Document vVNkR98oG1dLVqevOZB2DrBZb

FILE NAME: National Safety Council (NSC) DATE: 1936 Oct DOC#: NSC062 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Transactions of the NSC - 25th National Safety Congress f936 3 i C NCwN* r A C 7 = p . I j v ^ e n t i ;;am p . H ;A : h e m ic a ; IN E E IN i: :r* 'T T nM -, TiM^ rE'L L rf/Cc pD - ,o - ksTier ' - : .n"- i 2d P -N S C -5 25fih M a lio a ia B S a i e t v /" V C o n g re ss "T K a w i O " . .- 3 - NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, I n c . ATLANTIC CITY, NEW JERSEY O c t o b e r 5 to O c t o b e r 9 , 1 9 3 0 Ambassador, Chelsea, Ritz-CarltojfeHotel and Atlantic City Auditorium L>l,v< Coovriiht, 1936 NUom1Sofotr Council, Inc. oooo:i; k F orew ord THE Transactions of the Twenty - fifth Nat: ni. Safety Congress, 1936, are published by the Nat:: na! Safety Council in two volumes. This, the first, con. the general, the special subject, and the Indus: Section sessions. The second volume contains the sions of the Child Education, Home Safety, Street Highway Traffic and Vehicle Fleet Sections. All industrial members of the Council automatic receive Volume I. Volume II is sent to metnber; lieved to be interested chiefly in the sessions it cc~ Other Council members, however, may obtain it u request. Many members have found it worth while'to distri:' copies of the Transactions to supervisors, foremen, others in an administrative or supervisory position - no may make practical use of them for reference purp:- CiThe following quantity prices are quoted on copies: 1 to 10 copies of the large volume. $1.50 eu 11 copies or more, S1.25 each; copies of the s n u volume, 50 cents each. THE Transactions are published as a condensed ret: of the proceedings at the National Congress. Tn t papers oi each session or division of the Congress tr.vt been edited carefully to eliminate extraneous matter . to abbreviate the less essential portions because of ?tale t limitations. Thus the material herein presented is r.:t a verbatim report of all the speeches presented a; the Congress, but rather an abridged version made as turnpact as possible, yet without injury to the techr.cai aspects of any address. The original manuscripts ar; tr file in the Council's Bureau of Information, -.vhere t:;; re available tor additional reierence. Where illu.-trntions were sent by the speakers to the Council, these usoare on file. The National Safety Council at its Congresses seeks to eliminate from discussion matters which are not ptrt:nent to the aim of the Congress or which are contrary to Council policies. It cannot accept responsibility or the views expressed either in the papers presented :r in the discussions based upon the papers. NATIONAL SAFETY COUNCIL, I n c . 20 North W acker Drive jna. .airv-i tris.1 *eiund ;aly bever. .:por. butt and who ose~. extra \ each : :aller ecorc The have : and rpace not a : the :orr.'.nica! re on they .istraafo ks to perti'.trary y (or vd o r 1227900 3 $i,Si N u s SdEtEemtS me Council Officers and Directors................................................... 4 Council Purposes and Policies................................................... 9 Annual Meeting of Members..................................................... 11 Annual Banquet........................................................................... 31 Subject Sessions-- Exhaust Systems................................................................... 37 Fire Prevention..................................................................... 53 Industrial Health--American Association of Industrial Physicians and Surgeons.................................................. 61 Industrial Nursing................................................................ 69 Industrial Safety Lectures................................................... 79 Injured Worker, T he........................................................... 99 Maintaining Interest in Safety................................. :........ 109 Occupational Diseases....................................... 117 Safety Belts .......................................................................... 127 Safety Equipment ................................................................ 141 Safety Exchange ................................................................. 1S1 Safety Fundamentals for B eginners..,.............................. 159 Safety Training .................... 171 Aeronautical Section.................................................................... 181 A. S. S. E.--Engineering Section.............................................. 191 Automotive and Machine Shop Section..................................... 197 Cement Section............................................................................ 20S Chemical Section......................................................................... 223 Construction Section.............................. 241 Food Section................................................................................ 253 Marine Section............................................................................. 269 Meat Packing, Tanning and Leather Industries Section....... 287 Metals Section.............................................................................. 299 Mining Section............................................................................... 219 Paper and Pulp Section............................................................... 347 Petroleum Section........................................................................ 261 Power Press Section................................................................... 395 Public Utilities Section............................................................... 405 Quarry Section............................................................................. 425 Refrigeration Section.............................. - .................................. +43 Rubber SiCtdoir.TT..................................................................... 461 Safety Equipment Section........................................................... 483 Steam Railroad Meeting............................................................. 489, Textile Section.................................................... .. ... 501 Transit Section. t ? ......... 503 Wood Products Section...................................... ....................... 517 Index ..................................................................jjV.' do o o 1 o f f ic e r : HONORARY MEMBERS A ssociation' of Isos' as-d Rodert W . Campbell Arthur W illiams Lew R. P almer Steel E lectrical E ngineers O FFIC E R S (1936-1937) Dr. C. H . W atson, President D. D. Fes' nell, Vice-President for Public Relations Dr. H art E. F isher, Vice-President for Health John E. Gibson',. Vice-President for Community Safety Councils Hon. H arold G. H offman', Vice-Presidntt tor Public Safety Albert S. Recula, Vice-President for Engineering A. V. Rohweder, Vice-President for Industrial Safety ; R. T. .Solen'Sten, Vice-President for Membership Albert W. W hitney, Vice-President for Education W. E. Worth. Vice-President for Finance and Treasurer. W. H. Cameron, Secretary and Managing Director EX EC U TIV E COMMITTEE (1935-1937) George J. Adams, Paper and Pulp Section C. M. Allen, Metals Section C. D. AtEL, Past President J. f. Baxasii, Past President C. W. Bergquist, Past President Harold S. Buttexheim, The American City Magazine W. H. Cameron, National Safety Council, Inc. Robert W. Campbell, Past President Robert I. Catux. Aetna Casualty & Surety Company Lewis A. DeEld:s. Past President C. W. Dempesy. Food Section Marcus A. Dow, Past President D, D. Fennell Consulting Engineer D:l Hart E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Company R. B. Foctuix. Lehigh Valiev Safety Council C. W. Girds, -Mining Section ' John E. Giuson, Western Electric CoiAftany Harry Guildlet. The Pullman Compai Ho::. Harold G. Hoffman, Governor fi>Ncw Jcr-cy j 0 0 0 0 C !) OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued , i ; j i ; ; founcils ucty ; i ' !. < : 1 : E. C. H olden1, J k.. Marine Section H arry J. K elley, Wood Prod;:cti Section W alter G. Ki .n'C, Past President Wit. C. K xoelk, Milwaukee Satety Commission J ohn E. Long, Past President T hos. H. MacDonald. United States Department of Agriculture E. J. M ehren, Portland Cement Association W. J. M elville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. W. M illard, Industrial Gloves Corporation H arold L. Miner, E. I. du Pont dc Nemours S: Company E, J. O 'E rien, J r,, Louisville Safety Council Lf.w R. P almer, Past President C. E. F eitibone, Past President Albert S. R egula, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc. Lt. Ccl. H enry A. Renincer, Past President A. V. R ohweder. Duluth, Missabc X: N'ortheni Railway Company D, L. R oyer, ASS E-Engineering1Section George E. Sanford, General Electric Company C harles E. Scott, Past President Carl L. S mith, Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S m ith. Standard Oil Company (Indiana) W alter D ent S mith. Delaware Safety Council R. T . S olexsten, Elliott Service Company C. P. T olman, Past President George G. T raver. Chicago Safety Council Robert ?,. W allace, Worcester Safety Council D r. C. H. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Company A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters W. E. "Worth, International Harvester Company A rtiive H. Yocnc, Past Preside::: D IR E C T O R S (1935-1937) George J. A dams, Paper S: Pulp Section C. M. -Allen, Metals Section N elson R. A xdf.rson, Seattle Traffic & Safety Council F rederick A rcher, Child Education Section A. L. A rmstrong, Chemical Section J. I. E anash, Consulting Engineer John J. S arada, Public Utilities .'vetion E rnest V.". Beck, United Slates Rubber Products, Inc, C. W. S esgouist. Western Elcctri: Co. D avid- S. Beyer, Liberty Mutual l::s:igggce'<C. Cliffoec M. Bishop. Brooklyn Safu.ji'Council V 7 i! : f 1 OOCHK.O . i 2'm** m. ! j O F R C E R S A N D DIRECTORS, Continued OFFICERS AND E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. C. F. Borkenhacex, Kenosha Safety Council S. D. Boyd, York County Safety Council _ - A. W. Breelano, Petroleum Section " F. S. Brown*, Standard Accident Insurance Co. S. W . Burchiel, Automobile Club of Rhode Island H arold S. Buttexheim, The American City Magazine Preston* D. Callum, Baltimore Safety Council W. H. Cameron*, National Saiety Council Rodert I. Catlin*, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. M. A. Clarx, Automotive and Machine Shop Section H. H erbert. Corson*. Safety Department, Nashville Chamber of Con: merce Frank E mery Cox, Berkeley Traffic Safety Commission Robert W. Crowther, Springfield. Massachusetts Saiety Council J. E. Guluxey, Bethlehem Steel Co. Lewis A. DeBlois, Consulting Engineer J ay E. Decker, Mason City Safety Council C. W . Demtesy, Food Section J ames 3. Douglas. Philadelphia Gas Works Co. Dr. Louis I. D ublin*, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. D. D. F en*sell, Consulting Engineer Doxald A. Ft.vKBEixr.R, Toledo Saiety Council Dr. H art E. F isher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co. Howard E. Fonda, Burroughs Wellcome & Co. s'C. S. A.) Inc. W illiam Forsyth, Superior. Wisconsin Saiety Council R. B. Fortuix, Lehigh Valley Saiety Council Alexander Foster, Jr., Quarry Section C. W. Gibbs. Mining Section John B. Gibson, Western Electric Co. H arry G uilbkrt. The Pullman Co. Isaiah H ale, The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fc Railway Co. Major itoLunr. H. K andy, Richmond Safety Council D. T. H arrington, U. S. Bureau of Mines R. C. H aven, Vehicle Fleet Section G. T. H kllmuth, Chicago. North Shore & Milwaukee R. R. Co. Ciias E. H ill, New 'Fork Central Lines Hon*. H arold G. H offman. Governor of New Jersey E. C. Hot.m.N. Jr., Marine Scotian Frederick 1!. H unt, Cement Section P. G. H unt:.?, Power Press Section Morris G. H urley, .Easthay Safety Council Major Norman A. I.wiuk, Columbus gaiety Council Edwin A. Kayskn, St. Louis S aietyJS uncil T homas P. Kearns, Industrial CtuS&lssion of Ohio K. T. I H arry T hos. I J. M. L W m. C. C. L. L A. H. L J. E. L. w. R. : L. T. M T hos. I Miller T. H. i F. W. f James I E. J. M W. J. I. W. h E. M. N J ames I H arold R. B. M E rnest E. J. O' Georce ' Geo. Op Lew R. United W ilson tion A. E. P David A Mrs. G. C harles merc C. E. Pr. Gen. Cr. A rthur Albert : Lt. Cou A. V. R. D. L. Rt G. E. Sr H enry ( Karl G. * 00CC1 i OFFICERS A N D DIRECTORS, Continued r.d '.-zinc eticn Ic Chamber o Coir ^'.mission : Safety Council cc Co. iU Inc. or. c Railway Co. until waukee R. R. Co. crity .cr.c:l K. T. Kells?.. Detroit Industrial Safety Council H.uiav J. Kf.llf.y, Wood Products Section T iios. L. Kelley, Paterson Safety Council J. M. Kr.r_'.:cAN, Rubber Section W m. C. K noelk. Street & Highway Traffic Section C. L. LaFsvntaine, Great Northern Railway Co. A. H. Laurji. Madison County Safety Council J. E. Lotto. The Delaware & Hudson Railroad Corporation \V. R. Loyd. Safety Die. Birmingham Chamber of Commerce L. T. McAf.thur, Peoria, Illinois Safety Council T iios. II. MacDonald, United States Department of Agriculture Miller McClintocx, Traffic Audit Eureau T. H. McKsnney, Retired F. \Y. Matson', Minnesota Safety Council J ames R. Mays, Elizabeth Safety Council E. J. Mehren. Portland Cement Association \V. J. Melville, Chippewa County Safety Council I. \V. Millard, Industrial Gloves Corporation E. M. Miller. Employees Publication Section J ames K. Miller, Grand Rapids Safety Council H arold L. Miner, E. I. duPc.-.t de Nemours & Co. R. E. Mosley, Industrial Accident Prevention Association E rnest M csphy, Albany Safety Council E. J. O 'E eien, J r., Louisville Safety Council Georoe C. A. Orp, The. Detroit Edison Co. Geo. O pfenkeimer, Kansas City Safety Council Lew R. Paln-er, The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States W ilson Palmer, Meat Packing. Tanning & Leather Industries Sec tion A. E. P asxep, Transit Section David A. Patton. Xewark Safety Council Mrs. G. M. P slton, Evanston Safety Council Charles Y.\ P endock. Safety Division. Milwaukee Aim. of Com merce C. E. P lttieone. American Mutual Liability Insurance Cc. Gen. Gec?.:e E. P illsbury, United States Engineer Office Arthur Fotterton, Hudson County Safety Council Albert S. F.egula, Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc. Lt. Col. H enry A. R eningex, Lehigh Portland Cement Co. A. V. Romweder, Duluth. Missabe & Northern Railway C:. D. L. Rdyer. ASSE-Engirteertng Section G. E. S anford. Genera! Electric Co. H enry C Sciiafenee. Eric Safety Council Karl C-. Sehoeffler. Rahway Safety Council - fr , l? OFFICERS A N D D IRECTORS, Continued Council Harry A. Schultz, United States Steel Corp. Earl S. S iiartzer, Utica Safety Council Gen-. J ohn H . S herburne, Massachusetts Saicty Council Dr. L. A. S houdy, Bethlehem Steel Co..... Ernest L. S imonds, Xctv Haven Safety Council Carl L. S mith. Cleveland Safety Council C. W. S mith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.) Edwin C. Sm ith, Black-stone Valley Safety Council Walter D ent S m ith, Delaware Safety Council W. A. S now, Construction Section R. T. Solenste.v. Elliott Service Co. P. Earl Stitter. Contra Costa. County Saicty Council E. C. Spring, Lansdale, Pa. The fundamental pur ionai Safety Council iuman life. It seeks th ontinuous campaign of ion that is nationwide b all types of hazardou ectly or indirectly re itizenry. It is a non-p. zm-sectarian, and free Georce R. Stephens, Safety Bureau. Buffalo Chamber of Com:mcraliations. Since its erg: I Arthur M. T ook. Consulting Marine Engineer r has won respect as an H arold M. T oombs, Refrigeration Section istitution. Geo. G. T raveu, Chicago Safety Council Inseparable from accic W. W. T rench, Schenectady Safety Council W. D. T urbeville, San Antonio Safety Council' Robert R. W allace, Worcester Safety Council be Council's work in onditions and prevetuin ises in American iiuius Dr. C. H. W atson, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Today there are 4,000 I H arry M. W ebber. Retired enting every state in E. T. W hiter, Western Pennsylvania Safety Council lany oi the Canadian i S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. re 400 foreign member A. W. W hitney, National Bureau of Casualty & Surety Uitdcrv -itert"1'15 'rtns. includes industr: individuals, public T. A. W illson, Accident Prevention Equipment Manufacturers tion 'ambers of commerce, T. A. W ilson, Textile Section rganizations. About 70 ustrial concerns, incimii. W. H. W inans, Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation Jinpanies, the oil com E. W. W irth, Rochester Safety Council le railroads in the U; H arry W ise. Sr., Chattanooga Safety Council Jtomotive industry, am J. M. W oltz, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. W. W. Wood, Steam Railroad Section tnding importance in m ial field. W. E. W orth, International Harvester Co. E. J. Zauit, Saicty Bureau. Duluth Chamber of Commerce Origin ar.d C- Earl W. Z immerman. Safety Die. Syracuse Chamber of Com:inerct rite history of the Co G. L. Zwick, St. Joseph Saicty Council S-kloew-i*=t<jtTdor.g to l brief, the First Co-' ongress was held umlci ssociation of Iron ami ngineers in Milwaukee, result, the National Sa gamzed in New Vor I ^a r "'vith fourteen-nr-ml, st year the membersi 8 t 0CCCQ3 I' I- V ' 'T?.* ' >"vjv5r- - Occupational Diseases FRIDAY MORNING SESSION October 9, 1936 T;: session was called to order by the saircan. Dr. Hart E. Fisher, Vice-Presioat tor Health. National Safety Council, and Chief Surgeon, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago, who presided, introducing the speakers. 3 1 The Lesser Known Facts About Common Occupational Diseases By DR. ROBERT B. HUNT Medical Advisor, American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., Boston Probably the leader in the parade of All cases of dermatitis cannot be cured hcastrial diseases is an acute or chronic by eliminating offending foods, but fur siamaiation of the skin which we call ther investigation along these lines may ismatitis. This disease may present it- give us a clue with which to lessen the jesf is any type of shop, factory or foun loss of time from work and the discom dry. Any paste, powder, gas or liquid fort now produced by industrial derma inch comes in contact with the em titis. ployee's skin, even the water supplied by e town in which he lives or works, may Metals ie the potential cause of such a skin Lead Sruriance. The distribution of lead poisoning is Tee wide diversity of causes together quite extensive. via the varying susceptibility of differ The skin of the body is a protective ed individuals makes the problem of covering, and as long as it remains in sternal difficult. tact it does a good job except in the case Ifach investigation is under way to of tetraethyl lead, which is used in blend ittirmine why one person may be sus- ing gasoline and which is readily absorbed TMcble to a certain substance while an- through the skin, having a tendency to er is not. It has been proved many create changes in the nervous system. T V --es that a poisonous substance formed The effect of other forms or lead, through ^--ieitaactitohne sbtoadrtyedhabsybseoemn eabelxetetronaplroinloflnug tnhila,t wahviecnhueexopflaiennstratnhcee, existrepmrealcyticalollwy xes. A printer de'veloped a marked poisoning rate in typesetters, painters and sm^titis from ink which persisted for others who continually come in contact 7X0 years. Finally food tests were made with metallic lead. *-d showed that he was susceptible to Lead in any form, introduced through trace, which, when removed from his the mouth, acts rather slowly when com t i t cleared the skin. He returned to his pared with the inhalation or lead dust or ::cal occupation without a return of fumes. However, no matter what the symptoms. portal of entry may be, lead is acted ,.A'cc jPoisonicg-pf allergic substances is an accumulative process. It takes *=*- to produce a manifestation of dis- upon by the body fluids and so converted that it may eventually be deposited with in the bones. ^ s , but let any other substance cause Those bony sate deposit vaults may ~-s oisease, and the irritating food may retain their lead contents fer days or for *,ot sufficient strength to magnify its years, and if the I'ex'pb'siwe is removed, ten. may also free the, employee of all signs ,, ^ ..., pSJ-p 118 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress i and symptoms of lead poisoning. But imagine the surprise of that supposedly cured person when years later, perhaps following some type of infectious disease or the excessive use of alcoholic bever ages, he awakes to find that he suffers the aches and pains and paralyses of an acute lead poisoning. As the body fluids alter lead that it may be deposited, so may those fluids attempt to de-lead the body, and too rapid absorption may pro duce the original disease with all its dis comforts. One can readily sec, then, that in some cases investigation of previous occupa tions is quite necessary to determine the original contact with lead. Heating of molten lead causes a black scum of lead suboxide to form on its sur face. and the heat from the metal dis burses the fine powder into the air. Hence, in the process of smelting ores such as zinc, copper and silver, mixed with lead, we find a rather high lead poisoning rate. Those engaged in the manufacture of lead wire and cables, batteries, glass, pottery and rubber industries, plumbers and users of dry colors offer their share of lead poisoning. Probably the greatest source of lead poisoning may be found among those who sandpaper, scrape, chip or burn lead paint, for the dust and {umes caused by those activities are rather rapid in their action. Such workers may become in capacitated in a few days because the inhalation of lead dust causes the maxi mum amount of absorption into the" blood stream in the minimum space of time. Chromium Chromium is a metal widely used as a foundation for colors, and dusts, from its various salts may produce lesions of the skin and mucous membranes of the nose. Chromium plating by electrolysis maycause fumes which are similarly irritat ing. Although chromium poisoning does not usually cause death, the number of days of absence from work on account of incapacity which it causes is gradu ally increasing. Other Metals The most efficient portals of entry of foreign substances into the body are the nose and mouth. The smaller the <jUst (the size of smoke particles for examp|t) the greater the speed of absorption |,v the blood. Fumes from hot metals CJrrv not only poisons but numerous niinmj dust particles. This explains the ncj. paeities occurring among those engage in acetylene and electric cutting Jn^ welding. When men are so employes over a prolonged period of time, the constant inhalation of fumes and dust might produce symptoms of the nteta! upon which they work. In the ship, building trade, particularly in the construction of metal ships, we find occa- i sional c a s e s of metal-fume fever. "Brass chills" and "spelter shakes" from zinc are names applied by the lay people to such diseases. The terrific heat ap plied to some of our common metals andalloys by acetylene torches produces suf- ' ficient fumes to cause a temporary inca- pacity in 24 hours. Permanent disability 1 from such causes is rare, however. Diseases Due to Dust Twenty-five per cent of all SSrkers exposed to high concentrations TSf' inorganig dust are expected 'WSS'W'Ytkip changes within their lungs-daeetfc that agency. We are at a loss ttr^explaig' why the other seventy-five per cent are not so- affected. Mining,""- quarrying, foundry w o rk , grindings sandblasting, abrasive soap mamtiactoringr asbestos work, the mak ing of emery and carborundum products and many other occupations offer op portunities for employees to inhale mic- 1 roscopie dust particles and create a foun dation for possible future incapacity. We are interested particularly in those men who work with sandstone, quartz, flint, granite, and sand, because they ex pose themselves to silica, and the chem ical changes between that dust and the body fluids, in the presence of tubercu losis. may and usually do lead to a fatal ending. It is safe to say. in light oi our present knowledge, that the action of other in organic dusts is much less virulent and incapacitating. That, however, does not allow us t^'yid'.Ver: the vigilant methods to improve iiist control and protect em ployees. ipEcause* all dusty occupations are potenjial trouble makers. U ,.: Occupational Diseases 119 Although the actions of various dusts differ within the body, the exposure to asbestos fibres, present in the weaving and grinding of dry asbestos material, offers another type of dust which matcause fatalities among workers. The organic dusts from cotton, silk, wool, tobacco, flour and similar sub stances are practically harmless. Such dusts rarely reach the lungs but may cause irritation of the windpipe and larg er air tubes and result at the most in a mild bronchitis. The factor which should be borne in mind, particularly when dealing with silicosis and ajbestosis, relates to the progression of such disease. When changes occur within the lungs as a re sult of the presence of such dusts, nature forms scar tissue to heal suph lesions but may fail to stop when the job is finished. As a result, the continuation of that heal ing process may lead to such structural changes within the lungs that partial or total incapacity , may follow months or. years after the employee has been re moved from his dusty occupation. Benzole-Benzene Benzol is a distillate of coal tar used extensively in industry. It is an essen tial ingredient in the manufacture of ex plosives. It is an excellent solvent for grease, oils and cements, and because of that -property it is important in many phases of the rubber and cleaning indus tries. In the manufacture of shoes ben zol may 'be an ingredient of the dressing applied to the leather and of the cement which fastens the heels and soles. Not only in the shoe trade but in other branches of industry where employees work with gummy, sticky material, the workers soon learn of the solvent and cleansing action of this liquid and use it freely for that purpose upon themselves. "The subsequent outbreak of skin af flictions may be the first indication of such unauthorized use. Benzol is extremely poisonous, enter ing either through the nose or month or absorbed through the skin. Its action within the body is varied and may pro duce a multitude of signs and symptoms. The bone marrow becomes affected which in turn alters the character of the blood: hemorrhages are common; it may cause death. The fumes from benzol are heavier than air and lie near the floor, which is an im portant point in the engineering prob lem of ventilation. The members of the benzene group are absorbed through the skin, and more cases of poisoning are found when men perspire than when their bodies are cool. Probably the answer to that is that the iumes may solidify as they cool and the powder may settle on the skin. The sweat on the body may dissolve this dust so that it is more readily absorbed through the increased surface blood supply. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons This group of petroleum derivatives has been known to science for years but during the past decade its advance into the industrial field has been widely dis tributed and most important. Led by carbon tetrachloride and its chemically associated members,- it has furnished in dustry with refrigerants for ice chests, excellent solvents for rubber, wax, oil and grease, thinners for lacquers and a very fine household necessity ior the re moval of spots from clothes. Hospitals have been using it more and more for the removal of adhesive plaster. Due to the non-flammability of car bon tetrachloride, it is used in fire ex tinguishers. The rapid evaporation pro duces fumes which may smother a small blaze, but we must not forget that ex cessive heat of the actual fire may bring about combustion sufficient to produce such biproducts as hydrochloric acid and phosgene gas. Like its associated mem ber, chloroform, it may produce sleep when inhaled by an individual, and only 1/330 of an ounce in a quart of air is necessary to produce such action. That thought must be remembered when a large quantity of those liquid products is spilled on the floor, perhaps accidentally. Action should be started at once before the liquid gasifies, and employees should be notified to keep their heads up to avoid the low ceiling of gas. Chemists have developed and intro duced to industry^"many new products, the basis of which is the chlorinated hy drocarbons. These derivatives of petro- 0 0 0 0 ..: V? & 120 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress leum distillation are frequently combined with those from coal tar to form valua ble chemical combinations. They have been placed on the market so rapidly that medical science has been unable to determine their physiological effect upon the health of man. We have known that some of these chemicals are capable of creating changes in the liver, and only recently in a city in Massachusetts one of these newer products caused the death of two employees and a battle to retain life among two others. Carbon Monoxide You remember the adage, "Where there is smoke, there is fire." We might add to that. "Where there is fire there is carbon monoxide." This odorless but poisonous gas may occur in any industry or in any home, but the poorer the ventilation the better the chance of producing physical incapacity. Since the advent of the motor car, whose exhaust pipe may pour forth as. high as 6So of carbon monoxide, we are all exposed to that gis, particularly in crowded cities. The ordinary* passenger car liberates about two cubic feet per minute, and one-can readily estimate the physical damage that may be done if such a motor is allowed to run within the doors of a poorly ventilated garage or shop. Fortunately, serious cases or such poisoning are not common among those employed in public garages, but many oi those employees are likely to complain of headache and faintness at the end oi a day's work, especially in colder weather when doors and windows remain closed. In the steel industry, where gas is used as the heating agency in the blast fur naces, care must be used to provide proper ventilation. Within the mines, workers are warned to allow enough time following blasts for the escape of this gas. Being a colorless, odorless and taste less gas, quick of action within the hu man body, the manifestation of the very first symptom may be too late to save a workman from partial or total incapacity or perhaps death. Because the exposed person suffers first from motor paralysis, he may be unable to help himself or even to warn others of the danger. Even if remor^ J from the poisonous gas at that periae ! ' the damage actually done by the gas ctiv | P,' result in permanent physical damage. Infection j The skin is a protective covering & j u the body against infection and is ex tremely efficient as long as it remains tp- ' B tact, but allow it to be broken or pur.e- ) ^ tured, introduce bacteria, and a bat-fe * ensues between the offensive agencies of r infection and the defensive powers of the body. The winning of such a strueg;. may determine the presence'or absence cf incapacity. Infections a r e commcc ' throughout industry, but two types are particularly prominent -- infection result ing from anthrax and infection amor.- meat packers and fishermen. Many of our fur, hair or wool-covered animals may contract anthrax. The germs ' of that disease defy the ordinary methods of sterilization and may linger on hides. : bristles or hairs for long periods of time. Tanners, wool sorters, and hair or bristle workers may introduce the anthrax spore j beneath their skin and undergo much , physical suffering and sometimes death. j Infections are frequently found among meat and fish packers and those engaged in deep sea fishing. Although death rarely occurs,'the loss of fingers, hands 1 and nasty septic wounds are the result. Punctured wounds, cuts, abrasions, burns and scratches are potential avenues of entrance ior bacteria which would seem to be waiting everywhere at all times for such a break in the skin. Early medical treatment might often save later surgical interference, not to mention the accompanying discomfort, incapacity and perhaps the loss of an essential body part. Summary I feel that the time has come when ar. employer must demand of a manufacturer the answers to two questions: 1. How will your product affect my business? 2. How \yill your, product affect the health of my employees? That eanployer is entitled-ia-.honej.!,,----- answers ^ia'sed upon sufficient chemical and physiological examinations of the , questionable product. That manufacturer : <$** Occupatio-,;al Diseases 121 '' held responsible or :he ills -.jv. by ti'.c use of his product and ..ers -:s can guarantee its safety, it has -g in industry. Too many lives -jve i-t" lost or jeopardized by too ;tie tr.awlcdgc of a product's action -on ucse who handle it. To: tnctdence cf lost time due to ill- ^ess tad injury in industry has been lessened by the many agencies vorxmr along lines of saietv. When in- dustry has been made tool-proof by the substitution of non-toxic preparations for those now tound to lie harmful, and when each employee is imbued with the idea that constant thoughtfulness and care are most necessary for the maintenance of health and happiness, then, and not un til that idealistic stage has been reached may vigilance and perseverance to main tain and preserve health, limb and life be lessened. pri-Employment Examination as an Aid to the Control of Industrial Diseases By DR. W. C. TEMPLER Medical Director, Coming Glass Works, Corning, N. Y. !l1 We may well ask whether or not phy sical nomination is of any value to the Toric at large, rather than limit the dismssiot to the control of industrial di- ! seas. In the conservation of life and aeritk much progress has been made in H die eradication or control of such diseases a ocrar in epidemic form, as well as at type of disease which is not truly epidenic. but occurs in such frequency cat general health programs are neces H sary. Much has been done to control h aril tisabling illnesses as heart disease, *\ srterii-sclerosis, kidney disease and dia betes: and something has been accom- lusoet in the control of morbidity, which 2ads :o. at least, make people happier throuct good health, even though an in- span of life is not gained. Physical examination has played a large ~le ft accomplishing these things, be cause: was through physical examination and ptysical observations that investiga tes vure led to exert themselves to find 1 teaedy for the cause of such condi'7tw. Small-pox is no longer prevalent, '-tie t: such observations, which led to ^ ctntrol by vaccination. Malaria and yellow tever have been brought largely ander control, and knowledge is now iTa:ia:ie in the control of venereal dii51ses if the proper physical examination u-toratory methods are used to arrive ^y 1 tiagnosis. We are all familiar with "* results obtained in decreasing the death rate due to tuberculosis. In fact, in the treatment of all epidemic-type diseases that have so far been eradicated, the examination of patients to determine the severity of symptoms and the im provement has been of foremost value. Knowing that the average span of life has been increased eight years in the last quarter century and assuming that the above mentioned factors have had some bearing on it, could we decry, the value of physical examinations for the general population? If we know that examinations made by insurance companies and their associating examining institutions, the clinics run by the United States Public Health Service, and the great mass of physicians, who all carefully examine their clientele, have been of value in the control of disease, may we not assume that examinations tn industry will help control the incidence and extent of industrial disease, particu larly when the life expectancy of in dustrial workers is less than that of the general population? In fact on April 14, 1936, at the Na tional Conference on Silicosis and Similar Dust Diseases, called by the Secretary of Labor, Dr. R. R. Sayers of the United States Public Health Service said, "Pnea... liminary and periodyphyajcal and roentgenological examination should be made of all employees engaged in industrial processes where there is a potential if )- 0 0 0 0 C8 -vji m r if f f - P l SSi1lV3i - te - I $ m e if> fe i- ate- V 30. hX. < * ' -- Occursnonal Diseases 123 .nc-urzu. " h e re there is not a full-time /-set-.-.. :n<* <bcy arc f the Sfeatest -- :e the early determ ination of a Potcncilky to or the beginning of an disease. Tve are fortunate in having had a large -- o: research work done on in- a-j--x. diseases, until at the present time, from acetaldehyde to zinc are tjfjid. together with the processes in antui ty ar' "sed and the symptoms i tftey cause, and an estimate of the Z3.-U-- of exposure in nearly every case necessary to produce symptoms. It is raZy c.-t too much of a problem for an physician to accumulate a suptty c: such knowledge, particularly when i- inc-xs the processes involved during at manufacturing procedure of his inesmy. It 'thus becomes relatively a tmadae matter of observation, together .a rtamination for specific signs or sjusptnns at the time of the periodical -re-examination, to obtain some degree of oin,xf of the hazard. H'e cannot discuss the benefits of prentkrr-.ent examination and periodic reesazuumhon without mentioning some of the ejections to it. If a man has a dislizurv. he naturally is anxious to keep it to hunseif, and in some casts we find ta t the workman is disinterested to a ipcnx mat he would rather not know of z cisuility even though he has'it. Cerc ydal groups regard each man as tumdid to employment whether he is pcysicul'.y fit or not, on the assumption ta t eccustry hires labor, not health, and d=t rejection because of physical dissb-urr causes a class of artisans to become P'tyuiiced against and become charity tyses. It is also alleged that the quality 'y taraical service in industry is such ft-t results of examinations are mis- and of no value. Another objec ted u voiced by labor unions, it being '-iizuid that pre-employment examinatic-as are used to discriminate against " tor union workers or members. Many "t>cr leaders realize, however, that pre'yl^rynent examination and periodical '^-cps are the only means of preventPi-ability from certain industrial Competent and honest medical ^'Vt renders all these objections quite '^P'T'-ir.t; for if an endeavor is made to properly place employees, such a small percentage is finally rejected, and that percentage is so obviously unfit to work, that no fair-minded person can fail to see the justice of it. These rejections. however, are being noticed by legislative bodies, and in one State a law is in force which says: "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this State, in enacting this article, to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement as a pre-requisite to employment which com pels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming within the purview of this article to undergo a medical examina tion." This statement is in a paragraph labeled. "Prevention of Silicosis and Other Dust Diseases," and the logic of it is entirely ncr.-understandable, even though at the present time there is no lawful means available to enforce the stated policy. If physical examinations are of benefit to the population at large, they certainly must be to the industrial workers, who may be exposed to special hazards: periodical check-up examinations are necessary In any hazardous work or trade, in order :: protect the. workers as well as the industry; and the benefits to the workers :: proper and fair-minded ex aminations. in all ordinary cases, outweigh the object: :ns. I have purposely omitted any reference to the eccr.omics of pre-employment and periodic :;-examination, which apply either to the individual or the industry. However, cne of the great public health problems today is the question of the cost of ntscical care. If industry assumes some of this cost by periodical examina tion in ccr.nection with the prevention of industrial cisease, it relieves the individual of this responsibility and allows more room in iris budget for the care of his family. Ties benefits to industry, of course, are those of a better personnel and a lower rate of insurance. This rate, due to industrial disease hazards, is in many States very high and the logical conclu sion is that the real remedy lies in the prevention of (industrial disease by--any method, :re of) which. I believe, is pre- employn-.net and periodical examinations. 000070 1 ae-yef.3K38 Civ,: vii/V if f-i p. "JS - * 'W 1 -v-rs?:. ^SsaSsBs: mm 124 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress What Can the Engineer Do to Eliminate the Hazards of Occupational Diseases? By REUEL C. STRATTON Supervising Chemical Engineer, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Co--. If I were asked, "Can the engineer pre vent the majority of occupational disease cases" my answer would be, "yes." Ob viously, with the exception of those diseases brought about through a sudden or accidental contact with a poisonous material or a virulent disease-producing organism, if the exposure were controlled by, engineering technique, then there would be no occupational disease. The engineer must rely upon the medical director to place individuals capable of working in hazardous occupa tions and to assist him in controlling these individuals through periodic physicalexaminations when the men are exposed to occupational disease hazards; but the engineer alone is responsible for reducing generation of harmful substances and for the control of employees' contact with processes using harmful materials. The ascribing of many and new occupa tional diseases to industrial environment has produced a problem for him. The engineer generally works with materials which he can see. but the study of in dustrial disease control may require the handling of invisible materials. It is a common fault to iocus attention upon one object to such an extent that others of equal importance may thereby be rele gated to obscurity. Today safety en gineers and industrial hygienists are con centrating their attention upon diseases caused by the inhalation of dust, but I do not believe the saiety engineer is war ranted in confining himself to the preven tion of diseases caused by dust alone. His consideration should extend to include all materials produced in any manner that they may cause an effect upon a worker. The question of whether a material exists as a gas, a vapor, or a dust is but one of particle size and chemical, make-up. He must not iorget that many such diseases arc produced by exposure to vapors and gases as well as to dust, and that the control of these industrial diseases may be brought about by the application of certain fundamental principles common to all. While the problem confronting vidual safety engineers varies acrcrbang to the industry, there are certain --- mentals common to all such problems which provide a workable basis room which an occupational disease preTtnricm program may be developed. Once t'-/^ fundamentals are set in motion tow-ari a safe working environment, continnzocs x much the same whether the engine-- is engaged with a large organization or -rati a small one. The fundamentals follow ais sequence: (1) .An occupational disease inventory is required. (2) A plan for correction of tie ex posures shown by the inventory rerarerdeveiopment. (3) A concentrated attack upon tie major exposures first, following tiorngr. until all are corrected or eliminated. An inventory of al! materials used in a plant will astound the average engineer-.. He will find many items about which hr. may have little cr no knowledge, ttr may be confronted with items he had nor. recognized previously, even though he has been associated with the plant perhaps many years. When this inventory is : de plete, he should card index it, c'.indrr against the name c: the material the nsiidi hazard associated with it both trent a. material and a process viewpoint, end a card index should contain the end- ponent parts or constituency o: end* pounds. Process exposures should be stuise: conjunction with hazardous mat it-.t-i Assistance in compiling such data d ip to obtained in the bulletin "O ccupied Hazards and Diagnostic Signs." preporra by Dublin and Vane of the M e trc ::-^ 1 Life Insurance Company, and in a porication oi the L'nited States Public Kri-d Service, Public Health Bulletin Nr. - - :"The Potential Problems of Ir.coscnHvgippe in a Typical Industrial Area -- the [United States. ' -- --------- -- ['-addition the engineer should shedall ravaiiable information upon the dstcrijMs he is required to study, '.-rv 000071 .'.1^'*."^ j *!3'.-P*-^5r^>'l m m gm m * Occupational Diseases 125 : c : c: chemicals, solutions, dusts, degreasing the open air does r.ot always eliminate agents, condensation products, paints, lac the danger: in fact, it may increase the quers. dyes, abrasives, and other products number of workers affected. c :--tr:;ry o: iz: exrv rrruiris y uu'.--u the :ig -_-..-;ugh too numerous to mention are being placed upon the market daily, and the average engineer's knowledge of their possible effects upon health is slight. Academic research determining the effect of these new materials upon humans is progressing slowly, and serious injuries may be sus tained in industrial application long before the toxicologist is able to determine the properties of the material and the maxi mum permissible amount to which a worker may. be exposed. In seeking this information it is essential to determine in so far as possible the maximum per missible amount of contaminants which may exist in a work place without causing an occupational disease. Armed with this information, the en gineer is in a position to'locate properly in his own plant the process and the operation in which the exposure may exist. The engineer should study together with the plant physician the length of employ ment of exposed individuals and they should jointly determine the normal ex pectancy or average length of employment for the specific exposure. From such data may be developed a factor of safety, and the maximum allowable period of em ployment in certain areas may be assigned. Naturally this study should be focused upon the mote hazardous locations first, and when these are corrected, attention turned toward minor conditions. Process Revision. To reduce transpor tation of materials and exposure to harm ful substances it is desirable to have all processes mechanically continuous and. if possible, enclosed. When this cannot be accomplished, suitable physical divisions should be provided. The engineer should consider the substitution of wet processes for dry processes, providing at the same time for the disposal of the moist col lected material in a safe place. He should consider the substitntion of automatic operations for hazardous hand work or machine work. A change of abrasive material will often reduce the quantity of dust produced. I can cite an example of how a little thought can cure a hazardous machine operation with little or no expense: A plant producing a finely pulverized material created large amounts of dust in bagging the material, using porous sacks. This high concentration of dust, not neces sarily toxic, inconvenienced the workers. The cost of ventilating the department would have been prohibitive. By careful study the engineer determined that the fall of the material into the sacks forced the air out through the interstices of the material, carrying with it a quantity of the pulverized product. His problem, thus, was to provide a means whereby this air could be harmlessly expelled from the sack prior to filling. Study led him to Housing. One of the most important considerations in attempting to control oc cupational disease is housing. Whenever practical, any hazardous manufacturing process should be separately housed and isolated: every effort should be made to arrest harmful substances--dust, vapors, or gases--at their source of generation. suggest and apply -.he use of a collapsed paper bag which rontained little or no free air. The problem was solved. Dust generation was practically eliminated by this simple change. Many hazardous processes in ordinary manufacturing opera tions may be cured in like manner if the engineer exercises his ingenuity. Buildings should be so constructed that VentiJation. Pr: per ventilation is of accumulations of dust may be avoided. paramount importsin: .ee in the control of When physical separation of depart any occupational tm.rposure. Most of the ments is required, such physical divisions chief occupational diseases other than should be dust or vapor tight. Floors dermatitis arise thr:pugh the inhalation or should be tight to prevent transfer of the ingestion of fer:cign material. If ven- materials to floors or departments below. tilating equipment :an reduce the concen The engineer should give study to the tration of contamitrr.ating materials to a 1 :V complete enclosure of machinery or safe limit, the pro:!I:tm is solved. The en- Process units as individual units and, if gincer should Fstub each process sep- so required, vent each one separately. arately and ve/ttilaittie each separately. It The transfer of hazardous operations into is seldom wisd to cly upon general ven- 0000 t .b  vf*fi M m *7 *u*. 4 126 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress tilation. Instead, high velocity ventilating apparatus should be installed, functioning as closely to the point of generation ot the harmful substance as is possible. Individual machines should be so equipped if possible. Baffles may be in troduced to prevent air stream disturb ances or to increase the intake efficiency at the nozzle. Down-draft systems should be preferred for the collection of dust or gases of high specific gravity. Even after the installation of exhaust systems, the engineer must study the type of maintenance required to keep them operating at peak efficiency. Koz- zles should not be permitted to become covered nor moved out of proper, posi tion. Exhaust piping must be kept dust tight. Blower efficiencies must be con stantly checked to insure that intake- ve locities are proper. The best ventilating system is a false protection if it does not function properly or if it is so poorly maintained that it falls below its designed rating. The engineer must exercise ex treme care to provide a clean source of replacement air tor the work place. He may find it necessary to install filtering and heating devices. The engineer must study the proper disposal of the collected or expelled material to be positive it will not drift back into the work place. Employee Protection. While the pri mary engineering means of protection against possible occupational diseases should be mechanical correction, the en gineer will find instances where even the best systems must be supplemented by individual protection. He must carefully study such exposures to provide the high est efficiency of protection, yet obtain a device easy for the operator to wear con tinuously. When the engineer has been successful in obtaining such a device, die must educate workers to use it. Sanitation. Clean washing facilities and toilets should be provided. Lunch rooms should be not only clean but also well lighted and attractive and should be un der the supervision of the plant physician. Scientific Tests. Vp to .this point the engineer has deduced that an exposure exists, and from accumulated data has devised his means of prevention. How ever. the engineer interested in lsc_ taining not only exposure but also ciency of control should realize cootie cannot be fully effective nor the eracieac,. of any protective device, determined iv'.'. out scientific tests. Assumption, g;er._ work, unscientific procedure or apparat-i have no place in an engineering program. The engineer must test each step uniess has been previously proved, carefully eg. culating in advance to avoid false protec tion. He must be familiar with dust cour.car air sampling, and chemical analysis teci- nique, having such determinations map. by established and proper methods, if such tests are beyond the scope of hb ability or equipment and if the engiiem considers such tests absolutely essersai then his executives should permit him to obtain experts qualified to make such sur veys as his problem may require. Tie need for an accurate engineering approach to any control measure cannot be over emphasized. Conclusion. Every engineer readies control of any industrial disease expo sure is divided, part of such control fad ing within the jurisdiction of the t.ndastrial physician and part within his ovm engineering province. Medical knowledge is invaluable in the detection o: earn symptoms and in the administration or suitable preventive treatment. The en gineer should gladly obtain the services of an industrial physician to make a study of the,plant, to assist in the classi fication of the hazardous operation; sic working locations. By such coorcinattri he will speed control of the exposure. Each individual occupational ciseasr exposure must be studied, analyzed, ana controlled individually. While getter, data may be available upon common ex posures. the solution can be found :n.y in individual treatment. Such expcstmii canr.ot be compared to ordinary -ate" engineering efforts. A circular saw :s z circular saw wherever it may be operat ing. but industrial disease exposure vires within plants and certainly varies between different manufacturing establishments even thocYi~ they may produce a product oa' article. ADJOURNMENT 000073 Safety Equipment 145 r-.ir * 1 Mi;* Ot r:--. i r;r- !uc:r. i;- g '" --ht c a leg r.c ; j j ; & > hih-si :ts -t trees nek. isd te itsitsir -see le 1 strxstiee -- e. ' c: rr.ipc,--sxr ot -tr.tse >r .tiesir s;~ ~ rt .tore : ieec rr he it':, nereis: e ca utidai.ni: :at re- i trotr 1 amt iccre Respiratory Protective Equipment for Use Against Dusts, Fumes and Gases By PH IL IP DRINKER Boston, Mass. There appears to be some confusion as to the distinction between dusts, fumes, vapors, mists, and gases, with the l result that respiratory equipment for pro tection against them occasionally is wrongly applied. The respirator manu facturers have many examples of such ' misunderstandings and often are blamed for errors which result solely from con fusion in nomenclature. Dusts include all types of dry earthy particles small enough to be blown about by ordinary air .currents. Dust suspen sions may be generated as the result of a grinding, blasting, or comminuting pro cess; or they may result from the han dling of finely divided materials as in mixing processes, in sweeping, or th blowing about of wood flour, plant pol lens, or common road dust. There is no chemical limitation implied by the term "dust" while the range in size of dust particles extends from the sub-microscop ic to small sand grains. Such materials can be caught very effectively by the modern type of dust respirator. Fumes embrace two definite kinds of atmospheric suspensions. It is unfortu nate that such double-naming exists in the trade but one had best admit the fact. Thus, "lead fume" is a very old term used to describe the visible dark grey suspension which evolves from lead heated to high temperatures. The ma terial in such suspensions is mostly tiny iarticlcs of lead (and lead oxide), much smaller in size than those of the average lust, with some lead in the gaseous state. 'Vhen such a mixture is cooled down to the point where it can be breathed the contaminant is then the lead particles alone without any gaseous lead. The word "fume" is also used to de"ribe the mixture of gas and mist which [ttav come from a bath of hot nitric acid, yr example. None of the material in ;'e suspension is dry--it is alt in the form , 01 a true mist (liquid droplets) or as a Vas, yet it may have a thick brownish cot'fr- One buys fuming sulfuric acid (a "quid) from any chemical supply house and one can see large plants for recover ing lead fume--a dry powder. Obvious ly, one does not want the same kind of respiratory equipment for two such dif ferent substances yet the customer often asks for a respirator to protect against fumes. Lead fume happens to be very difficult to filter out so that the ordinary respir ator which catches dust particles may be inadequate against lead fume. The acid fumes., containing both liquid particles and gas, require a filter to catch the drop lets and a gas absorbant to catch the gaseous constituent. Therefore, it usu ally happens that the respirator manufac turer, in seif protection, advises the cus tomer to use an air-supplied or air-line respirator because he will then be ade quately protected whether the fume is of solid particles, like lead, or a liquid and gas mixture. If the customer stated ex actly what the suspension consisted of or told how it was generated he might be able to use less expensive equipment. . A vapor is a gas which can be con verted into a liquid at ordinary tempera tures and pressures. Thus, water vapor is a common constituent of the air and is contained in concentrations which vary with atmospheric conditions. Respira tory protective, equipment is used against low concentrations of a great many va pors arising from common organic solv ents such as benzol. Many such sub stances are absorbed by activated char coal as in gas masks. There is a small cartridge type respirator in which the cartridge is filled with activated charcoal for absorbing a vapor such as benzol or .with soda-lime for absorbing an acid gas such as carbon dioxide. Because these small cartridges contain comparatively little of the absorbant their use is lim ited to very low concentrations. They should not be used tor emergency rescue work. A mist consists of a suspension of li quid droplets together with the gas from which the droplets condensed. The com monest example is atmospheric fog. 146 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress Droplets of mist are necessarily micro scopic in size or they would not remain in suspension. As soon as several drop lets collide and form a large drop the li quid settles out. Therefore, it is possi ble to dispel a true mist very readily by simoly stirring up the air--ventilation or dilution is unnecessary. Mist droplets can be filtered out by or dinary dust respirators--that is, the visi ble portion of a fog is easily removed by filtration--but the gaseous constituent may pass through the filter. If the mist happens to be corrosive to fabrics the re sultant effect upon a dust respirator is bad. Paint spraying generates a mist and a certain amount of vapor. Protec tion usually consists of an air-line res pirator but it is not at all uncommon to use cartridge respirators containing acti vated charcoal and a filter. A gas contains no solid or liquid par ticles under ordinary atmospheric condi tions. The filter units of any of the common makes of respirators are inef fective against gases. Respiratory pro- tective equipment which catches gases a|. ways consists in some chemical agent which either absorbs the gas or converts it into some other substance which can be absorbed. Because one can rarely be sure of the gas concentration to be en countered it is common practice in ex ploring man holes, for instance, to use devices supplied with air or oxygen in order that the wearer may be safe, re gardless of the conditions he finds. The gas mask, however, and its outgrowth, the chemical cartridge respirator have a definite place in industry and are in wide use today. The U. S. Bureau of Mines has helped in the manufacture and use of respiratory protective equipment greatly by its issu ance of specifications for permissible equipment Their present schedules do not include the air-supplied respirators such as those used in paint .spraying or sand blasting but both the Bureau and the American Standards Association will issue such specifications presently. Discussion following the address was based on these points: 1. What protection is provided against a dangerous accumulation of air pressure in the ordinary fresh air hose mask? The helmet is not rigid. Air will leak out long before a dangerous pressure ac cumulates. or a safety link, provided in some ty p of hose mask, will blow cue. 2. Would a protective mask approved for lead dusts filter out zinc oxide? Yes. However, almost any type of mask will filter out zinc oxide, since these particles are easily trapped. 3. Will the simple face mask filter out ordinary smoke or will it absorb it? It is impossible to answer such a ques tion. There are as many types of ordinary masks as there are ordinary dusts. A mask nmsi be purchased to fit a specific need. This is not difficult, however, since all types are available. curs 5*.'`.-era! the in:ra-rec e U.vec. *O n t outsiLoan that it Sir *\V prottr: the stasstcal cans cocciti>on '.raainfra--:id pr rodi eye. T his *nr: i c r o - a n c e .*I fo u n t : hat ': DDe iroa n the :ite r' Ai i. he : :o n whir, added absOTier c : &cnef ' faettre ei . Cc themn tui*. -ac o e o ste ly De n ltn r'io le i. O' the -adiar^on wert- 'j h - t e t u - s r t i n e c *rc trz "cicarrr.-.. A *ery mr.f b y `Toa Dr- iczir. shc"r *. :c r n c a c t -iv ir*, .sta rrcru Glass Used for the Protection of the Eyes Against Injurious Radiation By E. D. TILLYER .bridge, Mass. The effect of excess visible light on :;he eye is immediately felt. If there is :;;o much.- anyone except the sun gazers :. mediately turns away, closes the eyes :r seeks some kind of relief. There : a tendency to use too dark glasses in wri inc. inherited from the days when c. *n the blackest glasses gave practically - ) protection, from the in>idious ir.v-.n .c radiations. A proper rule >. uc a .IO number \vh:ch gives good, immediate: comfortable vision and insist that tat glass give pi radiations. The effect of the ultra-violet and tit infra-red rr* noticed as t as we said f m ediately co vistoti uecaarS tirs: noticed OCU 5-=iir.r -v-*se oetr.-.*:: ;n it? rr. '5 "i.T-' V',--'; /_ ;-'J -V' '*''**57'h-* 1 111-B1I WP:7k L- s bound to bt , se in bandlin. which, in :nt to more thu be added to the Safety Exchange General Round Table portance, fit an y among differ, foot should be 'V. . the proper ti. curate and simple THURSDAY AFTERNOON SESSION October 8, 1936 can be obtained rer who sells d* :er feet have diS:r new shoes. Al as a large asionrs. hammers, >ti .sing shoes. That shoes other tbas tasionally hurt tit. hardly to be t a number of ta -viiThe Safety Exchange Round Table, sponsored by the American Society of Safety r ?Engine'rs--Engineering Section. National Safety Council, was designed to provide *ia opportunity for all Congress delegates to ask questions concerning their accident ^problems and to present information oi interest and value to others in the audience. !Sr*'Panet participants included Cyril Ainsworth. Amrrican Standards Association, ?ggfew York City; J. I. Banash. Consulting Engineer. Chicago; H. N. Blakeslee. SAaicrican Petroleum Institute, New York City; H. J. Griffith, Jones & Laughlin Steel rStCorp., Pittsburgh: C. B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee: Roy toM, Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia; Wesley M. Graff. National Bureau Casualty and Surety Underwriters, New York City; Dan Harrington, U. S. Bureau Mines, Washington, D. C ; R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, wing an occasion! itf^fidison. E. Lightfoot. Hoppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh; Dr. E. G. Meiter, Employers :o fit the shoe fre* 3^-Uutuals, Milwaukee; NY. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty and Surety Co., Hartford. Conn.: ack. tke sure ti* E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh; D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident om n the ptppd Guarantee Corp., New York City- G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., Schenec- hich is the p$i4jr, Eeuel C. Stratton. Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford. Conn.; R. F. ole starts to nirre* ^Thalner, Buick Motor Co., Flint, Mich.: and S. E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance jure will elinsinaa* Boston. that are fitted t* }]jf$hvClyde W. Smith, general chairman oi the sponsoring group and also director of .fesybe safety department. Standard Oil Co. (Indiana), Chicago, presided. pe of shoe for & under which it ->r composition - k V.-.V' hen worn in " Oak leather *** asily when they * :. All leather Chairman Smith: We will try to antwer all the questions we can in the time ::~Pt have. Last summer before the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engi neers we gave the results of that investi perspiration. ^ question submitted is; gation in a paper by Doctors Williams heavy workL' ! * - or less - h a heavy, rough ,n the ^ fitted * atet caiV:? ciic'.y ^ * ' ' * * * ltle vo^age is the same r*a<.q both circuits, iiss aa Du .. C. cciirrcuit more V.gerous than an A. C. circuit from the .^'rd-to-life poim-of-view ?" i'--t'wLiatP.. F*' -Tv-el.eph. one Labcra- Tekph q * ttn >'ears ago the Bell tire entered into a coopera- b^iip.~S<li!lt'on 01 electrical shock with Physiology of Columbia ko tne-ob;ect of this invssv.ca- ^ to obtain undamcntal informa- - m'?ht set 'e as a basis ior de- a.v.;'..'',r n 01 b e tte protective measures *'r 4ct:ces. and King of Columbia: Mr. Spence and myself of the Laboratory. I am glad to repeat these insofar as they apply to this question. In our study we were primarily con cerned with the effects of electrical cur rents on the heart, I say current because we found that the current is much more significant in its effects than the intensity^.- oi the voltage. As we raise t;:e v^tw-of a current, be ginning at a low value and increasing'it in steps, we come (o a point where its effect on the heart is very danggrous. 151 OC0 0 i >: Safety Exchange 157 : working cone pet quite , in much favor. gentlemen, that of the most inv of you fact when we think my mechanism, uisville convenhad there. Cetsmall piant trill ms and a book govern the cmproperty. Yoe s and you hare re some special i special instrw eadershi? of yon isor' "*! the bif vo put this irculars. but this there is al .ho Has influcnrr v be someone i* ;av be a belorre .dent, but this ;forma::?!', to tht at leadership level with y 'f meetings a will do a real P- , question W * -terday. and son head taale _j Some said *- ; tion by ord id they 'ouM *ienci th a t a Til* ring *CsCS? f an :n C* ;h i: ok u an: n kno" " ]jive considered all the facts and my orders to you are that there shall not be . any more auc>dents- and I mean it"--when . the management takes that point of view, every employee understands. It then be;i"'cotnes a duty of the plant organization. 1'T he foreman is the man who is closest to men and who should direct them in' Atelligentlv. He is the man who explains c&tTtrythmg to the men. Why should the rr'ilinen have to go to the bulletin board to :i .nd out what they should do? E. Lightfoot (Koppers Coal Co., -^-Pittsburgh): I don't think that you can y,?ri'daregard any of these various means of yg^fetting information to the men. Personal :iy;eoatact. of course, is the most important, /-and whether you have the gift of an 'iterator or the gift for "button holing" a --Mellow and telling him what you know, it '/doesn't seem to make a great deal of difi^lerer.ce. You can't ditch one in place of :i.;v'pother. V>"TSoae men have to be "button holed" to P** <he information across, and others are s^tvd by oratory, if you wish to call it . that .. At the same time bulletin boards and . ceans of that type have their place. It a broad subject and it is a deep sub ject, and you have to tackle it according .. 10 tr.e type of men you have to deal with. i ^ lny 'n 'bis audience have entirely w. `--event types of men to deal with, but I - ' r 1^n t put up one metbod against the k'... ur `bought is, "use them all-- w e they apply." ' Ainsworth: "What should engineer do to control dust in D r ' y.i ` , w. Meiter (.Employers Mutuals, i ijt.11, ee^:. ne f the first things that L engineer can do to prevent dust 's to institute a gttod house- L.-.. ' pTM8rm and a program, oi ordcrln *ne plant. n r.ot rc?u:res * continued program and . *v-tu e carried out at fever heat for d , i rr,r.tv'' sn<1 then forgotten, i 5^ c ld s J" :,'i'vorth: "ghould all *--"I -rai'ls;f.r."ardiC3S of their use, have .''a. V.- J'.'en Hanko.fPittsburgh Steel Co.. rise experttr.ee that I ' lI h nir.ke me say "yes". Some *-S, -o e had a plan'a.-::: used as "he tun /ect from. :hc ground. A fellow working on this platform acci dently fell backward and hit a piece of iron. He broke his neck and died within ten or fifteen minutes. That is why I would say all scaffolds should have guard rails. Chairman Ainsworth: "When should brakemen ride or when should they not ride on switch engines used in yards to move cars?" Mr. Hanko: No, as far as the yard crew is concerned: they don't have any right in the engines. That is why we have foot boards on the wings. Only the firemen and the engineers are permitted in the cabs. Chairman Ainsworth: "Is there any efficient way to safeguard a guillotine paper cutter?" Mr. Royer: T have had this problem a number of times, and I don't know the answer to it. Practical printers and paper cutters will assure you that if you have a reliable non-repeat clutch, so that the knife will not descend when the work man's hand is under it, and then if you pull down your holding bar or a similar mechanism with your foot, you can't have amputation. The high speed jobs, where the bar and the kniie descend under power, are protected by two-hanced de vices. and I should say that they are rea sonably safe. The guillotine paper cutter that causes me to worry is the old timer. The clutches may repeat and they are not equipped with two-handed devices, and I certainly- wouldn't iike to put my- hands under the knife. I was hoping that some practical paper cutter or printer in the audience might say- what he thought about it. Walter A. Gleason (Hammerm:!! Paper Co.. Erie. Pa.): That depends or. whether it is a mechanical device or is electrically operated. Of course, we know that with the old mechanicisn there was an addi tional device that had to be released with one hand. On the electrical or the more modern devices these are buttons and connected in scries so that the operator must manipulate two different points. Mr. Rover: Ia I: true that you cannot have an injury when the holding bar is down on the slock: The printers say that is impossible. Do you know whether . onnrcss American Society of Safety ! Engineers--Engineering Section oi siil'ticient tardons (lying i:, l,;s' 'o ft. s'ioa,, Cone, of (he Bureau 0f Washington, D. C., discus.-' >n finder, expressed the Cjl' iltimate solution would bt^ t of the radio direction find^ ound and the radio contpu, ized the need- of obtaining ^ in supporting the establish, ditional aids. \ Ledercr, oi the Aero Inset, rwriters, New York City, :t. Barker's contention regard:ety of air transportation a^ : that even the lion-travelipj mefited by the more rapid tv ideas, goods and people, lit air transportation acceieratti : of wealth for everybody, in unanimously approved Cel -uggcstiou that a resolution !.. td submitted to the Executive tlic National Safety Courted :.il approval, with the sugges V'ies be sent to the ir.comirg i the Senate and House lives. Mr. Lederer, Mr. AidMr. Ainsworth were authorize! . tl csolution, which " m oik . nfidence in air transport; the several States, can, by tec in of an adequate airport protion, guarantee safety to tin '-'-t be urged to materially itaugurate an airport progi*^ etnents; and, That the Unite: and provide necessary trassan be rendered, together with toward simplification of f-'grt Officers 1935-36 "vrai Chairman--C. W. Suits;. Standard Oil Co. (Ind.). Chicago, III. et.Ckairmcn-- C B. Boulet, Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Milwaukee. Wis. -I D. L. Royer, Ocean Accident and Guaranty Corp., New York, X. Y. 'Secretary--W. Dean Keefer, National Safety Council. Chicago, 111. Umbers at Large-- Q\fji. Ainsworth, American Standards Association. New York, N. Y. " C B. Auel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. T. I. Baxash, Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. \Y. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc.. New York, N. Y. H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corn.. New York, X. Y. (Metropolitan H Chapter.) *\V. F. Boeunf-r, J. B. Stets t.n Co., Philadelphia, ?a. (Philadelphia Chapter.) . \V. Bullard, E. D. Eul'.ard Co., San Francisco. Calif. (San Francisco Chapter.) ' -Y R. E. Donovan, Standard 0:1 Company of Califrrnia, San Francisco. Calif. N:-. Rov M. Godwin, Philadelphia Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa. (Philadelphia CvY - Chapter.) T: \V. M. Graff, National Bureau of Casualty St Surety Underwriters. New York. N. Y. ay R. McA. Keown, Industrial Commission oi Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. Everctt F. Kinc, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge. Mass. (Boston Chapter.) 1: E J. Kreh, Philadelphia Ct., Pittsburgh, Pa. (Western Pennsylvania Safety Council s,. Chapter.) Cll'.. Thomas E. Lichtfoot, Keepers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. XI. G. Lloyd, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. W. S. Paine, Aetna Casualty & Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. -;V Geo. F. Prussino. Union 0:1 Company of California. Los Angeles, Calif. C E Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Recula, Industrial P.elations Counselors. Ir.c.. New York, N. Y. John Russell. J f... Public Service Electric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. (Northern New v . Jersey Chapter.) I G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co., -Schenectady. N. Y. H. S. Smith, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. Y. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. R. F. T iialnf.e, Buick Mc-.-.r Company, Flint. Mich. S. _E. Whiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Easton, Mass. . William P. Yant, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. , t " s States be urged to prompt -tg projects, state planning " nation concerning aeronautic*- Officers Elected for 1936-37 ncau, Washington, D. C. tecrion of oiiicers the taeetitf cd. Chairman--D. L. Royep. Ocean Accident ar.d Guarantee Curja-ri,0."' York, X. Y. ,:'.''-L.'1:c:.nen--C. E. Boulct. Wisconsin Public Service Corp., Xiw'.valikce, Wis. 'i . ctr,i:n,i--R. E. Donovan. Standard Oil Company of Califontia, San Francisco. Calif. -'tftui-..-- Dean Kf.efes. National Safety Counaii. Chicago, U|y.1 . 91 000073 -!IT*f1o* ; ".-d-Mi N rrjJ cas. ;-'P di 2 Tl: 192 T^enty-fif:!; Mattonai Suf ety Congress A men .Siembers et Large-- Cyp.il A insworth. American itandards Association, Ne- York-, N.Y. ! U D evelo] C. B. A uel, Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburg! \ --Theix J. I. Baxash. Consulting' Engineer, Chicago, 111. i f. E. W. Beck, United States Rubber Products, Inc., New York, N. \._ H. R. Bixler, Union Carbide and Carbon Corp., New York, N. V (Metropoli,.,. Chapter ) Memb E. NV. Bullard, E. D. Eullard Co,, San Francisco, Calif. (San Francisco Chapuer) H. F. Gilbert, American Cyanamid Co,, Linden, N. J. (New Jersey Chapter! Safety Council Chapter) R. McA. Keowk. Industrial Commission of Wisconsin, Madison. Wis. J. M. Kerrigan, United States Rubber Reclaiming Co.. Inc., Buffalo, X. Y. Frontier Chapter) Everett F. King, Lever Brothers Co., Cambridge, Mass. (Boston Chapter) T homas E. Lightfoot, The Koppers Coal Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. M. G. Lloyd. National Bureau ot Standards. Washington, D. C. H. L. Miner, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington. Del. W. S. P aine. Aetna Casualty IV Insurance Co.. Hartford, Conn. Geo. F. Trussing. Union Oil Company of California. Los Angeles, Calif. C. E. Ralston, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. A. S. Regula, Industrial Relations Counselors. Inc.. New York, X. Y. G. E. Sanford, General Electric Co.. Schenectady, N. Y. C. W. Smith, Standard Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, III.' H. S. S mith, Union Carbide ar.d Carbon Corp., Xew York, N. Y. R. C. Stratton, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. R. F. T halner, Buick Motor Company, Flint, Mich. S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., Boston, Mass. William P. Yant. Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. (>.'iaan ' WEDNESDAY NOON SESSION October 7. 1936 The annual meeting >i the .' Engineering Section iff the i Safety Council followed a luncuc. convened with C. W. Smith, tit: Oil Co. (Ind.), Chicago, general man, presiding. All reports hvi mimeographed, and copies were 'll uted at the luncheon. Dr. Francis !'. Lucas, Meuiher. nice! Stair, Bell Telephone I-abora: Xew York City, and intcmatior.r. thority on microscopy and pliotomicr phy, spoke on "Late Dcvclopnien High rower and Ultra Violet 1. scopy." The report ni the nominating cr".u".;:' tee was presented by A. S. Kcgula. man. Ollier members of the cotr.atmce were S. E. Whiting, R. F. Thalner. Aucl, and Dr. M. G. I.loyd. The mlttce's list of officers, as elected, vn-i ') found elsewhere in tiffs sectional r Other sessions sponsored by the Engineering Section included uic;< ? "Safety Belts," ''Safety Training,' '<1 haijajjjvsterns," "Safety Exchange T ^^^^pStnd ""^^iji^ational PIstyRS these sessions will be. ' ^ elq$|i5$^ ic the Transactions. / j Dr. Lucas us< tai ultra-violet : a group of four Srst photograph magnification. 1 tea. The next this would be re it 4000-X with Own resolved to nae specimen ifjtem of N. tincture -- mine meters in size ' Dr. Lucas sh itudy of fatigue Cricks in me phenomena as t at this possible be far wrong, particularly wit lata and the c pearance of fati very briefly sor manly held on gists and eng memory. It m anderstanding i ternal stress r: M the propaga tracks. It is asserted hat a very Uig "res occurring denoted as fa craving mccl\: either intermitt "tress may de\ Literally tho y5'/ use. from . Wir spring of in fatic The advent .been r " ought on th "'tals under en?ineer prev f c 0CGC7;i .54jg -j : I 'J "S? Chemical Section .vhich takes the Icjj mity safety v.-i||" ivorablv in the pLy-'! e an even greater j.,'! The tnaintcnancc 1'^ . cordial relations and industry is *,, j Officers 1935-36 i'.c success of the ! fn.,,ci;il Chairman--A. L. A rmstrong, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. V. that the plans fer ih- ! .-{.Chairman in Charge of Program--H. L. Mimf.u. E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co., : will he developed a,;s ' Wilmington, Del. nhcr-interest growl" 'ee-Chairmau in Charge of Engineering--Ralph L. Rogers, Jr.. Tennessee Eastman course, will be able . Corp., Kingsport, Tenn. mi of program is he.; ' Secretary--Ralph O. Keeker. Aluminum Company of America. Pittsburgh, Pa. The Association S'rn's Letter Editor--E. L. Root. Celluloid Corporation, Newark. N. J. : the program anti v.jl use through which v :gc ideas and ductus :tg the program. Membership and Publicity Commute,' Chairman--S. D. Kirkpatrick. Chemical and Mctali lurgicjl Engineering. New York. N. Y. ' .Occupational Disease Committee Chairman--Dr. Leokaro Greemecrg, New York State ! ' Department of Labor. New York. N. Y. Statistics Committee Chairman--R. C. Strattom, The Travelers Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. yees' families, to school to the public at large, svev :s strictly of an an further care is is referred to his fare- chigh Portland Cenicni :5a., said that his or es upon the men the safety news to their nployccs who drive to u driving carelessly ':l is. caution signs were u an employee violate.tions, he is called n''-1 .tatter is discussed with ! licmbers at Large-- l F. E. Clamcv, Jr.. Mathicson Alkali Works. Inc.. Niagara Falls. N. Y. t F. W. Demmis, Hooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls. N. Y. i . `Ira V. Kepmer. Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Menominee, Mich. E. F. Kimg, Lever Brothers Co.._ Cambridge. Mass, i H. P. Lewis,. E. I. duPont de .Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Del. I John Roach, Deputy Commissioner of Labor, Trenton. N. J. ' C. E. Sevsems, Merrimae Qtemical Co.. Inc.. Boston. Mass, j Johm S. Siiaw, Hercules Powder Co.. Wilmington, Del. : Plummer W heeler. American Cyanatnid Co.. Linden, N. J. ' S. E. W hiting, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.. Boston. Mass. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Gfnrrcl Chairman--H. L. Miner. E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co.. Wilmington. Del.^ *^ .`Cheirvuiti. in Charge of Program--Rali* I.. Rooers, Jr.. Tennessee Eastman Corp.. .Knigsport, Tenn. vr-U,airman n Chente of Ennincering--J. I. B. F ulexwider, Hercules Powder Co., :v. Puarlin, N. J. '" i'f ^ 'f y - R A"L P ti 0*. Keefer. .-Muntlitnium Company of America. Pittsburgh. Pa. '.f"'1 Letter Editor--F. W. Dennis. IHooker Electrochemical Co.. Niagara Falls, N. V_ c'n--aership UanHdn rPiutibnltiecnitey LComminittece Chairman--C. E. Sevp.ens. Merrimae Chemical Co., .!*' yOston, M.-1SS. y Vahnual Disease Committee Chairman--Dr. Leonard Geenburg. New York State y1'httent of Labor. New York. N. Y. -;er Cnininittrr Cntirman--E. !.. Root. Celluloid Corporation. Newark. N. J. us t oinnuttee . `hainitau- C. S tratton. The Tr ce G^.Uo*M>pd,-- ,'r;.. . 0C0Q8 . Tes -I' - - As. m v 'ttijr* v$ '. - f e .-M cm -'W 226 Twenty-fifth National Safety Congress chemical workers, handed down from the age when chemical leaks and drips were frequent. 6. The chemical operator should reali/.e that the control features on all chemical equipment are there not only for operat ing purposes, but, in most cases, for safety; and in the event that any pressure or vacuum, gage, thermometer, or what not indicates abnormal change or a had condition, he should take steps immediate ly to rectify the condition as specified by his superior, usually by reporting the con dition promptly. However, there arc emergencies when he must safeguard the situation before reporting. It is taken for granted that these emergency conditions are provided t'rr in his training. It is im possible to co more than generalize on this without the danger of misunderstand ing. 7. While "a little knowledge is a dan gerous thing," the more the worker knows about the reasons for following prescribed methods, the better worker he is. He should acquaint himself with the reasons, and, it possible, he familiar with the sim ple chemistry r.-.d physics of his job, and not he afraid to ask questions; but lie should never t- tneriment without the ad vice of proper Mttiiority. Chemical control should not be treated lightly. Any titanges to be made in the chemical prccets should take place only after the careful consideration and direc tion of those competent to make such changes. 8. When leaving his work, or outlin. ing his duties to another at the termina tion of his shift, the chemical worker should fully familiarize his successor with the condition of the equipment and the status of the chemicals in process. This should he in writing in a log book of op erations. By no means should he leave any questionable condition whereby his fellow worker may meet with a mishap. It is his full responsibility to live up to this and to consider it as sacred as any thing in life. The slightest deviation from this practice, whether deliberate or other wise, has meant disaster to chemical workers aid monetary loss to plant owners. 9. The chemical plant is no place for monkey business or horseplay. It must he remembered that the practical joker In chemical work may be a potential killer. I have known chemical workers deliber ately to plug condensers in order to set if their fellow workers could quickly dis cover and locate the trouble. Such meth ods should not he resorted to. even with only water in the equipment. 10. The chemical worker should thor oughly appreciate the fact that safety r-acrcd, that the safest method is generally the best method, and that the best method always embraces the safest way. W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 Employers' Added Liability Under New Occupational Disease Laws in New York By J. W. NEWTON Compensa: n and Claims Departments, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. The Mew V rk State Workmen's Compensatimi I-a- adoplcd in 1914, covered only accident: injuries arising outf in the course f employment, anfltggiu diseases or i: actions as might ni* and tmavoida y result therefrom.! Occupational diseases arc not a<icl.|y(jod injuries and were, therefore, not inc- ,. in the coverav of the W orkmen s p c iisa tio n T a . . . ,h< In 193(1 the legislature snncmKO law to include 23 specified,:occuP1* disease. ari>"` 0f certain U processes. I'1 n-as amended, or processes > number of do- law stood at t. statement to > to medical scutraceable to. * arise out of. a included in ti< Act. with tinsimilar dust The annual cases under ri the State was , being added t j -one per cent 1 j roll, and in a i hazard was ^ not in excess * of payroll. T State of Xc" .cent of the m A few year> in this count csted in the * j death of e:*.i;' 1 lions having larly granite .A seriou* j many indu.-tr i that another called "all-hu ( bill was act.* j and took cue* Under this were: Would case" be eon i elude any di>* ; illS the cmpU , *n occupation elude the eon. fct fever, or How would t prct the law hreted to iue! onI>` disease* na*urc of an. lvhieh (he lu exist, ill * Occup.-ttiiv increase i : ,iw lo any , . frent cost. ir dust. f)" Mnv . 00003 1 :i;ci, ` ''-rnsi:;*. 'I WOrie, .' -Or With i snd th' T!-,il -/'it of cp. ! In: lose 'by h;-. < loMup. Iin: up to . 4 a any. . -niioii from <.r other' licnik.il oi plant place for , It must ;p ;il joker potential , / j ilclibcr, .1/ r to see . -jl'r.ly tlis- i/i 'n jneth- . , von with .4 thox. . safety is . generally .. ..i method 1 /jlsease U- Y...tridental ' '' o'-oludei Co** vC-ef Chemical Section 22 7 .rising out ' and 'll ll,c course ^erPin designated employments or '-i C^ . "J From time to time the law pr'JCC-:mende<l. increasing the occupations Kii rocesses covered and increasing the c' Ph.>r of diseases covered to 27 as the " '" stood at the end of 1534. . It is a fair '2"tement to say that every disease known '^medical science, which could be directly -cai,]c to. or was definitely known to l^lse out of. a process of employment was deluded in the Workmen's Compensation `l c, with the exception of silicosis and drtilar dust diseases. The annual cost for occupational dis eases under that law to the employers of r,c state was comparatively small, there iici.'tS added to premiums in most cases . . e per cent per hundred dollars of pay roll. and in a few industries, where the hazard was greater, a cost varying but r.ot in excess of $1.00 per hundred dollars ,.t payroll. The totai average cost in the State of New York was not over 1 per cent of the total premium. A few years ago the medical profession in this country becam e particularly inter ested in the causes ct the disability and death of employees engaged in occupa tions having a silica c u st hazard, partied-, tarly granite and foundry workers. A serious problem was presented to many industries in the state by the fact that another piece oi legislation, the sooslled "all-inclusive" occupational disease bill was actually put on the statute books and took effect September 1, 1933. Under this law some of the problems ere: Would the term "occupational disase" be construed by the courts to in clude any disease which might arise dur ing the employee's employment? Would in occupational disease under the law in clude the common cold, pneumonia, scarItt fever, or any communicable disease? How would the courts of this state inter pret the law? If the law were inter preted to include as occupational diseases, or|!y diseases peculiar and incident to the nature of an occupation or process in 'h;ch the hazards oi such diseases actu*'/>' exist, then it was thought the co.-t '! ccu-iauoual disease coverage should ''t increase by virtue oi this all-inclusive to any considerable extent over the 'Sent cost, except t'.w silicosis and simi-r dus; diseases. `?n 3,fry 31. 035. ::dusrri:il Cwir.mis- sioncr Andrews issued a statement rela tive to the probable effect and cost of the all-inclusive occupational disease bill which became effective September 1, 1933. In this statement, the Commissioner said that the experience in New York State and in states having an all-inclusive occupational disease law, indicated that the new amendment would add less than 2 per cent and perhaps less than 1 per cent to the insurance cost of workmen's com pensation insurance in New York State. It is my understanding, however, that the Commissioner did not mean to in clude in this estimate of 1 per cent and 2 per cent, the cost of silicosis and other dust diseases, but that the Commissioner referred to diseases brought under the act, other than dust diseases. But whatever he meant the amendment has not been in operation long enough for an accurate accounting to be made as to the actual increase in cost of occu pational disease compensation. When employers examined this amend ment making all occupational diseases compensatable, the first feeling was one of alarm, and the insurance companies, apprehensive almost to the point of panic, added to this alarm by cancelling cover age on certain plants, and notifying others that their premiums would be drastically increased. When, however, the new silicosis and dust disease law <which will be described iif a moment) was enacted after a great number of con ferences among employers, insurance companies, the Department of Labor, and employees, the general alarm greatly sub sided. Another important cause of the subsidence of this alarm was the pro nouncement of the Industrial Commis sioner that it was not proposed to bring under the occupational disease classifica tion every' illness or disease suffered by an employee. To be compensatable, he said in effect, a disease must be shown to be a real occupational disease of a type peculiar to and caused by the occupation in which tiie worker was engaged. If the Com missioner's interpretation is sustained by the courts there may be some justifica tion for this occupational disease amend ment since an ocettg^ionaI disease so de fined is gcncralllJH|Ui, result of -condulons. imposv! on himjro&bWemployer. coddi- tons over whicji^gpjlys no comrni>'.Vml. _ ' f ^ . Tw i'H ly-jiflh . .tiial Sorel-: Congress from wilier. I:c cannot escape, except : y leaving his job. The employer, thcrei.'re. it rtav be acrccd, should he solely re sponsible tor most oi such occupational diseases and in all justice should accept the responsibility for injuries sustained. The more one studies this occupational disease amendment, in the light of the Commissioner's pronouncement, the mere difficult it becomes to find any real occu pational disease that has been added to compensatability under the Workmen's Compensation Law other than silicosis and other dust diseases. Before this amendment there were in the statute 27 named diseases coupled with descriptions oi processes, and it seems probable that the only real occupational diseases added by the amendment are silicosis and other dust diseases. Undoubtedly in time, be cause of newly discovered processes and hazards in industry there will be addi tional occupational diseases discovered that are not represented in the twentyseven scheduled diseases, and these rev.diseases will automatically be brought un der the law by the amendment covering all occupational diseases! Following the adoption of this allinclusive amendment a new silicosis and dust disease bill was introduced in the State Legislature in 1936, and was finally enacted June 6, 1936. This bill was in troduced primarily at the behest of the employers oi the State because they strongly that the inclusion of silicosis and other dust diseases in the all-inclusive amendment placed an undue burden u p r. industries particularly subjected to ah; dust hazard. The reasoning was that the dimeuities attendant upon the corre:: diagnosis of these dust diseases would open the way for numerous doubtful claims unless some extra requirements' were placed upon physical examinations, and special limitations put upon aht amount of compensation payable for ah a various stages of these diseases. The hill as anally enacted is known as Article Ja of the Workmen's Compensation Lav. and section 232a of the Labor Law. The first paragraph of the Act is a declaration of policy and reads as follow:: "it is hereby declared to be the policy a' ahe legislature of this state, in enacting :his article to prohibit through every law ful means available, any requirement - a prerequisite to employment which com pels an applicant for employment in s,:v occupation coming within the P rev ie w r this article to undergo a medical exan-p nation." This measure was included ovthe strong objections of many employ,., in the state who l'clt that any such provision was a step backward in the use of medical science in industry and if fol- lowed out would be in the long run t detriment to employee and employer alike. The declaration remained in the bill in spite of these objections. The Act itself provides that no compen sation is payable, for partial disability, due to silicosis or other dust diseases. For temporary or permanent total dis ability or for death from silicosis or other dust disease, if disablement or death occur witltin live y 1 disability. ', The employe | employ was j f0r compensati ' oi compenst j employees. j xfow, I am s : in regard to th I laws on the c. take a look at fore the all-inc effective, and w cal industry is ' occupational di- poisoning and c suiting from co< cury, phosphor: during the first calendar month in which benzol and its this act became effective, S500 is payable: phide. and any if disablement or death occur in the sec nickel carbonyl ond month $330 and for each month nitrate and acet thereafter the payment shall increase at preparations, c: the rate of $50 per month, but in no event mineral oil, part shall pavmcnt exceed an aggregate o: , these substance $3.000. Medical treatment and care arc pro vided for a period of 90 days from date of disablement and may be extended for an additional period of 90 days upon order of the Board. The liability prescribed is in lieu c: any other liability whatever. phuric, hydro-c acids, petroleum dermatitis from and oils. Out c IS belong in the In. my opinion, j practically every t ease in the chcm If death occurs and there are deuer.c- j cuts, the benefits wiil be tbe diiicrenct ' between, what has been paid and Gas D etec but never more than $3.000. It there no dependents, payments cease, noun.'..' Dfit to be paid into special funds as ' l,!e case of accidental death from other ctw.- tcnsatable causes. If, for example, total disability Chit ncncetl in August, 1936, that J?. months after the law became aitcctive. payment of $650 would be made. Directo .hen compensation at two-thirds of is long as the disability lasts, but not . bitcrst m pub `rnt explosions ; excess of $3,000. *nd diseases fror Where the last exposure was September 1. 1935 and the date tins ^ necame effective, a claim is barrel tut' ^ ernanded the d ltctrs, indicator? U`CTtt that arc sui hied within 1$0 days from the or Ihe industrial law became eucctivc. An shall be liable 1'cnsation wgicu disability fcsuKs * / one year fe r the last exposure. . rase of c&fftthj.is liable if death r<- ?VC* and vapor Moratory proccth -- delicate, op v ! l ? incd technic: .. abi time for n Chemical Section O >u mploymcnt i,, J|U_ tllc preview a medical 4XS_.;'` was included ov.., i many cmp|ov<.r. Iliat any such |,ro! ward in the use 0; iustrv and if f0i.' m the long run 4 and cnipiovcr ;i remained in th4 ejections, os that no cotnpc:*.. partial disability or dust diseases, ermanent total dis. m silicosis or other uent or death occur ar month in which ve. $500 is payable; :h occur in the Sccd for each month :t shall increase at nth; but in no event i an aggregate ot , and care arc pro- f 90 days from date may ' extended for -I 0 days upon viliill live .'cars to.,ow ing com m uons " Iiilitv. ! -rjic employer in whose employment the f Joyce was iast exposed shall be liable I hr compensation. There is no splitting j J compensation between two or more i itiployccs. S'ow, I am supposed to say something jc rrgard to the effect of these two new hies on the chemical industry. Let us * hi'C a look at the statute as it stood bef toe the all-inclusive amendment became f dfretive, and we will find that the chemi{ III industry is well taken care of. In the | occupational disease section arc included j poisoning and other deleterious effects rei .tilling irom contact with lead. zinc, meri 'tiry, phosphorus, arsenic, wood aicohol, ( Ivittol and its derivatives, carbon bisulF. j-ltidc, and any sulphide, nitrous fumes, I (itetctl carbonyl, solvents for cellulose ..citrate and acetate, formaldehyde and its . 'reparations, chromic acid, tar. pitch. , j'mineral oil, paraffin or any compound of these substances, methyl chloride sul- phuric. hydro-chloric and hydro-fluoric Jcids, petroleum products and their fumes, dermatitis front handling acids, aikalics i. ,aitd oils. Out of 27 processes described j ~H belong in the chemical industry*: covered in tite Mew Vork law prior t., titc adoiiti' 111 f '" c two amendment , which I liav: described, and assuming th.n Commissioner Andrews' definition m "occupational disease" under the "all inclusive" nicndincnt is sustained by the. courts, then: wilt not be any great in crease in mmpensation costs to cltemie.il m anufactures on account of these two amendment*. other than in those min , tries which arc definitely subject to a ilu,. hazard. 'I ffcoretically, I think this i , true, but > closing I want to point <... that there is no assurance whatever th.o the referys who conduct the hearings <<, the courts will strictly and uniformly ply Mr. /.ndrews' conception, since tli.-i, is- no dcfini'ion of "occupational disea:... ' ip the statute. Judging by tendencies ... the past, 'here will be a strong end su . taiued effort, made to have the phrase in terpreted more liberally in the interr-.i of the cl.ii.'.'ontts, and if that succeeds, tin. "all-incltts: '" amendment may open the door to ali sorts of claims which luu.no true r-h'tion to the legitimate burden. of industry- 1 such event the Industrie, may he forced into the role of. health, insurers i'C their employees, and the feu. . of the employers of Mew Vork State ... crihed is in lieu ei never. 1 there are depend- j- la my opinion, based upon the fact that | . Mictically every known occupational disS'. esse in the chemical Held was specifically to the t." mendous expense to be place.; upon in.,' ' tries, chemical and othenvis, by this I 'a'utc, would he realized. il be the difference cn paid and $3.0(9 S3,000. If there he ents cease, nothing Gas Detectors for Determination of J-'iammability, Oxygen Deficiency and Toxicity in Rooms and Vessels id funds as in he tit from other cow By otal disability com936. that is. tl'rf_e became affective. mild be made. s;iJ tuo-thirds of wacv iity lasts, hut not >!: .osurc was between id the date this y ' aim is barred . troni tite day * . he liable me ' ' iiilitv results ' . exposure. . ie ii deal.' .' . W. G IL L IL A N // Chief Chemist, Mine Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. W ILLIAM P. YAMT Director Research, Mine Safety A ppliance Co., Pittsburgh. Pa. in pub!: t and industrial safety J5 "i P'Osioits ar r. occupational injuries ,,'j *`s;trcs from gases and vapors has the Ue tdopnicnt o: gas dc- Jndirat>r<. and analyzing eqnip- ... *'. ? ^rc su::: ..:c for use a: the site i-cuMrial >'.nations it: which tite %; : 'ivcttr. Tite ordinary ,. .../.* : crpitreo.cedi:: r`-Ut laereonulysuainllythceumhabnodrs- ";and require coiisidi'tg deter::::::.-.-.;j.*,;. A Mr'.< blc device tor most field sit:-.. tions rr. * be readily portable, rugg.v;. easify rr. u..etained in condition for use, ..... liable, ruble by the personnel at lu...( tO Vr .' suits and the desired inform ,. tion, \v;` the accuracy a::d sensitivity . . . quired *' r the situation under investi.-. tion. - many uses, it is required t - .; result; obtained q'twagto-itt order ., avoid d- 1. that wo.ilitffiyolong liar.. , OHS V.'t'.r ' , .'i increase fftojuapd to .ie:, . . rapid - .rs in a t m o p r co,,a=t:.".. 1- 0000 <'- .. *.\ i cnt f-q-_-:va, Construction Section * '< S S -T VIr- t pi .s A _ 1-tro`ritC' :,.A... l.y^ j.jLiTi- 'v *"* ' --edical!CoAri.,, j_ *>' Bulle:',,. .Bea,or {,, Aireni,, > ,v.:r' 0"- Jnnru. U C I.. ,,,, j a . j . uUynLoeltclse.r-,jir. Wj,,,.; FArelvamr-' Uureau ,-i Miner TI-. -"m1T iLCr.jr,: -r-.F..r'^anonccisr.,(ici-,,f_a p. 226, 1:. :S* ^M. Continuous >fy Kc/-terttorySo.Mu9tual " J. V.*, pauj, i, e In- i-:jaa of Mitio .mp '.sable for D- `7 ^ B. Hooker. ** Ae;;ir>. Bureau w '' Detective : Mu:e >':: and E.r- Bureau ci Mines TP- Carbon Monoxide on BurreJJ. /. M. Seibert, Bureau Mines TP* >'*esoe.\i{]e t0MAictnetoasn-d eti W Vant, f, A. `1<913fLt. j, Berber, Bu- \ Sttrv*;- a Utility \ . ; St. JBI-1: r.'.u. Officers 1935-36 r Chairman--\V . A. S n o w , Associated General Contractors of America. Inc., 1329 ' *? Street. X. 'A'"-, Washington, D. C. Vice-Chairman for Heavy Cor.structicn and Railroad Contractors--R. J. Reigeluth, C. W. Blakcslce & Sons, ;S Waveriy S;.. New Haven, Conn. c,.-Chairman for High-tniy Construction--F. I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Construction Co., Hicksvillc, Ohio. rice-Chairman for V. S._E::gineer Department--Major E lliott Vaxdevaxtes. C. of E., Office oi tite Chici oi Engineers. Washington, D. C. Vice-Chairman for Building Ccnstrueticn--Chester \V. Wriciit, Wright & Kretr.ers. Inc., Niagara Fails, X. N. . Secretary--Ropert McKinley, General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Ccr?.. Detroit, Mich. ,\Vtn Letter Editor--G. 0. C:ukein. Dravo Corp., N'eville Island, Pittsburgh. Pa. Engineering Committee Chairman--E. X. Goldstine. San Francisco, Calif. Membership Committee Chairman--T homas Bentley, The A. Bentley & Sons Co.. Toledo, Ohio. Poster Committee Chairman--K. A. Snow, Carolina Power St Light Co., Raleigh. X. C. program Committee Chain-.:;::--V. -P. A iiearx, National Sand St Gravel As;-.. Munscv Bldg., Washington, D. C. Publicity Committee Chairmen--W. P. Conn, Editor, "The Constructor," Washington, D. C. Statistics Committee Chairman--C. K. Black, Stone & Webster Engineering C:r?.. Eoston, Mass. Past Genera! Chairmen-- W. F. A ustin, Detroit. Mich. E. X. Goldstine. San Francisct. Calif. J o h n Russell. Jr... Puhiic Service Eiectric & Gas Co., Newark, N. J. Officers Elected for 1936-37 General Chairman--W. A. Snow, Associated General Contractors oi America. I c., W'aihmgtun. D. C I iee-Chairman for Heavy Construe:: --a. J. Reicklutii. C. W. Blakeslec Haven. (.'.mi. ,'M. Xow ^ ii.1.'1 hnirmnn /, r l!:::i:tvny Con;::-:.c:i.-r--F. I. Rowe, W. L. Johnson Const.* Ciiou Co.. Hicksvillc. Ohio. c. K.. ^ f o r . S . ! i S n e e r D e p a r t m e n t --M.mok E lliott V ankevantj.:- oi 0::icc o, tv.c t. Iv.ei o : i .: . ::.ccr- .. a'iiin.gtnn. D. C. * AA-A. 'Dm.ur : ::--L a-T vs \V. jp^ifT W rig i - r+ r^t vlM'v.c'.u, !iru 3i*:. A>.v*.r:-.*.icc ( . " 2-H OCOC ...-TS2 : r :... ' .`.'riiMi "..-iiorA,; rinvili I M lifel -A li! v i'- " * "*'* - ' /v >f: -ss . -m r M i' .-Tjvt /Vi IS,!- pli! m m :. J:i ' to 244 Tzventy-fifth National Safety .Congress terially improve accident records in the construction industry is that which other industries have been using tor so long. Briefly, a program based on adequate accident records, consistent inspection and maintenance of plant, a complete medical program and the principle of supervisory responsibility, cannot help but succeed. Dust Diseases As They Affect the Construction Industry By A. J. LANZA, M. D. . A ssistant Medical D irector, M etropolitan Life Insurance Company, New Y ork City With a possible single exception, there is but one dust disease and one dust causing that disease with which the con struction industry is concerned. The disease is silicosis and the dust causing it is dust containing free silica (SiO,). Dusts containing silica in combined form have not been shown to cause disability or disease, with the exception of asbes tos. which is a silicate. The outstanding facts with regard to silicosis have often been detailed and will be only briefly summarized here. The dust must be in a fine state of subdivi sion to reach the lungs. The particles which do the damage are less than ten microns in diameter. In this country, the amount of dust in the air at any loca tion is determined by the standard meth od elaborated by the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Public Health Service, using the impinger. the results being expressed in millions of particles per cubic foot. In order to estimate the hazard, we must know the number of particles and the percentage of silica, because a dust con taining 100 per cent pure silica would be more harmful than one containing 50 per cent silica. When we know the amour.-, of dust-- in terms of averages--the amount of sil ica. and the extent of exposure, we are in a position to evaluate the seriousness of the hazard. We know that silicosis is a chronic disease, taking usually years to develop, and as we see it :r. American industries, causing little or r.o disability unless there is superimposed upon it an infection. This infection is most often tuberculosis, to which the individual with silica damaged lungs is very susceptible. The more severe the siiica carnage, the more apt tuberculosis is to develop. We do not as yet have permissable or safe standards of dustiness. There is such an extremely wide variation of in dustrial processes and environmental fac tors that any elaborate system of stand ards would be impracticable; but a simple workable standard is highly desirable. There is a rough standard, which is based largely on the work of the Public Health Sen-ice. of ten. million particles of dust per cubic foot. This is a convenient tar get to shoot at when dust control meas ures are undertaken in an industrial plant. That is not to say, however, that a threshold of ten million particles o.f a highly siliceous dust is safe. This stand ard was based on exposure to granite dust, containing about 35 per cent pure silica. The construction section of this Con gress embraces many types of industry and a multitude of processes, it is not practicable, therefore, to present a com plete scheme of all the hazards in these industries. We can, however, attain our object in a sufficiently satisfactory man ner by considering first, materials, and second, the processes in which these ma terials are used. The construction indus try uses enormous amounts of certain well known materials. Lime, gypsum, cement, sand, occur to everyone's mind when you mention construction. Many of these substances are used in processes which involve considerable amounts of dust, wherein lies the possibility of a heaith hazard. - There is -no silicosis without silica-- free siiica. So right off. the manufac turer or yy!ii,i;j^iai company has the firs', clear-cut p i j : of the poteirttal-harinitUfs; ness of Rpifiiist. which may be causing concern or his cmplovees. Doc; occo:;; that weil Ncc-stuetatus an IZZ.v-tU.C rrv .rry ; cr :is :.t i- :'aecaaimp: aiji; asced -lUr -tu ITT- 3i! t -a ' i -a aauimitce urce Join- nmt oini- itesse o-air ::amamd mzadurrrtann u n;. niiitd lajwy ; llf au:tirrst :iui:#r Tov. Construction Section 245 .J contain tree silica in appreciable counts? What is an appreciable amount? Prob- jjjv in excess of 5 per cent. At least, at is well on the conservative _side. Mon-silicious dusts may be a nuisance or in annoyance to employees or to neigh boring communities, but they are not ncerned with silicosis. If the employer does not know whether a dust to which cs employees are exposed contains silica _that is the first thing for him to deter mine. Should he f.r.a that the dust does contain free silica, in a determined per centage, then the next step is to ascer tain the amount oi such dust present in the air where his employees work. We are frequently asked whether dust arising from gypsum, cement. lime, marble, talc, rock wool, mineral wool and many other substances, may cause silicosis. We say to the inquirer. "You know the materials ' you are working with. Do they contain free silica?" He may reply, ".Vo," cr "Only a trace." The conclusion then is obvious. There is no silicosis hazard. The type of pretess in which the dust is generated is oi great practical import ance. If the process is conducted in a confined place, with poor ventilation, it is apparent that the hazard is much more dangerous than ii it were in the open air. because in the confined place, the work man gets a much "tizger dose of silica. Recently I saw some X-ray films of brick masons. These masons handled only fire bricks--made from a highly silicious material -- and they were em ployed in lining kilns and furnaces. Their films shows? well developed sili cosis. Their job consisted in breaking up the worn-out lining in furnaces and buildlng new ones. They were continuously exposed to a highly silicious dust in a 'ery dose, confined place. The same mterial could ;robabiy be handled in other types of rtr.struction work with "tile or no hazard. The mention :: close and confined Places brings :: mind tunnels, about which there has recently been much ngiIstion. Without going into details con cerning this subject, the lesson to be earned is dear. The digging of a ttmnel is not a permanent undertaking in Sny locality but the work should be safe guarded as in more permanently cstab- lished industries. Where a tunnel is be ing constructed in a highly silicious rock, the dust hazard looms very large. It is similar to hard rock mining and everything conspires to make the con trol of dust difficult. It is interesting to note that tunnel work in various parts of the world has been followed by similar experiences. The report of the Director General of Public Health for Xew South Wales in Australia. 1924, details an investigation concerning ventilation and sandstone dust present in the air of certain sewer tunnels in Sidney. Apparently there was an ex cessive amount of silicosis and tubercu losis among these tunnel workers. A report of the South African Institute for Medical Research. April, 1935, details a severe silicosis hazard among sewer tunnel workers in South Africa. We are justified in concluding that tun nel work calls ior extraordinary precau tions for safety and health with a super vision of the health of tunnel workers comparable to that followed in other in dustries. Grinding or pulverizing sand, gravel, and other highly silicious materi als are processes that need very careful control and supervision. The control oi the dust hazard is an engineering problem and in the main de pends on an effort to entrap the dust at its point of origin by using water, or suction exhaust systems, or both. Once the dust is in the air, reliance is placed upon further use of water, and or dilu tion of the silica dust by increased ven tilation and on protecting the individual by a suitable mask or respirator. The United States Bureau oi Mines now cer tifies respirators that are safe for silica dust. The use of respirators should be restricted to exposures which are inter mittent or temporary. Where ventilation equipment designed to remove dust from the air is installed, its efficiency should be checked from time (o time by dust counts, using the stand ard impingcr method. As with other protective devices, there is always danger that this sort of apparatus becomes greatly impaired or useless because of failure to maintain it properly. I mentioned an^xception to the state- nient that only f dust will pro- (luce disease of ings. This-rfxccp- lion is asbestos Bttnagnesium silicate. Ooo0 . d-f-.-.vV r/H i ' p,S.<-:v;i ' 'M ^ ShJ;it--. :4'4h -J ' LVSf II/.I* sfu M iSWr: 4-, PSjlii: Si:-: p i: : m ?l: W; ` " ' i ; if 246 Tzccnty-fifth National Safety Congress The inhalation of asbestos dust produces a condition of the lungs similar to sili cosis. The pathology is quite different and the appearance on X-ray films is distinct from silicosis. Asbestosis ap parently does not predispose to tubercuIsis and in this Country has not been shown to cause much disability, though a few deaths have been recorded. In the manufacture of construction material, as bestos is usually combined with other substances which, by reducing th e amount of asbestos in the dust, tend to mitigate the hazard. A matter of great concern to the em ployer is what disposition to make of cases of silicosis among his employees. If active tuberculosis is present, it is to the interest of the individual and his fel low workmen that he be removed from his occupation and given proper care. If infection is not present, there will be littl( or no disability and the employer should protect the individual from further exposure through methods suitable to the situation involved. The important item to remember is the nature oi the materia! and the process in which it is employed. Consideration of these two items will enable the employer to ascertain whether a silica hazard is present and to act accordingly. Again let me emphasize that where workmen are exposed to a highly silicious dust in confined places, the situation is extreme ly serious and calls for energetic and comprehensive measures of control and continued medical supervision of the men. Dust samples should be taken frequently and the men should be examined fre quently so that serious disease will not Physical Examinations of Construction Employees on Public Works Programs By L. M. DEARDORF Superintendent of Construction, W. L. Johnson Construction Company, Hicksville, 0. If there ever was a time when em thoroughly demoralized mentally; physi ployees on Public Works projects should cally they have permitted their bodies to be given physical examinations before per be run ccwn about like an old paver that mitting their names on the payroll, it is has beer, standing alongside the road for now. a corresponding period of years. Any contractor who secures a Public Our procedure in carrying out physical T'ii \Vorks project with the Highways. PWA. examinations for our employees is as fol the U. S. Engineers, or any of the other lows: The contract having been award department of the Federal Government is ed. and the superintendent assigned to required, as a part of the labor regula the project, one of his first important tions. to submit a requisition ior his em preliminary instructions is to talk to the ployees to the National Reemployment doctors the vicinity of the project and Service. The National Reemployment explain : : them the problem which we Service is dominated by tTTe WI'A or "face ir. securing competent .physically- ganization to the extent that all semi ahle workmen. If the M. D. shows any skilled and common labor arc furnished sympathy in our problems and troubles, only from relief lists. In the majority of we nea t rate for mass examination of the cases those unfortunate individuals who employees. The price paid for the exam are stiil on relief are. there only by reason ination ;s from SI.00 to i2.50. of a mentni or physical deficiency. They The r.r.'iJ^jtV have beer, v-ery interest have done very little work during the ing on -.r.e /rdufipus- projects as the iottow***''*': past five or six years and are pretty ins faett feilif.jestHy- I V CCI ' await > C -n ,:.; C o n u r.::: c> : c:5^ ?: 5cvc;: m thci-: ::c\ t0 ** * k\ * 'H OUr year can !,. ;:V ; negli-;*, er certed. n .... 'aCC'.QCr.* f?CYr:-. Marine Section Ofcers 1935-36 '.rat Chairman--E. \V. Fiske. Ja.. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc., New York, N. Y. r;.-.'nnflji (/ Charge 0/ Posters and Slides)--Robert F. Hand, Standard Shipping '"jo., New York. N. Y. ^(.Chairman (In Charge oj Pni-Hsity)--Arthur M. Tode. Consulting Marine Engineer, N'ew York, N. Y. ....Chairman (Por the Parifie Cess:)--A. D. AVoll, General Petroleum Corp. of Calif., Terminal Island, Calif. . ft(rttary_Carl F. Vander Clute, Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. .y.crr Letter Editor--Henrv Blackstoxe, United States P. & I. Agency, Inc, 340 Pine St., "San Francisco, Calif. engineering Committee Chairman--3. C. Edwards, Consulting Engineer, New York, N. Y'. Membership Committee Chairman--~. C. Holden, Jr., United States P. : I. Agency, Inc., Mew York, N. Y'. t'rai.rom Committee Chairman--H. L. Seward, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Statistics Committee Chairman--Esnvamin IT. Self, Traveiers Insurance Company, New York, N. Y. ~Slendering Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association, San francisco, Calif. Members at Large-- Frank E. Ames, Lykcs Eros.-Ripley Steamship Co- New Orleans, La. .' W. P. Biggs. Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. G F. Blackton, Erie Railroad Co., Jersey City, N. J. ; Frank H. Cocan, The Delaware. Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York, ' N. Y. J..M. Griser, Alabama Dry D-.:k and Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile, Ala. . AA'u. Groundwater, Union Oil Co. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. Henry J. H eidorn, Standard Shipping Co., New York, X. Y . Jon* S. Hunter, The Alantic Penning Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. V, illard F. Jones, Gulf Rehr.ir r Co.. New Y'ork, N. Y- ^ K Kavanagh, Grace Line. Ir.c., New Y'ork, N. Y. R. K. Kelly, Tide Water 0:1 C:.. New Y'ork, N. YL U.-.NI. J. Murphy, Murphy, C:ok & Co., Philadelphia. Pa. l!A.tL n ^ FTESEN", k:e'v?ort '"f.vs Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., New Y'ork, N, Y. YV??No ` Fickard, Pacific Ccast Marine Associations. San Francisco, Calif. a 7 ob'SON, Sinclair Navigation Co., New York, N. Y. \l` n ac 'I H'' k^ar*'*n**c* Office Uo1f .AmeCrliltc.tat, Nwew Y4'wolrk, N. Y'. ? ., Stewardson, Colombian Steamship Co., New York, N. Y'. *' Cnpt. USN Rtd.. New Y'ork State Merchant Marine Academy, New c. ^ " sosbai., Ja., South .Atlantic S.S. Linc. Savannah. Ga. , 7i! A' ctr-n- 0. N-'TKit, C. Major, Omce of the Chief oi Engineers. Munitions Eldg., Dollar Steam-hip Lines, San Fragcit:.'. Calif. 'n,T- 'American Ex:, tv. Line. New Y'ork ------------- " 'Associated Oil Co., i-.n Francisco. Cat t ^ jjiy.; 269 OOCcJ '35*5^ 270 Tzscnty-fifth National Safety Congress Officers Elected for 1936-37 cony Vacuum O City, the general Cotera! Chairman--E. C. H olden', Jr.. United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., New York. N y Vice-Chairman (In Charae at Posters and Slides)--Rodert F, H and, Standard Oil cV,,; N. J,, .Marine Dept., New York. X. Y. " 01 Mr. Tode read Vice-Chairman (In Charge of Publicity)--W. E. Stewardsox, Colombian Stcamsbio i-,, New York, N. Y. ' " Vice-Chairman (For the Pacific Coast)--Albert O, P egs. Union Oil Companv oi Cali; U s Angeles, Calif. Secretary---Carl F. Vander Clutf. Admiralty Attorney, New York, N. Y. News Letter Editor--H enry Blackstone. United States P. & I. Agency, Inc., San Francisco, Calif. Claims and Engineering Committee Chairman--B. C. E dwards, Atlantic Gulf and West Indies S-ram. ship Co.. New York, N. Y. ilembershit Committee Chairman--E. W. F iskf- J r., Soconv-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc York, Xi Y. . . . Program Committee Chairman--Byron 0. P ickard, Pacific Coast Marine Associations San Francisco, Calif. Statistics Committee Chairman--Benjamin H. S fxf, Travelers Insurance Companv. New York, X. Y. Stevedoring Committee Chairman--F. C. Gregory, Waterfront Employers Association. San Francisco, Calif. Members at Large-- F rank E. A mes, Lykes Bros.-Ripley Steamship Co., New Orleans. La. W. P. Bices, Navy Department Safety Engineer, Washington, D. C. C. F. E lackton, Erie Railroad Co., jersey City, N. J. Frank H. Cocan, The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Co., New York. N. Y. J. M. Griser. Alabama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Co.. Mobile, Ala. Henry_J. Heidorn. Standard Oil Co. oi N. J.. Marine Department, New York. X. Y. John S. Hunter, The Atlantic Refining Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Willard F. Jones, Gulf Oil Carp., New York, N. Y. T. F. Kavanagh. Grace Line. Inc.. New York, N. Y. Frank C. Laurie, Lago Petroleum Ccrp., Maracaibo, Venezuela. Stewart Lee, J r., New York Shipbuilding Corp., Camden, N. J. i J. L. L nckexbacii. American Fiurcau of Shipping. New York, N. Y. [ John McGrath, John W. McGrath Ccrp., New York, N. Y. ; Carl E. P etersen. Ncw;>ort News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., New York. X. Y. j H. W. F room, 1 Broadway, New York. N. Y". J. K. Rorison, Sinclair Navigation Co.. New York. X. Y. I J. A. Rvmsev, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Richmond. Calif. ; S. A. S chramm. Black Diamond Steamship Co., Pier K, Wcehawkcn. N. J. . 1 H. L. S eward. Yale University. New Haven. Conn. J A. J. S m ith. Marine Office oi America. New Y'ork. X. Y. Arthur M. Tode, Consulting Marine Engineer. New York, N. Y. G. E. Taylor. Federal Barge Lines. New Orleans, La. J. H. Tomd, New York State Merchant Marine Academy, New Y'ork. N. Y. Elliott Vaxdevantf.r, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Munitions Eld?.,-Washington. : D. C. i L. H. W estOahl, Dollar Steamship Lines. San Franc 1 A. O. W oll, General Petroleum Corp. of Caiii., Term J ohn W richt, American Export Lines, New Y'ork, N Experience ha. that the primary claims and insi most effective m all description is the principle o f" organized safety To "organize" partment does n stitute for the e ing effort ncccss as set forth in t is dependent upthe most import 1. It must h co-operation of t and every depar 2. The progi that it docs not does not permit 3. There mu of loyalty for t order that its c tree from dcpai scramble for "c Xeithcr the c one individual < cess of such a \ agement and assume the cm viding safe con living. It then '."J 'hip's oinccrs t< arc properly t j.&'sjj Practices at v. i Bearing in mi 9 P " . oooo:.; 'Mt*?' chain is as sir <! the otVtcers cc from their men TUESDAY MORNING SE , >.N conditions by ii 1 October 6. 1936 company's sai "^bus safety mi ja nU' - ' carried on dow The opening session was called to order engineer, n v York City,' sldijU of the entire o by Arthur M. Tode, consulting marine in the absence of E. W. Fiskc. Jr- Y * .t ,N.*/. *'"t,% -- yti'W - i;' 'NS;'.-. r css weights. Lighter w ctory where there 5 rt` i tearing against the love has been develop,j ing and is proving nveci . although some men rcased weight. ds. The use oi guards .ling floors is largely; on. Some of the old ns-,, : that it is a reflectia,. o have to use a guarded oors. ; rick floors now being a. ` locations are more slip. \ 1 type. An asphalt iloor i it is about the least slip, j ir deve!o\>ed. Concrete a been troweled to 1 ;. can be roughened by 1 icer.trated sulphuric acid ; with water. f i Metals Section Officers 1935-36 Cenerai Chairman--H. \V. Dark, Bethlehem Steel Co., Johnstown, Pa. '({Chairman--A. Berouist, .The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co., East Chicago, Imj. ;"((-Chairman--C. M. A llen, The American Rolling Mill Co., Middletown, Ohio. '{{Chairman (In Charge of Health)--Dft. R. C. Engel, Corrigan-McKmncv Div., Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary and Unes Latter Editor--R. A. Chafit;:. Continental Steel Corp., Kokomo. Ind. Cantati Committee Chairman--Robert L. SCHMITT. Louisville Car Wheel and RailwaySupply Co., Louisville, Ky. engineering Committee Chairman~J. E. Cgllinsy, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Foundry Committee Chairman--Irwin A. Brinkman, Mackintosh, Hemphill Co., Pitts burgh, Pa. Membership Committee Chairman--Meli. E. T rammell. Cult States Steel Co Alabama ' City, Ala. Fosier Committee Chairman--R. H. Ferguson-. Republic Steel Corp.. Cleveland. Ohio. program Committee Chairman--H. Ai. Ckogiian. Inland Steel Co., East Chicago, Inti. Publicity Committee Chairman--C. W. Hanno. Pittsburgh Steel Co., Monesscn, Pa. Rsilaay Car Builders Committee Chairman--P. J. Brand, Pullman Standard Car Manu facturing Corp., Pullman, Chicago, 111. Slides and Safety Kinks Committee Chairman--J. A. Oaktel, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Curp., Pittsburgh, Pa. Statistics Committee Chairman--W, J. Ireland. Kohler Co., Kohler, Wis. Members at Large-- F. G. Bennett. The Buckeye Steel Casting; Co.. Columbus, Ohio. E. F. Blank, Jones & Laughlin Steel Cor-.:.. Pittsburgh. Pa. I. A. Coi.TiMx. National Radiator Corp., J. hustown, Pa. G. A. Davis. Camcgic-Illinois Steel C'orp.. Chicago. III. M. W. Dundo-ie, Beloit Iron Works Co.. Beloit. Wis. JotiN P. Em. Carncgie-IIlinois Steel Corp.. Juliet, 111. \Y. T. Filmer. The Youngstown Sheet a:: : Tube Co., Youngstown, A. C. Gnisox, Spang. Chaltam & Co., Inc.. Pittsburgh. Pa. O. F. H arvey, American Car and Foundry Co., New York, X. Y. S. E. H awses, MacWhytc Co., Kenosha. Wis. H. H. Henry, Otis Steel Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. K. G. H exsel, The Youngstown Sheer ai;g Tune Co.. Chicago, 111. W. A. J arvis. The Chase Companies. War.-.-bury. Conn. F. A. Lauerman. Republic Steel Corp,. a . nh Chicago. 111. Ohio. T. H. McKexney, Chicago. 111. D. V. Medalie, Interlake Iron Corp., Ci'.::seo, 111. John O'Rourx. Bethlehem Steel Co., Sparrows Point. Md. C. E. Ralston. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Ce., Pittsburgh, Pa. Frank Rowe. Wheeling Steel Corp.. Porr-mouth, Ohio. H erman Spoerer. The Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.. Evanston, 111. J. K. Stafford. Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Co., Decatur, III. J. A. Voss, Republic Steel Corp., Clcveiar.-j, Ohio. * Deceased. z y h: t --, ; f.-. Twenty-fifth Xatioual Safety Congncss to think, inability to draw a persona! les son from the experience of others, over confidence and a desire to make good on the job. These can only be overcome by careful and systematic handling on the part of the supervisor. His is the respon sibility of putting over to the worker the value and advantages resulting from a close observance of rigid safety inspec tions. Systematic Organized Safety Effort There should be little need to make a plea for more concerted action along this line. As safety men. we know how eas ily the small employer could be put out of business as the result of even a few accident losses. The larger well, cannot afford to motor,*' "*'>* overlook tion--his losses, throu--ghi- was, la* e-. f money and materials, will : <* S^i .'V'i SOW A his the profits pubTli, c and as a hv'..oee. lrrdyy'"ehinfisfeifc--fciieroinm--t p.oarn,7* `*-XS.`vI*: ion. The ever increasing cost 1 pensation insurance will undoubted > *0. ' trTiehr factor in forcing more consideration ,-> well organized saiety work, p , - / " jirjf S V C0' I emphasize the side of humani>^^!!:''**" the dollar and am satisfied from low? perience that where humanity rul 'Sed seer ''S k n * profits will be satisfactory. Where safety program is followed, without i. efficiency and economy of the h ig h est ^ der will also prevail. sSrst >" *, t1ha" tuhr' Silica c : oettuds ha ' armies5 1 petto oi K- east the The Present Status of Control of Dust and Fumes in Industty*$ By H. B. M E L L E R tods, whi nilar to serious as Import: ; gf dust P M anaging D irector, A ir H ygiene Foundation of America, Inc.; H ead, Air Pofludany S .ridual m Investigation, Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, Pittsburgh, Pa. often are microns The problem divides itself naturally into Classification of Dusts - la the ca medical, preventive engineering and legis lative phases, and includes consideration of the responsibilities of employer and employee to each other and to the public. It is axiomatic that, in case of physical disorder, impairment of function or dis ability, the more thoroughly the cause and course of action are known, the more There are available different publishiti;.^ classifications of dusts. Included in snch^ classifications are dusts, the exposure tofgi inhalation of which are, or are likely be, occupational. Those that are inhef^j;- ently toxic when inhaled or otherwise zbsorbed and which cause systemic poison-^* rig, include lead, arsenic, mercury, rr.an- -^ is long : ray dov Uncon complies npairm teriousl; tweed greatly certainly can possible remedies be applied ganese. Examples of dusts which have^r,' Silico or preventive measures taken. the ability to penetrate the deep lung tis-:< dies, th In the diseases or affections under con sues and to be retained there are quartz, -Jjs illy soi sideration, there are facts upon_which pre ventive methods are based, and upon which further studies now in course or contemplated are, at least in part, predi cated. During the development of the present state of knowledge of the influence of some air contaminants on health, natu rally many theories were advanced that later scientific work has modified or dis placed. However, not .always has ;hescorrection been as widely and thoroughly disseminated as was the original theory; this condition, perhaps, has led to some coniusion in the minds of many who have not followed too closely the evolution of knowledge in this field. flint, chert, asbestos, talc, coal, iron, elzy.. slate, and other tipes of rock dust. Attention here will be centered upon this last group and upon pneumoconiosis,' the general term used to designate *u.n- T conditions caused by dust. Silicosis, which j is caused by the inhalation of free sihei. has been prominent recently in the public press, sometimes in a way that made mis understanding possible, if not probablc --Aside from silica, many of the insoluble mineral dusts may bring about slight in the lung tissues, which may be _ J|T td qTT~-rh*.,'tecntcenogijini A . pBisilica in the dust that is ifsajv.is known today, most of theirjSjzlvely or entirely harmless;- tion. I enee of ceptibil adult v culosis, girdles It is th reactiv oi the lesion possit cotics indivi shoul ' Af! lishei not M oooco:" Ability of Dusts to Cause Injury has been established that the potenr;-ty of siticious dusts to cause lung tr.age is, with few exceptions, depend- upon their content of tree silica The development of silicosis de- :;r.ds, therefore, upon the concentration c; dust containing tree silica in the air breathed. In other words, the total irount of free silica breathed and re fined seems to be the primary factor: tie length of time necessary for a suffi ce: accumulation is important, but less K' than the total load. iilica occurs also in chemical combinac:n in silicates. Some of these com; roads have been proved to be relatively iirmless to health, some are still in the .-siim of doubt, and one--asbestos--may cause the industrial disease called asbestisis, which is the result of lung damage ictilar to, but not identical with nor as serious as, that produced by free silica. Importance of Particle Size. The size cf dust particles in the air which an indi vidual may breathe is important. Not often are particles larger than 10 or 12 caicrons found in the deep lungs, except i the case of asbestos dust, where fibers u long as 200 microns have worked their *uy down lengthwise. Uncomplicated Silicosis. Silicosis, untrmplicated by an infection, is more of an impairment than a disability. It is not seriously disabling until it reaches an ad vanced stage, and does not of itself neatly shorten the life of a silicotic. Silico-Tuberculosis. When a silicotic ~:s, the immediate cause of death is usu*-ly some type of intervening lung infec=aa. It is not known just why the pres"ce of silica in the lungs increases sus-ptibility to tuberculosis, but when an *:ult with silicosis is exposed to tuber culosis, an active infection may occur, re gardless of the previous state of health. is thought probable that silica dust can reactivate healed tuberculous lung lesions t the adult, type: how long after such ^sions have healed the reactivation is -ossible is not certain. Exposure of sili-"-tics to tuberculosis or of tuberculous cdividuals to silica dust is serious and would be avoided. After silicosis has become well estabushed in the lungs, medical science has "t found a way to arrest the progress of the silicotic process toward the stage of disablement except through limiting or preventing further exposure to silica dust. N'or has medical science found a way to prevent tuberculosis from being super imposed upon silicosis, except through control of contact. The course of silico- tuoerculosis is chronic and is very diffi cult to influence by treatment, according to phthisiologists. *Medical Control. As a basis for intelli gent determination of the physical fitness of a man for a job in a dusty trade, physical examination, with stereoscopic roentgenograms of the chest, is necessary. Along with this study goes, naturally, the preparation of an occupational history with detail as to the exact nature of previ ous work and of exposure to industrial cust--not a valueless recording of occu pations as "laborer," "machinist," etc. Dr. Sayers, of the U. S. Public Health Service, has developed a method of secur ing information for a proper occupa tional history: among others, Cummings, of. Saranac Laboratory, also has worked out a pseful history blank. Standards have been developed for the diagnosis of silicosis. There is also a suitable technic for taking roentgeno grams of the chest in order to bring out the characteristic lung changes. From the considerable amount of work that has been done, it is possible to fore cast with a reasonable degree of accu racy the silicosis potentiality of various dusts. Periodic physical examinations, includ ing roentgenograms, are essential if em ployers are to be enabled accurately to learn the effect of individual exposure and intelligently to transfer affected work men to lower dust concentrations before serious injury has been done, or to work out a system of rotation where indicated as desirable in order that exposure may be intermittent. Such examinations arc helpful also in showing the efficiency of engineering control methodsi The ability to place responsibility in case of claim for injury is no small part of the value of such initial and periodic examinations. Asbescosis. C|ir pcrienre'vvtar' shown that the inhj l.jjpf a strident amount of asbestos ifixauses a:^gfious type of fibrosis, whii jj'not accompanied I f r oooo 314 Twenty-fifth Xetionai Safety Congress by m unduly high incidence of tubercu losis. Other dusts and silicate compounds so lions in air are recorded gravimetricallv as milligrams per cubic meter. Others (as silica, where size is a factor n far studied produce, at most, only a mild termining dangerous particles), are given non-progressive reaction in the lungs, by count. N'either method gives the provided there is no significant amount whole story, but in both cases it may be of free silica in their composition. While possible to secure the information neces not serious clinically, such conditions may sary for the purpose. give rise to considerable litigation. In one of the reports referred to earlier Adequate statistics on morbidity and there occurs this statement: "There is mortality from occupational disease, to no doubt in the mind of anyone familiar serve as a basis tor effectively focussing with the present dust-sampling and dust the efforts to study and control dust dis estimating methods that they will be eases of the lungs, are non-existent. amended and changed from time to time. In concluding this section, the follow At the present writing we would advise ing quotation from a court decision in the use of the simplest possible procedures W'isconsin is pertinent fSchaefer v. In where dust control alone is in question.. dustrial Commission, 263 N\ W. 390 If one wishes to obtain values which can (Supreme Court, February, 1936)): be compared with published data, it is . . It will be necessary to distin generally necessary to copy with consid guish carefully between medical or patho logical disability and actual physical in capacity to work. The medical experts apparently ignore this distinction, and so increase the difficulty of arriving at a just result under the law." erable care the technic used in the origi nal ease. This is another way of admit ting the annoying fact that results by one method are usually not comparable to those obtained by another method." ' In another place, the report says: "It is very doubtful if any useful purpose is Preventive Engineering It would be needless repetition to dis cuss in a technical way the engineering phases of dust control. All interested are referred to "Industrial Dust," by Drinker and Hatch, which deals comprehensively with the subject: U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars 6840 and 6848, by Harrington and Davenport, a review of literature on "Prevention of Dust Dis eases": U. S. Public Health Service Bul letin 217, by Bloomfield and DallaVaiie. on "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust"; Report Z9 of the Amer ican Standards Association; and to the U. S. Bureau of Mines for a list of ap proved protective devices. It may be said that, in general, the engineering specialist can and will devise the necessary equipment to meet the con ditions specified to him. But the setting of limits of permissible dust concentra tion is not his but the physician's respon sibility. The engineer is concerned with keeping dustiness to or below the limits served by determining accurately ex tremely dense dust concentrations--the only excuse for such data is to show the skeptic that the workplace is much dustier than it should be. . . . "It is probable that any sampling pro cedure which fixes concentrations in groups 100 per cent apart is sufficient and that the results of any attempts to come closer to the concentration at the moment of sampling are simply misleading. Thus ranges such as 0-3, 5-10. 10-20, 20-40, etc,, suffice for dust control." As dust particles in the lungs are of the order of 1 micron, with rarely * particle over 10 microns, dust control for hygienic reasons should be aimed at parti cles in the size range found to have been breathed and retained. Again quoting: ", . . if one could avoid use of the dusts of 1 micron or less or exclude them from the dust which passes a 323-mesh screen, nearly all dust diseases would be elimi nated." Dust Elimination at present considered satisfactory. Obviously, it is better, when pr o--ssible.. Methods of Determining Dust to purchase equipment already suppe exhaust-hoed; 'rather" thill? to ha' Some dusts (as lead) are determic worry to fit one to equipment not by chemical methods and the concent4?ijiigned to be hooded. Thus the respon p r . j v 0000(34 ylity for ninui*ct': ' There inform11.0 dfic de*>F Engineer" pound110 , table of tare certa granite c spraying- elding)- For P respirator helmets. : (ormation oi the V. reau of Standards issuing s squipmen here apt Of cou ble, dust source, = here thi There a and are t ble dustii It should were not quiremer. good pra from a s In Soi gram pe per cubic million p Dr. La Mo., dist practice, liters of The U study in vania, fo cubic foe coarse d cubic fo apparent attained. The fi cubic fo cent qua the Vert Public i :r , TM' t : '' K* 8iv' 1Ves lhe ' m>y be "on necej. d i * r t iw. rh r*- i, ne fmiliJr > Ind dust. will be rne *o time '"Id idvi!e procedures n question which can data, it , >th considthe origiof admitresults by comparable nethod." says: "It purpose is cately extions--the > show the ich dustier ipling pro'atio' in ficie d to come - moment ng. Thus '0-40, etcTM is are of rarely a introl for ! at parti:ave been quoting: the dusts ;em from h screen, be eiimi- possible. supplied to have not de-esponsi- Mctals Section 315 ??' * '.it', (nr potential efficiency is upon the j'tflltJy jUrer ' ^There is available comparatively little ,,;on upon which to base the scien- f design of hoods. The Preventive * Pncineering Committee of Air Hygiene 'Foundation includes in its recent report ;;'i-* sable of minimum air velocities certain industrial dusts (for to capuse in `iiranite cutting, grain elevators, paint .:-Jpfaying, sand pulverizing and electric 1,welding)- . , ' For protective equipment such as dust 'V spirators, air supplied masks, sand blast helmets, and goggles, very complete in- formation is available, because of the work ' of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Bu- - ieau of Standards, and the American Standards Association in preparing and r- issuing specifications to be met if the equipment is to be used under conditions ' where approval is necessary. Of course, all agree that, where possi- . ble, dust should be controlled at the source, and protective equipment used f where this action cannot be accomplished. Permissible Dustiness There are various figures that have been and are being used as guides to permissi ble dustiness where free silica is present. It should be noted that many of the data were not determined as the medical re quirement, but as being attainable in good practice and apparently satisfactory from a safety standpoint. In South Africa the figure is 1 milli gram per cubic meter (or 300 particles per cubic centimeter, or approximately 8.5 million per cubic foot). Dr. Lanza found in 1917 in the Joplin, Mo., district that, with good engineering practice, a figure of 1 milligram per 100 liters of air couid be attained. The U. S. Public Health Service, in its study in the anthracite region of Pennsyl vania, found that 50 million particles per cubic foot with 5 per cent quartz in the coarse dust and 10 million particles per cubic foot with 33 per cent quartz were apparently satisfactory and often were attained. The figure of 10-20 million particles per cubic ioot for granite dust with 55 per cent quartz content is often quoted from the Vermont granite studies of the U. S. Public Health Service. Some metal-mining companies have gone further, setting the maximum of permissible dustiness at 5 million particles per cubic foot. Certainly, there is a degree of air clean liness that is safe, from the standpoint of concentration of harmful dust. But the engineer may find himself in the position of practically being forced to control any dust, harmful or otherwise, if he would protect his employers against suits at common law and the possibility of award of damages to men who have breathed dust containing little or no free silica. A dusty workplace is difficult to defend in court. Neither courts nor compensation boards, and certainly not juries, have seemed to be greatly impressed with a low silica dust count in an otherwise dusty atmosphere. Quoting from one of the reports re ferred to: "Each state is a unit--a sover eign--and it handles its problems in its own way. Uniformity is lacking, although of course the statutes of many states are similar. The courts of the various states follow such precedents as appeal to them: consequently, on any important question, there is likely to be a divergence of opin ion among the courts, and often the courts fall into two or more groups, each group following a different theory with respect to the same legal problem." W orkm en's Com pensation Acts Workmen's compensation acts have been passed in 46 states (all except Arkansas and Mississippi) and the Dis trict of Columbia. These acts are com pulsory' as to private employers in 15 states and elective in 31 states. Insur ance to cover the risk is compulsory in seven states. A state fund, out of which compensa tion is paid, is maintained in 18 states: in two of these the employer may, by proving financial responsibility, carry his own risk with limited contribution to the state fund for the expense of administra tion; in 11 more of this group of states the employer is not required to avail himself of the privileges of the state fund and may provide compensation otherwise. In 28 states ther* slo provision tor a ----- **- .. i jaSis. Compensation act is vested in a coir&Isipn. board, otjwngle 4Bh- l i r 0 Cy5 .iv-i-fY -! i|ii ! , .y i 316 Twenty-fifth Xatior.ai Safety Congress commissioner in 40 states: in six states the acts are administered by the local courts. Again from the report: "The guiding principle in the early acts was the award ing of compensation for accidental injury, meaning thereby traumatic injury." (Traumatic means of or pertaining to a wound or wounds.) "In those years, the importance of disability due to occupa tional disease was not generally recog nized. It however became increasingly apparent that 'injury' might be suffered gradually, and that the result of such gradual breaking down of the strength and resistance of the employee was more serious in many instances than traumatic injury. Courts therefore, in some states, wrestled with the problem of construing 'injury' so as to include disease and bring disease within the compensation acts." In one state a diseased condition is compensable under the act if caused by the negligence of the employer. Occupa tional disease is compensable, to some extent, in 1(5 states and the District of Columbia; in five of these states silicosis is not included among the compensable diseases; in one state silicosis is the only occupational disease made compensable. There is a legal obligation on the part of the employer to provide a safe place to work, and usually the matter of ventila tion is featured. The mining laws ap proach uniformity as to air quantity and as to equipment for mechanical ventila tion. The right, at common law, to recover for occupational disease dueto negligence of the employer, is important. In three states it has been held by the courts that the right never did exist: in three states the right is extremely doubtful; in 12 states it probably exists, although there is some doubt; in 12 other states, the right seems well settled, but is limited in eight of this group; in the remaining states and the District of Columbia, no court de cisions can be found which decide the question as to whether or not such com mon law right exists. It should again be noted that occupational disease is com pensable in three states in this last group. "With the adoption of Occtjpational Disease Acts, new medical problems arise and more adequate provision is required for medical examination and treatment. This is especially true with respect to dust diseases, which call for diagnosis i skilled specialists experienced in t(,"; field." i! ( Examination Before Employment I 1. Under Compensation Acts: j|, I Xew Mexico Act contains a provision t*. i quiring the workman, at the time of hi," I employment, or thereafter at the request 1 of the employer, to submit himself to a,, examination. The Xew York Act of 1936, covering silicosis and other dust diseases, provides in 'the opening paragraph; "It is hereby declared to be the policy of the legislature of this state, in enact ing this article, to prohibit through every lawful means available, any requirement as a prerequisite to employment which compels an applicant for employment in any occupation coming, within the pur view of this article to undergo a medical examination." The Xorth Carolina Act, effective March 26, 1935. contains a provision re- . | quiring examination both prior to employ- . ment and from time to time during era- j ] ploymcnt. A; In the compensation acts of no other states were found provisions wtth respect to examination prior to. the time of em- ^ ployment. 2. Under Other Statutes; Five states r Louisiana. Maine. Xew Jersey, Xew York arid Pennsylvania) have statutes requiring physical examination before an employee is permitted to work un er compressed air or in caissons. - <arr So cli.-ior acts. imin: In setts, (Vest been sort evilly and occtr atta resp< state T cuss 1. com M com peri som timi ual E xam ination D uring Employment The five states mentioned in the pftding paragraph r.equire periodic exarattions during the course of employment der compressed air or in caissons. Missouri statutes provide for examina nt, as often as once a month, by a taw tent licensed and reputable physician, is- all employees who come into direct 2r ntact with certain poisonous agencies rr injurious processes. T: T h re tstate s (Xew Jersey, Ohio and i, mnswfWWs^i,.require employers to cause U bc^^ripined at leasr^tfi*" * mdftlSti c iplc0 <^l/mgaged in any work or p*e* t 5 ei ^ - them--i:<yi*iMdfc.dust, l" . ! n'ns^oi't'lead solutions. ^ OUOOf i f ; 'Snosis ^ J ,n ^JTnent .V,,Cts:. The 0V|s'n rt T * 01 hU he requesl :,stlf to a, ' cverin? Provide^ tle Polie; in enact, ugh evenquiremen: '- * which Jyment in the pur* medical effective v'sion reo employJuring ent- Metals Section 317 nation After Claim for Disability E,i Arises Vo two state acts contain identical pro-ions, but in all (including the District Columbia) that have compensation .t there is provision for physical exiniination after claim for disability arises.. In five states (Kentucky. Massachu setts, \,'ew York, North Carolina, and \Vest Virginia), definite recognition has been given to the importance of some <ort of medical board composed of spe cially qualified physicians and surgeons, and charged with the duty of diagnosing occupational disease and of advising the administrative board or commission with respect thereto. The laws of these five states are quite different and should be studied separately for details, but in each occupational disease, including silicosis, is compensable. The importance of roentgenograms in any thorough physical examination for pneumoconiosis is well known. This im portance is recognized in the Acts of New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, and West Virginia. Medical Treatment In the 17 states (including Maryland) in which occupational disease is, to some extent, compensable, the acts usually en title the claimant to a limited amount of medical, Surgical, and hospital care, meas ured in money cost or length of time covered by treatment. These points were raised in the dis cussion following the addresses: 1. How much time is required for completing a training course? Mr. Davison said that the training course in their plant ordinarily covered a period of one and one-half years, but that some students completed it sooner. The lime required depends upon the individ ual. 2. Is it advisable to limit the number oi students per teacher? Ten students per instructor is a good ratio. 3. Which gases present the greatest harzards in welding? Silicon gases are the most harmful. The risk, however, has largely been over come by manufacturers of welding sup plies. i I f !!&. ii - -..T : <ISO a * V- !l| ill $ m -1$i. ment THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Metals Section Safety Contest Two hundred and two units were reg istered in the 1936 Contest of the Metals Section. During the Contest period 267,792 employees worked ;61.7S8,279 man-hours with an average frequency rate of 8.030. a decrease of 4 per cent mom the 1933 rate of -S.334. Ninety-five units completed the Contest with a fre quency rate below the average, and 8 Per cent of the units finished with per:ect records. Nineteen plaques and eight certificates were awarded in the Contest. The plaques were presented by John B. Gibson. Publicity Director, Hawthorne works. Western Electric Company, Chi cago, and Vice President ior Community Safety Councils. National Safety Council, as follows: Steel Mills Division, Group A--Conti nental Steel CorporatM g^okom o Divi sion, Kokomo. India On mat . - hours. 12 injuries. ngrcss 669,449 man-hours, ncs Stellite Co., Kolioei", i man-hours, no injury,'.' lling Mill Co.. Sixth -hland, Ky.. 142,942 ^...j juries. chine Shops Division. Grc2? j Manufacturing Compaq Williamsport, i 'enn.. I.Soy. rs, no injuries, shine Shops Division, Grasp H for first place--C. Hayo ;c Manufacturing Compa- to., 805,007 man-hours, r.j < B Pump and Supply Com- Angeles, California. 2GS.222 : o injuries; Xoera Manufit- Waterbury, Conn., 214.752 : t injuries. i hine Shop Division -- Three place--Western Clock Coalie. 111., 5,309,320 man-hours, > ilg Electric Ventilating Cora- 0, III., 370,222 man-hours, no Metal Hose Company, | v l ', 146,536 man-hours larding j Pittsburgh, Pa, feguarding ar.d ways o: pro. It included 13 views taken j and Chicago District plants ' :ie-I!linois Steel Corporation t received from other com;ug the Ashland and Butler the American Rolling Mill e Duluth Works c: the el & Wire Company; the el Corporation; the Ford ny: the National Tube Cornlie Pittsburg:-. Llmes-.ono absence of T. H ' :Keu* vrai cliairr.v.r. 7 un a m Mining Section Officers 1935-36 General Chairmen--J. W . Ai.t. Calumet & Hecla Consolidated Copper Co.. Calumet. Mich. J'ice-CItciman in Charge of Membership--C. W. Gibes, Harwick Coal and Coke Co.. Pittsburgh, Pa. yiee-Chairman in Charge tif Engineering--C J, Barrett, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Duluth, Minn. I'Ue-Chcirman- in Charge oj Health--Lee Long, Clinehfield Coal Corp.. Dame, Va. Secretary--Da.viel Hakrixgtox, United States Bureau oi Mines, Washington, D. C. Entertainment Committee Chairman--W.\t. G. Meteuer. Hudson Coal Co., Scranton. Pa. Program Committee Chairman--R. X. Hosuat, Coal Mine Section. Pennsylvania Com pensation Rating and Inspection Bureau. Harrisburg, Pa. Poster cr.c Slide Committee Chairman--J. J. Forses, United States Bureau of Mines. Pittsburgh, Pa. Publicity Committee Chairman--M. R. Budo. The Explosives Engineer, Wilmington. Del. Statistics Committee Chairman--\Y. W. Adams, United States Bureau oi Mines. Wash ington. D. C. Members e! Large-- P. 2d. A rthur, American Zinc Co. of Tennessee. Mascot, Tenn. Jour: L. Boardma.v, Anaconda Copper Mining Co.. Butte. Mont. Axcus D. Campbell. McIntyre Porcupine Mines. Ltd., Schumacher, Ont.. Canada. W. H. CoMt.vs. National Pigments and Chemical Co., Potosi, Mo. T homas E. LroiiTroor. Koppers Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Grosse Martinson-, Pickantls Mather S: Co.. Cleveland, Ohio. D. D. Moffat, Utah Copper Co.. Salt Lake City. Utah. A". O. Murray. The Union Paci.nc Coal Co., Rock Springs, Wyo. R. B. Paul, Xew Jersey Zinc Co,. New York. X. Y. L. T. StcK.t, St. Joseph Lead Cc.. Bonne Terre, Mo. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Genere. Chairman--C. W. Gimis. Harwich Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. I'iee-Ch :;rn:cn in Charge vj Engineering--G. J. Barrett, U. S. Steel Corpora-.:;r i sidiar: cs, Duluth, Minn. I'ice-C :irmc.n in Charge oj Pier ' --Lee Loxc, Oitichfield Coal Corp., Dante, '.'a. ricc-Ch ; in Charge of i.i.mrship--A x cu ; D. C amfbell. McIntyre p-.rru Ltd.. Schumacher, Out.. -.Hr,ruin. SVf.v W- c r v U .T'ii c irli i '.fay Congress - the contest Itati run 11 mont/..- ^ io * :-time accident iti the i-- t :rreri Septentber IS. lO.Tt. * j Petroleum Section MG SESSIO N 936 -.iling attention of supervisor to ex. tec of unsafe practice; analysis of anpractice; follow-up correction, .".hods which should he cmp:c"f(t to train safety amons the personnel outlined as follows: -miction, group, departmental and dual: inspection: investigation: comemployees to follow safety rules and actions; compel them to use safety es and guards; stunts, contest-, etc.: naming constant pressure or. safety in operating problem: acceptante by tnircmcnt of responsibility toward :v: '"-lintaining and using cost rec- an training program: fits: aid ini, he consensus on the enforcement of plinarv measures was: :;h measures should be enforted by .-'jpervisor. first liv a warning, then : lay-off without pay, then by tenio. and, if all these tail, by discharge, ottlv one safetv activity v.*.r: perwhich should he selected The . important activities were sciv ::rd in Allowing order: dividual instruction to w o r b r r . by r.en, because a job done cor.--::iy is '.Iv done safely; education in a gen-eusc, which could embrace a multi- of minor safetv activities; : xccutives and subordinates; ;.Mating ient prevention as a manufa ;:-rin '.or,:, placing it on a par v.\ *- any nnasc 01 operation. :.v r Officers 1935-36 Central Chairman--R. 13. Roares, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas, .Chairman--A, W. EREr.Lo.vn. Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas. jifaxtie Division Chairman--Archer Ashton-, Soeony-Vacuunt Oil Co., Paulsboro, X. J. Crai Lakes Division Chairman--Glenn Byers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Me. .Continent Division Chairman--R. S. Huffman-, Oklahoma Xatural Gas Co., Tulsa. RockOyklMa.ountain Division Chairman--A. T. Eckvall, Sianolind Oil and Gas Co., Mid west, Wyo- Call Division Chairman--J. L. Manes, Sun Texas. Pacific D i v i s i o n Chairman--R. B. Hecox. Standard Oil Co. of Calif., Taft. Calif. A'ra'j Letter Editor--W. B. Murphy, Adamic Refiuiog Ok PhSadelphia, Pa. Engineering Committee Chairman--Ciias. A. Miller, The Texas Co., Houston, Texas. Health Committee Chairman--Dr. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, PoTsetexrasC. ommittee Chairman--A. J. Martinson, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, PrCoaglrifa-m Committee Chairman--G. O. Lockwood. The Empire Companies. Bartlesville, PuObklilcai.ty Committee Chairman--J. H. S avage, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corp., Tulsa. Okla. Statistics Committee Chairman--J. \V. Myers, Standard Oil Co., (X.J.) New York, X. Y. Post General Chairmen-- R. W. C lack. Standard Oil Co. of X. J.. Elizabeth, X. J. R. S. Eonsib, Standard Oil Co. (X. J.) New York, X. Y. V. R. C urrie, The Texas Co.. Houston. Texas. R. E. Donovan, Standard Oil Co. of California. San Francisco, Calif. C. L. H ichtower. United Gas Co., Houston. Texas. G. O. Lockwood, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville. Okla. Geo. F. P russinc, Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. E. J. Sf.xne. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., inc.. Xew York. X. Y. C. \V. S m ith, Standard Oil Co (Ind.l. Chicago, 111. D. J. W allace. Sinclair Prairie Oil Co., Tulsa. Okla. Secretory--K. X. BlaKeslee. American Petroleum Institute. New York City. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Cenent! C\':'.rina:--A, \V. Dkejcl.*..v>. Star Ga. Te.\as^ A. J. MAHTiN'iON*. Unie:: Oil Co. ut C a n c c i c f O U n b f i r ; W'U's / .;'' /::/.'.>--J. U. itnw.'. Tit!-: '-Vater OH Cu^wfflff^ew " *"* I3& - OOCC) ST .m .362 T a rn iy -jifti: Xatioual Safety Congress Enaiuccring Committee Chairman-- E. D. Murpiif.v, Mid-Continent Petroleum Corn ' OkU. ' ` Health Committee Chairman--Du. V. C. Baird, Humble Oil and Refining Co M- I'"` Texas. '' Poster Committee Chairman--H. T. M arkee. Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Cu Program Commi// Chairman--R. ?.. RoapeR. Humble Oil and Refining Co., H<*Texas. Publicity Committee Chairman--Gt-Exx Evers, Shell Petroleum Corp., St. Louis, Ma :t Statistici Committee Chairman--J. \V. .'.Ivers, Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), New York, Si Atlantic Division Chairman--R. L. Simpsox, The Texas Company, New York, N. y. Creai Lakes Division Chairman--F. R. McLeax, Socony-Vacuum Oil Co.. Inc_. \\v i Star Div., Detroit, Mich. . Gulf Division Chairman--D. B. H iatt. Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Company, Fort \yr, Texas. Mid-Continent Division Chairman--K raus Earhart, The Texas Company. Tulsa, Oki Pacific Division Chairman--L. K. Butler, Union Oil Companv of Calif., Los An., Calif. ' Rocky Mountain Division Chairman--B. V. Osdcrx, Standard Oil Co. find.), Casper, V." Past Cenerai Chairmen-- R. W. Black, Standard Oil Co. of X. J., Elizabeth, X. J. R. S. Boxsib, Standard Oil Co. (X. I.), New York. X. Y. V. R. Currie, The Texas Company, Houston, Texas. R. E. Donovax, Standard Oil Co. of Calif., San Francisco, Calif. C. L. Hiciitower, United Gas System. Houston, Texas. G. 0. Lockwooo, The Empire Companies, Bartlesville, Okla. Geo. F. P russino, Union Oil Co. oi Calif., Los Angeles. Calif. R. B. Roapes. Humble Oil and Refining Co., Houston, Texas. E. J, Sexxe. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., inc.. New York, X. Y. C. \V. Smith, Standard Oil Co. find.'. Chicago, III. D. J. W allace, Sinclair Prairie Oil Co.. Tulsa. Okla. Secretary--H. X. Blakesi.ee, American Petroleum Institute, New York, X. Y. TUESDAY MORNING SESSION October 6, 1936 - The first session w as called to order by General Chairman R . B . Roapcr, Hum ble Oii & Refining Co.. Houston, Texas, who resided. Chairm an Roaper welcome! -.he delegates and reported on the progne the Section during the year. Accident Investigations By A. W. BREELAND Supervisor of Safety, Lone Star Gas Co., Dallas, Texas 1er our system an investigatim i is ___. ____ . ___ iiiiiM-r SpieBftioit 10 flVMg ?l ' Ilc tai10 y [ made on ev ery accident reported, miete tire report w hich we require i injury, the foreman or supervisor PFpiltc accKku answ er a T o 8' (hich cangfiajjftibe answer : :S illVCStigAtio'' . evtt partcula purchas. respirai, CO iS ! s could hi reviews ' Public Utilities Section of he station and * ! varded to the hcad,^; i <al Safety council or u 1 dards Association the national commit ! Section, known as c. j OScers 1935-36 ring Section of the X. : nncil, might join (acral Chairman--Roy M. Godwin-. Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Committee ir. ntakir- .,/-Chairman iar Telephone and Telegraph Interests--W. P. Elstun, American Tele- : phone and Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. :t the use :: this co;. '! in the operation \ vast amount of ti~t has been expended :r. of the three edifies, roduced to date. Ss:(. I'Ui-Ckairman far Gas Interests--Toux J. Barada, The Laclede Gas Light Co., St. Louis, Mo. `:-r-Chairman jar Electric Interests--W. H. Brows, Northern States Power Co., Minne* aeolis, Minn. Secretary--H. A. P tolemy, Public Service Co. of Northern Illinois, Chicago, 111. ild be compensated lion of the reconnect a to the accident sac; n the varices industre . the country. H:w `lines Letter Editor--R. B. I.vmax, The Philadelphia Gas Works Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 'i&igiaeermg Committee Chairman--V,'. H. M ulligan, Hydro-Electric Power Commission cf Ontario, Toronto, Out., Canada. lietlir. Committee Chairman--D r. H ast E. Fisher, Chicago Rapid Transit Co., Chicago. 111. existence c: this codt* Uemhership Committee Chairman--C. H. Dixsmore, Wisconsin Power & Light Co., Maui- opy in your files to U .-'ion, Wis. with whatever ted,may be available? An :ory dies considers? of ilattcr.s in this not only t; your K-' are directly sen-.-.; Program Committee Chairman--H. W. Lueck, Commonwealth Edison Co.. Chicago, I". ~'Pttlieity Committee Chairman--Ray A. Edwards, San Diego Consolidated Gas and ElecT trie Co, San Diego, Calif. Statistics and Contest Committee Chc-hmon--1C. L. H ightower. United Gas Co, Houston, Texas. il body by crawiae merican standard. T'uul Education Committee Chairmen--E. P. D uryee, Consolidated Gas Co. of New York. New York, N. tates which are e.-e; Safety Ctdes as illations i.- const:*.-..' mal uniformity c" prevention so iar ' will not :t scene"i support is Pr<* try, to the jceept'-' geneies o: these codes as be b~'" Special Rcprescntati-.cs-- \V. A. Buchanan, Appalachian Electric Power Co, Welch. W, Va. fE.E.I.). -- T. Caster, Lincoln Telephon: and Telegraph Co, Lincoln, Ncbr. > L. Gilbert. Michigan Bell Telephone Co, Detroit, Mich. a Sv ' ^ ALt- -Ytlantic City Electric Co, Atlantic City, N. J. ?-u -vcr-' Public Service Co. ci Colorado, Denver, Colo, p J' 1 Consolidated Electric and Gas Co, New York, N. Y. (A.G.A.). u _ "OYes, Central Maine Power Co, Augusta, Maine. . p Er S hebd, Appalachian Electric Power Co, Bluefield, W. Va. " R- Stiles, Compania Cubana c; Electricidad, Maximo Gomez ( Antes Monte) No. 1 --Apartado 1713, Habana, Cuba. -'t.U.iirj-- ~urp, Alliante, u leneral E. : u*;Jolin G'i'f--- ' at Lynn. .roit Stce. t~ a ^ au.mont, The Peoples Go. Light fit Coke Co, Chicago, 111. m " Boulet. Wisconsin Public S.ervice Corp, Milwaukee. Wis. r' O* Ooeller. Davton Power t Lieht Co, Dayton, Ohio. Philadelphia Co, Pit-.ihurgh. Pa. p *g"\ y*aclaciilaN, Electrica! Er.rineer, Toronto, Out, Canada. ft-.T 'oCuu.ocit, Bureau of S, : .:;, Chicago. 111. The Detroit Edison ? Detroit. Mich, ... -- 1srwa. Illinois Bell Tel:- v.r.e Co, Chicago, III. - : . UTT..Wr,, T e x :- Power i.Yh: tin, Dallas, Texas. i rt. The Chess*. - r.::.! Potomac Telephone Co, W; 'trea, V.Y.* hive-,-. iisitnrgh, Pa.' ' Phil..:, I:,|t f. C*>, Chicago. IP, 1 "'I SI 406 Sa tel l oit;;:-. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Cenerai L1.ninna;:-- 'tt\* J. P arada. The Laclede. Gas Light Co.. it . Louis. Mo. l iec-Clininnaii j. r 'eiephone and TeU'jraph Interest*--\\\ P. K-sti\y. American *IYu pilone end Tcivrr. o Co.. Xew York. X . V. e' l'icC'Ckaintian 1er :.s in t e r e s t s -- E . P. D urfee. Consolidated Kiisou Co. of X . V., l nc New York. X, Y ' iee-Chairman far cctrte Interests-- \Y.\r. H . Enow.v, Northern states Power Co.. Min* ncapolis, Mimi. Secretar^-- H. A . P?:c lem v, Public Service Co. of Northern niiur.i.s. Chicago, 111. .Vexes Letter Coin;);:: R. B. I.VM.A.X, Ci atrmmi. The Philadelphia Gas Works Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. C iiahles S. Bon- rs.v, Ohio Public Service Co., Alliance. Ohio. J ames D. H all. Atlantic Cite..Electric Co., Atlantic City, X . J . E. R. Khoep. Cr. ion Electric Light and Power Co.. St. Louis. Mo. Enr/incerina Camn::::. W . H." Ml.'t.LftAN . (T/fflirmun, H ydro-Electric Power CunnmX.M.a ot Ontario, Ont.. Canada. A. A. .Kusc.r.. ? -hitc Service Co. vi Colorado, Denver, Colo. P alx R. K u h n . Penn Central Lie h t & Power G.. Altoona. Pa. J ohn P. McC a n : X c w England Few er Assn.. Boston. Mass. W, J. MeV.w, C.r.suHdau-ii Electric and Gas Co., Xcw York. X. Y. Toronto. Ilcalth Ccmmittcc Ci ;:>/<!-- Dx. H akt G. F ismkr, Chicago linn hi Transit Co., Chicago. 111. ha 'suai Ethcalion C. nitiec Chairman--C. L. HmifTowr.;:. United Gas System, Houston, io tk Texas. tic Publieitx^CuuuniUce *. r.rnian---P. S. MetzGKk. The Toledo Edison Toledo, Ohio. ih Membership C o nitui: p!" H. W. Ll-kck, hairm aul. Comr.v.nwcakh Edison Cm. Cliie;..-'. I l l to H auuv Bkbma::, * nsolidated `las -w Electric Co.. lialthucirv. Md. r M. T . C a ster, ; :r-ln Telephone Telegraph Co.. Lincoln. Nvbr. d K. P. Xoves. <' r-1 Maine P'-v.or Co.. Augusta. Maine. IT A . R ust. K ric .'junty K leCtric <.' (rie. Pa. H . IT .Siik i.ii. .'. -.tachian .:Lrctr:.: Power Co.. I'haeneld. VP. A. U. Str.r.i.r.. Ol.-i:,:- :::n Gas r.:::d Elee: r ;c t.'umpany. Oklahoma " Okla. P. K . Srii.Ks. ../ ama Cv.l.;ana de Eiectriciiiavl. Habana, Ci:' E ra n ra m C '-m m itlcc W is. .: n a a n -- '.L H . u : sMoaK. W scuuu Power :.: U clit Co.. Mie*!- S t 'CCial H c f r e s c n h u E - w . a . :!X:cti a x an*. Appalachian h'lectric : .-.ver Co., Welch. " Va. ( IT IT I.) CliAKt-K.i J. C k : .""T. Chai rntan. .ccideut Prevent inn Cm::.:: v.'.-c. Anicrici'i Co Association. Councilors-- E. S. Dsaum ost. C. 7L P,m; lkt. W G. A. Doku.ku, 7 Uuy M. G oiavt::. E. J. K P h i E WTT.J.S M.\CLAr P. K. .MrCut.i.oo:: Gkouuk Oi'P, Dc:r' K. M. Pr.m:n, Li': C. J. Rwti.and, T v J. !.. Va tI'T. H. K, WfJB, : Peoples Ga* I. :X n \* Coke Co.. Gi.icau-,-. 1 Kin IV.Mic Ser' ice (Arp.. .Milwaukee. V\': \ ; >nyu>n Power ; : Light C"., Dayton, 0 ii: . ii.idclphia Electr :c Co.. Philadelphia, Pa. T.hia Company. Pittsburgh. Pa. . Electrical Enei: teer, Toronto, Out., Cana*.:.. Pureau ot Safety . Chicago, ill. Edison O rm a r * \ Detroit, Mich. X Kell TCeyhor. : Co., Chiengfl ^___ *. Power X Lie: : Company. Me Chesapeake :: l Potomac wIlqTnbtte "run System, Pit: .T-urgh, Pa. I * ' - * " ' * ' ' , . i&.&shing' :$ns `f tonjjs and wear a -S and goggles. Jge hammer docs not * does not wear gloves, v? jive him a better grip'0n uer handle and without ble to see more clearly*?' struck. "* operator uses an electrj~| mall piece of work it j(,0au st in a vise. Under a0 'hould small work be held i -it should be either made fa* 'r clamped to a work-beoci. ule applies while filing suuj t all times they should 1* a portable electric grinda, i be taken with the leads is ipiug; the man should alwaji gles. An accident occurrd employee used this type d properly. He made it fast u d used it to sharpen a toot At L away the wheel exploded. I :e entering his groin. The :d been placed on a board id t to the board. This guardsas of aluminum and would set ord' much protection era w t placed the opposite nj. .gation it was found that tk was not operating and that lit the wheel was about two tiso tould have been. 'Urei Chairman--Alexander Foster. J r., Warner Co.. Philadelphia, Pa, fithairmaii--R ussell Rarey, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio, jrrpary and Nczes Letter Editor--X. B. Site, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. futcr Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. f^Seity Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, 'Ic. ies Committee Chairman--W. \V. A dams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, me ff*.vrr at Large-- V. P. A heakx. National Sand and Gravel Assn.. Washington. D. C. r William H. Baker. J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. 1 0. M. Graves. The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton, Pa. V A L. WoRTitEN', The Connecticut Quarries Co., New Haven. Conn. Officers Elected for 1936-37 Carrai Chairman--Alexander Foster, J r., Warner Co., Philadelphia, Pa. iiu-Chairman--Russell R arey, The Marble Cliff Quarries Co., Columbus, Ohio. imlary and News Letter Editor--N. B. Sipe, J. E. Baker Co., Y'ork, Pa. ftder Committee Chairman--H. F. Yotter, The General Crushed Stone Co., Easton, Pa. felicity Committee Chairman--J. R. Boyd, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, D. C. 'Satieties Committee Chairman-- W. W. A dams, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. limbers at Large-- V. P. A hearn. National Sand and Gravel Assn.. Washington, D. C. William H. Baker, J. E. Baker Co., York, Pa. 0. M. Graves, The General Crushed Stone Co.. Easton, Pa. S. W alter Stauffer. National Lime Association, Washington. D. C. A L. W orthen, The New Haven Trap Rock Co.. New Haven. Conn. W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 j Ihe first session was called to order by I .^"erjl Chairman Alexander Foster, Jr., j ->rner Company. Philadelphia. Pa., who presided, welcoming the delegates and outlining the activities tMi^,Section dur-__ ing the year. -f& i. MS ?<f '1||; mhI i-4 ! 452 T'ccm y-fiflli Xiitiur.c.i Safety Caai/rtv.- Hazard- in aiui about the piant are dis cussed and corrections recommended. A short study of first aid is covered at each meeting, it time permits, some interest ing article from the National Safety News is briefly covered or some new safety device is placed on display for consideration. The personnel and safety department issues a monthly "Foremen's Bulletin" which is distributed to all plants. Each issue contains an editorial; a first aid in struction page; a Voice of Safety experi ence page, containing illustrated safety devices that foremen have sent in. relat ing to some accident problems and how they were solved. This' is followed by several pages showing competitive stand ing of foremen according to severity rates. The last few pages cover a sum mary of all lost-time and reported acci dents during the previous month. Employer-Employee Relations It an employee is happy with his work, his comrades, and general surroundings, he is proud of his company. He has been given a chance to help develop the safety program. .Perhaps the company's house organ has honored him for a note worthy suggestion. Maybe he was in a group picture of no-accident workers. These are subjects of conversation when he is out with his friends. He is no, only proud hut interested in his sur roundings. He it part of the organize tion. and that feeling of .-espoitsibih'tv encourage? co-operation. Good Housekeeping Every safety program contains a icw thoughts on this topic, but it is one practice that is seldom seriously considered. It is to hard to use valuable time to clean up yard and plant. We have learned differently. About a half hour each day it spent in keeping our plant ship-shape. Our walkways are kept free front sand and gravel, lines, worn plates and screens. The spaces between the railroad tracks are cleaned so that the brakemen and firemen will run no risk of injury from falls while shifting cars. The decks oi our tups, scows, and dredges are kept free of material and lines arc properly coiled and placed to prevent one from stumbling. Where no other protection can be given, hand rails art placed on tugs and barges to prevent men from falling overboard. The plant is thoroughly illuminated for night opera tion. Floors, steps, and other walkway -ttrfaccs are kept free of oil, water, ice, and snow. Materials are piled so that they will not easily iall or be displaced by vibration. contained free siiica. Frequent the Jiteraru which arc of their sil are true ; taken to n in these t fully expo employees work wit; silica haz though ai potentially measures hazard p- more prooccupauo: hazardous exposure. 'A b m afi?!p Jjte mUltii; mu- THURSDAY MORNING SESSION October 8, 1936 Silicosis: An Occupational Disease Hazard By R O Y R. JO N E S , M. D." Passed Assistant Surgeon, U. S, Public Health Service, Division of L abor Standards U. S. D epartm ent of Labor Silicosis is, in the strict sense of the term, an occupational disease. It has not been reported as affecting any individu- als except those workers who, for a""long period have-eweeksd-un. an mospheti^iyiiene the ir^Shey breathed* *Passed A ssistan t S u rfetm , U. S. Public H ealth Service. bin 000104 Tn a dustria: per ce; in occt hazard Vane1 By  .,s "oi 1,1 h*s Sur. !h o rg in ijj. responsibility mg mains a (v ut it is One ously considvaluable time it. We have a half hour ng our plan! are kept free . worn plates between the so that the run no risk shifting cars, scows, and .rial and lines ed to prevent ere no other and rails are o prevent men The plant is - r :-l't opera>t valkway oil, ..ater, ice, piled so that ,'C displaced by bor Standards ho. for a4lT.ee.ed in an : :hcy breathec Quarry Section 433 contained an excessive concentration of 000 men were then working under condi (ree silica. tions which were harmful to their health Frequently, reports have appeared m from the viewpoint of silica inhalation, ,(,e literature listing the chief occupations but such a statement does not mean that M n-hicli are considered hazardous because this number of men are doomed to die f: 0f their silica exposure. These no doubt from the effects of such exposure. Many , re true statements, but they cannot be of these workers may in the near future taken to mean that all workers employed be working under different conditions, ;n these trades or industries are harm either because they sought employment fully exposed. In some cases few of the elsewhere, or because the existing haz employees in the cited industries are at ards will have been controlled. work with processes contributing to a silica hazard. In other instances, al though ail the processes are dusty and potentially dangerous, effective control measures are in operation and no real hazard present. Perhaps it would be more proper to state that the following occupations are the "most potentially hazardous" from the viewpoint of silica Occupational diseases are reportable by law in but a few states. As a result, ac curate information regarding the inci dence of silicosis is not available. Based upon.the data furnished by field studies and census reports, various estimates have been made as to the number of workers potentially and actually exposed to a silica hazard. Less than 25 per cent exposure. of the employees in the zinc and lead Abrasive-powder makers Abrasive-soap makers Blasters (sand) Brickmakers Coal miners Core makers Foundry workers . Glass makers Glass mixers Granite quarriers mines in the Tri-State Area,' and of the workers in the hard coal mines of Penn sylvania,* were found to have developed silicosis in any form. In Massachusetts, according to a report of a Special Com mission.* less than 23 per cent of repre sentative granite workers examined and less than 12 per cent of representative foundry workers had silicosis in any form. Hard-rock miners Causes of Silicosis Metal grinders Pottery makers Pneumatic rock drillers Polishers Sanders Stone finishers Slate quarriers Slate finishers Sand pulverizers Tunnelers . Vitreous enamelers The mere contact with silica dust does not. of course, result in silicosis. The development of silicosis in an individual is dependent upon: the concentration of dust in the air he breathes: the amount of free silica in the dust; the size of the silica particles: and the length of lime the worker is exposed to the dusty at mosphere. Some contributing forces are the presence of other irritating dusts and active pulmonary infection. The lung In a survey carried out in a typical in with impaired lymphatic drainage result dustrial area.' it was found that about 9 ing from previous infection can less Per cent of the workers were employed readily eliminate the silica particles in in occupations where a potential silicosis haled. and thus predisposes to a more ex Hazard is known to exist. Lanza ar.d tensive accumulation of silica in the lung. ) ane: estimated, in 1934, that about fi In the final analysis, only dust containing 1 Public H ealth BuHctiu .Vo. ilo . The i*oiei:::2; problem* vi in d u s tria l hvpiene in a tvpical indili" area in the United tate. , . : B ir r a . ,U J., Vane. Robert J. T he preva.er.ee of silicosis in th e penerai population and its e i upon the incidence ct tuberculosis. American review oi Tuberculosis. Jan ,. !h:: _ 1Sayers. R. R,, Me inve ber. F V.. Lanza. A. J., A dam s, W. \V . 'iueoaa4TO8Si5Eerculosj ntiners c : the T rt-S ta tc D istrict oi O U ahcnta. r ia m a i, and M l3scu ri. L \ SzE&ureau at Mines e; Department oi C ennterce. Technical lla;>er. I-:. : ,^t. I 4 Pubhc H ealth Bulletin No. Oil. A iutine*.-v.ucosis an icn p h ard coal mid ,, 1 R evet: to the Metterai C ourt oi the ;e r:a i In d u s tria l D isease Coma' d arsarh u setts. House No. 1.1:0, Feb., l?ta. bv-Cmmonweaith U C5 mm Quarry Section 435 1l _ . *n the* upper r ;us me ^ Ur, they . :os set dies' h, of indi small eter o{ t '. on dust na ?e P size ions ct of these the lungs tion in the Following mg fibrous they ma. -licate lung dense sear s aiding in J not only to obtain d but also, ens the naissu' i in- silica-conror the de indefinite, .itrations oi is exposed, of silicosis the worker : extensive pulmonary r period of jsure is exoccasionally :s as 1J4 to here infec a the midom estabvears, and here measnoted uiud Clinical Signs and Diagnosis The diagnosis oi silicosis may some- ' {S be most difficult. There are no ""ns r symptoms exhibited by the inI j'S.jjual with silicosis which may not also l" found upon examination of persons offering from other respiratory diseases. Early <n (b4 development of silicosis, unltss the condition is complicated by pul: ^onary infection there is little, -if any- ' thing. >n the affected individual's general ' appearance to suggest the disease. The cardinal symptom is shortness of breath. \t the beginning, this may be apparent j nly following exercise, but as fibrosis of the lung increases, shortness of breath is more marked and eventually may become manifest upon the least exertion. When silicosis is definitely established, the in dividual usually breathes in a manner characteristic of those whose lungs have lost elasticity. Normally, the time re quired to inhale is longer than that re quired to exhale. The pulmonary fibrosis developed in the person with silicosis will not permit the lung to collapse as readily as the normal lung. The time required for breathing out may be two or three times greater than that required for in halation. In the advanced silicotic, this phenomenon may be as marked as in the case of chronic asthma. Commonly, the silicotic individual com plains ot a dry cough, more marked in the morning and following exercise. The sputum may sometimes be blood-tinged, especially following severe coughing at- i tacks. Excessive coughing, with the rais ing oi muco-puruient sputum, usually in dicates infection. When the person with silicosis develops an extensive complicatj ing pulmonary ir.iection, he will usually ! show constitutional evidence of the intecj tion. Digestive ailments, loss of weight and strength, fever, and severe chest pain are commonly experienced. Particularly ' when these signs persist, they may genI erall.v be considered indicative of serious complicating pulmonary infection. The lung changes shown by means ot (he X-ray are the most specific findings oi the disease, but these, too, are similar to the film changes produced by other j Pulmonary lesions. Xo diagnosis of sili*- J^tsis..should be considered established in '-he living individual without an X-ray study being mace. Considerable discussion has been cre ated by the question of the manner in which silicosis contributes to disability, and the methods used for determining the degree of disability. Detailed studies made upon large representative groups or workers have shown that in a majority of cases, a condition accurately diagnosed as silicosis may exist and yet there is no measurable decreased capacity for work. Therefore, it is important to remember that a diagnosis of silicosis does not al ways mean that the individual is dis abled. Individuals with silicosis have been shown to be more susceptible to pulmonary infection: and for that rea son, simple silicosis may be considered as contributing to disability which is pri marily tlje result of a pulmonary infec tion. The fact that X-ray findings are so important has led to the erroneous con clusion by some that a positive diagnosis may be made by examination of the films alone. Such is not the case. Careful consideration of all the evidence avail able is essential, before an authoritative ante-mortem diagnosis may be estab lished. A complete occupational record should be obtained. The medical history and the individual's complaints are of limited but definite value in all cases. The progress of the pulmonary changes serves to indicate the role.played by in fection. Since silicosis predisposes to pulmonary infection, particularly tubercu losis, every effort should be made to de termine if the infection is tuberculosis. In many instances, this will call for more than simple microscopic examina tion of the sputum. Guinea pig inocula tion with the formalin-treated sputum will frequently show tubercle bacilli that are not readily demonstrated otherwise. Some cases may require repeated exami nation in order to rule out the more com mon pulmonary ailments as causes of the pathological changes observed. Prevention of Silicosis The responsibility for the control of the silicosis hazard in a plant rests di rectly upon the employer. This differs sharply irom the ci-tribtHRjU "at, respon sibility in the field of indMrial accidents: In the case of accidenti&the employee must, share some oi t'rfS^^ponsibi'.ity. tfj B ggT .-'t ii tr; ; I Mi< 1 !> ` Smg* 1 .ifc : ? 5i^<I : lllM & fi! 3 m 4.V.. 7 Z i.'L * lltX 'jiftk .\ ^violici il T.7 V ConOI'tSS Silicosis. on the oilier hand. docs not de velop troni a temporary or single expo sure. and proper supervision of workers offers the management ample opportunity to deal summarily with the careless of fender before serious damage can result. Effective control may be stated primarily to depend upon the management's atti tude toward a sound comprehensive pro gram of prevention, based upon our pres ent knowledge of the disease. The prevention of silicosis is depend ent upon the application of cooperative medical and engineering methods. Sili cosis itself seldom advances to a degree which becomes disabling, unless the con dition is complicated by pulmonary in fection. Adequate medical supervision requires that provision be made for: 1. Medical staff with special training. It is not enough that the physicians be basically well-qualified in their profes sion. They must also be familiar with industry to such a degree that they know what health hazards are commonly as sociated with specific industries. More over, they must know the fundamentals of engineering, control applicable to these hazards, so that they may cooperate ef fectively with the engineering staff. 2. An organized program, including detailed pre-employment physical exam inations; careful periodic physical exam inations, and adequate control and study of respiratory illnesses affecting employ ees: and an effective system of recording and reporting industrial accidents and oc cupational diseases. Pre-employment physicial examinations should be made for the purpose of placing workers in positions for which they are physically fit to carry on with safety to themselves and their fellow-workers. No convincing evidence is available to show that a non-disabling silicosis affecting a worker will progress more rapidly if the individual remains at work under condi tions reasonably controlled, than if he is given another type of work. Therefore, those without evidence of active pulmon ary infection may he safely employed in any capacity, provided the conditions under which they are working arc rea sonably controlled. We have proof that individuals with active tuberculosis will have their condition aggravated by silica exposure, and that individuals with sili- cosis are particularly susceptible to pU[. monary tuberculosis. When management fails to take the necessary precautions to guard against the placing of men with tuberculosis in a dusty environment, thev increase the problem of controlling tu. berculosis among the population as a whole. Since any pulmonary infection may be such an important contributing factor in disabling silicosis, the relation ship of the medical personnel to the em ployee should be such that he is assured immediate advice and early treatment, if necessary, for respiratory infections which may develop during the period of em ployment Physical examinations made at regular intervals afford an opportunity for early detection of any harmful effects due to working environment. Where they are found, plant conditions may be corrected before serious injury results. The fre quency with which these examinations should be made will depend upon the physical condition of the men and the nature of the process in which they are engaged. For this reason, it is highly important that the medical personnel be familiar with the condition of the men upon entering employment, and with their later physical condition. They must also know the physical requirements of the occupation, the particular health haz ards associated with it, and the practical means tor rendering conditions of em ployment safe. There are many wavs in which me chanical or engineering methods can be adapted to insure clean air in the work room. Where possible, dusty operations should be isolated from other plant ac tivities, thereby exposing as few workers as possible to even a potential silicosis hazard. Local exhausts, removing dust at its source and preventing its dissemina tion into the workroom atmosphere, are practical for many operations. To accom plish this, in some instances, may require complete enclosing of the process. When local exhaust or enclosed processes are not effective o r " practical, air'filtering systems or simple general workroom ventilation, removing the dusty air and -"P '-'ijfl. t*a with clean air, may serve to f keep .mspquarters safe. " ' " ..j Atljjp^)t',shotjld be given to the meth-- ^ ods i^^phSihing the workrooms. Muc |f c ; 000103. !*$* `-"v Ouarrv Section m 4 37 ,,,,necessary dust is created by careless ceive periodic inspection tu insure that .weeping procedures. Either wetting down they are properly maintained and work before ssveeping, or the use of moist efficiently. That dust which is collected sweeping or vacuum cleaning methods, at its point of origin, and dust removed from the general atmosphere of the work 543 ){s,ens this source of atmospheric con room. should be so disposed of that there tamination. tn some operations, water sprays and is no chance of its again being circulated other wetting-down methods serve to keep in the workroom. I t the dusty particles out of the breathing Substitution of Product tone oi the worker. These methods are particularly adapted to blasting and load Frequently, an effort has hceii m.ulc to ing operations. In mining and tunnel eliminate the silica hazard by relying work, where blasting may be the chief upon substitute materials which contain source of atmospheric contamination, reg no silica. While this may in rare in ulating the time for doing such work is stances be both necessary and practical, strongly recommended. This work should in many it his proven a measure of but egulir be done bettvert shifts or after regular little value; furthermore, it can seldom 1 early working hours. In either case, sufficient be considered a complete solution of the due to time for the air to clear should be al problem. W e have seen the results of ey are lowed. Wet drilling or the use of drills similar attempts in the use of toxic solv rrected with dust traps attached are practical in ents. Aside from the fact that the sub he frt- most drilling operations. stitute may be less efficient, often its use tiations ft is sometimes impossible to operate is associated with a health hazard equally on the certain processes in such a way that the difficult to control. I.fTcctivc and prac .nd the worker can avoid exposure to a dusty tical control methods have been devel hey are environment. Under such conditions, res oped to insure the safe operation of most highly piratory protection of an approved type processes requiring the handling of sil -nnel be must be provided. The type of equip iceous materials. It is a far wiser policy .he r--n ment to be furnished will depend upon to depend upon proper control measures d the duration of exposure and the concen and continue being a material whose toxic y t.. .. tration and type of dust to which the in qualities, in controllable limits, are well ents oi dividual Is exposed. For short periods of understood, than it is to omit the adop !th hai- such exposure, or for emergency use, a tion oi control measures and rely upon a practical simple filter type of respirator may be product concerning which much less is of cm- satisfactory. For continuous employment known. It must be remembered that oc m unsafe atmospheres. the employee cupational diseases develop slowly, often should be equipped with a positive pres only after years of exposure, and the fact sure helmet or an airline respirator. that a substitute material proves safe for All mechanical or engineering devices a tew years is no guarantee that it is altogether harmless. used as a means of prevention should re he rcietl** Muci' What the Employer Should Know About Silicosis By THEODORE C. WATERS Mullikin. Stockbridge & Waters, Baltimore, Md. f'rior to the adoption of the workmen's stnipensation acts by our several state legislature*, an employee injured hi the oicr-tc of hi* employment could only rcr>v'ir from his employer for those itt;ir;cs which could be attributed to the 5g;:cencc o: his employer. bile liable for :::s own negligence. the employer was :v, gers of the employ*:: assumed by the et::p ntory negligence the negligence of hi, were similarly avalla'-, employer. There:' r~. industrial disputc- V""' ' - OOOiCii '' ~ -V ''V i. ' > 1; ',,'. * '* j *!r . " ' ^ r ^ - i j V * ' * L - .' ' '^ a. ><'<3ffSc.',s.*? * t ' >i- . 7. - t v ' . . ; - . :. ? * * "j rjiiJi k f j : m. ffiii i ; I it] ;] MX: ! iP-s i1 Eh i ; i mi fi iil If * r :t f i d *^;.A. cr:. :i His i. ! m I M i's j i gap W fs&l J: . 43S Tv.\':::y-jiftli .National Safety Congress legal status, employees reserted to actions at common law to obtain compensation lor injuries based upon the alleged neg ligence of the employer. The main purpose of the authors of the workmen's compensation acts enacted by our several state legislatures was to make the remedy granted thereby the exclusive remedy for injuries suffered by employees during the course of their employment. These acts stripped the employer of his common law defenses, including: 1. Failure to prove the employer's neg ligence. 2. Assumption of risk by the employer. 3. Contributory negligence of the em ployee and negligence of his fellow ser vants. In other words, the compensation acts made the employers insurers of the safety of their employees against accidental in juries. On the other hand, the compen sation acts deprived the employee of his right of common law action for accidental injuries sustained by him in the course of his employment. We must bear in mind, however, that the workmen's com pensation acts did not purport to cover occupational disease injuries, but solely accidental injuries, that is. those injuries which occurred at a specific place, at a certain time, and which could be ascer tained and determined coincidentally with the infliction of the injury. Forty-six states and the District of Co lumbia have enacted workmen's com pensation acts; Arkansas and Mississippi alone not having such acts gt the pres ent time. Compensation acts which ex clude compensation for occupational dis eases, either expressly or by judicial in terpretation, have been enacted in thirtytwo states. Fourteen states and the District of Columbia have (a) Work men's compensation acts which include compensation for occupational diseases, either expressly or by judicial interpre tation, or (b) specific occupational dis ease acts. With respect to those courts holding that the workmen's compensation acts do not provide an exclusive remedy to an employee, whereby the employee retains his common law right of action for in juries sustained by him in the course of his employment, such ruling is based substantially upon the reason that since workmens' compensation acts were designed primarily to compensate |0r traumatic injuries, they replace the em ployer's common law liability solely or those injuries sustained by accidental means. dustrial | with the by the t :en of against impossib Therefore, with respect to those per sonal injuries sustained by other means Need as for example, silicosis, since it is not The v compensable under the compensation of com- acts, the employee still retains his com found it mon law right of action therefor, based upon the negligence of his employer. will rem common With respect to those courts holding that that wo the Workmen's Compensation acts do j inated s provide exclusive remedy, such ruling is some le-. based primarily upon the language of the mate si act and the further ruling that an em ease inj ployee had no common law right of ac tion for occupational disease injury. The V compen Legal Basis for Recovery to his dustrial The usual form of declaration contains allegations that the defendant manufac turer caused the plaintiff to work in an atmosphere where silica dust existed; that is enga to. Th sires cc lered a the defendant knew or should have To a known that certain materials used by the defendant employer contained harmful or dangerous agencies of silica which were the sul prevent therefo destructive to life and health in the than i human body; that the defendant was certain guilty of negligence in failing to warn the plaintiff of the danger and in failing subject . attentu to provide the plaintiff with a safe place in which to work or safe appliances with which to work; that thereby the silica became introduced into the plaintiff's lungs and body, causing him permanent injury. In t' licity t has se 'mg pi eases i contro The defense pleadings set up the de fense of assumption of risk by the plain tiff, the plaintiff"s contributory negligence, You a' that ir ployee the negligence of the plaintiff's fellow servants and a general denial of the al and ac us by legations of negligence as charged by the plaintiff. T t is ilTCllluss for me to emphasize the seriousness of this type of litigationClass is arrayed against class. The loca press in those places where the causes are trier! ,,wj^ carry sensational headlines with respijA'S.'ffmhe trial, desmbjQS 1 fr"' terror of Wfijdjfisease and emphasizing eac complainfcttiSanst the manufacturer- Sut are filed,potiaifngly, but by the dozens^ The whiSaopsnnuinity wherein the lfl In ' is one . fort o certai hazar are aelimir capitc tion will - Possi care Quarry Section 439 lsation acts were de. to compensate f0r they replace the em. .aw liability solely (0r dustria! plant is located becomes aroused, with the attendant industrial chaos, and by the time trial day arrives, every citijen of the community is so prejudiced its mechanical improvements for control. However, for their part, those who labor must be educated m the ways and means of protection, to carry out the principles stained by accidental against the defendant that it is almost of good housekeeping that employers and impossible to procure an impartial trial. responsible State agencies may suggest, respect to those per. ained by other means Heed for Compensation Legislation and utilize such protective appliances that may be offered for their protection. ilicosis, since it is not .er the compensatioa : still retains his com- action therefor, based nee of his employer, ose courts holding that Compensation acts do remedy,.such ruling is ion the language of the ;cr ruling that an em.-nmon law right of acnal disease injury. The ultimate solution of the problem of compensation for silicosis must be (ound in some type of legislation that will remove this dispute from the field of common law suits. In the same way that workmen's compensation acts elim inated such actions for accidental injuries, some legislation must be devised to elim inate such actions for occupational dis ease injuries. The honest employer desires to provide compensation for those injuries occurring If employers and employees alike rec ognize and discharge these duties, effec tive results should be obtained in mini mizing the hazard and controlling dis eases arising therefrom. Again, with re spect to compensatory legislation, occu pational disease compensation should not be permitted to become health insurance and upon industry should be imposed only those costs which compensate injuries that are peculiar to the particular indus tries in which the employees are engaged. is for Recovery of declaration contains 'he defendant manufac- plaintiff-to work in an silica dust existed; that <new or should have n materials used by the er contained harmful or ;s of silica which were ite health in the it . defendant was .ice in failing to warn e danger and in failing aintiff with a safe place or safe appliances with that thereby the silica -d into the plaintiffs causing him permanent endings set up the deon of risk by the plaincontributory negligence, t the plaintiffs fellow -eneral denial of the al to his employees as a result of the in dustrial processes in which the employee is engaged and which are peculiar there to. The honest employee similarly de sires compensation only when he has suf fered actual injury. To attempt any detailed discussion of the subject of silicosis in industry and preventive and compensatory legislation therefor would consume far more time than Is available. However, there are certain basic principles relating to the subject to which I desire to call your attention. In the first place, the nation-wide pub licity that has been given to this problem has served a fortunate purpose in mold ing public opinion to eliminate such dis eases irom industry so far as engineering control thereof is capable of doing so. You and I. as citizens, recognize the fact that industry should provide for its em ployees a safe place in which to work, and accept this obligation imposed upon us by law. Form of Silicosis Compensation Acts For many who have given but super ficial thought to this problem, it has been somewhat easy to say that compensation for silicosis injuries should take similar form to that for accidental Injuries. The vice of such thought is in our failure to recognize the essential differences be tween the two types of injuries, to wit-- that accidents occur at a specific time, at a specific place, in a specific way, under a specific employer, while silicosis and other occupational disease injuries are the result of the accumulation of injurious substances over an extended period of time in different forms or types of em ployment and even under different em ployers. Therefore, the practical administration of the thought to compensate silicosis in juries in a manner similar to accidental injuries has not proved satisfactory and some other solution must be found. ienee as charged by the In the second place, the problem itself We have seen that in considerng the is one that calls tor the cooperative ef national development of compensation or me to emphasize the this type of litigation, against class. The local fort of both capital and labor. There are certain industrial processes wherein the hazard of silicosis exists, and today there acts, their original design was to cover only accidental injuries: in form and in methods of administration they were not laces where the causes rv sensational headline; re available mechanical Improvements to designed to cover occupational diseases. eliminate or control this hazard. Upon It may be true that certain occupational the trial, describing the capnal rests the burden of the installa- diseases have characteristics strikingly i;e and emphasizing eacn bv" of such mechanical equipment as similar to -traum^M-mijuries. such as an ti'.e manufacturer, sm1* 'v'-:i minimize the hazard in so far as is thrax and lead pSgjiSJtJ'. where., the Hjf- Sly, but by the dozen*- Possible. An affirmative duty of constant case develops imjrojUMly after exposure inunity wherein the in* Cirt is imposed upon industry to perfect and the deYeloffiS*&pf the disease is i- " O C C .il I * ,** "! Cr ' - ; 1 ' saw Y- ?\ VVV *; i;--; A. , V: < ' ... 440 Turnty-fifth Xntional Safety Courircss i i rapid and become disabling, fatal or cured within a limited period of time. On the other hand, there are certain forms of occupational diseases, for ex ample. silicosis, where the injuries sus tained represent the accumulation of in jurious substances over an extended pe riod of time and disablement may follow exposure to hazards under successive em ployers. Therefore, in considering legis lation for occupational diseases, we must recognize the fact that the problem with which we propose to deal is, of neces sity, different from the accidental injury problem and that the administrative pro visions of such legislation must be de signed especially to handle this particu lar problem. I am not a professional critic of Work men's Compensation Laws in effect in this country, but one thing is certain, none of them is perfect. Some of their provisions are perhaps unjust, cither to the employer or the employee and. cer tainly, in the administration of these pro visions, the human clement therein may give rise to certain inequities. However, these acts were the result of the need of transferring the disputes arising between employer and employee to some State agency whereby they might be settled, other than that provided by our courts of law. From my own observation of silicosis litigation, I believe that from the standpoint of the employer, the employee, and the public, some agency other than our courts of law should be established to determine the liability of employers for occupational disease injuries sustained by their employees. I have mentioned the possible inequi ties that have existed under our compen sation acts and in the administration of their provisions. However, I believe to day it is fair to state that any attempt to effect the repeal of those compensation acts would meet with the combined re sistance of employer and employee alike. N'either interest would desire to transfer back to our courts administering common law, the question of the legal liability of employers tor .accidental injuries sus tained by employees in the course of their employment. Therefore, in view of the past admin istration our compensation laws, un satisfactory to certain interests as they may have been, it is not unreasonable to r.icuica. hope tlm intelligent occupational di$eatt t legislation may similarly meet with the I niedica'. approval of employer and employe ; ("item alike. Furthermore, it is reasonable t0 dtistry hope that such legislation may eliminatt t The de the possibility of expensive litigation that :>e take may arise and serve the social needs of niiss'On all parties interested in this problem. medicat The statutes providing compensation ior silicosis injuries that have been heretofore adopted in several of the states vary both as to form and as to provisions for their administration. In my judgment, uni- formity of legislation is not only impos sible of achievement, but distinctly inad visable. Industrial conditions vary greatly in the different sections of th country and what may be the answer to the prob lem in the state of Xew York may be en tirely separate and distinct from the an swer to the problem in California. Any legislation proposed to be adopted must be suitable to the particular working con ditions in the particular State in which it is to be applicable. A frank recognition of this fact will eliminate unnecessary contention with respect to such proposed legislation. Again, some of our friends who pur port to speak for labor have been advo cates of the so-called "all-inclusive" oc cupational disease acts. In my judgment, the 'ail-inclusive" occupational disease acts tend inevitably to health insurance and enable the Department charged with the administration thereof to award com pensation to all the human ills that may occur to employees in the course of their employment. Another phase of the problem of sili cosis compensation legislation is that of accrued liability. In most instances where silicosis is found to exist, the employe' 5 have accumulated the injurious substances that cause their condition during the term of their employment before such propose" legislation could become effective. respect to" that liability, I believe it * inequitable to saddle the expense there upon industry at one given time and som* method should be found for apportioning this accrued liability. AnotheiVUtjojt important eltnigut.,10 considered-yip;jhe drafting of silicosis com pensation him ation should he a Pr0'"j stoii for 01 a comp*te . I \Ws` to be t problem >tandpo be tar r ol their merit th that he: ployers. pationai small ire jiensatio With cies sue: Public } industr: tO' may able, to . tormatic most oi your pa other th Moyers. motion. but it v. compens The brought Quarry Section 441 :ot unreasonably cctipational distrly meet with -t . a"d emploi ;t `s reasonable,, "'on may elimjn ' nsive litigation mj! the social needs t this problem. ng compensation f0. ave been heretofore he states vary both provisions for their ny judgment, unf. is not only impo<but distinctly inai unions vary great]? ns of the country answer to the prob. v York may be ec-tincf from the an. in California. Any o be adopted mu* ncular working conar State in which i: A frank recognition minate unnecessary act to such proposed ir is who pur er ..-ve been advo- . "all-inclusive" oc- In my judgment, ccupational disease to health insurance tment charged with reot to award com- :uman ills that may the course of their :he problem of slii- { .`ffislation is that of j tost instances where t "xist. the employee; j injurious substances j tion during the term j '".tore such proposed ' me effective. With I h>*. I believe it i; ; the expense thereof : a: ven time and some :r.d for apportioniuc Etcdicaalreboinardt.heN'peoitshietironlawtoyerps asnsor uplaoynquestions r.or to determine the ^istence of occupational diseases in in dustry nor the disabling effect thereof. The determination of such injuries must be taken from lay juries and from com missions incompetent to determine such medical questions. Necessity of Prevention [ wish to emphasize what to me-seems to be the most important aspect of this problem, namely, prevention. From the standpoint of those who labor, they should be far more interested in the maintenance of their health in their particular employ ment thin in compensation for injuries to that health. From the standpoint of em ployers, the cost of prevention of occu pational disease injuries will be but a small fraction of the ultimate cost of com pensation for such injuries. With respect to silicosis, through agen cies such as your own, the United States Public Health Service and other state and industrial organizations in which indus try- may have confidence. there is avail able, to you as employers, scientific in formation as to methods of eliminating most of the silica hazard that exists in your particular industries. If, for none nther than selfish reasons, you, as em ployers. should make use of this infor mation. The initial cost may seem great, but it will many times repay the cost of compensation for silicosis injuries. I do not believe that modern society will countenance the continued (ailure of many industries to utilize such available methods of engineering control as will tend to minimize the hazard and I hope that in your industrial processes each of you here assembled will renew your in terest and activities with respect to your own important departments of industrial hygiene. Labor, for its part, must discharge its duties with full appreciation of the haz ards that are present in the particular in dustries wherein its members are en gaged. There must be no half-hearted use. of protective appliances with which labor may be supplied. Similarly, there must be no half-hearted enforcement of factory rules and regulations with respect to the use of such appliances. Again, there must be a cooperative observance of rules and regulations that may be laid down by safety engineers or state officials with respect to health conditions in your plants. The problem of health must become a major consideration by all interests in volved and I honestly believe that with full cooperation b\v employer and em ployee alike, industry may be well on its way to elimination of this hazard and may relegate the problem of compensa tion for such injuries to such statutory' provisions as the state may see fit to adopt, reasonable in their provisions, but unnecessary to enforce because of the previous elimination of the hazard. The Thursday morning session was table discussion on "The Work of the brought to a close with a general round Quarry Section." ADJOURNMENT ffnt dement hi tig or filicosi?* co:*!* iiouid l)o a i-rr-v:* a comrxrtent to * ,... /ijv-; ' G0Lf)1 & I m TJ , !$, .$ ; inactive libitors with dai|y ics; publicizing the t Committee. The u t a series of talks ects had been pren at the Xational -ocord of the Safety ill be found elselings.) :tted were those ot ittee, the Finance lies Committee and littee. ommittee appoint, ater by the Execuat members would its by mail, tinue the positioos y and assistant : basis. '> .merican Mutual Liability Insurance Company. Boston, Mass. A Insurance. Workmen's Compensation, Property Damage, and American Optical Company, Southbridge, Mass. " Head and Eye Protection Products. ^rntzen. Inc.. Chicago, Illinois. A u x ilia ry Emergency Stretcher and First Aid Equipment. Arroway Traffic Signal Corporation. Kingsport. Tenn. Traffic Control Signals. Associated Guard Manufacturers, Chicago, III. Dust Control Units and Mechanical Safety Guards. General Autotnobil frank E. Barnes Company, Chicago. Illinois. Electrician's Rubber Gloves. Beacon Corporation, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Direction and Danger Signals for Motor Transport Vehicles. Bendix Products Corporation, South Bend, Indiana. Automotive Equipment. Robert A. Bernhard. Rochester, Mew York. First Aid Supplies. Blatchr'ord Corporation. Chicago, Illinois. Traffic Signals and Markers. Bradley Washiountain Company, Milwaukee. Wisconsin Group Washing Equipment. Stewart R. Browne Manufacturing Company. New York City. Safety and Special Purpose Lights and Lamps. Brown Shoe Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Men's and Women's Safety Shoes. R. H. Buhrke Company, Chicago, Illinois. Safety Equipment for Construction and Maintenance. E. D. Bullard Company, San Francisco. Calif. Industrial and Mining Safety Equipment. Burroughs Wellcome & Company. (L". S. A.). Inc.. Xew York City. First Aid Kits and Medical Equipment. ament ety Congress H. Childs : Company. Inc.. Pittsburgh, Pa. Safety Footwear. j Cities Service Company, Xew York City. Oils and Gasoline. Columbus-McKinnon Chain Corporation. Tonawauda. X. Y. Alloy Steel Sling Chains. H. S. Cover. South Eend. Indiana. Respirators and Safety Goggles. Crouse-Hinds Company, Syracuse. Xew York. Traffic Signals and Flood Lights. j Davis Emergency Equipment Company. 1tic.. Ifew York City. First Aid and Safety Equipment. i C. H. Dockson Co.. Detroit. Mich. Head and Eye Protection. Do-More Chair Company. Elkhart. Indiana. Posture-Kealth Chairs for Office and Fac::ory. Dual Parking Meter Company, Oklahoma Citv. Okla. Parking Meter Equipment. Donald S. Duncan. Inc.. Chicago. 111. Parking Meter Equipment. Eagle Signal Corporation. Moline. 11!. Traffic Signals. WIN- -j.i": fiir.'iP* nnn ili-^:! 1 m at i '.li-M' A 'l p l l ' i'if> m V " `f *80 Twenty-fifth Xatimmi Sn frty Conarr.-j Elliott Service Company, New York City. Elimination of Waste, Promotion of Efficiency ami Safety. Fairway Laboratories, Inc., Belleville. III. Anti-fatigue and Heat Exhaustion Antidote Tablets ami Dispensing Equipment. General Electric Company, Schenectady. X. Y. Electrical Equipment. Louis Gerber, New York City. BOON the Glove Invisible. Harley Davidson Motor Company, Milwaukee. Wis. I'olice Motorcycles and Equipment. The Highway Safety Signal Company, Baltimore, Md. Double Filament Traffic Lamps and Color Design Traffic Holcomb Safety Garment Company, Chicago, III. Industrial Safety Clothing. Hoof Products Company, Chicago. 111. Motor Vehicle Speed Control Governors. Huntington Laboratories, Inc., Huntington, Ind. Disinfecting and Sanitation Products. Hynson. Westcott & Dunning, Inc.. Baltimore. Md. Mercurochrome Antiseptic for First Aid Application. Lenses. Indian Motorcycle Company, Springfield, Mass. . Police Motorcycles and Equipment. Industrial Gloves Corporation. Danville, 111. Steel Grip Gloves and Safety Apparel. Industrial Products Company, Philadelphia, l'a. Accident Prevention Equipment. International Shoe Company, St. Louis. Mo. Safety Shoes. Keystone Coat & Apron Manufacturing Corporation, Philadelphia. Pa. Service Uniforms for Industrial Purposes. Keystone View Company, Mcadville, Pa. Visual Safety Tests. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc., New York City. Fire Extinguishing Systems and Portable Extinguishers. Walter G. Legge Company, New York City. Compounds for Cleaning and Treating Floors. Lehigh Safety Shoe Company, Allentown, Pa. Leather and Rubber Safety Shoes. Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Boston. Mass. Automobile and Industrial Safety Service. The Lima Cord Sole & Heel Co., Lima, Ohio. Non-slip Soles and Heels. Liquid Carbonic Corporation, Chicago. III. Fumigant for Infestation Control. Macwhvte Company. Kenosha, Wis. Wire Rope and Braided Slings. Martindalc Electric Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Dust Respirators attd Highway Safety Signals. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York Insurance, Industrial Group, etc. Milburn Company, Detroit, Mich. Protective Creams for Prevention oi Occupatio^RaJfjn Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. fm & i Safctv Appliances and First-Aid Materials. -. Diseases. m t- 000115 a Monarch Auto National Casut National Equip National Poste Parkrite C Parkit Patent Sc: Safety Protectose Safety Pulmosan Respir Pvrene M: Fire F Railway ar Interlo Reece Woe Woode Rose Mane Ladder Safeguard I Shockp Saiety Eng "Safety Saiety Equi Goggle: Saiety First Safety i Safety Shoe Safety S W. H. Salts Linemen \Y- W. Sly Dust Cc Spencer Tur : ^ Heavy ] standard Sa Dust Pr Stonchouse i Accident , Strauss Com | Safety E | Sugar Beet I , _ Industria Surety Rubb . Linemen ihn S. Tillt Saietv L ' Daffic Toy, Traffic V  fety Congress Safety Equipment Section 4S7 :cy and Safct Tablets and Dispensing Equipment Wis. -e. Md. Design Traffic Lenses. ;i. Md. plication. .lion, Philadelphia. Pa. '.xtiiiguishcrs. Citv. national Skin Diseases. i'a. Monarch Governor Company, Detroit, Mich. Autom obile Speed Control Devices. Rational Bureau of Casualty & Surety Underwriters. New York City. Casualty Insurance. National Carbon Company, Inc., New York City. Equipment for Battery-Operated Devices. National Safety Council, Inc., Chicago, 111. Poster, Bureau of Information, Research and Education Divisions. Parkrite Corporation, Houston, Tex. Parking Meter Equipment. Patent Scaffolding Company, Chicago, 111. Safety Ladders and Scaffolds. Protectoseal Company, Chicago, III. Safety Devices for Hazardous Liquids.. Pulmosan Safety Equipment Corporation. Brooklyn, X. Y. Respiratory Protection and General Safety Equipment. Pyrene Manufacturing Company, Newark, N. J. Fire Protection Equipment. Railway and Industrial Engineering1Co.. Grecnsburg. Pa. Interlocking Systems. Reece Wooden Sole Shoe Company, Inc., Columbus. Neb. Wooden Sole Safety Shoes. Rose Manufacturing Company, Denver, Colo. Ladder Shoes, Window Cleaners' Safety Belts. Safeguard Electric Company, Inc., Brooklyn, N. Y. Shockproof Portable Lamp Guards. Safety Engineering, Alfred M. Best Company, Inc., New York City. "Safety Engineering," Insurance Publications and Reports. Safety Equipment Service Company, Cleveland, Ohio. Goggles and All Types of Accident Prevention Equipment. Safety First Shoe Company, Holliston, Mass. Safety Shoes. Safety Shoe Company, New York City. Safety Shoes. W. H. Salisbury Sc Company, Inc.. Chicago, III. Linemen's Rubber Protective Devices. 11 IV. Sly Manufacturing Co.. Cleveland. Ohio. Dust Control Equipment it Respiratory Protective Devices. Spencer Turbine Company. Hartford. Conn. Heavy Duty Vacuum Cleaners and Dust Collecting Equipment. Standard Safety Equipment Company, Chicago. I". Dust Protective and Saicty Equipment. Stonehouse Signs, Inc.. Denver, Coio. Accident Prevention Signs and Tags. Stratus Company, Inc., Pittsburgh. Pa. Safety Eelts, Foot Guards, Safety Kats. Sugar Beet Products Company, Saginaw. Mich. Industrial Soaps. Surety Rubber Company, Carrollton. Ohio. .Industrial Equipment. Safety Ladders and Scaffolding. Irani.: Toy. Inc.. Canton. Chic. Traffic Warning Signs.' Iaifl*ef:;*-.S*i' T : m OCGi I v* Textile Seclion Officers 1935-36 , I Chairment--M. W. HfJSS, Proximity Manufacturing Co.. Greensboro. X. C. V.`....chairman in Chari:.- oj Program--\ \ . U. Gaudet, Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., ' Roanoke. Va-..Chairman Clianie o< Membership--Geokce C. Snuroiw. CHiisiclc Mills. Cli/Tside. N. C. s-cretary_H. H. Wiu.ts, Dean, Textile School. The ClcmSon Agricultural College, Clem- on College. S. C. -u'j Letter Editer--J. T. TROLtXGER. American Eentberg Corp., and North American 'Ravon Corp., Eiizabethton, Tenn. Statistics Committee Chairman--Forrest H. S iiueord. North Carolina Department of ' Labor, Raleigh. X. C e n g in e e r in g Committee Chairman--C hari.es H. ForsaITH, Jackson Mills, Nashua Manu facturing Co., Nashua. N. H. .'.[embers at Large-- H. R. Corv. The Beacon Manufacturing Co., Stvannanoa. X. C. Charles H. Eames. Lowell Textile Institute. Lowell, Mass. Russell T. F isher. The National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, Boston, Mass. J. E. Groce. Pacific Mills, Lyman. S. C. Walter H luupiireys. National Association of Wool Manufacturers. Boston. Mass. W. H. Michels. Jr., Virginia Industrial Commission, Richmond, Va. R. W. P hill.'p. Editor, Cotton. Atlanta. Ga. E. E. P lace. American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.. Boston. Mass. T. A. VVilsox. North Carolina Industrial Commission, Raleigh, X. C. W EDNESDAY MORNING SESSION October 7, 1936 The first session was called to order by T. A. Wilson, member. North Carolina industrial Commission. Raleigh. X. C., who acted as chairman in place of M. W. Heiss, Proximity Manufacturing Co- Greensboro. X. C- general chairman of the Section, who was unable to be present. Both the Wednesday morning and the Thursday morning sessions were held -in the form of pi-el discussions on "Safety in the Textile Industry." Since no formal Redresses were presented, and since nc stenographic report was made of the meetings, it is impossible to give a de tailed account of the sessions here. Topics discussed in the Wednesday ses sion included the following: 1. What methods arc recommcded to prevent or control fires in pickers and other textile machinery? 2. How can the personnel department develop good v.iil with relation to acci dent prevention work? o. What is the value of a safety com mittee? -I. Do guards siow down production? 5. How can. accident prevention work be developed so that interest is main tained at all times? 6. WhaL-gJ^ert does an accident have upon the eHBftS??!?'of vftuc..nipn^? . 7. In \\rat direct ways do personal in-' juries aftefi|b.p-;rating costs? Participates';:;*'the pane! included J. W. ' v i " ' U A -. : / 7 ' - :`-5- ' ' -~: ,m ::P:> 7 '- `.i: .:. ':' ,' ^ `S y . - r f k :