Document vBEL2DydK1mkJvJ3znoZR7q7Z

FILE NAME Talc TALC DATE 1972 Sept DOC TALC144 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION Unpublished Report - An Examination of Italian Mine Samples and Relevant Powders pi }, J 3 e H = } aoc. he - * . , 38 . . - < . ~ : + Sls to ttld ches i fn geet tet Se : * Solan andes : Det Reeth fot Cat Sa tl hice Se ee ate fen eete . DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL EXPLOITATION . UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ": CARDIFF - 0060642 FITZGERALD00026 ao - AN EXAMINATION OF ITALIAN MINE SAMPLES AND RELEVANT POWDERS . 6 This document represents the completion report of the Italian mine samples and other powders supplied by Johnson and Johnson Cosham Portsmouth to the Department of Mineral Exploitation The persons involved in the examination of the material reported here were Mr. J. Lightfoot Mr. G.A. Kingston Dr. F.D. Pooley Received 8th September . 1972 0060643 FITZGERALD00027 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION OF ITALIAN MINE SAMPLES AND RELATED POWDERS Introduction Talc is hydrated magnesium silicate MgSiO which can occur in a number of forms In its compact form it is known as stealite or soapstone The form normally employed for toilet purposes is soft and very friable in character It is mined in many parts of the world including the U.S.A. Canada France Italy Norway and India as well as several other countries It occurs in both a flaky and lath like form and the chief deposits magnesia calcareous rocks such as magnesian limestone The purest talc association with dolomite and marble occur in altered dolomite marble deposits occur in Talc also occurs and in altered basic rocks such as serpentines and again as thin beds in mica schists Commercial tales contain a number of related mineral impurities They may include antigorite series hydrated magnesium silicate magnesite or members of the chalybite of carbonates dolomite calcium carbonate tremolite and actinolite calcium iron magnesium aluminium iron magnesium silicates chlorites magnesium and silicates and other minor minerals such as the sulphides . spinels . . collected The hand specimens examined in this report were at the Italian mine and do not represent an average collection of specimens of material being produced at the mine The specimens were collected with the intention of sampling those areas with obvious non talc mineral inclusions Specimens were retained which showed differences in physical appearance i.e. fibrous flakey massive and powdery in texture Specimens of ore in which colour variation was observed also collected In general the colour of the talc ore were varled from grey through white to a light green colour Obvious inclusions in the talc ore itself were retained and a careful search at the various sample locations in the talc seam was performed for fibrous amphibole minerals to of Specimens of the hanging and footwall were also collected assess their mineral content as these were likely sources ore contamination although the method of mining which consisted of hand filling methods precluded any gross contam- ination of the ore The hand specimens have been where possible prepared for examination by the optical microscope and both polished blocks and thin sections of material have been employed fractions of all hand specimens have been Representative reduced to powder form and subjected to powder ray diffrac tion examination The representative powdered samples also form the samples for morphological examination by the electron - 1 oO microscope > y t ete 0060644 FITZGERALD00028 The list of samples obtained from the Italian mi^-eare given in Tables 1 and 2 and throughout this report the samples are referred to by the preceding code number for each specimen The objective of the examination has been mainly to es_ tablish the major minerals which occur in association with talc the Italian mine In particular to look at the association of these minerals with the talc and especially those minerals which are of the same family as the commercial asbestos minerals i.e. the amphiboles and serpentines The objective of the optical examination has been to establish textural and mineral relationship and not to quantify the phases occurring in each hand specimen ray work has - been aimed at establishing the minerals observed by optical means and to produce reference patterns for future investiga- tion together with computed data from pattern measurement Electron microscope work has been selective in nature and performed on the finer fraction of the powdered specimens Its aim has been to describe the morphology of the particles produced by comminution of the hand specimens and to investigate any obvious structural information which might be of use in identification of individual mineral particles Representative data obtained from the various examinations . are included in the following report 0060645 FITZGERALD00029 Code No. TABLE 1 LIST OF ITALIAN MINE SAMPLES + I. I.2 I.3 I.A.- I.5 Talc from footwall contact Sorting pieces with obvious colour differences Coloured talc green ; Face 10 sample General ore with obvious amphibole ) inclusion I.7 I.8 I.9 I.10 i I.11 I.12 I.13 Suspected Quartz sample Mica schist specimen Massive talc Grey talc 1st face Granular talc sample Carbonate and talc ; Footwall sample Amphibolite Inclusion showing passage into talc bottom transit I.14 I.15 1.16 I.17 I.18 I.19 I.ZO. I.21 I.22 I.23 I.24 I.25 I.26 27 Inclusion in talc seam face 4 middle of seam Talc footwall contact Inclusion from face 1 Footwall rock sample Face 3 carbonate sample Tremolite sample Amphibole Inclusion sample from Gianna from face 2 Jeral ; 1212 Carbonate sample Black gneiss 2 ft below talc seam Tal^next to carbonate face 2 Footwall limestone . Talc inclusions Lithological inclusions face 1 0060646 FITZGERALD00030 Table 1 Continued Code No I.28 I.28 . I.29 I.30 I.30 1.31 I.32 I. 34 I.35 I.36 _ I.37 I.38 . I.39 I.40 I.41 42 .I.43 .I.43 I.44 I.44 I.45 2.46 2.46 Description Quartz sample Sample 6 Footwall ; Carbonate sample Black Inclusion face1 Face 2 inclusion from base of talc Talc from lower left end of working Marble wall Massive carbonate from rear end of working Grey talc specimen Carbonate in talc inclusion Pyrite specimen 5 0 pieces from crusher Platey talc Face 2 good specimen Face 1 coloured green tale Face 10 fibrous sample Face 1 pure talc Face 1 good specimen Face 3 coloured specimen 0060647 FITZGERALD00031 TABLE 2 OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED ' Code No. Description Bl . Pure talc 1st face B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 - - Greenish talc 1st face . . Talc 6 inches above footwall Talc from above inclusion Inclusion in talc Talc 2 ft above inclusion " . Section 2 Et above inclusion . face Pure talc 1st Grey talc 1st face Also examined 1 Batch shipments of ^ ^ ^ ^ta^le 2 old samples of British powders 0060648 FITZGERALD00032 OPTICAL EXAMINATION OF SPECIMENS IL - 146 Thin and polished of wallrock and where sections were prepared of possible the talc ore the specimens The minerals which formed a major constituent in at least one of the sections were quartz muscovite talc chlorite var sheridanite calcite garnet and tremolite the latter only occurred as a major constituent in section 119 Phases-- _ which were always minor or accessory were microcline plagio- clase biotite pennine epidote clinozoisite hornblende actinolite section 17 rutile and opaque constituents pyrite pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite The identification of the minerals in the sections of these specimens was based on the optical characteristics of ~- - the minerals in transmitted and reflected light both under plane polarised light PPL and crossed nicols XN combined with the results of the ray diffraction study of the crushed hand specimens In some cases material was extracted from the sections and examined in R.I. liquids as in determining that the most common chlorite mineral in these specimens is a variety called sheridanite having a R.I. w equivalent of 1.590 - 0.005 and a birefringence of 0.012 - 0.014 Similarly much of the muscovite was nearly uniaxial with a R.I. of 1.600 correspond- ing to the variety phengite an abnormally siliceous muscovite In the case of talc its confident determination optically is difficult since its optical properties are identical to musco- vite However it was found that the common Feathery form of the talc combined with the invariable occurrence of minute transparent inclusions suspected to be silica in the tale producing a dusty appearance in thin section and a greenish * colour in hand specimen enabled talc to be distinguished from muscovite Talc also exhibited slightly higher order inter- ference colours in general Where talc was only an accessory mineral to muscovite as in some of the wallrock samples then it could not be distinguished with certaintly In the following pages no 7 to 48 ) the Italian specimens are systematically described as regards their mineral compositionand mode of intergrowth Numerous photomicrographs taken under PPL and XN are provided with the description to mainly illustrate the rock textures which it is hoped will provide information useful in the comminution of particularly the talc ore samples and also displays the non occurrence of asbestiform amphiboles in the talc ore tn 0060649 FITZGERALD00033 Specimen Il Specimen Il consisted of several pieces of wallrock with one piece displaying the footwall contact One polished section was made of the footwall contact and one thin section of the wallrock alone The wallrock is a schist which in thin section displayed a segregation of the main minerals into thin lenticular bands composed as in Figure 1 of long tabular aggregates of ~- intermixed muscovite var phengite and chlorite var sherida nite and granular quartz exhibiting a polygonal grain boundary structure Accessory rutile occurs as orientated inclusions in the chlorite and muscovite and also opaque con- stituents which in polished section were identified as dominantly pyrite metacrysts with minor pyrrhotite porphyroblasts of plagioclase also occur Some subhedral. Fig . Photomicrograph X 40 of thin section of wallrock II under crossed nicols A schist of quartz granular white muscovite lamellar yellow and chlorite lamellar blueish grey Specimen 13 coloured talc The minerals composing this specimen are major talc and chlorite var sheridanite with the talc content much greater than chlorite together with accessory garnet rutile and an unidentifiable finely dispersed phase occurring as minute transparant inclusions along the cleavage planes and grain boundaries of the tale and imparting a dusty brown appearance to the talc specimen gates which in thin section and a greenish colour in hand The talc occurs as medium grained feathery aggreare in places duscy and grade into clean transparant aggregates which are free of any inclusions It appears that some retrograde metamorphic process has caused the inclusions to be removed or incorporated into the talc structure since single tale crystals disniaw hoth tones The & 0060650 FITZGERALD00034 a minor chlorite is dispersed in the talc matrix as small lenticular and globular fibrous aggregates Rare garnet possibly a member of the ugrandite series because of its - anisotropy occurs as subhedral porphyroblasts fees NPT me: . emamas | ner omar ete rem, = 6 errmanren eens, merty . . . .. at 2 rer on oneeee | \ Fig 2 Photomicrograph X 24 of thin section of coloured . talc specimen 13 under crossed nicols Dominantly talc yellow interference colours showing murky brownish black patches due to presence of fine unidentifiable inclusions Specimen 15 general ore A coarse aggregate of curving foliaceous and feathery translation crystals of talc displaying evidence of shearing and translation twinning As in specimen 13 dusty inclusions of a transpa- rant mineral with a general prismatic habit occurs dispersed in the talc As before but to a lesser extent the taic is cleansed of these inclusions along zones associated with defor- mation and translation twinning and it appears that the inclusions have either been converted to talc as in the con- version of tremolite to talc by low temperature CO metasomatism or incorporated into the talc structure as a result of retro- grade deformation metamorphism porphyroblasts also occur Rare small subhedral garnet 0060651 FITZGERALD00035 ey; DAT 7 Serie Fig . Photomicrograph x 24 of thin section of general ore specimen 15 under crossed nicols showing the texture of the talc and the murky inclusion talc compared to the clear inclusion talc Specimen 16 Specimen 16 consists of a very coarse aggregate of inter- locking anhedral magnesite grains which exhibit strongly irregular and angular penetrating grain boundaries The mag- nesite is characterised in thin section Fig 3a by its marked change in relief and perfect rhombohedral cleavage in plane polarised light and very high order interference colours Fig 3b under crossed nicols Intergranular pockets of fine grained foliaceous and radiating prismatic crystals of talc together with rare chlorite var sheridanite occur In places the prismatic ' clusters of talc appear to have formed at the expense of the magnesite perhaps as a result of a retrograde thermal metamor- phism with its formation being ascribed to a reaction between the magnesite and silica One subhedral porphyroblast of eee plagioclase felspar occurs in the thin section alee 0060652 FITZGERALD00036 FLT Sofi Re les ad Fig 3a Photomicrograph x 24 of thin section of specimen 16 under plane polarised light consisting dominantly of magnesite with minor talc and rare chlorite be ' erty Ie ge = Photomicrograph of thin section of specimen 16 mag x 24 under crossed nicols showing the occurrence of small equigranular and prismatic crystals of talc penetrating and interstitial to coarse anhedral magnesite 0060653 FITZGERALD00037 aa Specimen 17 . a This specimen of wallrock is muscovite schist Figs 4a 4b and 4c containing some accessory actinolite brown hornblende talc and rare biotite . The muscovite var phengite forms long lenticular bands showing a preferred orientation in a matrix of interlocked equigranular quartz grains displaying strongly irregular grain boundaries Large euhedral porphyroblasts of garnet forming one of the major phases are dispersed throughout the rock Accessory subhedral tabular and rhombic sections of actinolite colourless to bluish green pleochroism occur orientated parallel to the schistosity The actinolite also occurs as rims euhedral grains of rhombic and tabular outline which may have originally been brown hornblende but now are pseudomorphed by what appears to be a mixture of talc chlorite and residual hornblende Some talc is present as small pockets within the muscovite layers but this identification is based on the form the lower refractive index and the occurrence of dusty inclusions The colour birefringence etc. of the talc is otherwise the same as muscovite In polished section the main opaque accessory mineral is pyrrhotite occurring as subhedral laths lying parallel to the Schistosity Traces of chalcopyrite also occur and some rutile rods mainly as inclusions in the garnet porphyroblasts 7 a low i ae 7 7 ~ So - tis ee ee man ~~ ~+ ~~ e-? . . mcr wee peep . : ea ood . Oo? i tohSe a .e ?rs ns ied : para a 3 NSIT vag d+ . 3 - Sy Bet em ey mee Sta, - ae . ZEN i ee a - : qe . 6 . 1 ae _s f . i) n . a) ay: : 5 ov X ok . . ye woe ir4. addin a = . fr Ss bd etd Pd t cog ject fs po ~ pos re ~ ie, UF 74 . 4 } re oe j Fig 4a Photomicrograph of polished section of 17 showing. Pyrrhotite white garnet light grey and muscovite darker grey Very dark to black areas are pits in the surface 0060654 FITZGERALD00038 12. Fig 4b : Photomicrograph mag x 40 of thin section of 17 consisting of garnet muscovite and quartz under plane polarised light ~ *o sane, Fig 4c Photomicrograph mag x 40 of thin section of I7 under crossed nicols showing subhedral garnet black anhedral interlocking quartz white black and lamellar muscovite coloured 0060655 FITZGERALD00039 SpecimeIng foli- In hand specimen Ig appears as a coarse aggregate of aceous talc varying in colour from white to greenish white general texture in thin section is of coarse foliated talc The preferentially finer orientated and alternating with long lenses of a talc in which a preferred orientation appears to be absent as a result of shearing parallel to the schistosity Minor chlorite var sheridanite occurs as orientated laths intergrown with the coarse talc.and talc.and as fibrous intimately finer talc lenses Rare anhedral aggregates in the garnet possibly pyrope occurs does In thin section the talc which appears greenish in hand specimen is seen to be crowded with minute inclusions of a pinkish mineral occurring as rounded to thin tabular grains and having a lower refractive index than the talc A brown amorphous material is also present This material together with the granular inclusions is presumably responsible for the greenish colouration of the talc in hand specimen As in I3 and 15 the , greenish talc has been cleansed of inclusions along planes parallel to the schistosity by some later metasomatic process of retrograde metamorphic process This absorbtion of the inclu- sions by the talc or removal of the inclusions not effect the form of aggregation of the talc crystals Boundaries between the clean transparent and murky talc often transgress the schistosity and there is no change in the coarseness or mode of aggregation of the talc across such boundaries ray diffrac- tion of the transparent white talc and the translucent greenish talc revealed no differences and the composition of these inclusions is at the moment unknown Figure 5 under crossed nicols shows such a transgressive boundary between the clear and murky or dusty talc . Fig . : tho . . Ig Photomicrograph mag x 24 of thin section showing the nature of tite talc intergrowth under crossed nicols and the transgressive boundaries between clear trans- parent tale and the inclusion murky appears greenish white in hand specimen tale which 0060656 FITZGERALD00040 14 Specimen Ig Grey talc 1st face In specimen Ig talc and chlorite var sheridanite are the main constituents They occur intimately intergrown as long orientated foliaceous aggregates alternating with finer platy aggregates in which the talc and chlorite fibres are randomly orientated and which form lenses elongated parallel to the " schistosity of the coarser foliaceous talc Figs 6^ and 6b As in previous sections the talc appears murky in parts due to the presence of minute unidentifiable inclusions The talc is also crowded with small irregular and rod- porphyroblasts of shaped grains of rutile . Rare subhedral garnet possibly pyrope also occur Fig 6a - Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section Ig under plane polarised light showing subhedral garnet grains in an orientated foliaceous aggregate of talc and chlorite a0 ~fl " 0060657 FITZGERALD00041 15 Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section Ig under crossed nicols showing garnet black y in a coarse matrix of foliaceous talc bright interference colours and chlorite white to grey interference colours tes 0060658 FITZGERALD00042 16 Specimen Ilo and IloA granular talc Both I10 and I10A consist of an intergrowth of medium grained and randomly orientated major talc with minor chlorite 7 var sheridanite Fig 7 Some small porphyroblasts of garnet also occur scattered in the chlorite ground mass In this specimen the talc is not crowded with inclusions as is the case in most of the other samples Fig 7 ; Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section yellow , under crossed consisting of talc bluc and yellow interference colours _ garnet black . chlorite white and greys and - Specimen Ill : carbonate and talc Specimen Ill consists dominantly of a mosaic of coarse to fine grained anhedral interlocking magnesite grains with interstitial pockets of coarse to medium grained foliaceous aggregates of talc Figs 8a and 8b The talc is crowded with near microscopic inclusions of a transparant phase together with a brown amorphous material which causes the talc to appear dusty or turbid in thin section Some fibrous chlorite var sheridanite occurs as small pockets intergrown with the talc e Traces of rutile and pyrite occur * 0060659 FITZGERALD00043 * , . - Sy .,, . Se on, Mose ate < Fig 8a Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section Ill under plane polarised light showing a subhedr~ l pyrite metacryst black in a matrix of compact granular magnesite with interstitial foliaceous talc top centre a as} "\e we wl y 1 . oe) : . Fig 8b . Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section Ill under crossed nicols showing a pyrite metacrynt black in a granular maqnealEn matrix matrix with n foliaceous interstitial aggregate of talc top . ; oro centre 0060660 FITZGERALD00044 18 Specimen I12 _ "' An aggregate of anhedral quartz as the main constituent with minor interstitial muscovite and green chlorite var pennine Fig 9. The long muscovite laths preferred * orientation Chlorite occurs in interstitial pockets as randomly orientated platy grains Some epidote is present and a trace of magnesite . , The chlorite displays a pleochroism from light green to brownish and anomalous blue interference colours in some cases However most of the chlorite grains display lower second order to upper first order interference colours Thus a range of chlorite composition is probably represented in the section . yr . . in on i a a ae Fred Lawintd + . Fig 9 Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section 112 under crossed nicols a Specimen Specimen 113 This specimen consists of an aggregate of mainly medium grained platy to fibrous chlorite var sheridanite and equigranular quartz These two enclose ragged replacement " residuals of calcite and subhedral metacrysts of pyrite with rare chalcoprite chalcoprite chalcoprite 0060661 FITZGERALD00045 19 Fig 10a Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section 113 under PPL showing subhedral pyrite meta- crysts black in a matrix of dominantly chlorite and quartz with minor calcite Fig 10b Photonticrograph x 40 mag of thin section 113 under XN showing chlorite Eibrous white and greenish and calcite coloured enclosing subhedral grains of ^ yzilu black. Equigranular grey grains are quartz 0060662 FITZGERALD00046 Specimen 114 This specimen is dominantly composed of very magnesite enclosing minor amounts of talc and very coarse grained var chlorite pockets sheridanite very minor The talc and chlorite form pockets of radiating lamellar and foliaceous crystals an in Figs lla llb - : i recinry re se, or wade, Fig lla Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 114 under PPL of coarse magnesite and intergranul~ r pockets of dusty and clear talc Et ar: aRty? Lm en ' Fig llb nee Ea BE te eee TY os Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 114 under XN of magnesite greenish and pockets of radiating lamellar talc blue purple yellow 0060663 FITZGERALD00047 21 This specimen of wallrock is a muscovite schist with minor green chlorite biotite and feldspar Figs 12a and 12b rare talc and The garnet occurs as large 1-3mm diam porphyroblasts altered along irregular fractures to a mixture of greenish chlorite biotite and some feldspar and enclosed in a matrix composed of orientated tabular grains of muscovite forming elongated lenses and alternating with mosaic granular quartz containing randomly dispersed biotite and chlorite flakes Fig 12a Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section I1SA UNDER PPL showing a large altered porphyroblast of garnet in a matrix of dominantly muscovite with minor quartz 0060664 FITZGERALD00048 22 Fig 125. a Photomicrograph x 24. mag of thin section I15A under crossed nicols Garnet blackl Muscovite dominantly purple interference colours Quartz white and greys oe 0060665 FITZGERALD00049 63 , - Specimen I15 . aggregates producing This specimen is dominantlydominantly composed of chlorite sheridanite and quartz as orientated orientated var a schistosity Very minor amounts of magnesite and tale occur The talc occurs as thin laths Intergrown with the Fig 13a Photomicrograph x40 mag of thin section 115 under PPL showing the irregular but preferred elongation of granular quartz segregations in a matrix of fibrous chlorite var sheridanite . Fig 13b Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section 115 under XN composed of chlorite fibrous white greenish groy black quartz granular white and talc blue red and yellow interference colours 0060666 FITZGERALD00050 24 Specimen I16 first face inclusionfi This specimen is composed of a medium grained aggregate of dominantly chlorite var sheridanite and quartz with minor magnesite clinozoisite talc and muscovite and displaying a poor schistosity Scattered eunedral to sub- hedral pyrite metacrysts occur as well as medium grained crystal aggregates of rutile associated with clinozoisite forming stringers parallel to the general schistosity of the rock of In the photomicrograph figure 14a the brownish 14b speckled areas are dominantly chlorite although in Figure 14b talc and muscovite are more apparent because of their inter- ference colours an ~ Px OT ee . ad &Fee Whee Figure 14a Photomicrograph : under PPL \. x 40 mag - of thin section : 116 0060667 FITZGERALD00051 43 ers en . . uo tg See nak * . 7 . wen att rca orice, Gueask Ps - Fig 14b - Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section 116 under crossed nicols A chlorite - quartz rock . with minor talc and muscovite and accessory magnesite clinozoisite rutile and pyrite , 0060668 FITZGERALD00052 Specimen I17 footwall This specimen of footwall rock is a muscovite garnet schist consisting of long lenticular anhedral quartz aggregates Both are enclosing fractured and altered euhedral porphyroblasts of garnet Accessory sphene also occurs as well as serpentine pseudomorphs after a mineral diu- playing rhombic and tabular suctions - i rT vise tm. oo oat _. aac 7 "yt x. Fey, oo ES, FIRA PI . of - ia re von ty Tbe . BL Oe %. Fig 15a * Photomicrograph garnet under PPL showing x 24 mag of thin section I17 euhedra in a matrix of segregated quartz and muscovite . FiFigg 15b Photmicrograph Photomicrograph Photomicrograph x 24 mag XN Garnet black quartz of thin section 117 under white to grey and ' muscovite lamellar and coloured . mie 0060669 FITZGERALD00053 -* Specimen Ilg Face 3 carbonate . A coarse to medium grained aggregate of subhedral inter-inter- grains locking grains of magnesite with minor tale occurring scattered small interstitial clusters associated with chlorite var sheridanite and muscovite Figs 16a as rare 16b Fig 16a . Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 118 under PPL of granular magnesite with scattered tabular crystals and clusters of talc Be eee? y 8 Laced Patol. titers nab thnenee At Fig 16b Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section Ila under XN of granular magnesite high order interference colours and scattered tabular crystals and clusters of talc top right coloured and rare chlorite white.to grey colours . 0060870 FITZGERALD00054 : . ; i specimen 19/ specimen consists of an aggregate of coarse grained This with solitary bladed crystals anhedral magnesite intergrown associated with minor and crystal aggregates of tremolite anhedral grains of amounts of fine fibrous tale and rare quartz Figs 17a 17b Fig 17a 7" ^ 24 mag of thin section of I1g- Photomicrograph bladed tremolite inter- under PwiPtLh svheorwyincgoacrosaergsreained magnesite grown - : Fig 17b grained j x 24 mag of thin Photomicrograph coarse under crossed nicols showing tremolite and anhefdirbarlous aggregates with minor small section Ilg bladed magnesite of talc top left .. _, ' . t 0060671 FITZGERALD00055 [. et et + Specimen 121 Inclusion face 2 aggregate grained Specimen 121 is composed of a fine grained interlocking aggregate of anhedral magnesite as the major constituent with scattered laths and interstitial _ afsisborcoiusateadggregates of very minor talc Figs 18a and 18b . . er Be a .. Aye ly. athe tis bog ae ME, my ~ ; id of Fig 18a x 24 mag thin section Photomicrograph with rare tale : under PPL Magnesite 121 men e wf pemen meee sormns ' Fig 18b * Photomicrograph x 24 under crossed nicols . mag of thin section Magnesite with rare 121 talc 0060672 FITZGERALD00056 : 30 Specimen 122 This specimen is dominantly composed of to euhedral interlocking grains of magnesite intergranular fibrous clusters of talc which smaller euhedral magnesite grains Fig 19 coarse subhedral associated with often enclose enclose a ood ~~. een 2 ' Fig 19 . Photomicrograph x 24 magnification of thin section I22 under plane polarised light Magnesite Magnesite and interstitial aggregates of talc 0060673 FITZGERALD00057 | ; : Specimen 123 Black Gneiss 2 below talc vein Specimen 123 consists dominantly of medium grained anhedral Interlocking quartz as orientated bands enclosing large micro- cline anhedra and anhedral aggregates Scattered platy . |: Jfa aggregates of muscovite occur orientated parallel to the general . direction of the quartz banding epidote Minor and chlority epidote : . also occur Figs 20a and 20b ; ae . 1 TRY nraid 3 - . he niet OO , an Pig 20a ad - microcline Photomicrograph under PPL x 24 mag of thin section Izz gneiss Fig 3 20 microcline Photmicrograph Photomicrograph under XN x 24 mag of thin section 123 gneiss 0060674 FITZGERALD00058 =e . Specimen 124. Face 2 Talc next to carbonate This specimen of talc ore consists dominantly of coarse fibrous tale with minor chlorite var sheridanite occurring as small lenticular fibrous aggregates within the main mass of talc Figs 21a and 21b A few small subhedra of garnet are there are two forms of talc present As in previous specimens 1 a tale that in thin section appears brown Fig.2la present under plane polarised light due to finely dispersed dusty inclu- mineral and a brown amorphous material sions of a transparant tale free of inclusions which appears to 2 a clear transparant of the other by some matauomatla have been formed at thTealcexpcernyssetals in optical continuity can be the cloar tale cleansing process to change sharply from Justy brown talc to seen Po as TU ae Fig.2la x 24 mag of thin section I24 under - Photomicrograph enclosing small lenticular PPL Dusty and clear talc aggregates of chlorite. Fig.2lb Photomicrograph Coarse talc with x24 mag of thin section 124 under XN of chlorite lenticular aggregates 0060675 FITZGERALD00059 | : : 0 , . 1 : _ __ _- This specimen of footwall rock consists of an interlocking pennine aggregate of medium grained anhedral quartz enclosing occasional large anhedra of microcline feldspar Figs 22b Minor magnesite occurs as pockets interstitial to the quartz and also scattered laths of muscovite Green chlorite : epidote occur in trace amounts. er sr eos dominantly 22a Photomicrograph x mag of section 125 under minor : FigFig 22a PPLI a microcline rock with ~ . muscovite and rare pennine and epidote Pig 22b Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 125 under . XN . . 0060676 FITZGERALD00060 | } .- i5 t Specimen 127 Specimen 127 is dominantly composed of quartz chlorite var sheridanite and tale Figs 24a and 24h Thin lenticular bands of course feathery tale and chlorite alternatu with anhedral granular interlocking aggregates of quartz Scattered inclusions of rutile and epidote occur nu wall an occasional large microclinu anhedra : : ah 7 Pig 24a Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section 127 under 2 PPL showing a fibrous and feathery aggregatoef talc and chlorite enclosing anhedral segregations of quartz i, - oS Se i |. _ ! iP | ' u Fig 24b x Photomicrograph 40 mag XN of thin section . 127 under 0060678 FITZGERALD00062 36 Specimen 129 Specimen 129 is gneissic rock consisting of segregated bands of medium to fine interlocking anhedral quartz grains alternating with minor muscovite as orientated platy clusters and enclosing large microcline anhedra Some rare pennine and very rare epidote occur intergrown with the muscovite ~- ef etre Use mS vat Wak HD RAN + sates Fig2525a a Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 129 under PPLI quartz muscovite and microcline top left Fig 25b Photomicrograph x 24 mag . of thin section section 129 under : . XN 7 0060679 FITZGERALD00063 37 Specimen 131 is a muscovite schist containing minor containing pennine sphene and tremolite 7m The rock is dominantly made up of coarse orientated lamella segregations of muscovite intergrown with flakes of minor grooms ish brown chlorite penning and enclosing Bubodral to publiciral grains of sphene Minor interlocking Einu to medium grainud quartz segregations occur alternating with the muscovite bands Hexagonal sections of an amphibola probably tremolite occur dispersed in the muscovite matrix Fig . 26a _ Photomicrograph x 40 mug of PPL muscovite schist thin section 131 under as . Fig 26b [nn a Ser oe 7 oo catenctee en bmn tiny Nieme = amn ass Photomicrograph under XN x 40 mag of thin muscovite schist section 131 0060680 FITZGERALD00064 38 . Specimen I32 This specimen consists of coarse feathery lenticular aggres gates of dominantly chlorite var sheridanite intimately intergrown with minor amounts of talc Figs 27a and 27b Small inclusions of rutile occur along the boundaries shear planes between the chlorite aggregates and also along chlorite cleavage planes Finely dispersed submicroscopic dusty inclusions of an unidentified phase similar to that found unidentified in talc occur in the chlorite Scar BOR LN ep v % . 2a i. wk Sa : e : A H 88S & ES rE, i wf ; Bee, boa yeeeed. oS Fig 27a . Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 132 under XN Feathery aggregates of sheared chlorite white to greenish grey to black with minor talc coloured cage Hares) y. Ruin) AT: fae he test. . .t | Fig 27b Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section I32 under XN Finer grained chlorite fixture . 0060681 FITZGERALD00065 ome Specimen I33 e This specimen of talc ore consists of a medium to fine ee grained randomly orientated intergrowth of dominantly tale with minor chlorite var sheridanite The chlorite is intimately mixed with the tale Fig 28 Some pockets of coarse interlocking anhedral magnesite grains occur enclosed by the chlorite matrix < re eSRe & eM th rs tewer te ee te a ag ere tome Aes Baws : Fig 28 Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 133 under XN 0060682 FITZGERALD00066 40 Specimen 135 This specimen consists dominantly of magnesite as a very coarse to medium grained interlocking aggregate of euhedral to subhedral grains Minor tremolite occurs as long prismatic crystals forming interstitial clusters and as solitary crystals penetrating the magnesite and along the grain bound- aries of the magnesite Minor chlorite var sheridanite and rare talc occur associated with the tremolite segregations Figs 29a 29b . re ae Mr " .> om, TRU ar VS eT Sk gO e TN eee e T od aa Fig 29a Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section I35 under PPL Magnesite tremolite rock . oe j . F, mente Me st OR Lg TOE FITi Cnn. Spey Te tle a 5 Be ae eee Pot & 7 Bee ra eg! Lae ghee tee te ate a Se a f. et RE Wz "oy. seta4 adh a ar - vie i bree vo - ie " Ey d 1 ead tan J <a rat. +a 4 c . a ats co zt ; 4 t. it ae - is Poof we ro t a cents die eet athens vente add dp. anno eed Fig 29b Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section XN Prismatic tremolite in magnesito in the position 135 under extinction 0060683 FITZGERALD00067 e , Specimen 137 . . te da This specimen consists dominantly of magnesite with minor - talc The magnesite occurs as an aggregate of very large magnesite anhedra enclosed by finer grained subhedral magnesite which is intergrown with feathery intergranular clusters of talc Fig 30 . ^' : aie a ay ones ie a Fs, (i Sedesah: Joeene oedvetas <a 3 ad uaKis wet Meteo Fig 30 , Photomicrograph of thin section 137 * 24 mag under XN showing the finer intergranular magnesite associated with small laths of talc fibrous and coloured . 0060684 FITZGERALD00068 42 Specimen 139 Lo . . . This specimen is dominantly composed of talc forming coarse feathery aggregates intimately intergrown with minor finer grained chlorite var sheridanite and containing fine disseminated inc- lusions of rutile Occasional fine grained quartz as well as larger shaped augen of quartz and rare garnet occur scattered throughout the talc matrix The talc is for the most part crowded with inclusions as in previous sections but elongate areas of clean talc occur as in Fig 31a Fig 3la Photomicrograph ^ 24 mag of thin section I3s under PPL . . + 98h, 8, PEPIN Cem SS NT en re tan mnt CRANE vo, ays Fig 31b Pdbwe os. AO . ene ER he Ot r eae e ae ED Photomicrograph x mag of thin section 139 under XN 0060685 FITZGERALD00069 * Specimen 141 mo r This specimen of talc ore consists of a coarse aggregate of feathery tale intimately intergrown with minor chlorite . var sheridanite and enclosing rare large porphyroblasts of subhedral garnet which occasionally contain long prismatic : inclusions of tremolite Fig.32a e Fig 32a - w Feathery Photomicrograph under XN x 24 mag of thin section 141 aggregate of talc with garnet . porphyroblast bottom right black ~- a 0060686 FITZGERALD00070 44 Specimen 142 No.l Face green coloured Specimen 142 consists dominantly of an aggregate of fine grained fibrous chlorite var sheridanite intimately inter- grown with minor very fine grained talc as in Fig 33 ae e Peis Na ER ee 6 "sePan aS bale oY > . y wm ay nd od tT Fig Photomicrograph x 24 mag of thin section 142 eee under crossed nicols of chlorite white greenish grey black and fine grained talc yellow t . 0060687 Se FITZGERALD00071 . 45 ' Specimen I43 Face 10 fibrous sample , Specimen 143 consists dominantly of chlorite var sheridanite occurring in the form of a coarse sheared fibrous aggregate intimately intergrown with very minor talc as in Figure 34 . ; FISK 1 Va aes en eee ? i fz! etd rari Reln Fig 34 1 Photomicrograph x 40 mag of thin section 143 unde i crossed nicols showing deformed fibrous chlorite greenish black intergrown with platy " and prismatic crystals of talc coloured' Specimen I43A As for 143 the specimen consisted dominantly of chlorite var sheridanite with very minor talc The cross fibre type texture found in 143 and produced by shearing at right angles to the schistosity was absent in specimen I43A- 2 - 0060688 FITZGERALD00072 . |: aa Specimen 144 First face pure talc A coarse aggregate of lamellar talc orientation and enclosing augen of what showing a preferred ; * intimate intergrowth of quartz and appears to be an talc talc $ crowded with fine serpentine Fig Both are unidentified inclusions and clear present See also description for 145 Pa renin ee ne a 9g 99 29: ARUN ANGE Tees PE aermoremee4e oes. Paar ih. ers ue, ee Fig 35 Photomicrograph x 24 mag of section 144 under , crossed nicols showing coarse tale ; lamellar enclosing rare anhedral segregations of probable - serpentine composition . t 0060689 FITZGERALD00073 ? Specimen 1451 No.1 good specimen " This specimen of talc ore consists nearly wholly of talc occurring in the form of a randomly orientated matted aggregate of fibrous talc enclosing minor serpentine augen As in previous sections the talc is rendered murky or dusty by fine inclusions of a brown amorphous material and an unidentified transparant phase In places the talc talc has been cleansed of these inclusions along zones which appear to be independent of any intergrowth or crystallographic - features of the talc Fig 36 mares . etmre ae petAtt tees vee ee Oat Diet | Fig 35 . Photomicrograph ^ 24 mag of thin specimen 145 under crossed nicols showing the form of aggregation of the tale and the difference between the murky talc and the linear transgressive zone of : clear Italc $ 0060690 FITZGERALD00074 Specimen 146 No.3 face coloured This specimen consists of aggregates of long fibrous and very coarse lenticular enclosing rare anhedral feathery talc crystals porphyroblasts of garnet 0060691 FITZGERALD00075 49 ' DIGESTIVE DIGESTIVE . . TESTS , . se yee aaa a To confirm the presence of acid soluble carbonate and also to help identify the type of carbonate present in the rock specimens collected powder specimen was subjected to ae a digestive test Half gram quantities of each of the powders were treated with normal hydrochloric acid for several hours at 70 The residues were approximately reweighed and the filtrates were analysed for their calcium and magnesium content using the EEL 240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer The aim of the digestion was not to estimate the total acid soluble fraction only to help establish the carbonate minerals present and to estimate roughly their quantity to help interpret the ray powder photographs obtained from the samples The results are present under three headings namely Rock Types Carbonate Specimens and Talc Specimens possible It can be seen that only small quantities of carbonate material are present in the talc specimen group similarly in the rock specimens with the exception of marble specimen which is practically 100 calcite The carbonate group of specimens appear to be mixtures of calcium and magnesium carbonate with a number of specimens being dolomites 0060692 . FITZGERALD00076 Specimen No. Il 17 112 ' Il3 I15 I16 117 I20 I23 125 I27 129 I31 I34 ROCK TYPES % Weight Losa 0.2 % 3.08 0.2 % 4.28 6.0 4.88 6.08 11.2 % 1.48 - 22.48 9.08 . 3.68 9.69 92.28 % Calcium . 0.2 0.28 0.28 0.28 1.0 0.2 2.0 0.2 - 0.28 0.2 % 0.2 . 0.28 . 0.28 0.2 . 20.0 1 ~ne $ Magnesium . 0.2 % . 0.2 0.2 0.48 0.48 0.48 | 0.2 0.2 0.2 . 0.2 0.28 0.29 . 0.28 0.28 Specimen NO I4 I6 Ill I14 I18 119 I21 I22 130 135 137 Specimen No. 12 I3 I5 18 I9 1 I24 126 I28 132 I33 136 CARBONATE SPECIMENS * Weight Loss 22.8 48.0 21.6 44.2 75.2 37.8 61.88 91.28 91.28 15.0 50.8 % 51.0 B Calcium 3.0 6.08 . 3.08 7.0 14.08 5.0 .8.48 . 16.0 1.98 6.68 4.48 8 _ Magnesium 1.18 1.15 6.4 , 5.08 24.08 4.08 8.02 15.28 1.6 13.4 24.0 TALC SPECIMENS * Weight Loss 3.68 1.6 5.4 6.08 0.2 4.2 8.08 . 0.28 ' 12.68 1 1.28 _ 5.6 4.68 % Calcium % Magnesium . 0.28 0.2 20.28 20.28 0.28 0.28 20.2 0.28 0.28 0.2 0.28 0.28 0.2 0.348 . 0.2 0.48 0.2 0.28 0.28 0.2 0.29 0.2 0.28 0.28 3.48 0.28 0.28 0.28 ' Continued 0060693 FITZGERALD00077 51 TALC SPECIMENS Continued Specimen No. 138 139 I40 141 142 143 144 I45 * Weight Loss 1.09 0.28 0.28 7.0 . 0.28 0.8 6.28 . . 40.28 - 8.08 * Calcium 0.2 0.2 % 0.28 . 0.28 0.2 0.2 0.2 . 0.2 % Magnesium 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.28 . -40.28 . 40.2 we 0060694 FITZGERALD00078 + ee Electron Microscope Examination of Italian > me Mine Samples and Imported Batch Shipments of Italian Powder tens ame The main purpose of the electron microscope examination of mine samples and also representative fractions of the Italian powder has been to establish whether or not any particles corresponding to the commercial forms of asbestos were present The electron microscope is an instrument which is most usefully employed in the examination of particles less than ten microns in size It has been used in this investi- gation therefore to examine only the finer particulate portion of the Italian samples It may be argued that only a small fraction of each of the powdered samples was examined and that this was not representative of the total sample However we can assume that the fraction examined was representative of the dust formed from each sample and that it is this finer fraction which is the most important from a biological stand point Also as the size of the biologically active commercial asbestos examined particles fall entirely within the particle size range we can consider the main aim of the examination to be entirely satisfied by only looking at the finer fractions from each of the Italian samples To acquaint ourselves with the type of particles formed by the commercial asbestos minerals Figs A have been included They represent Samples of Amosite Crocidolite Anthophyllite and Chrysotile asbestos Also Figs F have been inserted to demonstrate typical single particle electron diffraction patterns which can be obtained from the four asbestos types for comparison with patterns obtained from the Italian samples Sample Preparation Small portions of the powdered rock samples and imported powder specimens were placed in 15cc centrifuge tubes to which distilled water was added The powders were then dispersed first by hand shaking and then with the aid of a small ultra- sonic bath The concentration of suspended material in the tubes was adjusted by eye using dilutions of distilled water The tubes containing suspended solids were then allowed to stand for 20 minutes to allow the larger particles of mineral to sediment to the bottom of the tubes Electron microscope grids coated with carbon films were prepared and small drops of the particulate material from each of the specimen allowed to dry tubes The were mounted on specimen grids and specimens were inserted into an A.E. E.M.6 electron microscope and examined for particles resemb- ling commercial asbestos fibres Where suitable particles were observed selected area electron diffraction patterns were taken and compared with those produced by the commercial asbestos minerals the In all cases photomicrographs representative of the type of particles found in each sample were taken while interesting diffraction patterns were also recorded 0060695 FITZGERALD00079 53 Particle Morphology he The carbonate rich materials were fountdo produce compact particles which were very electron dense On the whole they were finer particles than those obtained after crushing talc rich specimens No fibrous material whatso- ever was found when carbonate material only was comminuted The morphology of particles produced from the footwall rocks i.e. limestone marble gneiss and the amphibolites were also very compact although in the gneiss specimen platey particles were present probably representing the muscovite content of the specimen Again in fibrous particles were very cles detected resembled the the footwall rock specimenscontent scarce Those lath like parti- amphibole minerals rather than chrysotile Selected area obtained from the lath like the typical amphibole fibre diffraction patterns which were particles in no way resembled diffraction pattern They were generally very distorted patterns containing streaks rather than spots indicating a rather stressed and deformed material other The specimens which were composed of talc together with other mineral associations presentead very different picture as far as particle shape was concerned In the main parti- cles were flat and plate some being very thin and translucent in the electron beam Particle sizes varied from very small to quite large plates some with very sharp discrete edges others with rather ragged outlines Comparing parti- cles from those samples of talc which varied in bulk morphology in hand specimens no observable difference could be drawn between them Similarly a comparison of particles produced from talc specimens of varying colour revealed no differences in the overall particle shape Similarly those specimens rich in chlorite did not form particles with any distinctive features - There were however observable differences in particle morphology between individual powder specimens In the main most produced good plate like particles however one or two specimens were found to contain considerable numbers of lath like particles these being very thin in character These particles resembled the amphibole asbestos type particle being less regular and also very much larger in projected diameter Diffraction patterns from these particles matched those obtained from the platy particles with which they were asso- ciated and in no way resembled the typical amphibole diffrac- tion pattern obtained from single amphibole asbestos fibres Other Fibrous particles were observed in the mainly talc specimens which to some extent resembled chrysotile asbestos fibres rather than amphibole minerals They often had a somewhat textile appearance but were however crystalline Diffraction patterns from these fibres were very distorted and in no way matched typical chrysotile or amphibole patterns 0060696 FITZGERALD00080 The only group of specimens in which amphibole fibres were confirmed were in those specimens with known amphibole composition However even the fibres found in these speci- mens barely resembled the fibres formed by the commercial amphibole asbestos minerals To assess the particles produced from the pure amphibole mineral Tremolite in three of the specimens small crystals of the mineral were taken from the hand specimens and crushed separately An examination of the finer particles produced revealed stubby electron dense fibres associated with irregular lumps of the same mineral Diffraction patterns from these fibres were similar to those obtained from the commercial amphibole minerals although they were more difficult to obtain because of the greater thickness of these particles Other specimens in the group which did not contain talc but were composed of sheet silicate minerals mainly muscovite were also practically free of fibrous parti- cles There appeared to be no general tendency for these other minerals to form fine fibrous particles A number of ee very fine short fibres were observed on grids prepared from ee several of the talc specimens these were however chance small pieces torn from the edges of talc plates They appeared in those samples which had tendency to form copius numbers of very fine particles when subjected to comminution The specimens examined can be grouped into four categories on the basis of particle morphology and they are as follows a Talc specimens with impurities of carbonate and chlorite b Rock type specimens i.e. footwall limestone etc. c Those specimens composed mainly of carbonates d Amphibole specimens with carbonate and talc The talc specimens were characterised by the large number of plate like particles often translucent in the electron beam Rock specimens varied from specimens which were composed mainly of compact electron dense particles to those with some sheet silicate content in which plate like particles become apparent Those specimens composed mainly of carbonate material produced compact rounded particles often very small and grouped to- gether in aggregates Finally the specimens containing amphi- bole were characterised by the compact nature of the particles with evenly distributed fibres and very few translucent plates The groups of particles described are illustrated by the foll- owing micrographs which illustrate the various forms Selected area electron diffraction patterns obtained from single particles of the amphibole mineral are also presented showing the similarity of these patterns to those obtained from commercial asbestos fibres Also included are single crystals patterns and polycrystalline patterns from talc chlorite and muscovite rich specimens It can be seen that they are very different in character to those obtained from the amphibole mineral However patterns from the sheet silicate minerals mentioned above are all very similar and it is impossible to identify each of these minerals from their 0060697 FITZGERALD00081 55 electron diffraction patterns or to tell them apart without _ applying a more sophisticated approach to the diffraction procedure With specimen tilt facilities enabling the particle to be rotated through more than 45 discrimination is possible between certain of these minerals As mentioned earlier patterns obtained from lath like particles found in the talc specimens were identical to those observed from general plate like forms Those fibres with a textile like appearance often only gave very streaked ne patterns but in one or two cases these also resembled very closely the normal talc pattern 0060698 FITZGERALD00082 56 Examples of Commercial Amphibole and Chrysotile asbestos particles together with typical selected area electron , diffraction patterns . . _ Se we ae 3 ee NATED lg pp. Ce ee es . CoP ia we mh mo ~- ery , aaepels a, Fn ne : Pa 2 G i; te wiammeeae Chrysotile asbestos particles x 3000- - Anthophyllite asbestos particles x 3000 0060699 FITZGERALD00083 Le Crocidolite asbestos particles x 3000 0060700 FITZGERALD00084 58 a eps gee be ae te weak Amphibole asbestos selected area electron diffraction pattern . 4 eves 7 t a t y : re 2 + 3 FE oo - a "2 goo ue oan % canneah mre cee seein cet tereeemme atte i Chrysotile asbestos selected area electron diffraction pattern . 0060701 FITZGERALD00085 ve Electron micrographs of particles produced from specimens which have been classified as rock 0060702 FITZGERALD00086 60 + foi. oF $ mesa Fhe ha 10 Specimen Il3 seam inclusion showing passage into talc x 3000. The particles are mainly compact and electron dense A few flakes no fibres present vg : ' 7 fine, WE < 4 Rin - = 44 wed? ee LX mM 2 ak , * ad ety : ar on AL tes7 sey, pp . ot . o Ad . f aps . ory , at - Specimen I15 Talc footwall Compact particles with a few No fibres present contact ^ 3000 small flakes 0060703 FITZGERALD00087 we cee,2 ae me eae oy : a noe 3 gn ey (an ee E Sats, Syt* he Pe ty lens f - 5 2 a ; sist SN Cg Po tay 4 aan el m y beaka o Ah te oF _ Vue Nae? # - pot, ee eS or! , Fig 3. Specimen 116. Lithological Inclusion from Face 1. ^ 3000. Compact electron dense particles No fibres present 0k aea _ ft - ge C> Bl Pe * Wh o pal ak . & Sy fh Pe) Bam . ae bee heoer EY Reet . ) oS :* - eR 0 SAT . ee ad, o Ayn Feu! . On ihe rt re) C in ad 4 " wy ; ee: vt gee . oeIp _ bs Specimen I17 Footwall sample x 3000 Mainly compact particles produced with a few plate like forms 0060704 FITZGERALD00088 62 Fig 5 Specimen 123. Black gneiss 2ft below talc seam ^ 3000. Compact electron dense particles produced . limestone Specimen 125. Footwall Compact electron dense particles ^ 3000 0060705 FITZGERALD00089  . Fig 7 Specimen 127. Lithological inclusion face 1 x 3000. Platey electron dense particles No fibres . ao. a oe y . . . toe an) SS CL Bebra Ds AL Dee wot env we den menig .Stead DS x meee) 7 Fig 8 Specimen 129 Sample 6 Footwall ^ 3000 Compact electron dense particles with a few plate forms 0060706 FITZGERALD00090  | a, ET, - Fig 9 Specimen I31 Black inclusion face 1. ^ 3000 . A mixture of plate and compact forms soos mainly electron dense in character . 4 . . . - SEE pa AOS 3 of rey A f ? Oe: ory fl o+ 7. att Bek a, Page. > 4 Spoeee:ra e, |} ~> mts ^'a HM by pe BITRE ee UR Ak COMO res x CO . OR Ra . + eS A . Ab esr "done slr NM 4 Cath > AS T S Bag . f boy 3 oe ul? NS Mah dt + a hd 2 wor Ne Oe Laer % \ * v8 a are, 2 ou i . Nu Pee gt wet _ aa ae ia e a3 *> 8 Le a ee x an pa > gees C Pe PES etd Fy C t we Ee: anon ax Pe ow yi oat - yer Se 74 Tyee, geeyD vf 5 . 2 <4 MPN Deakins P os wu f . - ~wT . . t. 2 PP OR LU bat Fig.10 Specimen 134. Mainly compact few plate Marble from tunnel wall electron dense particles forms ^ 3000 with a 0060707 FITZGERALD00091 - 65 Electron micrographs of particles produced from those specimens mainly composed of carbonate minerals 0060708 FITZGERALD00092 - 66 Fete 8 Fig 1 Specimen Ill talc ^ 3000. of compact and Carbonate inclusion Particles consist plate forms with of a some mixture +o HEfo N, ire aa . Rae, re VN, vy Te roe hls RE HOFARE? . fe st s w a rea t: * le ee 5~ , cnn : ep 4 . 4 ae . if ey, av Fie | Gen oe AS ve * Pte a .* i wo ek vy Specimen I14- Inclusion in talc seam Face 4 middle of seam ^ 3000. Granular particles with plate types and like forms 0060709 FITZGERALD00093 Fig 3. Specimen 118- Carbonate sample Particles compact and electron dense few plate forms x 3000 A CT ... ~~ Fig 4. Specimen 121 Inclusion from Face 2. and This specimen produced plate particles with some lath forma .X 3000 compact 0060710 FITZGERALD00094 Fig 7 Specimen 126. Coloured talc inclusions x 3000 The particles produced from the various coloured inclusions in the talc were found to be mainly plate with a few lath forms LF LRT e Specimen 128. Quartz specimen x 3000 Particles from this specimen were mainly plate- like but accompanied by more compact opaque particles A few textile type fibres were observed . - 0060716 FITZGERALD00100 74 Oy Onl . van =! Re LE Bese ciethar ties ate Mote deethts wel aie elated Di, | ~- fa > nde Fig 9. Specimen 132- Face 2 inclusion from base of talc seam x 3000. The specimen produced a mixture of irregular particles varying from compact to plate in form with a few lath RE like particles . ; ~ a aes Noes {wt . . fous . oP PR CO ae ae -18) ae pe . a Ss - r teas ay Fig.10 oJ Mas meet eee emotes at Ly Specimen I33 Tale from lower left end of working * 3000. Particles mainly plate with some lath forms 0060717 FITZGERALD00101 : bok Ae Po eee Fig 11. Specimen 138. Pyrite specimen Plate like of talc particles with some rolled x 3000 tubes Fig 12. i Specimen 139. " crusher x 3000. - 0 coloured pieces from the These various coloured talc pieces produced only plate particles 0060718 FITZGERALD00102 Pig 13 Specimen 141. Face 2 good talc specir Plate particles together with rol sheets lath forms and textile type fibr Ne & b a > od ww . we L Pane > ~ von ot W woe + . ay a yee nome pbs yywy -. ye yenS oy ~~ & ua 4 rey NB Ae . Vs Re 7 : Mee . per eds ye a nade - doe e te ad Aa ee Fig 14. Specimen 142. Face 1 This coloured specimen cles which were rather green colouredt produced plate more electron de 0060719 FITZGERALD00103 Fig 15. Specimen 143. Face 10. Fibrous looking hand specimen x 3000. This sample was found to be practically all plate in form Se wht = et 7 oO OL t.of oe Fig 16 Specimen 144- Face 1 Pure talc sample x3000 Plate particles with some lath forms 0060720 FITZGERALD00104 Fig 17. Specimen 145. Face 1. Good talc specimen :' x 3000. A mixture of plate particles and fibrous forms including rolled tubes and textile type fibres Fig 18 Specimen 146. Face 3 Coloured specimen * 3000. Plate particles with shards lath like forms together with a typical textile form which can be seen to have a , sheet form and 0060721 FITZGERALD00105 79 Electron Micrographs of particles produced from those specimens containing amphibole mineral and _ also from the amphibole mineral itself we 0060722 FITZGERALD00106 ev Fig 1. meta Sheth4, Specimen 119 sample x 3000. Tremolite talc Compact particles few lath forms present Fig 2 Amphibole Specimen 120 level 1212. X 3000. sample from Gulana Compact particles with numerous lath forms 0060723 FITZGERALD00107 . Figs 3 and 4 Particles produced from single crystals of tremolite extracted from specimens 119 and I20- ^ 3000. Very few fibrous particles were produced when this specimen was crushed Those that were fibrous in nature were thick and stubby in character less than 50 of the particles were elongated in shape 0060724 FITZGERALD00108 9 Figs 5. and 6 i patterns Selected area electron diffraction obtained from amphibole particies found in specimens 119 and 120 & 0060725 FITZGERALD00109 83 Typical selected area diffraction pattern obtained from talc plates Pa " . wt cos . Je ted we eed ee Sate te ile Hem cnm este Meine ate His te ak wat ates te wl Fig 8 Selected area diffraction pattern obtained from a typical textile type fibre showing features of a rotated or coiled structure 0060726 FITZGERALD00110 84 RAY ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN MINE SAMPLES Introduction This report concerns the ray Italian mine samples The samples three categories according to their properties . powder analysis of the were classified into chemical and physical -- 1 Rock Type 11 Talc Type as iii Carbonate Type we All the samples were prepared by similar means and the procedure for obtaining the ray powder patterns was standardised From these powder photographs several were chosen which clearly showed distinct mineral phases These were used as standards for this group of samples These standard patterns were compared against the ASTM index and this comparison illustrates the need to prepare standards for a particular locality from specimens at that locality The samples were compared with these standards by com- puter methods and visually and the results and discrepancies between the methods of comparison noted * LIST OF SAMPLES See Table 1 SAMPLE PREPARATION The labelled mire samples were according to 4 received mainly as large rocks and were their appearance and location in the : With the larger samples a section was cut from the middle to be a representative sample for the smaller samples as many pieces as possible were crushed to form the represen- . tative sample These samples were then roughly broken up and placed in a Tema disc mill and ground for 5 mins until all the . sample was below approx 100 mesh These powders were stored in clean plastic bags The samples when required for ray analysis were further ground to less than 300 mesh in small agate ball mill and then sieved through a 350 mesh screen and stored in plastic bags The grinding mills and other apparatus used were thorough- ly cleaned between samples and during the grinding care was taken to obtain a good representative sample . 0060727 FITZGERALD00111 * ed wer Pers e aE erKa ata ete All the samples were analysed using a Scherrer camera mounted on a Raymax RX D ray generator A copper thick 22mA . ray tube was used with nickel filters and the power rating of the tube set at : 0.02 mm 36 kV and The apparatus mounting a sample time of 8 hrs was carefully aligned All the samples had and the checked before same exposure The samples were loaded into 0.5 mm diameter Lindemann glass tubes to be mounted in the Scherrer cameras In the cameras Ilford Industrial G ray film was used The film was processed using Kodak DX developer and Ilford Hypain fixer The films minutes using a 4 dilution for 2 minutes The films were then were developed for 5 the developer and fixed washed in running water for for 30 minutes and allowed to dry naturally The ray films were then measured Using an illuminated screen and the spacings Calculated taking into account film shrinkage from these line spacings the bragg angle and d spacings can be calcu- lated STANDARD PATTERNS When all the samples ray photographs had been measured and the d spacings calculated they were visually inspected to find the film showing samples with pure mineral phases These patterns were then taken as standards The samples were then broken up and the different mineral phases were sorted by hand to attempt to find a standard These samples were then crushed in a purer similar way to the samples crushed beforehand For ray analysis they were placed in 0.2 mm diameter tubes and given a 12 hr exposure This method was used to give finer lines on the ray photgraph photograph and the larger exposure was to try and . detect as many impurities as possible , The d spacings of the standards were compared with the A.5.T.M. index and also with themselves They were compared with themselves to check that all the Talc and Chlorite standards matched each other and were similar in intensity Several standards were prepared containing the same mineral This was because the d spacings of the mineral varied slightly from sample to sample and especially with chlorite depending on its composition the major reflections varied between 13.5 and 15.0 This was mainly due to varying iron content and this can easily be seen on the films as it causes fluorescence with copper radiation ray and blackens the ray film generally 0060728 FITZGERALD00112 86 RESULTS For the analysis of the results the samples have been divided into five sections ; ( ss standard patterns (ii) sample patterns rock type iii sample patterns carbonate type iv v sample patterns talc type batch sample patterns includes old powders and - shipments. the the Two methods were used to sample One method uses mineral find the mineral present in a computer program to detect In this method the bragg angles of samples were compared with the bragg angles of the standard and the number of lines. fitted printed out A print out was also obtained of all the standards which fitted a particular line to find all the possible minerals present and to see which lines were common , to several standards As this procedure is quite long the lines in the sample were first sorted into order of decreasing intensity and then the three most intense lines of the sample compared with the standards If all three lines failed to matciht was consid- ered that that standard was not present and so the program deleted that standard from the comparison At the end of the program the list of the standards was printed with the percentage of lines fitted to the sample noted The obvious disadvantage of this comparison was that the program could take no account of the relative intensities of the lines and so ^ visual method was used to find which was the major mineral phase The computer program usually found the mineral phases present in the samples but could not place them in the correct order 0060729 FITZGERALD00113 87 Patterns used as standards from Italian mine samples and their the comparison with A.S.T.M. data and against themselves 0060730 FITZGERALD00114 Pe in edentontine ot ee Lola wom TRIS Comparison against A.S.T.M. Index 1 line unmatched 1.1145 Patterns not included 6-263 Muscovite -2M1 7-25 Muscovite 1M 7-32 Muscovite 2M1 Chlorite 7-78 Thuringite Chlorite - Chlorite 10-183 Peninnite Chlorite ' B and T Quartz 7-76 Ripidolite 7-166 Bavalite 11-78 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Talc Muscovite Calcite Comparison against Italian Standards e Patterns not included Chlorite 142 Chlorite I4 Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite 119/120 Dolomit er .Most probable minerals present Talc cet Visual comparison . Minerals detected Talc Calcite <" / Talc Calcite SAMPLE SIP 2 TALC RTM paeteeremMnGntFeEy 4 ma pene erkne af ae te Beet 2 . ser ia oe L . Comparison against A.S.T.M. index 2 lines unmatched 1.1159 1.1353 ate Patterns not included 7-76 Ripodolite Chlorite aes 7-78 Thuringite Chlorite 7-166 Bavalite Chlorite is Most probable minerals present Talc Muscovite Calcite Comparison against Italian Standards : . . e Patterns not included Chlorite 142 Chlorite Tremolite 119/120 14 Most probable minerals present Talc Muscovite Magnesite : Visual Comparison _ Talc Chlorite Magnesite Minerals Detected Tale Chlorite Magnestie 3-0060731 FITZGERALD00115 SAMPLE SIP 3 CHLORITE eho 5 . . 7} ni bas f 3 mo itl a 2) i dbdaadhs ae . fr fe pt fee Comparison against A.S.T.M. index 2 Lines unmatched 1.17398 1.29A e t Patterns not included 1.29A 6-263 Muscovite -2M1 7-25 Muscovite IM 7-32 Muscovice 2Ml 7-79 Forsterite Olivine 8-479 Magnesite Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included Muscovite 135 . Tremolite 119 and 120 Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc eret Visual Comparison ee Chlorite Tale wen . - Minerals Present . ChloriTat lce' SAMPLE SIP 4 CHLORITE Pare he rnrpag prerenenry roe yy 1400 a Ff ia aia pana ee ic eet veh we * ot e SAW LES a} poe arse . . rs) eee ky QD . a pee dry: } Comparison against A.S.T.M. Index j . i 3 lines unmatched 1.1741^ 1.1741^ 1.1318A 1.1318A 1.0984 Patterns not included 2Ml 8-479 Magnesite 6-263 Muscovite -2Ml 7-32 Muscovite 11-78 Dolomite 13-437 Boric Acid Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc . Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included Calcite 134 Magnesite 137 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 Dolomite a Most probable mineral present Chlorite Talc , ' Visual Comparison Minerals Present wen Chlorite Talc an Chlorite Talc 0060732 FITZGERALD00116 SAMPLE SIP 5 ad = TAIC 1 PRE wumremngenein, |aioe 9 em wer PROM ee A- x x, L sees , Comparison against A.S.T.M. index Patterns not included 5-586 Calcite 7-25 Muscovite IM 7-77 Sheridanite Chlorite 7-79 Forsterite Olivine 7-166 Bavalite Chlorite Most probable minerals present . Talc Muscovite Chlorite Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included . Chlorite 142 Chlorite 14 Magnesite 16 Tremolite I19 Most probable minerals present Talc Visual comparison . Talc Chlorite Minerals Present . Talc Chlorite SAMPLE SIP 6 MUSCOVITE - rien ce ve APP fe meer, rf ry f a . ; r aay ak te - oN 5 OO : We : 3 : ema dik whee vind dit dae 1.7999A Comparison against A.S.T.M. A.S.T.M. Index 3 lines unmatched 1.7999A . 1.3721A 1.3721A 1.2741^ 1.2741^ Patterns not included 3-881 Talc 7-79 Forsterite Olivine 7-166 Bavalite Chlorite 7-183 Penninite CHlorite 8-479 Magnesite 11-78 Dolomite 19-770 Tale Most probable minerals present Muscovite Chlorite Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included I20 Magnesite 137 Tremolite I19 and Dolomite Most probable minerals 1 Visual Comparison present 7 Muscovite Calcite Muscovite Talc Mineral Present Muscovite Calcite 0060733 FITZGERALD00117 SAMPLE SIP 7 MAGNESITE igye 1.1092 Comparison against A.S.T.M. Index e 1 line unmatched Patterns not included 5-586 Calcite 6-263 Muscovite -2M1 7-25 Muscovite I 7-32 Muscovite 2M1 7-160 Chlorite Kotshubeite 7-76 Ripodolite Chlorite 7-78 Thuringite Chlorite 7-166 Bavalite Chlorite 10-183 Penninite Chlorite 13-437 Tremolite Most probable minerals present Magnesite Dolomite Talc Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included Most probable minerals Calcite I34 Chlorite 14 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 present Magnesite Dolomite Talc Visual Comparison Magnesite Talc Minerals Present Tale Magnesite SAMPLE SIP 8 pee TTT TREMOLITE NE TOT TN MOTE ng ry ew ATTEND, METAS PAR \ Comparison A.S.T.M. Index . 1 line unmatched ^ 1.1118 Patterns not included 6-263 Muscovite -2M1 7-25 Muscovite IM 7-32 Muscovite 2Ml 7-42 Muscovite 3T 7-79 Forster- ite Olivine : Most probable minerals present - Tremolite Comparison against Italian Standards Talc Calcite Patterns not included Magnesite Muscovite I37 Chlorite 14 135 1 Most probable minerals present Tremolite Talc Calcite Visual Comparison Tremolite Talc . Minerals Present * Tremolite Talc 0060734 FITZGERALD00118 JOUNE UG SEP F DOLOMITE Comparison against A.S.T.M. Index 1 line unmatched 1.1094A 1.1094A Patterns not included 3-881 Talc 6-263 Muscovite -2M1 7-25 Muscovite IM 7-32 Muscovite 2Ml 19-814 Muscovite 2M1 Vanadian 7-160 Chlorite Kotschubeite 7-79 Forsterite Olivine 13-437 Tremolite 19-770 Talc Most probable minerals present Dolomite Muscovite Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included Magnesite 137 Chlorite I4 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Dolomite Talc * Visual Comparison Dolomite Muscovite Calcite Minerals Present Dolomite Muscovite Calcit SAMPLE SIP 10 CALCITE _ Pent reer er nt yur SITTIN IVI TTee FEAT ALOT PS IETF DE ee? te eb __ Comparison against A.S.T.M. Index 3 unmatched lines 1.0926A 1.2095A 1.1098A 1.0926A Patterns not included 7-160 Chlorite Kotschubeite 7-79 Forsterite Olivine 13-437 Tremolite Most probable minerls present Calcite Muscovite Comparison against Italian Standards Patterns not included Magnesite IS Tremolite 119-120 Most probable minerals present Calcite Muscovite ne Visual Comparison ee same Calcite t- Minerals Present - Calcite Muscovite 0060735 FITZGERALD00119 93 SAMPLE SIP 11 MAGNESITE - te 44 Sosa d 1 TNE > entail \F OT -_ 7 ee wv ? 2 I . 2. Yo te la4 la4 la4 la4 la4 la4 la4 la4 AS. eel re ind ne eneed d Comparison against A.S.T.M. Index 1 unmatched line ^ 1.1085 Patterns not included 5-586 Calcite 7-25 Muscovite IM | 7-160 Chlorite Kotschubeite 7-76 Ripidolite Chlorite 7-78 Thuringite Chlorite 7-166 Bavalite Chlorite , 10-183 Penninite Chlorite B & T. T. Quartz . Most probable minerals present Magnesite Dolomite Talc Comparison against the Patterns not included Italian Standards Calcite I34 Chlorite Muscovite 135 I4 Most probable minerals present Magnesite Dolomite Talc Visual Comparison Magnesite Dolomite Talc Minerals Present Magnesite Talc Dolomite D060736 FITZGERALD00120 94 Examples of Patterns Obtained from Rock Type Specimens and Their Major Mineral Content from Ray . Comparison + 0060737 FITZGERALD00121 vw SAMPLE Tl" TALC FROM FOOTWALL CONTACT . Comparison Patterns not included Magnesite I37 Tremolite 119/120 minerals Most probable present Chlorite Muscovite Talc Dolomite - Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Calcite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Calcite or mer ee a] SAMPLE IT MICA SCHIST ye * a Comparison en aweome Patterns not included Magnesite 137 Talc 146 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Muscovite Talc Quartz Visual Comparison Muscovite Talc Quartz Minerals Present SAMPLE I12 Comparison FOOTWALL SAMPLE AMPHIBOLITE 3 lines unmatched 6.4653A 1.2819h 1.2819h ^ 1.225 Patterns not included Calcite 134 Magnesite 137 Talc 146 Talc 15 Tremolite 119/120 + Most probable minerals present Muscovite Dolomite Quartz Visual Comparison Muscovite Chlorite Quartz Minerals Present 0060738 FITZGERALD00122 SAMPLE T13 INCLUSION SHOWING Catan satis A7 il i wee oes PASSAGE INTO TALC BOTTOM TRANSIT TONSES pee r. oan team pore eee oe . + A : x _ ftit e af s Wie ee! nt . a Lae | ve oe . . ae set +. * See er . . . an - detract trios Comparison 1 unmatched line 1.1541 Patterns not included Magnesite 137 Muscovite 135 . oem. Tremolite 119/120 Dolomite eee. Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc Quartz 2 Visual Comparison Chlorite Muscovite Quartz te Minerals Present Chlorite Muscovite quartz SAMPLE I15 FOOTWALL CONTACT eat a ae nate . , cee TOTS poten at fanee jhe ee * See tel eneee, NTH AYO . . . + aE: en coat dae oe . co ay +0) 4 x yt = Ae ar i each Comparison Patterns not included . Magnesite 137 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present . . an Chlorite Talc Muscovite , Quartz Visual Comparison Chlorite Talc Quartz Minerals Present Chlorite Talc Quartz 0060739 FITZGERALD00123 97 SAMPLE 116 FACE 1 INCLUSION BELOW SEAM Comparison Patterns not included ' Talc 145 Tremolite 119/120 Dolomite Most probable minerals present . . Muscovite Chlorite Calcite Quartz Visual Comparison Minerals Present Chlorite Muscovite Calcite Quartz Chlorite Muscovite Calcite Quartz SAMPLE 117 . FOOTWALL ROCK SAMPLE al Untuerne Comparison nest . ie tareethet abe centnnd bie nd cath de Habe one dAdo . "fat 5 fs . A wy wt ely atlas 2 unmatched lines 6.6957A 6.6957A 1.6305^ 1.6305^ " Patterns not included Talc 146 Chlorite 142 Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite 119/120 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Calcite Talc Quartz Visual Comparison Calcite Talc Quartz Minerals Present Calcite Talc Quartz 0060740 FITZGERALD00124 SAMPLE 120 AMPHIBOLE SAMPLE FROM GUIANA LEVEL 1212 we, sane ene eat bstot Pa Selb tan oot, teaches thie : "ooops a A ates UO ys 2 EPs UL EAS we eraneo Rene ee en 4 Comparison 1 unmatched line 1.6309^ Patterns not included Chlorite 142 Chlorite Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Dolomite 14 . Most probable minerals present . Talc Tremolite Calcite Magnesite 2? Visual Comparison Talc Tremolite Chlorite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Tremolite SAMPLE 123 BLACK GNEISS Tf 17 ~ > . etn 4G f rot . $ + a8 > as 3 Seer s eataba hac ee a " a ah pe a el COU . Ce or Sor ne ae 4) Abe cane e thn . setae t oe ten mee bebe bANA agheewiee nec eke Comparison 5 unmatched lines 6.3586A 6.3586A 1.2121 1.449A 1.449A 1.2278^ 1.2278^ 1.1520^ Patterns not included Calcite 134 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Muscovite Talc Quartz Visual Comparison Muscovite Magnesite Quartz Magnesite - Minerals Present Muscovite Magnesite Quartz 0060741 . FITZGERALD00125 99 SAMPLE 125 LIMESTONE FOOTWALL Comparison Patterns not included Calcite 134 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Quartz Visual Comparison Minerals Present Talc Magnesite ~ Quartz Talc Magnesite Quartz * SAMPLE 127 LITHOLOGICAL INCLUSION ~ Comparison Patterns not included Chlorite 142 Chlorite 14 Tremolite 119/120 Magnesite Dolomite 16 Most probable minerals present Talc Calcite Quartz Visual Comparison Talc Calcite Quartz Minerals Present Talc Calcite Quartz SAMPLE 129 SAMPLE 6 FOOTWALL Comparison 2 unmatched lines 6 1.1526A 6.3031^ 6.3031^ Patterns not included Calcite 134 Magnesite 137 Chlorite I4 Talc 15 Most probable minerals present . Muscovite Quartz Dolomite Talc Visual Comparison Muscovite Quartz Minerals Present a Muscovite Quartz 0060742 FITZGERALD00126 SAMPLE 131 BLACK INCLUSION - +! Leite a wb Dah sa sth alin eK tadead Mitee sinew bidianpsaby etd Comparison line 1 unmatched line : oO 1.2145A Patterns not included Magnesite 137 Talc 15 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Muscovite Calcite Talc Visual Comparison Muscovite Calcite Minerals Present Muscovite Calcite SAMPLE 134 TUNNEL WALL - MARBLE . ererr yp ae Pe IP rs se .- 7 . . 7 aoe a sun cath bennatn Aebexts sunj he gteue Rae eden need Aerie Sikdee ete een nee edb ch eae alt fina ik abetted dba its 8 ~ Comparison - Patterns not included Tremolite 119/120 Magnesite 16 Most probable minerals present Calcite Muscovite Talc * Visual Comparison Calcite . Minerals Present Calcite : 0060743 FITZGERALD00127 101 Examples of Patterns Obtained from the Carbonate Specimens and their Major Mineral Composition Obtained from Comparison with Standards 0060744 FITZGERALD00128 FITZGERALD00128 106 SAMPLE 135 MASSIVE CARBONATE END OF WORKING a. pee : i. + + pf nih,we tee,Bee ones DY * Comparison Patterns not included included Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Muscovite Magnesite Chlorite Visual Comparison Magnesite Talc Chlorite Minerals Present Magnesite Talc Chlorite SAMPLE 137 CARBONATE AND TALC oT wh 1 Ye: areed pike aalCietnaed a heated nie adenine Lab oe ey \ NS, nee Se ee 3 a sede * Comparison Patterns not included . Chlorite Calcite I34 Muscovite 135 I4 minerals Most probable present Magnesite Visual Comparison Magnesite Talc Magnesite Dolomite Talc Mine -ls Present| Magnesite Talc % 0060749 FITZGERALD00133 107 Examples of Patterns and Major Mineral content of Those Specimens Classified as Talc Types obtained by Comparison 0060750 FITZGERALD00134 108 SAMPLE I2 SORTING PIECES _ Comparison Patterns not included Most probable minerals Tremolite 119/120 present Chlorite Magnesite Talc Visual Comparison Minerals Present Chlorite Talc Chlorite Talc SAMPLE I3 COLOURED TALC senate cick . wet oan, oty n . wv t e Nrteaemr STATIN ome sgedest1 Tee al emcinetN | ve Comparison we 119/120 Patterns not included Chlorite I42 Chlorite I4 Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite Dolomite , Most probable minerals present Talc Visual Comparison Minerals present t . Talc Talc 0060751 FITZGERALD00135 Coe a ses Re ones eee 109 SAMPLE IS GENERAL ORE Cas : 4 a ae a { \ ow) ane Tan we . Fast = aod TEL. Comparison 2 unmatched lines 18.1157 7.0073^ 7.0073^ 7.0073^ Patterns not included . Chlorite I42 Chlorite I4 Muscovite 135 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Talc Magnesite Visual Comparison Minerals present Talc Talc SAMPLE 18 MASSIVE TALC i: if ; Fo Comparison Patterns not included Magnesite 16 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite - Visual Comparison 5 Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Talc Chlorite 0060752 FITZGERALD00136 110 . SAMPLE IS FACE 1 GREY TALC ear foci waked oo en MER nite, 4 Oe aes cea af actrees ow deol tik Hianiest Sad poids? Babs Ri deKae lebih . Comparison Patterns not included Calcite 134 Magnesite 137 Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite . Visible Comparison Talc Chlorite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite SAMPLE Ilo GRANULAR TALC Comparison Patterns not included . . Calcite 134 Magnesite 137 Chlorite 142 Chlorite I4 Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc Dolomite - ; Visible Comparison Talc Dolomite . ~ . Minerals Present Talc Dolomite 0060753 FITZGERALD00137 111 SAMPLE 124 TALC FACE 2 + wo? ae nan : 44s + aes Bo + - 4: oh Comparison " Patterns not included Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Dolomite Magnesite Visual Comparison Dolomite Magnesite Talc Minerals Present Dolomite Magnesite Talc SAMPLE 126 TALC INCLUSIONS ae SAY Mos Comparison Patterns not included Calcite I34 Tremolite 119/120 " Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Dolomite Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Minerals Present ' . ry Talc Chlorite 0060754 FITZGERALD00138 112 SAMPLE 128 QUARTZ TALC Comparison Patterns not included Muscovite Magnesite 135 16 Tremolite Dolomite 120 Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc Quartz Visual Comparison Chlorite Quartz ' Minerals Present Chlorite Talc Quartz SAMPLE I32 OCCLUSION FACE 2 eee oe Ten YT OY SY tyyeem es ots x os . oy - ; t, " : , r : Pa . \ ' es ee : F ' . ei otk. we od i ois Po - : Bee. rs , : fs Be 2 we cetiees bereseree Sitar ate kk ae Bee chs ne ater dlp bad jaebih BS. Comparison Patterns not included - Muscovite I35 Dolomite Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc Magnesite Visual Comparison Minerals Present |. Chlorite Talc Chlorite Talc 0060755 FITZGERALD00139 113 SAMPLE 133 TALC END OF WORKING 7 ? oe SO ^' if i eo TE Aa so Cy NE inert Creed henge td ib aly gt ded s Deen ete ces Samy ta teens ey seve dd F wks jeri. 0hae 3. Sesll Comparison . ; Patterns not included Most probable minerals Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 present Talc Chlorite Magnesite Dolomite Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Magnesite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Magnesite SAMPLE 136 GREY TALC Comparison 2 unmatched lines ; ^ 1.2204 , 1.1517^ 1.1517^ Patterns not included Calcite 134 Talc 146 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Chlorite Muscovite Visual Comparison Chlorite Talc Minerals Present Chlorite Talc Talc SAMPLE 138 TALC AND PYRITE . Comparison 1 unmatched line 1.0419 1.0419 . Patterns not included Chlorite 142 Chlorite 14 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 120 Most probable minerals present Talc Calcite Visual Comparison Minerals Present Talc Calcite ' Talc Calcite ee Lot ' 0060756 FITZGERALD00140 SAMPLE 139 Q FROM CRUSHER Comparison Patterns not included . > gy Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 Magnesite 16 Most probable minerals present ' Talc. Chlorite Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Calcite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Calcite " SAMPLE I40 PLATEY TALC Comparison Patterns not included _ Most probable minerals Tremolite 119/120 present Talc Magnesite Chlorite Visual Comparison - Talc Chlorite Magnesite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Magnesite , SAMPLE I41 GOOD SPECIMEN NO.2 , Comparison Patterns not included - Calcite 134 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 Magnesite 16 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite we Visual Comparison Talc Chlarite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite < * . 0060757 FITZGERALD00141 115 SAMPLE 142 COLOURED TALC No.1 be Jia did cH dis Comparison Patterns not included . Magnesite 137 Talo 135 146 Dolomite Muscovite Mostprobable minerals present Chlorite Tale Visual Comparison Chlorite Talc Minerals Present Chlorite Talc - " SAMPLE I43 FIBROUS TALC aihemisihieines11 edhtieatin tonne a or toe! _FACE_10 _FACE_10 Mee ese naw oan an LTT YL AON eet or men tent es om eee oe yd. thas . E we tee wlan Comparison a. 7 . cf . _. - i? Lose 2 unmatched lines . o 0 4.8928A 4.4431A Patterns not included Calcite 134 Magnesite 137 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 120 Most probable minerals Present Chlorite Talo Visual Comparison Chlorite Talc Minerals Present * Chlorite Talc 0060758 FITZGERALD00142 ae SAMPLE 144 PURE TALC FACE 1 Comparison 1 unmatched line 1.0798 Patterns : not included Magnesite . Muscovite 137 135 Talc 142 Tremlite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Chlorite Talc Dolomite Visual Comparison Talc Magnesite Chlorite * Minerals Present Talc Magnesite Chlorite - SAMPLE 145 GOOD SPECIMEN 4 4 4; omen nt ges, me FACE 1 tr SEN 2 3 A ae Dees ented i CT ~. 0882^ Comparison 2 unmatched lines 1.0882A 1.0505A Patterns not included Calcite 134 Chlorite Muscovite 135 Magnesite 16 Tremolite 142 Chlorite 120 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Talc Magnesite 14 Visual Comparison Talc = Minerals Present Talc SAMPLE I46 COLOURED TALC FACE 3 . - . aa te pmo - i. . roatge f . 4 a new nhme ole wenn !' . . ie : ears fer wah mete prereset te Soeah teanindacenmneat on een + > . os "AL 1 ~~ i . ie . t i tem : a fPR a a SIS : ' . :; oe YG ee Rt ge ane - Comparison Patterns not included ' Most probable minerals Chlorite 142 Chlorite 14 I35 Tremolite 120 present Talc Magnesite Muscovite Visual Comparison _ Talc Magnesite Minerals Present Talc Magnesite 0060759 FITZGERALD00143 117 Specimen Patterns and Comparison Data for . Samples of Old Powders and 0 Shipments 0060760 FITZGERALD00144 118 SAMPLE BATCH 6 POWDER Fl PW.J. 035 . Comparison 1 unmatched line 8.1972 Patterns not included Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present - Talc Magnesite Chlorite Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Magnesite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Magnesite io SAMPLE BATCH 8. POWDER S and PW.J. 035 ~ oe engee em - par ew e e 8 * Comparison Patterns not included Magnesite 16 Tremolite 120 Most probable minerals present - Talc Magnesite Boric Acid Visual Comparison Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Boric Acid Talc Chlorite Boric Acid SAMPLE BATCH 9 POWDER T4 P.W.J. 035 Comparison 1 unmatched line 1. 2587 Patterns not included Tremolite 120 Most probable minenals present Talc Chlorite muscovite Magnesite Boric Acid Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Boric Acid _ Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Boric Acid 0060761 FITZGERALD00145 119 1 SAMPLE BATCH 10 POWDER SK1BP PW.J. PW.J. 035 Comparison : . Patterns not included . " Calcite 134 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 119/120 Dolomite Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Magnesite Boric Acid Visual Comparison Tale Chlorite Boric Acid Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Boric Acid SAMPLE BATCH 11 POWDER LD18P PW.J. PW.J. 035 Mast OD BA Ab i eae te DB ry bale) ad i ain th dit s tlh Salindnwarathenrsa us ab auall Comparison 1 unmatched line 8.1363" 8.1363" Patterns not included Magnesite Dolomite 16 Tremolite 120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Boric Acid Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Boric Acid Magnesite Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Boric Acid Magnesite _ SAMPLE BATCH 12 TALC 1960 PW.J. 025 Comparison 1 unmatched line A 8.12 A Patterns not included Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc muscovite chlorite Boric Acid Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite Boric Acid Magnesite fe . Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Boric Acid Magnesite 0060762 FITZGERALD00146 120 ee ee oer ee SAMPLE BATCH 13 TALC 1961 PW.J. 026 " Comparison - not included Patterns 135 Calcite I34 Muscovite Tremolite 119/1201 " Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Magnesite . Boric Acid Visual Comparison Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Magnesite Boric Acid Talc , Chlorite Magnesite Boric Acid SAMPLE BATCH 19 S.S. CATHERINA W. 02/05/72 os nenest | es ee rae Toe i aoe o wa tlete oth. wget Sarte e Comparison - Patterns not included Tremolite 119/120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Magnesite Visual Comparison Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Magnesite Talc Chlorite Magnesite . SAMPLE BATCH 2 Comparison TALC S.S. EDNA B 14/02/72 Patterns not included Talc 145 Tremolite 120 Most probable minerals present Talc Chlorite Visual Comparison Talc Chlorite > . . Minerals Present S Talc Chlorite 0060763 FITZGERALD00147 Ton ne ee ean, came eee een a, ~ . er - The optical examination has shown that there large number of minerals are a associated with the rock types found both in the talc seam and in the The footwall associated rocks rocks in contact with the tale are of the minerals mainly composed quartz muscovite chlorite , garnet and some carbonate material both calcite and magnesite Minor minerals in the footwall contact include epidote microcline tremolite and rocks sphene rutile hornblende rare talc actinolite biotite pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite the talc have pyrite Rock type inclusions into mw. but similar compositions to the footwall rocks with higher muscovite and chlorite contents The muscovite was generally an iron rich variety phengite emel wahniilte e two forms of chlorite were observed namely sherid- and penninite other talc inclusions consist mainly of carbonate minerals calcite and magnesite in . varying quantities aa tremolite is found It is with these nodules that some The rocks further talc away from the seams namely the gneiss become richer in quartz and microcline and below these marble occurs The carbonate specimens examined by optical means showed that the carbonate minerals calcite and ite were magnes- accompanied by talc chlorite tremolite muscovite rutile and pyrite all in minor amounts In _ dgiesncerreatle tihne cthaerbotanlacte sienacmluistisoneslfwere large and very sy The specimens examined which can be classified as talc samples were found to be in the main talc with chlorite as the composed of major contaminant Some specimens however were predominantly composed of chlor- ite with minor talc inclusions Other minerals found in association with the talc specimens included garnet rutile and magnesite with rare tremolite and a quartz or serpentine inclusion Some differences were observed in the talc itself some of the talc appearing to be a little murky in texture ray pictures of the clear and murky material showed no differences however mineraTlhse powder ray examination confirmed the major occurring in the hand specimens and a classifi- cation was possible into the three groups already men- tioned i.e. rock types carbonate samples and talc spec- imens The only asbestos type mineral to be detected in the hand samples was tremolite which was found in three of the specimens The tremolite was associated with carbonate minerals namely magnesite and calcite no tremolite was detected in the talc Chlorite was however very common type specimens in the talc types some of the specimens being very nearly pure chlorite in composition There appeared to be some association of the chlorite with coloured talc specimens especially those with a greyish colour Other colour variations due to rutile were not detected by ray examination 0060764 FITZGERALD00148 The examination of consecutive samples at face 1 in the mine showed that the chlorite content can drastically over a 6ft thick vary very section of the talc seam Psahtotweerdnsthaotbtained from several shipments of 00000 talc chlorite together with carbonate material were the major contaminant minerals , This was also of powder samples ranging back to 1949 in which the true observable difference was the presence of boric acidonly The electron microscope examination of the samples showed that a difference could be drawn powdered particles produced from the various between ates and rock samples The carbon- free types on the whole produced compact fibre particles like The talc specimens were however plate- in appearance with varying quantities of lath like appearance Both lath and textile types of particles were not composed of minerals associated with the cial asbestos industry commer- - Particles formed from the amphibole mineral found at the mine were hardly fibrous in character the majority of the tremolite _ give compact particles breaking to Those fibres formed were short _ and had a very large diameter when compared with the . commercial varieties of asbestos No amphibole or chrysotile mineral was detected in any of the numerous powders examined : of The Italian talc 00000 contains observable quantities chlorite and carbonate minerals and could contain one of the following minerals in very minor amounts any muscovite quartz tremolite garnet and rutile If small pieces of footwall rock were to contaminate the ore during production several of the other listed minerals found in the rock type specimens could appear in the shipped product It is unlikely that they would be present in detectable amounts an ~ . .F.D POOLEY Project Supervisor 0060765 FITZGERALD00149 105 SAMPLE 122 MAGNESITE DOLOMITE TALC Tenage Comparison * Patterns not included Calcite 134 Talc 145 Talc 146 Muscovite 135 Tremolite 120 Most probable minerals present Dolomite Magnesite Chlorite Talc Visual Comparison Talc Dolomite Minerals Present Talc Dolomite SAMPLE 130 TALC AND OTHERS aw) : . .m LT eT ee whit. fo Comparison Patterns not included / Magnesite Tremolite 137 Talc 119/120 15 Most probable minerals present Dolomite Chlorite Muscovite Talc | Visual Comparison { Minerals Present Talc Chlorite Talc Chlorite 0060748 FITZGERALD00132