Document v6z4rMBqg6o6m7xLwkvNYKnZq

Vista Chemical Company 900 Threcdneedle Houston, Texas 77079 (713) 588-3000 P.O. Box 19029 Houston, Texas 77224 Fox (713) 508-3236 February 8, 1990 Mr. Bob Green Kemper National Insurance P. 0. Box 27367 Austin, TX 78755-2367 VISTA Dear Bob: Dr. Drumwright asked that I provide you with a listing of the articles we recently accumulated on PVC/VCM workers and brain tumors. Attached is a listing of the articles, I've also enclosed a copy of the bibliography from the draft ATSDR toxicological profile on VCM. This has complete literature references. Please call me at 713-588-3445 if you would like further information on the attached. Sincerely, Thomas G. Grumbles, C.I.H. Environmental Quality Manager dlj Attachment cc: J. R. Drumwright VVV 000023468 TGG KEDICAL ARTICLES TGG1. 06/75 Copy of an article titled "Proportional Mortality among Vinyl Chloride Workers*" TGG2. 1976 Copy of an article titled "Occupational Carcinogenesis" TGG3. 10/76 Copy of an article titled "Mortality and Cancer Morbidity in a Group of Swedish VCM and PCV Production Workers" TGG 4. 1977 ---------GepY'Of an article titled "The effacl uf zinc and pH-- orrtfte behavior of i-diuinulevulinie acid dehydratase -activity in baboons-exposed to--1-ead"-- TGG5. 03/79 Copy of an article titled "Mortality Experience of Workers in a Vinyl Chloride Monomer Production Plant" TGG6. 05/79 Copy of an article titled "An Association of Upper Respiratory Cancer with Exposure to Diethyl Sulfate" TGG7. 1979 Copy of an article titled "ONE-YEAR TIME-SEQUENCE INHALATION TOXICITY STUDY OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN RATS. II. MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT, CERUMINOUS GLANDS, BRAIN, KIDNEYS, HEART AND SPLEEN*" TGG8. 10/81 TGG9. 10/81 Copy of an article titled "Excess Lung Cancer Risk in a Synthetic Chemicals Plant" Copy of an article titled "Carcinogenicity Bioassays of Vinyl Chloride Monomer: A Model of Risk Assessment on an Experimental Basis" TGG10. 1982 Copy of an article titled "BRAIN TUMORS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY" TGG11. 01/83 TGG12. 04/83 TGG13. 04/83 Copy of an article titled "Mortality From Brain Tumor and Other Causes in a Cohort of Petrochemical Workers" Copy of an article titled "A Cohort Mortality Study of Petrochemical Workers" Copy of an article titled "Mortality Study of Workers in the Manufacture of Vinyl Chloride and its Polymers*" TGG14. 04/83 Copy of an article titled "A Case-Control Study of Chemical Exposures and Brain Tumors in Petrochemical Workers" TGG15. 1984 Copy of an article titled "Incidence of cancer among vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride workers" '\i VVV 000023489 TGG16. 1986 Copy of an article titled "Occupational risk factors for brain tumors" TGG17. 03/17/86 Copy of a memo to Vinyl Chloride Panel and Research Coordinator Member from Has Shah, CMA re: enclosed "Register of Cases of Angiosarcoma of the Liver Due to exposure to Vinyl Chloride" and "Occupational Exposure and Brain Tumors" TGG18. 10/27/86 Copy of a memo to Vinyl Chloride Panel and Research Coordinator Group from K. Rosica, CMA re: Final Report on Epidemiologic Study of Vinyl Chloride Workers TGG19. 11/87 Draft Toxicological Profile on: Vinyl chloride TGG20. 1988 Copy of an article titled "A mortality study of vinyl chloride monomer workers employed in the United Kingdom in 1940 - 1974" TGG21. 12/88 Draft "Cohort and Case-Control Analyses of Workers Exposed to Vinyl Chloride - An Update" TGG22. 04/89 ENSR manual titled "A Review of Cancer Epidemiology in Louisiana" T6G23. 04/14/89 Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethane - Draft For Public Comment L VVV 000023490 10. REFERENCES ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1986a. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices, 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH; 623-626. ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists). 1986b. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment Adopted by ACGIH with Intended Changes for 1986-87. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH; 33. Amoore JE, Hautala E. 1983. Odor as an aid to chemical safety: Odor thresholds compared with threshold limit values and volatilities for 214 industrial chemicals in air and water dilution. J Appl Toxicol; 3:272290. Anderson D, Richardson CR. 1981. Issues relevant to the assessment of chemically induced chromosome damage in vivo and their relationship to ) chemical mutagenesis. Mutat Res; 90:261-272. Anderson D, Hodge MCE, Purchase IFH. 1976. Vinyl chloride: dominant lethal studies in male CD-I mice. Mutat Res; 40:359-370. Anderson D, Richardson CR, Weight TM, Adams WG. 1980. Chromosomal analyses in vinyl chloride exposed workers. Results from analysis 18 and 42 months after an initial sampling. Mutat Res; 79:151-162. Andrews AW, Zawistovski ES, Valentine CR. 1976. A comparison of the mutagenic properties of vinyl chloride and methyl chloride. Mutat Res; 40:273-275. Ando M, Sayato Y. 1984, Studies on vinyl chloride migration into drinking water from polyvinyl chloride pipe and reaction between vinyl chloride and chlorine. Water Res; 18(3):315-318. APHA (American Public Health Association). 1985. AWWA (American Water Works Association)/WPCF (Water Pollution Control Federation). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed. Washington, DC: APHA; pp. 591-602. *Key study VVV 000023491 83 84 Baker LW, MacKay KP. 1985. Hazardous waste management. Screening models for estimating toxic air pollution near a hazardous waste landfill. J Air Pollut Control Assoc; 35(11):1190-1195, Balkon J, Leary JA. 1979. An initial report on a comprehensive, quantitative, screening procedure for volatile compounds of forensic and environmental interest in human biofluids by GC/MS. J Anal Toxicol; 3:213-215. Barbin A, Besson F, Perrard MH, et al. 1985a. Induction of specific base-pair substitutions in E. coli trpA mutants by chloroethylene oxide, a carcinogenic vinyl chloride metabolite. Mutat Res; 152:147-156. Barbin A, Laib RJ, Bartsch H. 1985b. Lack of miscoding properties of 7(2-oxoethyl)guanine, the major vinyl chloride-DNA adduct. Cancer Res; 45:2440-2444. Baretta ED, Stewart RD, Mutchler JE. 1969. Monitoring exposures to vinyl chloride vapor; breach analysis and continuous air sampling. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J; 30:537. (Cited in Tarkovski 1984) Barnes D, Beilin J, DeRosa C, et al. 1987. Reference Dose (RfD): Description and use in health risk assessments. Appendix A of the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Washington, DC: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development. EPA 600/8-86-0321. Bartsch H. 1976. Predictive value of mutagenicity tests in chemical carcinogenesis. Mutat Res; 38:177-190. Bartsch H, Malaveille C, Montesano R. 1975. Human, rat and mouse livermediated mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in S. cyphinairLum strains. Int J Cancer; 15:429-437. Bartsch H, Malaveille C, Montesano R. 1976. The predictive value of tissue-mediated mutagenicity assays to assess the carcinogenic risk of chemicals. IARC Sci Publ; 12:467-491. Berk PD. 1976. Vinyl chloride-associated liver disease. Ann Inc Med; 84: 717-731. (Cited in EPA 1985a) *Bi W, Wang Y, Huang M, Meng D. 1985. Effect of vinyl chloride on testis in rats. Ecocox Environ Safety; 10(2):281-289. Bogdanikova B, Zavilska J. 1984. Immune complexes in the serum of patients occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride. Przeglad Lekarski; 41(3) : 253-257. Bolt HM. 1986. Metabolic activation of vinyl chloride, formation of nucleic acid adducts and relevance to carcinogenesis. IARC Sci Publ; 70:261-268. 0O0O2^qZ 85 Bolt HM, Kappus H, Buchter A, Bolt U. 1976a. Disposition of (1,2^0 vinvl chloride in the rat. Arch Toxicol; 35:153-162. (Cited in EPA 1985b) Bolt HM, Kappus H, Kaufmann R, et al. 1976b. Metabolism of l^C-vinvl chloride in vitro and in vivo. INSERM Symposia Series, 1ARC Scientific Publications N 13. INSERM 52; 151-164.j Bolt HM, Laib RJ, Kappus H, Buchter A. 1977. Pharmacokinetics of vinyl chloride in the rat. Toxicology; 7(2);179-188. Bryen D, Engholm G, Englund A, Westerholm P. 1976. Mortality and cancer morbidity in a group of Swedish VCM and PCV production workers. Environ Health Perspect; 17:167-170. (Cited in EPA 1985b) Buchancova J, Reznak I, Horak V, Altmann P, Svehlova L, Suchova E, Sramkova E. 1985. Scintigraphic pictures of the liver in workers after a long-term exposure to vinyl chloride. Pracov Lek; 37(6):190-194. Buchter A, Bolt HM, Kappus H, Bolt U. 1977. Tissue distribution of 1,214C-vinyl chloride in the rat. Inc Arch Occup Environ Health; 39(1):27 32. (German: English abstract) Buchter A, Filser JG, Peter H, Bolt HM. 1980. Pharmacokinetics of vinyl chloride in the rhesus monkey. Toxicol. Lett; 6(l):33-36. CMR (Chemical Marketing Reporter). 1986a. Chemical Profile: Vinyl Chloride. June 2, 1986. New York, NY: Schnell Pub, Co. CMR (Chemical Marketing Reporter). 1986b. Chemical Profile: Polyvinyl Chloride. June 9, 1986. New York, NY: Schnell Pub. Co. C&EN (Chemical and Engineering News). 1987. Key Chemicals: Vinyl Chloride. 65(1):10. Chudy JC, Crosby NT. 1977. Some observations on the determination of monomer residues in foods. Food Cosmet Toxicol; 15:547-551. Coniglio WA, Miller K, MacKeever D. 1980. The occurrence of volatile organics in drinking water. Criteria and Standards Division. Science and Technology Branch. Exposure Assessment Project. Conkle JP, Camp BJ, Velch BE. 1975. Trace composition of human respiratory gas. Arch Environ Health; 30:290-295. Conolly RB, Jaeger RJ. 1978. Effects of cysteine, diethylmaleate and trichloropropane oxide on acute vinyl chloride hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 45(1):338. Conolly RB, Jaeger RJ. 1979. Acute hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride and ethylene; modification by trichloropropane oxide, diethylmaleate, and cysteine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 50:523-531. VVV 000023493 86 Conolly RB. Jaeger RJ, Szabo S. 1978. Acute hepatotoxicity of ethylene, vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride, and vinyl bromide after Aroclor 1254 precreatment. Exper Molec Pathol; 28:25-33. Cotruvo JA. 1985. Organic micropollutants in drinking water. Sci Total Environ; 47:7-26. Cotti G, Balgimigli L, Mandrioli A, Maltoni C. 1983. Suitable models for long-term bioassays of therapeutic and toxic effects of antiblastic drugs: Brain tumors of neuronal cells and primitive bipotential precursors produced in Sprague-Dawley rats by vinyl chloride. Dev Oncol; 15:376-378. Covfer JA, Magistro AJ. 1983. Vinyl Chloride. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 23. New York, NY: Wiley Interscience; 865-885. Cowfer JA, Magistro AJ. 1985. Vinyl polymers: vinyl chloride. In KirkOthmer Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 1229-1230. Curry S, Rich S. 1980. The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry. 4ch ed., Fairfield, NY: Charles H. Kline and Co. de Meester C, Duverger-van Bogaert M, Lambotte-Vandepaer M, et al. 1980. Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in the Ames test. Possible artifacts related to experimental conditions. Mutat Res; 77:175-179. Dinceva E, Kolev P, Dalbokova D. 1985. EEG changes in workers exposed to long-term combined effect of a mixture of organic solvents and vinyl chloride. Khig Zdraveopaz; 29(1):8-15. (Russian: English abstract) Dinman BD, Cook UA, Whitehouse WM, Magnuson HJ, Ditcheck T. 1971. Occupational acroosteolysis. I. An epidemiological study. Arch Environ Health; 22:61-73. Doss M, Lange CE, Veltman G. 1984. Vinyl chloride-induced hepatic coproporphyrinuria with transition to chronic hepatic porphyria. Klin Uochenschr; 62(4):175-178. *Dow Chemical Company. 1984. Summary of Report on Lifespan Oral Carcinogenicity Study of Vinyl Chloride in Rats. FYI-OTS-1084-0353IN. FYI-AX-1084-0353SU. (Cited in EPA 1985b) Drevon C, Kuroki T. 1979. Mutagenicity of vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride and chloroprene in V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat Res; 67:173-182. Drew RT, Boorman GA, Haseman JK, McConnell EE, Busey WM, Moore JA. 1983. The effect of age and exposure duration on cancer induction by a known carcinogen in rats, mice, and hamsters. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 68:120130. VVV 000023494 87 Ducatman A, Hirschhom K, Selikoff IJ. 1975. Vinyl chloride exposure and human chromosome aberrations. Mutac Res; 31:163-168. Duprat P, Fabry JP, Gradiski D, Magadur JL. 1977. Metabolic approach industrial poisoning: Blood kinetics and distribution of ^C-vinyl chloride (VCM). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol Suppl (Kbh); 41(1):142-143. (Cited in EPA 1985b) to Dyksen JE, Hess AF, III. 1982. Alternatives for controlling organics in groundwater supplies. J Am Water Works Assoc; 74:394-403. Edmonds LD, Falk H, Nissim JE. 1975. Congenital malformations and vinyl chloride. Lancet; ii:1098. Edmonds LD, Anderson CE, Flynt JW, James LM. 1978. Congenital central nervous system malformations and vinyl chloride monomer exposure: A community study. Teratology; 17:137-142. Eisenreich SJ, Looney BB, Thornton JD. 1981, Airborne organic contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Environ Sci Technol; 15(1):30-38. Elmore JD, Wong JL, Laumbach AD, Streips UN. 1976. Vinyl chloride mutagenicity via the metabolites chlorooxirane and chloroacetaldehyde monomer hydrate. Biochem Biophys Acta; 442(3):405-419. (Cited in EPA 1985b) EPA. 1980. Ambient Water Quality Criteria Document for Vinyl Chloride. Cincinnati, OH: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. EPA 440/5-80-078. NTIS PB 81-117889. EPA. 1982a. Methods for organic chemical analysis of municipal and industrial wastewater. Test Method: Purgeable halocarbons - method 601 and Purgeable - Method 624. EPA Report 600/4-82-057, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, EPA, Cincinnati, OH. pp. 601-1 to 601-10 and 624-1 to 624-12. EPA. 1982b. Test Methods for Evaluating Select Waste. Physical/Chemical Methods. Method 8010 - Halogenated volatile organics. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, EPA, Washington, DC. pp. 8010-1 to 8010- 12. EPA. 1982c. Emission standard for ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride, and polyvinyl choride. 40 CFR 61.65. EPA. 1982d. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. 40 CFR 261, Append VIII. EPA. 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Vinyl Chloride. Cincinnati, OH Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. EPA 540/1-86-036. EPA, 1985a. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Vinyl Chloride. Washington, DC: Office of Drinking Water, EPA. NTIS PB86-11B320. VVV 000023495 88 EPA. 1985b. Healch and Environmental Effects Profile for Chloroethene. Cincinnati, OH: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. ECAO-CINP155. EPA. 1986. The Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) Study. Final report. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, Environmental Monitoring Systems Division. RTI/2391/00-03 F. EPA. 1987a. Vinyl Chloride Health Advisory. Draft. Washington, DC: Office of Drinking Water. EPA. 1987b. Graphical Exposure Modelling System (GEMS). CLOGP. Online. Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Toxic Substances. EPA. 1987c. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations - Synthetic Organic Chemicals; Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants; Final rule. Federal Register; 52(130):25690-25717. EPA. 1987d. Reportable Quantity Adjustments. Federal Register; 52(50) :8140-8186. Farkas DF. 1980. Food Processing. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 11. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons; pp. 180181. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1986. Proposed uses of vinyl chloride polymers. Federal Register; 51(22):4177-4185. Feron VJ, Kroes R. 1979. One-year time-sequence Inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. II. Morphological changes in the respiratory tract, ceruminous glands, brain, kidneys, heart and spleen. Toxicology; 13(2):131-141. *Feron VJ, Speek AJ, Willems MI, Van Buttaum D, Groot AP. 1975. Observations on the oral administration and toxicity of vinyl chloride in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol; 13(6):633-638. Feron VJ, Spit BJ, Immel HR, Kroes R. 1979a. One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. III. Morphological changes in the liver. Toxicol; 13:143-154. Feron VJ, Kruysse A, Til HP. 1979b. One-year time-sequence inhalation toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. I. Growth, mortality, haematology, clinical chemistry, and organ weights. Toxicol; 13:25-35. *Feron VJ, Hendriksen CFM, Speek AJ, Til HP, Spit BJ. 1981. Lifespan oral toxicity study of vinyl chloride in rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol; 19(3) :317-333. Filser JG, Bolt HM. 1979. Pharmacokinetics of halogenated ethylenes in rats. Arch Toxicol; 42(2):123-136. ooooz^ 89 Fishbein L. 1979 . Potential halogenated industrial carcinogenic and mutagenic chemicals. I. Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons. Sci Total Environ; 11:111-161. Fox AJ , Collier PF. 1977. Mortality experience of workers exposed to vinyl chloride monomer in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride in Great Britain. Br J Ind Med; 34:110. Funes-Cravioto F, Lambert B, Lindsten J, et al. 1975. Chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Lancet; 1:459. Gedigk P, Muller R, Bechtelsheimer H. 1975. Morphology of liver damage among polyvinyl chloride production workers. A report on 51 cases. Ann NY Acad Sci; 246:279-285. Geryk E, Zudova Z. 1986. Vinyl chloride as occupational health hazard. Pracov Lek; 38(1):1-8. (Czech: English translation) Goodenkauf 0, Atkinson JC. 1986. Occurrence of volatile organic chemicals in Nebraska groundwater. Ground Water; 24(2):231-233. Gordon SJ, Meeks SA. 1977. A study of gaseous pollutants in the Houston, Texas area. AICHE Symp Ser; 73:84-94. Gosselin RE, Smith RP, Hodge HC. 1984. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; p. 11-166. Green T, Hathway DE. 1975. The biological fate in rats of vinyl chloride in relation to its oncogenicity. Chem Biol Interact; 11:545-562. Green T, Hathway DE. 1977. The chemistry and biogenesis of the Scontaining metabolites of vinyl chloride in rats. Chem Biol Interact; 17:137-150. Green T, Hathway DE. 1978. Interactions of vinyl chloride with rat-liver DNA in vivo. Chem Biol Interact; 22:211-224. Greim H, Bonse G, Radwan Z, Reichert D, Henschler D. 1975. Mutagenicity in vitro and potential carcinogenicity of chlorinated ethylenes as a function of metabolic oxirane formation. Btochem Pharmacol; 24:20132017. Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA. 1975a. The analysis of chlorofluorocarbons in the troposphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Atmos Environ; 9:1010-1013. Grimsrud EP, Rasmussen RA. 1975b. Survey and analysis of halocarbons in the atmosphere by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Atmos Environ; 9:1014-1017. Guengerich FP, Uatanabe PG. 1979. Metabolism of (l^C)- and (36Cl)labeled vinyl chloride in vivo and in vitro, Biochem Pharmacol; 28:589596. Wv 00^3497 90 Guengerich FP, Crawford UM, Jr, Uatanabe PG. 1979.' Activation of vinyl chloride to covalently bound metabolites: Roles of 2-chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Biochemistry; 18:5177-5182. Guengerich FP, Mason PS, Stott WJ, Fox TR, Uatanabe PG. 1981. Roles of 2-haloethylene oxide and 2-haloacetaldehydes derived from vinyl bromide and vinyl chloride in irreversible binding to protein and DNA. Cancer Res; 41:4391-4398. Gwinner LM, Laib RJ, Filser JG, Bolt HM. 1983. Evidence of chloroethylene oxide being the reactive metabolite of vinyl chloride towards DNA: comparative studies with 2,2'-dichlorodiethyl ether. Carcinogenesis; 4:1483-1486. Halama J, Becker-Stone S, Halama JM. 1985. Das haemangiosarkom der bei arbeitern in der PVC-industrie and andere VC-bedingte erkrankungen mit angiologish-dermatologischer, heptalogischer, radiologischer and neurologischer symptomatik. Der Radiolog; 25(l):22-29. (German: English abstract) *Hansteen IL, Hillestad L, Thiis-Evensen E, Heldaas SS. 1978. Effects of vinyl chloride in man: A cytogenetic follow-up study. Mutat Res; 51:271-278. Harkov R, Kebbekus B, Bozzelli JV, Lioy PJ. 1983. Measurement of selected volatile organic compounds at three locations in New Jersey during the summer season. J Air Pollut Control Assoc; 33:1177-1183. Harkov R, Kebbekus B, Bozzelli JW, Lioy PJ, Daisey J. 1984. Comparison of selected volatile organic compounds during the summer and winter at urban sites in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ; 38:259-274. Harsch DE, Cronn DR, Slater UR. 1979. Expanded list of halogenated hydrocarbons measurable in ambient air. J Air Pollut Control Assoc; 29:975-976. Hartmans S, Bont JAM, Tramper J, Luyben KChAM. 1985. Bacterial degradation of vinyl chloride. Biotech Letters; 7(6):383-386. Hsnen E, Soininen V, Pyysalo H, Leppamaki E. 1979. On the occurrence of aliphatic chlorine and bromine compounds in automobile exhaust. Atmos Environ; 13:1217-1219. Heath CW, Jr, Fable H, Creech JL, Jr. 1975. Characteristics of cases of angiosarcoma of the livers among vinyl chloride workers in the United States. Ann NY Acad Sci; 246:231-236. Hefner RE, Jr, Uatanabe PG, Gehring PJ. 1975a. Percutaneous absorption of vinyl chloride: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 34:529-532. Hefner RE, Jr, Uatanabe PG, Gehring PJ. 1975b. Preliminary studies of the fate of inhaled vinyl chloride monomer in rats. Ann NY Acad Sci; 246:135-148. VVV 000023498 91 Heger M, Muller G, Norpath K. 1982. 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Mutation induction in Chinese hamster V79 cells by two vinyl chloride metabolites, chloroethylene oxide and 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Int J Cancer; 16:639-644. Hultmark D, Sundh K, Johansson L, Arrhenius E. 1979. Ethanol inhibition l of vinyl chloride metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact; 25(1):1-6. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1978. Methods for the measurement of vinyl chloride in poly(vinyl chloride), air, water, and foodstuffs. In Environmental Carcinogens Selected Methods of Analysis. Egan H, Squireel DCM, Thain W, Davis W, eds. IARC Sci Pub No 22. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1979. Monographs on che Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals in Humans. Vinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate polymers. Lyons, France: WHO, IARC; 19:377-401; 419-438. Infante PF. 1976. Oncogenic and mutagenic risks in communities with polyvinyl chloride production facilities. Ann NY Acad Sci; 271:49-57. Infante PF, Wagoner JK, McMichael AJ, Waxweiler RJ, Falk H. 1976. Genetic risks of vinyl chloride. Lancet (April 3); 734-735. Ives NF. 1975. Sensitive trapping and gas chromatographic method for vinyl chloride in air samples. J Assoc Off Anal Chem; 58:457-460. Jaeger RJ, Reynolds ES, Conolly RB, Moslen MT, Szabo S, Murphy SD. 1974. Acute hepatic injury by vinyl chloride in rats pretreated with phenobarbital. Nature; 252(5485): 724-726. VW 000023499 92 Jaeger RJ, Murphy SD, Reynolds ES, Szabo Sf Moslen MT. 1977. Chemical modification of acute hepatotoxicity of vinyl chloride monomer in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 41:597-607. Jedrychovski RA, Sokal JA, Chmielnicka J. 1984. Influence of exposure mode on vinyl chloride action. Arch Toxicol; 55(3):195-198. Jenssen D, Ramel C. 1980. The micronucleus test as part of a short-term mutagenicity test program for the prediction of carcinogenicity evaluated by 143 agents tested. Mutat Res; 75:191-202. John JA, Smith FA, Leong BKJ , Schwetz BA. 1977. The effects of .maternally inhaled vinyl chloride on embryonal and fetal development in mice, rats, and rabbits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 39:497-513. Juhe VS, Lange CE, Stein G, Veltman G. 1974. Uber die sog. Vinylchloridkrankheit. Berufs-Dermatosen; 22:4-22. (German: English abstract) Kaopus H, Bolt HM, Buchter A, Bolt W. 1976. Liver microsomal uptake of [l^C} vinyl chloride and transformation to protein alkylating metabolites in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; 37:461-471. Katsova LD, Pavlenko GI. 1985. Cytogenetic examination of the workers of chemical industry. Mutat Res; 147:301-302. Keplinger ML, Goode JW, Gordon DE, Calandra JC. 1975. Interim results of exposure of rats, hamsters, and mice to vinyl chloride. Ann NY Acad Sci; 246:219-224. Kilian DJ, Picciano DJ, Jacobson CB. 1975. Industrial monitoring: A cytogenic approach. Ann NY Acad Sci; 269:4-11. Kontominas MG, Gupta C, Gilbert SG. 1985. Interaction of vinyl chloride with polyvinyl chloride in model food systems by HPLC chromatography: Migration aspects. Lebensm-Wiss u-Technol; 18(6):353-356. Krajevski J, Dobecki M, Gromiec J. 1980. Retention of vinyl chloride in the human lung. Br J Ind Med; 37(4):373-374. Krost KJ, Pellizzari ED, Ualburn SG, Hubbard SA. 1982. Collection and analysis of hazardous organic emissions. Anal Chem; 54:810-817. Kucerova M, Polivkova Z, Batora J. 1979. Comparative evaluation of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations and the SCE numbers in peripheral lymphocytes of workers occupationally exposed to vinyl chloride monomer. Mutat Res; 67:97-100. Laib RJ, Bolt HM. 1977. Alkylation of RNA by vinyl chloride metabolites in vitro and in vivo: Formation of l-N-6-ethenoadenosine. Toxicology; 8:185-195. vw 000023500 93 Laib RJ , Barbin A, Bartsch H. 1984. Evidence that vinyl chloride alters the fidelity of replication: Studies with chloroethylene oxide treated poly(dG-dC). 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