Document vV58rR6gxGEYgVzqKRypoL2Eb

A u *& r.j^.:.J .i'.; a J , '1 . ,... ~ -J , :-".w & -, .:*!'* *afriL,.: 1 *- - - :V* j . * ^ f,, t f V ^ > - . - ^ lv J--;'r -- I M*0*#0* AVINUt, NW H *. fK"OM t'MOlO UA|A 60O Hit OA*vl ADPftltl' NTtWMO MAT VO4 February 3, 1967 Tot All Hesfesrs of tha Lead Bavlrcaatotal Bsalth Ccaaltts* At Project LH-119 The Ua* of U*d Isotopic Conpcsltlon u an Ecviroraratal Tracer Attached 1* your copy of tbs tlx Booth pragma* report, also a ballot on which you vUl Indicate your vtabet aa to tb# continuation of til* project during the raaa tester of tb* year. Tb# ballot should b returned to Us by February 20. You vtll rtanbir that tbs first #Lx Booth* of this project vas planned to develop tl>o physical capabilities for mlcrochcalcal isotopic analysis of l**d frcs euvlrcmantal tempi**. Sloes 00 othar laboratory available to us ha* developed this capability, a good deal of groundwork vas necessary 00 tha part of laotopa*, loc. A new laboratory haa barn built and sat a*Ida xc 1j 1 re ly for our project, A Eaiar of anrlrotsaaotal sarrplea Including air, vatar, aod soil havs been analyiad and tha faaalblllty of doing this work baa bass astab li shad to our satUfactloo. In reading tha rsrults obtained In tha progress report I vlah to caution you that thasa rsaulta ar* lncludad narsly aa daacxvstratloa* of ths coo* trsctor'a ability to ask* thaaa analyses and era not to be coostrued as represent*tire of anything Is ths aorlrooarot. dacausa thaaa rvault* ar* not rsprvsantatlvs, I vlsb to caution you that they ar* OGJUTDEfTIAL aad Bust not bs distributed to uoauthorliad personnel. As you knev, this pro* ject, together vith assay of our other *oelrc*nt*l health projects, am vary sensitive In their Upllcatlco* and prenatur* dlscloaum of result* could be aost unfortunate. ;. The American Pwlrolecsi Inetltul# ha* already given thalr approvifir to ths cme-year axtvnslco of this ecotmet. Tha HZiO heard of I>lr*ctor has allocated the fund* cecassary to ccsrplat* tha project. It renaliv# only for our Uirlrce.'uental Health Ccenttte* to aipree* It# approval before we can auu.c.rlt* lb* work to go on. because the V/tf operation of this pro* Ject ha* been pla<uv>4 as a u>*-yer activity and because a cocplata year'a work ha# already been planned, we ar* asking list yew vote csj this orut-year ssUnsioB aa a peckaga, ru,*r than considering fhae* II and ilk*## XII sap* arataly, aa originally outlined to you laat year. Very truly ycurs, Do g Os Fovl*r rrcjt >teAi|r v I ft# **e Tot Coo 0. Fowler, Project Manager International Lead Zloc fte**arch Organisation, Coe. 292 Madison Avenue rv Tort, X. T. 10017 Z approve the cooaltaeot of $77,000 of ILZ-RO fund*, plot an equal aaouat fro* the contribution of the anti knock naoufacturere la avpport of n^aee II and ftiase III of Project LR-119. Kr approval la aade vlth the .1 understand leg that the American PetroleuB Institute contribute* aa anouat of isccey equal to that contri buted by the lead Industry, or $7^,000. Z 60 oot approve A signature Please return ballot by February 20, I967. j N 476.01 ^ ** ^ * C*, ^ ^ *V ^ i__< . .... e-e*,.. >**%%., '*- ' % . I'-'i ''"`VP!: W * *. ;?e^ ,';s v pfi'.. ^* '' MMmMui*KUM&irMt' itr Art*.wm^ Report on Project No* Irll and W-119 The Use of Lead Isotopic Composition a an environmental Tracer by Dr. Eric H. WiUU, Proj. Dir. Dr* Wayne U* Ault Dr. Ron C. Senechal Hr. Janea Buckley Prepared for The Envirofwntal Health Coccittee o The American Petroleo* Institute and The Lead Health and Safety Coaalttee The International Lead Zinc Research Organisation The Lead Industrie* Association, Inc. 20 January 1967 isotopes, Incorporated 171 Woodland Avenue Westwood, H. 4. 07671 ^xlsSB WjiwgeB--e * `* 3*. ijovm ,% - ewe1'* i?- i :t5r*.\V^A'Tr^A^v ' u 4VLipu&HMJ n ap'il N 476.02 Isotopes, Inc. ISTSftPUCriQS - Protect ^Qr lent* t Ion ^ The min purpose of the Project Is to demonstrate that lead Isotopic ratios can be used to characterise tha various prloary sources sod reservoirs of lead in man's environment and thereby make available a useful tool to obtain information on the origin of particular environmental leads, essential to this ala la the establishment of a clean "load free" laboratory and mlcro-cheolcal techniques that will permit handling both micro- and sucrosamples without contamination. The analytical prograa planned consists of the seaauremrnts of 1) lead Isotopic ratios, 2) very low lead abundances by isotope dilution techniques, and 3) low levels of Pb210 The above activities and the develop ment and evaluation of suitable analytical techniques essentially cocprlsa Phase 1 of the Project which is the subject of this report Phase 11 1 nvolvrl corvjurt lug a feasibility study of tt<- isotopic characterisation of lead In primary sources, environment si media, and In mn. "Phase II has been actively anticipated by initiating a library of aaaplea from pertinent location* so that the Project Maintains its continuity. A third phase of extended environmental studies can then be undertaken profitably with the essential parameters established. Sstdaliicd Laboratory fscllltlcs Clean laboratory To fr(lttate working with very low level lead abundances with a minimum of contsmlnatinn a clean laboratory mi constructed. Special attention j vms given to sourrea of background contamlnatIon of lead. This <-<K> ft. clean laboratory with "lead free" paint, plumbing, and special hood* Is now In full operation. IU1* up air Is provided thu.wgh an extended surfar* filter. Two exha oat hood* and one clean air hood are used for preparation of alt reagents and samples, mnd cleaning of all labwara. `4#^- IWBML'U t `u . . h i; i f t. S!/; i*. if d?- i ;! In the analysis of nlcrogran and submlcrograa quantities of lead, the uae of boroslllcate glassware can t>e a srrioua source of contaainatlon. Consequently, relatively simple procedure* have been developed for chemical "^Ekparation of lead, which require aleoat exclusively laboratory equipment of teflon or fused quarts glasa. Theae material* have been aclccted be cause of their inertness and low lead content. Polyethylene or polypropolcne labware are used, primarily for the storage of solution#. In circum stances when it Is not subject to chemical or thertul degradation. Small 1 ad teflon b*ak*rshavingconlcal bottoms and 10 ad beakers luving tlght-fitting, vented caps were fabricated* Transfer pipettes atd staple ion exchange columns are Bad* of fused quarts. Specially cut polyethylene bottles serve as dust-free containers for rinse water. Isothermal stills, and dust rovers for storage buttles. Labware used respectively for mlrro-sasplrs, Mcro-saeplet, and O isotope-dilution are kept separate from each other and are cleaned in aeparate nitric-acid batha and rinae waters. - < lead free Hcatcnts and laboratory flanks j Lead in chemical reagents is the most ioportsnt aource of contam ination in chemical separation of lead. The procedures developed for separa tion of lead In this work are slept* ones requiring s relatively small Rusher of reagents. The reagents which are used in largest quaiitlty have been pre pared using as a base the highly purr water from a fused quarts glass bl-dls- 1111st Ion unit. The lead content of this water Is 5 0.02 parts per billion. - Some reagents are cossarrclally available with sufficiently low level# of lead. Specially pure Hf, HC1, KbO^, and KM^OH reagent# have been .f ode by vapor distillation and isothermal distillation a* indicated In Table 1 ! The most ieportent of these have been analysed for lead content which it also given in Table 1. LIA12014 , *!*i l.to-jii.^<^>rAg' Iotopes, Inc. \ty.?'t .2'yX*3X='i*-?^-.* / fc.-; F/i TABLE 1. Lead Content of Chemical Reagents Jkmoi Concent ration Irearntan ftgia&ai h o - Distilled, Quartz Still Kf 20 M Vapor Distillation Ha 1.8 M Vapor Distillation 1 H Dilute 8.8 N with quarts distilled water KH40H '3k Isothermal Distillation 1 N Dilute 3 K with quarts distilled water ao4 cone* Purchased, C. F. Salth KKOj cone. Purchased, C. f. Skith 1 M Dilute cone, acid with quarts distilled water cone* Redistilled W o CuOj crystals O.i M Rccrys tall lied using quarts distilled water Dissolve (oswrv isl CuCl^ in 1 K HC1; pass over coluan to reea/ve lead Anion exchange Resin AC 1 x 1 Purchased fro* Bio-Rad Laboratories; cleared with vapor-d 1st tiled HC1 and with quarts distilled water - Uod Content nob. S 0.02 0.17 0.19 n.d. X in process S 2. 2.01 n.d. 0.02 in process in process in process kOTtl Reagents for Uiich no detemlnat ion of lead (n. d.) hat been Bade or arm in process are used only in e*ll quantities. CstiMted lead contents suggest that their contribution to the overall lead blank should be negligible. The validity of such estimates Is established by blank runs on the entire lead separation procedure. iSs - sty. f. r f5* sf m Van ibis *~. -*e -t Vv \ A` J\4f . ` eigyjpu. nwsjfiSlj!- '?" m - . -`-r m 4V' % , rV "V *' Wrtjbl. `fia- To evaluate th problem of airborne lead contamination teflon evaporating dishes (400 nl capacity) containing an acid aolutlon are exposed to laboratoiy air* The*# reeult* are given In Table 2. The exposure in these te*t* were oore than 100 tines that of ary 1 staple preparation tine; furthermore, In practice the samples reaaln covered at all time*. > Sample blanks are also processed periodically through the complete chemistry as a test on the total procedure* Analytical Standards and InterestIbrstIon The analytical standards consist of a gravimetric lead standard for v; -' calibrating the spike solutions, calibrated spike aolutlon standards for abundance measurement* by isotope dilution, and isotopic reference saeplea for inter-laboratory calibration on isotope ratio acasurcsents. Cravisvtric Lead Standardi Carefully prepare standard solutions of lead have been prepared fron p*-c-pvre lead octal at concentration* vary close to 1 mg/ml end 10 wg/ml. The isotopic composition of the spec-pure lead ha a been determined. Spikes: A solution of fb-244 urns prepared from 99.i percent en & riched Fb-204 snd contain* approximately 3.1 vg Tb/ml for use in lead blank measurements and other abundance measurement* by Isotope dilution techniques. A double spike containing 104 mg of 73 percent enriched Tb-204 snd J00 mg of 97.4 percent enriched TV297 are on hand for evaluating any mass discrimination correction fsetor* in the mass spectrometry. Isotopic keference $4*ples! T> Isotopic reference sample* *re used for inter-laboratory coeparlsona. kfS-200 I* the National bureau of Statsiarda lead isotopic reference ttardafd and T*)W3 t* that prepared by a prominent Canadian (Toronto) research group. The Initial project ratio leirh Is compared with kw-soo. . .V Location Time expoacd Pb Content uc Note pg/hr 1. Work bench* 2. fue hood* 3- Work bench 4. Work bench** 15 day* (31 Aug - IS Sep 56) 15 day* (31 Aug - IS Sep 66) 16 day* (21 Oct - 14 Nov 66) . 7 day* ( 1 Dec - 8 Dec 66) 1.1 0.9 2.171 1.671 0.0031 0.0025 0.0053 0.0111 .0002 .0001 *Soapleo collected in laboratory rooa adjacent to one used for preposition of oil project ooaple* during period when Cleon laboratory woo being rood led. y Other* collected in Project Cleon Laboratory. ^ Durii* collection of this bench blonh although tone Mlntenonce work on the . Cleon Lob bccaev neceaoory and the bench blank accordingly increaaed lightly* it ia otlll ot o level which would not be klgnificant even if the ooaple were not cuvercd during preparation. llptsllgl ^r sear  R- - r I rif, h 'to. r, Ul t & *: rJ-- i 'i 's 1Q < t Lead isotope ratios and low lead abundance* by isotope dilution ar waaurad on a Consolidated 21-703 solid aourca no** spectrosetsr. Th# ultlpla filanant ion aourca baa baan evaluated In a aerie* of experiments, tha ionisation efficiency, stability, and background signal lntenaity wara Boat aatiafactory with a technique using a singls filanant with boric oxide. Evaluation of tantalus and tungsten filanenta showed that tha lowest pos sible background* in th* tm region* of interest for th# lead work could be obtained using tantalus. Preliminary experiments tugjested that lead might b* stable in I silicate salt at higher temperatures than in a boric oxide salt, and banc*' sight be ionised with higher efficiency. Experisents were sad* with filament* loaded with mixtures of ralciua oxide, boric oxide, and ailica. Complete re action to fora s homogeneous aelt was difficult to achieve In vacetw. Lead ion algnala fron such salts wer* subject tu unsatisfactory inatabillty. A Sore cocpletm approach to horugenelly (conplrte reaction of silica) was achieved by beating tha mixture in a nitrogen atmosphere rather than In vseevo, and in thla case the resultant lead ion signals were much sore StableMore exp*ri merit* are needed to establish that an improved sensitivity can be achieved with thla type of matrix on th* filament. Because preparation of such borosillcate melts is not' a ainple procedure, their ua* ia not rocoamended for ordinary worV. Tor extensive work with sub-slcrogram quantities of lead, further itudy of borosillcate melts could prove worthwhile. Improved transmission in the Ion source has been achieved by,removing (the central part of) the defocus plate and the discriminator plate. *>e transmission efficiency of the ion'source is isprmed by t least a factor of ten, an improvement essential for satisfactory lead isotopic analysis with Sseple* of the order of 20 Mcr..grsn* These changes also reduce the Inten sity of th* background epeitrwm in the lead east region. This spectrum con sists of aggregates of light ei event* and apparently originates from the parts of the ion source which are heated by the fllaeont, rather than frvm tha filament Itself. nmr mm ** , In order to reduce the effect* of certain systematic errors on tha 1 precision of lead iaotople analysis, a well-defined procedure for wee spec trometry of Xaad haa baan developed. Tha crltaria aatabliahad In thla pro cadura requira a strong laad Ion beam (close to 10 ** amperes), and ao ia applicable only to aaaplaa of more than 10 mlcrogrsme lead* A lower level of precision must be accepted for aaaplaa of leaa than 10 micrograma, be cause an electron Multiplier detector auat be used with such samples. Because for this project it ia necesaary to work at saaple levels -12 of about 2 pg of lead and consequently an Ion beaa In the range of 10 to 10-*5 aaperca, and in order to achieve the level of precision necessary, a new system for measurements of the output of the ion detector (vibrating reed electrometer) haa been considered- The new. system would eeploy an integrating digital voltmeter, an instrument with both a wider useful range and Much better linearity than a strip chart recorder. The use of such equipment would also elialnate the usual systraoiic errors introduced by scale factors and chart reading. ./ *?' ;'. .t. . rwio Analvtia Id Environmental Swlti The procedure for a very sensitive aethod of ltr-210 measurement involves several atepsi separation of Pb-210 from its daughter products, allowing Bi-210 and Po-210 to grow back in for several nontha, a further separation of the daughter products, and counting of fo-110 o*activity as a Measure of the FV-210 present. Xesrly complete recovery of lead and polonium is possible. Vari ation in polonium recovery is minimised since It Is always drpost ted^Trom tn Identical Mtrls. Table 3 Illustrates the rnovery using |H*20$ as a trocer. In the lest results the trwj-crature ** allowed to vary between Il'C and ^1*C resulting In a tlX yield. Yields of shout are attainable at constant Solution temperature of '*C. Percent recoveries wera gravl- aatrically determined. I ,^eywpag:ji4j!juiL 'e TABU 3. Separation of Lead, BUetJth, And PoIonite* -7 s .' i Xm R.Jtaavcnt Bi Recovery Po Recovery ;i Hath effluent 0 0 * * Strip effluent 9X HQ - 9*X Con HQ - 97X Plated - 91X Dp* added/found 201 6/201 6 20 t/~~ 201 6/210 * 6 i U*4 Isotopic Ratio HoJurmrrrt Rone*, Precision and Llxlta of Detection. Use isotopic ratios 206/204, 206/207, and 204/207 are used in order to show the naxiaus natural 1s Pb-isotopic variation with the beat analytical precition. Thee* ratios have a ran(* in nature fro* I to 20, O.S to 2, and 2 to 4 respectively, with twice this variation possible for Krcillnl intuloui leads fro* certain priasry sources. The precision presently attainable is 0.6, 0.3 and 0.3 percent respectively on samples which yield 2 u( of lead. The lower Unit of de tection of lead abundance with these technl<j-<c 1* a few tenths of 3 part per billion or better. LcsiJjUMJxJkrilLt The lead isotope ratios shown in this report are only preliminary ratios on certain primary source* and envirorrsental media srfilch were spotchecked to live guidance early in the progra*. The range of 206/204, 206/207 and 204/207 ratio* found are plotted In rigvrea 1*3. A few preliminary obser vations ran be mad*. Tha sample feautt* rlxnm in rigufea 1-3 conalst of 1) three Sir part l. ' lat e eaeptra fro lU-wark ard Net when, X. J. and f t<m Xunuet, X. V., 2) eight ttb sample* ertcaitrj frr.a gaaolii*, 3) five lead eetal aAapie* ward In TtL vtnufeetore, 4) five gt*s *ppl- a>d seven soil saeplea frtw* a pro t ; file aero** th* X. J. Turnpike S) * surface and ttt<** (lv*l.-2 inch depth) mull eeeple fn>* the tp of a ridge In ((ngwioj State Park, N. J- (Bock out crop of th ares is dated at I b.y.) 6) a aaaple of leavea associated with k. *,e;*;)?;BrCjSaJtMv iiyi'ia S'ffsn11 teeny. > utw | ; % - -i 9 the graft* aanplea, and 7) a coal and resulting fly-ash sanpl* fro* a power generating station. The lead Isotopic ratios obtained to date fthov very promising poftftlbllltleft. The wide range ratios In soli is to be expected since it represents the wide natural variations In primary aource leads. Seven soil sample* taken In a transverse profile (Tlgure $) across the X. J. Turnpike give s United range of ratios. A soil core taken froa the top of a ridge in Rlngwuod State Park in the X. J. Highlands show* a greater range. Al though the ratios do not overlap those frxa the X- J. Turnpike soils the top inch of the core ms s only slightly rmoved to the right in 206/204 and 20S/207 ratios whereas the button of the core at lo in depth was distinctly different. It appears that striking cucposltlonal dlfferencea are preserved over short vertical distances In the soil. A nonber of *apU type* in figure* 1-2 gave stsllar, rather United range* of isotopic ratio. These include air particulate, TIL, lead Betal, lia.es, grass and the turnpike soil profile. U-ad in coal aid the. resulting fly aah saiylcs collected at a power generating station gave the jlai*#. isotopic ratios and appears significantly different from the above group.. ConcluslotiJ The progress of Phase 1 of the project has been In accordance with the schedule outlined In the original proposal. The lead free laboratory has been completed and I* functioning, lead free reagent* have been prepared and tested, and standards have Wen obtained and prepared. The Halts of detection are sat isfactorlly defined int erral Ihrat Ion, aid precision and ftcc^acy aorr itoring have been started and will continue throughout the project. Proced ure* fur rtr-210 Ksvr Wen established and evali*ted. Aivtlyses of typical et.v I nuernt a 1 aavy.es have verified that there Is considerable variation In IU lead is..topic ratios aid tidlrats d11ferentes Witten sosw. cnviroiaM'iital ardla. A rather extensive saryling prograa Is uidrrvsy with ft library uf over lw Mpl>r Including aeries of vegetation. b * l W0.U l j , . : > A :.. - - -*. 1--.---- i oil*, tree-rings, air filter Maples, gasoline, coal and fly ash. This effort is continuing in a syateastic Banner. Phase II Program Defined The pilot studies to be conducted In Phase 11 sre represented graphically in rigurn4 and S and Table 4. figure 4 traces the path of lead from pricery sources into the environmental aedls and man. It aovea froo the primary bedrock sources including aJnersl deposits through the radon gas phase and through mining and smiting Into the environment as industrial products or as effluent*. The effort will be directed toward testing the feasibility of using isotopic characterisation as a Beans of distinguishing various source* of environmental lead. An attcept will be made to identify and characterise prlrury sources such as bedrock, mineral deposits and special types of soil, industrial products and el fluents like coal, fly-ash, and lead alkyls In gasoline, lead in fuel oil, paint, galv anislng and solder, background infornatlon on the ssrples analysed will be studied to understand the origin of the isotopic cveposition. Through environmental aedis lead becows available to can. Air particulate natter will be stapled at representative spots throughout the Xcv York metropolitan area. Lead isotopic ratio measurements will be made on exchange staples from former and current studies where possible and which represent ext rows of lead ebuidenc* and/or other kr>own pollutants. Lead In water from publlr water systems will be covpared to led In hot wterij|ysterns having soldered Joints. The latter are hnm/n to K ehereeterlsed by sub* slant telly higher lead. Vegetation adjacent to br^vy turnpike traffic will be compared with soil sol air partlrulate In the saw or stellar setting. T)plcal food*. Itiarru end other plant type* wilt be analysed for Ptr-310, lead abundance end Isotopic coeposltIon. Preliminary data on sen, vis., blu'd, urine aid fvr|et in addition to sir, taster and fwd will La obtained. However, an extensive study of awn in general from represent*! ive sge groups, etiwlroneenls and occupations. 1.1 lee's*. ee.it IWIWimLiniBxj.'jax1- ' *.<> )>*ear'oe-.i-wM. **30: jpereejjg1 Including cadaver* of terminal patients with known histories, must await Phase 111 because of the magnitude of the problem. Soapling for this phase of the study will be done concurrent with Phase II. The guidance and co operation of experts In lead biochemistry will be sought* Being an lndustructable trace element, lead Is recycled In the environment and biosphere. Increasing In abundance in the Min repository, soil. To evaluate this factor and to place the results of the environmental saapllng program into historical perspective the feasibility of using tree ring sequences will be established. Tigure 5 shows the type of templet collected in an east-west pro file across the X. J. Turnpike about midway between Philadelphia and N-Y-C. ' and some distance from any town* or factories. These will test and compare the lead abundances and Isotopic ratios between grass snd leaves and between vegetation and soil with distance from a heavily used trsffic artery. Table 4 Is an outline of Phase 11 sasplcm. The categories in Uilch certain select o samples will be analysed for lead abundances and lead-210 are also indicated. Throughout Phase II we will continue efforts to develop cooperative research with other group* such ss the Rutger* Vnlverslty group (Project L-$) and Public Health Service* -. .. V ` jaa "'`Si* -Liput--............ " T LIA12023 i--------------- r ~ j------------- 1------~------ 1-------3 8 jlaSrfVQMM-Nwhr-'a*-. --------- ,--------------- 1-------------- 1------ ... ' ... --i------ FLY ASH LEAVES 1 COAL N.A TPK. TOP RINGWOOD STATE PK > "" BOTTOM i- i I ia.o t i i 1 . . ______L________ L____ .8 19.0 Z .4 rx;i%'^ ** '%i`' - ' ? LIA12024 ~i riViViir *''-friTf 11i' u r T irfTif iiWiir^irtitr^i n A iliiif--^-1^ FIGURE 2. Lead 206/207 Ratio* In Environmental Kedla --------------- 1--------------- 1---------------1-- --------- 1--------------- 1--------------- 1----------------1------- Air Particulata JU 'aS&jjf ritiArfril Tetraethyl Lead "/ ^ Lead Hetal ^ riy Aah 1 Leave* -a- - Craa* <. *\ Soil ; ,7 ....jpj^'v5 >^*'S 1 1 -------- 1------ ` yen -- - Coal .12 .14 .U -- - , .It 1,1* .22 .24 .26 .21 1 1.1 .22 .24 1 - '^ - - .;a _ _ .,. .... ------- ------------ t o _ _ , <. ^ . - [^ _:.^ f ic u r e s Lead 208/207 Ratio* In Environmental Media ' ' wuumyi LIA12025 mae&g UA12026 i y^...j o p.) i"^gUuti{'iina. <iiV>uiain^fcsti niirt v p ni Prlnorv Source* 1 Cosmic and Radiogenic Lead Bedrock Ijit-ou* Rock Sedimentary Roc*1 environmental Media Atmosphere ' Mineral Deposits Cairn* Toaall rue1 Coal fttrulrua Mining and Smelting Industrial Product* and effluents (Coal ) < r 1> Aab ) (lucl Oil 1 (Cj 1> *nl*e) (Paint ) (Solder ) (TO. ) Water --w (Precipitation) (River* (Luke* (Reservoir* (Croundwater) (Seawater {tarj Inhalation .Lung* /\ aS1torage In // Lyqph System, Bone* and Critical Bloodstream Organ* (Blood) (Cadaver*) (long* ) (Kidney*) (liver ) (Bon# ) Ingestion Stomach and C.l. Tract Watte (Urine) (feces) name 4. Cevchrm lc*l-8lochemlrs 1 riov Diagram of Lead in Primary Sources, Environmental Media *nd Man. fc iwM iiftl t & r r 6 tr r Isotopes, Inc* 17 TABLE 4. Outline of Saapls Type* PHASE II Prlmrv 1 Industrial PrlMfY Bedrock Soil* Mineral-Galena ftKlWnPOTtfl fcdlt Air XtMii Paterson Westwood Kanuet MS saapla* PHASE HI 1*0 A. Central Population Hospital Patients TernInal Short Stay \/ '-''I i^ ''1A.? --s ; j InJjglfUl TtL, Sludf* Metal Paint Scrapings Solder Coal Ti>l Oil Tly Aah from Coal Puel Oil Incinerator* Water Cold Tap Hot Tap Vetetat ion Pood Canned T rvien Tresli Cereal Meat Milk 1. Blood Representative At* Croups Occupations ' ReatdKi.Ual type* Seasonal variation 3. Cadavers lung* 4 Cland* Bone* Liver 4 Kidneys / Tobacco* PM aaapla# .r y y ' $&!*1 .Ill ,ll Isotopes, Inc. IB TABU 4. Outline of Staple Type* (continued) Printrv 4 Industrial Crete Tpk profile unwashed vsshed Tree* beeves. King* (Hlet) Bi d I. A Hen (or 2) 1. Blood )Saapllng 4*12 aos. 2. Excreaent)Bieonthly 3. Tood (extension of. Ph^te 1| 4. Air Atsoc.,,vlth subjects (Stapled Quarterly) Soil* Tpk profile 1 Soae Maples to be snelyted for Pb-210 Soae staple* to be enalyied for Y\> ebundenc* C. Central environment 1. Air Particle Sise Ceofrapblc Locality 2. Utter Precipitation* Rivers Lakes Reservoirs C roundvoter J. Veglfitlon Tree verieties i / 4. Soil feeple* of Pbet* II include fb Isotope ratios pb abundance Pb-210 WWPWHWBgWJWPSi11--W bi,,' uwr an