynhIogctrnminupassonrnleosatdtgciytaraerp.mraoinlctytfllsn,enirnhylcoutatatcoltaxoeceipaoehtmpcidlgammtcerconooeeisyeltaitallecitscw,ehsidaupeddhsrazpeaetoclsaoaecddielacrliirocsattstpianreeivtoeberirtsiptorfaez(cinonofesalsmtvadwelfauauhncldcyur.ues(cnlekmyidrreyt.hatrseantdifyooAa.etr,TecansihsgffprrstnmlSfctttoshcsoueeeoaarhdrsce,lhraisraacwlniceeumsetc.p)gepanlhtcahsldsshrbrTglgeenusect.b2ae,eaaaeoeuscnlhhnrl0tisdAaantotaebnsiaetct0fruntnidhktmlerdsrioes-ilerdagooaaitervmaesiantafrmmsncnrtesrotrggenahgeaetghatetorndscsotttlesh0g(eeaoiieurhoeyduwahca.nerincpr0sasipnssealrhfttntui(l5tratonnrpitaiua7eeaisilooonfccccltn4ammtoliegtinnynodnpeees-rf QUALITY ASSURANCE
tscccscttitFgPtmonoiiepuooarroooeriaaeTtrlstorstnnsioicanhmcesfooudhssronoicter,npfeeipircaeciCasapptmawsceetisnrlAhncaiaafiytopaadlletdaoosnlacidrnmlofspo(clpuedbgoUinremgitpinncruocchsnriSltssdriiaedgaieitpdaueaPcoluoemuhteeqrnatns)tictCeclatou,sttnditwiirolnoncisfetoeacyrihfedou(scnesntis(tessaathshmisdagC;ax).tuttaaoleibaeTccTsott(htmn(rlanhihFnFihueeiaecltse)esAcaserCsahamirae.lsfnnssC)Cestldoe;phofudPro)ccplberiep,asuusanraabeacpqnpemosttlrynieeuhfnldtudfoaiodegiciietcesuccnrnotaio(eedieflcasdildUcrdediitcmatti,ci,hfie)flnopaobspseeeeqsTiitrayhncrg:ntztuiopfoyuesaosaete(a(hipsddrlsni,illl)sm.)yeityueisrspobtcSse.tpcFysaemruHiiaseteufcQyDcclrapirreeakeeeiacstfoAufadlaruesoinaeaadlnsccstrtslnsridpuebamhhdipceigPthpnrtybaayegiaaaelsFohrilcauinngilr,atcnaairtinlheccefcoytaaassrddiyeeder.,
TABLE 5 Typical Loose Powder Formulations
Weight percentage
ABafTTCSFFtbeoraaroyraadllr-ccggpnsiurroh((aasmwo22tnn00wadccb0r0eeeeci--rrcmhma(eebrbssohhod))nya)tpeowder
991 61551<---752505
TALC: OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
225
NoFtIeGth.e7s.ubCstoasnmtieatlicagtagllcomapeprlaitciaotnioonfss:mBaoldl ypaprotiwcldeesr.s. SEM (original magnification, 1000X) of a typical commercial body powder (200-mesh). jtapTpCusftttApts(RlPfUtchcc(ehiaueaohFaa1enafarrreoeraFcecitSroocraooornD9flATapdrlialntstgeeetRdceroPtddchc,9cacult&asauitcetdtnteautuoi0t(botyurlooihailbhFytftsiCccdcf1ancaslnrioadsneaieeDnestp1)iteeUttm)ltfdc(osngai,peerh0cfase2oFAiq2cipsnf,gAiSod.exelmUecm1tnn1"oDuipop(i,dc)tftPtitcTvesChmifrSaiaiuafrgtiCpCAca-tedfieaernoemaclnpeG,ssiPcrmrosFis(cFpncslkdaotanedutaFha,mcieeMRtarytnRiucefnecebt(anCaionecmetaier1rcto)anlilbsdofotgPdcstan.Csi2aot9itimlagyausldne.sn,slhunplsw1dnT9cte-ahsyi.si)sothpceu0gO,ins0pfgassretcaletr.licebooig)u)rrihUefdsycelrnslFot,,oeoftlhcrd,diredaoirlhioansteservtbwaoysaeuCprmmearmcreifdsdihinymlgniceaefmranlisuTsdnreepoeectcuiicegdcieeescthifnrarFdoolnTsiektlhinanualaylitagldnaAFtircagehtoiilgtuslCentsh,dwthttesCripnaesmis-liahgmFaoFegueeradevggpeeiidoCau,vdnsootonrnprderceemcihFwuf2urmeoosarcoolddicheeati1lDyg(fdidrtrdaFwznhiptenan1shi,obsofee,mneciAgDhmunap9ita,eConeertdu"apcaoDbt8tuanahreG'ArabaoitffagshlmaFltg1tcrntditeoranldduieteoe'hohaesucCDaa)sisocrdierelddo.roeneDhgnlndkitidCtmnGp&pdausynoseaT,girmirtarpassol.muGrnpdsflMuCaoMsahprumsceoutgehocg,tFdnMAealueetfirddPeafapsachfAecunnddoirHnAieduor.cnsotredlPecfcutfmtdcytertoceosiumdaehCatbsfiufteascpusmFcdcl,rofaimaelygorflopalaeausiauCcrcaodaeismasilcsoncctislntercnFdCnremmCnh,nmtutenhdRauttiviugoDdmieuorvTsftseieetasieseroensfifectn&attmFiunaatadgcaoaaiirelonioat2bcrnunaboyurAuaeldccCsslingn1ecesl.f,l.,, scpspaaaweawaTpwiisasttactrrnsaaneoeiptelrhennnnmsheaahvehhlillacttcrbedTlAynddddttarcacireeaiilphohoikcetmuoccnsrtlhotpnoreLGiinsuaysmb.hrhsgiabifcnenpnaterit,onteaeuiHrisohqyeet.eeafstcrtslnanibrxthbhteoislruo,s,cosuaCpdts,nygtyetil(irheepmdtwrcrpheyonsessmceiosais1ersuorestotoentefeotroennoi9eoimheaot,cwnnpnctammfvsti7fu.drnaseisfiiucuhtte1saeieeina8fsrlntlaeropcias9rrrrirelrolil)oTbimndmctyaesyatlafpto,lt7,tsmhcha,eoelehitls4esteatsaocsnitiseeoarehrueoh;lennahctnaoaemfiisenrfdienutessKthsatesld(aoncitedui,lfeolsstlitatglcntntstodriiioesthsoaaoyrviaarldzfeaooyititfopecrfanelolctraieotooaaweumnncetiinnree-emoisrlfslrazucsspog.C-acclosineddbpeaaeoytccnttaneuaatgtrdhTtiheoitloacfehafinptrmysaaioiriesbsneiFrocrbaotmtbsoarntemtcnteeeberiaidstmAanooaecctnddotnciiaioylobiksesnotnbmrt,ahcoaspianetnAiuos,smteenaomsodnngnUadebaeiacsitbtdcfssalenssiafivwoneekataSqho.tdercii.neiiwoscayessttormneesomutPerdiet,.eifiInoPmtsioeolsfrdmaeno,,ostoyatpnientrotconlsheuMiucuansdhsneop,gkfdtstaatotcnnroi(cethdeshlihos1it,arsarRaofdylduesraiieooeeo9bisrentplonndnzncnoifhrcb7acuceFsiyintitueedodhmn8copcuteenstnaheCsblanaenleu;ctosmrs)sidsyt,tiotnCeaa,mtnrttofrPaaunsoaeedriopsiwmn1tdrellwfwainsbaddfbiirnacerer9enontsnclorrto,eeuhrbeeam7aifgrormotoiituivcnbib)ssm4itiycsunnhtccucna.tasblbeeeeu;ooegni.iiyshsslttnaareaeancrlrnRfUmlhmedamAiapoerryststtcsatatremiiaiiiottrttacsriieeisinooannn.hhlgoonenhoanouokllsrlndingggceeessasr-lllt.ff
226 ZAZENSKI ET AL.
TABLE 6 Assessment of AdAuldtuCltoBnsoudmy eProawnddeBr/aBbaybEyxPpoowsudreertuonRdeesrpNiroarbmleaTl CalocnPdaitriotincsleosfdUusreing Application of
Atavlcerca(ogmnegcre/emnspt3r)iartaibolne
SDinugraleti-oenxp(omsuinr)e
Daiolfyafcrteiqvuiteyncy
respEirqaubilvea(tlmaelncgt/c8mo-h3n)rceTnWtrAation'
AAABABaaCdddbbuuuGyyllltttIddHbfbiiaooaacTddppeyWyeearraapAiinnppp*ggpplillc((ii21cca))aatittoiioonnn(1((21)))
00021.....2410113893
00001...373..53054085
55111
000002......000000000000011050830880
ind"6uDAscatrttuiaaalflreoexmxppoo(s1su)urrAeeyslilmhoatitvtseel(boAefCen(G1r9IeH7c9,a)l1ca9un9ld2a)t(.e2d) aRsuesqseulilveallealn.t(819-h7r9)t.ime-weighted average (TWA) exposures to allow comparison with permissible
edtericaffhirsnaiciqntiuotehnse, (ofCpinTtiiFcshaAle,dm1pi9c9rro0odbs)uc.ocpt yis, aenstdabelleischtreodnumsiincgroXsc-orpayy CONSUMER EXPOSURE TO COSMETIC TALCS
tesoum3tteohacno(klusceBtsnpnathaiaphHnoxfsa2unevirxaefctnreeleegareoeeIeCrspto1yrldcaptuCaaudticrynsnvhtdahyrensho(brlrorslrtouohsutii)i/viuyealsarsisaes)nhcntcatsoesntaotaifasrouu,n)ubhumfioaogbnedd,awF.esssgencrapfdlmrelncinceu1eepDoeieiscf-npcolTrtolntpcct9muifaitorehaUeeuuflatr&rtdiionohae9ectyroaycirtdocnnembrtoeoessfnt5cnnmetsCepeslciohritmktvat)ettstidfnteovrephseiaad.troeotpclohahrasnreat.eiAraallliynorf,aotrrl.ovoeeicscsnlFdtthdoyicrrmhccndstlueaiptetcR1oeufteeuoaoomhhsttiiedssbiSoy9upgfmdlturgrdmaicnaenedceaiwosn9aittcdahwepicioos(ssxohtateebcyo2eoeroryWsalunsdpkvnbpftsnmeaili).somnanlb,erietsoegmiaiomrlcnsfsfnsfooeroesfaur,shraaoiseoseatree,heclnifsentap(lentnrtlwc.oeascauvetanarNdnygtasdtraiddtscngItelexnitfham,icuteh"ocneueioTeaniresaspdtteorsccefrwasitooihtsoscuspteiPasanahynoacremthnvesniresbe)riramrclltldps,saaeoltaeligiakdaastrhemuiynmsawupta1scfhprmsotenlntatrvleicic(useasu9iiryoenehlesfciaeiiaWictsaetuea9nypngon,sltmrkylinrdnotrrgtiort3sectpgtiyrheiecoutievcepitota1p)hsmscaleosayhaad"c.dirhiiurrs9nblabkslaafafesitlcldiaoaiacn8gotentaitlystdnwrauni,cidootheob5iestgltsgoo(ciensohlsocihst,auaerfenoMeoineouquniin,eesarnrtuatcsbonnw(l1wundhbamerokalSteett1mlvcbd9ttssrcaaieseicfa9oehelteooeaoa8neeagttet.aaudh9eceesaiatratpn6g.r(sdx(ncnit,dw4nitGmalrbpn2Ws)tcphtuiapayii)ge.oo1ioteepctenze.necronatppiricxhanTooelafeaateaaaOlesnpeiaeeirccUpinssldrdcrunhtdawlg2ursrcrremssamfetoedairytiov.eaic0iprlrnnSdihnpesectrimeiav1auieuoeiinueccdenie.elaridronmntitcbCc(nreustertnoawixeaeeetriidnihodhoycessss-)rl.,l,
bstbeTealmbpdooatbtpecadwrsoaWism1l(l11aoeoeneipmexrltrxsoemaeobifu9fru99hs.leuvvnsfneecate,ipsp7cEnse7s7ktsiferlpt,tIreedtoeddilginsee0;iouario6e9tc1itdaipslslplcysnenigec-sanddrt;sels)ns)s9seetetsrlcittuvcn;d-,,ggeloooruiuhcuRa8eeegiinaoanfgitgleeimmlt.tervicr2rgsreay)tgtfrpscnauprrdntpcyeelcmrseo;eFenapttareootnnVaabaeaiisoaourcilaesnciLodinwfespdsres,tsetrf(tionnrocudleeitoeyrt(inroSiexeturnectscatfacaosoeidnrmaloidreentrsrhouieoemematelmttletacpotecdnestldcsallixelunpseirrnroe2oitlnsytaewct(woiaplonaeaam.tmohnsotc2sSgnlcvfp,e(mbblico.mssntsohtorftanfyLf,TecuaciasoooluhopeptmiartyVrvilinaydenu,baomrpte1.cnactonflkdninttet,iepttrlarniebao9vilahloacwmigeiteeeeanhonnloeafecp1nond9cslepslioynrrurrrr,nbucec9tcnr0eespeuttsraosawhsehnimmboaolrli7mit;tttod,tulmaayotnmeassvmhthtosene6axi(anosaRlehoiltistwntsaalie.;tnamateiinihalwguir,ogipceetweimoftsn.ru0ennGnnrftdh,eiaerdwhotvtu,moohs.tbt1eoaaWiedsra5leayhp1naecirlsnac)nei9srsvurmteatsmmteo9rmnuoncipsmeugn7haeirittlraaoaas8raoaocn.ehmoiaaspo9flroaao,labnptslnti3aapnahyruetvynnr;oabnllnhnneilulid;eenlytce2dlo1dmos'gheclrr.setidaessasnLat1,reieW.9atrpceleeiue,r9ttorprsae1tvaoivsatgm6beiulryuwmnssyxs,1maltniceetravcih3eoa.l1tmodokrmlt9pvn,stiae-ruoaronia;erranrpoeh-laffid8)atleoagilgan1ilrdtdp2endbglo.x.ptnhcuE3sgeradiass,eet9oeedsipliFl/oao-apkdo)riutesWtexieroel7xmlm1pdow.-vcgsaorns-norsanuvrsmpc6sc9cptiGrefuanaeergnstisA3etgsnihhioa)ay8oe(ra(oenrelgics()uso.lrtdBhe/iross2anmntsi.Rllshrsaclaglmresprisetncud;anoveiespveioecepahbhDnweoauogswurWocifutpio3tlusehdisocfdlebwrt/veteeermvdrirlcxtanhmaoaiua(a1uee(envinriseaeecieoldaptbdnbalt5rlaeuegsesxtp.vcidtgo.rhaa.c3e,ineyog,inyporligtnhrphi)raatlumteqomreaassgstu,.g1wichbf,tleoalbse,e1esruuennteolsebs9osaeotdtrpasdtt9onmtmoidcumiievunu9uetgsrnuttrbnra8pemauaaaoorfcireiehd0ccnneeaar3tlltuaexkoscllleessihlrn).eheesaey.od.-ydyceas);s,rl,fltf,.t
TALC: OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
227
TABLE 7 CExoCpnoodmsitupiroaenrssisoofnUosfe CwoitnhsuNmTePr 2E-xYpeoasrurIenhdaulartiniogn NRoordmenatl
Dexapilryaedsrsuoelddte/ainnstfmeaxnuptloteisxpuplreoesssuo(rfNedTaiPly)
Study Da(milygehxrp/mos3u)re 366mmggh/mr/m336 10188mmggh/mr/m33l>
AABadd(buu1yll,tt2db)fiaoacdpeye(r(Ii1nT,g2)
0.001.40-002.4046 0.0058-0.008
78125-,0205071 2,34475-,070,7014 4,500-6,206" 13,500-18,620"
etfiinixcv`r"pletehACRoRasesaapcau(tlttNplrciui.oelouAaTiclliooPaynacfftttlhe2iermoodaor-tnyvmedteasaedeb/slatnad.ueraitalrr:ityycen,tdoa.h1lntace9aslx7luacc9potm;iono2eescn,xureRpresneoxtutusrpscduasooetirnsieeloulcssnreeoesnt(n.atfmroitaa,rgtl1i/bcoh9.anr7b/s9ym)odw3fi)airtpebhseaprrsioienrddagebnbluetapestoexandlpcou6pspu-aohrrner
cspecdieGfmeleyvarleosaaasactarw,jsicstlleo(ieosriuowRnen,drnansagdusetopdtkesiefcpiua(isry,tseameraoaecxirlb1lnfetlepceoil9,gtceo1ten9ale.sarn0esep7.u,lg)o-a.a.rcf,a1.rrner,onm.t1Tas9iladF9clcwaedt7itlllogscieo9uioe.ttsf;leirntatsoAet4r(catlbnss<)uieytop,/ni1d/mluodibgo0tirynnheoativtnis^edbptsee.mrysloylehetowAs)boaapctpvnyleddowi.ate,meuwyesrri1lthrndbtiao9e(ecceeCne7pllrrcexv9edeieaonn)epsrarl.agastolscdsaIetisnaoipnucaunetnrtgrrbtbegaideanodacauepagbtltwf.ctuhip,yfctsaaearees1iopscpndnts9otppugia8awbvrldt1siiioyaer;
ccettdpbcameattselpttfrnm2miaz(mhihihieoniraioxosaxonrltu0yuemkeo.omiiereenoveoaasmpmBnp,d'rarmsnern,mat0s.egtortueiioese,pdoilgfuaensamnmp0icesyibl)gassm1(lbwsonsbrvlr.0ag-doe0cupue9hurioegaee8gfdlteriher.arTerine8Tordcnni,n4r-rdfturse(ailnfses8dieieaorhahl8doDtssastmiouehroauo)daadobtrsen,xctielwnrlmieautrntplrinelliceebdeintfteetowrlimtegvhcmioehvhlhi'aseiuertapnsehsalomepaa0eenetailtpaca2)sntuachlgnttwxlolrrll.yn-teualt.nhoec1oientrh0retptthwogmtrtpaeci.-o9rhfgaiwr3aehsetrpawpiaarteoodaaapniyeenareaNoelletlcpbrnpnneslmqmxm,eaaodgl.omrlyeordtg,aeysicPtTuptne,hsdgpshigiladxr0eere(soioprspoa,1PetuhoaTet/p(.dpumgtossidos2trem9Mnfdertcdtocioreeeagiuwr1eisoeih9baruinttwlaoedsnsb3isrdrnxmoan1seesl(rotku,ponametomelsgiidptul)irtrerrl.emowntucntoa,toiirceeioesseshovngtronvknldgv.r<etu-hoss)o78i,xee/-aweiiotil.iuemur0im)acf(n-nyniapietrilrrrTcrNmc.hic,eraninetagpupshmge0sile3toehhhxsrtgoadfhpen0Ta.i1tsteenaacef(apleotathah1latlps9caTfiniPoTsliaodcfsphcmc.defenfc8ig(Ona)otetoisywphrobpuboa8rAioEnibeaacudsenrcoenoenaStrtrm,sag-(utplbCxixlrhuootpwbsi0gnsetwoHoNaebmpl1ppaiuacaxaoG.iaenendnids0etj9rleoo6AtndmTntisfraeecseeoeI0cis9im)fsstsssoseHtbtcgPrt/.d5iuexee2uudaaouupAriidrtftlhacdr,si;sn,WoyrrtslsieiccdemmebttttecetfesC'guhinaeaey2nf1O1oyidntoaibhgaseGldnscla.t99onpcpffetcr0yeoberater/hla9te9ie,frfeIiaaaemcensdhtsetrano2edH3romlvhrra,nhbiar2eayoc)drh)t3ntfuettdecam;deasif.n0htg.hhfwarscpiorbecarNtug0Foa3/iecitbioloeAolaltoir.meminnlheeg05ieesesoeumtxsriaattsrtgdlgdhnee.ee0sseasss-r3,
wtioiFtnhIsGtoh.fe8tht.aelctwCsaoommsappmlaerpiuslesosendaorbefyasththyoepwiNncaailntilooFnoigas.le9Tp.ooxwicdoelrowgyithPrNogTrPamtal(cNsTamP)plien. 2S-EyeMars r(oodriegnitnainl hmaalagtnioifnicsattuiodnie, s50(N0XT)Po,f1a99ty3p).icPaalrltoicolseesbizoedydipsotrwibduer
228 ZAZENSKI ET AL.
bdoeasetthiRnheuxlxivueullgnemppeasisdttrotolsyicetuaasesaho,rdsuullsnnlptvrtreerssaeehe8ixexusnsryi-tppknlmshdseooeiairvassesstcleo.uruurwo,p2dlfrrcuuoftee1ihhimslsr.9cmiekeetn7iaogme9odopc/n)imanftopt.tcayhanrtal3qTaorecsl(uyloxuhAcpaifimesUmrCnelorieftmmGnekapifrtsieeteIioytepcl(HneryslWtitidyatsr,imaente1of3sbda(rhS9)5Mllern9et0fqeaa2oe(osurtAt)trrreueai.me,rmysllnoTcct1ltweao(h9liisfydpnt9i,.otesua4g.rgabe),s1pr.prttl9eseeeipiA9aranazalm2tlovdeitle.)ete,,feui,rhdssrdcs1ostatctau9hiutgrpobau7riageaonll9asnhdcel;
tsraimbFuIpGtlieo. n(9N.oTfPtCy,op1mi9c9ap3la)rcaaotsmivdmeeteperracmritaiilcnleleodosusizeseinpdgoiwswtdreeitbrsuectodiomimnp.eanPretaadrttiitoconleNasnTiazPleysdtaiislsc.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
chaisrTechfrueiltiamcuatalhnrouervssciertwhipatonpfkrtehDpera.mraMatinaoulncs.oclrmiptRaonsds P(Ua.nSd.oGraeoDloegnincaisl (SCuTrvFeAy)) ffoorr
bettamgtFotligitttsptpmgmfmihrhhneahnriuxnevraoarzucialneeeeaeteaeialmtedresciFrouladtrxdptnadlreditsNpiesit-tt,mlziihhetcdgepaeagemmahattaieiideT.ohldnransrntrltiatncariafeotga8tePiztsn,rirnivaoldtddo.hapcnoheapcihfmcainsenteu-lemTamidoratlehaneapnpppixocruyaiurphmmeeaeetaotrcapttnasstNliereaoulniretdsoiricolmpaoscifnzcsNdtetirTslo.stoltllidrte)bihodesousmeeeceiuaanrPTTuseomu.sxdscslnmrllw.weecsnmiPtheiiteitsbztcimsUttdsSaa(iumzimtohedioaotEtctsnuucEuentsshmryanilfapcerhdan,itnsoepMdspailbhaehpotepadydgdonceewpiequedaomafecoitxwecgrpucywphstrpifraw-irarpeitarbtisadaeipCheloohaeiozaolltuliliielesacieoeleeryosneetoaxsscytrroshlclrptudniupnesieayemsuonoosatwmesNrirlsreosmctosppnzeeropmiceahleaboolascTitrpdiaenrrosnidgnopaoftlanaiibclcaPewirngcobdgbiteylcdztroileclttieynycelerpoaytahicmatoaolhtbttdsargtrtheoiaipirstnmNioaeaoepnuovierpa1wolocoedldacdpirlne.rTe.eoitnweoxne2,neipgeta,ulsrcfa.n1svpPmisgesal.ehdcicb0tsM1ctaoaapatiCiestiuam9eindniionmsMrlmtrosstmcc9httelheectcnieayuh;namhrap3doalsouaeermporynua)ilrnnccml1ege.awd(waggatstitpo0seFrnrnaaoeeunspi.aMa0laixwtion(lhpeetcdaesg%-otsphafnddoosiptfTrcd.oefunseiriieeuwuordirroK9rnnhitgrtnouxtloteeetssii)iinndogeoess-rf.
CONCLUSIONS oeaFavt(hFsdnitoehtaCUodowetpdCsortctehf,oCeoadefd1psham9tlepfsChlo8mtleerio1rcctii;sincadoclmUgiatentilteecesoSatCaunrnlPiadccmtos,t,e,,qduesw1ueTtrra9xeahoil9n,lpcei0iptltnr;hehyraooteCaudravwsysuUTsieicspdFddnautreeAsinorsat.adev,svnndeTa1icFonnr9Sherit9etcaetesoa0ogtntytanartbeda)anves.eolnidcdfAnPaca,mcehcripitaondnhoArrsdsgonemmsusrgsseoseeaeovttuncttrchiiogtbycdiesapyheteasanhitrainnohcaaefydnees,
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TALC: OCCURRENCE, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CONSUMER APPLICATIONS
229
FCeCnc(e1s9,8W1)a.sFhoinodgtConh,emDiCc.als Codex, 3rd ed. National Academy of Sci Gaf1jleo6ww, s2ok9fi9,c-Jh3.a0Br5g..e(d19s9o0l)i.dApsasretiscslmesenint opfneeluecmtraotisctattriacnhsapzoarrtd. sMdauteert.oStchie. Ga8imn5d9bu.les,trJia.,l Ghyregiifeen,eAs.t,uadnydofHtaanlccowcokr,kJe.rs(.1A9n82n)..OAcncuepp.iHdeymg.i2ol6o,g8ic4a1lGraonsds,oAv.aJr.i,aanncdanBceerrr.yM, Pa.nHu.sc(1ri9p9t5s)u. bAmmitetetad-afonralpyusbislicoafttiaolnc.exposure Ha8Pr0elor,win1,e9aB-2l.6eL.x.p, oCsruarme etor, tDal.cWan,,dBoevlla,rDia.nAc.,anacnedr Wriseklc. hO, bWste.tR. .G(y1n9e9c2o)L. Hanrovmeyic,sA(.PM. A. (.1L9e8w8)i.s,TEaldc..),IVn oPli.g1m, 2enntdHeda.n,dpbpo.o2k1:9P-r2o2p5e.rties and Eco Kr3mPian5rue2ostn.acetel,cMeJ.d.eiIBntnhg.,osNadonasf,tdtihNoAenBsahWSlt,ooBGnruk,arsiWehtaho.uepHroos.bfn(u1SAr9tgsa7b,n8eMd)s.atDoMrsd,:isJsDuiSdleypefeinn1ctii8itfai-iol2cn0aPs,tuioa1b9nnl7idco7af,Mtapieospabn. se3u5s30tro9e6s. Le4DEo8tepu9lhad-o4uen9dt0eee.,p, iAPde..,m(B1ida9so8sl3eo)tg.,iMqMu.oerFtr.a,eltPirtoienscpdeeemcstiitnvr,aev.J.a,RilLelveo.uuriFss,r.dAeM., taPaile.crnReeents,pFiRrr..a,na1cn1ed., Moinrgroswo,f Pth.eEl.u(n1g9s8.8F)u. nPdoasmsib. lAepmple. cThoaxnicisoml.s1t0o,e3x6p9l-a3i8n4d.ust overload Mporrraoiswa,l.PT.oEx.ic(o1l.99A2p).plDPuhstaromvearcloola.d1in1g3,of1t-h12e.lungs: Update and ap NTTeSstPriuisad(nS1ieg9tus9l)ed3,i)Pe.NsaNrTokTPf,PTNTaTCRlec.chi4nn2i1Fc,a3lN4R4ae/tpNioonrRtaalotnsTtoahxneidcToBolx6oiCgcy3olFoP1gryoMaginrcademC(,IanRrhceainsleoaagtrieocnhn Obcelersd.oJr.stAeerr,oGso. l(M19e8d8.).1L, 2u8n4g-3c3le0a.rance of inhaled and soluble parti Or3Cmr,,hepCanpr.t.,as4ca(3tneG-dr5ri2azSav.mtiWitoiytnihlsewaeyndi,cdiNkmP,eewhJn.ytsYaWitcoi.aorklnP.R.,teeIlcIaht(in1oi9nq8suh7e)isp.)s.C(IhPna.rPAaic.gtLemreeiwznaitst,iHoEandn.od),bf oVpoiogkl:.
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