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February 8, 1964 William Weingarten, M.D. Nassau Smelting and Refining Company, Incorporated Statdn Island 7, New York Dear Doctor Weingarten: I_.enclose with this report (and the bill for the analytical service) a fairly detailed interpretation of the findings with recommendations. Since I do not know much about the problem of personal relations with which you (and the management of the Company) are faced,, I have separated the interpretation from the analytical report, although they are parts of the same document. I cannot emphasize more than is appropriate, however, the importance of facing the facts represented in this report in a realistic manner. It is necessary to protect these men against the immediate hazard of their job, when it reaches the point of danger in the individual case. It is also essential to recognize that there is only one way to deal, in the long run, with the general hazard - namely, to reduce it to the point of safety, by satisfactory technical control of the environment. It is barely possible to bring about such control, temporarily, by means which will control the respiratory and alimentary exposure of the individuals by an adequately disciplined and supervised use of satisfactory respiratory devices, by the careful avoidance of such respiratory exposure through meticulous cleanliness of body and clothing outside of the hours of work, and by the avoidance of the ingestion (swallowing) of lead during the day's work. In the long run, however, the facilities of the plant must be such as to prevent, automatically, all dangerous forms of respiratory and alimentary exposure during the day's work, through the elimination of opportunities for exposure which call for anything more than the ordinary caution and alertness of the average workman. I realize that what I have said above is sometimes difficult and costly to achieve. I can not alter it on that account. is the only sound advice that can be given. Sincerely yours, RAK:vr Enel. - 5 Robert A. Kehoc, M.D. riant nspaction* Survey: Kaaaau 3r*sltin$?. 5 defining Cosapany, l Nassau Place, TottcnvlXXs*, ntntcn Island, Turk 10307 Saptvnfeer 13* X9$* fcy I# Choleic hentard>er 22*- 23# 1$6, by t* J* Seh&fer and Pm Yeager w The plant reclaims lend and ctMr eet&ln (tin, copper, copper alleys) fr scrapped telephone equipment. The operation# are conducted In several buildings and in open-3 Idea roofed-over areas* iiUOh operations as stripping and sweating are carried cut In tbs partially <melese4 shelters, ^hlle 'selt.inir, olloyia?, casting, and extruding ^na tricing facilities ere located In totally enclosed buildings* In the v*?tlally enclosed shelter*, natural ventilation and the ua cf filter respirators are dap-ended upon to protect the *orfc&*iw **ept for a '** kettles or pots, v:o*t of those used for melting and alloying purposes are lo cated beneath canopy hoods, which ;r usually provided ith sides to enclose the vessels prrti&XXy# A Isrre liettle, ua*d to prepare "blue Bet*!*, and the two pot on the die casting machines are not provided with ventilated hoods os* tfith local exhaust ventilation# Procedure Air-borne fum and duata were removed froas the j^jr 0018753 N19735.01 --** staosphor# at th various* operations by drawing air at & rate of 3 cu* ft. per limits fchrpusrh fcba collector tube of a portable electrostatic precipitator. A Umllto* portable gen erator of suitable capacity, driven by a pasollng engine# used to provide the eiesetrit!. fewer needed to operate tsro oloctrcst&fcie precipitators slw-ultanaeufiir* vi>lec of air- tcrrifi fuss* and dust -were also collected on r#*ebran (Wllllpor*) filters inserted into the sampling inlet of the Uni-Jot settler operated at a rate of 3 liters per sainuto. Sampling porieda were generally i*ore prolonged than 3 5 rUnutas* except for those operations (drosa reaaoval for example) which persisted for shorter period# of tUtfs. All acuppltc were re turned to the Kettering. laboratory for analyela of their content of lead by the tan ttard colorimetric dltMxone procedure used in the Laboratory. (Cholafc* J.# Eubberd* D* *c * and Turkey, h, ** ttlerodetermination of tesd in ill clerical material with Dithixoae Extraction at iSl&h ptf. ^0* o7i, i$*a> Ansi. Cbe&% T?csulta ?h levels of concentration of lead* expressed as In tn ^tsaoaphere at the- various operations, are listed* by area* in a. tenslnsl table. Discussion Areas for fhjoaivlnr, and hf-rt inst Scr.ip; Freight cars* partially or totally filled uith aorapped* le&d-eevcred cable* atre unloaded by a craw K 0018754 3- clothed spatially for.such and equipped rith toxic dust respirators, The cars rmy contain loos* cable which pust be handled annually, or the cable jpay have beer* Id&ded into the ear in bundles fastened to sfrids *Meh are removed by tow %otor Purine trie survey, the nir was smspled In. a car partially filled with loose cable that *& being: handled manually* The concentration of lead in the sir within the ear was found to be &,$$ &g/$#3 of-sir, Since the unloading; crew amende approximately half of its titse within the car, it 8 considered, for convenience, that these cam were being subjected to exposure rouftsly equivalent to the svarage- concentration of 0,5 &* Via/K^ of air during the eight hours of the work day. At the sjertitt# area of the truek*recoivln$ station, the &ir contained 0.11 n^. ?b/K^ &hil$ a era? was being sorted. ^ed i-gtal Aro?at The concentration of lead. in the air of thl* rea (0,03 a*;,/^) appears to bo within catiafactory limits, StrlupSftff Area: Jn this area arc located nine machines which are used to atrip load, plsatlc or rubber covering frots wire. As a rule, lead is stripped frosa cable by six of the r&eh tries* On the day of this survey, the concentration of lead in the air exceeded the reectt&e tided threshold Halt at all lociitlons in the shelter, (All of the operators of the s-weM-oca by which load was being stripped wore respirators, and the impression was gained that they were expected to wesr them - Kf 0018755 st all titles wksn in this area.} TM highest levels of scncentration cf lead wora fcusd at the breathing acne of the operators of the ns chine s* These levels varied from- 0*3$ */>**, In the general air in the center of the area, to 'S*^3 &&.*/*%-* at the breathing level of the operator st the feed end of machine ^9* It was learned that an operator spends approximately four hours at the chlno but regains In the stripping srs for approximately scv&n hours* It way be taken* therefore* that these tien ore exposed to average daily levels semewhet tsore than 2 nr* Pb/}:-* of air* Sos* of thers, no doubts are ?sufejsetec to treater than nver&K-e expo-sure. The load. is not dispersed in the air solely by the eMachines, for a ;;ront deal of the dust appears to arise fi-or* the handling of cable before o.?'.d .*fter the lesid shield ?; ns sec through the nnehims* The Load :h-?eatl;y; Area: toad Is ressoved fre tft X$ad-costed wire in what can be considered an autosv&tdtf process* This process involves the uae of a sieving chain y-rate which carries the aateria 1 # through e furnace st 1S8GTM* le&g is "sweated" off the wire and passes through a nu&Uer of openings in the aide of the furnace where it is collected# The stripped wire is then r*raved frer. the crate at the. discharge end of the furnace, operators are stationed at the feed and discharge sods of this furnace. The levels of concentration of lead at these two locations -*?erc **ell below the threshold Halt* The con centration cf lead near the oponinc-s through which the %eltn lead flowed was 0*2 f ^ir# but einee this part of the process requires infrequent ^ttcrstlon* the exposure to lead K 0018756 at this level for only brief of tine is not considered to be potentially dangerous to health* Whit v?otal Area and Ilrcse Storage* p mmMn>nei w Wmv p mmmn mM* On the day prior tn ss^plins; in this area, rafters and other auperetructuree were t*in& cleaned fey vacuus:* This 1 operation, hcvevsr, vaa interrupted at 5 *% 3ej*te&#r 22, 30 that, when aespllng was atarted *fc -S a* at* on the following morning, 15 hours had elapsed, during which particulate material containing rcetallie lead or its cexpounds had been perfsifcfceu to settle out of the &fcr*os$?here into which it hcd beer, dispersed during the cleaning process* The storage and transportation of dross to And from the storage oinc, as serried out ct present in covered drusrs, do not give rise to dangerous concentrations of lead in the air of the area* La ad~c out a Inin& dust >.*as found in the air of the storage bins in the concent ration of only 0*Q*i g* p^r cubic ;-;cter* The housekeeping in thla area was excellent, and the p now procedure of using covered Cruise for taring n<r transport ing droaa, c well cut the Improved housekeeping, have been important factors in reducing the concentration of lead In the air of this area* Potentially hazardous levels of lead concentretion were encountered near the melting kettles, and at the splice* cutting and "pulling?* operaticnc* The average concentration of lead over the period of eight hour* near the melting: kettles was estimated at approxls&tely 0**> **g, of air* Turing the brief period of 6 to 15'nimiten, while dross was feeing K 0018757 removed fro & kettle* the eooesnfcr&tion of lead in the air reached the level of 2*$ *$ /&* cf sir* Since the dressing operation it* c&rricd mit Tor only 6 to l63 minutes mice per day* this brief contamination of the aiaoaphere had only a sainor effect upon tho overage content of the air throughout the working day* inereaeinj:; it fey about \Q per cent* The average concentration at the apllce-cufctln^ machine* during the working day#(attt&in that the ss&cblne use attended for six hours) v?a calculated to be about 0*35 ass#/**'* air* The Area of the <yexsext The concentration at lead in the area ef the presses varied frees well below the threshold Jitiifc to levels slightly in excess of the reoousaended threshold limit of 0*2 &%*/#$ of &ir. At the sleeve stress* it rented fron 0*23 ##/**3* at the bre&thlflr. level of the operator of the press* to 0*1'S >.t the breathing; level of the ssen engaged in cutting- tnd pacK* lug- the load tubing# At the solder extrusion presses ? (0.10 and st the die casting; &aehlne* (0*Et X` )* the leva la wore satisfactory on the day of ssu^llag* The casting of wii~vlf>ew pigs produced a concentration of lead (2.23 &*/M^) that slightly exceeded the threshold limit* Pilot Plant* The levels of concentration at oil operations in this area were below 2.2 f air* Conclusions? and Ascoasr.tnrfa11one Apparently the coat haearttous o prations are those involved in stripping the load covered cable* aswin? end Kf 0018758 -7- cutting tsefcalXic naterlal* and -products, certain natcrl&ls, and unloading freight* Therefore, the .following; iweoisa^ndafcionc ar suggested for cons i<!erfttim* U Unloading, freight, 3iRW the unloading of scrap lead cable ia Intermittent in nature, 'the protective measures used at present should bo continued* tf respirators are employed faith fully and properly during these intermittent operational they should protest the wen woo do this work, provided &d&$y&fe atten tion is'given to the cleanliness of the clothing and person of these sen afterward* It ia lively that respirators can he dispensed with in sue open sorting area* Although there nay be tia vnen respiratory protection ia required* the decision in this mfcter ia a renponai- L/iXity of supervision* In eny case, the relaimtlon of present procedure should be instituted only after repeated examination of the area confirms the findings of this survey* 2* P^ffa v^etal Area* Conditions are satisfactory, in so far aa the concentration of lead in the sir is concerned, ana no change in procedures or controls la necessary* 3# Coe rat ions in the lead a-wee tins? -area, as observed during this investigation, did not appear to constitute a serious fcaterd* tt la s-osaifele, however,, depending upon the state of the lead coatings, that the concentration of lead at tines aay exceed the ratios noted In this survey* The sir at the loading and unloading stations of the chain grate furnace should be monitored repeatedly* to determine the need for the use of respirators, aa a tespor&ry measure of control* (The et>leyent of filter respirators cannot be HE 0018759 .h. recotasaenaed for continuous use, and if future tt yield results consistently in excess of 0*3 n^feau#* venti lation should s? ay&llecf at these stations*) t. The Area* of the Presses* The levels f eon--N* MMIII' MM MMM W>lWrt----*--> cmtrsitico of lead in the elr At the leave pre&a, and the station where *E-wipe* pica are oast, exceeded slightly the threshold Xl&it* If the rang* of concentration in this area is aslntalncd at or ae&ewh&t feelos* the present level, it would appear to be unnecessary to employ **fc&uat ventila tion at these operations. $ *dilt Hotel Area. The levels of concentration of lead in the air near the melting hcttlea (including the casting, area), and at the as^Xlce-cuttin^ and pulling opera tions, indicate the need for improved exhnuet ventilation at these operations. Genera 1 ventilation in this are* may alste need to he Increased, Mere complete enclosure of the feettloa and larger volumes of exhausted ir s&y bo required* at these locations. dtripping Area, Thlc Area, without question, is the ost hazardous of tfeew in this plant, fr the aspect of- axf/o&tire to Xo&d* A number of control 'neacuvea are suggested, choice &fcon^ the** to be made on the b&$ic of prac tical considerations. Thought should ho given to the applica tion of local exhaust ventilation -at appropriate points on the ^-chines and at other points where duct gay bo generated. The nanus 1 handling of cable In feeding the p^ohlnes, the operation of the tmehinea thecaeIves, fine the storing of KZ 0018760 9- salvaged lead on the pallets:- produce visible clouds of dust. Frequent and eonscientioitsly auiit*iui cleaning schedules (using a vscuure yat> should he. instituted on each shift to clean floors, fe&ehinea and superstructures* feepiraters should he Kern by everyone in the entire ?* at all tissue* until future tests show that ise&aures of control *r adequate# Serious thought should ho &ive to the feasibility of autotJtatin# the operation so ?sc to station the operator* at seme distance fross. the rolls and knives of the austerities# Ccaspl&t* and satisfactory control of those operstie-ne through ventilation ay t-a difficult or S^cseihl because of the nature of the work# In this. case It would he necessary to provide each worker Xi\ the area wlthpa. forced air respirator (helmet tyr> a* m assured and cetafortafclo tfesn* of providing clean air# 7* g^rterfil Peg#ftrem*a11 cn (a) A regularly scheduled &ml frequent schedule of house cleaning to reaeve settled dusts and no to prevent their rerflr>er&l into the air should he Instituted in all departments* Vacuum cleaning only should he employed# (fe) ?he use cf fi2ter respirators throughout the hours of worte cannot ho counted on to provide protection* md every effort should he isnde to control the fttftcepheric contagination fey on^lnsserirut procedures. Hespir&tcrs of either filter or air supply type should be used only in the conduct of infrequent operation* in which on&lne^rlrig control* arts not feasible* or in connection with continuous operations which KE 0018761 --iq -- cannot he controlled adequately fey engineering mans, The respirators* find their ciatnteAenc* and u* should be under the supervision of an instructed and responsible e-ereon or ;-;rotih of persons?* Ade^u&te* clean looker end abettor roose should be provided* S&trs In the production &**& fsuat? be forbidden* and a suitable roc sc located and arranged m to he free of contamination with lcad~o&ntain&ft& u3t should be provided to serve as ft lunch roor.* The type of hood end the sount of exhaust ventila tion to be employed will need careful study at each operation* since so^e of the reclamation ^roeesae *re such that duate r.ay be generated by operations other than tbotw of the a6blfee themselves* and since these sour*** a*ay not he readily identl- fled, tha type of hc?d and quantity of to b* exhausted :/&y vary considerably fror. operation to operetlcn* end oven in the saoe operation in different places or circumstances*' Only by 9 trial and error will it be possible* in nil instances* to determine the type of control beet suited for the machine the work and the mn* Vr^is the Kettering Laboratory in the Department of Preventive Medicine* and Industrial health* Colley* of Mediciner University of Cincinnati* Clnciimeti* Ohio '`erk and Honort t-yt wa*aw wi*B*aHMMfciMt -- J* Cholftk* Ch*. 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