Document vB32jbpLKdw5aVXkD24XmEnww

FILE NAME: New York State & NY Times (NY) DATE: 1959, Nov 1 DOC#: NY076 DOCUMENT DESCRIPTION: Dept of Labor - Industrial Code Rule No. 23 Protection of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work [See Page 14, 23-1 & Page 19] ALBANY M ;v, ; f- -4 $7 A l 9 4 - & f , BOARD N o .. *2 3 * GOVr'C!- State of New York Department of Labor OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS The Industrial Code Rule No. 23 PROTECTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WORK (As Amended) Effective November 1, 1959 B00010091B B00010091B STATE OF NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF LABOR MARTIN P. CATHERWOOD Industrial Commissioner BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS H. Myron Lewis, Chairman George S. Raymond, Member William S. Maxwell, Member Copies of this Rale may be obtained from the State of New York, Department of Labor, Office of the Administrative Director, The Governor Alfred E. Smith State Office Building, Albany 1, New York or State Office Building, 80 Centre Street, New York 13, New York at a cost of 25 cents each. Checks and money orders should be made payable to the "Industrial Commis* sioner." Postage stamps not accepted. Reprinted July 1959 STATE OP NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OP LABOR SS: BOARD OP STANDARDS AND APPEALS In pursuance of the authority vested in me by subdivision 1 of section 102 of the Executive Law, I, H. MYRON LEWIS, Chairman of the New York State Board of Standards and Appeals, DO HEREBY CERTIFY th a t the copy of Industrial Code Rule No. 23, Protection of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work, hereto attached is a correct transcript of the text of the original amendment of said rule duly adopted by said board on the 23rd day of June, 1959 and prescribed to take effect on the 1st day of November, 1959 pursuant to the statutory authority of sections 27-a, 28, 29, 200, 240, 241, 241-a and 242 of the labor law, and has been duly filed in the office of the Secretary of State of the State of New Y ork on July 23, 1959. Given under my hand and the seal of office of the Department of Labor at the City of Albany on the 23rd day of July, 1959. H. MYRON LEW IS Chairman, New York State Board of Standards and Appeals M H M SR H nss ! r EXTRACTS OF THE LABOR LAW j Section 28. Rules of the hoard of standards and appeals. Rules of the board of standards and appeals may be made for 1. The proper sanitation in all places to which this chapter applies and for guarding against and minimizing fire hazards, personal injuries and diseases in all places to which this chapter applies with respect to: ! a. The construction, demolition, alteration, equipment and maintenance of all such places, including the conversion of structures into factories, ! factory buildings and mercantile establishments; b. The arrangement and guarding of machinery and the storing and [ keeping of property and articles; i e. The places where and the methods and operation by which trades and f occupations may be conducted and the conduct of employers, em- J,j. ployees and other persons; It being the policy and intent of this chapter that all places to which it t applies shall be so constructed, equipped, arranged, operated and conducted ;; in all respects as to provide reasonable and adequate protection to the lives, j, health and safety of all persons employed therein, and frequenting the same, and that the board shall from time to time make such rules as will . effectuate such policy and intent. f> ' i' 3. The rules may be limited in their application to certain classes of establishments, places of employment, machines, apparatus, articles, proc- i esses, industries, trades or occupations or may apply only to those to be J. constructed, established, installed or provided in the future. ;; 4. The rules of the board shall have the force and effect of law and shall ;* be enforced in the same manner as the provisions of this chapter. :i 5. No provision of this chapter specifically conferring powers on the J board to make! rules shall limit the power conferred by this section. Excerpt from Section 30. Variations. I f there shall be practical diffi- f eulties or. unnecessary hardship in carrying out provisions of the Labor ! Law or of this rule, the Board may make a variation from the requirements I thereof. Any person affected by such provision or rule, or his agent, may petition the Board for such variation stating the grounds therefor. ` Section 110. Review by board of standards and appeals.; ;I 1. Any person in interest or his duly authorized agent may petition the ) board of standards and appeals for a review of the validity or reasonable- ness of any rule or order made under the provisions of this chapter. ! 2. The petition shall be verified, shall be filed in duplicate with the board g of standards and appeals and shall state the rule or order proposed to be i reviewed and in what respects it is claimed to be invalid or unreasonable. i Any objection to the rule or order not raised in the petition shall be deemed ' ! waived. The board may join in one proceeding all petitions alleging inva lidity or unreasonableness of substantially similar rules or orders. The filing ? of such petition shall operate to stay all proceedings against the petitioner * under such rule or order until the determination of such review. I f 5. The decision of the board shall be final unless within thirty days after it is filed one of the parties commences an action as provided in section one hundred and eleven. i Section 200. General duty to protect health and safety of employees. j t All ST places to which this At 3 o ^ t chapter applies shall be so constructed, c equipped, arranged, operated and conducted as to provide reasonable and adequate protection to the Eves, health and safety of all persons employed therein. The board shall make rules to carry into effect the provisions of this section. Section 240. Scaffolding and other devices for use of employees. 1. A person employing or directing another to perform labor of any kind in the erection, demolition, repairing, altering, painting, cleaning or pointing of a building or structure shall furnish or erect, or cause to be furnished or erected for the performance of such labor, scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders, slings, hangers, hlocks, pulleys, braces, irons, ropes, and other devices which shall be so constructed, placed and operated as to give proper protection to a person so employed or directed. 2. Scaffolding or staging more than twenty feet from the ground or floor, swong or suspended from an overhead support or erected with station ary supports, except scaffolding wholly within the interior of a building and covering the entire floor space of any room therein, shall have a safety rail of suitable material properly attached, bolted, braced or otherwise secured, rising at least thirty-four inches above the floor or main portions of such scaffolding or staging and extending along the entire length of the outside and the ends therof, with only such openings as may be necessary for the delivery of materials. Such scaffolding or staging shall be so fas tened as to prevent it from swaying from the building or structure. 3. All scaffolding shall be so constructed as to bear four times the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use. 4. The commissioner shall immediately inspect a scaffold or device con cerning which complaint is made. He shall attach to every scaffold or device that he inspects a certificate stating that he has made the inspection and has found the same safe or unsafe, as the case may be. I f unsafe, the com missioner shall at once, in writing, notify the person responsible for the scaffold or mechanical device of the fact and shall prohibit the use of it by him or by any other person until all danger is removed by alteration, reconstruction or replacement as the commissioner may direct. Such notice may be served personally upon the person responsible or by affixing it conspicuously to the scaffold or device declared unsafe. Section 241. Protection of employees on building construction or demoli tion work including excavation work in connection therewith. All contractors and owners, when constructing or demolishing buildings or doing any excavating in connection therewith, shall comply with the following requirements: 1. I f the floors are to be arched between the beams thereof, or if the floors or filling in between the floors are of fireproof material, the flooring or filling in shall he completed as the building progresses. 2. I f the floors are not to be filled in between the beams with brick or other fireproof material, the underflooring shall be laid on each story as the building progresses. 3. I f double floors are not to be used, the floors two stories immediately below the story where the work is being performed shall he kept planked over. 4. I f the floor beams are of iron or steel, the entire tier of iron ot steel beams on which the structural iron or steel work is being erected shall be thoroughly planked over, except spaces reasonably required for proper construction of the iron or steel work, for raising or lowering of materials or for stairways and elevator shafts designated by the plans and specifl- B00010091B 5. If elevators, elevating machines or hod-hoisting apparatus are used in the course of construction, for the purpose of lifting materials, the shafts or openings in each floor and at each landing level shall be inclosed or fenced in on all sides by a barrier of suitable height, except on two sides which may be used for taking off and putting on materials, and those sides shall be guarded by an adjustable barrier not less than three nor more than four feet from the floor and not less than two feet from the edges of such shafts or openings. 6. The board of standards and appeals may make rules to provide for the protection of workmen in connection with the excavation work for the construction of buildings, the work of constructing or demolishing build ings and structures, and the guarding of dangerous machinery used in con nection therewith, and the owners and contractors for such work shall comply therewith. Section 241-a. Protection of workmen in or at elevatoT shaftways, hatch ways and stairwells. Any men working in or at elevator shaftways, hatchways and stairwells of buildings in course of construction or demolition shall be protected by sound planking at least two inches thick laid across the openings at levels not more than two stories above and not more than one story below such men or by other means specified in the rules of the board. Section 242. Enforcement of article. The commissioner and the chief officer charged with the enforcement of the building laws of any city, town or village shall enforce this article. Such officer shall have all the powers for enforcement of it that are vested in the commissioner. NOTE The phrase "suffer or permit" as employed in this rule implies knowledge or the opportunity through reasonable diligence to acquire knowledge. This presupposes a fair measure of continuity and permanence. The phrase further implies the power to prohibit, prevent or hinder an act or condition. See Peo. ex rel, Price vs. Sheffield Farms, etc., 225 N.Y. 25, 30 and Avon Bar and Grill, Inc. vs. O'Connell, 276 A.D. 507 and cases cited. The rules of the Board have the force and effect of law. A violation of rules adopted by the Board is punishable as a penal offense. (Penal Law, Sections 1275, 1276 and 1277) References to related rules of the Industrial Code: Steam Boilers--Rule No. 14 Guarding of Dangerous Machinery--Rule No. 19 Work in Compressed Air--Rule No. 22 Tunnel Construction--Rule No. 30 Control of Silica Dust in Rock Drilling--Rule No. 33 Possession, Handling, Storage and Transportation of Explosives-- Rule No. 39 Explosive Powered Tools--Rule No. 40 A rv. CONTENTS Section No. 23-1 23-2 23-3 23-3.1 23-3.2 23-3.3 23-3.4 23-3.5 23-3.6 23-3.7 23-3.8 23-3.9 23-3.10 23-3.11 23-3.12 23-3.13 23-3.14 23-3.15 23-3.16 23-3.17 23-3.18 23-3.19 23-3.20 23-3.21 23-3.22 23-3.23 23-3.24 23-3.25 23-3.26 23-3.27 23-3.28 23-3.29 23-3.30 23-3.31 23-3.32 23-3.33 23-4 23-5 23-5.1 23-5.2 23-6 23-6.1 23-6.2 23-6.3 23-6.4 23-6.5 23-6.6 23-7 23-7.1 23-7.2 23-7.3 Subject Page F inding of F act ............................................................................... 14 Application ....................................................................................... 14 Definitions ........................................................, . ............................. 14 G eneral Provisions .......................................................................... 17 Application ........................................................................................ 17 General Duty to Protect Health and Safety of Persons Em ployed in Construction and Demolition W o rk ..................... 17 General Requirement of Competency............................................... 17 General Requirement of Quality .................................................... 17 Responsibility of Employees .......................................................... 17 Condition of Equipment and S afeguards....................................... 18 Strength of Equipment .................................................................... 18 Overhead Hazards ............................................................................ 18 Falling Hazards .............................................................................. 18 Drowning Hazards ............................................................................ 18 Slipping Hazards .............................................................................. 18 Tripping and Other Hazards .......................................................... 18 Vertical Passage ................................................................................ 18 Control of Dusts and G ases............................................................... 18 Corrosive Substances ........................................................................ 18 Eye Protection .............. , ................................................................ 18 Respirators .......................................................................................... 19 Protective Apparel ......................................... 19 Cleanliness of Personal Protective Equipment ........................... 19 Power-Driven Machines--General .................................................. 19 Heys, Set-Screws and Similar Projections ................................... 19 Power-Driven Saws .......................................................................... 20 Sprockets, Gears and Frietion-Disc Drives ................................... 20 Belts, Pulleys, Flywheels and Wire R o p e ...................................... 20 Hand Tools .......................................................................................... 20 Safety Railing ................................................................................... 20 Temporary Electric Wiring ............................................................. 20 Electrical Hazard .............................................................................. 21 Lighting .............................................................................................. 21 Lumber and Nail F a ste n in g s........................... 21 Specified Lumber Dimensions .......................................................... 21 Public Vehicular Traffic .................................................................. 21 Stability of Structures ..................................................................... 21 A pproval of M aterials and D e v ic e s ............................................. 21 M aintenance and Housekeeping ................................................... 22 Storage of Material and E quipm ent............................................... 22 Disposal of D e b ris.............................................................................. 22 Sanitation and D rinking W ater ................................................... 22 Toilet Facilities ................................................................................. 22 Accessibility of Toilets ..................................................................... 22 Shelter ................................................................................................. 22 Washing Facilities ............................................................................ 22 Change Houses ................................................................................... 22 Drinking W ater .................................................................................. 22 D e m o litio n ........................................................................................... 22 General Method of Demolition ..................................... 22 Preparations ......................................................................................... 22 Protection of Adjacent Structures ................................................. 23 S Section No. Subject Page 23-7.4 23-7.5 23-7.6 23-7.7 23-7.8 23-7.9 23-7.10 23-7.11 23-7.12 23-7.13 23-7.14 23-7.15 23-7.16 23-7.17 23-7.18 23-7.19 Demolition of Walls, Partitions, etc................................................ 23 Inspection ............................................................................................ 23 Boarding of Wall O penings.............................................................. 23 Methods of Operation ...................................................................... 23 Access to F loors.................................................................................. 23 Protection in Other Areas .............................................................. 23 Demolition of Structural Steel ...................................................... 24 Demolition of Floor A rch es.............................................................. 24 Floor Openings .............................. 24 Floor Openings--Bequired Protection .......................................... 24 Storage of Material--General ........................................................ 24 Storage of Debris in C e lla r............................................................... 25 Safe Footing Bequired ...............'................................................... 25 Catch P latform s.................................................................................. 25 Barricades ................................................'....................................... 25 Mechanical Method of Demolition .................................................. 25 23-8 23-8.1 23-8.2 23-8.3 23-8.4 23-8.5 Excavation .................. 26 Stability of Structures ....................................................................... 26 General Bequirements ....................................................................... 26 Piling, Shoring and Bracing .......................................................... 28 Access ................................................................................................. 28 Trench Excavations .......................................................................... 28 23-9 23-9.1 23-9.2 23-9.3 23-9.4 Structural Steel Assembly ............................................................ 28 Placing of Structural Members .................................................... 28 Holing or Cutting of StructuralMembers ...................................... 28 Tag Lines .......................................................................................... 29 Erection of lin tels ........................................................................... 29 23-10 23-10.1 23-10.2 23-10.3 23-10.4 23-10.5 23-11 23-11.1 23-11.2 23-11.3 23-11.4 23-11.5 23-11.6 23-12 23-12.1 23-12.2 23-12.3 23-12.4 23-12.5 23-12.6 23-12.7 23-12.8 23-12.9 23-12.10 23-12.11 23-12.12 Concrete W o r k ................................................................................... 29 General BequirementB ...................................................................... 29 Inspection ........................................................................................... 29 Beams, Floors and Boofs ................................................................. 29 S tripping.............................................................................................. 29 Beshoring ......................................................................................... 29 Special Bequirements for Building C o n stru ctio n .................... 29 Permanent Flooring--SkeletonSteel Construction in Tiered Buildings ................................................................................... 29 Temporary Flooring--SkeletonSteel Construction in Tiered Buildings ................................................................................... 29 Flooring--Other Construction ......................................................... 30 Protection of Workmen in S h a f ts .................................................. 30 Protection of Workmen in Elevator S h a f ts ................................... 30 Catch Platform Bequired .................................................................. 30 General Provisions fo r A llScaffolds ........................................... 31 Scope ................................................................................................... 31 Footings--Anchorage ........................................................................ 31 Scaffold Structure .............................................................................. 31 Loading ............................................................................................... 31 Planking .............................................................................................. 31 Maintenance and Bepair .................................................................. 31 Lumber ............................................................................................... 31 Erection and Bemoval ...................................................................... 32 Overhead Protection .......................................................................... 32 Guard Bails and T oeboards.............................................................. 32 Metal Parts ....................................................................................... 33 Splices ................................................................................................. 33 6 Section No. 23-13 23-13.1 23-13.2 23-13.3 23-13.4 23-13.5 23-13.6 23-13.7 Subject Page Special Provisions fo r P ole Scaffolds ....................................... 33 Poles .................................................................................................... 33 Put-Logs .............................................................................................. 34 Bracing ................................................................................................ 34 Connections ........................................................................................ 34 Pianking ............................................................................................. 34 Erection and Bemoval .................................................................. 35 Specification Bequirements .......... 35 23-14 23--14.1 23-14.2 23-14.3 23-14.4 23-14.5 23-14.6 Special Provisions forO utrigger S caffo ld s................................. 36 Outrigger Beams .............................................................................. 36 Inboard Supports ................................. 36 Design and Construction .................................................................. 37 Planking .............................................................................................. 38 Enclosure ............................................................................................ 38 Superstructures .................................................................................. 38 23-15 23-15.1 23-15.2 23-15.3 23-15.4 23-15.5 23-15.6 23-15.7 23-15.8 Special Provisions fo rAll Suspended S caffolds......................... Inspection before In sta lla tio n .......................................................... Installation and Use .......................................................................... Fibre Bope T a c k le .............................................................................. Hoisting M achines........... .................................................................. Limitation on Use of Fibre Bope .................................................. Tie-ins .................................................................................................. Platform Construction .................................. Planking .............................................................. 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 38 23-16 23-16.1 23--16.2 23--16.3 23--16.4 23-16.5 23-16.6 23-16.7 Special Provisions fo rT w o-P oint Suspension Scaffolds------- 38 Width and Fastening ................................................................. 38 Hangers .............................................. 39 Boof Irons ......................... 39 Bailings and Toeboards ............................ 39 Use ...................................................................................................... 39 Fibre Bope .......................................................................................... 39 Types of Platforms ........... 39 23-17 23--17.1 23-17.2 23-17.3 23-17.4 23-17.5 23--17.6 23-17.7 Special Provisions fo rM ultiple-Point Suspension Scaffolds 40 Design ................................................ 40 Installation . : ..................................................................................... 41 Platform .............................................................................................. 41 Bailing and Toeboard .................................................................. 41 Overhead Protection ...................................................... 41 Platform .............................................................................................. 41 Dismantling .................................................................... 41 23--18 23-18.1 23-18.2 23-18.3 23-18.4 23-18.5 Special Provisions fo rN eedle Beam Scaffolds ... ..................... 41 Use .................................... 41 Platform Supports ............................................................................ 41 Bope ...................................................... 42 Platform .................... 42 Containers for Tools........................................................................... 42 23--19 23--19.1 23--19.2 23-19.3 23--19.4 Special Provisions forH orse S caffo ld s........................................ 42 Limitation of H e ig h t........................... 42 Installation ........................................................................................ 42 Construction of Horses .................................................................. 42 Spacing ................................. 42 7 Section No. 23--20 23--20.1 23--20.2 23--20.3 Subject Page Special Provisions for Carpenter's Portable Bracket Scaffolds 42 Construction of Brackets ............................................................... 42 Bracket Installation ....................................................................... 42 Loading ............................... 43 23-21 23-21.1 23-21.2 23-21.8 23-21.4 23--21.5 23-22 23--22.1 23-22.2 23-23 23-23.1 23--23.2 23-23.3 23-24 23-25 23-25.1 23-25.2 23--26 23--27 23-28 23--28.1 23-28.2 23-28.3 23-28.4 23--28.5 23-29 23-29.1 23-29.2 23-29.3 23--30 23--30.1 23--30.2 23--30.3 23--30.4 23-30.5 23-30.6 23-31 23-31.1 23--31.2 23--31.8 23-31.4 Special Provisions for Bricklayer's Square Scaffolds ........... 43 Limitation of XJse................ 43 Construction of Squares ............................................................... 43 Construction of Scaffolding........... .............................................. 43 Platform ........................................................... 43 Multiple Tiers .............................................................................. 43 Special Provisions for Lean-toScaffolds................................... 43 Limited Use ............................................................... 43 Construction .................................................................................... 44 Special Provisions for Trestle and Extension Trestle Ladder Scaffolds................................................................................. 44 Permissible Height ....................................................................... 44 Bracing ............................................................................................ 44 Platform ..................... .............................. ................................... 44 Special Provisions for LadderJack Scaffolds .......................... 44 Manually Propelled MobileScaffolds............................. 44 Existing Equipment ....................................................................... 44 New Equipment ............................................................................. 45 Special Scaffolds--Approval R eq u ired ................. . .................. 45 Window Jacks ............................................................................... 46 Boatswain's Chairs ............................................... 45 Strength .......................................................................................... 45 Chair ................................................................................ 45 Tackle .................................................................... ; ...................... 45 Anchorage ....................................................................................... 45 Seat Guard or Safety Belt ................ 45 W ork on Steep Roofs ............................................ *.................. 45 Roofing Brackets .................................................. .. *................. 45 Crawling Boards ............................ 46 High Roofs ..................................................................................... 46 Safety Belts ........................................................................... . * 46 Approval Required ........................................................ 46 Attachment Required ...................................................................... 46 Specifications for Life L in e s .......................................................... 46 Instruction in U s e ........................................................................... 46 Protection of Life L in e s ................................................................ 46 Inspection--Defective Belts or lines .......................................... 47 Life Nets ......................................................................................... 47 Materials and Construction ......................................................... 47 Size, Strength, Location andAttachment .................................... 47 Maintenance ..................................................................................... 47 Inspection--Defective Nets ......................................................... 47 8 Section No. 83-32 23-33 23- 33.1 23- 33.2 23-34 23- 34.1 23- 34.2 23- 34.3 23- 34.4 23- 34.5 23- 34.6 23- 34.7 28- 34.8 23- 34.9 23-35 23- 35.1 23- 35.2 23-36 23- 36.1 23- 36.2 23- 36.3 23-37 23- 37.1 23- 37.2 23-38 23- 38.1 23- 38.2 23- 38.3 23-39 23- 39.1 23- 39.2 23- 39.3 23- 39.4 23-40 23- 40.1 23- 40.2 23- 40.3 23- 40.4 23-41 23- 41.1 23- 41.2 23- 41.3 23- 41.4 23- 41.5 23-42 23- 42.1 23- 42.2 Subject Page Safeguards A gainst Falling in Bridge C o n stru ctio n .............. 47 Stairways ....................................................................................... 47 Construction .................................................................................... 47 Protective Bailings ........................................................................ 48 General Requirements for Ladders and Ladderways .......... 48 Special Ladders--Approval Required .......................................... 48 Strength ......................................................................................... 48 Materials of Construction ....................................................... 48 Maintenance and Replacement ............. 48 Installation........................................................................................ 48 Ladderways .................................................................................... 48 Ladder Rungs--Wood .................................................................. 48 Splicing ........................................................................................... 49 Metal Ladders; Limited Use ....................................................... 49 Single Ladders .............................................................................. 49 Length ............................................................................................. 49 Construction of Cleat L adders....................................................... 49 Extension Ladders and Sectional Ladders ............................. 49 Length ........................................................................................... 49 Adjustment .............................. 49 Sectional Ladders .......................................................................... 49 Stepladders .................................................................................... 49 Length ............................................................................................. 49 Bracing ........................................................................................... 49 Structural Runways, Rampsand Platforms ........................... 49 Application ..................................................................................... 49 Runways and R am p s...................................................................... 49 Platforms ........................................................................................ 50 Catch Platforms and SidewalkS h e d s......................................... 50 Use ................................................................................................... 50 Platform Construction ................................................................. 50 Platform Enclosures .................................................................... 50 Sidewalk Sheds .............................................................................. 50 Chutes ............................................................................................. 61 Enclosure ....................................................................................... 51 Construction .................................................................................... 51 Protection at Openings ................................................................. 51 Danger Signs ................................................................................ 51 Combustion Devices Used for Temporary H eating ............ 51 Room Ventilation .......................................................................... 51 Setting ........................................................................................... 51 Location ......................................................................................... 51 Tarpaulins ..................................................................................... 51 Bottled Gas .................................................................................... 51 Material Handling and Hoisting Machinery--General Re quirements .............................................................................. 52 Maintenance and Operation ......................................................... 52 Loading ......................................................................................... 52 9 Subject Operators and Signalmen .................................. Signals for Hoisting Engine Operation ........ . Protection of Operator ...................................... 52 Protection of Moving Parts .............................. 53 Refueling ............................................................... 53 Engine E x h a u st..................................................... 53 Machinery at R e s t............................................... 53 Tag Line .............................................................. 53 Riding .................................................................... 53 Hoist Brakes ....................................................... 53 Electrically Driven Machines ............................ . 53 Repairs and Lubrication ..................................... 53 Anchorage for Hoisting Machines .................... 53 Hoppers and Chutes ............................................. 53 Rigging, Rope, Chains for Material Hoisting 53 Hoisting Rope--Material ................................... 53 Fibre Rope ............................................................. 53 Wire Rope ............................................................. 54 Sheaves ................................................................... 54 Fittings ................................................................. 54 Use of Chains ....................................................... 54 Heat Treating of C hains...................................... 54 M aterial Platform or Bucket H o i s t s .............. 54 Construction of Hoist T ow ers.............................. 54 Enclosure of Hoists ............................................. 55 Entrances to Hoistways ...................................... 55 Hoist Cars ............................................................. 55 Guide Rails ........................................................... 55 Operation of Hoist ............................................... 56 Thoroughfare ......................................................... 56 Protection of Hoist Operators ............................ 56 Loading and Roping of Platform H o is ts .......... 56 Warning D ev ice..................................................... 56 Riding ..................................................................... 56 W orkm en's Elevators .................................... 56 Elevators undeT Industrial Code Rule No. 8 .. 56 Approval Required ............................................... 56 Maintenance and U s e ........................................... 56 Hoistway Enclosure ............................................. 56 Hoistway Doors ................................................... 57 Car Construction ................................................. 57 Car Door or G a te ................................................... 57 Wiring ................................................................... 57 L ig h tin g ................................................................... 57 Thoroughfare ......................................................... 57 Enclosure of Hoisting Equipment .................... 57 Car Attendant ..................................................... 57 Initial Inspection and L u brication.................... 58 Tests ....................................................................... 58 Cranes and Derricks--G e n e ra l........................ 58 Strength ................................................................. 58 Inspection ............................................................... 58 Bracing of Foot-Blocks ........................................ 58 Derrick Footings ................................................. 58 Guys ....................................................................... 59 10 <1~v ~ Section No. 23--46.6 23--46.7 23-46.8 23-46.9 23--46.10 23-46.11 23--46.12 23--46.13 23--46.14 Subject Page Construction ...................................................................................... 59 Grounding ............................................................................................ 59 Load Hooks ........................................................................................ 59 Clamshell Buckets ............................................................................ 59 Operation ........................................................................................... 59 Breast Derricks ................................................................................ 59 Boom Extensions .............................................................................. 59 Capacity Chart .................................................................................. 59 Limitations on Modifications of Cranes and D erricks.................... 60 S 23--47 23--47.1 Conveyors and Cableways ............................................................ 60 Walkways ........................................................................................... 60 2233----4477..32 TSpriipllpaegres .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 6600 i; 23--47.4 Overhead Protection .......................................................................... 60 23--47.5 Signal System Bequired .................................................................. 60 23--47.6 Biding Prohibited ............................ 60 23-48 E xcavating Machines .................................................................... 60 it 23-48.1 Footing ................................................................................................ 60 ' i 23-48.2 Protection of Operator .................................................................... 60 23--48.3 Operation ............................................................................................ 60 23--48.4 Grounding ............................................................................................ 60 23--48.5 Trenching ............................................................................................ 61 23-49 A uto Trucks-- On Job Premises ................................................. 61 23-49.1 23--49.2 23-49.3 Brake Maintenance .......................................................................... 61 Blocks ................................................................................................. 61 Loading ............................................................................................... 61 23--49.4 Backing ................................................................................................ 61 il 23-50 23-50.1 H and-Propelled Vehicles .............................................................. 61 Maintenance ....................................................................................... 61 23-50.2 Wheels and Handles ......................................................................... 61 23-50.3 Buggy Counterbalance ...................................................................... 61 23-50.4 23-50.5 Curbing ................................................. Storage ...................................... 61 61 si 23-51 L ift and F o rk Trucks .................................................................... 61 23-51.1 23-51.2 23-51.3 23-51.4 23-51.5 23-51.6 23-51.7 23-51.8 Capacity .............................................................................................. 61 Loading ................................................................................................ 61 Brakes and Load-Elevating Mechanisms ...................................... 61 Hand-Lift Handles ............................................................................ 61 Operating Surfaces .......................................................................... 62 Packaged Masonry Units .................................................................. 62 Loose Masonry Units ........................................................................ 62 Support of P a lle ts .............................................................................. 62 23-52 Power Buggies 62 *r 23-52.1 Definition .............. 62 23-52.2 Assigned Operator 62 23-52.3 Defective Machines 62 23-52.4 Stability ................. 62 23-52.5 Braking Power ... 62 23-52.6 Accidental Starting 62 23-52.7 Warning Devices . 62 23-52.8 Seats and Visibility 62 ii Section No. Subject Page 23-52.9 23-52.10 23-52.11 23-52.12 Speed .................................................................................................... 62 Parking on Grades ............................................................................. 63 Prohibited Operation ......................................................................... 63 Special Bequirements for Runways, etc........................................... 63 23-53 Pile D riv e r s ........................................................................................ 63 23-53.1 23-53.2 23-53.3 23-53.4 23-53.5 23-53.6 23-53.7 23-53.S 23-53.9 23-53.10 23-53.11 Footing ................................................................................................ 63 Inspection ............................................................................................ 63 Protection of Operator ..................................................................... 63 Qualifications of Operator ................................................................. 64 Handling of P i l e s .............................................................................. 64 When Not in U s e .............................................................................. 64 Temporary Interruption .................................................................. 64 Steam and Air Lines ......................................................................... 64 Driving Plates, Cushions, Striking Heads ..................................... 64 Ladders ................................................................................................ 64 Working P la tfo rm s............................................................................ 64 23-54 23-54.1 23-54.2 23-54.3 23-54.4 23-54.5 M ixing M a c h in e s.............................................................................. 64 Charging Skips .................................................................................. 64 H o p p ers........... .................................................................................... 64 Bucket Hoists ..................................................................................... 64 Flywheels ............................................................................................. 64 Trough Type M ix ers........................................................................... 64 23-55 23-55.1 23-55.2 23-55.3 23-55.4 23-55.5 Jacks ..................................................................................................... 65 Capacity Marking ............................................................................... 65 Overtravel ............................................................................................. 65 Lubrication .......................................................................................... 65 Loads .................................................................................................... 65 Supervision ........................................................................................... 65 23-56 23-56.1 23-56.2 23-56.3 Electrical and PneumaticH and Tools .......................................... 65 Power Shut-Off Bequirements ......................................................... 65 Electrical and Hose Lines ............................................................ 65 Grounding Electrical Tools ............................................................ 65 23-57 23-57.1 23-57.2 23-57.3 23-57.4 23-57.5 23-57.6 W elding an d Flam e Cutting ....................................................... 65 Compressed Gas Cylinders ............................................................. 65 Hose and Hose Connections............................................................... 65 Torches ................................................................................................. 66 Protection for Workmen ................................................................... 66 Fire Prevention ................................................................................. 66 Tanks or Containers--Explosion Hazard ........................................ 66 23-58 23-58.1 23-58.2 23-58.3 Lead Fum es and Dust--Structural S te e l.................................... 66 Hot Biveting or W elding................................................................... 66 Cleaning Coated Surfaces ................................................................. 66 Flame Cleaning or Flame Cutting O perations............................... 67 23-59 23-59.1 23-59.2 23-59.3 23-59.4 23-59.5 23-59.6 P ainting .............................................................................................. 67 Definition ............................................................................................ 67 General ................................................................................................ 67 Spraying .............................................................................................. 67 Brush W o rk .......................................................................................... 67 Coating Bemoval .............................................................................. 67 Machine S a n d in g ................................................................................ 67 12 Section No. Subject Page 23-60 23-60.1 23-60.2 23-60.3 23-60.4 23-60.5 23-60.6 E xhaust Gases of Internal Combustion Engines .................... 67 Prohibited Employment .................................................................. 67 Presumptions ...................................................................................... 67 Maintenance of Engines .................................................................. 67 Enclosed Spaces ................................................................................ 68 Exhaust Piping ................................................................................ 68 Special Trucks .................................................................................. 68 23-61 23-61.1 23-61.2 23-61.3 23-61.4 23-61.5 23-61.6 23-61.7 23-61.8 23-61.9 23-61.10 23-61.11 23-61.12 23-61.13 23-61.14 23-61.15 23-61.16 23-61.17 23-61.18 23-61.19 23-61.20 23-61.21 23-61.22 23-61.23 23-61.24 23-61.25 23-61.26 23-61.27 23-61.28 23-61.29 23-61.30 23-61.31 Explosives .......................................................................................... 68 Storage ................................................................................................ 68 Access to Explosives ........................................................................ 68 Handling--Personnel ........................................................................ 68 The Blaster ................................. 68 Smoking and Open E ig h ts ................................................................ 68 Marking ............................................................................................. 68 Prohibited Explosives ...................................................................... 68 Destroying Explosives ...................................................................... 69 Magazines--For Explosives Other Than Detonators ................... 69 Magazines for Detonators .............................................................. 69 Opening Packages ............................................................................ 69 Deepening Holes .............................................................................. 69 Size of H o le s ...................... 69 Removing Cartridge Wrappers ...................................................... 69 Loading--Other Operations ............................................................ 69 Loading and Tamping ...................................................................... 69 Firing .................................................................................................. 69 Connecting Dp Detonators .............................................................. 69 Blasting Circuit--Type .................................................................... 69 Making Connections .......................................................................... 69 Testing Circuits ................................................................................ 69 Firing Switch .................................................................................... 69 Blasting Circuit--Plugs .................................................................. 70 TJse of Blasting Machines .............................................................. 70 Warning and Retreat ...................................................................... 70 Return to the Blast Area ................................................................ 70 Misfires ................................................................................................ 70 Reloading Holes ........... 70 Blasting Mat ...................................................................................... 70 Operations During Electrical S to rm s............................................. 70 Prohibited TJse of Two-Way Communication ............................... 70 23-62 Severability ........................................................................................ 70 13 RUJjE promulgated by the Board of Standards and Appeals pursuant to 'I Sections 27-a, 28, 29, 200, 240, 241, 241-a and 242 of the Labor Law. J THE INDUSTRIAL CODE--RULE NO. 23 PROTECTION OF PERSONS EMPLOYED IN CONSTRUCTION i AND DEMOLITION WORK As Amended Effective November 1, 1959 FINDING OF FACT The Board finds that the trades and occupations of persons employed in construction and demolition work involve such elements of danger to the lives, health and safety of such persons as to require special regulations for their protection in that such persons are exposed to the hazards of falling and of falling objects and materials, the hazards associated with the operation of vehicles and of construction machinery, the hazards of fire, explosion and electricity, the hazards of injury from the use of and contact with dangerous tools, machines and materials, the hazards incidental to the handling and movement of heavy materials and the hazards of exposure to the elements and air contaminants. 23-1 APPLICATION This rule of the Industrial Code for the protection of persons employed in construction work and demolition work applies to such persons and to i their employers and to the owners, contractors, sub-contractors and other i persons obligated by law to provide such persons with safe working condi tions or a safe place to work. This rule applies throughout the State of New York except as its application may be limited by law. 23-2 DEFINITIONS As used herein or in connection with this rule, the following terms mean: 23-2.1 Approved. In respect to a device or material: in compliance with a subsisting resolution of approval adopted by the Board;--in respect to action by the Board: made the subject of a resolution of approval. 23-2.2 Adequate. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.3 Bearer. The horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platform rests and which may be supported by ledgers. 23-2.4 Board. The Board of Standards and Appeals of the State of New York. 23-2.5 Boatswain's Chair. A seat supported by slings attached to a suspension rope and designed to accommodate one workman in a sitting 1 position. 23-2.6 Bricklayer's Square Scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which is composed of planks supported on built-up squares secured to eaeh other by diagonal bracing. 23-2.7 Commissioner. The Industrial Commissioner of the State of New York. 14 23--3 .8 Construction Work. All work of the types performed in the co n stru c tio n , erection, alteration, repair, maintenance, painting or moving of b u ild in g s and structures other than buildings, whether or not such work is p e r f o rm e d in proximate relation to a specific building or structure and in c lu d e s , by way of illustration but not by way of limitation, the work of land clea rin g , earth moving, grading, excavating, trenching, pipe and con duit la y in g , road and street building, concreting, equipment installation and the s tr u c t u r a l installation of wood, steel, glass, masonry and other building m a te r ia ls in any form or for any purpose. 23--3 .9 Demolition Work. The work incidental to or associated with the total o r partial dismantling or razing of a building or a structure other than a- building including the removing or dismantling of machinery or other equipment. 23--3 .1 0 Designated Person. A person selected and directed by an em p lo y e r to perform a specific task or duty. 23--3 .1 1 Effective. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Q uality." 23--3 .1 2 Equal. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23--3 .1 3 Equivalent. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Q uality." 23--3 .1 4 Excavating Machine. A power driven vehicle equipped to exca vate, p u s h , grade or elevate earth or debris. 23--3 .1 5 Excavation. The removal of earth, rock or other m aterial in c o n n e c tio n with construction or demolition work. 23--3 .1 6 Extension Ladder. A ladder of two or more sections traveling in g u i d e s or brackets which is so arranged that it may be adjusted to vari able le n g th s . 23--3 .1 7 Extension Trestle Ladder. A self-supporting ladder consisting of a t r e s t l e ladder with an additional single ladder section having parallel sides, w hich is fastened to the top of the trestle ladder hut which can be a d j u s te d to various heights. 23--3 .1 8 Firm. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23--2 .1 9 Guard Rail. A horizontal rail secured to uprights and erected along: t h e exposed sides of scaffolds, floor openings, runways, etc., to prevent p e rs o n s from falling. 23--2 .2 0 Heavy Duty Scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a maximum working load of 75 pounds per square foot, such as one in te n d e d for stone masons and required to support heavy materials in addi tion t o the workmen. 23--2 .2 1 Independent Pole Scaffold. A scaffold supported from the base b y a double row of uprights, independent of support from the walls and c o n stru c te d of uprights, ledgers, horizontal platform hearers, and d ia g o n a l bracing. 23--2 . 2 2 Job. The site of a project involving construction or demolition work. 23--2 . 2 3 Ladder Jack Scaffold. A scaffold the platform of which is s u p p o r te d by brackets or jacks attached to the side rails of ladders. 23--2 . 2 4 Ledger. The horizontal scaffold member which extends from post t o post and which supports the put logs or hearers and forms a tie b e tw e e n the posts. 15 23-2.25 Life Net. A life net made and used in compliance with the provisions of this rule. 23-2.26 Light Duty Scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load up to 25 pounds per square foot, such as one intended for carpenters or painters and required to support no load other than a small weight of material in addition to the workmen. 23-2.27 Material Platform Hoist. A power or manually operated sus pended platform operating in guide rails and used for raising or lowering material exclusively and operated and controlled from a point outside the conveyance. 23-2.2S Medium Duty Scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load up to 50 pounds per square foot, such as one intended for bricklayers or plasterers and required to support no load other than a moderate weight of material in addition to the workmen. 23-2.29 Multiple-Point Suspension Scaffold. A scaffold having a con tinuous platform supported by three or more beams or bearers each of which is so suspended from an overhead support as to permit the raising or lower ing of the platform to a desired position. 23-2.30 Necessary. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.31 Needle Beam Scaffold. A scaffold consisting of a plank plat form supported by parallel horizontal beams which are suspended by ropes. 23-2.32 Outrigger Scaffold. A scaffold the platform of whieh is built upon outriggers or thrust-outs projecting from the wall of the building and having their inner ends secured inside the building. 23-2.33 Putlog. The member of a single-pole scaffold which is sup ported by a ledger on one end and on the other end by a wall which supports the platform. 23-2.34 Hoofing Bracket. A bracket used in sloped roof construction and having sharp points or other means for fastening to prevent slipping. 23-2.35 Safe. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.36 Safety Belt. A safety belt provided and used in accordance with the provisions of this rule. 23-2.37 Safety Bailing. A railing constructed and maintained in com pliance with the provisions of this rule. 23-2.38 Scaffold. A temporary elevated working platform. 23-2.39 Sectional Ladder. A ladder consisting of two or more sections and so constructed th at the sections can be combined end to end to function as a single ladder. 23-2.40 Secure. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Qual ity." 23-2.41 Shall. The word "shall" is always mandatory. 23-2.42 Single Ladder. A ladder of but one section. 23-2.43 Single Pole Scaffold. A platform resting on putlogs or cross beams, the outer ends of which are supported on ledgers secured to a single row of posts or uprights, and the inner ends of which are supported on a wall or holes in a wall. 23-2.44 Step Ladder. A self-supporting ladder with flat steps secured to the side rails and having a hinged backsection to provide support. 16 23-2.45 Substantial. See Section 23-3.4 on ``General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.46 Sufficient. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Quality." 23-2.47 Suitable. See Section 23-3.4 on "General Requirement of Qual ity." 23-2.48 Trestle Ladder. A self-supporting: ladder consisting of two single ladder sections and hinged together at the top which when spread form equal angles with the base. 23-2.49 Two-Point Suspension Scaffold. A scaffold of the type com monly known as a painter's scaffold, having a platform which is supported by stirrups or hangers at two points, and which is so suspended from over head supports as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to a desired position. 23-2.50 Window Jack. A platform for one man which is supported by a bracket or jack which projects through a window opening. 23-2.51 Workmens' Elevator. A power-operated car operating in guides and used primarily to carry workmen in a substantially vertical direction. 23-3 GENERAL PROVISIONS 23-3.1 Application. These general provisions shall not be construed or applied in contravention of any specific provision of this rule. 23-3.2 General Duty to Protect Health and Safety of Persons Employed in Construction and Demolition Work. All places where employees are suffered or permitted to perform work of any kind in construction or demo lition work shall be so constructed, equipped, arranged, operated and con ducted as to provide reasonable and adequate protection to the lives, health and safety of such persons. To this end, all employers, owners, contractors, sub-contractors and other persons obligated by law to provide safe working conditions or safe places to work to persons employed in construction or demolition work shall provide or cause to be provided the working condi tions, safety devices, types of construction and materials, and the means, methods and procedures required by this rule. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to work under working conditions which are not in compliance with this rule, or to perform any act prohibited by this rule. 23-3.3 General Requirement of Competency. For the performance of work required by this rule to be done by or under the supervision of a desig nated person, an employer shall designate as such person only such an em ployee as a reasonable and prudent man experienced in construction and demolition work would consider competent to perform the work. 23-3.4 General Requirement of Quality. Materials, devices, structures, methods and procedures which are required by this rule and either are not herein specified or described or which are described by general descriptive terms such as adequate, effective, equal, equivalent, firm, necessary, proper, safe, secure, substantial, sufficient, suitable and the like, shall be of such kind and quality as a reasonable and prudent man experienced in construc tion and demolition work would require in order to provide safe working conditions for himself in the performance of the work. 23-3.5 Responsibility of Employees. Every employee shall observe all provisions of this rule which directly concern or affect his eonduct. He shall use the safety devices provided for his personal protection and he shall not tamper with or render ineffective any safety device or safeguard. 17 TPfesSI 23-3.6 Condition of Equipment and Safeguards. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to use any machinery or equipment which is not in good repair and safe working condition. All safety devices and safeguards in use shall be kept sound and operable, and shall be immediately repaired or restored if damaged. 23-3.7 Strength of Equipment. All load-carrying equipment shall be designed and constructed throughout to safely support the intended loads. 23-3.8 Overhead Hazards. Every place where persons are required to work or to pass that is normally exposed to falling material or objects shall be provided with suitable overhead protection, and where no one is required to work or pass but employees are at work in the vicinity the exposed area shall be roped off or otherwise guarded against inadvertent entry. 23-3.9 Falling Hazards. Every hole into or through which a person may fall shall be guarded by a barrier sufficient to prevent falls, except where free access is required by work actually in progress. 23-3.10 Drowning Hazards. Where employees are exposed to hazard of falling into the water in which one may drown there shall be provided at all times during the exposure, equipment for promptly rescuing persons from the water, including a manned and properly equipped boat where necessary. 23-3.11 Slipping Hazards. No employer shall suffer or permit an em ployee to use a passageway, or a seaffold, platform or other elevated work ing surface which is in a slippery condition. Ice, snow, grease and other substances causing slippery footing shall be removed, sanded or covered to provide safe footing. 23-3.12 Tripping and Other Hazards. 1. Passageways. All passageways shall be kept free from accumulations of dirt and debris and from other obstructions or defects which could cause tripping. Sharp projections which could cut any employee shall be removed or covered. 2. "Working Areas. The parts of floors, platforms and similar areas where employees must work shall be kept free from accumulations of dirt and debris and from scattered tools and materials and from sharp projections insofar as may be consistent with the work being done. 23-3.13 Vertical Passage. Stairways, ramps or runways shall be pro vided as the means of access to working levels above or below ground except where the nature or progress of the work prevents their installation in which case ladders or other safe means shall be provided. 23-3.14 Control of Dusts and Gases. Dusts and gases shall be controlled by ventilation or otherwise so as to prevent concentrations tending to injure health or obstruct vision. 23-3.15 Corrosive Substances. All lime, aeid and other corrosive sub stances shall be so stored and used as not to endanger workmen. Protective equipment for the use of such substances shall be provided. 23-3.16 Eye Protection. Approved eye protection equipment shall be provided for and shall be used by workmen while employed in welding or cutting operations or in chipping, cutting or grinding any material from which particles may fly, or while engaged in any other operation which may endanger the eyes. 18 23-3.17 Respirators. 1. All respirators shall be approved. 2. Where these rules require respirators to be provided, the employer shall provide and the employee shall use a respirator approved for the type of operation for which it is to be used. The employer shall maintain such respirator in good repair and shall furnish the means for its continued effi cient working condition; and he shall provide daily inspection, cleansing 8nd sterilization of such equipment. Respirators that are used by more than one person during a day shall be sterilized before use by each person. Such equipment, when not in use, shall be stored in closed containers. 3. The air supply line from an air compressor to an air line respirator shall be provided with a filter whieh will effectively remove pipe scale, water, oil mists and noxious vapors and with a pressure reducing valve to prevent the pressure of the air supply from exceeding 25 pounds per square inch. There shall also be a pressure release valve between the reducing valve and the mask set to release at 25 pounds per square inch pressure or less. The air supply line from a bottled air source to an air line respirator of the demand type shall be provided with a pressure reducing valve to prevent the pressure of the air supply to the mask from exceeding 125 lbs. per square inch and with a pressure release valve between the reducing valve and the mask set to release at less than sueh pressure. 4. Air supplied to any type of air line respirator shall he taken from a source containing no harmful contaminants. 23-3.18 Protective Apparel. 1. Head Protection. Every employee required to pass or work within areas where there is danger of being struck by falling objects or materials shall be provided with an approved safety hat. 2. Boots. Every employee required to work in water, wet concrete or other wet footing shall be provided with waterproof boots with safety insoles. 3. Waterproof Clothing. Every employee, required to work in rain or similar wetting conditions shall be provided with a waterproof coat and hat. 4. Corrosive Substances. Every employee required to use or handle corrosive substances shall be provided with appropriate protective apparel. 23-3.19 Cleanliness of Personal Protective Equipment. All personal protective equipment shall be kept clean and in good repair. Before being transferred from one employee to another, safety hats, foul weather hats, boots and hat or boot liners shall be washed or dry cleaned so as to be dean and sanitary. Goggles, glasses and welders' shields shall be sterilized before being transferred from one employee to another. 23-3.20 Power-Driven Machines--General. Power-driven machines not herein specifically considered shall be guarded in accordance with the require ments of Rule No. 19 of the Industrial Code covering the "Guarding of Dangerous Machinery, Yats, Pans and Elevated Runways." 23-3.21 Keys, Set-Screws and Similar Projections. All keys, set-screws, bolts or similar projections on shafts, pulleys, gears, collars, or couplings and other revolving members, where such projections are not countersunk or protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall be pro tected by smooth, cylindrical safety sleeves of wood or metal surrounding 19 mm the projection, or shall be guarded by a stationary enclosure of sheet metal, wire mesh, expanded metal or other suitable material. Any openings therein shall not exceed Ji inch in greatest dimension. 23-3.22 Power-Driven Saws. 1. All portable power-driven hand operated saws which are not mounted with saw tables except chain saws and circular brush saws, shall be equipped with guards above the base plate which will completely protect the operator from contact with the saw blade when in motion and with self-adjusting guards below the base plate which will completely cover the saw to the depth of the teeth when the saw is removed from the cut. Note: Electrically driven portable saws are also subject to the requirements of Buie 23-56. 2. Every power-driven saw which is mounted with a saw table shall be equipped with a guard which shall cover the saw blade to such an extent as will prevent contact with any part of the teeth which are more than two inches above the saw table and which are not protected by the spreader or similar device. In operation, the guard shall automatically rise by pressure from the material or shall be so adjusted that as the saw cuts the material, the distance from the material to the underside of the guard does not exceed z/ 2 inch. The exposed teeth of the saw blade beneath the table shall be effec tively guarded. 3. Every table circular saw used for ripping shall be provided with a spreader securely fastened in position and with an effective device to pre vent the kicking back of the material. 23-3.23 Sprockets, Gears and Friction-Disc Drives. Sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives, which are not protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall be completely enclosed or shall be provided with band guards which shall have side flanges extending below the roots of the teeth. 23-3.24 Belts, Pulleys, Flywheels and Wire Bope. All belts except con veyor belts and all pulleys and flywheels which are less than seven feet above a floor or other working platform or a runway, and not protected by location from accidental contact by workmen, shall have all moving parts guarded by substantial enclosures or by a safety railing which will prevent workmen from approaching within a horizontal distance of 18 inches. Enclo sures required by this rule may be temporarily removed when starting the machine or for the purpose of adjustment or maintenance, but shall be immediately replaced thereafter. The nip point between power winches or sheaves and the wire rope shall be similarly guarded. . 23-3.25 Hand Tools. Edged tools shall be kept sharp and striking tools shall be maintained free of burrs and mushroomed heads. Split or loose tool handles shall not be used. 23-3.26 Safety Bailing. A safety railing shall consist of a 2" x 4" wooden hand rail not less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above the walking level, securely supported by 2" x 4" posts at intervals of not more than eight feet and shall include a 1" x 4" midrail and a toeboard at least four inches high. The handrail shall be smooth and free from splinters or protruding nails. Other material or construction may be used provided the assembly assures equivalent safety. 23-3.27 Temporary Electric Wiring. All wiring shall be supported on proper insulators and not looped over nails or brackets. No bare wires or other unprotected current-carrying parts shall be located within eight feet of any surface where workmen may work or pass, unless completely guarded by a fence or other barrier. Electrical systems and current carrying equipment shall be properly grounded except as provided for blasting circuits in Rule 23-61.19. Where it is necessary to lay electric wiring on the ground, the wiring shall be of the weatherproof type and heavy enough to withstand the wear and abuse to which it may be subjected. No conductor shall be used to carry a higher voitage than the manufacturer's rating. Elevated power lines shall have a sufficient vertical clearance where they cross highways, access roads or areas traveled by trucks, cranes, shovels or other similar equipment. Fuses and other automatic cutouts shall not exceed a size that will blow at a point lower than the carrying capacity of the protected conductor or equipment. Where two or more voltages are used on the same job, all electrical equip ment and circuits shall be suitably identified. 23-3.28 Electrical Hazard. No employer shall suffer or permit an em ployee to work in such proximity to any part of an electric power circuit that he may contact the same in the course of his work unless the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing the circuit, grounding it or guarding it hy effective insulation or other means. I f protection for the employee is supplied by de-energizing the circuit the employer shall cause the open switch or other circuit interruption to be guarded against inadvertent closing until the employee is no longer exposed. Electric power generators on the job shall be grounded. 23-3.29 Lighting. Illumination sufficient for safe working conditions shall be provided wherever persons are required to work or pass. For pas sageways, stairways and landings the illuminations shall permit reading of ten-point type. 23-3.30 Lumber and Nail Fastenings. Lumber used in the construction of equipment or temporary structures required by this rule shall be sound and shall not contain defects such as ring shakes, large or loose knots or other defects which may impair the strength of the piece for the purpose for which it is to be used. Nails shall be driven full length and the nails shall be of proper size, length and number to provide the required strength at the joints. 23-3.31 Specified Lumber Dimensions. The lumber dimensions herein specified are nominal or trade dimensions except in the case of ladders and except as otherwise stated. 23-3.32 Public Vehicular Traffic. Wherever any work is being per formed over, on or in close proximity to a highway or any other place where public vehicular traffic may cause danger to men at work, the working area shall be so barricaded as to direct the traffic away from it or the traffic shall be specially controlled by persons authorized for that purpose. 23-3.33 Stability of Structures. No wall, chimney or other structure or part of a structure shall be left unguarded in such condition that it may fall, collapse or weaken due to wind pressure or vibration. 23-4 APPROVAL OF MATERIALS AND DEVICES Application may be made to the Board for the approval of any device, apparatus, material or equipment which may be used in compliance with the intent of this rule and approval by the Board shall be deemed to author ize such use. 21 4 r b *p *r!W(c 23-5 MAINTENANCE AND HOUSEKEEPING 23-5.1 Storage of Material and Equipment. 1. All building material shall be stored in a safe and orderly manner and so that material piles are stable under all conditions and so located that they do not obstruct any passageway, walkway or stairway. 2. Matcrial or equipment shall not be stored upon any floor or platform in such quantity as to exceed its safe carrying capacity nor so close to any edge of a floor or platform as to endanger persons below. 23-5.2 Disposal of Debris. Debris shall be handled and disposed of by a method whiek will not endanger persons. Debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on the job so as to constitute a hazard and shall be kept suffi ciently moist to lay the dust. 23-6 SANITATION AND DRINKING WATER 23-6.1 Toilet Facilities. Toilet facilities shall be provided or made available in a sufficient number to accommodate all employees on the basis of at least one unit for every 30 persons or fraction thereof. Such facilities shall consist of waterclosets but chemical toilets or privies may be provided instead of waterclosets where water and sewer connections are not readily available. Toilet facilities shall be maintained in a sanitary condition. 23-6.2 Accessibility of Toilets. Toilet facilities shall be readily accessi ble to all employees and in building construction shall be located not more than four stories above or below the place of work. 23-6.3 Shelter. All toilet and washing facilities shall be sheltered to provide privacy to the user and protection from the weather and shall be protected from any hazard of falling objects. 23-6.4 Washing Facilities. Washing facilities including warm water, soap and individual towels shall be provided for all employees who are required to use or handle corrosive substances or substances containing compounds of lead, arsenic, antimony, mercury or cadmium or metal chro mates on the basis of at least one wash basin with warm running water for every ten such employees. Where running water is not available at least one pail of fresh warm water shall be supplied for every four such employees. 23-6.5 Change Houses. Where employees change their clothes on the job, change houses or other sheltered locations of sufficient size to accom modate the workmen shall be provided for the purpose of changing clothes. 23-6.6 Drinking Water. There shall be provided in readily accessible locations on every job, a supply of clean, pure and cool drinking water. Sueh drinking water shall he running water or water in clean and covered receptacles. The use of common drinking eups or dippers is prohibited. 23-7 DEMOLITION 23-7.1 General Method of Demolition. All demolition operations shall be conducted in accordance with Rule 23-7.2 to Rule 23-7.18 inclusive, except that operations performed by the mechanical method of demolition shall be subject only to Rules 23-7.2 and 23-7.3 in addition to the requirements of Rule 23-7.19. 23-7.2 Preparations. Before starting demolition all glass in exterior openings shall be removed. All gas, electric, water, steam and other supply lines shall be shut off and capped. In each case the service company involved shall be notified in advance. Where it is necessary to maintain any power, water, gas or electric lines during demolition, sueh lines shall be so relocated 22 or protected with substantial coverings as to protect them from injury and to afford safety to the workmen. 23-7.3 Protection of Adjacent Structures. During the demolition of any structure, the employer performing such demolition shall examine the walls of all structures adjacent to the structure which is to be demolished. Such examination shall include a determination of the thickness and method of support of the walls of all such adjacent structures. Where there is reason to believe that an adjacent structure is unsafe or will become unsafe because of demolition operations, no demolition shall be performed at this point until there has been provided sheet-piling, shoring, bracing or other such means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the adjacent structure and to prevent such structure or other property from collapsing. 23-7.4 Demolition of Walls, Partitions, etc. 1. Demolition of walls and partitions shall proceed in a systematic man ner and all work above each tier of floor beams shall be completed before the safety of its supports is impaired. 2. Masonry shall neither be loosened nor permitted to fall in such masses as to endanger the structural stability of any floor or structural support. 3. No wall, chimney or other structure or part of a structure shall be left unguarded in such condition that it may fall, collapse or weaken due to wind pressure or vibration. 4. No employer shall suffer or permit any employee to work on top of a wall. 5. In the demolition by hand of exterior walls, safe footing for the work men shall be provided in the form of sound flooring or scaffolds. 6. Walls or partitions which axe to be demolished by hand shall not be left standing more than one story high above the uppermost floor on which men are working. Such walls or partitions shall be removed before the ag gregate area of openings in such floor exceed 25 per cent of its total area. 23-7.5 Inspection. During demolition, continuing inspections shall be made as the work progresses to detect any hazards to workmen resulting from weakened or deteriorated floors or walls or loosened material. No em ployee shall be suffered or permitted to work.where such hazards exist unless they are corrected by shoring, bracing, or other effective means. 23-7.6. Boarding of Wall Openings. Windows and other exterior wall openings in buildings more than 25 feet in height and which are within 20 feet of any floor opening used to remove debris from floors above shall be solidly boarded up during demolition operations. 23-7.7 Methods of Operation. Debris, bricks and other material shall be removed (a) by means of chutes constructed in compliance with Rule 23-40, (b) by means of buckets or hoists; or (c) through openings in the floors of the building in compliance with Rules 23-7.11, 23-7.12 and 23-7.13. 23-7.8 Access to Ploors. There shall be provided at all times safe access to and egress from every building in the course of demolition by means of entrances, hallways, stairways or ladder runs so protected as to safeguard the persons using them from falling material. 23-7.9 Protection in. Other Areas. Every floor area within the building that is subject to the hazard of material falling from above shall be boarded up to prevent passage or shall be fenced off by a substantial rail placed not less than 20 feet from the floor opening or shall be provided with overhead protection in the form of tight planking to eliminate such hazard. 23 23-7.10 Demolition of Strnctnral Steel. All steel construction shall be demolished column length by column length and tier by tier. Every structural member which is being dismembered shall not be under any stress other than its own weight and such member shall be chained or lashed in place to prevent any uncontrolled swinging or dropping. Large structural members shall not be thrown or dropped from the building, but shall be carefully lowered. Where a derrick is used in the demolition of buildings of skeleton steel construction, the floor on which the derrick rests shall be com pletely planked over. Where other methods are used, the workmen engaged in the dismantling of steel shall be protected by solidly planked .flooring or sound floor arches not more than two stories below and directly under that portion of any tier of beams where such men are at work. 23-7.11 Demolition of Floor Arches. Before demolishing any floor arch, debris and other material shall be removed from such arch and other adjacent floor area. Planks not less than 2" x 9" in cross section, full size undressed, shall be provided for and shall be used by the workmen to stand on while breaking down floor arches between beams. Such planks shall be so' located as to provide a safe support for the workmen should the arch between the beams collapse. The open space between planks shall not exceed 16 inches. 23-7.12 Floor Openings -- Permissible Area. The aggregate area of openings in the floor immediately beneath the floor being demolished shall not exceed 25 per cent of the total area of such floor. 23-7.13 Floor Openings--Required Protection. 1. Every opening used for the removal of debris on every floor which is not closed to access, except the top or working floor, shall be provided with an enclosure from floor to ceiling equivalent to that afforded by planking : | not less than two inches in thickness, full size undressed. The enclosure shall be solid except for portions openable for loosening blocked debris. Alterna tively, the opening shall be so barricaded that no person shall have access to within a horizontal distance of 20 feet from any opening above through which debris is being dropped. Every opening not used for the removal of debris in any floor to which access is permitted shall be protected by a solid en closure as herein prescribed or by a safety railing and toeboard or shall be solidly planked over. 2. Openings in the top or working floor more than 16 inches in least di mension shall be protected on all sides, except the side at which debris is deposited, by a safety railing and toeboard, or the sides of the opening shall be roped off at a distance of not less than two feet from the edge of the opening by not less than TA inch diameter rope securely tied to provide a guard of a height equivalent to that provided by the safety railing. That portion of any floor opening adjacent to and immediately below a point where men are employed in any work on a wall shall be provided with a solid flooring not less than five feet wide measured from the inside face of the wall. 23-7.14 Storage of Material--General. Material shall not be stored on eateh platforms, scaffold platforms, floor or stairways of the building being demolished, except that the floor of a building may be used for the temporary storage of material when such floor is of such strength as to support safely the load to be superimposed. Storage spaces shall not interfere with access to any stairway or passage way and suitable barricades shall be provided so as to prevent material from sliding or rebounding into any space used by the workmen or the public. All material shall be safely piled in such locations as will not interfere with any operations nor present a hazard to those at, or frequenting, the demoli tion site. 24 23-7.15 Storage of Debris in Cellar. When debris is piled in the cellar it shall not be piled above the top of the foundation wall. The person in charge of demolition operations shall provide sheet-piling, shoring, braeing or such other means as may be necessary to insure the stability of the walls and to prevent any wall from collapsing due to the pressure of the accumu | j lated material. i / 23-7.16 Safe Rooting Required. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee working above the first floor level to use accumulated debris or piled material as a footing for the performance of bis work. Every employee shall be provided with safe footing in the form of sound planking or flooring. 1 8 23-7.17 Catch Platforms. During the demolition of an exterior masonry wall or a roof from a point more than 75 feet above the adjoining ground level, if persons below are exposed to falling objects, catch platforms in com pliance with Rule 23-39 shall be provided and maintained at a level not more than 20 feet below the working level except in the case of chimney demolition and except where an exterior built-up scaffold provides equivalent protec tion. 23-7.18 Barricades. 1. Along every sidewalk or thoroughfare bordering demolition operations there shall be erected a substantial barricade to prevent unauthorized per f, sons from entering the site of such operations, except that where a sidewalk j"; shed in compliance with Rule 23-39 is erected, such barricade may be omitted. 2. Such barricade shall be a fence not less than six feet in height. It shall be built solid for its entire height and length except for such openings pro vided with solid doors as may be necessary for the proper prosecution of the work. 3. Where the distance from the face of the building to be demolished to the inside edge of a sidewalk or thoroughfare is more than the height of the building and the height of the building is not more than 25 feet, a sub stantial railing not less than 36 inches high and provided with an intermedi ate rail, may be constructed at the inside edge of such sidewalk or thorough fare in lieu of a solid barricade or sidewalk shed. 23-7.19 Mechanical Method of Demolition. The use of a swinging weight, clamshell bucket, power shovel, bulldozer or other mechanical con trivance for the purpose of demolishing walls shall be in accordance with the following requirements: 1. The building or structure or remaining portion thereof shall be not more than SO feet in height. 2. a. Where a swinging weight is used, a zone of demolition at least V/2 times the height of the structure or portion thereof being so demolished shall be maintained around the points of impact. b. Where a elamshell bucket is being used, a zone of demolition shall he maintained within 25 feet of the line of travel of the bucket, e. Where other mechanical contrivances are being used to effectuate total or partial collapse, there shall be maintained in the area into which the affected portion may fall a zone of demolition at least one and' one half times the height of the structure or remaining portion thereof. 3. No person other than workmen essential to the operation of the equip ment shall be suffered or permitted to enter a zone of demolition. 4. Substantial barricades as set forth in Rule 23-7.18 shall be erected wherever there is likelihood of persons other than essential workmen enter ing the zone of demolition. 25 5. The controls of mechanical devices used in such method of demolition shall be located and operated a safe and reasonable distance from the point of demolition. 6. Where a swinging weight is used the supporting cables shall be of such length or shall be so restrained that it is not possible for the weight to swing against any structure other than the structure being demolished. 23-8 EXCAVATION 23-8.1 Stability of Structures. Where there is any question of stability of structures adjoining or over areas to be excavated, such structures shall be supported where necessary by underpinning, sheet piling, shoring, bracing or other means to prevent injury to any employee. 23-8.2 General Requirements. 1. No employee shall be permitted to enter any excavated area unles sheet piling, shoring or other safeguard that may be necessary for his pro tection is provided. TABLE I Minimum Sizes of Bracing and Sheet-Piling for Narrow Trenches TRENCHES--Not more than four feet in width Sheet-piling Stringers Cross Bracing Depth of trench Hori Verti Hori (feet) Size zontal Size cal Size zontal (in.) spacing (in.) spacing (in.) spacing 5--10_________ 2x6 10--15.................. 2x6 More than 15___ 2x6 (a) Hard and solid soil 6 feet 2x6 6 feet 2x6 4 feet 2x6 6 feet 2x6 tight 4x8 4 feet 4x8 6 feet 4 feet 6 feet 5--10.................. 2x6 10--15.................. 2x6 More than 15___ 2x6 (b) Soil likely to crack or crumble 3 feet 2x6 5 feet 2x6 2 feet 2x6 4 feet 2x6 tight 4x10 4 feet 4x10 5 feet 4 feet 6 feet 5--10.................. 2x6 10--15.................. 2x6 More than 15- - - 2x6 (c) Soft, sandv filled-in loose soil tight 4x6 6 feet 4x6 tight 4x6 5 feet 4x6 tight 4x12 4 feet 4x12 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet To 10,,...............- 2x6 More than 10....... 3x6 (d) Where hydrostatic pressure exists tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 tight 6x10 4 feet 6x10 6 feet 6 feet Steel sheet-piling and bracing of equivalent strength may be substituted for wood sheetpiling and timber bracing. 26 2. "Where any employee in an excavation is exposed to the hazard of fall ing or sliding material from any bank or side more than five feet high above his footing, adequate piling and bracing shall be provided against the bank or side to eliminate such hazard. The excavation shall be cheeked after every rain storm or other hazard-increasing occurrence and the protection against slides and cave-ins increased if necessary. 3. Temporary sheet piling installed to permit construction of a retaining wall shall not be removed until the wall has developed its full strength. 4. Shoring adequate to support the overhanging material shall be provided where banks are undercut. 5. Excavated material and other superimposed loads shall be placed at least 24 inches back from the edge of open excavations and trenches and shall be so piled or retained that no part thereof can fall into the excavation. 6. Banks shall he stripped of loose rock or other material which may slide, roll, or fall upon persons below. TABLE II MinimnTM Sizes of Bracing and Sheet-Filing for Wide Trenches TRENCHES--Not more than eight feet in width Sheet-piling Stringers Cross Bracing Depth of trench Hori Verti Hori (feet) Size zontal Size cal Size zontal (in.) spacing (in.) spacing (in.) spacing a) Hard aiid solid soi 5--10............. 2x6 6 feet 4x6 4 feet 4x6 6 feet i 10--20.................. 2x6 tight 6x6 4 feet 6x6 6 feet More than 20___ 2x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 5--10................. 2x6 10--20_________ 2x6 More than 20____ 2x6 (b) So 1likely to crack or crumble 3 feet 4x6 4 feet 4x6 tight 6x6 4 feet 6x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet 6 feet 6 feet (c) Scft, sandy illled-in loose soil 5--10.................. 2x6 tight 4x6 4 feet 4x6 6 feet 10--20-- ............. 2x6 tight 6x6 4 feet 6x6 6 feet More than 20____ 2x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet ! j (d) Whcre hydrostatic pressure exists i To 10.................... 2x6 tight 6x8 4 feet 6x8 6 feet j More than 10___ 3x6 tight 6x10 4 feet 6x10 6 feet } | Steel sheet-piling and bracing of equivalent strength may be substituted for wood sheetpiling and timber bracing. e>rr 7. Open sides of excavations where a person may fall 6 feet or more shall be guarded by an adequate barrieade. 23-8.3 Piling, Shoring and Bracing. 1. Planks used as sheet piling shall be at least two inches thick. The maxi mum spacing between horizontal stringers or wales shall be such as to keep the planks within their safe bending stress. 2. Shores and braces shall be of adequate dimensions for stiffness and shall not be placed at an angle of more than 30 degrees with the horizontal. Each end of each stringer piece shall be separately braced. 3. Earth-supported shores or braces shall bear against a footing of suf ficient area and stability to prevent their shifting. 23-S.4 Access. In every excavation more than four feet deep there shall be provided ladders, stairways or ramps to furnish safe access to and egress from -such excavation. Such ladders, stairways or ramps shall be in compli ance with the provisions of this rule and shall be installed in sufficient number and in such locations as to be readily accessible. 23-8.5 Trench Excavations. 1. Piling, shoring and bracing used in a treneh excavation to protect em ployees against falling or sliding material shall be at least equivalent in strength to that specified in Tables I and II. 2. Where trenching more than five feet in depth is done by a mechanical digger the protection required by paragraph 1 above shall follow the boom as closely as possible. 3. Supports shall be held in place by cross braces cleated and, where neces sary, wedged in place, or by screw jacks properly secured in place. Where required by the width of the trench, the lower end of cross braces may bear against footings at the bottom of the trench and shall be secured against kicking out. 4. Cleats shall be spiked or bolted to join cross braces to stringers so as to prevent their being displaced. 5. Where the trench depth requires two lengths of sheet piling, one above the other, the lower piling shall be set inside the bottom stringers or wales of the upper piling and shall be driven down and braced as the excavation continues. 23-9 STRUCTURAL STEEL ASSEMBLY 23-9.1 Placing of Structural Members. 1. During the final placing of solid web structural members, the load shall not be released from the hoisting rope until the members are securely fas tened in place. 2. Open web steel joists that are hoisted singly shall be transferred from their place of storage directly to their permanent location and secured against dislodgment. The load shall not be released from the hoisting rope until it is so secured. Bundles of such joists shall be placed to prevent acci dental dislodgment. Immediately upon releasing the ties or straps from bundles, the joists shall be distributed to and placed in their permanent positions and secured against accidental dislodgment. 3. No load shall be placed on open web steel joists until they are perma nently located and secured. 23-9.2 Holing or Cutting of Structural Members. No load bearing struc tural member shall be materially weakened by cutting, holing or other means except in accordance with the advice of the designer thereof or a licensed professional engineer. 28 23-9.3 Tag Lines. While panels are being hoisted, tag lines shall be used to prevent uncontrolled movement of the panel. 23-9.4 Erection of Lintels. Where exterior metal lintels are erected on steel or concrete frame buildings after the permanent floors have been in stalled, a suitable scaffold shall be used unless each worker engaged in the erection of such lintels wears a safety belt. 23-10 CONCRETE WORK 23-10.1 General Requirements. Forms and reshores shall be structurally safe and shall be properly braced or tied together so as to maintain position and shape. 23-10.2 Inspection. Designated persons shall continuously inspect the forms including the shores, braces and other supports during the placing of concrete. Reshores shall be similarly inspected. Any unsafe condition shall he remedied immediately. 23-10.3 Beams, Floors and Roofs. 1. Horizontal and diagonal bracing shall be provided in both longitudinal and transverse directions, as may be necessary to provide structural stability. Shores shall be properly seated top and bottom, and shall be secured in place. 2. Where shores rest upon the ground, mud sills or other bases shall be provided. 3. Where the sum of the dead, live, and impact loads on the forms may exceed 150 pounds per square foot, the design of the forms including shores and reshores shall be as specified by a licensed professional engineer. His specification shall he in writing, it shall be signed by him and it shall be kept on the job for use by the Commissioner. All form work shall be con structed in accordance therewith. 23-10.4 Stripping. Stripped forms shall be removed or stock-piled promptly after stripping, in all areas in which persons are required to work or pass. Protruding nails, wire ties and other form accessories not necessary to subsequent work shall be pulled, cut or otherwise made safe. 23-10.5 Reshoring. 1. Reshoring shall be provided when necessary to safely support slabs and beams after stripping, or where such members are subjected to super imposed loads due to construction above. 2. The requirements of Rule 23-10.3, paragraphs 1 and 2 also apply to reshores. 23-11 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 23-11.1 Permanent Flooring -- Skeleton Steel Construction in Tiered Buildings. The permanent floors shall be installed as the erection of struc tural members progresses and there shall be not more than eight stories between the erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor. 23-11.2 Temporary Flooring -- Skeleton Steel Construction in Tiered Buildings. 1. The entire derrick or erection floor shall be solidly planked over. Plank ing shall be laid tight exeept for access openings and shall be secured to pre vent movement. Planking shall be of proper thickness to carry the working load but shall be not less than two inches thick full size undressed. There shall also be a floor not more than two stories below the tier of beams on which bolting, riveting, welding or painting is being done. Such floor shall be tight and of substantial construction. QO 2. Where erection is being done by means of a crane operating on the ground, such flooring shall be maintained not more than two stories below, and directly under that portion of any tier of beams on which bolting, rivet ing, welding or painting is being done. 23-11.3 Flooring--Other Construction. 1. In the erection of a building having double wood floor construction the rough flooring shall be completed as the building progresses including the tier below the one on which floor joists are being installed. 2. For single wood flooring or other flooring systems the floor immedi ately below the story where the floor joists are being installed shall be kept planked over. 23-11.4 Protection of Workmen in Shafts--General. Persons required to perform work in or at shafts shall be provided with the following protec tion. To provide protection from falling material, a tight covering of two inch planks or H inch plywood or equivalent, shall be installed so as to cover the entire cross seetional area of the shaft at a point not more than two stories above the level where men are working. In addition, to minimize in juries from falls, a tight wooden platform of two ineh planks, H inch ply wood or equivalent, or a life net shall be installed not more than one story below the level where men are working. In buildings where stair halls, stairwells or other similar shafts are to be constructed of masonry, floor slab forms or planking shall be installed as the work progresses, and shall be not more than two stories below the story on which any brickwork or masonry is being erected. Note: Work in elevator shafts is covered in Rule 23-11.5. 23-11.5 Protection of Workmen in Elevator Shafts. 1. During the installation or replacement of elevators a tight platform of two ineh planks, % inch plywood or the equivalent, shall be installed one story above the level at "which, the car or buffer installation or replacement work is being done so as to provide protection against falling material. Such platform shall cover the entire cross sectional area of the shaft except that spaces not exceeding 12 inches may be left for rail clearance between the edge of the platform and the boundary of the shaft. 2. A similar platform shall also be installed level with the top landing of each hoistway so as to prevent any person from falling into the hoistway. In addition, when elevators are being replaced, a solid or wire mesh parti tion shall be provided where necessary to prevent contact with an adjacent elevator or counterweight. 3. Where men are required to work at intermediate levels, overhead pro tection not less than 27 inches wide above the area where a man is working shall be provided if there is danger from falling objects, and either a life net shall be installed not more than three stories below the place of work or, in lieu of such net, safety belts shall be provided for and used by the workmen. 4. During repair work in existing elevator shafts, all shaft doors shall be kept closed except that while a door must be kept open to perform the work, a barricade shall be erected or a person shall be stationed at the open door to prevent unauthorized entrance. 23-11.6 Catch Platform Required. 1. During the construction of exterior masonry walls except those of chimneys, from a floor or scaffold which is more than 35 feet above the adjoining ground level, and where such floor or scaffold is located inside the building or structure, there shall be provided along the exterior face of r>A such wall a catch platform except that in lieu of the fence specified in Rule 23-39.3 there may he provided a 2" x 9" plank on edge on all open sides and except that a two inch space may be left between the inner edge of the plat form and the face of the building. 2. Such catch platform shall be maintained not more than 20 feet below the floor or scaffold platform from which the work is being performed. 23-12 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL SCAFFOLDS 23-12.1 Scope. The provisions of this article shall not be construed or applied in contravention of the special provisions hereinafter set forth. 23-12.2 Footings--Anchorage. The footings or anchorage for every scaffold shall be sound, rigid, capable of carrying the maximum load without settling or deformation and shall be seeure against movement in any direc tion. Unstable supports such as barrels, boxes, loose brick or loose stone shall not be used. 23-12.3 Scaffold Structure. All scaffolding shall be so constructed as to hear four times the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use (Labor Law, Section 240, subdivision 3). Such scaffolding shall be provided with all horizontal and diagonal bracing that may be necessary to prevent lateral movement. 23-12.4 Loading. 1. Light duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 25 pounds per square foot. 2. Medium duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 50 pounds per square foot. 3. Heavy duty scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of 75 pounds per square foot. 4. No scaffold shall be loaded in excess of the maximum load for which it is intended. No load shall be concentrated so as to cause excessive stress. 23-12.5 Planking. 1. Except on needle beam scaffolds, planks shall overhang their end sup ports not less than six inches nor more than 18 inches or they shall be fas tened in place. Planks shall be laid tight and inclined planking shall be fastened in place. 2. The maximum permissible working load for two inch planking shall be as follows: (heavy duty) 75 pounds per square foot for spans up to and including six feet; (medium duty) 50 pounds per square foot for spans over six feet and up to and including eight feet; (light duty) 25 pounds per square foot for spans over eight feet and up to and including ten feet. The maximum permissible working load for one and one-quarter inch planking shall be 50 pounds per square foot for spans up to and including six feet. 3. The minimum width of every planked platform shall be 18 inches. Load-hearing planks shall be undressed lumber, full thiekness. 23-12.6 Maintenance and Repair. Every scaffold shall be maintained in good repair and every defect, unsafe condition or non-compliance with this rule shall be immediately corrected before further use of the scaffold. 23-12.7 Lumber. All lumber used in scaffolds or their supports shall be at least equal in strength to No. 1 grade of fir. All lumber subject to stress shall be sound, straight grained, free from shakes, large, loose or dead knots or other defects which may impair its strength or durability. 31 23-12.8 Erection and Removal. Scaffolds shall be erected and removed under the supervision of a designated person. 23-12.9 Overhead Protection. Overhead protection when required shall consist of planking not less than two inches thick or of material of equal strength. Planks shall be laid tight, shall extend the full width of the working platform and shall be placed not over ten feet above the working platform. 23-12.10 Guard Rails and Toeboards. 1. Open sides of all scaffold platforms more than ten feet high except needle beam scaffolds, floats and rivet heaters' platforms in use by struc tural iron workers and except ladder jack scaffolds shall be provided with a guard rail not less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches high. Where hereinafter required, a midrail and toeboard shall be installed as specified for safety railings. The guard rail shall be at least equivalent in strength and rigidity to a wood rail two inches by four inches in cross section supported at intervals not exceeding eight feet. 2. All medium and heavy duty scaffolds under which employees or other persons are likely to work or pass shall be provided with a substantial screen between toeboard and rail. Table III--Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing o f Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Light Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Maximum width of scaffold Bearers or Putlogs (min.) To 3'-0" width To 5'-0" width Ledgers with 6'-0" pole space with lO'-O" pole space Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bracing, horizontal and diagonal Tie-ins Planking not more than 6' span not more than 10' span Toeboards Guard rail LIGHT DUTY Mot to exceed 25 lbs. per sq. ft. 20' 80' 2x4 4x4 6'-0" lO'-O" 5'-0" 2x4 on edge 3x4 or 2x6 on edge ou edge on edge 7'-0" 1x4 1x4 1)4x9 2x9 5" high 2x4 32 3. Any end or side of a scaffold platform that is within three feet horizon tally of an unenclosed side of a material hoist tower or construction elevator shall be effectively screened to a height of at least six feet. 23-12.11 Metal Parts. Load-carrying metal parts of a design or fab rication not commonly used in scaffold construction shall not be used unless approved. 23-12.12 Splices. Horizontal load-bearing members shall not be spliced between points of support. 23-13 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR POLE SCAFFOLDS 23-13.1 Poles. The foot end of poles shall rest on firm footing and shall be secured against lateral movement by nailing, cleats or any other effective means. Where wooden poles are spliced the ends shall be square and the upper section shall rest squarely on the lower section. Wood splicing pieces shall he provided on at least two adjacent sides and shall be not less than three feet in length. They shall overlap the abutting ends equally and shall have a combined cross sectional area not less than 50 per cent of the cross sectional area of the pole. Table IV-- Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Medium. Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP PSE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Maximum width of scaffold Bearers or put logs Spacing of bearers or put logs Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bracing, horizontal Bracing, diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail MEDIUM DUTY Not to exceed 50 lbs. per sq. ft. 80' 60' Top 60' Lower See. 4x4 4x4 4x6 8'-0" 5'--0" 8'-0" 3x4 on edge 3x5 or 2x9 on edge 3'--4" 6'-0" 2x9 on edge 9'-0" 1x6 or l j 1x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 33 23-13.2 Putlogs. Every wooden putlog shall be reinforced with a sub stantial steel strip secured to its lower edge throughout its entire length. 23-13.3 Bracing. Pole scaffolds shall be braced or attached to the building to prevent movement away from the building. Diagonal bracing shall be provided to prevent the poles from moving in a direction parallel to the wall. Diagonal bracing shall be so installed that every spliced section of every pole is connected with the adjacent poles. 23-13.4 Connections. The ends of all horizontal wooden supporting members and of all braces shall overlap the nailed fastening a sufficient amount to prevent splitting the ends of the member. Where bearers rest on a building wall, the length of bearing surface on the wall shall be at least four inches and they shall rest on a firm and level surface. Where ledgers lap each other, bearing blocks or other effective means attached to the pole shall be provided to support the ledger. Ledgers shall not be spliced between poles but shall be continuous from pole to pole. 23-13.5 Planking. Where planking is lapped each plank shall lap its end supports at least 12 inches. Where the ends of planks abut each other Table V--Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Single Pole Scaffolds Heavy Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Maximum width of scaffold Bearers or putlogs Spacing of bearers or putlogs Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bracing, horizontal and diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail HEAVY DUTY Not to exceed 75 lbs. per sq. ft. 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 6'-0" 5'-0" 8'-0" 3x5 or 2x9 on edge 3x6 or 2x9 on. edge 6'-0" 2x9 on edge 6'-6" 2x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 34 sLOikiVflS to form a flush floor the butt joint shall be at the center line of a pole. The abutted ends shall rest on separate bearers. Intermediate beams shall be provided where necessary to prevent dislodgment of planks due to deflection and the ends shall be nailed or eleated to prevent their dislodgment. 23-13.6 Erection and Removal. When a new working level is desired, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the new working level is framed. As the platform level is abandoned with the progress of the work, all supporting members shall be left intact. Upon removal of a scaffold the sequence of removal of members shall be the reverse of that used in erection. 23-13.7 Specification Requirements. All pole scaffolds over 80 feet in height shall be designed by a licensed professional engineer and constructed in accordance with such design. A copy of the drawings and specifications shall be kept on the job for use by the Commissioner. Such scaffolds shall be constructed of metal or of wood treated to make it incombustible material as defined in Rule No. 7 of the Industrial Code. Wooden pole scaffolds 80 feet or less in height shall conform with the following tables Nos. Ill, IV, V, VI, V n and V III. Table VT-- Minimum Nominal Size in Inches and Maximum Spacing of Members of Independent Pole Scaffolds Light Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE LIGHT DUTY Uniformly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers Vertical spacing of horizontal members Bearers to 3'-0" span to lO'-O" span Bracing, horizontal and diagonal Tie-ins Planking Toeboards Guard rail Not to exceed 25 lbs. per sq. ft. 20' 80' 2x4 4x4 6'-0" lO'-O" 6'-0" 10'-0'' With 6'-0" pole spacing lJ4x4 on edge With lO'-O" pole spacing lj^x9 on edge 7'-0" 2x4 on edge 1^x9 on edge 1x4 1x4 Not more than 6'--0" span 1J4X Not more than lO'-O" span 2x9 5" high 2x4 35 23-14 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR OUTRIGGER SCAFFOLDS 23-14.1 Outrigger Beams. Outrigger beams shall extend not more than six feet beyond the face of the building. The inboard end of outrigger beams measured from the fulcrum point to the extreme point of support, shall be not less than one and one half times the outboard end in length. The beams shall rest on edge, the sides shall be plumb, and the edges shall be horizontal. The fulcrum point of the beam shall rest on a secure bearing at least six inches in each horizontal dimension. The beam shall be secured in place against movement and shall he securely braced at the fulcrum point against tipping. 23-14.2 Inboard Supports. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be securely supported either by means of struts bearing against sills in con tact with the overhead beams or ceiling or by means of tension members secured to the floor joists underfoot or by both if necessary. The inboard ends of outrigger beams shall be secured against tipping and the entire sup porting structure shall be securely braced in both directions to prevent any horizontal movement. T able VII-- M inimum Nominal Size in Inches and M axim um Spacing o f M embers of Independent P ole Scaffolds Medium Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE U niform ly distributed load M aximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers V ertical spacing of horizontal members Spacing of bearers B earers Bracing, horizontal Bracing, diagonal T ie -in s Planking Toeboards Guard rail M EDIUM DUTY N ot to exceed 50 lbs. p e r sq. f t. 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 8 '-0 " lO '-O " 2x9 on edge 6 '-0 " 6 '-0 " 2x9 on edge 1x6 or lj^ x 4 1x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 36 T able VIII-- M inim um N om inal Size in Inches and M axim um Spacing o f M em bers o f Independent P ole Scaffolds Heavy Duty Scaffolds TYPE OP USE Uniform ly distributed load Maximum height of scaffold Poles or uprights Pole spacing (longitudinal) Pole spacing (transverse) Ledgers V ertical spacing of horizontal members B earers Bracing, horizontal and diagonal T ie -in s Planking T o eb o ard s Guard rail HEAVY DUTY N o t to exceed 75 lbs. per sq. ft. 60' 80' Top 60' Lower Sec. 4x4 4x4 4x6 6 '--0" lO '-O " 2x9 on edge 4 '--6 " 2x9 on edge 2x4 1x4 2x9 2x9 on edge 2x4 23-14.3 Design and Construction. 1. Unless outrigger scaffolds are designed by a licensed professional engineer the minimum size of the members shall be as follows: Table IX LIG H T D UTY SCAFFOLDS M aximum load 25 lbs. per sq. ft. O u trig g e r size ............................. M aximum outrigger sp a c in g .. P la n k in g ......................................... G u ard r a i l ...................................... G u a rd r a il u p r i g h t s ................... T o e b o a r d s ..................................... 2 " x l0 " lO '-O " 2"x9" 2"x4" 2"x4" l" x 6 " M EDIUM DUTY SCAFFOLDS M aximum load 50 lbs. per sq. ft. 3"xl0" 6'--0" 2"x9" 2"x4" 2"x4" 2"x9" 37 2. Outrigger scaffolds designed by a licensed professional engineer shall be constructed according to the design. A copy of the detailed drawings and specifications showing the sizes and spacing of members shall be kept on the job for the use of the Commissioner. 22- 14.4 Planking. Planking shall be laid tight and shall extend to within rthigrgeeersin. ches of the building wall. Planking shall be nailed or bolted to out 0$ 23- 14.5 Enclosure. Where there is danger of material falling from the scaffold, a wire mesh or other enclosure shall be provided between the guard rail and the toeboard. 23-14.6 Superstructures. Supports for superstructures placed on out rigger scaffolds shall be placed directly over the outrigger beams and shall be nailed or otherwise secured in place. Such structures shall not exceed six feet in height and shall otherwise conform with this rule, but in no case shall horses be used as supports for such superstructures. 23-15 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS 23-15.1 Inspection before Installation. All load-carrying p arts of every scaffold and the supports shall be inspected before each installation and no part shall be used that does not comply with this rule. 23-15.2 Installation and Use. The installation or change of position of every scaffold shall be in charge of and under the direct supervision of a person designated by the employer. 23-15.3 Fibre Rope Tackle. Fibre ropes shall be of first quality Manila hemp or its equivalent in strength. Blocks shall be of a size to fit the rope. 0* 23-15.4 Hoisting Machines. 1. Hoisting machines used on suspended scaffolds shall be approved. 2. At least four turns of wire rope shall at all times remain on the drum and the end of the rope shall be properly secured to the drum. 23-15.5 Limitation on Use of Fibre Rope. Fibre rope shall not be used for or near any work involving the use of corrosive substances nor shall fibre rope be used as supports exceeding 300 feet in length between blocks nor shall fibre rope be used on hoisting drums. 23-15.6 Tie-ins. Scaffolds shall be tied in to. the building or structure and means therefor shall be provided but window cleaners' anchors shall not be used for that purpose. 23-15.7 Platform Supports. End supports shall be placed not less than six inches nor more than 18 inches from the ends of the platform planks. 23-15.8 Planking. Planking shall be either nailed in place or otherwise secured against displacement. Where planks rest directly upon stirrups with out any intermediate supporting frame they shall be secured together by means of cleats nailed to the underside at intervals not exceeding four feet. Cleats or other equivalent means shall he provided to prevent the ends of the planks from slipping off their supports. 0* 28-16 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TWO-POINT SUSPENSION SCAFFOLDS 23-3 6.1 Width and Fastening. Two-point suspension scaffold platforms shall be not less than 20 inches nor more than 30 inches wide overall. The platform shall be of sufficient width to properly fit the hangers and shall 38 be securely fastened thereto by U-bolts passing around the hangers and bolted up tight, or by other equivalent means. 211-16.2 Hangers. The platforms of two-point suspension scaffolds shall rest on hangers of steel or iron. Each such hanger shall be provided with an eye to receive the tackle hook and a loop or equivalent means to reeeive the guard rail and midrail. 23-16.3 Roof Irons. Roof irons or hooks shall he of mild steel or wrought iron and shall be securely anchored. They shall be provided with tiebaeks o f at least H inch Manila rope so installed that the tension is at right angles to the face of the building. Where the upper bloek hook does not directly engage the roof iron, the connection shall be made by steel wire rope of required strength but not less than 'A inch in diameter. 23-16.4 Railings and Toeboards. A handrail consisting of a 2" i 3" wooden rail or the equivalent placed not less than 34 inches nor more than 42 inches above the platform shall he provided and securely fastened in place a t intervals of not more than ten feet. In addition there shall be provided a midrail between the handrail and platform. A toeboard not less than four inches high shall be provided on the outside edge of every platform. Where the condition of the scaffold is such that a person may fall from the inside edge of the platform, a handrail as above required shall be provided. 23-16.5 Use. Two or more such scaffolds shall not be combined into one by bridging the distance between them. Workmen shall not pass from one such scaffold to another. Not more than two men shall be permitted to work on any such scaffold at one time. 23-16.6 Fibre Rope. All fibre rope shall be at least equivalent in strength to A inch first quality Manila rope. 23-16.7 Types o f Platforms. The platform of every swinging scaffold shall be one of the following types: Type 1. Ladder Type Platforms. 1. The side stringers of the horizontal supporting ladder shall be of clear spruce or other material equivalent in strength and durability. The rung shall be of straight grained oak, ash or hickory not less than 1A inches ii diameter with 7A inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least Vi oi an inch. The stringers shall be tied together with tie rods not less than A inch in diameter passing through the stringers and riveted up tight against washers at both ends. Hangers shall be made fast to platforms at the second rung from either end by means of U-bolts at both ends of bottom of stirrups and passing over the rungs of the platform. (See also Table X) 2. The flooring strips shall be spaced not more than H of an inch apart except at the side rails where the space may be one inch. The ladder type platform shall be constructed in accordance with the schedule listed in Table X, "Schedule for Ladder Type Platforms." Type 2. Plank Type Platforms. Plank type platforms shall be composed of planks of uniform thickness and such planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness and eight inches in width full size undressed. The planks shall extend not less than six inches nor more than 18 inches beyond the supporting hangers and a bar shall be nailed across the platform on the underside at each end to prevent the platform from slipping off the hanger. Where two or more planks are used they shall be fastened together by cleats not less than one inch by six inches nailed on the underside at intervals of not more than four feet. Planks shall not be spliced. The clear span of the platform planks between supports shall not exceed ten feet. 39 } Type 3. Beam Platforms. Beam platforms shall have side stringers of straight grained lumber not less than 2" x 6" set on edge. The stringers shall be supported on the hangers and the clear span between hangers shall not exceed 16 feet. The ends of the stringers shall extend beyond the hangers not less than six inches nor more than 18 inches and shall be bolted to the hangers by U-bolts passing around the hangers and the stringers. The p la t form shall be supported on 2" x 6" cross beams laid flat and let into the upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit at intervals of not more th an four feet and securely nailed in place. The platform shall be formed of material not less than 1" x 6" nailed tight together and extended to the outside face of the stringers. The ends of all platform boards shall rest on the cross beams and shall be nailed securely thereto. T able X-- Schedule fo r Ladder Type P latform s Side Stringers Minimum cross section (finished sizes) () at ends (inches)__ () at middle (inches) Reinforcing strip (minimum Rungs Length of Platform--feet 12 14 & 16 18 & 20 22 & 24 28 & 30 l*Ax2% lM x3k 1Mx3 I%x4 1^x3 WxZ M A ]/i 'x'/i *steel reinforcing strip or its equivalent shall be attached to the underside, full length Rungs shall be IH inches minimum diameter with at least J-g inch diameter tenons, and the maximum spacing shall be 18 incheB center to center Tie rods (a) number (minimum)__ 3 4 4 5 6 (b) diameter. The diameter shall be inch (minimum) F lo o rin g The minimum finished size of flooring shall be Vi'xZ 23-17 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR MULTIPLE-POINT SUSPENSION SCAFFOLDS 23-17.1 Design. 1. Each scaffold including all its supports and fastenings shall he de signed by a licensed professional engineer. A copy of the typical drawings and all specifications signed by the designer shall be kept on the job for use M by the Commissioner. 2. The scaffold shall be designed to bear four times the maximum weight required to be dependent therefrom or placed thereon when in use (Labor Law, Section 240, subdivision 6) but the factor of safety of hoisting rope 40 shall be H o t le s s than 6 for new and replacement installations. The minimum ? , ,-50i> shall be not less than s/ki ineh diameter for light duty and / H. . ^ u ? t e r io r raedium duty scaffolds. Factors such as abrasion and nexure wru c h tend to weaken the rope shall be included in the design. 3. O utrig-g.er beams and platform bearers shall be of structural metal. 4. P la tfo -^ jjj SUpports shall be designed to provide sufficient headroom loi easy p a .s s a g e throughout the length of the scaffold. 5. E f f e c t i v e means shall be provided where necessary to prevent rope supports f r o m slipping off the ends of outrigger beams. 23-17.2 In sta lla tio n . 1. Each s c a f f o l d shall be installed in accordance with the required drawinSS "" d b y persons designated by the owner of the scaffold. Relocation of scaffolds s t r a i l be under the direct supervision of such persons. 2. The o v e r h a n g of outrigger beams shall at no time exceed that specified on the r e q u i r e d drawing. 3. O u tri^ g -er beams shall be properly anchored and braced to provide rigidity a n d to prevent tipping. 4. S u p p o r ti n g points for outrigger beams shall be level, smooth and of sufficient a r e a to provide a firm seat. 5. Wire r o p e connections shall be as specified elsewhere in this rule and at least f o u r turns shall at all times remain on the hoisting drum. 6. The h o i s t i n g rope shall be maintained properly lubricated. 23-17.3 R la tfo rm . The platform shall be at least equivalent in strength to two-ineh. planking, full size undressed. 23-17.4 R a ilin g and Toeboard. A safety railing shall be provided along the outer e e lg e s of the scaffold except that its supports shall be spaced not to exceed t e n feet center to center and the toeboard shall be at least five inches h i g h . The space between the guard rail and the toeboard shall lie filled w i t h J4 ineh mesh No. 18 gauge wire screen or by other equivalent means. 23-17.5 O v e rh e a d Protection. Overhead protection when required shall consist of p l a n k i n g not less than two inches thick or of material of equal strength. I t sh all be laid tight, shall extend the full width of the working platform a n d shall be placed not over ten feet above same. 23-17.6 E la tfo rm . Platform planking shall be at least two inches thick, full size u n dressed. Planking shall be laid tight and shall be fastened in place or e l e a t e d to prevent dislodgment. 23-17.7 D ism antling. Unless the scaffold platform is lowered intact to the ground, o r other safe surface for dismantling, life belts shall be used by om i>loyees performing such operation. 23-18 S P E C I A L PROVISIONS FOR NEEDLE BEAM SCAFFOLDS 23-18.1 U s e . Needle beam scaffolds shall he used only for the support of men d o i n g riveting, plastering, painting and other similar work and shall not be usecl f o r the storage of material. 23-18.2 E la tf o r m Supports. The needle beams, if of wood, shall be not less than 4 " :x 6" in size with the greater dimension vertical and shall be of one length- T h e y 'shall not he spliced and shall be provided with interme diate s u p p o r t s or hangers so that the span shall not exceed ten feet. I f metal beams are r a s e d for needle beam platform supports, they shall he at least equal in s t r e n g t h to 4" x 6" wood beams. 41 23-18.3 Rope. Rope used for the support of needle beams shall be of 1 first grade Manila fibre and not less than one inch in diameter. The rope ! shall be attached to the needle beams by a "square hitch" which shall be \ so tied on rectangular beams as to prevent the needle beam from rolling or otherwise becoming displaced. Mechanical stops such as cleats or pins shall be used to prevent the rope from slipping off the end of the beam. 23-18.4 Platform. 1. Where the span between the needle beams is ten feet or less the plat form planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness full size undressed and shall be increased in thickness as the span is increased. The overhang of each end of the platform planks shall be not less than one foot nor more than 18 inches. 2. Platforms shall be not less than four planks in width or more than six feet wide. 3. When needle beam scaffolds are used with one beam higher than the other or where the planks are not level, the platform shall be secured against slipping. 23-18.5 Containers for Tools. Suitable containers for tools, bolts and similar articles shall be provided and securely attached to the scaffold. f 23-19 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR HORSE SCAFFOLDS 23-19.1 Limitation of Height. Horse scaffolds shall not be constructed with more than two tiers of horses and shall not exceed ten feet in height. 23-19.2 Installation. The footings for horses shall be level and secure against accidental movement in any direction. Where horse scaffolds are superimposed upon other types of scaffolds the horses shall be placed directly over supporting beams. All horse scaffolds shall be secured against tipping. 23-19.3 Construction of Horses. The minimum sizes of members for light duty use shall be 2" x 4" for the back or bearer and 1" x 4" for the legs and horizontal braces. For medium or heavy duty the minimum sizes shall be 3" x 4" for the back or bearer and 1J4" x %" for the legs and hori zontal braces except that for medium duty scaffolds the back or bearer may be VA" x 9". The bearer shall in every case rest on gusset braces at least one inch thick. The span of 2" x 4" bearers shall not exceed four feet and the span of 3" x 4" bearers shall not exceed six feet. Sufficient diagonal and horizontal bracing shall be provided to assure rigidity. 23-19.4 Spacing. Horses used in construction of scaffolds designed for i: lcoeandtserutpotcoe2n5tepr.oWunhdesnpuesresdqiunarsecafoffootldsshadlel sbigensepdacfeodr lnooatdtsouepxctoee5d0tepnoufnedest per square foot the spacing shall not exceed eight feet center to center. When used in scaffolds designed for loads up to 75 pounds per square foot it shall not exceed six feet center to center. 23-20 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR CARPENTER'S PORTABLE BRACKET SCAFFOLDS 23-20.1 Construction of Brackets. Each supporting bracket shall consist of a triangular portable frame made of lumber not less than 2" x 3" in cross section or of metal of equivalent strength. The members shall be properly fitted and securely joined. 23-20.2 Bracket Installation. Eaeh bracket shall be attached to the structure by means of a bolt not less than % inch in diameter which shall 42 t extend through the building wall and shall be secured to develop the required strength. Brackets shall be spaced not to exceed ten feet. 23-20.3 Loading. Not more than two persons shall occupy any carpen %i 1i ter's bracket scaffold at any one time. No load exceeding 75 pounds in addition to the occupants shall be placed thereon. 23-21 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR BRICKLAYER'S SQUARE SCAFFOLDS 23-21J. Limitation of Use. Bricklayer's square scaffolds shall not be I 1 used as heavy duty scaffolds. II 23-21.2 Construction of Squares. 1. The squares shall not be larger than five feet wide and five feet high and the n-iinirrmiTn size of members shall be not less than those specified in the following Table XL Table XI Members Dimensions Bearers or horizontal m em bers............................................. 2"x6" | Legs .......................................................................................... 2"x6" a Braces at corners ............. I"x6" Braces diagonally fromcenter fra m e .................................... I"x8" 2. The squares shall be reinforced on both sides of each comer with 1" x 6" gusset pieces cut in the form of a triangle. The square shall have braces 1" x 8" in size both sides running from the center of each member to the center of the adjacent member or otherwise arranged to secure equivalent rigidity. 23-21.3 Construction of Scaffolding. The squares shall be set not more than five feet apart for medium duty scaffolds nor more than eight feet apart for light duty scaffolds. 1" x 8" bracing extending from the bottom of one square to the top of the next adjacent square shall be provided on both the front and rear sides of the scaffold. 23-21.4 Platform. Platform planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness, full size undressed. The ends of the planks shall overlap on the backs of the squares and each plank shall be supported by not less than, three squares. Planks shall overlap the squares by not less than six nor more than 18 inches. 23-21.5 Multiple Tiers. Bricklayer's square scaffolds shall not be con structed with more than three tiers. When built up in tiers, they shall he so constructed that the squares shall be directly one above the other. The upper tiers shall stand on continuous rows of planks laid across the next lower tier and he nailed down or otherwise secured so as to prevent displacement. The scaffold shall be set up on a level and firm foundation equivalent to that afforded by 2" x 9" planking. 23-22 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LEAN-TO SCAFFOLDS 23-22.1 Limited Use. Lean-to scaffolds shall not be used or erected more than 8 feet high and shall be used for light duty only. an .... ... ............ ni..... 23-22.2 Constraction. The spread between the foot of the legs shall be at least one-half of the height. The minimum sizes of members of scaffold supports shall be as specified in Table XII below: Table XII Horizontal bearer ................................................................. Legs ......................................................................................... Braces between legs ............................................................. Gusset brace at top of le g s .................................................... Half diagonal b ra c e s............................................................ Maximum span of p la n k in g .................................................. Maximum span of p lan k in g .................................................. 2"x6" 2"x4" I"x6" I"x6" I"x6" 10' for 2"x9" 's 6' for 1j4"x9" 's 23-23 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR TRESTLE AND EXTENSION TRESTLE LADDER SCAFFOLDS 23-23.1 Permissible Height. No trestle ladders or combinations of trestle ladders and extensions shall exceed a total height of 20 feet. 23-23.2 Bracing. Where trestle ladders are used as a component part of a scaffold additional bracing shall be provided where necessary to prevent tipping. 23-23.3 Platform. Working platforms between trestles shall be at least 18 inches wide. 23-24 SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR LADDER JACK SCAFFOLDS Only approved ladder jacks shall be used. Ladder jack scaffolds shall be used as light duty scaffolds only and shall not exceed a height of 20 feet above the foot of the ladder. The ladders used shall be designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with, the provisions of this rule pertaining to ladders. The ladders shall be so placed, fastened or held, or shall be so equipped with approved devices as to prevent slipping. Platform planks shall be not less than two inches in thickness and shall overlap the bearing surface by not less than 12 inches. The span between supports shall not exceed eight feet. Not more than two persons shall occupy any ladder jack scaffold at any one time. 23-25 MANUALLY PROPELLED MOBILE SCAFFOLDS 23-25.1 Existing Equipment. Manually propelled mobile scaffolds which were in use prior to November 1, 1959 shall be constructed and used in accordance with the following provisions : 1. Work platforms shall be tightly planked for the full width of the scaffold except for necessary entrance openings. Planks shall be secured in place. 2. Platforms shall have a guard railing. 3. Where a ladder is used to approach a platform, the ladder shall be affixed to the scaffold. 4. Proper handholds shall be provided for safe passage from the ladder to the platform. 5. In free-standing scaffolds the ratio of the platform height to the least base dimension shall assure stability when in use but in no ease shall such height be more than four times the least base dimension. 44 6. Provision shall be made to prevent the scaffold from falling during movement from one location to another. 7. While the scaffold is in use by any person it shall rest upon a stable footing and shall stand plumb. The casters or wheels shall be locked in position. 8. No person shall be suffered or permitted to ride on the scaffold while it is being moved. 23-25.2 New Equipment. Manually propelled mobile scaffolds which were not in use prior to November 1, 3959 shall be approved and, subject to the provisions of the resolution of approval, shall be constructed and used as above provided. 23-26 SPECIAL SCAFFOLDS -- APPROVAL REQUIRED Scaffolds not named or described in this rule shall not be used unless approved. 23-27 WINDOW JACKS All window jacks shall be approved and shall be used only for the purpose of working at the window opening through which the jack is placed. Window jacks shall be constructed and installed to conform with Rule 23-12 and not more than one person shall occupy a window jack at any one time. Win dow jacks shall not be used as the supporting element of scaffolds or other devices and the placing of planks between one window jack and the jack of an adjacent window is prohibited. Window jacks shall be limited to light duty use. 23-28 BOATSWAIN'S CHAIRS 23-28.1 Strength. Boatswain's chairs and their supports shall be capable of sustaining four times the maximum weight that may be placed thereon. 23-28.2 Chair. The chair shall be suspended from its four comers by means of rope slings. I t shall have a seat not less than 24 inches long by ten inches in width and two inches in thickness (or 114 inches if of hard wood). I t shall be reinforced across the full width by cleats securely fastened to each end. 23-28.3 Tackle. The tackle shall consist of rope at least equivalent in strength to H inch rope of first grade Manila through proper size ballbearing or bushed blocks and attached thereto by a thimble and splice. Only safety hooks shall be used. 23-28.4 Anchorage. The object to which the tackle is anchored shall be rigid and of ample strength and, where necessary, the rope shall be protected against chafing. 23-28.5 Seat Guard or Safety Belt. A rope or strap guard across the front and rear and 18 inches above the seat or an approved safety belt attached to the lower tackle hook or other fixed support shall be provided. 23-29 WORK ON STEEP ROOFS 23-29.1 Roofing Brackets. 1. Required TJse. Roofing brackets shall be used on roofs having a slope steeper than 3 in 12 unless the use of crawling boards or safety belts is necessary. 2. Construction. Roofing brackets shall be constructed to fit the pitch of the roof and when in use shall provide a level working platform. 45 r 3. Installation. Roofing brackets shall be secured in place by nailin by pointed metal projections attached to the underside of the bracket and securely driven into the roof or by first grade 34 inch rope passed over the ridge pole and tied. 23-29.2 Crawling Boards. i 1. Construction. Crawling boards shall be not less than ten inches wide i and one inch thick and shall have cleats at least one inch thick by l /Ji inches i wide, spaced at equal intervals across the full width of the board and firmly j nailed. Cleat nails shall be driven through and clinched. Such board shall 3 extend from the ridge pole to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair or maintenance. 1 2. Crawling Board Life Line. A firmly fastened life line of at least 34 j inch rope shall be strung beside each crawling board. 3. Installation. Crawling boards shall be secured to the roof by ridg hooks or equally effective means. 23-29.3 High Roofs. 1 1. New Roofs. Where sheathing or surfacing work is being performed in building new roofs which (a) have a slope greater than 3 in 12, (b) have i no parapet, and (c) are higher than 20 feet attheeaves, asubstantial | scaffold shall be installed below the workingarea and notmore than two I feet below the eaves. The scaffold shall be of sufficient width to extend 1 outward at least two feet beyond the projection of the eaves and shall be I provided with a safety railing. In addition, there shall be provided protection | against sliding, consisting of roofing brackets or crawling boards. This provision shall not apply where every employee engaged in work upon such | roofs is protected by a safety belt. j 2. Repair or Maintenance. Where repair or maintenance work is being | performed on such roofs, there shall be provided protection against sliding I consisting of roofing brackets or crawling boards. This provision shall not I apply where every employee engaged in work upon such roofs is protected I by a safety belt. I f 23-30 SAFETY BELTS j 23-30.1 Approval Required. Safety belts and all special devices for the j attachment of life lines shall be approved. | 23-30.2 Attachment Required. Every safety belt provided or furnished | to an employee for his personal protection shall be used by the employee j in the performance of his work, and at all times during use shall be attached to a life line which is securely attached to a sufficient anchorage and is no longer than is required to permit the employee to perform his work. The life line shall in all cases be so arranged that if the user should fall the line will suspend from a point not lower than the level of the working ; position. j 23-30.3 Specifications for Life Lines. The life line attached to a safety j belt shall be at least the equivalent in strength and durability of $4" first grade Manila hemp rope. 23-30.4 Instruction in Use. Every employee who is provided with a safety belt shall be instructed in the proper method of wearing and using it, and in the proper method of attaching the life line. 1 23-30.5 Protection of Life Lines. Padding, wrapping or similar means I shall be provided to protect every life line from contact with edges or objects j which may cut or severely abrade it. 23-30.6 Inspection -- Defective Belts or Lines. Every safety belt and every life line shall be inspected by a designated person before each use by an employee. No employer shall suffer or permit an employee to use a safety belt or life line 'which shows any indication of mildew or broken fabric or fibre, or which has sustained any wear, damage or deterioration materially affecting its strength, and no such belt or line shall be kept on the job. 23-31 LITE NETS 23-31.1 Materials and Construction. Every life net shall be made of first quality material throughout. The net shall be made of fibre cordage, wire or woven fabric and shall have a mesh not exceeding four inches. The perimeter of each net shall be reinforced with cloth-covered wire rope or with manila rope, and shall be equipped with proper size, padded thimbles, sockets or equivalent means of attachment to supports and anchorages. 23-31.2 Size, Strength, Location and Attachment. Every life net or combination of life nets shall be of sufficient size and strength to catch any employee for whose protection it is used, and it shall be located so as to cover the area of possible fall. I t shall be attached to sufficient anchorages or supports outside of and beyond the area of possible fall, and it shall he supported at a height sufficient to prevent sagging to any surface or object beneath when cushioning the fall of an employee. 23-31.3 Maintenance. Every life net in use shall be thoroughly dried before storage and shall be stored in a dry location. I t shall he protected against damage from mechanical injury, acid or other corrosive substances. 23-31.4 Inspection -- Defective Nets. Each life net shall be inspected by a designated person before each installation. No life net which shows mildew, wear, damage or deterioration materially affecting the strength of any portion shall he installed. 23-32 SAFEGUARDS AGAINST FALLING IN BBIDGE CONSTRUCTION Where men are employed at an elevation of more than 50 feet above land or water and a falling hazard exists safety belts or life nets shall be used or scaffolds or platforms shall be provided under the work locations except where the work of placing structural members or assemblies interferes with the use of such safeguards. 23-33 STAIRWAYS 23-33.1 Construction. 1. There shall be installed at least one stairway to within four floors of the uppermost working floor in the construction of reinforced concrete structures and to within two floors of the uppermost working floor in the construction of other structures. The stairway shall be continued up as the work progresses. 2. Temporary stairways shall have treads of not less than 2" x 10" plank, shall be not less than three feet in width and shall be substantially con structed and rigidly braced. Stairways more than five feet in width shall he provided with an intermediate stringer. Stairways with steel treads and landings which are to be afterward filled in with concrete or other tread surfacing, shall be provided with temporary wooden treads carefully fitted in place and extending to the edge of the metal nosing and over the full width of the treads and landings. 47 3. Skeleton iron stairs shall have wooden treads of not less than 2" x 10" planking. 4. No flight of temporary stairs shall have an unbroken vertical rise of more than 12 feet. 23-33.2 Protective Bailings. The stairwells of temporary wooden stair ways and permanent stairways on which the enclosure or guard rail has not been erected shall be provided on all open sides with a safety railing. Open sides of stairways and landings shall be provided with handrails not less than 30 inches nor more than 40 inehes high, measured vertically from the nose of the tread to the top of the rail. 23-34 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS TOR, LADDERS AND LADDERWAY S 23-34.1 Special Ladders -- Approval Required. Ladders not named or described herein shall not be used unless approved. 23-34.2 Strength. Ladders shall be capable of sustaining without failure in any part at least four times the maximum load allowed to be placed thereon. 23-34.3 Materials of Construction. Wood used in the construction of ladders shall be thoroughly seasoned, sound, clear and straight-grained and the slope of the cross grain shall not exceed 1 in 15 at any point for rungs, steps or cleats, and shall not exceed 1 in 12 for rails. 23-34.4 Maintenance and Replacement. Ladders shall be maintained in good condition. No ladder shall be used which has a broken member or part, or any insecure joint between members or parts or any flaw or defect of material that may canse failure, or any wooden rung or step that is worn down to three-quarters or less of its original thickness. 23-34.5 Installation. Ladders xised as a regular means of access between levels shall be nailed or otherwise securely fastened in place. They shall extend at least 42 inches above the upper landing or hand holds shall be provided at the upper levels to afford safe means of entering upon the ladder. Ladder footings shall be firm. Insecure footing such as bricks, boxes, etc. shall not be used. Unless otherwise fastened in place a leaning ladder more than 15 feet in length shall, while work is being performed therefrom, be held in place by a person stationed at the foot thereof. 23-34.6 Ladderways. In continuous vertical runs of ladders, rest plat forms shall be provided at intervals not greater than 35 feet unless ladders are equipped with safety back rests or equivalent. Where ladders are used in series and the danger of falling material exists they shall be staggered or so located as to provide overhead protection for the ladder beneath. 23-34.7 Ladder Rungs -- Wood. 1. Round rungs shall be not less than 1A inches in diameter and oval rungs shall be of equal strength. They shall not have less than 1A inch diameter tenons. All tenons shall fit with a tight fit into holes which shall either extend through the side rails or be bored so as to give at least a inch length of bearing to the tenon. In through-boxed construction, the rungs shall be flush with the outside rail surface. All holes shall he located on the center line of the wide face of the side rails. The shoulders of the rung shall be forced firmly against the side rails and the tenons secured in place with a nail or the equivalent thereof to prevent turning. 2. Rung spacing shall be uniform and shall not exceed 14 inches center to center. 48 23-34.8 Splicing. Ladders shall not be spliced to increase their length except that extension pieces may be spliced to the upper end for hand holds. 23-34.9 Metal Ladders; Limited Use. Ladders made with metal side rails shall not be used in any place where they may come into contact with energized electric power lines. 23-35 SINGLE LADDERS 23-35.1 Length. Rung type ladders consisting of a single section shall not exceed 30 feet in length. 23-35.2 Construction of Cleat Ladders. The minimum size of cleats shall be Vs," x 3". The minimum size of side rails shall be 1H" x 3$4" for ladders up to and including 19 feet long and lJi" x 554" for ladders over 19 feet long. Cleats shall be let into side rails 54 inch with a snug fit or they shall be braced by filler blocks between cleats. Lumber used in the construction of cleat ladders shall be in accordance with Rule 23-34.3. 23-36 EXTENSION LADDERS AND SECTIONAL LADDERS 23-36.1 Length. Extension ladders shall consist of not more than two sections and shall not exceed 55 feet in length when fully extended. 23-36.2 Adjustment. The adjustment guides shall be so attached to the rails as to prevent the upper section from tipping or falling out while in use or during adjustment. The upper section shall be locked in place by two automatic locks. 23-36.3 Sectional Ladders. No sectional ladder shall be used which has a fully assembled length greater than 30 feet, unless approved. 23-37 STEPLADDERS 23-37.1 Length. Stepladders exceeding 14 feet in length of side rails shall not be used. 23-37.2 Bracing. Such bracing as may be neeessary for stiffness shall be provided. 23-38 STRUCTURAL RUNWAYS, RAMPS AND PLATFORMS 23-38.1 Application. This article does not apply to earth ramps. 23-38.2 Runways and Ramps. 1. All runways and ramps shall be substantially constructed and securely braced and supported. Runways and ramps for the use of motor track or heavier vehicles shall have a width of not less than 12 feet and shall be provided with timber curbs not less than 8" x 8" placed parallel to, and secured to, the sides of the runway or ramp. The flooring shall be of not less than three inch planking, full size undressed. 2. Runways and ramps for the use of workmen shall be not less than 18 inches in width and shall be constructed of not less than two inch full size undressed planking, substantially supported and braced to prevent excessive spring or deflecting. Planking shall be laid close and shall be butt jointed and securely nailed. 3. Horizontal runways for the use of workmen and located more than 10 feet above the floor or ground shall be provided on the open sides with a safety railing. Runways used for wheelbarrows, handcarts or hand tracks shall be not less than 36 inches in width. 49 4. Ramps shall have a slope not exceeding 1 m 4 and the total rise of a continuous ramp used by men carrying material or using wheelbarrows shall not exceed 12 feet, unless broken by horizontal landings at least four feet in length. I f the slope is steeper than 1 in 8, the ramp shall be provided with cleats spaced not more than 14 inches apart and securely fastened to the planking to afford a foothold. Spaces in the cleats may be provided for the passage of the wheels of vehicles. 5. Ramps which are located at or extend to a height of more than four feet above the adjacent ground or floor level, shall be provided with a safety railing on their open sides. 23-38.3 Platforms. 1. Platforms used as working areas, or for the unloading of wheelbarrows, hand trucks or carts, shall have a floor of not less than two inch planking. Platforms used for motor trucks shall have a floor of not less than three inch planking. 2. Except as provided in Rule 23-12.10 every platform more than ten feet above the ground or above a floor shall be provided with a safety railing except that the sides of a platform used for the loading or unloading of vehicles may be protected only by a timber curb not less than 8" x 8" for motor trucks or heavier vehicles or 4" x 4" for wheelbarrows and hand trucks. 23-39 CATCH PLATFORMS AND SIDEWALK SHEDS 23-39.1 Use. Catch platforms shall not be used for storage of material or as working platforms or walkways. 23-39.2 Platform Construction. Catch platform shall be at least five feet wide and shall be inclined so that the outer edge is six inches higher than the inner edge. I f the supports consist of outriggers they shall be at least 2" x 10" in size, set on edge and spaced not more than ten feet apart. Plank ing shall he at least two inches thick; each plank shall lap its end supports at least 12 inches; planks shall be laid close together and shall be nailed down. 23-39.3 Platform Enclosures. Except as otherwise herein permitted, the open sides of catch platform shall be provided with a fence of tight planking or of Vz inch mesh No. 18 gauge wire screen. The enclosure shall be at least 48 inches high from the platform to the upper edge with no opening between screen and platform. Supports for the enclosure shall be at least 2" x 6" in cross section and shall be spaced not more than ten feet center to center. 23-39.4 Sidewalk Sheds. 1. The deck of every sidewalk shed shall be constructed to sustain a live load of at least 150 pounds per square foot, and if material is to be stored thereon it shall be constructed to sustain a load of not less than 300 pounds per square foot. The sidewalk shed shall be so erected as to provide a clear ceiling height of not less than eight feet above the walkway surface. 2. The outside edge and the ends of the deck of every sidewalk shed shall be provided with a substantial enclosure at least 42 inches in height, con sisting of boards laid close, or of screen formed of not less than No. 16 gauge steel wire with 1Vz inch mesh, or of corrugated metal or plywood. 3. The deck of the sidewalk shed shall be water-tight and of plank not less than two inches thiek. Unless such deck is built solidly against the face of the structure in such a manner that no material can faU on the sidewalk, 60 the side of the shed toward the structure shall be solidly fenced for the full height of the sidewalk shed. Solid sliding or swinging gates may be provided for the movement of men and materials. 4. Steel or other materials of equivalent strength and suitability may he used in lieu of wood in the construction of sidewalk sheds. 5. Sidewalk sheds shall be provided with sufficient light to insure safe movement of traffic through them. 23-40 CHUTES 23-40.1 Enclosure. Wooden or metal chutes provided for the removal of materials and which are at an angle of more than 45 degrees with the horizontal, shall be entirely enclosed on all sides, except openings used for the receiving or discharging of material. Such openings shall not exceed 48 inches in height, measured along the wall of the chute, and all openings, except the top opening, shall be closed when not in use. Chutes at an angle of 45 degrees or less with the horizontal may be open on the upper side. 23-40.2 Construction. Every chute more than 24 inehes in maximum in side dimension shall be constructed of not less than two inch planking or of not less than %e inch sheet metal. It shall have a metal bottom where the material strikes the chute and shall be rigidly supported throughout its height. A strong gate shall be constructed at the lower end of every loading chute to control the loading of material into trucks and to close the ehute at all other times. Splash-boards or baffles shall be erected to prevent mate rials from rebounding into the street or under the sidewalk shed. 23-40.3 Protection a t Openings. A bumper or curb not less than 4" x 4" in section shall be provided at each chute opening where such opening is level with or below the floor or platform. Every space between the chute and the edge of the opening in the floor or platform shall be solidly planked. 23-40.4 Danger Signs. Danger signs shall be placed in a conspicuous position at the discharge end of every ehute to warn the workmen and public. 23-41 COMBUSTION DEVICES USED FOE TEMPOBABY HEATING 23-41.1 Boom Ventilation. Where workmen are required to work in a room or space which is heated by combustion devices which may emit carbon monoxide into the room or space to an extent tending to injure health, ventilation shall be provided to prevent the accumulation of danger ous concentrations. 23-41.2 Setting. Combustion devices shall be insulated from any com bustible flooring upon which they rest. Eor salamanders the insulation shall extend at least two feet beyond all sides. 23-41.3 Location. Combustion devices shall be located at least three feet horizontally from any combustible construction unless effective insula tion is interposed. The overhead clearance shall be at least five feet. 23-41.4 Tarpaulins. No tarpaulin or canvas covering shall be located less than ten feet from a combustion heating device. Tarpaulins or canvas shall be securely fastened to prevent contact with such a device. 23-41.5 Bottled Gas. Bottled combustible gas shall not be used as a temporary heating medium unless it contains an agent to give it a distinctive and easily detectable odor and sufficient ventilation to assure proper com bustion is maintained. Booms or areas in which gas is used shall have a readily legible warning sign affixed at the entrance. Such sign shall bear the words "DANGER -- FLAMMABLE GAS." All connections shall be made by means of rigid metal pipe or flexible hose approved for the purpose and shall have metal screw connectors which shall be maintained tight. Con tainers shall be secured against accidental upsetting or displacement and when not in use shall be stored outside the building. 23-42 MATERIAL HANDLING AND HOISTING M A CH IN ER Y GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 23-42.1 Maintenance and Operation. 1. All material handling and hoisting equipment shall at all times be maintained in good repair and in proper operating condition and sufficient inspections for such maintenance shall be made. All defects shall be imme diately corrected upon discovery of same either by necessary repairs or by replacement. All such equipment shall be operated in a safe manner. 2. Operators of such equipment shall remain a t the controls while the load is suspended. 23-42.2 Loading. Material handling equipment shall not be loaded in excess of the live load for which it was designed as specified by the manu facturer. Where there is any hazard to persons all loads shall be properly trimmed to prevent the dislodginent of any part during transit. Suspended loads shall be securely slung and properly balanced before they are set in motion. 23-42.3 Operators and Signalmen. Only trained, designated operators shall operate hoisting or material handling machinery. Operators and signal men shall be able to comprehend signals readily and to execute them properly. 23-42.4 Signals for Hoisting Engine Operation. 1. Hoisting e n g in e s shall be operated in response to manual signals, tele phone communications or according to a visible or audible signal code. Any of these may be used separately or in combination. 2. Manual signals may be used only where the signalman has a clear and unobstructed view of the hoisting operation and the hoist operator has a clear and unobstructed view of the signalman and is not more than 80 feet below the signalman. 3. A copy of the signal code shall be posted in a conspicuous place adja cent to the hoisting controls. All wires, cords or other devices used in con nection with signal systems shall be protected against unauthorized or unin tentional use, breakage or interference. 4. The following signals may be used for platform, bucket' and similar hoists: 1 bell (or light)--to stop 2 bells (or light)--to raise 3 bells (or light)--to lower 4 bells (or light)--to lower slowly 23-42.5 Protection of Operator. 1. Where an overhead hazard exists, the operator of material handling machinery other than a hoisting engine shall be provided with overhead protection against such hazard. 2. Where an overhead hazard exists, the operator of a hoisting engine shall be provided with overhead protection equivalent to tight planking not less than 2 inches thick, supported to develop its full strength. 3. The area occupied by the hoisting engine and its operator shall be protected from the elements and shall be heated in cold weather. 52 , 3 3 --42.6 Protection of Moving Parts. Gears, belts, sprockets, drums, ? ? s .v e s , and points of contact between moving parts of power driven ma r b l e s when not guarded by location shall be covered with substantial S h a r d s or railed off. 2 3 --42.7 Refueling. Open lights, flames or spark producing devices shall k e p t at a safe distance while refueling internal combustion engines and 110 p e r s o n shall smoke or carry lighted smoking material in the immediate s te a - The engine shall be stopped during refueling. 2 3 --42.8 Engine Exhaust. Steam or exhaust gases from engines shall be c h a r g e d into the outer air at a point when ! they will not contaminate tuft i J I v in n nTnnlrin nAna 2 3 --42.9 Machinery at Rest. Material handling machines shall not be le f t -with the load or blade suspended. The load shall be brought to rest on b l o c k s or shall be lowered to the ground or to the extreme lower end of 1 travel. 2 3 -4 2 .1 0 Tag Line. Loads which have a tendency to swing or turn f r e e l y during hoisting shall be controlled by a tag line. 2 3 --42.11 Riding. Riding on the loads, buckets, slings or hooks or hoistin f, m aterial-handling or excavating machinery is prohibited. 2 3 --42.12 Hoist Brakes. Where hoist brakes are provided they shall be c a p a b l e of stopping and holding 150 per cent of the rated hoisting capacity. I n a d d itio n , a ratchet and pawl shall be provided on the drum to hold the l o a d . E ach electric motor driven hoist shall be provided with a mechanical a u t o m a t i c motor brake or an electrical or mechanical device to hold the load a u to m a tic a lly in ease of power failure. 23--42.13 Electrically Driven Machines. All electrically driven material h a n d l i n g machinery shall be serviced and maintained by or under the direct s u p e r v is io n of a designated person. 23--42.14 Repairs and Lubrication. No repairing, cleaning and lubricat in g o f machinery shall be done unless the machinery is at rest. 23--42.15 Anchorage for Hoisting Machines. Hoisting machines shall be s o c o n s tru c te d and so secured in position as to prevent tipping or dislodgm ent. 23--42.16 Hoppers and Chutes. Every chute and hopper shall he bar r i c a d e d where necessary to prevent persons from being struck by material or f r o m fa llin g into the chute or hopper. 2 3 - 4 3 RIGGING, ROPE, CHAINS FOR MATERIAL HOISTING 23--4 3 .1 Hoisting Rope--Material. Only wire rope shall be used with p o w e s r driven hoisting machinery, except winchheads or capstan hoists. 23--43 .2 Fibre Rope. 1. IF ibre rope shall he of first quality Manila hemp. Means to prevent t - l i a f i n g shall be provided where necessary. Proper size blocks to accommo d a t e t h e rope shall be used. Fibre rope shall be protected where acid or any o t h e r H arm ful or corrosive agent is used. Rope shall be stored dry and in a <Iry p la c e . 2. Irtope that is unsound in any way or that shows the effects of severe w e a r o r abrasion shall not he used. Frozen rope shall be thawed before being used. 53 23-43.3 Wire Bope. ; 1. Wire rope shall be so handled and stored as to prevent kinks and shall he maintained lubricated to prevent corrosion. No rope that is kinked shall be used for the purpose of raising or lowering men or materials, nor (1) when l more than ten per cent of the total wires are broken in any lay, a rope lay i being that distance measured along the rope in which one strand makes a { complete revolution around the rope axis, nor (2) when the wires on the } crown of the strands are worn down to less than 60 per cent of their original l cross-sectional area, nor (3) when by visual inspection, the rope shows * marked signs of corrosion, nor (4) when any combination of broken wires I and abrasion have reduced the original strength of the rope to 80 per cent f or less. The end shall be securely attached to the hoist drum and at least 1 four turns shall remain on the drum at all times. * 2. Wire rope fastenings shall consist of zinc-filled sockets, wedge sockets f with at least one rope clip above the socket, eye splices with pear-shaped I thimbles to fit the rope, proper size thimbles with rope clips or other fas- | tenings approved by the Board. ! 3. Where clips are used as rope fastenings, they shall conform with the | following: | At least two clips for rope to and including inch diameter. At least | three clips for rope to and including H inch diameter. A t least four clips I for rope to and including one inch diameter. At least five clips for rope j to and ineluding 1% ineh diameter. At least six clips for rope to and in- ;j eluding three ineh diameter. { 4. Clip spacing shall be at least six times the diameter of the rope. The ; U-bolt of clips shall be plaeed over the short end of the rope. '-l' 5. Means shall be provided to prevent accidental contact with or injury to hoisting rope. Such means shall consist of substantial covering, fencing ij or location beyond reach. || 23-43.4 Sheaves. Load-bearing sheaves for wire rope shall be of proper diameter and grooving to accommodate the rope but in no case shall the | diameter be less than 20 times that of the rope. Sheaves and rope shall be maintained properly lubricated. Sheaves and blocks that are so badly worn, ! injured or otherwise defective as to causefailure ofequipment or injury to jjj the rope shall not be used. Sheaves intended for usewith fibre ropeshallnot be used with wire rope. !j 23-43.5 Fittings. All hooks, shackles and other fittings subject to ten- | sion or shear shall be drop-forged. No deformed hooks, shackles, chains or ;i other fittings shall be used. 23-43.6 Use of Chains. | 1. Chains shall not be used as slings in hoisting operations. | 2. Chains shall not be knotted nor shall they be shortened or spliced by the use of nails or bolts. | 3. Defective chains shall not be used. 23-43.7 Heat Treating of Chains. Annealing or normalizing of chains shall be done by the manufacturer or his agent. 23-44 M AT E R IA L PLATFORM OR BUCKET HOISTS 23-44.1 Construction of Hoist Towers. 1. Material hoist towers shall be constructed of strong sound timber, structural steel, steel pipe, wrought iron or other structural metal. They shall be supported by a firm foundation of such dimensions as to adequately distribute the load and so as not to exceed the safe bearing capacity of the ground upon -which they stand. Hoist towers shall be plumb, and shall be securely braced to insure stability and rigidity. All timber hoist towers more than 70 feet high and four-pole timber hoist towers more than 50 feet in height shall have bolted connections throughout. Towers shall be anchored to the building at intervals of not more than 25 feet or shall be properly guyed by means of wire rope not less than lA inch in diameter securely fas tened to adequate anchorages. Hoist towers shall be erected and dismantled only under the direct supervision of designated persons.. Hoist towers shall be_erected only to a height necessary for immediate needs and extended in height only when construction work has progressed sufficiently to provide for the anchorage and bracing heretofore required. 2. There shall be at least four feet of clearance between the cat head sheave and the hoisting rope fastening on the car or bucket when the con veyance is at the uppermost terminal or landing. 23-44.2 Enclosure of Hoists. Exterior hoist towers shall be enclosed on all sides except entrance openings. Interior hoistways shall be enclosed at all floors to a height of at least eight feet except at entrance openings. En closures shall be by means of wire mesh or slatted partition adequately sup ported, braced and secured so as to provide a substantial enclosure. Wire mesh shall not be less than No. 18 gauge with openings not exceeding J4 inch. Wood slats shall be not less than Va inch in thickness installed horizontally and spaced not more than two inches apart. 23-44.3 Entrances to Hoistways. 1. All entrances to hoistways shall be protected by substantial gates or bars which, when closed, shall guard the full width of the landing entrance. 2. Gates, when used, shall be not less than 66 inches in height and located not more than four inches from the hoistway line and may have an under clearance of not more than two inches. Gates of grille, lattice or other open work shall have openings of not more than two inches. 3. "Where bars are used, they shall be not less than 2" x 4" wooden hinged bars or equivalent, located two feet from the hoistway line. Hinged bars shall be located not less than 36 inches nor more than 42 inches above the floor. 4. When hinged bars are installed on interior hoistways, the hoistway enclosure shall be extended to two feet beyond the hoistway line. Every hoistway gate or bar shall be kept closed except when the entrance is in use. 23-44.4 Hoist Cars. 1. The platform of hoist cars shall be enclosed from floor to crosshead with a solid enclosure on all sides not being used for loading and unloading. At the cross-head a solid protective covering of two inch planks or other material affording substantially equivalent protection, shall be provided to protect workmen from falling material. 2. Enclosures of not less than No. 9 gauge expanded metal with VA inch mesh securely fastened in place and equipped with four-inch toeboards may be substituted for solid enclosures. 3. Blocks and cleats shall be securely fastened to the floors of hoist cars to prevent accidental rolling of wheelbarrows or the shifting of other equipment. 23-44.5 Guide Bails. The guide rails of hoists shall be of steel or sound, hard wood securely fastened at intervals so as not to deflect more than Va inch under normal operation. 55 23-44.6 Operation of Hoist. Hoists shall be operated only by designated persons. The operation of every hoist shall be controlled by an electrically or mechanically operated bell system with an experienced signalman at both loading and unloading points. Manual signals may be used where the engineman or operator is in a position to see the signalman, but where men are loading or unloading at more than one level or where the signalman cannot be readily seen, the electrically or mechanically operated bell system shall be provided and used. Such bell signals shall he as provided in Rule 23-42.4 "Signals". Inter-communication or telephone systems shall be pro vided in addition to manually operated electrical or mechanical bell signal systems where necessary for safe operation of the hoist. Weatherproof elec trical connections and fittings shall be used for electrically operated signal or communication systems on hoist towers that are exposed to the weather. 23-44.7 Thoroughfare. There shall be no thoroughfare through any hoistway. There shall be no thoroughfare under any hoistway except when the hoisting unit has been made inoperative by disconnecting the suspension rope. 23-44.8 Protection of Hoist Operators. Where the operator of hoisting machinery is exposed to dust or other airborne material in such quantities as to interfere with the safe operation of the hoist, the operator shall be provided with proper goggles for the purpose or a wooden or canvas screen shall be erected to minimize the exposure. 23-44.9 Loading and Hoping of Platform Hoists. The maximum safe capacity of each platform hoist shall be determined by using a factor of safety of eight and shall be conspicuously posted on the erosshead or side members and so maintained. In no case shall the load on any hoist be such as to cause the platform to drop more than two inches below the loading level or rise more than two inches above the floor level when unloading. 23-44.10 Warning Device. All hoistway entrance barriers and gates shall be painted to provide the distinctive warning device of diagonal black and yellow stripes. 23-44.11 Riding. Riding on a material platform hoist is prohibited and a sign to that effect shall be conspicuously posted on both sides of the cross head or the side members. 23-45 WORKMRN'S ELEVATORS 23-45.1 Elevators under Industrial Code Rule No. 8. Workmen's ele vators within a building, which are to be converted to permanent use after completion of the job, shall be constructed and equipped as required in Rule No. 8 of the Industrial Code except that hoistway enclosure, hoistway doors, car enclosure, door and gate locking devices, initial inspection and lubrica tion, and tests shall conform with the requirements of this article. 23-45.2 Approval Required. Elevators other than those set forth in 23-45.1 above shall be approved. 23-45.3 Maintenance and Use. Elevators shall be maintained in proper and safe operating condition. They shall be periodically inspected and lubricated as may be necessary for such maintenance. Necessary repairs or replacement of parts shall be promptly made. No elevator shall be loaded in excess of the load for which it is designed. 23-45.4 Hoistway Enclosure. 1. Every hoistway shall be enclosed on all sides to a height of at least 10 feet above the lowest landing level and on the sides facing car entrances or the building or structure, throughout its height except entrance openings. |: 56 I 2. The hoistway enclosure shall be made of expanded metal of at least No. 16 U.S. gauge or other incombustible material equivalent in strength and rigidity when properly installed. Openwork metal enclosures shall reject a iy i inch diameter ball. The enclosure shall be so installed and reinforced that a horizontal pressure of 100 lbs. against any point will not cause a de flection greater than one inch nor reduce the running clearance below the required minimum. 23-15.5 Hoistway Doors. 1. Every entrance opening in the hoistway enclosure shall be provided with a solid door which shall extend across the full width of the opening and which shall be provided with a vision panel securely covered with wire mesh. I t shall be provided with a lock or latch which shall be openable from the hoistway side only and inaccessible from the landing side. Such door shall be at least 78 inches high and shall have an under-elearance of not more than 54 inch. Exception: The door at the lowest landing shall be provided with means accessible only to designated persons to unloek it from the landing side. 2. In normal service every hoistway door shall be latched or locked shut except when in use for passage to or from the car and no person except the car attendant shall open such door. 3. Doors shall be securely reinforced and hung to provide adequate durability. 23-45.6 Car Construction. All sides except landing sides shall be pro vided with substantial and tight enclosures at least 6' high. The top of the car shall be covered with tight material equivalent in strength to 2" plank ing and shall have an opening with a hinged hatch-cover not less than 18" in its smallest dimension and not less than 400 square inches in area. 23-45.7 Car Door or Gate. Each landing side of the ear shall be pro vided with a door or gate at least 6' high and of construction equivalent in strength to that of the ear enclosure. Every opening in the door or gate shall be of such size and shape as to reject a 3" ball at any point. The ear shall be equipped with an approved electrical contact so arranged that the car cannot be operated unless each door or gate is shut. 23-45.8 "Wiring. Wiring and other electrical equipment shall be of proper quality and properly installed. Installations in accordance with the National Electrical Code may be presumed to comply herewith. Hoistway wiring may consist of heavy duty rubber-covered traveling cable. All wiring and other electrical equipment which may be exposed to the weather shall be weatherproof. 23-45.9 Lighting. Inside the car and at each landing, means for artificial lighting shall be provided. The inside of the car, all landings and the space occupied by hoisting machines shall at all times be properly lighted. 23-45.10 Thoroughfare. There shall be no thoroughfare through or under any hoistway. 23-45.11 Enclosure of Hoisting Equipment. The top of the hoistway shall'have a weathertight enclosure. The spaee occupied by the hoisting machine shall be similarly enclosed and where the operator is stationed at the hoisting machine the enclosure shall be heated in cold weather. 23-45.12 Car Attendant. No car shall be operated in service unless it is in the charge of a designated person stationed in the ear as its attendant. 57 No person other than the car attendant shall cause the c a r to move or open any ear or hoistway door or gate. The attendant shall not cause the car to move unless he is satisfied that the load is prepared for movement. No person under 18 years of age shall be designated as an a tte n d a n t. 23-45.13 Initial Inspection and Lubrication. Before each in stallatio n of a workmen's elevator it shall be thoroughly inspected and su b je c te d to trial runs by a designated person experienced in the installation o f such equip ment. The inspection shall include but not be limited to an ex am in atio n of the entire length of each guide rope and hoisting rope, all rope connections, sheaves and their supports, and trial of the governor, the lin k a g e of the car safeties and the limit stops. Initial lubrication of running p a r t s and all linkage shall be done during such inspection and under the d ir e c t super vision of the designated person. 23-45.14 Tests. After erection and before use, every e le v a to r shall be tested. The test shall be made by a designated person and shall b o performed as follows: 1. The car shall be loaded to maximum carrying capacity a n d ru n a t least twice to both limits of travel to test the action of the speed g overnor, the operation of the upper automatic limit devices and the o p e ra tio n of tho hoisting machine brake at various levels of the hoistway. 2. W ith such load in place, the car safeties shall he made to a c tu a te with the ear traveling downward at a speed slightly greater than t h a t for which the elevator is designed. 3. Such test shall be repeated at least once every month w hile th o elevator is in use on the job. 4. A complete written report of every test including the d a t e , the test loads and speeds involved and the test results shall be kept o n tho job for use by the Commissioner. The report shall be signed by the p e r s o n making the test. 23-46 CRANES AND DERRICKS -- GENERAL 23-46J. Strength. Derricks and cranes shall be so co n stru cted , placed and operated as to be stable. No part of any such machine sh a ll bo stressed beyond the maximum working strength or capacity determ ined fo r it by the manufacturer or builder of the machine. 23-46.2 Inspection. Every derrick or crane, including a l l blocks, shackles, sheaves and the various devices on the mast and b o o m shall bo thoroughly inspected by the owner of such equipment or a p erso n designated by him before erection in the case of derricks and fixed cranes, an d at not less than three-month intervals in the ease of mobile cranes. A written, dated and signed record of the most recent inspection of each, crane and derrick, shall be made on a form provided by the Commissioner- and shall be kept on the job for his use. 23-46.3 Bracing of Foot-Blocks. The foot-block of d e rric k s shall bo securely supported and firmly anchored against movement in a n y direction. Substantial shores shall he placed against such foot-blocks to t a k e tho pull of the hoisting engine. _23-46.4 Derrick Footings. Derricks shall be supported on a f ir m founda tion. On soft soil the foot-bloeks shall be placed on substantial tim bers of sufficient length to distribute the load so as not to exceed the s a f e bearing capacity of the soil. Where a derrick is used ou the floors of a building, timbers or steel beams shall be placed under the foot-blocks so th at the load is transmitted to the structural frame of the building. 23-46.5 Guys. 1. The top of a guy derrick mast more than 25 feet in height shall be steadied by not less than six wire rope guys so spaced as to make the angles between adjacent guys approximately equal. 2. Wire rope guys shall be secured by either weldless steel sockets, thimble and splice connection, thimbles with proper size and number of rope clips, or cast steel guy plates having grooved bearing surfaces of the same shape and size as the wire rope thimbles, using a spliced or wire rope clip attach ment. 3. Guys shall be attached to strong permanent construction or to substan tial "dead men" securely anchored in the ground. 23-46.6 Construction. 1. The boom and mast of every derrick or crane shall be of suitable steel, or of selected wood of proper strength and durability. Cast iron shall not be used for members or parts subject to tension or torsion. 2. On derricks which have a boom longer than the mast, the gudgeon pin, mast top and gooseneck shall be securely fastened to the top of the mast to prevent the pulling out of these parts when the boom is raised. 23-46.7 Grounding. Every crane and derrick shall be provided with a permanent clamp or other means for easy and effective attaching of a grounding conductor. No such machine shall be operated in any place where any part of the machine or of its load in any position of boom or swing may contact a power line unless the line has been disconnected from its source of electricity or the machine has been effectively grounded. 23-46.8 Zmad Hooks. Where the load may be suspended at two or more points, the load hook shall be a safety hook or a shackle. 23-46.9 Clamshell Buckets. When changing the use of a crane from use with a clamshell bucket to any other use, both the hoisting line and the closing line shall he detached from the clamshell bucket. The clamshell shall rest on its side when not in use. 23-46.10 Operation. Every derrick or crane shall be operated by a designated person skilled in handling the particular type of apparatus. This does not apply to instructional operation by a student operator under direct supervision of a skilled operator. 23-46.11 Breast Derricks. Breast derricks shall be guyed from both the front and the rear of the derricks. Where a front guy is not possible because of the use to which the derrick is put, provision shall he made to prevent the derrick from tipping over backward. Breast derricks which are operated by hand power, shall have handgrips securely and positively fastened to the shaft and a ratchet and pawl shall be provided which will hold the load. 23-46.12 Boom Extensions. Any boom extension, not provided by the manufacturer of the machine shall be designed by a licensed professional engineer. A copy of such design shall be kept on the job for inspection by the Commissioner. 23-46.13 Capacity Chart. 1. A capacity chart shall be posted and maintained in a place clearly visible to the operator of every crane. Capacity charts for derricks shall be 59 4. kept on the job site. Such charts shall set forth the safe loads for various lengths of boom at various radial distances. 2. No loads shall be lifted which exceed the capacities shown by such charts. If not furnished by the manufacturer or builder of the equipment, such chart's shall be prepared and signed by a licensed professional engineer. 23-46.14 Limitations on Modifications of Cranes and Derricks. No load bearing part of any crane or power driven derrick shall be replaced by an other part, and no such machine shall be modified by the addition thereto or removal therefrom of any load bearing part unless the replacement or modification shall be as specified by either the manufacturer or the building of the machine or a licensed professional engineer. 23-47 CONVEYOBS AND CABLEWAYS 23-47.1 Walkways. Walkways along conveyor belts shall be kept free of materials and, where three feet or more above the ground, shall be pro. vided with a safety railing. 23-47.2 Trippers. Where trippers are used to control discharge, a de vice for throwing the belt drive into neutral shall be installed at each end of the runway. 23-47.3 Spillage. Where conveyor belts cross any traveled way, trays shall be installed to catch spillage. 23-47.4 Overhead Protection. When men work or pass directly below any conveyor, overhead protection shall be provided. 23-47.5 Signal System Bequired. A signal system shall be used for starting and stopping and raising or lowering of loads. 23-47.6 Biding Prohibited. No person shall ride any conveyor belt or the bucket or load being handled by any cableway. 23-48 EXCAVATING MACHINES 23-48.1 Footing. Excavating machines as herein defined shall not be used where an unstable condition or slope of the ground may cause a dan gerous tilt of the machine. To prevent such unstable condition, mats of timber or equivalent means to afford stable footing shall be provided. 23-48.2 Protection of Operator. Where the operator may be exposed to an overhead hazard a cab or equivalent cover affording protection against such hazard shall be provided. 23-48.3 Operation. Excavating machines shall be operated only by designated persons. No person except the operating crew shall be permitted on an excavating machine while it is in operation. No person other than the pitman and excavating crew shall be permitted to stand within range of the back of a power shovel or within range of the swing of the dipper while the shovel is in operation. When the machine is not in use, the blade or dipper shall rest on the ground. The operator of the machine shall not leave the controls at any time when the master clutch is engaged. Oiling shall be done only while the machine is at rest. 23-48.4 Grounding. Every power shovel shall be provided with a per manent clamp or other means for easy and effective attaching of a ground ing conductor. When such a machine is operated near a power line, a grounding cable shall be attached thereto and the free end of the cable shall be effectively grounded. No such machine shall be operated in any place where any part of the machine or its load in any position of boom or 60 aaaasBaSiiS^St^ ' swing may contact a power line unless the line has been disconnected from its source of electricity or the machine has been effectively grounded. 23-48.5 Trenching. Material shall not be pushed manually into the path of trenching machines. 23-49 AUTO TRUCKS -- ON JOB PREMISES 23-49.1 Brake Maintenance. Brakes shall be so maintained that the vehicle with full load may be securely held on any grade that may be en countered in normal use on the job. 23-49.2 Blocks. 1. Provision shall be made to apply -wheel blocks to trucks ascending ramps of steeper than one in ten slope in case the vehicle shall stall or slide. 2. No person shall work under the raised body of a dump truck unless the body is securely blocked to prevent accidental lowering. 23-49.3 Loading. Trucks shall not be loaded beyond their capacity and the load shall be trimmed before the truck is set in motion. Loads that are apt to become dislodged in transit shall be securely lashed in place. 23-49.4 Backing. Trucks shall not be backed or dumped in places where men are working nor backed into a hazardous location, unless guided by a person so stationed that he can see the truck driver and the space in back of the vehicle. 23-50 HAND-PROPELLED VEHICLES 23-50.1 Maintenance. Hand-propelled vehicles shall be maintained in good repair. Vehicles with damaged handles or loose parts shall not be used. 23-50.2 "Wheels and Handles. Wheels shall be maintained free-running and well secured to the frame. Buggy handles shall not extend beyond the wheels on either side. 23-50.3 Buggy Counterbalance. Loose weights shall not be hung on buggy handles as counterbalances. When counterbalance weights are used, they shall be fastened securely to the handles. 23-50.4 Curbing. Curbing shall be provided along edges over which material is dumped to a lower level. 23-50.5 Storage. When not in use, hand-propelled vehicles shall be left in a location away from passageways and places of work. 23-51 LIFT AND PORK TRUCKS 23-51.1 Capacity. A metal plate with readily legible etched or stamped figures giving the capacity rating in pounds shall be attached to every lift or fork truck. 23-51.2 Loading. No lift or fork truck shall be loaded beyond its ca pacity rating. No hand-operated pallet truck loaded so that any point on the load is at a greater height than four feet six inches above the floor shall be moved by pushing unless handled by two men. 23-51.3 Brakes and Load-Elevating Mechanisms. Every power-operated lift and fork truck shall be provided with a lockable brake. The loadelevating mechanism shall be lockable at any elevation. 23-51.4 Hand-Lift Handles. Every pallet truck having a hand-lift handle shall be provided with an automatic device to retain the raised load and free the handle until it is reengaged by the operator. 61 23-51.5 Operating Surfaces. No lift or fork truck, whether hand or power-operated, shall be used on any surface that is so uneven as to make upsetting likely. 23-51.6 Packaged Masonry Units. No masonry units packaged by means of wire or metal tape shall be handled by a lift or fork truek when any part of such wire or tape binding is broken. 23-51.7 Loose Masonry Units. Unless palletized masonry units are securely bound in package form, provision shall be made to prevent spillage. 23-51.8 Support of Pallets. Loaded pallets shall be kept level at all times. Masonry units used as supports shall be securely lashed to the pallet and shall be of proper quality and number to provide stable footing for the load. Loose material and other unstable supports shall not be used. 23-52 POWER BUGGIES 23-52JL Definition. As used herein, the term "Power Buggy" means an automotive vehicle designed solely for the transportation of materials on and about construction and demolition sites. I t does not include automobiles, motor trueks, general purpose tractors, bulldozers, scoops or other excavating or material handling machinery. 23-52.2 Assigned Operator. No person other than a trained operator designated by the employer shall operate a power buggy. 23-52.3 Defective Machines. No power buggy shall be operated unless it has the mechanical characteristics, features and devices herein required and is in good operating condition. MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS 23-52.4 Stability. Every power buggy shall be so designed and con structed as to withstand without tilting: (a) a 45 turn at full rated load and maximum designed forward speed; (b) a collision stop against wheel blockage on a level grade at full rated load and A maximum designed for ward or full reverse speed; (c) lateral traversal of 10% slopes at full rated load and maximum designed speed. 23-52.5 Braking Power. 1. Every power buggy shall be provided with brakes and tire surfaces capable of bringing it to a full stop within 25 feet on a level dry plank surface or frictional equivalent at full rated load and maximum designed speed. 2. Brakes shall he capable of being fixed in engagement to hold the full load stationary on a 25% grade. 23-52.6 Accidental Starting. The controls of every power buggy shall he so arranged or shielded that they cannot be accidentally engaged. 23-52.7 Warning Devices. Every power buggy shall be equipped with an easily operable horn or other audible warning signal. 23-52.8 Seats and Visibility. Every power buggy of the riding type shall be provided with an operator's seat or standing platform designed and secured to prevent slipping off and so located that the operator may have maximum practicable driving visibility. 23-52.9 Speed. Every power buggy of the riding type shall be so de signed or equipped that it cannot travel faster than 12 M.P.H. on a level surface. 62 OPERATION 23-52.10 Parking on Grades. No power buggy shall be left unattended on any grade sufficiently steep to cause it to coast if free of engine and brake resistance. 23-52.11 Prohibited Operation. No power buggy shall be operated: (a) at a speed greater than 12 M.P.H., (b) when carrying more than its full rated load, (c) on insecure or skiddy surfaces or surfaces so inclined or uneven as to endanger stability, (d) on grades steeper than 25%, or (e) on ramps, runways, or other sin-faces not in compliance with this rule. 23-52.12 Special Requirements for Runways, etc. Runways, ramps, plat forms and other surfaces upon which power buggies are operated shall con form to the following requirements: a. They shall be substantially constructed and securely supported, braced and fastened to prevent movement. b. They shall be constructed to sustain without failure at least four times the maximum load for which they are intended. c. The minimum width inside of curbs for any ramp, runway or platform shall be two feet wider than the outside width of any power buggy operated thereon without passing, and two feet wider than twice such buggy width in the places where passing occurs. d. Ramps shall be limited to maximum grades of 25%. e. All runways shall be substantially level transversely. f. The use of curbs along the edges of surfaces upon which power buggies are operated shall be governed by the following provisions: 1. Curbs shall be furnished along all edges which are nearer than ten feet horizontally to the edge of any unenclosed floor area, shaft or other open space into or through which a fall from such surface of more than 24 inches is possible, except as set forth in paragraph 3 below. 2. Where curbs are not required because the buggy is operated on a surface not over 24 inches above an under-surface, such under-surface shall be strong enough to sustain the loaded vehicle in the event of a fall thereon. 3. Curbs may be omitted at actual dumping points more than 24 inches above such under-surfaces if the edge over which dumping occurs is pro vided with bumpers or other means which will effectively stop the buggy from running over the edge while dumping. 4. Curbs must be at least seven inches high, securely fastened and at least equal to a two inch by eight inch plank set on edge against uprights securely fastened and braced at not less than four foot intervals. 23-58 PILE DRIVERS 23-53.1 Footing. Before placing or advancing a pile driver, the ground shall be inspected and, where neeessary for firm and level footing, cribbing or timber mats shall be placed. After placing or advancing a pile driver, inspection and correction of the footing shall be made as may be necessary to maintain stability. 23-53.2 Inspection. All pile driving equipment shall be inspected daily before the start of work and every defect shall be immediately corrected before beginning operations. 23-53.3 Protection of Operator. The operator of every pile driver shall be protected from falling objects, steam, cinders and water by a substantial covering. 63 23-53.4 Qualifications of Operator. Each member of the pile driving crew shall be properly instructed in the work he is to do and the operation shall be in charge of a trained, designated person, who alone shall direct the work and give the operating signals. 23-53.5 Handling of Piles. The preparation of the piles shall be done at a safe distance from the driving operation. During the hoisting of the piles, all persons not actually engaged in operating the equipment and handling the piles shall be kept from the area. 23-53.6 When Not in Use. When the pile driver is not in use the hammer shall he chocked or blocked in the leads or lowered to the ground. 23-53.7 Temporary Interruption. The operator of every pile driver shall remain at his post when the driving is interrupted until the hammer has been chocked or blocked in the leads, or has been lowered and is resting on a driven pile or on the ground. 23-53.8 Steam and Air Lines. Steam and air hose shall be securely fastened in place at couplings and intermediate points to prevent dangerous whipping of the hose in the event of a break. The control valves for steam and air lines shall he located within easy reach of the operator. 23-53.9 Driving Plates, Cushions, Striking Heads. Driving plates, cushions and striking heads shall be securely and positively fastened in such ; a manner as to prevent their dislodgment during the driving operations. I 23-53.10 Ladders. A ladder extending from the bottom of the leads to I the overhead sheaves shall be permanently attached to the structure sup porting the leads. ` 23-53.11 Working Platforms. Where a structural tower supports the leads, working platforms consisting of not less than two inch planking laid i tight shall be provided on all levels of the leads at which it is necessary for : men to work. Such platforms shall be provided with a safety railing and it toeboard on all sides, except on the hammer or lead side of the platform. 1 Where such platforms cannot be provided a safety belt shall be provided. || 1 23-54 MIXING MACHINES I 23-54.1 Charging Skips. Each time before raising or lowering the I charging skip, the operator shall satisfy himself that no one is in the danger I area. In addition, there shall be a guard rail on both sides of the charging | skip so arranged as to prevent passage under the raised skip. ' 23-54.2 Hoppers. Hoppers into which a person may fall shall be effec tively protected by cross grating with maximum openings of one square foot. ; 23-54.3 Bucket Hoists. Where a falling hazard exists at the point at I which a mixer discharges into a bucket hoist, protection shall be provided | bv location or a substantial railing. I S 23-54.4 Flywheels. Flywheels and power transmission mechanisms shall be kept covered against accidental contact. 23-54.5 Trough Type Mixers. The revolving blades of mixing machines of the trough or bateh type shall be guarded with a substantial iron grating consisting of crossbars of Vi inch round stock or its equivalent, spaced not to exceed five inches between bars and located at least five inches above the blades. 64 23-55 JACKS 23-55.1 Capacity Marking. The rated capacity of every jack shall be legibly marked in a prominent location on the jack by casting or stamping. 23-55.2 Overtravel. Every jack shall, where practicable, be provided with a positive stop to prevent overtravel; otherwise an indicator to clearly show overtravel shall he provided on the jack. 23-55.3 Lubrication. Jaeks shall he maintained properly lubricated. 23-55.4 Loads. When the object has been lifted to the desired height, blocking or cribbing shall be immediately placed under it. 23-55.5 Supervision. The use of jacks shall at all times be under the direct supervision of a designated person. 23-56 ELECTRICAL AND PNEUMATIC HAND TOOLS 23-56.1 Power Shut-Off Requirements. Electric and pneumatic tools shall be disconnected from the source of power and the pressure in hose lines shall be released before any adjustments or repairs are made except replacement of bits in electric drills. The air shall be shut off before discon necting air hose. 23-56.2 Electrical and Hose Lines. Electric lines and hose lines shall be guarded by location or by covering to prevent severe "abrasion. 23-56.3 Grounding Electrical Tools. Electrically operated tools shall be grounded during use. The ground wire shall be connected to the frame of the machine and the other end shall be properly grounded. 23-57 WELDING AND FLAME CUTTING 23-57.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders. 1. Cylinders shall be stored in an upright position, away from open flames, radiators and other sources of heat and so arranged or placed that they will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects. During use cylinders shall be securely lashed to a stationary object unless other suitable provision has been made to prevent their upsetting. During use every cylinder shall have the valve key or wrench set in place on the valve spindle. All cylinders shall be used in an upright position. Cylinders con taining oxygen shall not be stored so near to cylinders containing combus tible gas, or to combustible material, oil or grease as to create a spontaneous combustion hazard. Cylinder valves shall be closed at all times when not in use. Regulators or reducing valves shall be tightly connected with a gastight connection. Gas or oxygen cylinders shall not be used unless equipped with the proper regulator or automatic reducing valve. All valves shall be opened by hand. 2. Empty cylinders shall be immediately removed from working areas, and stored in a designated location. The valves shall be closed and a tag or sign indicating that the tank is empty shall be attached. The use of cylin ders as rollers, props or supports is forbidden. 23-57.2 Hose and Hose Connections. 1. All hose shall be first quality and of a type manufactured for use on construction jobs. Oxygen hose shall have fittings of a different design and shall be of a different color from the hose used for the fuel gas connections. Hose connections shall be of either the ferrule or clamp type and the hose shall be capable of withstanding, without leakage, a pressure equal to at 65 least twice the maximum delivery pressure of the pressure regulators pro vided on the system hut not less than 300 pounds per square inch. 2. Hose shall be protected from damage by trucks or other moving objects and shall be so placed as not to constitute a falling or tripping hazard. All hose shall be carefully examined at frequent intervals for leaks. Defective hose or connections shall be immediately repaired or replaced. 23-57.3 Torches. 1. Torches shall be lighted by means of friction lighters only. 2. When torches are changed or when the welding is stopped longer than five minutes, all cylinder valves shall be elosed. 3. Momentary stoppage may be controlled at the torch valves. 23-57.4 Protection for Workmen. All persons engaged in welding or cutting operations shall be supplied with proper scaffolds where necessary and shall be provided with proper eye protection equipment and appropriate protective apparel. 23-57.5 Fire Prevention. 1. Oily and greasy substances shall be kept from the cylinders, hoses and torches. Cylinder valves and connections shall not be lubricated. 2. Where there is a hazard to other workmen from flying partieles of metal or injury to the eyes, there shall be provided proper and incombustible screening immediately below or around the welding operation. 3. Whenever welding or cutting operations are performed in the vicinity of any combustible material, there shall be provided, within easy reach of the operators, at least one approved fire extinguisher or fire pails filled with an appropriate extinguishing agent. 23-57.6 Tanks or Containers -- Explosion Hazard. Before any welding or flame cutting is done on any tank or container that contained material which may generate flammable vapor upon application of heat, all pipe connected thereto shall be disconnected or blanked off. Residual flammable material shall be removed and the tank shall be completely purged with a suitable purging agent. 23-58 LEAD FUMES AND DUST -- STRUCTURAL STEEL All hot riveting, welding, flame cleaning or flame cutting of structural steel or other metal members that have been eoated with any compound containing lead or any other substance which may create toxic fumes when heated, shall be conducted as herein provided. 23-58.1 Hot Riveting or Welding. Where hot riveting or welding of structural steel or other metal members is to be done in confined spaces, the contact surfaces, exterior surfaces, and rivet holes of field joints to be hot riveted, shall be free of any compound containing lead or other substance which may create toxic fumes when heated. 23-58.2 Cleaning Coated Surfaces. 1. Rivet holes shall be cleaned of paint by reaming or other suitable method. 2. All surfaces adjoining rivet holes and surfaces subject to heat from welding shall be so cleaned as to prevent the creation of noxious fumes during riveting or welding. 3. Where cleaning is done with a torch, the worker shall be provided with a respirator approved for such use. WRere cleaning is done by a me- 66 ehanical method, such as scraping or grinding, the worker shall be provided with a respirator approved for such use. 23-58.3 Flame Cleaning or Flame Cutting Operations. Unless proper local exhaust ventilation is provided all employees performing dame deal ing or flame cutting operations on metals that have been coated with any compound containing lead or any other substance which may create toxic fumes when heated and all employees working within a radius of 15 feet of such operations, shall be provided with an approved respirator. 23-59 PAINTING 23-59.1 Definition. Confined space means a room or enclosure having no means of ventilation other than one entrance opening and which enclosure is of such dimensions that the painter is required to work inside the enclo sure ; such confined space may be a tank, an elevator car, a compartment, a closet or a similar enclosed space. 23-59.2 General. Painting, including the use of coating materials, paint removers, stains, solvents and abrasives, shall be so carried on as to prevent the dissemination of. materials into the air breathed by employees in quan tities tending to injure health. 23-59.3 Spraying. Employees engaged in spray painting operations, or whose work is in such dose proximity to such operations that they are exposed thereby to the spray mists, shall be provided with respirators approved for such use. Spray operators shall be provided with protective oil, grease or cream to apply to exposed parts of their bodies. Where such work is done in tanks, vats and similar enclosed vessels, protection shall be provided by means of mechanical exhaust ventilation in addition to the required respirators. 23-59.4 Brush Work. Employees engaged in brush painting with other than water mixed paint and in a confined space shall he provided with approved respirators. Where such work is done in tanks, vats and similar enclosed vessels, protection shall be provided by means of mechanical exhaust ventilation in addition to the required respirators. 23-59.5 Coating Removal. Where solvents containing benzene or carbon tetrachloride are used for coating removal, approved respirators shall be provided. In a confined space where such work is done with any volatile solvent, protection shall be provided by means of mechanical exhaust venti lation in addition to approved respirators. 23-59.6 Machine Sanding. An approved respirator shall be provided for all persons doing machine sanding unless the sandpaper is wetted with oil or water, or the sanding machine is provided with a dust collector. 23-60 EXHAUST GASES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 23-60.1 Prohibited Employment. No employer shall require or permit any employee to work in a breathing zone atmosphere containing exhaust gases in a concentration tending to injure health. 23-60.2 Presumptions, An atmosphere in which exhaust gases are visi ble or create irritating or nauseous fumes shall he presumed to contain such gases in a concentration tending to injure health. No contrary pre sumption shall obtain by reason of the absence of such visibility or fumes. 23-60.3 Maintenance of Engines. All internal combustion engines and their accessories shall, as fa r as is practicable, be kept in such repair and adjustment as to create no gases other than those incidental to normal 67 operation. Gaskets, manifolds, mufflers, exhaust piping and all connections shall be maintained free of leaks and secured against displacement. 23-60.4 Enclosed Spaces. No stationary internal combustion engine shall be operated under any conditions "which allow introduction of its exhaust gases into an occupied enclosed space. Operation of other internal combustion engines within sueh a space is prohibited except for the neces sary entrance and departure of "vehicles an d except when such space is so ventilated as to assure an atmosphere free from exhaust gases in a concen tration tending to injure health. 23-60.5 Exhaust Piping. The exhaust piping of each internal combus tion engine shall be so installed as to discharge exhaust gases away from the operator and other persons employed nearby. 23-60.6 Special Trucks. 1. Every motor truck for the transportation of ready mixed concrete or other material, which requires during loading or unloading the continuous operation of any engine attached to the truck, shall be equipped with exhaust piping to discharge above the truck all exhaust gases created during loading or unloading. 2. The contractor, builder or other person in charge of any job whereon such trucks are used shall provide such supplementary piping or other equipment as may be necessary to divert th e exhaust gases from the breath ing zone of the employees. 23-61 EXPLOSIVES The. provisions of this article shall apply in addition to the provisions of Industrial Code Rule No. 39 relating to the possession, handling, storage and transportation of explosives and article 16 of the Labor Law printed with said Rule. 23-61. Storage. All magazines and a ll enclosures used for storage of explosives shall be kept locked a t all times except during the time of placing explosives therein or removing explosives therefrom. 23-61.2 Access to Explosives. Only designated persons shall have access to magazines or storage enclosnres. 23-61.3 Handling-- Personnel. Only designated persons shall handle or use explosives. 23-61.4 The Blaster. A person shall be designated to perform the duties of a blaster hereinafter specified and no person other than a blaster shall perform such duties. Such person shall be thoroughly familiar with the installation and use of all appliances in connection with blasting operations and shall herein be known as the blaster. 23-61.5 Smoking and Open Lights. Smoking, open lights and fiame or spark producing devices are prohibited in or around any explosives maga zine or storage enclosures. 23-61.6 Marking. Every package of explosives and of detonators shall be plainly marked so as to designate its kind and grade, the name and address of its manufacturer and the date of its manufacture. All eases con taining explosives for underground shall be clearly marked with the fume classification of its contents. No explosives other than those in fume classes 1, 2 or 3 shall be used in confined spaces. 23-61.7 Prohibited Explosives. No black powder or straight nitroglyc erin dynamite shall he used. No deteriorated or frozen dynamite shall be used. 23-61.8 Destroying Explosives. Explosives and detonators -which have deteriorated, or have been damaged so that they have become unfit for use, shall be destroyed by designated persons experienced in this work. 23-61.9 Magazines -- For Explosives Other Than Detonators. Detona tors, blasting supplies, tools or metals shall not be stored in any magazine containing other explosives. Such magazines shall be devoted exclusively to the storage of such other explosives. 23-61.10 Magazines for Detonators. Detonators shall be stored in a separate magazine and no tools or materials or explosives other than deto nators shall be stored in a detonator magazine. 23-61.11 Opening Packages. Packages of explosives shall not be opened at any point less than 50 feet distant from any magazine, and metallic instruments shall not be used fo r opening packages of explosives. 23-61.12 Deepening Holes. Drilling in any hole that has at any time contained explosives is strictly prohibited. 23-61.13 Size of Holes. All drill holes shall be of sufficient size and cartridges of explosives of proper size shall be selected so that the cartridges of explosives can be easily inserted to the bottom of the holes without forcing or ramming. 23-61.14 Bemoving Cartridge Wrappers. Dynamite shall not be removed from its original wrapper before being loaded into bore holes. 23-61.15 Loading -- Other Operations. The loading of holes shall be under the direct supervision of the blaster. Holes shall not be loaded in dangerous proximity to drilling or any other operations. 23-61.16 Loading and Tamping. In loading and tamping explosives only a hardwood rod free from any metal parts shall be used. 23-61.17 Firing. All filing shall be done by the blaster. All charges shall be fired by means of a blasting machine or by means of an electric power circuit of not more than 440 volts. Such means of firing shall at all times be maintained in good operating condition. 23-61.18 Connecting Dp Detonators. All connections shall be made by the blaster. When firing with a blasting machine, detonators shall be con nected up in series or in parallel series circuits. When firing with a power circuit, detonators may be connected up in straight series, parallel series or in straight parallel circuits. 23-61.19 Blasting Circuit-- Type. Blasting circuits shall be thoroughly insulated, and damaged leading wire shall not be used. All circuits used for blasting shall be ungrounded circuits. 23-61.20 Making Connections. The leg wires of detonators shall he kept short-circuited until connected into the circuit or to the leading wires, and the power source end of the circuit or leading wires shall be shortcircuited during the time connections are being made a t the face and until attached to the blasting machine or to the power circuit. 23-61.21 Testing Circuits. Electric blasting caps and blasting circuits shall be tested only by the blaster and by the use of a blasting galvanometer designed for testing blasting circuits. 23-61.22 Firing Switch. 'When firing by means of a power circuit, the same shall be controlled by a switch located outside of the danger zone. Such switch shall be fixed in position and wholly enclosed in a fight box which shall he kept locked a t all times except while firing, and no person other than the blaster shall have access to the switch. The switch shall be provided with a short circuit in "off" position and shall be so arranged that the box can be locked only when the switch is on the "off" position. 23-61.23 Blasting Circuit -- Plugs. When firing by means of a power circuit such circuit shall at all times be broken in at least one place by a gap of at least five feet on the incoming side of the switch except during the firing operation. The connections at such gap shall be made by means of plugs. 23-61.24 Use of Blasting Machines. When firing by means of a blasting machine, the leading wire shall not be connected to the blasting machine until immediately before the time of firing and shall be disconnected from the blasting machine and short-circuited immediately after firing. 23-61.25 Warning and Retreat. Before firing, the blaster shall sound a warning distinctly audible to all persons within the danger zone and all such persons shall retire to a safe distance or to a safe shelter. Ho blast shall be fired while any person is in the danger zone as determined by the blaster. 23-61.26 Return to the Blast Area. No person shall return from such safe distance or shelter until permitted to do so by the blaster as announced by audible or visible signal. 23-61.27 Misfires. Immediately following the blast, the area shall be examined by the blaster fo r evidence of misfired charges. Immediately on learning of a misfire, every person in the danger zone shall retire to a safe distance or a safe shelter. The misfire shall be reported at once by the blaster to the person present in charge and control. The latter shall designate the necessary personnel to dispose of the misfire and shall determine the safe and proper method of its disposal. No persons except those designated to effect such disposal shall enter the danger zone until the misfire has been disposed of. 23-61.28 Reloading Holes. In case a charge fires without shattering the burden, it is permissible to reload the bore hole, but only after the temperature of the hole has been reduced by water or otherwise to not more than 100 degrees T1. 23-61.29 Blasting Mat. Wherever any person may be endangered the rock to be blasted shall be covered on all exposed sides with a strong woven matting of rope not less than 1A inches in diameter, or of wire rope not less than AZ inch in diameter, or other covering which will be equally effec tive in preventing particles from being projected into the air by the blast. 23-61.30 Operations During Electrical Storms. All use of explosives and any handling thereof shall be stopped immediately upon the approach of a thunderstorm and all personnel in the area shall immediately seek a place of safety in a proper location designated by the person in eharge of the job. 23-61.31 Prohibited Use of Two-Way Communication. No two-way radio signal or radio telephone communication shall be used in a blasting area and a sign to that effect shall be conspicuously posted. 23-62 SEVERABILITY If any provision of this rule or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, such invalidity shall not affect other provisions or applications of this rule which can be given effect without the invalid provisions or applications and to this end the provisions of this rule are declared to be severable. 70 INDEX A Page Adequate, see general requirem ent of quality A pparel, protective ............................................................................................................... 19 A pplication ............................................................................................................................... 14 A pproved, definition of ........................................................................................................ 14 Auto trucks, see trucks B B e are r, definition of ............................................................................................................. 14 B elts, pulleys, flywheels a n d w ire r o p e ......................................................................... 20 B laster, see explosives B oard, definition o f ............................................................................................................... 14 B o a tsw a in 's chair, definition o f ......................................................................................... 14 B o a tsw a in 's chairs: ............................................................................................................. 45 anchorage .......................................................................................................................... 45 chair ................................................................................................................................... 45 seat g u a rd or s a fe ty b e lt ......................................................................................... 45 stre n g th ............................................................................................................................ 45 tackle ................................................................................................................................. 45 B ric k la y e r's square scaffold, definition o f ..................................................................... 14 c Catch platforms and sidewalk sheds: .................................................................. 50 platform construction ...................................................................................... 50 platform enclosures .......................................................................................... 50 sidewalk sheds .................................................................................................. 50 use ................. 50 Chutes: ....................................................................................................................... 51 construction ............................................................................ 51 danger signs ............................................. 51 enclosure............................................................................................................. 51 protection at openings .............................................................. 51 Commissioner, definition of .................................................................................... 15 Concrete work: ........................................................................................................ 29 beams, floors and roofs ............................. 29 inspection ........................................................... 29 requirements, g e n e ra l........................................................................................ 29 reshoring ............................................................................................................ 29 stripping ........................................... 29 Construction, building; special requirements for: ............................................. 29 catch platform required ................................... 30 flooring--other construction ............................................................................. 30 flooring, permanent .......................................................................................... 29 flooring, temporary .......................................................................................... 29 workmen in elevator shafts, protection o f .................................................... 30 workmen in shafts, general ............................................................................. 30 Construction work, definition of ............................................................................ 15 Conveyors and cableways: ........................................................................................ 60 protection overhead .......................................................................................... 60 riding prohibited .............................................................................................. 60 signal system required ....................................................... 60 spillage ................................................................................................................ 60 tr ip p e rs ................................................................................................................ 60 walkways ............................................................................................................ 60 Cranes and derricks--general: .............................................................................. 58 boom extensions ................................................................................................ 59 71 backets, clam shell ......................................................... capacity ch art .................................................................. construction ...................................................................... cranes and derricks modifications, lim itations on derricks, b re ast ............................................................. foot'blocks, b ra c in g o f ................................................ footings, derrick ........................................................... g r o u n d in g .................................................................... guys ................................................................................... inspection ......................................................................... load hooks ........................................................................... operation ........................................................................... stre n g th ............................................................................. Definitions, see also specific term Demolition: ................................................................ adjacent structures, protection of ................ barricades .......................................................... catch platforms ................................................ debris in cellar, storage of ............................ floors, access to ................................................ floor arches, demolition of .............................. floor openings, permissible a r e a ...................... floor openings, required p ro tec tio n ................ general method of ............................................ inspection ............................................................ material general, storage of ............................ mechanical method Of .................................... operation, methods of .................................... preparations ...................................................... protection in other areas ................................ safe footing required ...................................... structural steel, demolition o f ........................ wall openings, boarding of .............................. wallB, partitions, demolition o f ........................ Demolition work, definition o f ...................... .. Derricks, see cranes Designated person, definition of ............................ Devices, combustion; used for temporary heating: gas, bottled ...................................................... location ................................................................ setting ................................................................ tarpaulins ............................................................ ventilation, room ............................................ Dusts and gases, control of .................................... E Effective, see general requirem ent of qnality Equal, see general requirem ent of quality Equipment : cleanliness o f ...................................................... condition of ...................................................... strength o f ........................................................... Equivalent, see general requirem ent of quality E xcavating m achine, definition o f ...................... Excavating machines, see machines E xcavation : .................................................................... access .................................................................... . piling, shoring a n d b ra c in g ........................... 72 i Page . 59 . 59 . 59 . 60 . 59 58 58 59 59 58 59 59 58 22 23 25 25 25 23 24 24 24 22 23 24 25 23 22 23 25 24 23 23 15 15 51 51 51 51 51 51 18 19 18 18 15 26 28 28 Page requirements, general ...................................................................................... 26 structures, stability o f ....................................................................................... 26 trench .................................................................................................................. 28 Excavation, definition of ......................................................................................... 15 Exhaust gases of internal combustion engines: ................................................. 67 employment prohibited .................................................................................... 67 engines, maintenance of .................................................................................. 67 piping exhaust .................................................................................................. 68 presumptions ...................................................................................................... 67 spaees enclosed ............................................................... 68 trucks, special .................................................................................................... 68 Explosives : 68 aeeess t o .............................................................................................................. 68 blast area, return to ......................................................................................... 70 blaster, the ........................................................................................................ 68 blasting circuit plugs ..................................................................................... 70 blasting circuit type ......................................................................................... 69 blasting machines use ..................................................................................... 70 cartridge wrappers, removing ......................................................................... 69 destroying .......................................................................................................... 69 i detonators, connecting u p ................................................................................. 69 electrical storms, operation d u rin g ................................................................. 70 firing .................................................................................................................... 69 firing switch ...................................................................................................... 69 holes, deepening .............................................................................. 69 holes, reloading ................................................................................................. 70 holes, size of .......................................................................................... 69 loading and tamping ....................................................................................... 69 loading, other operations ................................................................................. 69 magazines, for detonators................................................................................. 69 magazines, for explosives other than detonators ......................................... 69 making connections ........................................................................................... 69 marking ............................................................................................................... 68 mat, blasting ............................... 70 misfires ................................................................................................................. 70 packages, opening ............................................................................................. 69 personnel, handling ........................................................................................... 68 prohibited ........................................................................................................... 68 smoking and open lights ................................................................................. 68 storage ................................................................................................................ 68 testing circuits ..................................................... 69 two-way communication, prohibited use o f ..................................................... 70 warning and retreat ......................................................................................... 70 Extension ladder, definition of ............................................................................... 15 Extension trestle ladder, definition of ................................................................. 15 Eye protection .......................................................................................................... 18 i F F in d in g of f a c t ....................................................................................................................... 14 Firm , see general requirement of quality G eneral d uty to p ro tec t h e alth and s a fe ty o f persons ............................................ 17 G eneral provisions .......................................................................................................... 17-21 G eneral requirem ent of c o m p e te n c y ................................................................................. 17 G eneral requirem ent o f q u a lity ......................................................................................... 17 G uard rail, definition of ..........................................................................................,............ 15 73 H Page Hazards, overhead ...................................................................................................... 18 drowning .............................................................................................................. 18 electrical .............................................................................................................. 21 f a llin g .................................................................................................................... 18 slipping ................................................................................................................ 18 tripping and other ............................................................................................. 18 Heavy-duty scaffold, definition of .......................................................................... 15 Hoisting and material handling machinery, see material handling and hoisting machinery Hoists, bucket or material platform: ...................................................................... 54 cars ........................................................................................................................ 55 device, warning ................................................................................................. 56 enclosure of .......................................................................................................... 55 hoistways, entrances to ...................................................................................... 55 operation of ........................................................................................................ 56 operator's hoist, protection of ........................................................................ 56 platform, loading and roping ........................................................................ 56 rails, guide .......................................................................................................... 55 riding .................................................................................................................... 56 thoroughfare ..................................................................................................... 56 tower hoist, construction o f .............................................................................. 54 I Independent pole scaffold, definition o f .................................................................. 15 J J a c k s: ................................................................................................................................. 65 capacity m a rk in g ............................................................................................................ 65 loads ...................................................................................................................................... 65 lu b ric atio n .......................................................................................................................... 65 overtravel ............................................................................................................. 65 supervision ........................................................................................................................ 65 Job, definition of ........................................................................................................ 15 K K eys, set-screw s, etc................................................................................................................. 19 L L adder ja c k scaffold, definition of .................................................................................... 19 L adders a n d ladderw ays, general requirem ents fo r: ................................................ 48 in sta lla tio n ....................................................................................................................... 48 ladder ru n g s, wood .............................................. 48 ladderw ays .......................................................................................................................... 48 m aintenance and replacem ent .................................................................................... 48 m ate ria ls o f construction ............................................................................................. 48 m etal la d d e rs ; lim ited use ......................................................................................... 49 special lad d e rs, approval required ........................................................................... 48 splicing ........................................ 49 stre n g th ......................................................................................; ............. ........................ 48 L adders, extension a n d sectional : ................................................................................. 49 a d ju stm e n t .......................................................................................................................... 49 length .................................................................................................................................... 49 sectional ladders ....................................................................................... 49 74 Page L adders, sin g le : .................................................................................................................... 49 construction o f c le a t lad d ers .................................................................................. 49 le n g th ................................................................................................................................. 49 L ead fu m es a n d d u st-- stru c tu ra l steel: ....................................................................... 66 flame cle an in g o r flame c u ttin g o p e ra tio n s .......................................................... 67 hot riv e tin g o r w e l d in g ................................................................................................ 66 surfaces, coated cleaning ........................................................................................... 66 L edger, definition o f ............................................................................................................. 15 L ife n e t, definition o f ........................................................................................................ 16 L ife n e ts : ................................................................................................................................. 47 inspection-- defective n e ts ......................................................................................... 47 m ain ten an ce .................................................................................................................... 47 m aterials a n d c o n s tru c tio n ........................................................................................... 47 size, stre n g th , location a n d a tta c h m e n t................................................................. 47 L ig h t-d u ty scaffold, definition o f .................................................... 18 L ig h tin g ...................................................................................................................................... 21 L um ber a n d n a il f a s t e n i n g s ................................................................................................ 21 L um ber, dim ensions specified ........................................................................................... 21 M Machines, excavating: ............................................................................................ 60 footing ................................................................................................................ 60 g ro u n d in g ............................................................................................................ 60 operation ............................................................................................................ 60 operator, protection of .................................................................................... 60 trenching ................................................................................................... 61 Machines, mixing: ...................... 64 flyw heels.............................................................................................................. 64 hoists, bucket .................................................................................................... 64 hoppers ................................................................................................................ 64 mixers, trough type ........................................................................................ 64 skips charging .................................................................................................. 64 Machines, power-driven; general ............................. 19 * saws, power-driven .......................................................................................... 20 sprockets, gears and friction-disc drives..................................... 20 Maintenance and housekeeping: ............................................................................ 22 debris, disposal of ............................................................................................ 22 material and equipment, storage of ............................................................. 22 Material handling and hoisting machinery--requirements, general: .............. 52 brakes, hoist ...................................................................................................... 53 engine exhauBt .................................................................................................. 53 hoppers and chutes .......................................................................................... 53 loading ................................................................................................................ 52 machinery a t rest .........................................................................-.................. 53 machines, electrically-driven .......................................................................... 53 machines hoisting, anchorage f o r ..................................................................... 53 maintenance and operation ............................................................................ 52 moving parts, protection o f ............................................................................. 53 operators and signalmen ................................................................................ 52 protection of operator .................................................................................... 52 refueling ............................................................................................................ 53 repairs and lubrication ........................................................................ 53 riding .................................................................................................................. 53 signals for hoisting engine operation ........................................................... 52 tag line .............................................................................................................. 53 Material platfonn hoist, see hoists Material platfonn hoist, definition of ................................................................. i f Materials and devices, approval o f ......................................................................... 21 Medium-duty scaffold, definition of ..................................................................... If Multiple-point suspension scaffold, definition of ................................................. If 75 N Necessary, see general requirement of quality Needle beam scaffold, definition o f ........, .................................................. . Page 16 o Outrigger scaffold, definition of ............................................. ... , . .................... 16 p Painting: .................................... ........................................ . ............ <................ 67 brush work ...................... 67 coating removal ........................ 67 definition ........................................................................................................ 67 general .................................................................................... 67 sanding machine ............................................................................................ 67 spraying ........................................................ ; ................................. ............ 67 Passage, vertical ............................................... 18 Pile drivers: .................................................................... 63 driving plates, cushions, striking h e a d s....................................................... 64 footing ................................................... *...................................................... 63 in s p e c ti o n ........ .............................................................................. 63 interruption, temporary ............................................................................... 64 ladders ........................................................................................................... 64 operator, protection of ........................................... 63 operator, qualifications of ........................................................ 64 piles, handling of ............. 64 platforms, working ....................................................................................... 64 steam and air lines ............................................................................. 64 when not in u s e ......................................................................... 64 Power buggies: .................................................................................................... 62 braking power ........................................................................... 62 definition ...................................................................... 62 devices, warning ............................................................................................. 62 grades, parking on ......................................................................................... 63 machines, defective ....................................................................................... 62 operation prohibited ..................................................... 63 operator assigned ............................................. 62 runways, etc., special requirements f o r ........................ 63 seats and visibility ..................... 62 speed ............................................................................................................... 62 stability ................. 62 starting, accidental ....................................................................................... 62 Putlog, definition of: ........................................................................................... 16 specifications f o r .............................................................. 34 R B a ilin g , s a fe ty ............................................................................................ 20 R e s p i r a t o r s ......................................................................................................................................... 19 R e sp o n sib ility o f em ployees ...................................................................................................... 17 R ig g in g , ro p e , chains f o r m a te ria l h o is tin g : ..................................................................... 53 ch ain s, h e a t- tre a tin g of ........................................................................... 54 chains, u se o f ..................................................................... . .............................................. 54 fittin g s .................. 54 ro p e f i b r e .................................................................................................................................. 53 ro p e h o istin g -m a te ria l ........................................................... 53 ro p e w ire . ............................................................................................................................... 54 sheaves ....................................................................................................................................... 54 Roofing, b ra c k e t, d efin itio n o f ................................................................................................. 36 R unw ays, ra m p s an d platform B , s t r u c tu r a l: ..................... 49 76 Page application. ................................................................................................... 49 platforms ................................................................................................... SO runways and ramps ............... 49 s Safe, see general requirement of quality Safeguards against falling inbridge construction .............................................. 47 Safety belt, definition of ............................................................ . ...................... 16 Safety belts : ................................................................................ 46 approval required .............................................. 46 attachment required .................... 46 inspection, defective beltsor lines ....................................... 47 instruction in use ................................................................................ 46 life lines, specifications for .......................................................................... 46 protection of life lin e s ................................................................................. 46 Safety railing, definition o f ................................................................................. 16 Sanitation and drinking water : ...................................................................... 1. 22 facilities, washing ...................................................................................... 22 houses, change ................................................. 22 shelter ............................................................................................................. 22 toilet facilities .............................................................................................. 22 toilets, accessibility of .................................................. 22 water, d rinking.......................................................................... 22 Scaffolds, definition o f ........................................................................................ 16 Scaffolds, general provisions for all: .................................................................. 31 erection and removal .................................................................................... 32 footings--anchorage ................................................................................ 31 guard rails and toeboards ...................................................................... 32 loading ........................................................................................................... 31 lu m b e r......................................................... 31 maintenance and repair ... ..................................................................... 31 metal parts .................................................................................................... 33 planking ......................................................................................................... 31 protection overhead ................ 32 scope ............................................................................................................... 31 splices ............................................................................................................. 33 structure ............................................ ............................................................ 31 Scaffolds, special--approval required ............................................. 45 Scaffolds, special provisions for: bricklayer's square ................................................ 43 carpenter's, portable bracket .............. 42 horse .............................................................................. 42 ladder jack .................................................................................................... 44 lean-to ............................................................................................................. 44 mobile, manually propelled .................................................................... 44 multiple-point suspension ........................................................................... 40 needle beam .................. 41 outrigger ......................................................................................................... 36 pole ................................................................................................................ 35 suspended : a l l ..................................................................... 3B trestle and extension tre s tle .......................................................................... 44 two-point suspension ..................................................................................... 38 Sectional ladder, definition of ........................... 16 Secure, see general requirement of quality Severability ........................................................................................................... 70 Shall, definition o f ........................................................................... .................. 16 Single ladder, definition of ............................... 16 Single pole scaffold, definition o f ........................................................................ 16 Stairways : ........................................ 47 construction ............................................ 47 protective railings ............................................................... 48 77 Page Steel structural assembly: ...................................................................................... 28 lintels, erection of .............................................................................................. 29 members, structural, holingor cutting o f ........................................................ 28 members, structural, placing of ...................................................................... 28 tag lines .............................................................................................................. 29 Steep roofs, -work on: .............................................................................................. 45 crawling boards .................................................................................................. 46 high roofs ............................................................................................................ 46 roofing brackets ................................................................ *................................ 45 Stepladder, definition of .......................................................................................... 16 Stepladders: .................................................................................................................. 49 bracing .................................................................................................................. 49 length .................................................................................................................... 49 Structures, stability of .............................................................................................. 21 Substances, corrosive .................................................................................................. 18 Substantial, see general requirement of quality Sufficient, see general requirement of quality Suitable, see general requirement of quality T Tools, hand, pneumatic and electrical: .................................................................. 65 electrical and hose lines .................................................................................... 65 grounding electrical tools .............................................................................. 65 power shut-off requirements ............................................................................ 65 Traffic, public vehicular .......................................................................................... 21 Trestle ladder, definition of .................................................................................... 17 Trucks, auto, on job premises ..................... 61 backing ................................................................................................................ 61 blocks .................................................................................................................... 61 brake maintenance .............................................................................................. 61 loading ............. 61 Trucks, lift and fork: .............................................................................................. 61 brakes and load-elevating mechanisms .......................................................... 61 capacity ................................................................................................................ 61 handles, hand-lift .............................................................................................. 61 loading .................................................................................................................. 61 operating surfaces .............................................................................................. 62 pallets, support of .............................................................................................. 62 units, loose masonry .......................................................................................... 62 units, packaged masonry .................................................................................. 62 Two-point suspension scaffold, definition of .......................................................... 17 V Vehicles hand-propelled: ....................................................................................................... 61 buggy counterbalance .................................................................................................... 61 curbing ................................................................................................................................. 61 m a in te n a n c e ......................................................................................................................... 61 storage ................................................................................................................................. 61 wheels and handles ......................................................................................................... 61 w W elding a n d flame c u ttin g : ................................................................................................ 65 cylinders, com pressed g a s ............................................................................................. 65 fire prevention .................................................................................................................. 66 hose a n d hose connections ........................................................................................ 65 tan k s or containers-- explosion h a za rd ................................................................... 66 torches .................... 66 workmen, p ro tectio n fo r .............................................................................................. 66 78 Page Window jack, definition of .................................................................................... 17 Window jack3 ........................................................................................................... 45 Wiring, temporary electric .................................................................................... 20 Workmen's elevator, definitiono f ........................................................................... 17 Workmen's elevators: ............................................................................................ 56 approval required ............................................................................................ 56 car attendant ................ 57 car construction ............................................................................................ 57 car door or gate ............................................................................................. 57 elevators under rule8 ...................................................................................... 56 enclosure of hoisting equipment .................................................................. 57 hoistway doors ................................................................................................. 57 hoistway enclosure ............... 56 initial inspection andlubrication ................................................................... 58 lighting ................ 57 maintenance and use ............................... 56 tests ........................................................................................................ 58 thoroughfare ...................................................................................................... 57 wiring .................................................................................................................. 57 79