Document vYQkgb4x459zk3mRDNJEk76Z

FILE NAME: General Motors (GM) DATE: 1933 DOC#: GM001 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: National Safety Council Transactions 1933 TRANSACTIONS National Safety Council Incorporated T W E N T Y -S ECON D A N N U A I, SAFETY CONGRESS Chicago, Illinois O ctober 2 to O ctober 6, 193 3 I In**Stevens Hotel ( opyi m ill. 'KU. Xaiionul .Sitjclv Council. In Plan of Publication T H E T R A N S A C T I O N S of the T we nty -s eco nd Congress of the National Safety Council are published in two vol umes. T h e first, containing the General, the General Subject, and the Industrial Section sessions, is supplemented by a smaller volume containing the sessions of the Street and Highway Traffic Section, the Child Education Section, and Home Safety. T H E L A R G E G E N E R A L volume is being sent automatically to the Industrial members of the Council; the smaller volume is sent automatically to members who are be lieved to be chiefly interested in those sessions. It may also be secured on request by other Council members. T H E P L A N O F P U B L I C A T I O N is the same as that adopted for the sessions of the Twenty-first Congress and found to be very satisfactory. It is a condensed rec ord. The papers of each session or division of the Congress have been assembled, edited with care and discernment to ab breviate or delete the less essential portions, and the concise re sults are presented for study and reference. Although not `' compl e t e " in the s e n s e t h a t e v e r y w o r d is r e p r o d u c e d , it is a readable, interesting record which emphasizes the memorable p ar t s of each paper a n d a ddress . T h e original m an u sc r i pt s are on file in the Council Library, available for additional reference as desired. A L T H O U G H T H E National Safety Council endeavors to eli minate from discussion at its conventions matters which are not pertinent to its purposes or which arc cinti ary to its policies, the Council canno t accept responsibility for the views expressed either in tire papers presented or the discussions thereon. CONTENTS PAGE Counci l Offi cers a n d D i r e c t o r s .................................................................................................. 4 Council P u r p o s e s a n d P o l i c i e s ................................................................................................... 9 A n n u a l M e e t i n g of M e m b e r s ....................................................................................................... G n . i n q u c t a n d D a n c e .......................................................................................................................... 2! Subject Sessions-- Ac c i d e n t R e c o r d s ............................................................................ 23 D e r ma t i t i s ................................................................................................................................... 21 D u s t P r o b l e m in I n d u s t r y ................................................................................................... 37 Fal l s of P e r s o n s ....................................................................................................................... 45 Fi r e P r e v e n t i o n ....................................................................................................................... 51 H a n d l i n g M a t e r i a l s ...................................................... 59 H o i s t i n g C h a i n s .................................................................................... 63 M a i n t a i n i n g I n t e r e s t in S a f e t y .............................. 69 P r a c t i ca l Me di ca l P r o g r a m f or I n d u s t r y ................................................................. 75 I n d u s t r i al N u r s i n g ................................................................................................................ S3 Sa f e t y E q u i p m e n t ..................................................................................................................... 91 Sa f e t y O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d P r o g r a m .......................... 107 Sale Us e of C h e mi c a l s in I n d u s t r y .................................. 115 Safe Us e of E l e c t r i c i t y in I n d u s t r y ................................ 123 T h e E y e a n d I t s R e l a t i o n t o S a f e t y ................................................................................... 131 Ment al T r a i n i n g f or S a f e t y ......................................................................................................... 141 Acci dent P r e v e n t i o n E q u i p m e n t M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' S e c t i o n ........................................ 173 Ae r o n a u t i c a l S e c t i o n .................................................................................................................. 1~9 A. S. S. JC.-- E n g i n e e r i n g S e c t i o n .............................................................................................. 187 A u t o m o t i v e a n d Ma c h i n e S h o p S e c t i o n ............................................................................. 191 C e m e n t S e c t i o n ......................................................................................................................... 201 Ch e mi c a l Se c t i o n ............................................................................................................................ 209 Co n s t r u c t i o n S e c t i o n ................................................................................................................... 223 Del iver }', T a x i c a b a n d P u s S e c t i o n .............................................................................................235 El e c t r i c R a i l wa y S e c t i o n ......................................................................................................... 249 F o o d S e c t i o n ................................................................................. 265 Ma r i n e S e c t i o n ..................................................................................................................................... 279 Me a t P a c k i n g , T a n n i n g a n d L e a t h e r I n d u s t r i e s S e c t i o n ............................................. 299 Me t al s S e c t i o n ..................................................................................................................................... 307 Mi n i n g S e c t i o n .................................................................................................................................... 325 P a p e r and P u l p S e c t i o n ............................................ 343 P e t r o l e u m S e c t i o n ................................................................................................................................. 357 P o w e r P r e s s S e c t i o n ...................................................................................................... 379 P u b l i c Uti li t ies S e c t i o n ...................................................................................................... 3S9 Q u a r r y Sect i on .............................................................................................................................. 405 Re f r i g e r a t i o n S e c t i o n ...................*................................................................................................. 313 R u b b e r S e c t i o n .................................................................................................................................... 423 S a f e t y Section, A R A -- S t e a m R a i l r o a d S e c t i o n , 'N S C ............................................ 439 T e x t i l e S e c t i o n ..................................................................................................................................... 479 W o o d w o r k i n g a n d L u m b e r M a n u f a c t u r i n g S e c t i o n ..................................................... 435 Index . . . . 495 iational Safety Council Incorporated 20 N o r t h W a c k e r D riv e , C h ic a g o Honorary Members OU.I'UO.V. 01 'l.-OS AMI S'IFJ.1. Ku l JKIC.M. jlPW'.KT C a MI'III'.I.I. A k t i u ' r W ji.u a m s K Mil NK! US OFFICERS (1933-1934) 'ryidont. c. Vi c c - P r c - i d u i t inr Public Safety. A"sc*.*-Prcniflcnt for Knyim-.-rinir. . Vicc-PriMdint inr Finance. Vi c e - P r o i ' d a i t for S;ik'l> Council.--. Vi ce-Prc-ddcm for Mmi!n-rsliip. ICO-President for HiKine-.-i Administration. Ft.. Vice Prt.-ideiU for I ndustrial Safety.' ox, Vice President for Ilcaltlt. Vi ce-Presi dent f<,r Education. Frr a-urr r. Manaeiny Director and Secretary. 1XECUTIVE COMMITTEE (1933-1934) : President ast Prc-ident. r. Past President. Metals Section. , National Safety Conned, l-tin.i.. Past President. Aetna I.lie litMiraiuc t o i n j n n j . P.ethlchcin Steel CoiU|iau\. Mitiiyliis Safety ( otinetl is. Past President. Past Pr< sidi nt. ( I!:i .mo S.iietr ( oliui il |,1-! I M |;. '| nle.lo Safety I .'Mill il Iniiioiml.s Wel l ........ X t o ( I ' . S A . ) Inc s. 'I he f a n. nil t rushed Stone t "' n p . u n . i , I lie 1'nllm.'in ( 't>r111...11y. 1 t hie.mo, No i t h Shoi i \ Md u n n h c c Railroad m y Sjia el A lli.yln\a\ Trattie Seetinn. aines M.niiii.u tm iiv.', ('oiiij.any t otiip.im . t O ![ O f f i t i ' r s a n d i J i i i ' i l o i s * A \\ (.. six.^ .'ist 1 i evident. I -N\ v k 1 v M. K kmi.. Evans t on Sai et y Goimcil. T. !.. I. sFoUN'i a i n k . Gr eat N o r t h e r n R a d u n i Company, l o i i v K. R ovo. 'J ilt* De l awar e A Hu d s o n Railroad Gnr por at i mv M [. Mt G a k i \ \ v. Automotive A M idiinc Shop Scolimi. I I j.nfv M i x k i k . El i zabet h Sa f e t i Council. \ u ! i i o u T Mouny, Past President. )', \ \ XI r . . \ cidrni Preventi on lpiipineni M.inul.irturers Sect f n v R P ai.m i i - IXputahle Rue A.s'uraiue Sn.it.iy. I'. M. P i / Ti R. PuMic I'tilitic-s Section. G. E. Pr . i i i mXK. Pn<l President. A m ur S. U '.v l a . I ndust r i al Relation* Inc. I . Got fir.xRY A. Rrvtxc.KK. Pa s t President. IIi*x K r s u u . J r . N e w a r k Sai* ty Gmmril. i' if\s- R Kt i n , l Vl i ver v. '1 axicah A Pu< Section. (um-tu. K S i M o n n , General Electric Gompany. ! \ kky A S i i i r i . r / . Gmt ed St ates Steel Cor porati on ( `i i \ i:i.ia 1*. Si o i y . PaM P r o i d e n t . l.i.MiH I). S tymoi a. Ame r i c an .Airway:. Inc. E. I. SiMu.Mi?;. New H: i \ e n Safety Council I . \V. .''Mi i \f j S t a n d a r d Oil Co mp an y ( ud.ma ). K. '1. SoM.x/pt-N', Elhol t Se r v i t e Company. A k i tr M / l'onr. C " n m h i n e Ma r i n e Eue ini <. r. G JA T oi.m \.x. Past P n Adent. G- o' f . r H \ \ uu'i'L. t men Pacifie R a d t o a d Cmupaiw. i h< t . H W' a i ' ii*^, ,iic!*if*an Ti l epR -ne A. hi h' craph C o mp n n i . S. 1'.. W u m s o . A S S R H E m i n c e n n y Section. A. \Y \ \ i i i x r v . Nat ional Paircau ni Ca sua l t y A Surety Cnderv. ri W E. W oi i n . luti rnational Ha r v e s t e r Company, vi.-mru* H Y o r v n . Past President. DIRECTORS (1933-1934) ' A m i m i ; ). A fim.hx, S a i d ) Division. Mi l waukee .M-a-ciadmi of t.' P M . Airi m. a. M mini Section. J ! I'a n a s i i . Gonsdtnu: Engi ne er , h. A. i M(\t u , Aor k Safety Council. 1 1 is] \ \ . SiK. l'mted States KuhEr ('oinp.uu . H M litKMVX. E c r k c k y T r a h i e Saluti t "<hiiiiasii i. l.ttl. A . \ l h . \ \ i . n . Wo r c e s t e r Sa f i i y (.'ouucil. 1 G* h*ii-fnunul Safet\ (\ mnoi l i V\ . I'.i u<.tji i i _ W t si ci ;i 1'.Ici t rie ( mnp.ui v l ' h i n S. J h \ Mf , l . i l u i t i Mutual I nsur ance G o m p a m . 1\ W Pa WK, P c t i o k i m i Section. ^ '! la I*i. \ X K'. Junes A I air.;hliu Steel Gor pma i mi M m ui \ S. )S aN\ 1 1 . r, 'i*ro\ Safely ( mmril n a j m .n P i o o u . ].f*t//s i i1c Saf et y Gouni d. ^ I . Pouki nu Ma \ , k e n o s h n Safet\ ( iiuncil ' 1,1 Pi!i| 11 I h n a K i ' i X . St. 1. (00 'Aititi t' oi mil . rx cufy-st'cond C ontjrcss---National Safety Council Safety Di \ is ion, Syracuse Cha mbe r mi Comme r c e. . c, Nat i onal Safely Council. v, Aetna Life Insurance Company. vn\ Mar i ne Section. tamhall Field A Company. >. Safely Depart ment , Nasliwlle C l u m b e r of Commerce Pcthlehctu Steel Company. PoMnn Elevated Kailwav. Con>nltinLr Fngi ne c i . Memphis Safety Council, u s , Flackstonc Valley Satety Council. Rcfriteration Section. U ' o v , ( h a n d Rapid* Safety Council ois, Consultin'.; Engineer. Ma^oii City Safety Council. T h e 1Miiladrlphia Gas W n i k s Company. !<ux, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. N!j:k, Text i l e Section. S, Me a t Packing, T a n n i n " A Feat her Industrie* Section. Chicago Safety Council. Electric Railway Section. : nr i \ t K. Toledo Safety Council. \)j>. We s t e r n Pennsylvania Safety Council. n\, n u r r o u e h s Wel l come A Co. f U. S . A. ) Inc. LeUw.U Valley Safely ( >v>xx\cx\. a per A Pulp Section. Co^i.l xo. C 1>i1<1 Ednc.ition Section. . The General Cr m lnd Stone Company. 'Hie Pullman Company. ie Atchison, Topeka A Sant a I*e Kadxxay ( 'nii]>aiiy. ;, Lul l e d St ales Pun-ati of Mines. . Chicago, Xorth Shore A Milwaukee Railroad Company. Yew Yor k Centt at I ine*. man. Street A Highway Traffic Section, r.. Al bany Safety Couneil. , Huds on ( "Unix Suletv ( nimeil. ]\nns\K-.an:a Dcpai tment of l a b o r A Industry, a'cs Ma nuf ac t ur i ng Company. >\\cr P r r c* Section, troit Industrial Safety Council, i^c1 \ )\ an la Salt Mami fa! urine Company. iC, V o o d u o r ) . : n y A Lumber . Manuinetun'm: Section, a :<n . E \ a n s t " U Safi-ty Council, x:-., Great Xo n l i e r n Railway Company h, Ivno.wille S' fcly Council, \ v:, Fo r t F i n Malleable Iron Company. Fnsthay Safety Conned, V, Employ ees' I 'uh] n ati"M Section. Xew \ e>rk Department .if F.ducat e>n. O j}\c crs a n d D ire cf a rs A. l a i i M . V ' . Ma!>on Coi: ity S a h t y Council. Rui n E. Luxe.. Th e De l awa r e A H u d s o n Railruad C o r p o r a t i o n . II. W. Low, Rubber Section. \Y. R. Li ovd, Safety DixiCon, Il ir mi uah. uu Chamber oi ( on n m H T. M xktix. FUk Rubber Company. E. \V. M u s o n , Minnesota Safely t onueil. Ik wi ox Mrxnr.t.ssous, Detroit. H fxry Mi . v r t -r. Elizabeth Safety Conned. W. S. Mi-rLi.MUNO, Ft. W a y n e Sat et y Council. K. Ik M oulky. Indust ri al Accident P r e t e n t i o n Association*. M. J. M cC art hy. Au t om o t i \ c A Machine Shop Section. M ii.i.fi; Mc Ci . t xtock. H a r v a r d Uni \ cr<dty 'I*. 11. Mi K i.x nk y , I Him >is Steel Company. Sout h Wor ks . Ik W . Xi ti. \eci dent Fr cvcnti on IApupment M aum.M t ur< i s See J o n x A. O xkmi., Carnegi e Steel Company. (' A. On*. Det roit Edison Company. I j w R. P ai.mi u. I-kjiiitahle Life A*Miraiice Society. Jmi.x C F armiu Prooklyn Safety Council. F M. F) )]!.R. Public Utilities Section ('. E. Punr . o. M. . Ame r i c an Mmn a l Liability Insurance ( ompan J. Ik P o u f l . Seattle-. Traffic A Safety Council. A i m a r S. jk'KGri.A. i ndust rial Relat ion' Ommel ovs. Inc. Li. Coi.. Hf-.XKV A. Ib'MXi.Mi, I.ehieh I ' o r i k md ( e n u r . l C. mp.m; M \ < a \ r s Rrr r u. Fa t ei s o n Safety t'oun-il. j u i i \ K o x i n , ClKniical Section. ( n x i n n H l\'oi o s o v . 7ic.. F. al i i moi t A ; t t t \ e o wn d Toi u \ . R o i l ! . Roc he s t e r S a f e t y (.`oi aui l . j o n x R, s m i i .. 11:,, X x w a i k S a f e t y Counc i l , t u \ ' II Ri i n , D i h x i i y . ' l a x i e a h A !h:> ^ e i t i o n . t, l; !s x\)*>m ( mim-i .i) F.lciliic ( ompanx-. Ill \ i \ i, Se n xi i xi a. In H" Safety { mncil k. A Sl HI M/ ! ' ! . I-oor! SeCtlOll. ( i.'iu k' c if* x I.. Wlie i l me Safel) Conned. l l x i i v A. S i' n \ ' i i /. Un i t e d S t a t e s St eal C o r p - a atim. ( ii ii-ifs I: Sc or r , F.me-au of Sa f e t y, Inc. 1 i 11 r Ik Si x mui 'k, A m<-t ie an A h'xx a x s t 1in , 1` xai. S Sn.xu-i.uic. Utica Safety Uenuuil. Gt.\. Jon x IL SumirvXF., Ma^saelunetts Saiei> L am ed D k I. A. S 31ot -iiv , Pc thlehe'in Steel ( k. mpa ny l. . L. Si Moxns, Southei'n X e w Engl and TeLphoi u- Company. Gloria. F. StNi'.n:. Re a d i n g - Pe r k s ( `e.nnty S;,n tx Council. I.M J-.. S)vr.i.1.. Cleveland Safety Council. \Y. S m i t h , St a ndar d Oil Company ( Imliana W. I). S m i i i i . Del aware Safety Council. Rk T. Sot.r.xsiK.x*, Elliott Servi ce Company. W . D. St 'l;ia11t . Peori a Safety Council. 1C C. Si-uiNc:. Uamdale. Fa. G ioiu.k. R. Si U' i i i xs. T h e Safety Piirean, P n n a l o ( hamher <.i (' I . r i l e s S. Sroi<'-. United Radxvays A Elect ri c Company. S y-srcotHi ( Oat/rrsA- -A'a!ioiu Safe! v Council ,\l 1Kl.b It. S U i W M -., (.vriwtwt Mot ors Corporation. A k t i u ' k M. Tour.. Cnnsiiitme Mari ne {Ammeer. \V. W. T i n : \ e n . Schenectady Safety ("nuturit. \Y. 1;. *ri ur.r.viu.r. San Antoni o Safety Council. W illiam !'. V i r . c n , Rahway Safety Conned. V i m .t n i * WA Ki a i u . u . Knn^m Cit> Safely Conned, (iF fia ;r I I . \\ ARiKL. U n io n Pa cific R a ilro a d t ompnnv. I >a C. II. \ \ \ tson\ American Tel ephone A Tel egr aph (Amipany. II Liny ,M. Yv j !:.'!/ u. Illinois Pell 1 clephonc Company. S. K. \ \ j mti xo. Liberty Mutual ItiMirano; Comj>an>. \ \ . W mi M' . v, National Rmeat i of Casu. hty A Surel y l 'nderu riters. M . H. U (S'an's. I nion Carbide A' Carbon Corporation. Du. C.-I-. A. W t x slow. Vale Medical School. H auly Wise.. Sa., Chattanoo^A Safety Council. J M. W oi.t/. Youue st own Sheet A Tn h e Company. W. IS Woi<rti. International Ha r v es t e r Company. I'.. J. / . A i ; n . Satcty ILireau, Dul ut h Chamber of Commerce. J. R. Z ook. Cement Section. Tie hie. natio: rectl> free ' r^em i Us< C' - ndu T ii the i i ml i i ' i merye. include Uniti nation. To talled under waukYork shin Tin were . r<. 11it* and b |>rc\ ( : ac ud< e\ami Sn ,1... . t. n*,"t' e o; |'Ti corde-, cent, declii vehicL im; n< hnvin. muni!. fact aecidv Sim best i : c i : et clothes, etc., in air. lici he st< 11117.e*!. 4 )in the hands e in mid open plenty or such r u x ; x i y -s /re o x n x x x r x i . x x r / r r v c ox g r i a s s x x t f o x a i. xa /' / ;/) r o c x a t . '-n_'rv,; nmme b `-t water -K fur cleaitMim hetore nieiif-cied n;d diseases and . aportant neeupa'nposMl'le became ntumous contact complete listing "inpletc chetnical u processes, '-taures tliat arc a non-irritating Dust Problem in Industry FRIDAY MORNING SESSION .w I I *' October 6, 1933 The special session denoted to a discussion oi the du-t problem in industry was called to or der by J. R. Allan, assistant m a m c c r , Industrial Kncinccrinc: and Co n struction Department. International Hart ester Company, Chicago, who presided. He bricilv outlinetl tlte purposes oi the session-and then presented the first speaker. himui irritatine. of time ot ex* rk mriaecs. Make tree ns possible nie worker with .hiy cleaned and art. and kevp it >Vand laundered ^ d d l Company .iiiaii'ie in coni- h ImuU. eh worker bnc d u p upment Inn 'line into work vauer w'no docs nunnv tm:e; you dl find that the m eiheienev w T he Mechanical Control of D ust By E. O. J O N E S Consultant, National Founders Association, Chicago The speaker mid in pa r t : Ih:rim: me l a f e w years, much lias been written about the pathulnM5C.il ci*icct- oi duM. Fr om tins material there seem' to be <ome lack nt agreement among sej.'iuist- ;u t" tiie u n d i u l u m ^ l ctt'ects of these types of dust, their d a m i c n n u d n m ' i H " h y the length of time mie must he exposed to their inhala- titiii. :ia* density of cniuviitratiuii which i- d a n g e r o u s aiui the extent to which they .arc MireciW <'.ui-.11i\c ur cu;it: :m:ior\ m (Cease. It 4 iniiortuuatc that in the twine', :t / "n o between ethics and n o n - c t l n o . there are certain members oi the Iceal and medical p r oi eWnn who are wining to take advant age of these uncertainties and c; ;ma'ii/c i n them i.arcciy i-r their own benefit. :> c mr-vnC.; with, t U .-..AUMh-.i t'.i.ii it h.a bored a noiriitini IkmUIi n.u.ir i n 1' : um'( d :,i:o;k t " ok steps to Hudy the problem, widi tlie e i n e n of eliciting ai tact' and determining upon a course of procedure to ehminate the causation 'u-::i under way in <onic localities tor Mime tune, hut its p r u a d n r e m.vuit problems. d he mechanical c n t r C i oi :r m,.\ problem. nor docs the accomplhsh- meut of such cont i m depend uum; bug-, * xpeudituves of money. W e know- from experience that gradual!) human mgemm wiii pi'iv'di: 'a.u s n.td means to this part of tlte problem. Hut let us digress from hr "ui*jn.; \ viduals create. Ta ke the mobbr. mr uf lus d a v 's wor k He r each*< \->y m- ; ; c c n ( V".ViT/>j;(/ (, oiit/rr.\ --X i i / i o i i a l 'u i f c / y C o u n c i l " ' the w. ; oow `h! in 11"i'lit <ii him. you will usually find a varied collection >u ".'hr* l i e .H n-ualiy w cl <i' <v\ n his vnnl pile. 1ml seldom his lhor or unnyway. Wo ; . : he i- '.imu-.di with !i s 'nit hr u - 1:aii>* itrahs the air hose and proceeds lu take a ccmprc-^cd air hath Ami \\o i.ivc tin* i<i;iii()ry l ahot cr: iir has ma m menial tasks, p> perform. Wh e n o <'V use- a '*iu\el ho Mem- p lie of 11w* opinion that his etforts are j udged y a: a;i : i' ' ' anere he create'* li he does sp rin k le ihe ilooi ii i> usually clone very -pnrmeiy. ..ho-- w\ men and r r a o r men -cennnuiv ::i\e title att<ution in the results of their :'m; - j - u' 0'"-.v-x (nadi buckets arc usually luted In the limn of their hit and then mumed. Many companies have tr.nusiied equipment. Mich as positive pressure '.e'mcis ami re-piratnrs. to employees who work in extremely dusty atmospheres. i< s n r p n s m e to note the apparent lack oj interest on the part ot the employee : r protection this vqmpmciU n* l umi - hed j'.-' iu tia n; r e ma r ks some may say `'W h y Oiiit die t espotisihdnt ' *" Not a hit. We have e u r e l y cited these lev.- tact'* a* an indication dint possible we can improve ;ne supervihon. It vve make every man responsible for the eleanhness m the vicinity m winch he works, and every foreman responsible for his department, and then in make die superintendent answer tor the cleanliness oi his `hop. we will not ;-.\e p* w-rr;. ahont the increase in iahor cost. After dust uetx mto the ntmosplicrc. ; "t e- r-e. \ e r v dilhcnlt and expensive to remove. K'eepimi the foundry floor me ccl' m is a matt-size job. ' e-it nut : -n *s a pioMem everywhere \ diheent survey of our eNt-liim equipment dcvei'-n the iaet tiial hy small expondiUwcs we ran improve conditions. Inspect V"*t du- t - ar r est nu: equipment See that the rappin" device is in order, that the '''a-.*' arc m vn k| condition, vve snecest that tliev are rapped and the hoppers v w t ' e d remkariy. Repair any leaks in pipes. See that die valve*; close properly t ue- - ' o *i;.i lie kept in coop repair and when emptying arre-iyrs. respirators should "-e v or:i i-y 11'c men whose duly it is to pcriorm tins work. If refuse from toe s r r t o . ' c s i i.ot r emoved at once, keep 1 m eoMainers or wet d-mn until i* is re- m . v i d. .\1 e a!l. \v a I<*h your air velocities and n n k e sure \-.ii are t'ln-ivinu at t -e -v.rce mm h a the dn-t as t)ie erpupnu-nt was ormma' .h de-ieucd in do You ; m t i e '.'-urenl tin- mojnr O' lisume- to operate your suction oj mpuKiu. therefore ee: ;i:e ;>; - cr return for tliat expenditure. p m ** re or all nv -ar.d to accumuktte around your bla-tmu equipment. Make ; .: a w r vt r i vme the propi r air ch.mccs in \ mi r -audhiust loom- inspect your u. ;,,n->niU >\ -or l mr cmc t'moi.cii. "i lie wearer is (rone nemy tunes to c.acx <r parti.d!v open the valve, and when tin- is done he i- not cet l mc the ;ri'Lv!,'i,i ir vviueii tia- ulniet w;i< desictu'd We sncce-t that the helmet hr v m - m i ir-*m the -,mdl)ia-t m o m ami stored at the end oi the day in a dust-tmkt e . u n a r m im:: live wearer tn clean in-fore re-nsinu. e \ " ir '.eamiur loomv where t umhhuu iiarreK tire used, we deal a ca m with air v e . ' c r d i ' . Ikpinc si mi ild he di ocent ly inspected and kept in "ond repair. Make <urv tr.i;-' are r (a mim: the service they were de-iencd tor. It Hindu he well to keep t:-or.r- in tin- dip.irtmeut wet down. Kemt\e tiie day's accumulation of refuse at the vi!fi ! t i e day's run. \\* hen cyclones are Used, make uiu- you ar e not exhausting at ` '.o ! ' v e ; ot windows which may he opened in other part* of your plant. V. e win have to look fo-^furt her co-operation from the foundry npiipmen; maim- rcr- w u.o *vr\e our iuduMrv. kiiphpmeiU will have to he sold pi jk net to meet cxisi Hie equip;: rceukirdy : designed. And vve a inimdrw. )vrovidcd h ci | ui pmcnt Ou r indIror this 11 is our detr w ho have the actual < In the i it is uupei precaution upon 'he d: of all ktiow hope to aeto cmployi industry wi' H ow to Director, I:. 'i lio ini]... '11*-c:ise 11as : smijoct ia^ .. e\:c:iiion rc.-lMtl;; (li'aliilitv ciiaunatinK . t..o (Instinei-'ivon <li;st. . ni'kii <|tian:. :<i<*t ot air ; tliat is tiic ; Many ins;-, uni it m,r. African ime f.lu-ric dati early as l f|. IO 7 lociit y-.uTtiud ('oiii/ri'ss--A'uIipiwI S afety Comici! ,i lulu' containing granulated sircar, which Idlers fnit t'm: suspended dust. At the l ahor al nr i . liu- sugar is dissolved in wat er and the number of (hist particles arc d et er mined hv counting tho-e in a sinali volume of the ui^.n- solution under a microscope. Thi s niiihi.d of dust sampli ng had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was the. tact that the purest commercial swear contained a certain quantity of dust, winch introduced considerable errors, especially in those samples containing a low dust concentration. T o overcome, the limitations of the swear tube method various other (Unices were developed, one of which was the P a l me r apparatus. Tills appar atus consisted essentially of a pear-shaped glass bulb, the lower end ni which terminated in a L;-tube or trap. Suction was applied to the glass bulb In- means of an electric exhaust fan and the volume of air measured by mean-, of a Petot tube. Dust-free di s tilled water was put into the U-tube. T he air drawn through the water in t ie trap broke it up into a spray within the l arger portion of the sampling hull), which washed out and retained die dust. T he dust so obtained was analyzed by (lie usual methods T h e Pa l me r apparatus also had certain disadvantages, the chief of which was that ns elVicicncv as a dust catcher was low. In the search for a mor e portable type of i n strument. which at the same time would yield rapid results, the South African in vestigators introduced in 1916 a new inst rument known as the Ko t / e konimeter. The koni met er samples dust by i mpinging a small volume of air against the s u n a c c of a vaseline-coated .class plate, the vaseline serving to catch the dust particles. The dust retained on the class plate was then counted under the microscope at a suitable magm- fication. The chief disadvantaees of the konimeter are that in atmospheres containing a high concentration of dust, the spots are loo dense to allow counting the individual particles and the method can. therefore, no; he et-ed in such rases, also many samples had to he taken to secure a correct average determination in places where the dust concentration was variable. As a result of the def er ent methods of du-t determination being u.-cd by the di ner - , cut ten ermneutai bureaus and others, it was soon found that the various dust-sampime methods did not yield absolute results, consequently some confusion arose in inter pretin'.; the various dust studies. In order to arri ve at some basis of comparison the h" S. Pure,in of Mines conducted a l aboratory studv of dust-sampling instruments. T h e result- of this study were published in Public Heal t h I'.ulletm Xo. 1-14 cnti t hd "Comparat ive Tests of Inst rument s for Determinin'.; At mospheric Dusts." ( i Duri ng the course of this study t wo of the investigators. Dr. I.. Greenburg a.id Ci. W. Smith, devised a new appar atus railed the hnnmgcr. In the comparative study 1 the du-t rol l ed my ellirieucy of the impingcr was found to he high. and in addition the method ottered several advantages over previous methods. After several modinra- . (tins to meet special requirements, tins instrument was adopted by the Federal Public I Heal t h Service ami l hircau of Mul e- as the st andard technique for the sainplinc of | dust in air. The instrument lias been used in the study of a number of dust trades. I and is the commonly accepted method in use today. 1 1 Size of Du st Partiefts Tak en into the L u n g s j i It lias hern observed from a study of silicotic lungs that most of the dust particles that have penetrated into the air sacs arc less t han 10 microns in longest dimension (1 micron is 1/1000th of a miilimeter, or 1/2500th of an inch). It is generally agreed, therefore, that vve need not bother with particles l arger than 10 microns in measuri ng the concentration of a dangerous dust. 1 So that you may visualize the size of these small particles consider a 280 mesh screen light, eye, a: such p It is to lear naked by the are evi Whr and set air can one mi' will (aI persed indenni' that a- The outside contcn* Wiscon t i de s i.i a cubi, free -d cordai e 5.250.1 As u known throng, mer-cd The with a princh appli. Whet may ' gage The a knov cubic . to the duties. After placed Wh. dean 50 ini unci! I hist P ro b le m in I mi list ry n mil'll (list. At :!u.' screen in which tin: screen openings are 50 microns. In the absence ot a beam of i . I'.lrtK-ici . i n tlilcf- light, an atum- pher e containing these tiny particles will appear d e a r to the naked i -amber a mtrro'.cope. eve, ami therefore is extr emel y deceptive. Only a powerful microscope v.-m make I ! ) of w Inch was the such particles directly \H>bU\ I > l uity of dust. Inch It is ncccssarv, thcrciore. to make a microscopical exami nat ion of the atmosphere n laming a low dm t i t learn how badly polluted it may he. h a r p e r particles such as ar c visible to the 3 i v4ho d vrvrwus o th er naked c>c arc essentially har ml ess in the. causation of iiico<h. as these are caught i j i>s. T ! ; - ' a;pni a:n< lay the membr anes provided by nature in the nasal and "tiier ve qvr al or y passages and *f whie t cnumnich arc eventually coughed up nr eliminated before any damage i< dene. means of an clccine \ \ lien small di M particles are dispersed in air, they are carried about like smoke rube. I )\:^t->tee dm- and settle out ver y l ow\y~ I invv innp such particle* will r e ma i n suspended in quiet e water in t:;e Iran asr can be r mi g h h determined from St uke's law. Assuming a round particle to he ':ilh, which. wadi ed the usual :met!',oils. one micron in diameter, it can he calculafod by means of ibis law that such a particle will fall only 20 5 feet m 24 hours. It can be seen, therctore. that ;mv nno dust r11s_ which vv:o that i n i p"rtahie t>fe oi in- i I South African m- I i ' knnimeter. Tibe period mto tbc air X not only a moment ary hazard but remains in ihc air for an mhcl nnt e period. Thi s (act is often overlooked by wm k m c n as :t is usually assumed that as soon as the dust cloud H no lonper visible all dust l m settled out. Tbc t erm "dusty woj-kinp place" is only a relative one. Most air. both inside and '-t the M'.n ace of a outside of factories, contains some dust. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt a st andard '.`irticlcs. ' File dust i' .1 sti!<nh'.' inapnr- content tor the dividing line between slightly dusty and dumy worki ng places. The W W o n X n dust r ode prescribes a "tentative figure oi 15 i n111itm countable dust p a r sphere* comammg I ticles under HI microns in longest dimension with tree silica content of 55 pc- cent in ting the ir a cubic foot of air as determined by Public Heal t h Service techinouc. Variations in An many -ties <c. where (!;:st free silica content will make proportional inverse chances in ibis st andard. " Tn acrunner with ibis st andard Hie permissible count for practically pure silica would be 5 J50.M0 particles. i?eel by the dilier- ous dnst-s.iinphiip n arose in mtcr- of comparison the Tup instruments. \ n . 144 i':ni;]cd Dusts." '.19251 1 dreenbur inparatm- : and studv md in ac'fMio>\n Wg several modilica- fhe Federal Public " the sampling o: r r of dust trades. the dust particles longest dimension - generally apreed. mi> in measuring wider a 280 mesh H ow Dust Samples arc Collected W mentioned preciously, the instrument med m collecting the iir.-t sample is that kn'wvn as the **Trnt )inipc*r.,r W i t h tins wwtnunrnt the air to be sampled is dr awn t nrouph a gin*. tube and impinged at a hied v r h ' r u v mi a glass piate winch is im- uwr-ed beneath a suitable liquid contained in the collecting flask. The impmger, therefore, combines the principle of collectin'.: dust by impingement v. nil a w a t er - w a d d n e or bubbling method and o po--csse* tin* aiivant.ipes of both principles. T h e dust is thus trapped and remains in the coilcetmp liquid.. Section is applied 10 die impinper by means of a steam ejector operated by compressed air. Wh e r e compressed air is not available, a '-m.ih cicclrica'i y-operated vacuum pump m,v. iic u ; ed. "1he rate <v, air dow is measured either by means nf n small vacuum page or an onf>cc-t> pr bow meter The entire apparatus is calibrated before use against a standard pas meter, so that a known volume of air may be sampled. T h e rate of sampling is approximat e!v one cubic foot of air per minute. The. du!collu:ting device is placed in close pr oximity !*> the breathing level tv, the u oi hi nmi involved whiie performi ng their respective duties, m-, that air samples representing actual wor ki ng condition*; nviv l.p obtained After a Miitwicu; volume of dnm-kidni air ha, liven sampled. the collecting liquid is placed m a Mutable coniainer and i cmnvcd to the laboratory ior the neccssarv analysis. When the dust ample reaches the laboratory, the entire sample is filtered into a clean gr aduat ed dask t hrough a 2K(hmeh screen so that only particles smaller than 50 microns arc permitted to pass; particles l ar ger than 50 microns ar c not considered 42 / tx('/;/ v-M'cnml i't>n(/rcss---Xtitininil Suf c f x Council and art-, therefore. removed from the sample. After proper dilutum. the K' ui ni ' n ,.i the pi adual ed l);is)< a i e t horoughly shaken so that a aiorm suspension is oi.tanu'd. and two portions of about iHK' cubic centimeter arc removed with n pipette to ;nst till t wo Sedpw iei KaHer count uni cells. T h e cells ar c allowed to ''land at least Jl) nnmites and the dust particles are then counted hy means of a miernscnpe. The microscope w itrr an Ahhe condciwv is provided with an e\epicec micrometer, a l n - mdl nne t e r objective and a / .X eyepiece. The e\cpiece micromet er has a larpc square e ner aved on it. and this squar e. : ; di\i ded into H)i) squares, one of which is f ur ther di\idcd into J5 smaller square'*. T he proper lube length of the microscope is determined In calibration with a since mil rometer. so that a side of ihc larqe .square of the evepieee ewcrs 1 mil hmel er ( 1,00(> mi crons). Th e iar.ee square of the eyepiece micrometer, therefore, encloses the dust in an area n one square millimeter, and since the romitiii" cell is one millimeter deep, all the dint suspended in one cubic millimeter of the sampie is under the ruled field. All particles \)xn;dly less than 10 microns in longest diameter in one quarter of the field are counted at five points on the red. namely, near (he tour corners and the center. T w o cells of i a r h dust sample arc counted and the average of 10 counts is obtained. 1 `nmrol counts are subtracted from the a v u n e e sample counts, eniner finally, aver aee net counts oi the number oi particles which arc then calculated m terms of particles per mi ne font oi air sampled, l l a w n e determined the conccntraiion of dust particles less than ID microns in di am eter i:i a m e n atmosphere, it w also necessary to obtain miormati on r e p a n h u p the mineral composition of the dust before any evaluation of the health hazard can he made. In ui ucr al u u.av be ".ml that ihc hanniiilncss o! a quart? containinp dust is ii'ualA in d-.r-Yt 'proportion to its ircc-silira ( S i OA content It is. therefore, neccssarv t-. d i - i me m- h between " tree silica*', that is the silica that occurs as quartz, and "combined s-.hi. a", m* ;hc silica that is combined w ith other elements in the various sob.calc mineral** it should he h o me in mind, thereiore. that ihc total silica reported in due ei)xt <.Diary chemical a n a h s n s no measure ot the amount of free silica. ' h e q u a r t / '..ment oi line dints is usually determined by a combination of pel n m; i apiue and chemical methods. J-.aeh dust presents individual problems and no. individual icwiniour applies to all dusts regardless oi their romposition Those mirn-sp-d in ini' problem should consult Reprint Xo 1560 of the Public l U a l t h Kc1in? 1 s rrii:::.irv i?J 1b.vV .'iniih'd "Tlw* Onai unat i ve IVlermm.-'tion of Quart / ': (free silica t m liusts*' 11\ \ do!ph Kr.opi. Ihfitessnc m Ph\ si eal (Tolnpy. Yale Universitv, and t >;i*111;.u 11. \ T ; p d States I 'ulme Ile:dth Service. Discussion of D ust Problem s By DR. L E O N A R D G R E E N B U R G Vale University, New Haven, Conn. / 'i in' >pe.fiver Mid in part: On the technical side of tins problem you b a t e been presented Mnir f u o r\ce;,Vn( paper* hy Mr. Jones and )r. Merfer. 'i here is little lb,at i spMuid .ubi from Rhs point oi view Per haps the most \ahiuble contribution that 1 can make is to present to you my own personal view of the broader admi ni s trative aspects ot this piohlem pained as a result of many j e a r s of close contact. In ol der to do this, Rq ps analw.c the problem in its simplest term';. <' o r n i c i ! proper ihhpmn. tiic t uniform suspension re rcii'iwd w iih i AlU aie allowed to ^ c iy moans of a cvcpiece nnoi ometer, a minder has a Uree . one u Inch is tTirn( the i i i i c r i K c w is .e ut the lariro square lose* tiio dwt in an * tniliimctcr (loop, all r 11ic ruled ueid AM quarter ut the hold r* and the center. !h counts i" obtained. whit tmaliy, average in terms of particles Id miemns in diammntion r e^ardi ue the alili hazar d can he ' couiainin.; d i m is in therefore, neceseurc as quartz. and uent^ ut tito vrtnuOs onal sdiea reporten of tree duca. a combinai i. >n <<f "a problems and no ->c?iposition Tho s e ^/hihhc iicaitb Ke rn of Quar t z (free y. Vaie University. 'cm \ n u have been 'or. `1 bere is hul e on. me . mu ribut inn a: broader adminis1* of t i osc contact, rms. ! .i c! 'r o t a n n i / i n i ; i . \ i r \ -1.5 W e m.iy hcqm b\ a e r e me (hat puhiiou.uw tibio-W' l ammy pmm the inhalation "i eertaiu fiusts in known c o n t i n u a t i o n ner a sqinc'cnt i . r i*<i *n tune. Ibi s met I,as In (.'ii drill* iitMrated I'epeatcdU l>\ means <>i i mhi ' l i 'i.ii. iab'r<llor\ and pathoh Cieal -:11<11e*<. On this simple fact. I take it. there is compl ete agreement Such l eeui mate eases of disabling pulmonary hhrosU are held m m u m states to be the res]ionsiliilii e (.f Oh* e m p h n e r bui l der . a p\TU>ul i the compensation laws inukcs it e\ alent that thete exists a decided t iend in the liireetioii oi broudenutu lie compensation acts t hrouuhnnt the Union for we hod front tune to time that additional states are lente added to die list of t)to*c hui dme sdieo<us to he a c o m pensable disease. \\*e wouid o r t a m l v he hiuuiiiu: o u r ' c h m to the tacts were wc **i't to admit toe existent e *; this trend m social iceisiat.-<.*. It should lie pointed out l ur e that bus is a very wholesome and desirable state *; a?/a/rs. Thu insurance principle has justified its existence in spirndim: the buroen oi jit mi-tune over a iom: period oi freedom i non e.uastrophe ami <nrel> tu lite CU'C <n industrial accidents it ha< ireed us irmii the deplrame state of attaifs in existence pra r ti. 1P12. In tile case n\ the occupational diseases we nu> hope n*r ens.ili> satisfactmw results. Neverthel ess. compensat i on insurance is nut the complete 'oiutiou <q th.e probl em at hand. The only adequate means ..j avoiding the hurdm of silicosis is he the p r e w u - turn o ti lo 1lise; ue. All other metbods do not touch tin* cr u \ of tiie problem ami lue\ r nrr\ m' tli eir wake a \ ; p l amount o iIu m Mou,. nines* and a laree tinaiictai burden on industry. If u bai w e h.n e aereu: upon to till' p. r.U n true :1 ;s n)i\ious tb.at indus tr\ nu ut Tri ent tic (hsscm;natio!\ oi m me workroom air In such ai!eii.iute ene nun i me techniques as a.re :\\ aiiai.ie . a m <t n a m rases wh e i e tins p s ]),.t fi li l e ind.ustrx' musi pan ide., and i.aa e tin W<Tin r to ;uv, s;;ei; means oj purs oi ui iifr a eel in as w li! adequale! \ s.Mediat'd Inin aeaui ' ; me mu.nato,i r,| qust. il s ('iii \ by the-e means that w e i an miar,mi eo a p u a e i n e ot tii'abmic pnlnionaiw IM' bic to l tisi inhninijou. Ini ' ;i;' i ; tin w ry best clin Its of mdustq to h.Tve mis prop'w.n there wdl tniA-ul (tedie te a curtain number (<\ Cases bronchi to me c 'Urts ami pn sented as '- c 11mate eases oi sihcn-is. W Mill' s,f i ne ot thon' aia.- true icases of silicosis tilers. i lun e ihen un ruled, are not. lint are dcsimivd n,<*rc iy a s a means : oht.umm: mu. is ;i . m; udii--1r\ A eonsnie i a imn of snrli cases |>,rmijs ns mealiv to the second pari of (i h- ia e*.eut discussion, What is the ideal ira tliorl .'.amiime comi .ensai u*n cas .x-s wu! i ri 1er ern e to occupa 11<mai disease and more part -cniarlx m Iico.si.s ? if v. e 'xamme the (!e\elopna nt ot the .compensation acts we Imd tiiat a Pehmque i.isientii pnm.nTiv to a d i n d u a l e u n e s a industrial accidents has h\ oeerees been u u i i j n n s t h e t i n u m u t occupational dtscaM s In fact, m *ott;e states diseases are r-'-j.ii bed as injuries so that they m.n be l imueiu v.iilun th.e scope of the original anpens.ilmu act ' K.ut mi i lose exami nat ion it becomes vyrcnt that diseases are tar in >i e dilhcuh t< adjudicate tiian are the or di nary i n;i : r:o arisiue in industry, ' t h e y pieseut many leritmea! u r c t s and oiten require a mt uhod knowledge of this unui ii . i v branch of i ncdimw, w itli winch lite avevaee CMiunusuimor is \ e r y oiten unfamiliar. A s a result u e Imd m practice that the v'otin w p r e wi i u d uitii buddy ue bme ai c\ideika- by expert' for the plumtbt and ir the defendant wlueii i< \ er y dilucuit if not impossible to s,ip,saetorily e\alunte. Oi t en tile commissioner is euuqht between tiie conihetini: \ i e u s oi such witnesses anil is not p m u d e d with Ins own experts O aid him m arriving at the real scientific background of t!ie problem at hand. i ! ,1 I Vi*. $K ** ?c'- > fifi?. b Ih' ft T P s> U;i i pr v.' K. Kr. 11 y K. >>v u;.r. fJ', m m if -t-t i'u'i'ul x-sccoini Conf/rcss-- iXuhonal S a f e t y Council W, , a: wi' re.div nerd m ;i Mren.^liiruiuu of the technical side of the compensati on acts to deep pace with the increased tactual understandim; rcipirdim; (hr oceup.nioiMl di n c j 1 !.i-n dors not merel y r e h r in tin; t . uun> theiUM'hes but should benm with via: )>i\ I'Kihaunii of accuratel y worded compensati on act s wi nch cl earl y define the m - w i - w mr wincii compensat i on is to he paid. Compensat i on commi s si oners .should e a'-'i'tvd hy h o t e l s ot t echni ial e x p a t s composed of euemeers appoi nted hy the deans ->f the various mu u e r m c sem >K ami ot physician? appointed hy the deans v a.c r r c o c n u a l medial) scnools. `I he engineers selected should have. a very c o m plete km-w ledoc *! laeto'ry r on d i l m w and tiie held oi vali dati on, and the physicians d a mi d iv expert s m the field of i mm-t rud hygiene and occnpaliou.il disease It is nh a i; i t hr aid of siieh highly .specialized hoards, or their equivalents, that the c^nuHJi'.uioii commissioners mat he able to do complete justice to both sides w : ii'vc hwnlv technical eases. It is tin: behet of the speaker that empl osers and cm- ers auke would benefit .erratic from the estah]ishment and use of such hoards. In order to hasten the establishment of this system empl osers are justified in ap; eaime t<. i hr : r legislatures with this end in view; certainly such a legitimate demand sn-mnl receive the hearty support of all concerned. Frequently one is Asked, what should he done with those claims which ar c based o Intie or iu> leal c a d e n c e of mj urv to the wor ker but winch arc merely reared h> some \ c r \ enterprising a t t o r n e y : Such claims are, 1 h a \ c been told, becoming w r * common of late and constitute a real problem to industry. It s ohwous that die compensation advisory boards sneucMcd earlier will, as soon a< (hey ar e formed, serve the jnlurc as a healthy bul wark a e a i mt tins t> pe of bn>c!ess claim and 1 \ r n t u r e t* jredict that lew such eases would he lavnrablv acted upon hv a hoard real experts m this held. At the present time tacinrv o n i e u N should empl oy the \ r !'.'t h e a l talent available and should i vmt orce such l a u d taieiu with technical ano med-ca; experts t horoughl y versed in tin: held ot '.licosl>. Many eases have h. en i<'st }.\ a failure to brim; to hear the rapiiMte technical aid required to prn\ e ;-.o u-n-v MMence of a hazard. Mere is an excellent examp l e "t a case in whi ch m a w . n:n\ he saved m the end hy i ncreased expenditures W e now arri ve at the mud steps m the control oi this piohiem. the physical and X - r a 1. examination of the wor ker h-verv Uunaq should have pre-empluv ment and r<i-tine p o u - e x amma t t o n s It sn ms ohwous that the buidcn ot the health of the w.-rWr dn-uid mil he placed on tin- plant without the p i i a w a c oi ti;e pr e-cmplu)incut c ' am.nation ]{ow can industry he lccii mutciv e wn n t r d in hme a wor ker " in tile <.s i" ius or i u r phvsnai condition ami then a riav later In- expected m shoulder tic nurdcM "i the \ \ o i k e r s heal t h: !'> repeated phvsu. d examinations it is possible to discern n.e lami vat ];. dev..iimns t iom ut'iunai iuaitii u any take |ilace. In this ma;.::-r the a npl ovc r would he lot <w a me n \upv eariv n nn\ workmen showetl hint; euanecs M i a r s i n e of early m u o ^ is, Tim routine industrial Iuaitii examination on a i>r vid scaic throughout tP.c maj or poition oi American industry would constitute a public health procedure ui maj or spmuficauce. J5\ its means a very luri;e p r o p o r tion oi th.e population would he aided 115 the prevention of the degenerative diseases of middle hue winch today constitutes such a real menace. ADJOUhWM/liXT t [ Tl lerDep. Cha. *1 ml*' \ buy < tllilli era' be . n.tiii' nr h rain rnny. 'I,likew the nor is tl e war-perm.u Mm should exper-v ladiU 1 liav e the ti - n c h i Im I li would - 5T e a CiHi XJch >car I m the past nine i np m\ ement m In 11\ o tloatii'. aMUH'JO has.v. nee oimp.uY'' . ident e \ p e r ' aim the 1 nhu;i< true: hut t tl'.C National aide to pnn* Rest in severity ninth h o t in country. Mhr `nan the rnli>er industries .w| cost Imor. v NplTK'llCC `'1 l vnhhcr em.-d-. u- that fine.;:^ I hi) IMt n;:atety pvo-jr.nn : e ci nmui; . < t<)\ i<nry <. mu ' and penning -t ua^ reduced ml tin^ w; n a textile inn! w U H L 2 ; and <r to yet di\ ihut the m.m- rth more than nt prevention rnininc: down that he hrnhr iactor> that \ my nr lea\ iner '/'///: .V 7 -\ /; c o .Yn .; x .Y r . 11. s a / /; v r ( o A' c; 77/: .v.v A' a t i o x a 1 . s a / n r v c o u x c 1 1 . Ii '`n_eC I Safety Section, A.R.A.--Steam Railroad Section N.S.C. \ i , ----------------- - Officers 1932-33 i C lu iin iim i-- Cn.MM.rs la. Una.. Ne w Yor k Central Linos, Ne w York City. 1 1:trst i'irr- C h a in iiau -- C. L. L a F o c n i a i m :, Gr eat No r t h e r n Rail way Co., St. Paul. ! Mi n n .V.vi'in/ f 'mu; m,/;/-- H. A. 1'.\ 10's11, Chicago N No r t h Wes t e r n Rail way Co.. 1 * Chicayo. S c o \ ' t li r \ -- j. C. C.wj stov, American Rail way Assn., New Yor k City. | Mni:hr> s , C o i a m i U r r oj } Jirryf mr. : * ' h. 1I.mi 1k.u s t j i v I.ehiyh Valley Railroad. Rethlehem, Pa. If. A. Rn Ui . Delaware, Lackawanna <S: Wes t e r n Railroad C o . Ne w York City. 1 (_. X. M ninWAKp, New York, New i l a \ u \ N Ha r t f o r d Railroad, New Haven, (.`"im. R omi ui St *m r. Atlanlie (' oast Lines Rail road Co., \ Yi l mi nyt f,n. .\. ('. A. (7 L n a . 1 anndi.ui National Radwav. Montreal. P. O , Canada. h ' A. t t"a 1 is. Denver N K 10 Gr ande Wes t e r n Railroad, Denver. I\. 1 1. h.v.wa. I.ouR\ille Nashville Railway. Louisville, K\ . ( . Missouri Pacnic Railroad, St. Louis. h. M. Mi r , M. n , Nortliern Paei nr Ra d u a v C. t>., St. Paul, Minn. .1. *1. P a n i c . Readme Co., Keadiny. Pa. ( 7 he t ont f ' l ac i c f o/ t A these sessions i c /um/N/md in a iuioklct entitled '`Proeeedmi/s \ 0/ the IP. a , hnn/u/ Meet i nn at th, S a j et y Seehon", (tradable j rom the A umnYaa I Jut then \- ./r.m< TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 3, 1933 Th e sv^^ions of the Saiety Section. American Ka dwa y Associat ion--St eam Rail road Section. National Satcty (.muicil, were held as a part of and in conjunction with the Annual Cutiyresx " t the National Safety ( `mined m the Stevens Hotel. 444 1 tv<u/fy - s r c o m i C a i u j r c s s -- .Vat anal S a f e t y C o n n e i l TUESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 3, 1933 Address By F R E D E R I C K E. W I L L I A M S O N President, New York Central Lines, New York City Th e speaker said in p a r t : I pot my first lesson in safely in a very trying wav. I was working in Utica, and the yard was badly congested. I was working with a switch engine in tlu: lower part of die yard, and it was snowing hard. I was on top of a string of cars, and I was trying to figure, out how to get t hemout. I swung ('.own on a side ladder, with my mind wholly intent on what I was tr ying to accomplish. and .stepped back on track No. 2-- there was a screech oi awhistle, and here suddenly was No. n's engine about 70 iect away, or so it seemed to mo. Instinctively, I made a dive between this string of cars that was pulling out, and I could just l'eci that pilot beam whistle hy me. and the engineer thought he had hit me. Me stopped and came hack to find that I was all right, but certainly I got a safety lesson from him in no uncertain worth. I learned m\- first safety le-son by a shock and a scare. Today, however, we have adopted anot her principle. No w we arc trying to teach the. young tnen safety In rules, in education, rather than by lotting them learn t hr ough experience ami narrow escapes that safety L essential. You and the afnliated ' a i i i \ bureaus of the several railroads have t aught us to understand that while you can't undo accidents that have happened, you can see to it that no accident that doe- happen will be considered a closed bonk until there i- a t horough analysis oi it- c.m-o. with a view to the avoidance, wherever possible, of that same ea.u-e of succeeding aciulent-. As w e review the official records of the Interstate Commer ce Commission, vve note with pride the progre-s m' the American railroad in the reduction oi accidents, ami nil who are familiar with the subject recognize the large contribution of the Safely Section of (be As-,a i;11o .;1 In that not eworthy achievement. One of my distinguished predecessors ill the presidency of the Now Yor k Central June- vva- imai oi saving that a rai l r oad is composed of plant and personnel, and me.'. p - . T ' n r , - - , - m s b() per cent of its value. Muc h of the success ot your w oi k i- depot, flit upon a recognition of the large importance in sale rail roadi ng of the .-railed human element." You must consider and deal with a mental a p proach i.a Olivers ami employees to all satety work. I; is not enough that the physical plants be cleared of l urking hazards, nor is it enough that i nstructions as to the -ate methods of operation lie promulgated. Both of these tilings, of course, arc vital Of ctpi.il importance, perhaps of l arger importance, is the molding of menial attitude toward safety movements, and t oward safety itself. The manlier of accidents that arc uttcri unavoidable is surprisingly small. Ever yt hi ng that is done to impress on all the irightiul cost of accidents in life, limb and money, is yeoman service. W'c uiu-t eternally seek to instill in the minds of all a serious respect for safety measures and a dogged determination to do, each one, his job. not onlv well, hut safely. \ cur section is now, as it lias been from its inception, in the van g u ar d oi that movement, and it L hut candid that I say to you that railroad executives generally, congratulate and honor you for what you have done and arc doing. 452 Th-ciitv-srcoiul Cn:ircs.<-- Xolioihil S o f c l y Council (ho operating <ii t r ack motor cars by: ( I ) opi r . i tmg a car at excessive speed; ( J ) improperly storing tools on the c ar : (3) permitting men to occupy imsaie positions on the c a r ; (-1) fmlm-c to protect against trains and other t r ack mot or cars; and (5) lailurc to observe switches and c r u p i m y , especially with respect to speed and obstructions. 1 he inainicuaucc of way supervisor must know the siamiard operating rules, ami should at all times have in his possession current time tallies and be familiar with special instructions. T h e r e ar c few duties of a mai nt enance of wa y supervi sor that we can well delegate to someone else, or avoid responsibility for. JTom the maintenance of equipment standpoint, it i> particularly the dut y and responsibility of the supervisor to note hazardous conditions about the shop plant. He should he quick to hear any report of nnsalc conditions of the premises, m a chines and tools, and his quick eye should personally observe these conditions. He should he of as ,Croat value as others wor ki ng under him in foreseeing possible accidents and injury as the result of these hazardous conditions. After a possible injury, the supervisor also has an important duty t oward the injured employee. He should see that immediate first aid care is given the injured person and make sure that lie gets into the hands of a competent physician as rapidly as possible. T o call in a physician and a claim agent every time a man stubs his toe or skins a knuckle is, of course, a mistake. It is possible to make too much fuss over small injuries. But there should he at hand some simple means of p r e sent ing infection for minor injuries, and if an injury is serious, the personal at t e n tion of a physician is the only recourse. The Green Book Tiic final feature of this session was a presentation of the current "Gr ee n n o o k " by I.. R. Pal mer. Conservation Ilngmeer, Hquilablc l.iie Assurance Society, Xew York City. Mr. Pal mer very briefly called attention to the fact that lie had p r e pared a tabulation covering employee casualty rates for the. six months' period of 1933, Class I railroads, in accordance with the st andard Green Book groupi ng and will f orward copies to Class 1 railroads. WEDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 4, 1933 The Goggle Rule and How Enforced B y J. C. Y O C U M Manager, Safety Department, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway The speaker said in p a r t : It has always been a puzzle to me why it is necessary to repeat over and over again to employees that one of the greatest things which has been given us is sight and how necessary it is that they use the means so freely afforded them to protect and preserve this blessed gilt. To my mind, being blind is about the wot si disaster that can happen to anybody. ex p er i en c e has shown that we cannot take it for grained that men will of their own accord think for themselves in this respect, ami for this reason it has been bY /',v<p/v-.Wc nntl i'oih/rcss-- National Ap/h/v Council v-uil into iii>*-;it.I t o o laiye.- .1 p n e e m a e c , sometimes 50 per eeut oi tm m died, ai;h<-ueh the npvi .ila>n was sm ccssiuh ( )ur trouble is w t that \\c don't know how to switch cars, it is not that we don t kiiiiu )i<1\v to pvt t r ams o w r a railroad, it is not that we don't Know lime to make ih'-'V trains line and o<unit irtahlv lor passeuevi's <r to meet the needs of the shipping pr.bhc. hut \u: cannot perform our operations without the infection of carelessness; an too oni\ wa\ we can eliminate it from nttr railroad operations is to make each oKinidmai man on onr railroad an evpert in the peri'nrmauee of his operations. >" we need in stnd> each im' midual o|>eiatiou and see where the Imp nets mlo that operation, and develop a technique that will assure clheieney every tunc that operation is pertonued. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 4, 1933 4 Report of Committee on Train Service Accidents By D. G. P H I L L I P S Superintendent of Safety. Wabash Railway, St. Louis Th e speaker said in p a r t : In 1052 therv wore 65 cmplovecs killed and 524 in jured in train accident'*, white m tr.un service accidents for the same period there v i r e 5'7 e mp d n e e s killed and 6,84! injured. So without ininnni/iiu: the impurtan; e h sp;r t\ u n r k in connection to train accidents, these h e n r o show in the much ma. iter livid n>r work- in the prevention of train service accidents. In 1(,32 there were m \ time- as man}- killed m train service accidents as m train accidents, and _M tunes as nianv i nuned. In r*52. Jo ]H'fM'ii< w ere killed and 507 were injured m accidents winlv coupling >r uucoiiphnv. ears or locomotives. T h e remedy lor this class of accidents n a t u r ally sucucsts itself, keep from hctvwen movm.e ears that are about to ..uplo. do not att empt to make an\ adj ust ment s in the coujilnu: apparatus of a movin': car that i c' i i ni' o von to eo :u Iron! 01 the car v' nr h adj ust ment s should he made v.lien i.ir is still. We believe that p mpe r supervision can eliminate entirely this class of accidents. hut n a supcrviMuv oliici.il stands around seeing men <i.iinc: wmk in this manner and s.iy.s in'iliiiu:, jiirt so (om: will accidents of this kind occur. Ourim; l n52. '> persons were killed and 125 injured whi l e u n i p l me or luK' mpi me .rr or Meani pose. T h e pri ncqu! cause of empl oyee immir*. comi ne under tin* 'ne.uiim; is due to at temptmu to do their work without pi oper protection and iioin m.idvc rieniix unconphm: air or `team ln.se under press*..r.* If accident.; of tins kmd are to he prevented, it is al'sohitely necessary that , \ h>. r a him- I;.l; rule is applicable. such a rule should be made and should be compi led with. h o w e v e r , i r e q m m i ) m s u h e b i n e operati ons there is no opportuni ty for the use *>f a blue t h e In such ca>cs. not only the men d o me the work, hut th-.se worki ng witii them should he on the al ci t to see that no movement is n u d e when men are between the cars. ( )f course, the man hi msel f should he sure that air and steam ,<re shut off hen-re any attempt to uncouple hose, and even then they uui't lie careful, as swam and air a i e frequently trapped ami remain P>v somet i me in a short section of hose. Supervising officials should not overlook the lailure to Unc dae when ihv rule so provides and should wat ch to >ce that the man understands the proper method to uncouple air and steam hose. - j Mj e 'LJ.ur ' nidi cent ticairml ^nally :.tic ilio in.tjt.r'iy I m mimi (!'<-' *i* . : 2,103 tails ..t .I'llmc (remiti <>r U; 1,4:0 mils fi '.-cse sis cattscs O t,> maintvii.iia'O nt one tliat sltoultl , tiic mil titat is imtntii `miihv. .i n Engineer. and -;rs. From these brini about that hem to he '.ilety- rectme th<` men -vipers isurv )\osi- r \\ lici 111. v now qionnl efiort and I whai )* wanted, would l u i e pay ouditiou* i- uu* t oi ul i l i ou- t<t (1(1 i him t.i the u p i.nnifmc: >u w ay ,r Miperv t' ni lh.it ,;;g from brider* i.inrlx i.f .crn-;:- doing till- S \he importance matted k troni li'.otnr mu' . standing up. "ii nut! d>mg mg of mtcnmiis or material is to 'thcr accidents A it can he amt is as are invariably mf o r c e all ndc> ,d oUk: kv.>:> -'ititi rc all reasonable - unnecessary. ns ,vc not faded to 'nns arc Lucali) Safety Section A K A -- Steam Railroad Section X S C -173 reduced and supervision understaffed and which condition will. v.< gi-c.-uiy tear, continue for .some time. lint whereas many activities must he reduced, the one activity, safety education of rail road workers, cannot be allowed to lie relegated or dele",-tied to incflicient leadership. The safety organization on every rail road must function as never before in energising and stimulating interest. THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 5, 1933 Report of C om m ittee on P ro p e r M ethod of Reporting Casualties to the Interstate Commerce Commission B y G. H . W A R F E L Assistant to Executive Vice President, Union Pacific System, Omaha, Neb. T h e speaker said in part: A year ago, in the Committee of Direction, the ques tion was raised as to whether or not there was need ior some other method of determining the relative progress of safety wor k on various railroads. The casualty rate per million man-hours lias from time to time been questioned, particularly the xerv low casualty rate sometimes established, and there have been those who won dered if some other basis could not he developed. So our Committee was appointed to study the desirability or the practicability of developing some form m se ve nt y -v rating for casualties, as well as live frequency rating, to see if by that the relative standings of different carriers and the progress of safety work generally could l e better determined. After a very careful study of seventy ratines and the conditions surrounding their reporting, and especially the very great muictdtv of securing accurate s event y statistics, v\e came to the conclusion that the casualty rate per mmi mi man-imur* lias been and is a very reliable guide, and index to the progress of accident preven' turn wor k on railroads, ami that the general casualty rate, as it has been eMxbii-lkd through the Green Book and our ether agencies, is a good and reliable general gmee to the progress of safety work among the railroads. There is no question in our minds but what (here has been some distortions one way or die other nt the relative standings of individual carriers, cine usually to difterent i nterpretations ot what comi i ti m' s reportaluiity. Your Commi t tee believes, however, that what is needed is net muiic other \ u r d stick to measure by, hut the assurance that cvcrvhody mo the present >ard stick the same way. We come to (he conclusion that what was most desirable was that everybody who had to do with the reporting of accidents ou a railroad should understand alike the require ment s of the Int erstate Commerce Commission Reporti ng Rules. So this C o mmi t tee undertook tn put together an interpretation of the Interstate Commerce C o m mission Reporting Rules. W e tried to make this iuierpreiatnii as clear and concise as possible, so that anybody reading them could understand clearly whether or not a man's injury was reportable. I want to sketch for you briefly here some of the points in the text wc have finally agreed upon. Tak e , for example. "Accidents arising from the operation of a railway.*' I will read two or three things here: " l i d - expression is intended to include not onlv accidents resulting directly from the operation, construction or maintenance of a f \ ] i [ \ h i 1 V 7 . w / K y-.m'('o ;i</ v '(///f/rr.s.v ---A ; / uii ,;/ . S a f e l y c o u n o ! the ru-M|M-rali\c response am i assist.m ce ot th m e e .iih d upon i . ,,r,m r i Im::c l!a .:r im a ie h l. tune and c lln r t to p rom o te m h Ii a commend.d<!<' c u u m - .is TI;.; 0"ti'> r\ .iti'.ii i-i h u m an life and iuuh. .iiid desnane t>i reiiou i'm o each a :id e\er\ one in a p ro p e r and h itm e m a n n e r.-- tlic re io re . be it resolved-- ) r.at this Section i ce o ^m/ es and appreciates tin* contribution made In each and every one who n. any manner a r ra nge d inr or participated in die conduct "i those I'. uet mes. lucludiiu:. and with articular relerenee to. those whose presence. although i-'i upon die program, have added so n mei i : i hat die Section is not only izrateiul. hut indebted to Messrs. 1*'. K. Wil l iamson, President. Xc w d ' r k (,'cntral I.me". M. J. ( m n n l e y IVc^idi nt. Amer i can Railway .\s>rei:u5on. a.id J u d e e R. Y. Plctehcr. (emral Younsel. \<sociation of Railway *. \eeut i \es and of the A m e r u a n Railway Wsociatioii: to*- their sacrifice *i tunc. a:: i m r die cm at and i 'Mine hi m,n p that must accrue to and aid in the advanceme a. dens S v u m n ami ns \\nvk because of the t i m e l y we'd chosen and pertinent !11>:ic ii: e i\ e n n s . i hat our appreciation is also (wtended to the management of `die Mevens Hot el; :> me Rre<s and to all others who have so Kindly assisted m maki ng m:r stay in " \ mor : c a s c lucaim." so pleasiiur and >o pmii i ahl e; Hunt :n our hearts, we cherish the memor y of those who have hevn called to : elds h c y ml . and express our earnest desire and hope, that to those of our Members m-" .! whom burdens have hern placed t hrough physical intirnuties and otl.crwi.se, iastiue and efnetive relief may speedily conic. T h a t them k\ -.Millions i>e s p ic a d upon the re co rd s o f tins A n n u a l M eetm ee A n n o u n c e m en t of Election of Officers *haw n u n tm-n caPied for t'ne report oi the tellers who had cam. ms vd du.- \.,u-> r i '; . t : s m[ thr Ai i i - ' . ! Pr the eii'uine tear. Th i s report was presented by Prank Y n u s \ \ . mi a Raiiroad. wim announeed the election <*i officers as Pillows: i'l.-j.i -- <' I. I.a l;oum amv. ( h e a t Xorthevn Rai l way. f' i wim- --I I \ I 'ariM !. ( hicam A' X 'n 'li i W e s t e r n K a ilw a x -..rd ; /;,-( !,!,< ;n,n: - \ \ l i . P a m n e . l/ ciU ra l R a ilr o a d >.! X e u j u 's i y . ';ri .* ( o nun // ; h > e i l h > i .-- i T r l r n i T e n it. >i \ ( ( hie- ' e.u* T e im ) -- *1' 11. ( a crow . I \ :in -\ 1\ .anil R a i!n-ad. Xi w l-.utdanr l `:\ r n t o r \ ( One - Ye a r T e r m 1; . K. Pradmrti . Poston A Maine Knil- S e :\ m i:i T v : rim r \ -- 1. f *. PvutK-y. <`h c^ an cakc A O h io R a ilw a y , i d ia :i T e i 111 *a \ -- \ w K e c k . C a n a d ia n X a t io u a l Kailwax*. W c s u i n I V n ip . r x -d\ A M e t e r . ( h u a im . M ilw auhee.. M . P a u l and Paeitic; R . R., (\ M \ \ .o id. I 'uii.ii 1'acuie Sxstem t ' a; u :,V .Vuj;i:n;?/.or <- . O . h . i"iii.- o n . M in n e a p o lis A >t. l.nm T R a t ir o a d ; J . ( i . i : it/ lm e ii. ( h jlf . P u lo ra d n am i >.m :a i-e K a u x x a v . \. \ . R o liw id c r . I)u iu ih . Miss.ahe and .\W rth ern R ail- w a > ; .1 i. \\ a ls 'i. M is- ,in i- K a ils ,is - 'l'e \ a s Iv a ilro a d . 0 d P ir.liijis . W a b a s h K:uSw ay. .m./or/nYw/wv