Document vVEjKbkgV9e4YKYqp1xbY1Nd8

Llonscinlo from (Name 4 locationj MAH 10 REC'D v. R. Richard - Research Center DATE SUBJECT : REFERENCE TO : March 6, 1969 AROCLOR WILDLIFE ACCUSATIONS E. Wheeler - EWHEE cc: H. Bergen J. Springate W. Schalk D. Olson R. Kelly J. Garrett P. Hodges - -P. Park R. Keller E. Tucker HBERG JSPRI WSCHA DOLSO RKELL JGARR PKODG PPARK JFQ JFQ Risebrough in a recent paper "Nature", Vol. 220, Dec. lA 19 , has attacked chlorinated biphenyls in three ways: (1) a pollutant - widely spread by air-water; therefore an un controllable pollutant. (2) a toxic substance - with no permissible allowable levels causing extinction of peregrine falcon by induced hepatic enzymes which degrade steroids upsetting Ca metabolism lead ing to reproductive weakness, presumably through thinner egg shells. (3) a toxic substance endangering man himself; implying that the peregrine falcon is a leading indicator of things to come. As outlined in Science,Vcl. 163, Pg. 5^8, Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) is attempting to write new legal precedents in conservation law by hearings and court action. In the Wisconsin case, water quality standards are at issue. "A substance shall be regarded as a pollutant if its use results in public health problems or in acute or chromic (injury) to animal, plant or aquatic life". Wisconsin is one of 7 states 'which now have federally approved water quality standards. According to Bern Wright, acting chief of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration's Water Quality Standards Branch, DDT would fit the definition of a pollutant upon a showing that it is harmful to aquatic life. ' These people in EDF are saying we must not put stress on any living thing through a change in air or water environment, Eagles, plant life, anything which lives or breathes. Th"Is group is pushing hard on the extension of the word harmful, They claim "enzyme inducer" activity is the real threat of DDT and PCB's and are using these arguments to prove that very small amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons are "harmful". Monsanto is preparing to challenge certain aspects of this problem but we are not prepared to defend against all of the accusations.. Monsanto is preparing itself to identify trace ppb quantitie: of-chlorinated biphenyls in water samples, in concentrated collected air samples, and in animal tissues. We will know whether we have been falsely identified and accused or not. We will eventually know where any pollution is taking place and the extent of the pollution. . _ DSW 383241 STLCOPCB4101088 E. Wheeler -2- March 6, 1969 (b) We are not prepared to defend ourselves against the accusa tions made of enzyme and hormone activity, the Isolation of enzymes or metabolic products, the indirect accusation of cancer, or the splitting of genes, when this accusation is made. Whether we can defend this route or not needs further discussion. (c) Through the Industrial Bio-Test program we are to establish the long term allowable limits of chlorinated biphenyls for certain birds-fish-animals by feeding experiments, pathologi cal examination, and tissue analysis for chlorinated biphenyls. We may be able to answer reproductive ability in some animals. DDT has been under attack for some years because of its chlorine content, its persistent ability to be identified, and the wildlife problems attributed to it. We will still be under the same attack by the mechanisms listed in (b) even though we might establish safe operating limits for humans and certain animals. Where does this leave us? Under identification and control of exposure - we will be able to identify and analyze residues as well or better than anyone in the world. We will probably find residues other than DDT and PCB's. We will probably wind up sharing the blame in the ppm to ppb con centration level. We can take steps to minimize pollution from our own chlorinated biphenyl plants, we can work with our larger customers to minimize pollution, we can continue to set up disposal and reclaim operations. We' can work for minimum exposure in manufacture and disposal of capacitors, transformers and heat transfer systems, and minimize losses for large hydraulic users. But, we can't easily control hydraulic fluid losses in small plants. It will be still more difficult to control other end uses such as -cutting oils,-adhesives, plastics and NCR-paper. In these appli cations exposure to consumers is greater and the disposal problem becomes complex. If chlorinated biphenyl is shown to have seme long term enzyme or hormone activity in the ppm range, the appli cations with consumer exposure would cause difficulty. Risebrough has taken known Aroclor samples and claims to have evidence of enzyme and hormone change. Here there is no question of identification. Either his position is attacked and discounted Or we will eventually have to withdraw product from end uses which have exposure problems. Since Risebrough's paper in "Nature", Dec. 1968 has just been published, it is timely, perhaps imperative, that this paper and its implications be discussed with certain customers. This is a rough one because it could mean loss of business on empty and false claims by Risebrough. Well prepared discussions with Ina. Bio-Test, Monsanto biochemists, the medical and legal departments must take place now. The DSW 383242 . STLCOPCB4101089 E. Wheeler -3- March 6, 1969 position of DDT manufacturers should be determined as a guide. We are being accused of the same things attributed to DDT. I have written this memo to clarify some of the issues. May I please have comments. , Thanks, ms Att. W. R. Richard DSW 383243 STLCOPCB4101090 cU^^uJl CtsvOkaJ /- *3h DS\N 383244 STLCOPCB4101091 1000 1' NATURE. VOL. 220. DECEMBER 14. 1968 Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Global Ecosystem by . . R. W. RISEBROUGH P. RIECHE . ' Institute of Merino Resources, University of California, Berkeley 9-1720 D. B. PEAKALL Division of Ecology and Systematic^, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York M750 S. G. HERMAN Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis 95616 M. N. KIRVEN San Diego Natural History Museum, PO Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112 Polychlorinated biphenyls are widely dis persed in the global ecosystem, and arc powerful inducers of hepatic enzymes which degrade oostradiol. Together with otiier chlorinated biocides, such as DDT, they could account for a large part of the aberration in calcium meta bolism which has been observed in many species of birds since the Second World War. Deci.iking populations of raptorial and fish-outing birds in Croat Britain1 and North Amorica5 havo produced thin-shelled eggs since tho period after tho Second World War. A widespread change in tho chemical environment which affected tho calcium physiology of theso species evidently occurred at that tirao. Tho chlorinated hydro carbons, which came into general uso in tho 1940s, may now be the most abundant synthetic pollutants present in the global environment5. Thin eggshells havo been found only in species which accumulate high concen trations of theso compounds: relatively unconta initiated populations of these species continuo to produce normal eggs1-5. ... Calcium metabolism in birds is intimately related to reproductive metabolism and is to a largo extent regulated by steroids such as oestrogen and vitamin D1. Tho deposition of medullary bone, tho chief sourco of calcium during egg and eggshell formation, is controlled by tho steroid sex hormones'-7, and hens deficlont in vitamin D lay eggs with lower eggshell weights'. Steroids are hydroxylatcd and thereby degraded in vivo and in vitro by hepatic enzymes induced by exogenous, lipid-solublo substances, including the chlorinated hydrocarbons5-11. Tho relatively small amounts of chlorinated hydro carbons required to produce this effect'-11-15-15, and tho discovery that- small amounts of somo of tho DDT compounds aro oestrogenic'-15-50, have mado irrelevant much of tho parts per million approach to pollutant ecology based on toxicity data alono. In both Great Britain51-51 and North America55 it was the decline of the poregrino falcon which initiated concern about tho extent- of tho harmful effects of environmental contamination. In tho United States tho eastern popu lation was extinct before competent observers were aware of a general, widespread decline55. Breeding peregrines persist in apparently normal numbers in British Columbia55 and in tho Arctic57-53. In 19C7 wo collected an unhatched, abandoned egg of a peregrine falcon in south-western North America, whoro a snuill remnant population remains (unpublished work of M. N. K., It. W. R. and S. G. IL). Analysis of this egg (Table 1) showed that it contained almost 5 nig of p,p'-DDE (dicbloro-2,2-6is(p-ch!orophcnyt) othyleno). Unknown peaks present in tho chromatograms of tho extract of the egg were unidentified until polychlorinated biphenyls (1'GJJ) were detected in European wildlife55-51. Positive confirmation of tho identification was accom plished by mass spectrometry in Sweden50. Tho retention times of tho unknown peaks in tho peregrine extracts proved to bo identical with those of sovoral PCB com pounds on DC-200 and Qi'-l columns5 and on a. mixed SE-'JO-.Q F-l column. Other species of birds and fish were subsequently analysed for PCB. Tho . chlorine content of several extracts and standards was determined with a Dohrmuu mierocouluinetnc detector and a method of quantification of tho l'CB compounds was devised based on peak heights produced iu tho electron.enpuiro detector related to standard p,p'-Y)BE5. Tito DDT compounds are destroyed by nitration55 and jj,;/-DDT (1,1,1 - trich'oro- 2,2-&ts(p-chlorophenyl)ethano), DDD (l,l-dichloro-2,2-6fa (p-chlorophcnyl)othano) and toxapheno aro dohydrochlorinatod by saponification with alcoholic KOH. PCB is not degraded by either procedure. Table 1. CHLORINATED HVDROCAF.ItONS IX NORTH AMERICAS PEREGRINE FALCONS XCI- Samplo Dicldrin . Unhatchcd esgt Baja California (wet) !. Second year J migrant O'll Total DDT* 102 ccntaso DDE 97 PCB 10-2 DDT/ PCB 10 from Arctic Breast-musclc (wet) Breast muscle (dry) Beam (wet) Carcass (wet) Carcas3 (lipid) Immature,Ca!i:'ornia KM KM 0-87 02-5 99 290 85 70 5.000 94 23 84 93 21 93 19-7 1.420 3-5 4*7 3-5 Breast mu3de (wet) Liver (wet) Brain (wet) Brain (lipid) Carcass (wet) Carcass (lipid) l. Adult, Califomiaii Breast muscle (wet) Liver (wet) Brain (wet) Brain (lipid) Carcass (wet) . Carcass (lipid) >. Immature*; migrant KM KM 0-04 0-50 0-U 1-8 14*4 7-7 2*S 3G 20-2 300 KM N.M 0-31 3-7 1-7 50 ' 127 77 49-5 595 85 2.C00 90 9-4 92 4*5 89 1*5 19*3 92 10*8 160 1*5 1-7 1*9 1*9 87 93 1*3 80' ' 57 . 1*4 80 34-6 1*4 415 87 05 1-3 1,930 from Arctic Breast muscle (wet) Breast muscle (dry) Liver (wet) Brain (wut) - Body fat (wet) Carcass (wet) Carcass (lipid) ?. Immature Arctic KM K.M KM K.M 0-07 0-14 2-3 7*6 1*0 0*43 50-3 9*3 C3-7 81 - 02 83 82 82 0-10 0-54 0*10 0-037 3*2 0-30 5*5 14 10 12 10 12 migrant"* Breast muscle (wet) Breast muscle (dry) KM 1*9 89 6*0 0*0 3*4 1*9 Concentration: la parts per million wet weight, dry weight or lipid weight. DOT residues Include: p,7>'-DDT, p.p'-DDF,, p.p'-DDD (p.p'-TDT-), p.p'-DDMU, o,7)'-Dl>T and o.p'-DOtl. KM, Kot measured. t Chlorinated hydrocarbon contents of the egg were: a.700 pz P.p'-DDK; 40 pz o.p'-DDK: 20 mg p,;/-DI>T; 7*4 pz 7Mi'-DDD; 37 /< m/j'-DDMT; 5 mg dirldrin; 12 pz hcptaahlo: epoxide. Concentrations ven- end, elated by assuming a volume of 47-3 ml., the average value obtained by m.-nearing eleven dutches of peregrine eena from California in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, and by assuming a density of 1-0. t Second year female, cap-aired in October on tic: Texas coast during migration. Died in captivity shortly afti-rw'ard--. no apparent cause of d--ath. Mo body fat. Total body content of chlorinated hydrocarbons: 3-"> mg DDL1, 10 mg PCD, 0-41 mg dicldrin, 0-1S mg heptaddor epoxide. Total bodv lipid. 7 g. ' I'iumage characteristics ofbnth 3 and 4 were intermodiato between those of typically resident California birds and tire Arctic race i'.j*. ttu-dm:.,-, as described by White11. Xu. 3 was an immature female of tho year trapped in tlie southern San i-Tancisco T.av area in the w inter of 1 Odd. Observed feeding In the area for a week before capture. Died suddenly after eating a dead gull. Moderate body fat. Total body chlorinat'd hydrocarbon content: 13 mg DDT, ti-3 mg TUB, 0-07 mg dicldrin, 0-00 mg heptachlor epoxide. Total body lipid, 43 g. li Adult female. Trapped in the southern San Francisco Day area lit the winter of IDiid. Observed feeding in tbe area for a month before captnre. Die-1 shortly afterwards with no apparent cause of death and no body fit. Total body cldoripat'.d hydrocarbon content: 52 mg DDT. 40 mg 1*CP-. 1*0 l.ig dieiilrin, t-0 mg heptachh-r epoxide. Total body lipid, 20 g. S| First year female trapped on the Texas coast in October, host at TL Mugil, California, the following January an-1 was shot by a sportsman 3 weeks later. Abundant body fit. Total body content: 7 mg DDT. 0-1 mg 1-Cli. 0-Uo mg dietdrin. (.'.17 mg hephu-lilnr epoxide. Total body lipid, 110 g. First year female trapped on tiie Texas coast in October. Died shortly afterwards of heat prostration. In Table 1 aro presented tho results of analyses of poregrino falcons which died from a variotv of cutuses DSW 383245 STLCOPCB4101092 1 ',00 NATURE. VOL. 220. DECEMBER 14. 1963 Tflblo 3. PCD ASP DI)T IS* THK CIOIIAL ECOSYSTEM Species ' N Tot.il DDT 0*g) (p.r-m.) Percentage DDE 0'S) FCB (p.p.m.) White crapplo (1) 11 lack cranplc (2) Blm-gill (3) Adobe penguin (4) Eggs Western glebe (5) Breast muscle Fulmar (G) A 1c1 Pink-footed shearwater (7) Sooty shearwater (S) B C* Slender-billed shear water (0) 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 --' --- 0-78 (0*59-1*04) -- --. -- 10,475 2,000 -- '-- 1,205 -- 1-83 (IV) 2-10 C\V) 5-5 (\V) 0-123(L) 2G-4 (\V) 0-41 (VY) 3-4 (IV) 17-5 (\\'> 3-0 (V) 12-3 (W) 10-3 (V) 2-3 <\V) 32-0 (IV) 6 -- 0*001 (\Y) G 0*003 6 -- 0*005 74 < 0*044 pzfcZZ 5 -- 0-093 <\V) 70 __ 0*03 (W) 89 .--. 0*34 (W) 0G 8,000 6*5 (W) 93 277 0*42 (W) 94 8G __ --- 1*2 (W) 0-9 (W) 85 NM . 02 2*1 (W) Ashy petrel (10) Brown pelican (11) Eggs, Panama Eggs, Baja California Frigate-bird (I2)cggs, Panama 3 Q 3 2,158 (1.644-2,320) 59 (18-183) 53 (47-59) 9*0, S-7, 30*0 59-3 (\Y) 11-5 (L) 10-0 (L) -- 05 61 (47-78) 81 88 880 (298-432) 23*1 (18-30) 10*4 (9*0-11*7) 8*4, 5*7, 84*0 9*8 (W) --. -- Brown booby (13) cgg3, Panama Brandt's cormorant (14) eggs . Pelagic cormorant (15) egg* Cinnamon teal (18) White-tailed kite (17) Eggs, clutch A Unhatchcd egg Ji Unhatched egg C Clutch T> Clutch K Clutch Cooper's hawk (IS) Golden eagle < 19) egg Osprey (20), Baja California Merlin (21) American kestrel (22) 4 17 4 1 4 1 1 2 3 4 1 1 6 1 20*8 (10*4-24*5) 320 128 025-130) 4,340 tt*4 (9-8-12*0) 5*1 5*3 8-3/cgg 10-2/egg 3l*9/egg 8,500 150 127 (30-204) 435 8-2 (I,) -- ,__ 10-9 (W) * # 0-76 (\Y) 0*34 (W) 0-35 (W) -- 9*0 (L) '-- 25*2 OY) 2*0 (W) 55 (L) 2*9 OY) 89 91 90 70 77 82 73 82 57 80 90 ' 98 85 94 12*2 (0*5-18*9) 113 . 62 } (48-75) -- ., 6*4 (5*5-7*8) i 0*84 ; 3*0 4-3/egg > 4-0/egg . : S*8/cgg .-- 17*5 (7*3,3*0, 103) (24,7*0. 19) . 55-4 4*8 <L) -- _ 0*91 __ . ___ .__ . . ___ 6-3 0*23 (W) -- 0*39 (W) Whole body, adult 1 Eggs, two clutches G Black-crowned night heron (23) 1 Western gull (2\) 1 Eggs, San Francisco 4 Bay, three clutches . Eggs, Farallon Is., ten clutches 10 Eggs. Baja Calif., 7' seven clutches 51 . 2*4/cgg 541 8G9 803 (632-1,123) 412+102 SS5+230 0*044 0*20 OY) - .__ -- _ -- _ - ` 39 93 89 99 * 85 89 - 97 ; 3*7 l-O/egg . 330 ; 23 805 (5S0--1,310) . 130 + 55 45 + 30 - 0*031 0*09 (\V) -- .` -- Forster's tern (25) eggs Caspian tern (20) Eggs. San Francisco Bay Eggs, San Diego Bay Bed plialaropc (27) Common murre (23) eggs Caasin's anklet (20) Ancient murrelet (30) PJiinocerosaukl'.-t (31) Mourning dove (32) Barn owl (33) 2 2 5 1 6 1 1 1 2 6G5 (59S-732) 1,209 (1,210-1,322) 1.430 (991-2.430) -1,045 (032-3,021) --- - -- -- 12 0,33-1 -- ___ -- 0*78 (W) 151(L) 6-8 (W) ' 0*75 2*7 0-10 (W) 89 114 (91-137) - 89 805 ' (GCO-950) 83 * * 1,010 (550-1,000) 79 --- 90 55S (364-1,010) 93 . -- 00 i -- 97 ; -- 77,93 Not detected _ _ 0*10 45(E) 0*10 0*15 0*3G -- ICggs, one clutch Eggs, one clutch Meadowlark (34) 3 27-7/egg 1*25 (W) 95 10-4/egg 2 143/css e-c (\V) 96 . 14-4/egg 2 21-2,443 0*1S, 3*3 (W) 77,93 ' 2*5,28*1 0*47 (\Y) 0*GG (W) -- DDT.'PCB 475 Cf.ij 1,200 >13 270 5 10 2**7 10 12 15 5-5 1*55 (0-07-3-2) 0*5. 4*0 1*1, 1-5,0-4 1*7 2*9 2*1 12 1*8 6-0 1*5 2*0 2*6 8-5 4*0 8-5 8*5,10*1,1*3. 11*2.0*7,1M 12-7 1*4 2-3 1-G 36 1-0 3*0 9*1,10*5, 5-0, 12*3,10*0. 10-7, 10-5 5*5 1*7 1*4 8 3*5 3G 5 8 -- *7 in 8*4, 15-9 Content In /g and conr*-ntratlons In p.p.m. wet weight (W) or lipid weight (L). ' Vnless otherwise specified, analyses were of whole bodies. Emlrin and dioldrin were identified on the basis of retention times on both QF-l and DC-230 columns. . 1. Pomoxii onnufcm, 28 l g. Clear Lake, Lake Co., Calif., May 19G3. *` 2. Pomor.lt hifjroi.inruUttsa, 212 g, Clear Lake, Lake Co., Calif., May 1983. * 3. Ispomi* rnarrof'hiru.i. 229 g, Clear Lake, Lake Co., Calif., May 1983. ' 4. PutjMrtlU mldia-. (.'ape Crozier, Antarctica, October 1987. 5. A'chmitnhurui occitUnLalis, Clear hake, hake Co., Calif., May 1983. 8. >W/MiT/irft ylnrinloA and II: Monterey Bay, Calif., November 1,1988. C: Point E-eyes, Calif., December 1907. Fulmars breed In Alaska. 7. Pvffinnt cwAoput. Breeds in' Chile. Collected In May 1983, in the Gulf of California. 8. J'ttjjinu i arwuK. Broods in New Zealand ami Chile. ^ ami //: Monterey Bay, November 1, 19G8. C: Gulf of California, May 1983. NM. Not ' measured, inti.rf'-ring peaks. . ' . 0. J'ufilnu* ttnuinntri*. Jtrccds In Australia. Monterey Bay, Dcccint>er 19C0. . 10. OmuifjJrftuitt homorhroa. Farallon Islands, Calif., May 1983. 11. J**irran>.i< nrculfutnlii, Panama eggs wen* collected on lsla Pach^ra and lain Parhequllla, Gulf of Panama, February 1903. One egg contained 0*08 p.p.m. dioldrin and 0*08 p.p.m. emlrin', another contained OTC p.p.m. dieiilrin and 0*07 p.p.m. endrin (lipid weight). Baja California e?es were rnlh-rted at Bahia do h*s Angeles. March 1993. One egg contained 0*24 p.p.m. dioldrin ami 1*13 p.p.m. endrin (lipid weight). 12. Frr'jntu hui'jnifumn.t. jski Pachcca, Panama, February 1983, % 1-3. Hutu tr!ft't*jn\Ur. 1:4a Pafln-ca and Ida Parhniuilki, Panama. February 1903. Two eggs were analysed for dieldriu and endrin. Dieldrin: 0*03, 0*ltf p.p.m,; endrin: 0-08 and U*0ll p.p.m. (lipid weight). 14. Phul.irro'-orui jtrnirillatm. Farallon l.dandsi MaV 1907. If*. VUn'nrt`irr,rMT prln-jiritt. San Mab-o Co., (.'a'if. * ' . 18. A mu rum,upturn. *an Diego, April Ibvs. Adult male. . 17. Flonin Uimi,in. A i Contra Costa Co., Calif., April 190S. P and Cl Contra Costa Co., May 1903, two and three young raided, respectively. D*. Abandoned. Contra Costa Co., May 1987. II and F: Destroyed nests. Contra Costa Co., March 1983. D3W 383246 ; \ ; ; i STLCOPCB4101093 otf -2> ft fr4 1*3. IM 1 Jr .7*0, n-G. * 200 Nat neil *03. j >: NATURE. VOL. 220. DECEMBER 14. 196S l 101 : Tablo 3 (continued) IS. jrcij'itrr rr.nj.crii. JJalbr-.i Park, Sfui Pic<;:o, l;ni.'>ry 10)4. First year female, died of tricfinnioitlasts. 10 S:m Luis Obi.-'po Co., Calif.. April 19G3. Vuhr.tchcd dii'lclrin, 1-9 //g of heptachlor **|x*iilr\ but no rtnlrin. in neat where one yountf was raised. Tc^r aLo contained 4-7 pz of 2f. J^nulion Culfrf Calihcnia. March 10''S. One eg;; also contained OTO p.p.m. dieldrin-and 0*23 p.p.rn. endrin (L). 5T. f'r.fcv entuviOnrhu. Immature*. Utah, December 10G7. j. fo'ro spurn-rim. Adult was killed on road, Mendocino Co., Calif., December 1007. Eggs from Davia, California, 19G3. 23. Xurtirorcr jrrticorai. Keg* from di/H-rmt clutch.% San FrancLco Bay, May 10C7. 't! f.nru* ci-:c'.(J<':\to[\x. Standard errors. !>G P'T cent confidence limits. ` *3.7. s:.-nui fonlcri. San Diego Bay, May 1007, 2'h Jf ii 'rr'pr'yjr.s m-tpia, 100. 27. t'h`\!ari>?\u fvlicari'.ts. Monterey Uny, November 1, 19G0. * 2S. T'ric aa!-n\ Varallnn Islands, May 10o.. ' 20. I'lycbrfrtnipfttt* akuiicua. Enrallnn Islands, April lf-GG. 3f). Suittfi!pftitt ntit*>in. Monterey Bay, November 1, 10GG. 31. (yrorhinre. mr.aorvrct'T. Monterey Bay, November I, 100G. 32. Zeruxi'lurc vitif-rount. San Diego, July 1003. 33. n!f>a. Clutch A from Contra Costa Co., Calif., March 1903. Clutch B from Yolo Co., Calif., April 1008. 3t. StxirneUu nrylr^ta. Davis, Cnhf., December 1007. \ In these, however, the amount of DDT was -very low; willi a DDT: PCD ratio of IS, no PCB would havo been <l*-i.-cted. A larger amount of fat material from Antarctic organisms, which would contain more DDT, would then-fore have to be analysed beforo concluding that PCB lias not yet. reached the Antarctic. Individuals of species resident in industrial areas have, ns expected, higher PCB levels than individuals of the mi mo speeies from more remote regions. Analysis of ten eggs from ten clutches of the western gull from the Kara lion Islands showed an average PCB content of Dill 55 ij.g (05 per cent confidence level). PCB contentof four eggs from three clutches from an island in San Francisco Bay averaged S05 pg with a range from 580 to I,.110 (Table 3). Seven eggs from seven clutches in tlii' Gulf of California contained 4530 pg of PCB. Tin- DDT content of the eggs from the Farallons was not significantly different, from that of the Baja California egC'. _ ... Birds from the Gulf of California also contain dicldrin and endrin (Tables 2 and 3), but the number of analyse is ns vet insufficient to compare their relative abundance with that of DDT and PCB. Despite the inability of tho Slii-II Chemical Company to find any chlorinated hydrocar bons in tho Gulf of California and at tho mouth of tho Colorado River35, which drains into tho Gulf, it is likely that some do enter from the Colorado River and from agricultural areas in western Mexico. A significant fraction, however, must come from tho atmosphere36, and air transport best- explains tho presence of PCB in remote areas. In extracts from the Gulf of California one PCB compound was present in relatively small concentrations. This compound is readily degraded by ultraviolet light irradiation in laboratory experiments, and may therefore be selectively degraded in the atmosphere. Although PCB is not soluble in water, it has a low but finite vapour pressure31. Incineration of materials containing PCB would greatly increase tho rate of entry into the atmosphere. PCB is used in the manufacture of many industrial products, so the high amounts found in San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound3 and San Diego Bay presumably result from direct discharge of industrial wastes into theso waters and from local fallout. Tho pre.senco of PCB in tho few land birds and fresh water iish analysed indicates that it is also distributed among continental ecosystems in North America. Pere grines could therefore acquire PCB, as well as the other chlorinated hydrocarbons, over all their global range. .No PCB residue data arc available for prey species from the Atlantic, but. compounds which seem to bo PCB have been isolated from seals36. A second year male peregriuo spent the winter of 1967-6S on Isla Pncheca, Panama, where the pelican, booby and frigate-bird eggs of Table 3 were collected. The Cooper's hawk which was analysed, a species which also preys upon birds, contained high residues of both DDT and PCB '(Table 3). Cooper's hawks h.ave declined in eastern North America and in some regions havo produced th,in-shelled eggs3*. Several species of raptors do not accumulate high amounts of tho organo-chlorino compounds (Table 3), a result of the very low rcsiduo levels usually found in their prey. American kestrels and barn owls arc common residents of California cities. Tho white-tailed kite, which was near extinction 40 years ago in California, is now abundant in areas where insecticide use is intense, yet because it preys primarily upon the short-lived and herbivorous vole, Microtus, the species accumulates very little DDT or PCB (Table 3). Previous work15 has shown that both DDT and dicldrin induce hepatic enzymes in tho pigeon which, in an in vitro preparation, increaso tho metabolism of progesterone and testosterone. This work has now been extended to study the metabolism of ocstradiol by enzymes induced byp.p'-DDH, technical DDT (Dupont) and PCB (`Aroclor 1202'). The experimental procedure previously described13 was followed except that tho chlorinated hydrocarbons were injected intramuscularly rather than given orally, and in the separation'of oostradiol and its metabolites the solvent system used was the upper layer of a mixture of benzene:heptane: methanol: water 7:3:S:2. The strips were monitored with an autographic strip scanner. The profiles obtained for tho various inducing agents are shown in Fig. 1. It will bo noted that the profiles of the metabolites obtained after enzyme induction using DDE and DDT are identical, but that a different- metabolite is produced by tho enzyme induced by PCB. The amount of metabolites formed was calculated from tho radio activity of the peaks. The results obtained are given in Tablo 4. Tabic 4. I.YCKEaSE or OESTIiADIOE ili'T.lBOI,!S5[ SV I'iGKO.V LIVE?. H05IO- GEXATES FF.Oil BIRDS TREATED WITH VARIOUS CHI.OIUNATED EYDKOCARBOSS Amount of polar mot-abolites -- formed in m;-moles Control DDE (40 mg/kg) DDT (40 mg/kg) PCB (20 mg/kg) 29-3 6-5 - 76-2i 13-1 93-1 i 11-2 IGO-O +lO-.i Each figure is the average with standard deviation of a group of four birds. In all eases 500 ma moles of oe.strndiel-O.T-T (500 mCianmoie) was present in tho incubation mixture. Incubation time 30 min. weight of microsomal fraction used 300 nig. Ail chiorinat-M hydrocarbon? were injected intramuscularly into the pectoral muscle 7 daj-s before death. Body concentrations of 40 p.p.m. of j>,p'-DDE signifi cantly increased tho rate of ocstradiol degradation by the induced enzymes in tho experimental conditions. On a weight basis the PCB preparation had an ocstradiol degrading potential approximately five times that of p,p'-DDE or technical DDP\ Both DDE and PCB. which arc apparently tho most abundant of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants in tho global ecosystem, have therefore tho capacity to produco sublethal physiological effects in birds. . Studies on tho activity of induced enzymes in the rat at various times after a single injection of DDT or dicldrin have been made by Ghazal cl aid'1. Ho found that it took 70 days for tho activity to fall to half its maximum value in the case of DDT and 15 days in the caso of dioldrin. Experiments with dicldrin on pigeons DSW 383247 STLCOPCB4101094 1 102 NATURE. VOL. 220. DECEMBER 14. 12GB This work was supported by tho US National Scicm-.i Foundation, the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildli!'.. and tho US Public Health Service. Pure p,//-DDB w.h supplied by tho Federal Drug Administration, and sanml,.-., of `Aroclor' by tho Monsunto'CIicmical Company. * DDT Fig. 1. Chromalogrnphic separation of oestradiol p.r.d It3 metabolites. The large peak Is unaltered oestradiol. show that only a quarter of maximum activity remains after a month. Thus thero is evidence that the effects of theso induced enzymes can persist over a long period of time although more studies are needed to determino the steroid degrading potentials of livers of those species contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. The profile of tlie metabolites should bo some indication of the history of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons. The reductions in eggshell thickness and eggshell weight increaso the chances of egg breakage31-24, and water retention, which affects hatching success40-41, might be impaired. The environment, in which birds now exist, is therefore no longer tho same as that in which they evolved; it is unlikely that any species' has the genetic capacity to meet the selection pressures resulting from the abrupt environmental chango which has produced the thin eggshells. Tho peregrine falcon is a species long highly revered and respected. G. IF. Thayer42 has described it as "the embodiment of noble rapacity and lonely freedom". An irony therefore exists in the fact that tho peregrine may bo the first species to bo extirpated by global contamination. Received August 24; revised Xovcinbcr 14, 1003. ItatclifTo, D. A.. .Vdiirc,215. 203 (1037). Hickey, J. J., uud Andereon, D. W.. Science, 1C2, 271 (1DC5). I Bdscbrough, It. V.. in Chemical Fallout, First Rochester Conference on Toxicity (in the pres?, 1033). . 4 Sinikiss, K., Calcium in Beproduclicc Physioloiy (Reinhoid. Xcw York 19G7). Simkiss, K., Biol. Bcv., 36, 321 (1001). . Clavcrt, J., .md Benoit, J., Cli Sec. Biol., Pans, 13G. 509 (1912). ' Kyes, P.. rind Totter. T. S,, Anal. Bee., 60, 377 (1031). 4 Hart, E. 15., Steenbock, IT., Lcpkovaky, S., Kictzien, S. W. E., Haipin, J. G., and Johnson, O. X., J. Biol. Chet.-... 65. 570 (1025). Welch, It. M., Levin, W., ami Conney, A. H., Chemical Fallout, Fin1 Boche.'tcr Conference on Tonicity (in the press). II Hart, T.. C., Schultice, It. V'., and Pouts, J. K., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 5. 371 (1033). 11 Hart, L. G., and Eouts, J. It., Saanyn-Schmiedel/cry't Arch. Kxp. Pr.lS. 1`harmci.ul., 2-1?. 436 (1055). 14 Cormey, A. II., Welch, It. M., Kuntanmn, It., and Burns, J. J., Clin Pharmacol. Thcrc.p., S, 2 (1036), 14 Conney, A. H., Pharmacol. Bee., 19, 317- (1967), >* Kupfer, lb, Residue Bcv., 10, 11 (1067), 11 Gcrboth, G., and Scliv.abe, U., Arch. Kxp. Pathol. Phanr.aho!., 246, 460 (1064). .. 14 Giilctt, J. W,, J. Agria. Food CArm.,16, 293 (1063). 11 Sclnvabe, U., Areneimittei-Forsch., 14, 1205 (1064). 14 Peak-all, D. 1!., Xalure, 210, 595 (1907). 14 Welch, P,,. M,, Levin, W.. and Conney, A. H., Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. (In the press). 44 Hitman, J,, Cecii. II. C,, Harris, S. J., and Erics, G. F.. Sciii',162, 37) (1063). 44 Itatclifle, P. A., Bril. Birdsfil, 23 (195S). KatcliiTe, P. A.. Bird Study, 10, 55 (1063). . 44 ItatciiiTe, P. A., Bird Study. 12, GO (1065). ItatciiiTe. D. A., Bird Study, 14, 223 (1007). 41 Hickey, J. J., Pcrcorir.e Falccn Populations : Their Bicloyj and Beeline (University of Wisconsin Press, In the press). 41 Beebe, F. L., Condor, 02, 145 (1000). 11 Cade. T. and Hr1-ichl*J.rr,..':afmt?or;70.''-l70 (190$). Endcrson. J. 11., and Ecr-;or.tI).lD..LConrforA?0,I149 (1903). 'Jc-usen, S., Sac Sci., 32,f0!2 (199G). ,s Vt'idrnar^, O., J. Assoc.TOfj. Ar.al. Chem.,[50/1060 (1997). Holmes, D. C., Simmons, J. H., nnd Tntton, J. O'G., Satyr?, 215, 227 (1907). 11 Erro, F., Revenue,rA., and Eechmnn. H., Hull. Environ. Cant. TozicoL, 372 (1907). " V.'hitc, C. M., An?:, S5. 170 (19GS). * JefAries, D. J., and Frestt, I., Brit. Birds, 59, 49 (19CG). Al'lrin, DUUrin, Endriv. (A Status Report) (The Shell Chemical Company, 1007). * Kisebroitgh, R. V*"., TCiircret, It, J., Gridin, J. J., and Goldbors, E.*R* Science, 159, 1233 (1900). 11 Tech. Butt. JVj-SOG (Monsanto Chemical Company). ' Holden, A. V., and M-irsifcn, K.f jYnfiirc,210, 1274 (1997). ' Ghazal, A., Korr.p.sV-y, \V.# Portis, J., Vohlar.d, TT.VSV., and ELlctnrau, I.. Arc/,. Kip. rai/.cl. PLcnucAA., 2-49. 1 (1994). Jones, II. E.. nml Leopold, A. S., J. Wild!, dfana^rnent, 37, 22] (1907). 41 MnyhcwAW. "\\\, J. V/ih!!. MiuiC`7er.'.nil,19, 3G (195f). Thayer, G.JH., Bird lore, 6. 47 (1904). Tsunamis on the Moon? by W. G. VAN DORN Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California The spacing of the five annular mountain rings around Mare Orientate fits a dispersion curve for gravity waves on a .50 km "liquid" layer overlying a rigid basement. Tits question whether tho multiplo ring-like mountain structures surrounding' most of tho lunar craters larger than 120 miles in diameter might bo "frozen tsunamis", set in motion by tho shock wave3 caused by impacting plar.etesiimds, was first brought to my attention by It. B. Baldwin (personal communication). Baldwin points out that in several cases (including the giant Mare Imbrium) two or more rings 'can "bo -made out DSW 383248 STLCOPCB4101095