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13uPont Magazine March, 1924 International Crow-Shooting Contest See pages 4 and 5 Blasting Accessories Like du Pont Explosives Standard--Since 1802 FOR one hundred and twenty-two years we have constantly carried on experiments and research work seeking to improve Blasting Practice in the mine, in the quarry, in road-making, in construction work and on the farm. The development of du Pont Blasting Accessories has progressed hand-in-hand with that of du Pont Explosives, each the necessary complement of the other, until today they are recognized as standards the world over. For better, safer and more economical use of explosives, be sure the du Pont Oval is on all your equipment. Blasting Caps Electric Blasting Caps Delay Electric Blasting Caps Fuse Blasting Machines Delay Electric Igniters Galvanometers Rheostats Leading Wires Cap Crimpers Tamping Bags Thawing Kettles Write for our booklet "Blasting Accessories" E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. Explosives Department WILMINGTON. DEL. SERVICE THE Alt GAZINE \<>L XVJil MAIU'N, 1024 No. 3 The Review and the Outlook Present conditions and the developments of 1923 indicate that 1924 will he a year of good business, although probably not a boom year ENERAL Business Activity. At By P. LESLIE IIAYPORD Retail trade, judging from the figures G the beginning of J923 the hnproveinen t ofbusiuess, which Economic Htitistieian Chmural: Motors tjorfinnitimi for department store's, chain stores, and mail-order houses, was well maintained followed the depression of 1921, was still iri progrtehsrso.ughout the year, reflecting the large, steady volume The expansion continued during the first three monotfhsemployment, increased wages, and I he somewhat and then rather unexpectedly erased. Although the bettered general condition of farmers. average of wholesale prices had risen only moderately, Industrial Avhnii;. Manufacturing output, which the prices of some commodities Jmd advanced sharply. had increased rapidly the latter part of 1922, eon tinned Wage rates in a number of ii wins tries had also risen to expand during the first, four or five months of 1923, markedly and labor shortages were reported in various reaching its peak a month or two later than the volume sections of the country. The building trades were of trade. A grad mil curtailment then occurred, con especially affected, with the result that construction tinuing practically throughout the remainder of the costs shot, up rapidly and occasioned serious concern. year. This reduction in output as a whole from the There began lu be a feeling that the pace had become peak of early summer to the end of the year probably loo fust for safety. Various large building projects were did not. exceed 15 per cent, although in some industries postponed, notes of caution were sounded, there was it was greater than this, while in a few production was talk of an increase in Federal Reserve rediscount rates, maintained at high levels throughout the year. and an altitude of conservatism appeared. Stock mar The large volume of building construction during ket prices moved downward, commodity prices declined, 1923 notably exceeded that of any previous year. a sense of uneasiness with regard to the future began to Although the aggregate value of building con Inn*! s spread. Forward buying fell off, and, although produc awarded declined during the summer as a result of the tion hi most: industries continued high for some months, rapid rise of costs early in the year, the reduction was general business activity gradually receded. In the not drastic and, as costs were moderately reduced, an third quarter the readjust incut to a lower level of increase in building activity occurred the latter part activity became more marked, although the change of the year, being especially pronounced in the New was at no time precipitate. This readjustment con York district New York State and Northern New tinued, but at si slower rate, and before the end of 1923 Jersey. there were signs Unit it hud about rim its course. The iron and steel industry, which had expanded The decline in business from the peak reached in the operations rapidly during the early months, with orders spring to the end of the year amounted to about 10 accumulating in spile of record production, suffered a per cent, according to the index published by the continuous eon traction during the last seven or eight Chamber of Commerce of the United Stales, which is months of the year. Average daily pig iron production reproduced graphically uu the next page. declined 24 per cent from the peak reached in May THE DU PONT MAGAZINE arid wits smaller in December ill an in any month since corresponding weeks of any previous year, and the November, 1922, Unfilled orders of the V. S. Steel year's total established a new record, there was almost Corporation fell off 40 per cent between the end of no ear shortage, even in crop-moving season. 'Phis was March and tin* end of November, and although a slight due in part, to the large expenditures made by the rail increase was shown in December, tin* unfilled tonnage roads for equipment, roadway and structures, totaling at the end of the year amounted to only 4,445,329 tons more than a billion dollars. The prompt movement of as against 0,745,703 tons at the end of 1022. goods undoubtedly prevented duplicating orders and Cotton mill opera I ions, which had expanded the tying up credit which probably would have appeared Iasi half of 1922, reaching their peak around the end had there been t raffle eongeslion. of that, year, remained fairly stable a! a point slightly i'ammndity Prices. Tin* average of wholesale prices below this level until about May, 1023. and then fell advuneed moderately during the first quarter of 1923, off sharply for a couple of months, later recovering with marked increases in the prices of some individual considerably hut not again reaching the early-year eommodiiies, especially raw materials. As forward level, ' '^ ' ' buying fell oil', weakness developed In commodity The aulomobile industry enjoyed an unprecedented markets, and Hie general price average declined from demand, well maintained throughout the year. Tin* April until August, when signs of stabilization appeared. combined production of pas During I lie rest of the senger cars and trucks IHDEX OF GENERAL BUSINESS A( TIVITX year the movement of the amounted to approximately price average was within 4.000,000 vehicles, or 55 per narrow limits. At the end cent more than in 1922. of the year the 'wholesale Industrial employment price index of the U* S* Increased during the first Bureau of Labor Statistics quarter of 1923 and declined was two-thirds of one per only slightly thereafter. In cent above its low point for November -..- the latest the year, and 5 per cent month for which compre below the peak reached in hensive data are at hand-- March. The decline from it still was apparently greater the peak to the low point than at the beginning of the recorded in August had been year. The volume of factory less than 0 per cent. The employment in 1923 is esti fluctuations of the year were mated by the Federal Reserve Board as about 13 per less in extent than in any year since 1915. Moreover, cent larger than in 1922. As the I rend of wages was during 1023 same of the maladjustment which had upward during most of 1923, there was a considerably existed between the prices of various groups of com larger purchasing power in industrial sections than modities was partially corrected; that is, the differences in 1922. in the relative prices of numerous commodities were Agriculture. Farming conditions showed improve lessened. This has improved the general price situation. ment in some sections and the reverse in others, but ou The following tabula lion shows the price index num the whole the purchasing power of t he farmers appar bers for December, 1922, and December, 1923, of the ently increased. 'Die U. S. Department of Agriculture, various commodity groups which are combined to form on the basis of prices at the farms on December 1, the composite index of the Bureau of Labor Sta tist ies. estimated the aggregate value of all crops at $8,323, In each case the numbers represent the percentage 000.900 as against 87.900.000,000 in 1922, The wheat which prices in December. 1922, and in December, 1923, crop, however, was estimated as worlh about 18 per formed of the average prices of the same group of com cent less than that of 1922. On the other hand. I he estimated value of the col Ion crop was 29 per cent greater than that of 1922. Hog prices were unusually low, but the number of hogs raised and stall to market was large. The spoltiness of conditions in agricultural regions has made for great unevenness of farmers' purchasing power, but taking the country as a whole this purchasing power is apparently somewhal greater than a year ago. Movement of (lands. One of the outstanding achieve modities for tin* year 1913. December v.m Farm products................................. ..................145 Foods................................................... .................. 144 Cloths and chdhiinx......................... ..................194 Fuel ami Holding............................. ..................2Ni Metals am! metal products.......... ..................131 Building materials........................... Chemicals and drugs....................... ..................130 House funds!uni: <k k Ik ................. .. . 182 Misoefhmeou,-..................................... ..................122 All eomtaotiilh's................................. December nm 145 147 2nd i bi 142 \7s mu 17b I in 151 ments of the year was the handling of traffic by the It will he noted that average prices of fuel and lighting railroads. Although freight ear loadings were con materials wen* 25 per cent lower than tin* year before, siderably greater In nearly every week than in tint {(kmtiwml on fjage J ?) 2 THE DU FONT MAGAZINE ! This panoramic view of the Michigan Alkali Cumj/antfn quarry wiU give you same idea of its interesting layout Quarrying Limestone in Michigan Briefly dcM-ribing tin: well-equipped and eflh ienlk operated iptarrv of the Michigan Alkali Company HE Michigan Alkali Company By W. J. McHENRY human control, for there are no motor- Tis our of the largest producers of soda ash and allied products in Sale's li- 1- *lu Pont <it: Nemours & Co,, Inc. men or trainmen visible. The cars are controlled by a tower operator. By the world, and its quarry, located near the shoretuornf ing the current on or off certain sections of the track Thunder Bay in Alpena County, Michigan, is a lalringe, he can move the ears or stop them wherever he one, as our illustration shows. Operalions arc conducted desires. This Woodford Engineering system of control on three levels, the layout suggesting a vast amphi is said to be the most up-to-date method of handling theater, with the quarrymen blasting three rows of quarry ears. seats for giant spectators. The crusher serving this pit quarry is advantageously The rock quarried here is of the "Traverse Series", located near the quarry floor. The rock passes through high in lime content and low heavy rolls -- the largest in both sulphur and silica. 1 type made by the Allis- In quarries of this size the | Chalmers Company. In a. largest type of well drills is few moments they can crush used. These machines carry the contents of a 15-ton 5;Vg~ineh bits, and while tlw car. The material from the xpaeinghet ween holes varies, crusher drops into skips and the practice is to sink holes is conveyed into the screen on approxima tely 15-foot located ap centers. Bailors are earned proximately 119 feet above in front- of each face. The the crusher. The rock rims primary blasts bring down by gravity over the screens the rock with good fragmen where it is sized, thence to tation, although secondary loading bins. The larger shooting is required to break sizes of. rock are dumped up the larger pieces. The into large hopper-bottom explosives are used so dice- ears and hauled to the steel lively i hat t he steam shovels dock for steamer transpor rarely pause in loading the tation to the plant at Wyan rock into ears. It. is unusual to see one slop on account dotte, Michigan, while the smaller sizes are hikcn to the of hnrtl digging except in wintertime when icy condi Huron Portland Cement plant nearby. tions occasionally cause tremble. The Michigan Alkali Company is: well equipped for The method of transporting rock from the shovels efficient operation in every branch of its work. Hun to the crusher is interesting. Quarry ears, electrically dreds of thousands of pounds of du Pont explosives operated, shuttle back and forth apparently without. have been used in this quarry wifi* entire satisfaction. 3 THE DU PONT MAGAZINE The International Crow-Shooting Contest Sportsmen of two nations will shoot to win 79 individual prizes and 210 team prizes wortli 2,500 The contest starts March IS- and ends June i 5, 1924 h e crave is the farmer's greatest By FRANK WINCH and scores will be compiled by credit Tmenace. By helping him rid his properly of this pest through AnOst ant Director nf S&Ih s Sporting Puwdcr Division ing individual and team contestants with "kills" on the following basis: organized crow-shoot ing competitions, you will he mSapke cies of vermin Points to he credited ing the f]rst real advance toward a heller feeling betweCernow ............. .......................... ......................................... . 1 landowners and sportsmen. Sharp-shinned hawk. . . , . ........................................ .. . - - 5 The Vermin List. While this campaign has been fos ('ooper's haw k..................................................................... 5 tered to start what is Imped will he a means of getting Goshawk............... 5 rid ul` marauding crows which, due to their great num Great horned owl................................................................ 5 bers, are considered the worst enemies of song, insec Weasel............................... 3 tivorous and game birds, the following- -where per Bobcat.......................... 25 mitted by shite laws---should also be killed: Red squirrel................................ 2 Snapping turtle Sharp-shinned hawk Red squirrel Snow owl .......................... 2 Great homed owl Coojjers hawk Snow owl Kingfisher Water snake Crow blackbird All others mentioned in vermin list, 1 each. Weasel \Vooi lehi ark Goshawk Extra Award of Points Hedgehog Starling Hunt ing house cat Field rat Bobcat Gopher The Com petition* Shooters will compete for valuable merchandise to be awarded to winners of the "Grand International Individual ( mutest" and t he "Grand Inter national Team Race." The conditions governing these contests will lie explained in the following paragraphs: Killing 25 crows " 3 hawks in one day by one contestant. .15 it ti it ** .5 " Howls . a.1 Si is ts ,5 " 3 bobcats i. Si it it . . [( .25 " 5 weasels a a ti si t .10 " 5 re<] squirrels .. it Si it St . 5 Eli# Utility. Any citizen of the United States and Note: Proporliomde credit will be given for kills Canada is eligible to compete. Individuals as well exceeding the number shown in the foregoing table. as teams ean (niter the contest, For example, a contestant killing and in I lie ease of teams the 35 crows in one day scores 35 members will receive individual as well as team credit, provided that before competing as a team JUs Always OjuMi Season on Vermin points, plus 15 points for killing the required 25 ip one day, plus pro-rated credit for killing the the members composing it shall enter their names as a team unit, with any local sporting goods or hardware dealer. Entry Blanks. These ean be procured from any sporting goods or hard wait; dealer in your vicinity, or, on request, a blank will be maileddireet to you by the du Font Company. Fill it out and turn it over to your local dealer who will HY wait for the nest hunting season? WTher<A plenty of ehooting rigid now. The. woods and field* are full of crows, red squirrels, weasels, owls, bobcats, hawks and other pests which rnunt he checked if our native |iame bird* are to be kept from extinction. Runt these peas now ! It means full game biigs next fait IPs die duty of every sports man tojoin in ili i* campaigii.ll's goodeport, too; and with the lug hiternaliorati Con test as an added incentive, duly becomes extra 10- -that is, 2/5 of 15, or 8 points--making Ids total score for the day 50 points. Gontestaiihs will receive one full point credit, for resulting fractions of one-half point or over, but will lose credit for fractions less than onehalf point. Evidence of Kills. This means actual evidence. The dealers will demand proof before giving you (niter your name on his record. a pleasure with the opportunity fo win credit for reported kills. Accept All your kills must be turned over prices that are well worth while. able evidence will be heads of to the dealer for scoring. Get in the contest and win one crows, tails of weasels, hedge Point Credits. The contest will of these prizes! hogs. woodchucks, hunting house in each ease be a race for points. eats and red squirrels, and the 1 THE DU PONT MAGAZINE heads of all oilier species included in the vermin list. Prizes: Seventy-nine prizes will be awarded lo win h,rccpiimh Only one exception will he permit-led. and ners of the "Grand International Individual ('cutest,'* that h in slates where bounties are paid on crows and and 210 prizes will be awarded to winning teams in the other hird-and-erop destroyers. 11' the dealer is em "Grand International Team Race." Altogether there powered to pay the stale bounty, well and good. If will tie 280 prizes of a total value of 82,500, not--and the contestant wishes to secure his bounty on the kill--the dealer is authorized to give credit on presentation of a certified state ment of the kill as declared to 1. For W'ltmers of ike Grand International Individual Contest. $100 in iiierehandi.se to he purchased from local dealer and accepted by an accredited bounty officer. The dealer may accept, this evidence in lieu of 4. %> *" 5 tom 15" " ................................... " " "" ` .. actual evidence. 30 to 54. 10" Evidence of kill must be turned 55 to 71). 5 " " " " "" * *' " " " 4 it]!# !!c in every two weeks to the sporting goods dealer, who will enter on his record under contestants* names the dale, number of crows (had Horned (hd i,,,d lx`f,s ki,lwI Sind lllc number of points credited. If re quested to do so, he will also give each contestant a re ceipt for all evidence of "kills" so that the shooter may know Ills standing at all times. After registering the number of credits for any con testant's kill, the dealer will immediately destroy the evidence. Dealers' Reports. Every two weeks during the coolest period dealers are expected to report lo the du Pont Company, on forms provided for that pur pose, the names of all individual and team contestants, For Winning Teams in ike Grand htlernalumid Team Race 1. $350 inmerchandiser purchased from Ioral dealer 2. 150 " 3. 100 " 4. 00 " 5. 80 " 0. 70 " 7. 00 " ft to *21. 50 " At the completion of 1 he eon test and when the winners are determined, an order will be sent to each one, so that the merchandise may be purchased locally. Win ners may thus choose their own prizes within the value of the award, and the du Pouf Company will pay the bill in the proper manner. th eh* kills, mid the number of points credited to Publicity. In order that contestants may know how shooters. Local dealers must certify to the correctness they stand in the race for points, of these fortnightly reports. it is suggested that sporting goods The prize winners of the "Grand International Indi vidual Contest" will he determined from a compilation of the scores reported by the dealer. The Individual contestant who scores the largest total number of points shall be declared the winner of the first prize, and the others in their respective order. The winning team in the "Grand International Team Race" wall also be determined from dealers* score reports. This nitre will be conducted as follows: 1. Teams shall originally be composed of 20 men. 2. Names of the team members shall lie registered with the local dealer at the beginning of the contest, arid he shall report to the du Pont Company, on blanks supplied for that purpose, the personnel of each team reporting to him. 3. It will be an elimination contest. The ten high men on each leant, as determined at, the end of the contest period, shall be considered as qualified and hardware dealers shall post conspicuously in their stores a large sheet on which will lie shown from time to time the standing of all local con test a ids reporting to them. The progress of the contest and finally the names of prize winners, when determined, will be reported in sportsmen's maga zines of national circulation. The du Pont Company will also issue special bulletins to every sporting goods and hardware dealer in the United States and Canada who co-operates in this contest. Less vermin means more game. Hunt vermin from March lo to June 15 and .you'll have more game to hunt next fall. This contest, furnishes an added incentive. Get in--and win a prize. Every contestant, whether a merchandise prize winner or not, will receive a. coat lapel button. team members; and the total Entry blanks for contestants, as well as report blanks scores I timed in by these ten-man for dealers' use, are now available and will be mailed team units shall be made the basis on request to all interested in this organized crow fordo tern lining the winning foams hunting competition. Please address all inquiries to iri tins race. Team prizes will be Sporting Powder Division, E. I. du Pont de Nemours Cooper's Hawk awarded alone to team units. & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Delaware. 5 THE DU PONT MAGAZINE How Qualities of du Pont Coated Fabrics are Determined Pari 1 By Eli NEST B. BENUERmul V \1. XKTvOWITZ Respeelively, Chemical Superintendent, Knhrikoid Division, ami Chief Chemist. Fairfield Pbini, 1%, I. du Pond de Neimnns & Co., !ne. SE of specifications in the purchase of nil sorts rately the qualities which the goods will show in service. U of materials Is a safeguard which large manufac Scrub Text: There are many classes and types of turers have adopted very generally in this artificial leather and rubberized fabrics and it is difficult country. Purchasing departments are submitting lloistdsismiss all of them with relat ion lo a single lest. Cer of detailed elmr.ieleristic* and qualifications on wthaicinh tests, however, can be applied lo almost all classes bids are to be based and testing laboratories are more of goods. The one we consider the most important ;nui more examining goods re single test for pyroxylin-coated ceived to determine whether the fabrics or leather substitutes is specifications drawn up are being met by the vendurs. Re a l iz in g the need tw a monr in- :j the so-called "scrub1* test, tirnate knowledge of pyroxylin-coated ,i [This test was thoroughly de Hie tests wills'll we will describe are, perhaps, more thorough than iuiy single user requires, but the reader will be able lo piek out those tests which are of interest in his particular ease and, perhaps, alder some laboratory work, will be able to adapt them exactly to his needs. and rubber-coated fabrics on the pari of its subscribers. Automotive fruhoitrirs requeued the Fabrtkoid Division of the do Pout Company to describe the method* f testing used in its laboratories. The*e farts, having been presented in recent issin^ of .Automotive, industries, proved to ho of mj much benefit to automobile manufacturer* that they are here reprinted, with -some slight omissions. We do this because the I | I ; j scribed in the October, 1923, issue of the Du Po n t Ma g a z in e , and its i m porta nee in determining the endurance of coated fabrics thor oughly developed. It is, therefore, eliminated from this reprint.) Physical Tests on Rubber: In conjunction with the usual tests <m the finished product, the manu Manufacturers* Tests Good for User Also tests described and the qualities which air determined thereby are of value to usera of coated fabrics in all fields. j facturer of rubber-coated fabrics finds it desirable to make physical tests on the compounded rubber. There are three general types i The second part of this article will appear > The tests consist of determining of tests which are applied to j in an early issue. Editor | I he tensile strength, elongation, coaled textiles: First, those which and set.. The rubber- is prepared might be more: properly called for these tests by sheeting it out observations, since they depend upon the senses, to on a small experimental ealender lo a definite thickness. determine feeding, pliability, color, grain, lust re. etc. Test pieces are cut from these sheets by means of a die There are few accurate ways of carrying out and record ing such observations. For the most pari they arc a matter of personal opinion, and perhaps it is not desir and the tensile strength, elongation and set determined by a tensile sirengl h testing machine similar to that shown in Fig. 4, page 15. able that they should he reduced to an exact qualitative Tests of Coaling Important to Manufacturers basis, * - The second class of tests consists of observations made in. the laboratory by use of machines which give definite, qua alii alive data on the property being tested. These tests are the ones upon whieli the manufaetnrer and the purchaser must generally depend to determine and record the quality of the goods in question. The third class of tests comprises those which depend upon actual service for determination of the desirability of the goods. Such tests, of course*1, arc very slow and, in general, are not very useful In connection with pur chase speeifirat ions. They should, however, be em ployed by every purchaser of coated cloth, because they show the relation between his laboratory tests ami actual service. They will help him lo revise his labora tory methods from time to time to predict more aecu- These tests are very important from the manufac turer's point of view, since they give him an absolute means of measuring I he quality of the e.ua.1 uigeompound both before and after aging. It is not practicable, of course, for the purchaser lo make these tests and per haps just as well, since 1m can obtain a. good idea of the quality from the .scrub test, and other tests which will he explained below. Besides testing the compound periodically hi this maimer, a manufacturer of rubber-coated fabrics should never make a change in a compound without first determining Its effect by the above means. Aging Tests; Purchasing of coated textiles of all kinds up to the present time has been based far loo much on appearance and price. When consideration has been {('anttimed on page J.f) from ''Automotive Iih Iu mrii*," cupyrifftit. I9i!3, by the ('la** Journal Co t) Til K DU PONT MAC.UIXE Harnessing Grasshopper Glacier The Montana Power Company's Mystic Lake project is a difficult one, hut du Pont explosives are making lie work easier HE mount in ns of Montana are By K. H. SlMI*HON a distance of 9,000 feet. This shelf, or Tnot us high us those of Wyoming and Colorado, but they are not Sains Represent at iw K- G du Pont de Ncrniiura & Go "How-line" as the engineers call it, will ueeommodate a 5-Foot wooden less rugged. In fuel, many of their peaks are so precsitpaiv e conduit, which will he connected sviih Ihe tunnel, tous that even during mountain climbers are satisfiedanlod a permanent tramway for bringing in the material, admire them from the valley below. and for future mninlemmce, This "flow-lino" and the Granite Peak, .situated about twelve miles north tunnel have an even fall of 4 feet to the 1,000 feet, or a oj f he northeast corner of Yellowstone Park, rises to an 40-foot fall for their combined length. From the end altitude of 12,847 feel. On its slope lies the famous of the How-line the wooden stave conduit will be con Grasshopper G I ueier, nected to a 4K-ineh steel which contains Inver upon penstock, which will drop fever of prehistoric grass . down I he canyon 2,700 hoppers so well preserved * linear feel, lo the power that they look as though house -- 1,003 feet mea I hey had alighled only sured vertically -- giving yesterday. The ice field the highest head of any covers an area of seven hydro-electric plant in hundred acres, and since Montana, and will de its discovery about fifty velop 15,000 horse power. years ago, it has shown Thcpowerto be derived practically no change. from this source is but The water formed by another unit in the al the gradual melting of ready comprehensive sys the ice drains through a tem of the Montana series of narrow canyons Power Company, It will ami lakelets to Mystic Lake, which is tucked away in the Beartooth Mountains, forty-seven A e/e.-e'- a/> of the IVfusion Bros, ('ampan if eu nsiritciinn ram /i, with a partial rinr of the rmic-eappeit mountains encircling it fo afford protection from the elements am! inspiration for those mho are developing the Mystic Lake project confer innumerable bene fits upon, tlie people of this part of Montana, and will assist in hauling miles south of Columbus Mon l a na. the nearest heavy trains over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad station. Railway. The contract for constructing Ihe tunnel, flow Mystic Lake is about two miles long, one-half mile line shelf, and penstock way was let lo the Winston Bros. wide, and ol unknown depth. Its surface is 7.650 feet Company of Minneapolis, Minnesota, in January, 1923. above sea level, surrounded by towering snow-capped Mr. W. J, Rohan was placed in charge. peaks, standing out. on the landscape in splendors that From every angle this is a man-sized job, as the even the artist cannot reproduce. A whole volume illustnd ions on I he next two pages will show. All sup could be written about this vast panorama of compelling plies have lo be hauled forty-five miles from Columbus beauty and grandeur. The falls through which it dis l.o the base camp at the power house site. More than charges its icy waiters into the West Rosebud River are 18,000.000 pounds of material will be required. The about 400 feet high. Even in the driest season, the vol eon trad for hauling was let to the Montana White ume of water tumbling over these falls is enormous. Company, with George II. Selvidge in charge. The potential power it could develop is hard to compute. From the base camp, supplies are drawn up the Recently, the Montana Power < ompany was gran led mountainside by block and tackle, or on pack animals, a lease to develop and utilize a part of tins power. It it is not economical to move heavy machinery, such as sent its hydraulic engineers into these mountain fast sleamshovel.s, to such elevations; so man power, ex nesses, far away from habitation, where they spent plosives, and compressed air are the only power used. months making surveys a thousand feet or more above Two heavy-duty stationary air compressors were the floor of the canyon. located in the canyon below, and air is piped to the Their final survey was reported about as follows: Tap various locations on the flow-line shelf. At the upper the lake40 feet below its natural surfaee with a tunnel 0 end two portable compressors were drawn up to the feet, by 7 feet and 1,000 feet long. From this tunnel flow-line level, to furnish air for drilling in the tunnel. construct a shelf on the mountainside, 12 feel wide, for (font imied on page. 10) t These views show you where the Montana Power Ci>an3 I-- 1 r; ;* v 'S3sc"- rn,m Will k '-Y JJ> W<T. _ _ . :..\ A tlinn' wilt`r`--l \`h iv; j )j i- ''nt ist ill.ii'icr rriiUT.i I'jS.ii'i l(> In- i 11 Lrci 'hi!-' jH.|,}.s i -jj m" I* .'r. My^tii1 l.ako, luokoil away in Hi*v Hi- i;, .' J Mountains. is h ihiOii'al n <`.-r\oir nf irira' tiv ' !). . ay. . \. An fiionmiu^ voliiMir r>T l<v wain- i mnV,: ; > ^ 1 Mystic Kalis into West Jinso-iitnl liner 1 _ ki-c hr low. At nui' place there is a vertical1 IM l:.dii, Uilr st-etinn of tin' tkOOU-foot shelf. o: ')vfi;u line" fin' 11n* .Vfmit vvHi<i'U stave mini' 1111i'|'i; lj. A1 work'on the flriw-liiu* .-'tin-lf. Thn p!>` " \ii,j;] p'e \i'U sonic iiiea nt fill* task be- l |lg. asler>. !. -j-, V. The ea-a portal of the water 1 mmol. 0 1* foot, ami [%VHSO lYei ioii!.'. ' r (Y>any is preparing to a ' 1 s\-- : LrLr.T~ m ^m ^IHsHl^^^^lliliiHHBHal^HailR ^';--:'-^:,;,l" -,.r '4* vl .-'T trains V Una- ili-' ',!l , Ill,- '';'1""!1.\:. ' IVsliiiiu ;.l:<;sij illnilj.' "10 s(>->-|> -' >!' "` . in, vitli 1 lit- rivi'f < !>!`*'-l,`\ . Th.- :!Wl--risll VMI-ll :> ^, . Pyi,lT 1''1 ''MVl ' ' .< ;il fvv'i k[r , i"v:.i,.,| u,,:;1i 1thher ImLIoOulnllltt:n'min li"Vi'U* iV ill ll.i` U'iVuif oi >. TtKin' i-i-i .iinivis umki: ini-lkon'' v' ,-hh.i-JAV- l(lil,, ux".ni taialilu`>- - u .- V uul.M ii tviyci ffnnrr --aailVfttyV. \V''i;i.i.....i.c.. MI In,,' ,,n-ali-rliill-i V'Tlin.li.- . i , Ult; ! i'f ' '|'l"';l' ; <:. ' , ,r .... 'ivu^n.rtins ......... V ,.Uiijt 14" ^lOT ^ Zt T,`r$ ttr Viow of till.1 m.-lu.v "U"Vi tw- tx-i- U:^a. f ... xviu-U.u Brc>. ;' l 111' i-nii'truction f.'Ul!l> 111 11 h-r tmiiu't r. ! y, iili an ii'ton-a iUr' -.lilul- wnItiP \ V -PI k' * ... i . . BUM Smm *'i.. . - l : ' pgaww 'L'isaf s mwl SmHIb Hi ; . j ' . > i.--v ^itf-*11' THE DU PONT MAGAZINE The Remedy How can gangsters be slopped? The National Rifle Association believes it can be done by teaching citizens arid officers of the law to shoot straight O subject, of vital interest to By r, 11 LISTER act the efforts of the gangsters ill the N sporting goods dealers and sportsmen is receiving so much St. riff, NTtUonn! Rillo AssfjH:utnn Washington, D. C. direclion of anti-firearms legislation. The reason assigned for wanting to unfavorable^ publieity as the sale of firearms to citizeanbso.lish the sale of firearms to citizens is that I he average True, most of the propaganda al present is direcctietidzen does not know how to use a gun after he gets it. against handguns, i. e. the revolver and anlornalic The oliviuus answer to this is to train every citizen in pistol. For this reason many sportsmen and ilea has tin' proper use of firearms. Another point of immediate whose particular interest lies in the rifle or shotgun bearing on the present popularity of gnu-toting by have failed to take any particular nob1 of the progress criminals is the fact that most officers of the law with of the anti-gun law agitator. whom they have to cope do not know anymore about This agitation to regulate the sale of pistols and handling their guns than the average citizen does. In revolvers has been carried on for some years, but only other words, the criminal, though he may be but an within the past two years have the efforts of the anti's amateur with his gnu. is never!heless an expert in assumed an organized aspect. So far as is known, there comparison with law-ahiding citizens ami officers of the is no association organized to pul across anli~gun laws. law with whom he knows he wilt come in contact in his The interesting question is accordingly raised: Who is work. Few criminals have any greater desire to be killed financing the apparently organized propaganda? Uon- than the average citizen, and it is undeniably true that sideriug that the only class benefited by I he proposed when the police of a community are taught to use anti-firearms laws would he the gangsters, is it possible their guns, when they are equipped with standard, effi that the campaign funds are being raised from among cient artillery, and when the fact that they know how that class? An interesting editorial in the January 1 issue to shoot becomes evident in one or two encounters, the of the official publication of the National Rifle Associa prevalence of gun-toting criminals in that community tion, *'The American Rifleman", has raised this point, immediately becomes a thing of the past. rw much for the; "anti" campaign. It is a reality and Under the direction of Major K. K. V. Casey the a menace. But what can be done about it? police force in Wilmington, Delaware, was equipped, In the first place, the only successful way to combat about 1 111 6, wi t h one of the most modern police shooting an organized campaign is by means of another organized plants in the United States, at a time when Wilmington, campaign. The National Rifle Association, with head with its ship yards, leather factories, explosives plants, quarters in Washington, IX U., has championed the railroad shops, and similar industrial enterprises, was a gospel of straight shooting in the United States for Mecca for the Heaters of the nation. Trior to the instal fifty-three years. Sponsored by the War Department, lation of the range and a standard course of shooting it would appear to be the logical organization to counter instruction and regular practice, shooting affrays were THE DU PONT MAGAZINE relatively common, and a number of fearless officers service rifle or even the .22 calibre long rifle, the crimin met their deaths because they were uni rained. Hi nee als on guard outside the bank would he picked off one fbe range was installed ami the officers were taught how by one, and those' inside would lose their fighting to use their guns, there has been only tine shooting qualities promptly. allYay hi which an officer was killed, ami that was 'This, then, is I he campaign planned by the N. It. A. shortly after the range was opened. Even in that for 1924: First, to assist the police departments in every instance, the mortally wounded community, where (hey waul policeman, slipping down the assist an<*e, to learn how to use telegraph pole behind which he t heir guns, and the more efficient had taken cover, got his man service rifle for long range from the sidewalk. Since then, attack. there have been, I think, only Second, to interest the hun four eases of gun play in the city dreds of police departments and in every instance it has been who at the present time for one the criminal who was foolish reason or another care nothing enough to reach for his gun and about pistol-shooting practice; who "went West". and, having interested them, to The New Jersey State ton- sec that they are properly in stnbuiary has similarly taken structed. keen interest in revolver prac Third, to assist in organizing tice. Major Mark 0. Kimber- civilian rifle clubs in every com- iiug, deputy superintendent ami timidly in the United States, adjutant of the New Jersey State and lo provide the ineentNe for Police Force, has this to say: consistent rifle and pistol prac "After passing his entrance tice by arranging local matches, examination and receiving his zone championships and the appointment, every man is re quired to go through a Ihree months* training period, during Bank robberies will he lex# frequent a lien officers of thv line and citizen# learn hoiv to shoot straight Na t ional Rifle Matches atCamp Ferry, Ohio. Fourth, lo urge the installa which time he is given a must thorough course in tion of rifle galleries in educational institutions so that musketry. The revolver being the most hnporian.1 coming generations of Americans may know how to weapon in this service, a thorough course is given to protect their homes and property, not only from foreign particularly prepart1 the men with the knowledge neces invaders, but from the more insidious borers from with sary in handling this weapon. We find that after a man in, the criminals within their own communities. qualifies with the revolver it- gives him confidence. We try to give as much publicity as possible to the records made by our men in revolver shooting, and we are very proud of the fact that in every case where there has been occasion to shoot at a criminal, the trooper has dropped his man with the first shot. This fact is wellknown among t he criminal classes, and they indicate great respect toward all the state troopers. In a number of cases where criminals have been apprehended by the Encouraging progress lias been made since the War in all the directions outlined, but- the surface has just been scratched. The National Rifle Association lias a work to do Ilia! is of vital interest to every dealer and every sportsman. It is not an association interested alone in the dyed-int he-wool I argot-shooting class. To dealers who feel that they will do their commu state police, they have been free in slating that no one nity. as well as themselves, a material service through eke could have taken theniJmt that they were afraid to the organization of police or civilian Hubs, every pos offer resistance because they knew the state troopers sible co-operatinn will be extended. knew how in use Iheir weapons," To American citizens who wish to foster the work of Strange as it may seem, none of the advocates ot anti this association in I heir communities, every possible firearms legislation has at any lime advocated that the police be taught to use their guns. Nor have they advocated that honest citizens be taught to protect their own and other people's property. It is incon ceivable that, in any locality where a civilian rifle dub is active, a band of five criminals could drive down Main Street, cut the telegraph wires and hold the entire aid will be granted. The anti-gun law can be intelligently viewed only from the standpoint of a public menace. The dealer will nal orally regard it as a menace lo a part of his business. The only lasting and satisfactory remedy for the population at hay, while the bank and post-office were epi ileii lie of "auli*' agitators now in progress and for the robbed, and then drive off unmolested- In any coni- prevalence of banditry is a proper education of the muni tv where there were a few men equipped with the police and the citizens along the lines suggested. 11 THE I)T PONT MAGAZINE 11-IE of the year they again declined slightly, being hardly any higher at the end of 1923 than they had been at DU PONT the close of 1922. MAGAZINE Pufdiahed and copyrighted hy E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, Ic. Subscription, 50 cents the year K. 1C MANCHWSTliil..............................................................................Editor PtihlishiT* may r-print, wit-ii orwlit, all articles and illustrations fexeopt. ?;hcarrying s|-Hal copyright. Electrotypes will, wh*H possible, he furmalmd on rr-ounnt, Outlook for 1924 Hie most reasonable expectation for the next two or three months is Unit business conditions will no! change much, and that the volume of I rude and of industrial output ami the level of commodity prices ami of wages will continue about as they are. There has boon little change for several months, and the continued conserva tism of the business world makes it unlikely that any V.,1. XVIII MARCH, 1924 :5 immediate or sudden expansion will occur, while the stability and soundness of existing com lit ions render Delivering du Ponl Explosives Safely improbable any early and material recession. It is now generally conceded, men hy those who were formerly IIK du Pont Company does not permit any of its pessimistic, that a depression is not imminent. T employees to transport blasting caps or eleelrie With regard to the more distant futures the most blasting caps in I he same vehicle with other explosivesp,robable development is believed to be* I he beginning mu1 does it permit the storage of these materials in the of a moderate expansion of activity before Ibe middle .same building. These practices are si rieily forbidden, of the year, with increased Improvement as the year and have been for many years. progresses and confidence becomes fully restored. Of The company employs traveling supervisors to make inspections of its magazines ami delivery equipment to insure full compliance with all regulations. That is a pari of du Foul explosives service which is founded on a settled policy of this organ izal irm In make every reason able provision for safety from the first step in manufac ture to the final delivery of its explosives products. course, business might expand suddenly ami rapidly this spring and either boom onward to an eventual crisis or else shortly he brought to a halt for n period of readjustment similar to that of 1923. Such an eventuality does not appear probable, however. Con ceivably, too, business might continue throughout the year at about, its present level, remaining in a emu lit ion of stabilization. Bui this also does not at present seem Tite Review and the Outlook so likely as that some gradual expansion will occur. Building construction promises to be large? in 1924. ((`onlimti'tljrum paye ./) Contracls lei during recent mont hs and building permits and that building materials and Louse furnishing goods were slightly lower; while foods, cloths and clothing, and medals and metal products were higher. The com issued indicate that the volume of construction during at least the? first half of the year will be great. The announced policy of the railroads is to <x>ntinue bined average for December, 1023, was 3}4 per cent below that of December, 1922. Banking and ('red'd. During 1922 the reserve ratio, total reserves. Federal reserve note circulation, and deposits of the combined Federal Reserve Banks showed little change. Total lull holdings increased moderately, the volume of bills discounted and of those bought in the open market being larger at the end than at the beginning of the year. the program of physical rehabilitation and improve ment so effectively carried forward in 1923, Railroad buying will likely be large, although probably not so large as last year. With labor almost- fully employed at high wages, and with agricultural conditions somewhat better limn a year ago, the present purchasing power of the country is great and the demand for consumers' goods is likely to be well sustained. Statistics of the reporting member hanks of the Federal Reserve System show an increase m loans, hut one which was at no time very rapid and which was rather moderate in scope. The ratio of borrowings to the combined loans and investments of the member The recent stability of commodity prices and the lesser inequalities between the relative prices of various commodities than existed a year ago are conditions favorable to business, in that they will tend to increase the confidence of havers. banks also increased, but not greatly. The very si rung position of the banks, the abundant Rates on commercial paper moved within narrow limits during the past year. After their seasonal decline in January, they advanced until April, getting up to supply of available credit, and the moderate money rates now prevailing are also important favorable factors. about 5ki per cent. In the summer they eased somewhat PresenI. conditions, therefore, indicate that 1924 mid them rose again moderately in response to the* will be a year of good business, although probably not autumn seasonal demand for funds. Toward the end a boom year. 12 THE DU FONT .MAGAZINE Blast Down the Old--Roll in the New How an old shaft house of a Michigan ore mine was demolished with dynamite and a new one substituted without undue loss of lime ARLY last year the Marquette By G. D. McLKOD with rotation delayed shots, blast E Ore Company decided to replace Mining Engineer away I he remaining supports. This its wooden shaft house known as ``No, 2" at plan was earned out successfully. the Mary Charlotte Mine with an all-steel structureA. bout four feet above 1 he piers, holes were bored in In order to reduce lost hoisting time to a minimuma, llil the legs, except those adjacent to the new structure, was decoded to erect llie steel structure on a temporary and a stick of 3b per cent du Font Gelatin {1 } s by <S wooden skidway alongside the old shaft house, blast inch) was loaded in each hole. .Each eharge was primed down the old building and move the new one over on with a blasting cap. The fuses w-erecutto varying lengths rollers to the piers that would be waiting for it. to insure a proper sequence of the detonating charges. Work was started immediately cm the new piers. Then the sway braces were cut through and the prepa Advantage' was taken of a tunnel leading through the side of a lit lie hill to tie' ration for the blast was complete. When the charges were cage road at I he shaft, 2b tired the Mary Charlotte teet below the collar. The) shaft house inclined in the starling from the tunnel, ; direction planned and fell, drift was driven around lie- a mass of splintered timber shaft, and the excavation and tangled iron tie-rods. lor the piers was done by The shot was perfectly exe "raising" from lids level to cuted and was completely the surface. This saved successful as the accom much time, because of lh< panying illustration shows. depth ami mil lire of tin Immediately the work of ground, and the workmen! removing the debris was were not exposed to the cold started, and as soon as this weather and snow. was accomplished the new Work on the new strue- shaft house was let down on ture was started April 2! rollers and moved to the and by June i it was com pleted. During July, how ever, tile iron trade' looked p. tin felon' siut)l >/ uUii (hi ill ``` U'" il'OUlt U blasting began. Hight, the oh! ahaft house falling in a safe dinriimi new position over the piers, a distance of fifty feet; then it was lowered to the anchor very promising and labor shortage began to show itself; bolts ami secured. The remaining work of replacing therefore, to keep the men and to continue hoisting ore, the skips, cages and other accessories was soon com the moving was postponed until early fail. pleted and we began hoisting ore again on October 3. In September it was decided to move the new build A rough summary shows the time saved. Forty days ing. Flans were made to shut down September 22 and were required to erect the new structure on skids; resume operations Oetoher 1. Everything was put in meanwhile hoisting operations continued without inter readiness to start dismantling the skips, cage, ropes, ruption. Wrecking the old shaft house and replacing il pipits and electric wares the night of the 22nd. Night with the new one involved a close-down of only 11 days, hoisting was stopped and everything was carried out and this time eould have been lessened still more if as planned. The du Font Company assigned one of its representa tives to do the blasting for us. If was quite! a job to throw over the old, partly buckled structure, which we had worked on a double-shift program. Every hotly around the mine worked enthusiastleally to "put the job across" and all agree that du Pont is entitled to much credit for its part in it. leaned in a threatening manlier toward the new shaft house. We were much concerned that it should not fall Metal-mine ventilation through the use of flexible that way. As it was considered unsafe to blast tlie legs tubing such as Yeiitube Is discussed in Serial 2551, adjacent to the new si mein re, it was decided (1) to recently issued by the U. S. Bureau of Alines, Depart shoot out tlie supporting legs on the side toward which ment of the Interior. The report is by IX Harrington, the building might safely fall; (2) by means of a. cable supervising mining engineer, whose article '"Adequate attached to the top of the structure, keep a heavy strain Ventilation of Metal Alines" was published in om to insure its falling in the desired direction, and (3) August. 1923, number. 13 i H r. n i: I'O N T M A (r A / 1 N K How Qualities of du Font Coated Fabrics iin* I hUennined ((.hmtitiued from page, tlj uiv<*n io quality, only lbe initial qualify lias been taken into amount, as a rule. Jl is probably truer that the importance of the initial quality has been overrated It is natural to assume Ibal a. piece of goods with a very high quality when freshly made will maintain a relatively high quality throughout, its life. That this assumption is entirely unjustified when comparing goods from different sources, will be slmwn later. A piece of goods, such as a high-grade uphoU sterv material, can be made which lias an initial scrub of a00, mid would, at the end of a year of storage, have a scrub of ,'> or d or even zero: Hint is. hi the latter rase, it would crack on bending* Obviously. Ibis piece of goods is entirely unsuited for its intended use, although when new it was excellent. What Aging Tests Show It is much better to have a medium initial quality with a loss- rate of deterioration. For instance, if a piece of goods scrubs whim fresh and then deteriorates to -Ml per cent of its original value in a year, it will he a useful and quite satis factory covering for a cushion at the end of that time and will promise several more years of good service. It is ideal, of course, to have a piece of goods with a high initial scrub and a low rate of deterioration, and tins i the goal toward which all manufacturers of high-grade artificial leather are striving, with varying degrees of success. Accelerated aging tests for pyroxylin-coated material arc best earned out by getting the initial scrub on a number of represent a! ive pieces and then storing these at (>5 (Io0 Fahr.) in a. carefully controlled electric oven. The goods are suspended so that- there is a free circulation of air about them. They arc removed once u week, pieces are cut off for scrubbing, and "the remainder returned to the oven. Fig, 2--A pparatus for dcfrrm ining ability of coated fabric io withstand repeated folding In this way we have at the end of four weeks of storage live scrub tests on each piece. It is common to express the result of this test in terms of percentage deterioration; thus, a. piece of goods which scrubs *200 at. the beginning and si`rubs 100 at the end of the four weeks' storage test is said to have deteriorated 5(1 per cent. Scrub test data can be plotted as shown in Fig. I, and this is probably more enlightening than simply giving the final deterioration percentage. It will be iio Uk ! that sometimes the scrub of pyroxylin-coaled goods is higher after one week's aging than it was when the sample was trash (Curve A. Fig. I). lids is due lo the hurt that there are two influences at work during the early period of the aging of artificial leather. One that lends to improve the quality is the loss of residual volatile solvent. The oilier and opposite tendency is caused by the high temperature inducing decomposition of the ingredients of the coating. Deterioration During Aging TIME IN WEEKS Q~ ARTIFICIAL AGING AT 150 DEG. FAHR. Fig. /--Typical carer* showing deterioration of various types of leather substitutes during artijwial aging tests. Material B de teriorates rapidly and is much inferior to A a! the end of a week though belter at the start. This illustrates the htiporfanee of aging tpud/dy as contrasted with initial quality. Both material# hare a normal or good resistance to deteriorafion. ('antes ('. 7) ami E indkate relatively poor aging qualifies As longas the loss of solvent and the concomitant toughening of I he coating is in rapid progress, it overcomes the loss of quality due to deterioration; therefore quality, as measured by I he scrub tesl. increases. Following this initial rise in quality there is a steady fall, which continues until the mate rial cracks on sharp bending, at which lime the scrub is said to be zero. Progress of deterioration in different lypes of pyroxylinonated goods varies somewhat; for instance, I he goods may become very oily, and ibis may be followed by stickiness. In other eases, the goods may lose considerable of their original pliability and finally become extremely brittle. On the other hand, pliability ma v be retained to the end of the lest, but the film may become "mushy'5 or soft and easily abraded. In 14 THE 1) U PONT MAGAZINE the best type of leather .substitute the surfa.ee characteristics Jie\'er become objectionable until the coating has given years of satisfactory service. It is important, therefore, to make observations in respect to these conditions on the samples during tin; accelerated aging tests. Pour weeks of artificial aging, as described above, has been found to be equivalent to one year of storage. It probably is true that the eoinbiiisitioti of the scrub lest and the moderated aging test gives I he most, important dsila ^vliieh can be obtained forjudging 11 quality id pyroxylincoated textiles that are to be subjected to ban! usage'. Aging of Rubber-Coated Goods Accelerated aging tests tor rubber-coaled fabrics are curried oni in nmeli I he same manner as those for pyroxylin materlsd except Hud the material is stored at <(F i\ (158u Fahr.k Gu linksbed meteriah the following lexis are made Indore storage; scrub, anchorage, ami combining strength on double texture material, The last, two tests are described later. In addition to these tests, some manufacturers also make physical tests on .stored compound. These tests are made daily after four days* storage. Rubber-coated materials usually deteriorate in the following order: The varnish finish first begins to cheek after storage and this is followed by the rubber becoming less and less elastic, until it finally cracks on sharp bending. Hydrostatic Test: In Fig. 3 is shown equipment used ter determining the hydrostatic resistance of coated fabrics. The material is tested in duplicate or triplicate by clamping pieces face inward over the flanges on the horizontal pipes which are connected with the vertical main. Water is fed into the vertical pipe at such a rate that the level rises at a rate of d ft. per minute. At the first appearance of water on the hack ol the fabric, which is outside, the water is shut off and the height of the column noted on the gage glass. Any good lop material will stand a hydroslnlie pressure equivalent to in ft. of water for a long period of lime without anv leakage. If it stands this even momentarily, its li.vCrosljitic resistance is satisfaclury when new. After being sub jected lo tin* fold test for a reasonable number of times, say itOO, it should sland a pressure equivalent to 7 ft. of water. Shower Tests Too Gentle The shower test, winch has been employed by the bureau of Standards, ha* been used to considerable extent, hut it is so gentle in its action that it is useless as a test for waferproofness of top materials. i'.uld Cruch Test: This test is applicable to pyroxylin-coaled textiles, but not, to rubber-coaled fabrics, ns the biller arc not affected appreciably in pliability by low tempera lures. Two lest pieces, 1 in. wide by 7 in. long, are cut along the warp and two along the filler threads of the fabric backing of The effect of heat aging on rubber voinpoujids La* been well established by the work of Dr. W. C, Geer, who shmv'csl that subjecting samples to dry heat at 70 C. (138 Fahr.) for one day is equivalent to six Jinnitlisi" nor mal aging. Fiij. 3~ Bdim- fil for determining ><h proof characterid i-v substitutes. /i shnn, static head rrqa i r irater through dr For rubber the combination of tests a purchaser could make which Would give the most important data would include, in addition to the scrub test and accelerated aging test, exposure tests, anchorage anil combining tests, i he anchorage and combining should, of course, be made before and after aging ami exposure. Fold Test: In Fig, ~2 is shown an apparatus for carrying out what is nailed the fold test. This machine is operated by an electric motor and causes the goods to 1h ? stretched and folder! sharply under a 10-lh. weight forty limes |>er minute. The test is continued until the coating shoWsS a distinct break at one of tiic folds, this being taken as the end point. Fold tests can be carried on also for a defi nite period of time, after which the goods are subjected to other tests to determine the effect of vigorous fold ing or creasing. Fig. 4 --Right Sc oil d ft a a momtier or tesilr strength testing machine used for obta ini it tj t c it s i / f strength of fab rics, mated or uncoaied, and strength of an chorage of coat mg iudoth base. Also used for meaxuritig the strength of com bining (or the resistance to separation) of two fabrics in double - texture materials. This test was designed primarily for automobile top materials, but It seldom is used for that purpose to day, since collapsible tops are rela tively fewer and are seldom let down. The test is especially useful for goods which must receive such action asthat given by camera bellows. When used ' as an automobile'top test, it is gen erally preceded and followed by the hydrostatic test, for much the same reason that the aging test is accom panied by the scrub test. 15 THE DU PONT MAGAZINE ihe material lo he tested. These pieces are slightly fob led lengthwise and inserted iu large lest tubes. The top of each lest piece is fastened lo a wire attached to a eork closing the month of the lube. The tubes are placed in a hath of ice ami sail adjusted to a temperature of 6./ lb (db ihi.hr.). Pieces of lead are placed in the bottoms of the test tubes to weight, them down so that they will remain in an upright, position. The temperature' of the hath is determined by a thermometer inserted in a test tube in suc-h a manner Uml it does not touch the bottom or sides of the tube, Samples are allowed lo remain in the bath for SO minutes, keeping the temperature constant at 2(f Pahr. by additions of warm water, or ieo and salt, as required. \t, ihe end of this time the sample is removed from its tube mnl quickly grasped in both hands, having a space of approxi mately 1 in. between the hands. The hands are pushed together, immedlalely causing several sharp folds in the test piece. Tile sample is then examined to see if the film cracked when folded. In some cases when- the sample cracks badly a distinct snapping noise can be heard. The results of the tests on Ihe warp and tiller samples are reported separately, using the expressions "did not crack," "cracked." or "cracked badly," as the ease may require. This test is of particular value for automobile upholstery, because the material is eerlain lo be subjected to extremes of temperature. 11. is well known, of eonrse, that any artificial leather or coated leather eraeks if the temperature is low enough. For use in u eliimile like that of New York Gity a coated fabric should stand Idilir. without cracking. Top materials might crack at a higher temperature and si ill lie satisfactory, but curtains should not crack at 2if Fahr [Reference has been made in the foregoing article to the scrub test, which was described in the October. tl>dd, number of this magazine. A few copies of this issue are still avail able. Ed it o r .] Harnessing Grasshopper Glacier {Continued from- page 7) More than 100,000 cubic* yards of rock--gray granite-- will be* east down the mountainside in constructing the flow line shelf. Most of this work is being done by `'station men" gangs, each doing its own drilling and blasting. Drilling is done with jackhaiiier-iype drills. 134-inch and 3-incli steel being used. Holes vary in depth from a few- inches to several feet. Deep holes are ``sprung" and all are loaded heavily with 40 and fit) per cent Red Cross Extra dynamite, and fires I with eleelrie blasting caps. This is the only safe and efficient method here, as the "get-away" for Ihe men is slow and hazardous, and it is desirable to throw as much material as possible of? Ihe grade to avoid handling it. So precipitous are the elifl's and slopes in places that, the workmen safeguard against falling by tying ropes about their waists and anchor ing the ropes lo Ihe dill's above. The tunnel is being driven by two shills a day. The rock is very hard, gray granite. Drilling is done with the wet pat tern juckiutmer drills, set on n column. Eighteen holes arc drilled for each round....five cut holt's n,nd Ihirletm around the rib. Holes are drilled ddj feet deep. Breakage averages lour feet per round. Cut holes are loaded willi 80 per cent gelatin ami final with du Font, electric blast ins* caps. Rib holes are loaded with (it) per cent gelatin and fired with fuse and {*aps. More than 100,000 pounds of du Font explosives will be used on this project. Tin* speed with which Lids work is being done is remark able, considering that wilder comes early at tins altitude. The work is being carried on under ihe? direction of il. H. Cochrane, Chief Engineer, Frank Seolteu. Construe!inti En gineer. and Joseph K. Bell, Resident Engineer, all of the Montana Power Company. E. I. d u Po in t d e Ne mo u r s & Co., In c ., Wil min g t o n , De l a w a r e All Inquiries Regarding du Pont Products Should he Addressed lo Oar Nearest Office ACIDS AND HEAVY CHEMICALS ,1 cids, alums and miscdluaeous heavy dmnir.nl products. Philadelphia, Pu 35th tv Gi ay's Ferry Rd. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS lUmize funders, ether, collo dion, household cement, lea ther belting cements, pyroxylin (aaturi's and emnuh, split and patent leather solutions and other pyroxylin prepara tions and solvents. Parlln, N. J, Chicago, III, 1H14 McCormick Bldg. San Fnuieisco. Calif. 569 Minion Kt. CLEANAIILE COLLARS Challenge, i.Utst' Rildnm and Water Nymph brands. PouPgohakgehekpeseipen,ieNW. oYr.k* DYESTUFFS Dyestuffs and dyestuff inter mediates. Boston, Mass. 274 Franklin St, Charlotte, N. C, 232 W. First Si, Chicago, HI. 1114 Union Trust Bldg. New York, N. Y. 8 Thomas St. Philadelphia, Pa. J 26 S. Front St. Providence, It. 1. KJ<> Hospital Trust Bldg. Situ Francisco, Calif. r>f)9 Misdoii Si. Kobe, Japan No- H8 Nakamadii'lXm P. O. Box No. 384 Shanghai, China Koixril Dollar Bkly. 4 C;iiiton H.wtd EXPLOSIVES Ex plashes for all industrial, agricultural, military and sporting uses. Birmingham, Ala. 601 Bmwn-Marx Bldg. Boston, Mass, I Infvev JiijiMUie Cliuuna y A Bedford Sts. Buffalo. N. Y, Prudential im&. Chicago, III. 1814 McCormick Bldg. Denver, Colo. 10fj Ideal Bldg. Duluth, Minn. Hartley Bldg. 7-12 E. Superior St. El Paso, Tex. Hit .Mills Bldg. Huntington, VV. Va. 401-10 Roh^m-Pnteh ;\r<1 Bids. Kansan City, Mo. 225 Scarritt Bldg. Mexico City, Met. Ediiii'iudeLii Mntuu. 40*> New York, N, Y. I 20 Bromhvii y Plttsburgh, Pa. Fulton, Bldg. Portland, Ore. Nort.hwi-stern Nationa1 flan* Bisk*. St. Louis, Mo. 17th Fluor, Arcade Bldg. Sun Francisco. Calif. 569 Min :.ion St. Setiirle, Wash. Huge Buildiup 2d Ave & Cherry St. Scranton, Pa. 710 Trader- Bank Bldg. Spokane, Wash. 721-22 Old Nat l Bank Bldg,, lUviTside Are. Sr Stevens St. Springfield, ill, 716 Rdnek Bldg. FABRIKOID AND RUBBER FABRICS Fchrikohlfnr utd.-an^bidop:., bodycoierinz an-i rrpholstery: bookbinding, furniture, !n>- r.agr, niivtrfiirs, ch.. Vohtup for auto tops and curtain'--, fimitneshiidcdoth. Vrntuhe far mine i-entilalkm. Newburgh, N. Y. Ran Francisco. CuUf. 566 .Mixr-'ou St. UITHOPONE, DRY COLORS & PIGMENTS Products for paint, ink, oil cloth, lismleum. rubber and tithe* industries. Boston, Mass. ICrcrett Si.:mou |9 Chicago, 111. 2100 EUicm Ave. Newark, N'. J. 256 VfmderiHjnl St. Philadelphia, Pa. 35th & Gray's Ferry Rd. PAINTS AND VARNISHES I complete line of paint and varnish products for all home niul industrial uses. Boston, Mass. Everett Station 49 Chicago, III. Chicago Yarni-di Work* 2100 EBttm Ave. Flint, Mich. Flint Varnish & Color Works New York, N, Y. Room 544 Hudson Ter minal llli lif. 30 Church St. Philadelphia, Pa. 35Uj A. C i ay s Ferry Rd. PYU U l\ ivory Pymlin, Shdl Pyralin, and Amber Pyralin toilet ware. Novelty and transpar ent sheeting, rv/h. tubes and beading. Boston, Masfi. Harvey Building CJuumcey & Bedford Sts. Chicago, III. 14 North Franklin St. Now York, N. Y. 21 E, 40th Street, St. Louis, Mo. Malliuelcrixit. Bldg. 9U7 \Y;t*ljmyinn Ave. San Francisco, Calif. 569 Mission St. FlilERSiLKL AND CELLOPHANE Buffalo, N. Y. Du Pont Klht.Tdilk Company, ine. Du Pout Cellophane Company, Ine, New York, N. YT. 13 2 Madi.'On Ave, Atlantic Cy, -Sew Jersey* 1121 Hminhcalk* Du Patti Products Exhibit 16 Accidents will happen-- until you use Du Pont RUG ANCHOR Du Pont Rug Anchor not only keeps rugs safe and in place but protects them from-- The penetration of moisture and grit coming up through the floor. The excessive wear caused by rough or uneven places in the floor. The impact of walking--which is largely absorbed by Rug Anchor. Damage by moths--if the Rug Anchor, after being laid, is sprinkled with any good flake or powdered moth preventive. Any one can cut and lay Rug Anchor--no sew ing--no metallic fasteners--no possible damage to the finest rug or floor. JVe ivill gladly send you sample and literature, and refer you to a nearby dealer. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY, Inc. FABRIKOID DIVISION NEWBURGH NEW YORK e s p o n d in g to the demand R,, for sets of the American Game Bird Pictures, the du Pont Company is prepared to fill a lim ited number of orders. Eighteen pictures to the set -- in four colors -- all ready for mounting--size 13 x 1414- These pictures are reproduced from original oil paintings by Lynn Bogue Hunt, with descrip tive text of each game bird on the reverse side by Edward Howe Forbush, State Ornithologist of Massachusetts. While they last -- $2.00 the set. Send check to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Incorporated Sporting Powder Division WILMINGTON DELAWARE I m