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Increased I'se of Lead Coating on Iron and undesirable surface stresses which do not occur in electroplated objects. Steel is Resulting from Recent Studies There is an increasing use of electrodeposited lead on laboratory appa ratus, linings of gas shells, nuts and bolts, refrigeration brine tanks, and THE use of lead as a protective offer lead alloys especially designed equipment used in viscose and other .1 coating on iron and steel is not for use as a coating material. new but it is not as common as the Not only does the lead coating proc industries. Although lead is not suitable for "j more familiar zinc coating or gal- ess compare favorably in cost with coatings on objects that require \anizing. Lead is known to be more galvanizing but there are advantages brightly finished surfaces and is not resistant to atmospheric corrosion over the other process. The work highly resistant to abrasion, its high than zinc but the brighter appearance is done at lower temperatures and corrosion resistance, ease of handling of galvanizing and the difficulty in therefore under more pleasant work and plentiful supply indicate that re obtaining a lead coating free from ing conditions. Lead does not corrode cent improved application processes pin holes has retarded its use. the iron dipping pots, nor does it will make possible the saving of However, recent studies of lead dross and have to be reclaimed in large quantities of zinc, cadmium, coating processes have resulted in im a smelting operation. chrome, nickel, and tin which have proved technique for hot-dip applica The weight of a lead coating ranges hitherto been required for protective tion which produces satisfactory re between 50 and 150 milligrams per coatings on iron and steel. sults for many purposes. It appears square inch whereas zinc coatings Lead coated articles perform best that rust stains on the surface of hot- usually run about 200 milligrams per under atmospheric exposure. They dip lead coated articles are superficial square inch. In addition, lead out do especially well in industrial atmos and generally soon disappear since ranks all other metals as a base for phere contaminated with the acid the pin holes are apparently sealed by paint and requires no weathering or fumes of sulphur. the products of corrosion. special preparation before painting. The Lead Industries Association. One process now in commercial Another means of depositing lead 420 Lexington Avenue. New York use is simple and is done with equip coatings on iron and steel is electro City, will be pleased to answer any ment of the same type as is used for plating. Under certain conditions, inquiries for additional information galvanizing. The articles to be coated hot dipping results in distortions or on lead coating practices. are pickled scrupulously clean. Placed in a perforated basket thev are dipped first in dilute sulphuric acid, then in a weak solution of hydro chloric acid and finally in a hath of dissolved zinc ammonium chloride. Chester, Pennsylvania, Housing Project I'ses Lead for Traps as Well as for Waste and Vent Lines While still damp. they are then dipped into the coating pot which contains the lead at a temperature of from 675 deg. to 700 deg. F. upon the surface of which floats a laver of llux Vfc in. to 1/, in. deep. This flux con sists of about 85 percent zinc chloride and 15 percent ammonium chloride. The baskets are agitated in the coating HESTER. Pennsylvania, like all C established ship building cen ters is producing enormously creased numbers of cargo ships. To provide suitable living quarters for the mechanics and other workmen, both private and Federal agencies are building mam new residences. One of the larger privately con structed operations is Highland Gar idne ns. a 783-unit, low-rent project of permanent construction which will soon he readv for occupancy. Per kins and C.ulhane of (Lester, are the builders. The buildings are of brick with hath for a period of about one min ute. The articles are then removed and centrifuged to remove excess ntetal and. while still hot. may he tumbled to remove superficial dis colorations. Articles ranging in size from small washers to thin curved sections six to eight feet long are being coated by this process, but only the smaller items are tumbled. The presence of small amounts of tin. antimony, or certain other metals in the lead bath is advantageous. Several manufacturers 2-- -- LIA25732 The plumbing is done in accord ance with the Chester code, using lead wastes from lavatories, sinks and bathtubs. Also exposed lead traps are used under sinks and lavatories in accordance with the War Housing Critical List which allows no brass for this purpose. All lead traps bear the Seal of Approval of the Lead In dustries Association which indicates that they meet the rigid weight and dimension requirements of the Asso ciation. which are the same as those set forth in the Commercial Standards CS-96-41 of the .National Bureau of Standards. Lead plumbing in these homes is not only providing long-lived sani tary safety, but is doing it with the least critical metal suitable for the purpose. Since the supplv of lead is. at present, plentiful in comparison with other metals, it is doubly desir able to use it for pverv purpose for which it is suitable. Lead Arsenate Slows Spread of Japanese Beetle INCE its first appearance in Amer by trapping the adults and poisoning S ica at Riverton, New Jersey, in the grubs. Late Fall and early Spring 1916, the Japanese beetle has beenplowing are also effective in destroy rapidly spreading along the Atlantic ing the grubs. seaboard and is now penetrating far Lead arsenate has been found to be inland in the Middle Atlantic States effective in destroying the grubs in and South. This pest is a native of the ground. The Southern Planter, Japan, but having left all of its para America's oldest farm paper, states sites and diseases behind and found "Valuable sods and lawns can be pro climate and food conditions in this tected from grubs by treating with country favorable, it has been carry lead arsenate. 10 pounds per 1,000 ing on a major invasion that the peo square feet. The chemical can be ple of its native land could hope to mixed with water, one pound to two imitate. gallons, and sprayed on the sod and The Japanese beetle feeds on both washed off the grass before it dries, foliage and fruits of many ecnomi- or mixed with sand, one pound of cally important plants and trees. lead arsenate and ten pounds of sand Both Federal and State governments have been active in research and ex terminating activities and many thou Japanese Beetle (Enlarged) sands of dollars are being spent an nually in the effort to control this destructive pest. Certain parasitic diseases have been discovered which show promise of effectively reducing the beetle population, but until these can be produced in sufficient quanti ties, fanners in infested or threatened areas can retard additional spreading and spread evenly over the sod.'' This treatment will give protection for five years. Many insect pests have threatened American farmers in the past and most of them have been brought under control by means of concerted action and cooperation. The Japanese beetle is a menace which every Ameri can should endeavor to combat by eliminating it from his own property and cooperating with others of his community in preventing its spread. Spreading lead arsenate mixed with sand on lawn --3-- LIA25733 Well Kept Houses Influence Help to Georgia, and will be extended through all of the Langdale camps and farms. Remain on the Farm No labor lias left the newly painted camps and word has spread through the woods so that others are anx OT man\ of us realize it. hut top quality paint and its effect on N gum turpentine, used exten workers morale. Judge Langdale and sively in high grade paints, is a farhmis son Harlev. Jr. who is in charge iously waiting the arrival of the painting crew with their brushes, white lead. linseed oil and gum tur crop in certain parts of the South. of the woodland enterprises, have pentine. Mr. Langdale. Jr. savs that Turpentine farming, like rubber been deeply impressed by the wide the men now living in the painted larming. requires skilled laborers interest in the 4-H Club paint dem houses seem to have a new lease on who can tap or "chip'" the trees prop onstrations which are being co life. "Their attitudes." he savs. "are erly without causing killing injuries. sponsored by the Lead Industries As of contentment and pride in their One of the problem# of the turpen sociation. the American Turpentine living quarters and themselves." tine farmer is that of keeping a crew Farmers Association Cooperative and On all the jobs onlv pure white of efficient, contented men on the job the regional lumber manufacturers lead, linseed oil and gum turpentine and working steadily through the and they are using this interest to are used. The painting crews were long season when the sap of the pine help develop their workmen's pride pleased with the ease of mixing and trees is running. The men usually in their homes and their work. application and the owners ha\e live in "camps" which are really A painting program was started at found that paints so mixed on the small, permanent settlements with Blanton, a camp near \aldosta. job are economical and satisfactory. houses provided by the employer. Naturally, the more comfortable and attractive the camps are made, the Top--One of the camp houses, atiractiie in its nett coat of white lead paint Loner Right--The painters like the u ay uhite lead spreads more satisfied the occupants will be and the less likely they will be to move to other employment. Taking advantage of this fact, one turpentine farmer in Georgia has in stituted a program of camp improve ment which includes the painting of the buildings with pure white lead paint. Judge Harlev Langdale. who is the world's largest individual pro ducer of gum turpentine and rosin, has always been a firm believer in Loner Left--Applying the second coat to one of the house* --4-- UA25734 h e new ^ ar Housing Manual, tion and imports are sufficient to en Teffective December 12. 1942. is- courage the use of lead where it e() bv the War Production Board serves essential functions or where it contains the Housing: Utilities Standw ill replace a more critical material." ards and revised War Housing Criti ^ PB further stated. "One purpose of cal List. The Utilities Standards, as this amendment is to permit use of heretofore, require that water service lead where it serves better than other pipe materials permitted by the Criti materials inasmuch as the supplv has cal List be used. Section 723 of the improved since the original order was New Critical List dealing with per written............ It is also the purpose mitted service pipe materials now of this order to encourage the sub reads as follows: stitution of lead for other more criti "Pipe and fittings of ferrous cal materials wherever possible." metal onlv to the extent that less The consistency of this WPB atti critical substitute materials are not tude is emphasized by the latest list eommercialh available: lead: re showing relative scarcitv of material' inforced concrete: asbestos cement: issued by WPB s Conservation Divi wood pipe and metal banded: zinc sion. Here again lead is the onlv coating permitted or ferrous metal common metal placed in the least pipe 2" or smaller." critical group, materials available in Lead is the only metal listed, other sufficient quantity to be substituted than ferrous metal, which is com for others. The situation is also rec mon I v used for water services and it ognized in the latest WPB Iron and is less critical than iron and steel. Steel Ordeer M-126 which permits Fortunately lead is a thoroughly time- the substitution of lead, but no other tested material and sufficient quanti metal, for iron and steel. ties are promptly available. The War Other Government agencies like Housing Critical List also permits wise recognize the condition. The the use of lead for its other essential Army Corps of Engineers, for in construction uses, such as soil, waste and vent pipes, calking flashings and paint. ches of lead which conserve other m etals Further evidence of the desirability Upper--Hater service pipe of using lead wherever it serves sat isfactorily or in place of more critical Lower--Haste, traps and bends materials is provided hv the official W ar Production Board release issued in connection with its relaxed Lead Order M-38-c in November. This order removes some of the minor re strictions placed on the use of lead early in 1942 so that there are now no restrictions w hatsoever on lead for the essential purposes listed in the War Housing Critical List and many other applications. The PB said in part. "Lead is the least critical of the important metals. While substantial amounts still are required for stockpiling for unknown military demands, produc stance, in November sent to its officers a new circular letter dealing with Conservation of Critical Materials. This letter listed critical materials commonly used in construction and placed lead last, least critical, vvith copper, steel, iron, zinc and other metals all more critical than lead. The letter also devoted a paragraph to lead, which directed attention to the easing of restrictions on lead bv the Armv and Navy Munitions Board and said that lead mav be substituted for any other metal where advanta geous and practical to do so. It spe cifically mentioned that lead mav be used for caulking. These developments are important to architects, engineers, contractors and all others who have occasion to specify or use metals at present. A time-tested metal, lead, is at their dis posal. in many cases eliminating the need for recourse to untried substi tutes. It is possible to continue to paint with red lead, blue lead and white lead and to know that the finest results will be obtained from such painting. Lead water service, soil, waste and vent pipes, traps, bends, shower pans and flashing can all be used with the knowledge that the re sulting installation will be of fine quality. Advantage may also be taken of the new hard lead fittings like closet floor flanges and calking ferrules, just announced, to save critical metal. Lead may also be used for flashings. To some, specifving lead for water service, soil, waste and vent pipe, traps and bends, for example, instead of iron or steel, mav not seem |o make a worth-while saving, but in a one-familv one-storv dwelling, these uses would need steel in an amount equal to that required for more than 15 Garand rifles and zinc in an amount equal to that used in six hand grenade fuses. Multiply that by the thousands of dwelling units being constructed and the important sav ings possible can be realized. This applies to other lead products, too. The beauty of this is that the savings may be made at no sacrifice in quality, often with improved quality. Buy War Savings Bonds and Stamps at your Bank or Postoflfice --5-- LIA25735 Two-Coat Painting on \n Wood In Old Story to One Hundred Per Cent White Lead Paints HE two-coat svstem of exterior saves substantial quantities of mate Tpainting on new woodwork which rial will suffer from lack of proper has achieved considerable popularitythickness of the paint film. in the past few years is not. by any means, a new discovery. Competent Skilful Application master painters who are familiar with the characteristics of their mate rials have long known how to make pure white lead paints which will ad here. cover and protect with onlv a priming and a finish coat. Thev have used this knowledge in the service of their customers who required durable paint jobs at minimum cost. How ever. the two-coat paint job differs from the three-coat job both in the paint mixtures and in the manner of application. This is particularly true of the priming coat which must be so formulated and applied that it will both seal and hide the surface and build up a foundation for the finish coat. The durability .of a paint job de pends not onlv on the quality of the materials but also on their formula tion and application. In making the primer for a two-coat application, the painter must take into consideration hiding power and film thickness as well as penetration and sealing. Th? primer must take the place of the usual first and second coats and its consistency must be such that it can be applied heavily without sagging or running and will still dry uni formly clear through to the wood. Special attention should be given to the application of a two-coat paint job. Since the first coat must provide both priming and body it must be relatively heavy and special care must be taken that it is applied in uniform thickness over the entire sur face. This will require a little more time and labor than the usual prim ing coat. Although there is less brush ing out required, the application should be made in shorter stretches and laid off carefully board by board. The importance of uniformity in application is realized when one con siders the behavior of paint exposed to weather. Due to the attacks of weather, good paint wears down slowly by a "chalking" or powdering process. This is a perfectly natural and proper process and one of the desirable characteristics of white lead paint. It results in the slow gradual reduction in thickness of the paint film but causes accumulated dirt to slough off and maintains a clean and bright appearance. This "chalking" takes place uniformly over the entire painted surface. If the paint film is uniform in thickness, well and good, but if there are thin spots here and there, bare wood may be exposed at Film Thickness Important the thinly covered areas while the re mainder of the surface is still in ex It is well to note here that, since cellent condition. However, water the paint film of a first class two-coat entering the wood so exposed can job is nearly as thick as that of a cause failure of the surrounding paint three-coat job. there will not be a which would otherwise last consider great difference in the amount of ma ably longer. terial required. A two-coat job that The application of paint by hand ts not quite as simple an operation as it looks. This is especially true if the paint is heavy in body. A skilled mechanic can estimate the amount of material he is depositing as he goes and can keep the thickness of paint film uniform over the entire area. Skillful and careful application of the first coat of a two-coat white lead paint job mav add an extra year, or perhaps even two years, to its life. Labor Savings Overrated There is naturally less labor re quired for the application of two coats of paint than there is for three coats, but this does not mean that there is only two-thirds as much. Of course, one third of the brush work is eliminated, ladders and staging need to be placed only twice instead of three times, but there are certain fixed costs of preparation, protection, transportation, etc. which will not vary whether the number of coats of paint is two or five. The extra physi cal labor required to handle the heavier bodied primer also must be taken into consideration. Bearing in mind the fact that film thickness of a durable two-coat paint job. and therefore quantity of mate rials. should approach that of threecoat application, and that especially careful application is important, the buyer of a new paint job should not be too much surprised if the cost of a first-class two-coat white lead paint job closely approaches the cost of the more highly approved three-coat job. Also if, after careful consideration, the application of a two-coat job is deemed advisable, the buyer will make sure that the paints are prop erly formulated with pure white lead and that they are skilfully applied. There is nothing better than pure white lead paint for either two or three coat application and there is no substitute for good workmanship. -- fi LIA25736 No. 17 Ridgefield, Connecticut City of Tree Shaded Estates The Elms Inn, Ridge field. Conn., in opera tion since 1799. Al though this interesting old landmark has not been painted for 12 years, it remains in excellent condition to day protected and beautified by pure white lead paint. Thi' building was erected in 1816 and the por ches added Inter The Governor George E. Lounsbury House. Ridgefield. Conn. This century old house pro tected with pure white lead paint was the home of George Louns bury, Governor of Connecticut 1899-1900 (Built in 1844) This charming early American Home situ ated at the corner of Market and Main Streets in Ridgefield, Conn., is typical of the many beautiful old homes to be seen in this Sew England town. White lead and oil decorates and pro tects this landmark --7-- TANDING on a site purchased S from the Indians in 1708, Ridge field is located in the heart of one of the most picturesque regions in New England. The town is noted for its beautiful homes, shade trees and spa cious lawns, but the citizens are no less proud of the part their ancestors played in the War for Independence. Like many others in the battle areas, the citizens of Ridgefield were forced to defend their town against the organized troops of the enemy with only such weapons as they could muster in their homes. The Battle of Ridgefield on April 27, 1777. was the valient attempt of the militia reinforced by the farmers of the neighborhood, to cut off the retreat of the British troops after a raid on the nearby town of Danbury. In this engagement. General Wooster received the wound which resulted in his death. Many fine old houses in the colo nial tradition line the streets of Ridge field giving evidence of the prosperity and good taste which prevailed in New England in the early days of the Republic. The pride which the own ers of these homes have in their houses is evidenced by the excellent condition in which they stand after long years of usefulness. The use of pure white lead paint to help main tain them in such condition is equally a matter of pride with many of their owners who look forward to raanv more years of pleasant residence. Hard Load Calking Ferrule Stands Severe Tests is Adaptable to Welded or Wiped Solder Joints Hurt/ lead calking terrule. shotting smooth, clean appearance x t e n d in g the list of plumbing E specialties that can he made of non-critical material, the latest devel opment is a calking ferrule of hard lead. Like the closet floor flange and the drum trap cover described in a previous issue, the new ferrule will be of value in conserving brass and at the same time maintaining high standards of durability and sanitary safety. Designed for quick and easv fabri cation. tlie hard lead ferrule has a re- The following articles and reprints contain information, drawings and specifications on the use of lead products helpful to architects, engineers and others in the construction industry. They are available, free of charge, upon request to the lead Industries Association. 420 Lexington Avenue. New Yora City. PAINTING YOUR HOUSE by Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist. Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. \ (tUcussion of home painting reprinted from American Forests. May, 1939. SOME PAINTING PROBLEMS AND THE ANSWERS By Dr. F. L. Browne, Senior Chemist, Forests Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise. Reprinted from the National Real Estate Journal, Sept., 1939. STAMFORD'S DOUBLE LIFETIME HOME A complete analysis of hard lead flashing, while lead paint, lead plumbing. plywood and red cedar Certigrade shingle details ami installation method*. Reprinted from the American Builder. Jitly, 1939. BRUSH UP ON YOUR PAINTING A practical article on the selection and application of paint reprinted from House Beautiful, June. 1941. DON'T GAMBLE WITH PAINT An instructive article on the selection of paint for farm use reprinted from the March 1942 issue of Country Gentleman. WHITE LEAD PAINT FOR DEFENSE HOUSING Reprint from Bulletin of the Producers' Council including specifications and graphic mixing instructions for exterior and interior White Lead Paint. HOW LUMBER AND PAINT KEEP YOUR HOME ALWAYS IN STYLE A brief digest of the advantages of painted lumber homes with color-styling suggestions and other interesting information. LASTING LEADWORK IN MODERN PLUMBING By T. N. Thompson. Technical Editor. Plumbing and Healing Journal. Reprinted from Plumbing and Heating Journal, Feb.. 1939. COMMERCIAL STANDARDS: Calking Lead. CS94-41 Lead Pipe. CS95-41 Lead Traps and Bends, CS96-41 Official publications by the Government Priming Office of the above Commercial Standards as promulgated by the U. S. Department of Commerce through the National Bureau of Standards, effective June 25. 1941. NEW SIMPLIFIED STANDARD FOR LEAD TRAPS AND BENDS File size leallel with new standards for lead traps and bends us well as existing standards for lead pipe and calking lead, and other informative data. LEAD PLUMBING FOR DEFENSE HOUSING Reprint from Bulletin of the Producers' Council including information on the Emergency Plumbing Standards and the Defense Housing Critical List. cess to receive the lead pipe thus pro viding a continuous inner surface through the pipe and fitting. This recess construction also facilitates setting up the work preparatory to wiping the joint and in addition pro vides a ready made lap joint readv for welding in cases where this man ner of joining pipes is to be used. The new ferrule mav be calked into a cast iron hub with either lead wool or poured lead. Actual tests have shown that it will withstand pressures far in excess of those cre ated in any required inspection tests. It will be made in two. three and four inch sizes and is expected to he avail able to the trade soon. This calking ferrule, being of noncritical material, will not he subject to priority restrictions. It is another important step towards the goal of keeping high quality lead plumbing available for current building opera tions. Hard lead calking terrule under hydrostatic test UPON REGl'EST, THE I.EAD INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION WILL BE GLAD TO MAIL "LEAD" REGULARLY, FREE OF CHARGE, TO THOSE INTERESTED, AND WILL COOPERATE WITHOUT OBLIGATION IN THE SOLUTION' OF YOUR LEAD PROHI.EMS LIA25738 PRl NTED IK V- S. A. BY PUBLISHERS PRINTING COMPANY NEW YORK CITY